Nguhcraft Wiki - User contributions [en-gb]

List of ɱedical conditions

2026-07-27T17:03:05Z

Jutomi: Added a couple of known medical conditions. I definitely feel like there are more of these conditions in the gulf at the moment.

{{incomplete|list}}

This page is a list of ɱedical conditions.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ List of ɱedical conditions
|-
! Name !! Patient Zero !! Date contracted
|-
|Being [[sq]]
|[[sq]]
|''N/A''
|-
|Being [[Suwi]]
|[[Suwi]]
|''N/A''
|-
|Being able to turn into a horse
|[[Suwi]]
|''N/A''
|-
|Being able to turn into a giant copper block
|[[Adnagaporp]]
|''N/A''
|-
| [[Distantsightedness]] || [[Astaryuu]]
| 12 February 2025
|-
| [[Godsent Insanity]] || [[Diax]]
| 6 May 2025
|-
| [[Luxic Hypertaedium Disorder]] || [[Lux Moniridia]] || ''N/A''
|-
| [[Moniridian Overthinking Personality Syndrome]] || Lux Moniridia || 6 March 2025
|-
| [[Overly-Oblivious Personality Syndrome]] || [[user:total pleb|Doge Peleṽa of Kozdenen]] || ''N/A''
|-
|PPS (Poor Penmanship Syndrome)
|[[Nate]]
|''N/A''
|-
|[[Siren's Embrace]]
|[[StemonWasHere]]
|1 March 2025
|-
|[[Sisyphean Burnout Syndrome]]
|[[Octothorpe]]
|''N/A''
|-
| [[Spontaneous Lag Syndrome]] || [[probablynotacriminal (Character)|probablynotacriminal]] || 22 April 2025
|-
|[[VRE Cognitohazard]]
|[[Aleksanetra of Perhyh]]
|9 June 2025
|-
|[[Redstone Blight]]
|Unknown
|Unknown, goes back to ~1800
|}

List of lists

2026-07-27T16:58:46Z

Jutomi: /* Meta Lists */ Special Pages

This is a list of all lists on the Wiki.

== Meta Lists ==

*[[:Category:Help Pages|Help Pages]]
*'''List of lists'''
* [[List of lists of lists]]

* [[Special:Categories|List of Ŋwiki Categories]]
* [[Special:SpecialPages|List of Special Pages]] (look at the left column under the giant NGUH for future reference)

== Server Resource Lists ==
* [[Cenrail network|List of Cenrail Lines]]
* [[List of ghastports]]
* [[List of modded changes]]
* [[List of Modded Items]]
* [[List of Places]] (also see [[Map|Map of the ŋorld]])
* [[List of publically accessible farms]]
* [[List of rail networks]]
* [[List of Warps]]

== Lists of players ==

* [[List of banned players]]
* [[List of Season 1 Players]]

* [[:Category:Players|List of Players]]

== Geographical lists ==

* [[List of Condominia]]
* [[Continent|List of continents]]
* [[List of former sovereign states]]
* [[List of interŋational organizations]]
* [[List of Jeanlikes]]
* [[List of John-likes]]
* [[List of Ɱetropolitan Areas]]
* [[List of Places]] (also see [[Map|Map of the ŋorld]])
* [[List of ŋations based on Rome]]
* [[List of Raided and unRaided places]]
* [[List of seas]]
* [[List of unclaimed areas]]
* [[United Ŋations Laws#List of UŊ Protectorates|List of UŊ Protectorates]]

==Lists of political parties==

* [[List of political parties in Rauratoshan]]
* [[List of political parties in Nāroňpār]]
* [[List of political parties in the Kingdom of Hummland]]
* [[List of political parties in the Kingdom of Kyaw Cen]]
* [[List of political parties in the Realm of Madness]]
* [[List of political parties in the Republic of Twanland]]
* [[List of political parties in Vallis Draconum]]

==Linguistic lists==
* [[Kozramva vocabulary|List of Kozramva words]]
* [[Kyawcenni vocabulary|List of Kyawcenni words]]
* [[List of Languages|List of languages]] (see also: [[:Category:Languages]] which is slightly different.)
* [[List of language isolates]]
* [[:Category:Language Family|List of language families]]
* [[List of Official Languages]]
==Lists of holidays==

* [[List of Cursdays in the Realm of Madness]]
* [[List of holidays in Enkavak]]
* [[List of holidays in Hummland]]
* [[List of holidays in Rauratoshan]]
* [[List of holidays in the Kingdom of Kyaw Cen]]
* [[List of holidays in the People's Free City of Amuj]]
* [[List of holidays in Twanland]]
* [[List of holidays in Aprux Mexyrhat]]

==Other Lists==
* [[Armorial of sovereign states]]
* [[List of alternate LoCATE names]]
* [[List of Annwans]]
* [[List of Anomalous Objects]]
* [[Amujology|List of Amujs]]
* [[List of Boats owned by the VSC]]
* [[List of bridges over the Yetch River]]
* [[List of bridges in Kyaw Cen]]
* [[List of commands]]
* [[List of countries recognized by Aprux Mexyrhat]]
* [[List of countries recognized by the Keis-Spucke Administration]]
* [[List of countries in IPA]]
* [[List of Cəŋspiracy Theories]]
* [[List of deities of Yukacan]]
* [[List of ducks]]
* [[List of Economic Unions]]
* [[List of electoral systems by ŋation]]
* [[List of freedom indices]]
* [[List of "gaming" Variations]]
* [[List of individual horses]]
* [[List of Kyawcennis]]
* [[List of ɱedical conditions]]
* [[List of name systems]]
* [[List of news sources in Rauratoshan]]
* [[List of Ŋational Dishes]]
* [[List of ŋorldbuilding issues]]
* [[List of Pages Related to FERRA]]
* [[:Category:People|List of People]]
* [[List of placenames in IPA]]
* [[List of post offices and postal service providers]]
* [[List of Proposed Countries]]
* [[List of Sapient Species]]
* [[List of Superpowers]]
* [[List of temples]]
* [[List of things Marcy Sheikah brags about having invented]]
* [[Tour de Nguh#Known checkpoints|List of Tour de Nguh Known Checkpoints]]
* [[List of united organizations]]
* [[List of villages in Enkavak]]
* [[List of wars]]
[[Category:Lists|*]]

List of Jeanlikes

2026-07-27T16:56:19Z

Jutomi: /* Objective Jeanlikes */ nothing. I'm confused.

The Following is a '''List of Jeanlikes''', that is geographical features that are shaped like fakeworld locations, or otherwise are presserving the vibes of such places.

For people editing this list, please order the entries by date built/founded, from oldest to newest.

== Geographical Jeanlikes ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Name
!Location
!Fakeworld Equivilant
!Scale (block:fakeworld meteres)
!Date Built
|-
|[[Ŋibraltar]]
|[[Xarslasja]], [[Kyaw Cen]]
|Gibraltar
|1:56
|18 July 2024
|-
|[[Romania]]
|[[Nāroňpār]]
|Romania
|1:2381
|23 September 2024
|-
|[[Moldova]] (and Tranisinistria)
|Nāroňpār
|Moldova (and Transinistria)
|1:2381
|Unknown, after May 2025
|-
|[[Munaku]]
|[[Aprux Mexyrhat]]
|Monaco
|1:12
|18 July 2026
|}

== Vibe Jeanlikes ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Name
!Location
!Fakeworld Equivilant
!Date Founded
!Notes:
|-
|[[Sweden-Ŋərway]]
|[[Season 1|Old Server]]
|Sweden-Norway
|''Unknown''
|
|-
|[[Old Cuba]]
|[[Coldba (Cuba)]]
|Cuba (Savanna?)
|early in the first server?
|
|-
|[[Ŋafrica]]
|[[Continent]]
|Africa
|''whenever the second server started ig''
|
|-
|[[Ŋegypt]]
|Ŋafrica
|Egypt
|''whenever the second server started ig''
|
|-
|[[Lelistat]]
|Aprux Mexyrhat
|Lelystad
|18 July 2026
|
|-
|[[Santa Cruz County|Xarslasja]]
|[[Thasusa]]
|Arizona
|
|Xarslasja features many municipalities named after towns in and around Arizona.
|-
|[[The Hertskomestat Syndicate|Hertskomestat]] [[Ŋegypt]]
|[[The Hertskomestat Syndicate|The Syndicate]] (Ŋafrica)
|Giza, Egypt
|
|
|-
|[[Yunaited Kaingdwm]]
|[[Slabland]]
|United Kingdom
|
|
|-
|[[Jotlond]]
|Ŋafrica
|Jutland, Denmark
|
|
|-
|[[Jutland]]
|[[Leporia (continent)|Leporia]]
|Jutland, Denmark
|
|Jutland's geography is close to that of a true Jean-like: Roughly 1:288
|-
|[[Hydratic Republic of Lyrcynthinia#Fucking|Fucking]]
|[[Lyrcynthinia]]
|Fugging, Austria
|
|
|-
|[['bed|F*nland]]
|[['bed]]
|Finland
|
|
|-
|[[Çaigoŋ]]
|[[Adnar]]
|Just Communist Countries in General
(but also Saigon and Vietnam)
|June 2026
|
|}

== Objective Jeanlikes ==
Objective Jeanlikes are true jeanlikes that represent irl locations that are not geopolitical in nature. These can include literal objects.
{| class="wikitable"
!Name
!Location
!Fakeworld Equivilant
!Date Founded
!Notes:
|-
|[['bed]]
|Ŋafrica
|someone's bed
|early in the first server?
|primarily geographically; somewhat architecturally
|-
|[[Adnar]]
|Ŋafrica
|an imposter
|
|only geographically
|-
|[[Anarchy Chessitory]]
|Ŋafrica
|Medicine Hat Chess Club, Alberta, California. (Or just a chess board)
|''Unknown''
|architecturally
|-
|[[CACA]]
|[[Land of Chaos]]
|chess board???
|
|only geographically
|-
|[[Adnar|Çaigoŋ]]
|[[Adnar]]
|a chef's knife
|
|only geographically
|-
|[[List of John-likes|John-likes]]
|''Various''
|The Backrooms
|''Various''
|architecturally; several of them also represent houses.
|-
|[[Oodualant]] ([[Hajdislant]])
|Ŋafrica
|a lesbian uhaul
|
|only geographically
|-
|[[Nothing]]
|[[Xarslasja]]
|nothing
|
|has almost nothing there.
|-
|[[State of Confusion]]
|???
|state of confusion
|
|it's confusing; may technically be a stative jeanlike.
|}

== See Also ==

* [[List of John-likes|Johnlikes]]

List of Jeanlikes

2026-07-27T16:53:40Z

Jutomi: ratio'd

The Following is a '''List of Jeanlikes''', that is geographical features that are shaped like fakeworld locations, or otherwise are presserving the vibes of such places.

For people editing this list, please order the entries by date built/founded, from oldest to newest.

== Geographical Jeanlikes ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Name
!Location
!Fakeworld Equivilant
!Scale (block:fakeworld meteres)
!Date Built
|-
|[[Ŋibraltar]]
|[[Xarslasja]], [[Kyaw Cen]]
|Gibraltar
|1:56
|18 July 2024
|-
|[[Romania]]
|[[Nāroňpār]]
|Romania
|1:2381
|23 September 2024
|-
|[[Moldova]] (and Tranisinistria)
|Nāroňpār
|Moldova (and Transinistria)
|1:2381
|Unknown, after May 2025
|-
|[[Munaku]]
|[[Aprux Mexyrhat]]
|Monaco
|1:12
|18 July 2026
|}

== Vibe Jeanlikes ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Name
!Location
!Fakeworld Equivilant
!Date Founded
!Notes:
|-
|[[Sweden-Ŋərway]]
|[[Season 1|Old Server]]
|Sweden-Norway
|''Unknown''
|
|-
|[[Old Cuba]]
|[[Coldba (Cuba)]]
|Cuba (Savanna?)
|early in the first server?
|
|-
|[[Ŋafrica]]
|[[Continent]]
|Africa
|''whenever the second server started ig''
|
|-
|[[Ŋegypt]]
|Ŋafrica
|Egypt
|''whenever the second server started ig''
|
|-
|[[Lelistat]]
|Aprux Mexyrhat
|Lelystad
|18 July 2026
|
|-
|[[Santa Cruz County|Xarslasja]]
|[[Thasusa]]
|Arizona
|
|Xarslasja features many municipalities named after towns in and around Arizona.
|-
|[[The Hertskomestat Syndicate|Hertskomestat]] [[Ŋegypt]]
|[[The Hertskomestat Syndicate|The Syndicate]] (Ŋafrica)
|Giza, Egypt
|
|
|-
|[[Yunaited Kaingdwm]]
|[[Slabland]]
|United Kingdom
|
|
|-
|[[Jotlond]]
|Ŋafrica
|Jutland, Denmark
|
|
|-
|[[Jutland]]
|[[Leporia (continent)|Leporia]]
|Jutland, Denmark
|
|Jutland's geography is close to that of a true Jean-like: Roughly 1:288
|-
|[[Hydratic Republic of Lyrcynthinia#Fucking|Fucking]]
|[[Lyrcynthinia]]
|Fugging, Austria
|
|
|-
|[['bed|F*nland]]
|[['bed]]
|Finland
|
|
|-
|[[Çaigoŋ]]
|[[Adnar]]
|Just Communist Countries in General
(but also Saigon and Vietnam)
|June 2026
|
|}

== Objective Jeanlikes ==
Objective Jeanlikes are true jeanlikes that represent irl locations that are not geopolitical in nature. These can include literal objects.
{| class="wikitable"
!Name
!Location
!Fakeworld Equivilant
!Date Founded
!Notes:
|-
|[['bed]]
|Ŋafrica
|someone's bed
|early in the first server?
|primarily geographically; somewhat architecturally
|-
|[[Adnar]]
|Ŋafrica
|an imposter
|
|only geographically
|-
|[[Anarchy Chessitory]]
|Ŋafrica
|Medicine Hat Chess Club, Alberta, California. (Or just a chess board)
|''Unknown''
|architecturally
|-
|[[CACA]]
|[[Land of Chaos]]
|chess board???
|
|only geographically
|-
|[[Adnar|Çaigoŋ]]
|[[Adnar]]
|a chef's knife
|
|only geographically
|-
|[[List of John-likes|John-likes]]
|''Various''
|The Backrooms
|''Various''
|architecturally; several of them also represent houses.
|-
|[[Oodualant]] ([[Hajdislant]])
|Ŋafrica
|a lesbian uhaul
|
|only geographically
|}

== See Also ==

* [[List of John-likes|Johnlikes]]

List of Jeanlikes

2026-07-27T16:49:50Z

Jutomi: /* Quasi-Jeanlikes */ renamed to Objective Jeanlikes because that's just objectively true.

The Following is a '''List of Jeanlikes''', that is geographical features that are shaped like fakeworld locations, or otherwise are presserving the vibes of such places.

For people editing this list, please order the entries by date built/founded, from oldest to newest.

== Geographical Jeanlikes ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Name
!Location
!Fakeworld Equivilant
!Scale (block:fakeworld meteres)
!Date Built
|-
|[[Ŋibraltar]]
|[[Xarslasja]], [[Kyaw Cen]]
|Gibraltar
|1:56
|18 July 2024
|-
|[[Romania]]
|[[Nāroňpār]]
|Romania
|1:2381
|23 September 2024
|-
|[[Moldova]] (and Tranisinistria)
|Nāroňpār
|Moldova (and Transinistria)
|1:2381
|Unknown, after May 2025
|-
|[[Munaku]]
|[[Aprux Mexyrhat]]
|Monaco
|1:12
|18 July 2026
|}

== Vibe Jeanlikes ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Name
!Location
!Fakeworld Equivilant
!Date Founded
!Notes:
|-
|[[Sweden-Ŋərway]]
|[[Season 1|Old Server]]
|Sweden-Norway
|''Unknown''
|
|-
|[[Old Cuba]]
|[[Coldba (Cuba)]]
|Cuba (Savanna?)
|early in the first server?
|
|-
|[[Ŋafrica]]
|[[Continent]]
|Africa
|''whenever the second server started ig''
|
|-
|[[Ŋegypt]]
|Ŋafrica
|Egypt
|''whenever the second server started ig''
|
|-
|[[Lelistat]]
|Aprux Mexyrhat
|Lelystad
|18 July 2026
|
|-
|[[Santa Cruz County|Xarslasja]]
|[[Thasusa]]
|Arizona
|
|Xarslasja features many municipalities named after towns in and around Arizona.
|-
|[[The Hertskomestat Syndicate|Hertskomestat]] [[Ŋegypt]]
|[[The Hertskomestat Syndicate|The Syndicate]] (Ŋafrica)
|Giza, Egypt
|
|
|-
|[[Yunaited Kaingdwm]]
|[[Slabland]]
|United Kingdom
|
|
|-
|[[Jotlond]]
|Ŋafrica
|Jutland, Denmark
|
|
|-
|[[Jutland]]
|[[Leporia (continent)|Leporia]]
|Jutland, Denmark
|
|Jutland's geography is close to that of a true Jean-like.
|-
|[[Hydratic Republic of Lyrcynthinia#Fucking|Fucking]]
|[[Lyrcynthinia]]
|Fugging, Austria
|
|
|-
|[['bed|F*nland]]
|[['bed]]
|Finland
|
|
|-
|[[Çaigoŋ]]
|[[Adnar]]
|Just Communist Countries in General
(but also Saigon and Vietnam)
|June 2026
|
|}

== Objective Jeanlikes ==
Objective Jeanlikes are true jeanlikes that represent irl locations that are not geopolitical in nature. These can include literal objects.
{| class="wikitable"
!Name
!Location
!Fakeworld Equivilant
!Date Founded
!Notes:
|-
|[['bed]]
|Ŋafrica
|someone's bed
|early in the first server?
|primarily geographically; somewhat architecturally
|-
|[[Adnar]]
|Ŋafrica
|an imposter
|
|only geographically
|-
|[[Anarchy Chessitory]]
|Ŋafrica
|Medicine Hat Chess Club, Alberta, California. (Or just a chess board)
|''Unknown''
|architecturally
|-
|[[CACA]]
|[[Land of Chaos]]
|chess board???
|
|only geographically
|-
|[[Adnar|Çaigoŋ]]
|[[Adnar]]
|a chef's knife
|
|only geographically
|-
|[[List of John-likes|John-likes]]
|''Various''
|The Backrooms
|''Various''
|architecturally; several of them also represent houses.
|-
|[[Oodualant]] ([[Hajdislant]])
|Ŋafrica
|a lesbian uhaul
|
|only geographically
|}

== See Also ==

* [[List of John-likes|Johnlikes]]

List of Jeanlikes

2026-07-27T16:48:53Z

Jutomi: /* Quasi-Jeanlikes */ this section's so dumb also Caigong double-jeanlike

The Following is a '''List of Jeanlikes''', that is geographical features that are shaped like fakeworld locations, or otherwise are presserving the vibes of such places.

For people editing this list, please order the entries by date built/founded, from oldest to newest.

== Geographical Jeanlikes ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Name
!Location
!Fakeworld Equivilant
!Scale (block:fakeworld meteres)
!Date Built
|-
|[[Ŋibraltar]]
|[[Xarslasja]], [[Kyaw Cen]]
|Gibraltar
|1:56
|18 July 2024
|-
|[[Romania]]
|[[Nāroňpār]]
|Romania
|1:2381
|23 September 2024
|-
|[[Moldova]] (and Tranisinistria)
|Nāroňpār
|Moldova (and Transinistria)
|1:2381
|Unknown, after May 2025
|-
|[[Munaku]]
|[[Aprux Mexyrhat]]
|Monaco
|1:12
|18 July 2026
|}

== Vibe Jeanlikes ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Name
!Location
!Fakeworld Equivilant
!Date Founded
!Notes:
|-
|[[Sweden-Ŋərway]]
|[[Season 1|Old Server]]
|Sweden-Norway
|''Unknown''
|
|-
|[[Old Cuba]]
|[[Coldba (Cuba)]]
|Cuba (Savanna?)
|early in the first server?
|
|-
|[[Ŋafrica]]
|[[Continent]]
|Africa
|''whenever the second server started ig''
|
|-
|[[Ŋegypt]]
|Ŋafrica
|Egypt
|''whenever the second server started ig''
|
|-
|[[Lelistat]]
|Aprux Mexyrhat
|Lelystad
|18 July 2026
|
|-
|[[Santa Cruz County|Xarslasja]]
|[[Thasusa]]
|Arizona
|
|Xarslasja features many municipalities named after towns in and around Arizona.
|-
|[[The Hertskomestat Syndicate|Hertskomestat]] [[Ŋegypt]]
|[[The Hertskomestat Syndicate|The Syndicate]] (Ŋafrica)
|Giza, Egypt
|
|
|-
|[[Yunaited Kaingdwm]]
|[[Slabland]]
|United Kingdom
|
|
|-
|[[Jotlond]]
|Ŋafrica
|Jutland, Denmark
|
|
|-
|[[Jutland]]
|[[Leporia (continent)|Leporia]]
|Jutland, Denmark
|
|Jutland's geography is close to that of a true Jean-like.
|-
|[[Hydratic Republic of Lyrcynthinia#Fucking|Fucking]]
|[[Lyrcynthinia]]
|Fugging, Austria
|
|
|-
|[['bed|F*nland]]
|[['bed]]
|Finland
|
|
|-
|[[Çaigoŋ]]
|[[Adnar]]
|Just Communist Countries in General
(but also Saigon and Vietnam)
|June 2026
|
|}

== Quasi-Jeanlikes ==
''Quasi-Jeanlikes'' are true jeanlikes that represent irl locations that are not geopolitical in nature. These can include literal objects.
{| class="wikitable"
!Name
!Location
!Fakeworld Equivilant
!Date Founded
!Notes:
|-
|[['bed]]
|Ŋafrica
|someone's bed
|early in the first server?
|primarily geographically; somewhat architecturally
|-
|[[Adnar]]
|Ŋafrica
|an imposter
|
|only geographically
|-
|[[Anarchy Chessitory]]
|Ŋafrica
|Medicine Hat Chess Club, Alberta, California. (Or just a chess board)
|''Unknown''
|architecturally
|-
|[[CACA]]
|[[Land of Chaos]]
|chess board???
|
|only geographically
|-
|[[Adnar|Çaigoŋ]]
|[[Adnar]]
|a chef's knife
|
|only geographically
|-
|[[List of John-likes|John-likes]]
|''Various''
|The Backrooms
|''Various''
|architecturally; several of them also represent houses.
|-
|[[Oodualant]] ([[Hajdislant]])
|Ŋafrica
|a lesbian uhaul
|
|only geographically
|}

== See Also ==

* [[List of John-likes|Johnlikes]]

List of Jeanlikes

2026-07-27T16:45:59Z

Jutomi: Added Quasi-Jeanlikes which are very dumb :)

The Following is a '''List of Jeanlikes''', that is geographical features that are shaped like fakeworld locations, or otherwise are presserving the vibes of such places.

For people editing this list, please order the entries by date built/founded, from oldest to newest.

== Geographical Jeanlikes ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Name
!Location
!Fakeworld Equivilant
!Scale (block:fakeworld meteres)
!Date Built
|-
|[[Ŋibraltar]]
|[[Xarslasja]], [[Kyaw Cen]]
|Gibraltar
|1:56
|18 July 2024
|-
|[[Romania]]
|[[Nāroňpār]]
|Romania
|1:2381
|23 September 2024
|-
|[[Moldova]] (and Tranisinistria)
|Nāroňpār
|Moldova (and Transinistria)
|1:2381
|Unknown, after May 2025
|-
|[[Munaku]]
|[[Aprux Mexyrhat]]
|Monaco
|1:12
|18 July 2026
|}

== Vibe Jeanlikes ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Name
!Location
!Fakeworld Equivilant
!Date Founded
!Notes:
|-
|[[Sweden-Ŋərway]]
|[[Season 1|Old Server]]
|Sweden-Norway
|''Unknown''
|
|-
|[[Old Cuba]]
|[[Coldba (Cuba)]]
|Cuba (Savanna?)
|early in the first server?
|
|-
|[[Ŋafrica]]
|[[Continent]]
|Africa
|''whenever the second server started ig''
|
|-
|[[Ŋegypt]]
|Ŋafrica
|Egypt
|''whenever the second server started ig''
|
|-
|[[Lelistat]]
|Aprux Mexyrhat
|Lelystad
|18 July 2026
|
|-
|[[Santa Cruz County|Xarslasja]]
|[[Thasusa]]
|Arizona
|
|Xarslasja features many municipalities named after towns in and around Arizona.
|-
|[[The Hertskomestat Syndicate|Hertskomestat]] [[Ŋegypt]]
|[[The Hertskomestat Syndicate|The Syndicate]] (Ŋafrica)
|Giza, Egypt
|
|
|-
|[[Yunaited Kaingdwm]]
|[[Slabland]]
|United Kingdom
|
|
|-
|[[Jotlond]]
|Ŋafrica
|Jutland, Denmark
|
|
|-
|[[Jutland]]
|[[Leporia (continent)|Leporia]]
|Jutland, Denmark
|
|Jutland's geography is close to that of a true Jean-like.
|-
|[[Hydratic Republic of Lyrcynthinia#Fucking|Fucking]]
|[[Lyrcynthinia]]
|Fugging, Austria
|
|
|-
|[['bed|F*nland]]
|[['bed]]
|Finland
|
|
|-
|[[Çaigoŋ]]
|[[Adnar]]
|Just Communist Countries in General
(but also Saigon and Vietnam)
|June 2026
|
|}

== Quasi-Jeanlikes ==
''Quasi-Jeanlikes'' are true jeanlikes that represent irl locations that are not geopolitical in nature. These can include literal objects.
{| class="wikitable"
!Name
!Location
!Fakeworld Equivilant
!Date Founded
!Notes:
|-
|[['bed]]
|Ŋafrica
|beds
|early in the first server?
|primarily geographically; somewhat architecturally
|-
|[[Anarchy Chessitory]]
|Ŋafrica
|Medicine Hat Chess Club, Alberta, California. (Or just a chess board)
|''Unknown''
|architecturally
|-
|[[CACA]]
|[[Land of Chaos]]
|chess board???
|
|only geographically
|-
|[[List of John-likes|John-likes]]
|''Various''
|The Backrooms
|''Various''
|architecturally; several of them also represent houses.
|-
|[[Oodualant]] ([[Hajdislant]])
|Ŋafrica
|a lesbian uhaul
|
|only geographically
|}

== See Also ==

* [[List of John-likes|Johnlikes]]

List of Jeanlikes

2026-07-27T16:36:14Z

Jutomi: /* Vibe Jeanlikes */ specifications

List of Jeanlikes

2026-07-27T16:33:28Z

Jutomi: Added notes to vibe jeanlikes; condensed Xarslasja.

'Arborese

2026-07-26T23:36:19Z

Jutomi:

{{Infobox language|name='Arborese|family=Unknown|era=today|scripts=None (Latin)|country=[['Arbor 'Iland]]|number=only a couple dozen; critically endangered|usage=rare; in private, chiefly among elders|lang-code=arb|demonym='Arborese}}

'Arborese (sometimes spelled ''Arborese''; no endonym documented) is a critically endangered language seldom spoken in the volcanic island territory of [['Arbor 'Iland]]. It is believed to be weakly agglutinative, although not much is known about its grammar at this time.

== Phonetics ==
Arborese features a fairly minimalist phonemic inventory, with only four vowels and 11 consonants, though there is a degree of free variation and allophony depending on where a sound appears in a word, syllable or utterance, as well as 16 "combined vowels" that appear as diphthongs or long monophthongs.

=== Phonotactics ===
The syllable structure is (C)V(V)(C). Any consonant phoneme may start a syllable, but only /n/, /g/, /ʒ/, /d~ʔ/, /f/ and /z/ can appear in coda.

There are estimated to be 252 total possible syllables; properly including long monophthongs and diphthongs, up to 1,008. (Although there may be nearly twice as many including stress and position of the syllable within a word.)

=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
!Bilabial
!Alveolar
!Postalveolar
!Velar
!Glottal
|-
!Nasal / Click
|/m/ Mm
|/n/ Nn
|/ǀ/ [ᶢʇ~ᵏǂ] Tt
|
|∅ ∅/-
|-
!Stop
|/w/ Pbw
|/d/ [t̺~l~ɾ] Lld
| rowspan="2" |/ʒ/ [d͡ʒ] Cc
| rowspan="2" |/g/ [ɣ] Gg
|/ʔ/ '
|-
!Fricative
|/f/ Ff
|/z/ [z̪] Zz
|/ɦ/ Hh
|}
- /d/ is usually [ɾ] or sometimes [d̺], but is [l~ɾ] (Ll not [ǀ]) invervocally and word-initially, making "adua" and "a lua" usually phonetically distinct, although speakers sometimes pronounce them interchangeably.

- Similarly, /b/ is [b~p] word-initially, [b~ɓ] after [ʔ] (word-medial coda /d/), and otherwise [w] word-medially when either intervocalic or after /z/, /n/, /g/, /ʒ/ /f/, though it can occasionally be [b] in these environments.

- - It is also more commonly [b] before /o/, [w] before /e/, and in between before /a/.

- Coda /ɣ/ and /d͡ʒ/ are semi-distinct intervocally from onset /g/ and /ʒ/, but are considered the same phoneme as they are in weak complementary distribution, even being somewhat in free variation in all environments.

- /f/ becomes [ɸ] before /ɔ/, including diphthongs, as well as utterance-finally, where it may be considered somewhat syllabic in nature, as with /z/ and /ʒ/.

- Coda /d~ʔ/ is hard to describe, since it's usually /ʔ/, but is believed to have come from /d/, which exists in some environments. Most linguists tend to use both phonemes depending on the context, though some use an archiphonemic /D/. Others still propose using /t/ given it also becomes a click utterance-finally. It is always represented with <d> in romanization.

- Conversely, coda [n] is commonly analyzed as simply /n/, even thought allophonically it can appear as [m].

- /o/ frequently is voiceless or disappears between /z/ and before /z/ or /ʒ/, most often being realized as something akin to [s͡s͜ʷs] and [ʃ͡ʃ͜ʷʃ] respectively.

- - A similar process happens between two /f/s, although in this case the realization is more likely [fɵ̥f].

- Voicing is non-contrastive, although /m/, /n/, and word-medial intervocalic /b/ and /d/ tend to be voiced, while other phonemes are most likely slack voice, sometimes pronounced voiced or voiceless in free variation, with utterance-final sounds generally being fully voiceless (and glottal stops being their own thing). A more narrow transcription of these sounds would be /b̥ d̥ v̥ z̥ ʒ̊ g̊ ɦ̥ ᶢ̥ǀ/.

- unstressed /ʔVʔV/ sequences frequently result in the second /ʔ/ getting eroded away in faster speech, optionally turning vowels neighboring it (and diphthongs following it) creaky in the process.

Below is a table of some of the more common realizations of morphological syllable clusters, although some sounds and especially voicing are fairly loose.
{| class="wikitable"
!Coda + Onset
!C + /m/
!C + /n/
!C + /ǀ/
!C + /b/
!C + /d/
!C + /ʒ/
!C + /g/
!C + /f/
!C + /z/
!C + /h/
!C + /ʔ/
!(C +) Vowel
!Word-Final C
!Utterance-Final C
|-
!Utterance-initial O
|m
|n
|ᵏǀ~ᵑǀ
|p~ɓ
|l~t
|t͡ʃ~d͡ʒ
|g~k
|f~ɸ
|z~s
|h:~ɦ
|ʔ
|∅ (j/w/ʕ̞)
|N/A
|N/A
|-
!Word-Initial O
|m
|n
|ᶢǀ~ᵏǀ
|b
|l
|d͡ʒ
|g~k
|f~ɸ
|z~s
|h~ɦ
|ʔ
|∅
|N/A
|N/A
|-
!Vowel (+ O)
|m
|n
|ᶢǀ~ᵏǀ
|w~b
|l~ɾ
|ʒ
|g~ɣ
|f~ɸ
|z~s
|ɦ
|ʔ~ ̰
|see: vowels
|∅
|∅~h~ʔ
|-
!n + O
|nm
|n
|ᵑǀ
|nb~mb
|nd, nɺ
|nd͡ʒ
|ŋg~nç
|mv~nf
|nz~nd͡z
|nɦ
|nʔ
|n
|n
|n
|-
!f + O
|fm
|fn
|fᵏǀ~ᵑǀ
|fp~fɓ~fw
|fd~ft, fl
|fd͡ʒ
|fg~fk
|fʷf
|fs~fz
|fɦ~vh
|fʔ
|f~ɸ
|f
|ɸ~ů
|-
!z + O
|zm
|zn
|zᶢǀ~zᵑǀ
|zw~zb
|zd, zl
|zd͡ʒ
|zg~sk
|zf~sf
|zʷz~sʷs
|zh~sɦ
|zʔ~sʔ
|z~s
|z~s
|s
|-
!c + O
|d͡ʒm~t͡ʃm
|ʃn~d͡ʒ
|ʒᶢǀ~ʒᵑǀ
|d͡ʒb~ʒw
|(d͡)ʒd, ʃɺ
|ʒd͡ʒ~ʃt͡ʃ
|ʒg~t͡ʃk
|ʒf~t͡ʃf
|ʒʷʒ~ʃʷʃ
|t͡ʃh~d͡ʒɦ
|t͡ʃʔ~ʒʔ
|t͡ʃ~d͡ʒ
|d͡ʒ
|t͡ʃ~ʃ
|-
!g + O
|km~ɣm
|kn~ɣn
|ᵏǀˀ~ǀ͡ɠ
|gb~ɣw
|<nowiki>kt~gd~ɠ͡|</nowiki>
|gʒ~ɣʒ
|ʔɣ~kx
|gf~xf
|ɣz~d͡z
|gh~kh~x
|ɣʔ~çʔ
|ʁ~ɣ~ç
|ɣ~x
|x
|-
!d/' + O
|ʔm
|ʔn
|ᵏǀˀ~ǀ͡ɠ
|ʔb~ɓ
|ʔd~ɗ
|ʔʒ~ʔt͡ʃ
|ʔg~ɠ
|df~ʔf
|ʔz~t͡s
|dh~ʔh
|dʔ
|d~ɾ
|ɾ~ʔ
|ǀˀ
|}
This phonetically creates a distinct [ᵑǀ], [ǀˀ], [sʷs], [ʃʷʃ], and [fʷf~fɵ̥f], semi-distinct [b] [d͡ʒ] and [ɣ], and non-distinct [ŋ~ɲ], [ɓ], [ɗ], [ɠ], [ǀ͡ɠ], [ɸ] and [t͡s]. None of these are considered phonemic.

=== Vowels ===
'Arborese features four vowels: /a/ Aa, /e/ Ee, and /o/ Oo. Each of these may combine into a different diphthong or lengthened monophthongs, as shown in the below table.
{| class="wikitable"
!
!Front
!Open
!Back
|-
!Unstressed Short
|/e/ [ɪ~ɨ] e
|/a/ [ɐ] a
|/o/ [ɔ] o
|-
!Stressed Short
|[i:] (i:~ɨ:) e
|[ɜ:] aa
|[o:] o
|-
!V + ɪ
|[ɪ:] (e:~i:) ee
|[aɛ̆] ae
|[ɔɪ] [ɘɪ̆~we] oi
|-
!V + ɐ
|[ɛă] ea
|[a:] aa
|[oɑ] (ɔɑ̆~wa) oa
|-
!V + ɔ
|[ɪɒ] (jɑ~ɪɔ̆) eo
|[aɔ̆] ao
|[ɒ:] (ɔ:~ɑː) oo
|-
!Utterance-initially
|([j] +) V
|([ʕ̞] +) V
|([w] +) V
|}
In addition, some argue that these can further combine into triphthongs or glides with lengthened monophthongs, although most agree they are realizations of vowel or diphthong hiatus. Additionally, two monophthongs across word boundaries are believed to have a true vowel hiatus and not become a diphthong.

=== Stress ===
The first syllable of a polysyllabic words is generally stressed, unless the second syllable is heavier. (C)V is lighter than CVV / CVC, which are both lighter than CVVC; i.e. ''eno'', ''eenon,'' and ''faongaed'' would be stress-initial, but ''anoa, zomed, gaomead,'' and ''hazfeen'' would be second-syllable stress. For words that are three syllables or longer, the third syllable may be stressed if it is heavier than both of the prior two syllables.

Words that are four or five syllables long have secondary stress on the penultimate syllable, and have stressed syllables every even number of syllables beforehand up until (and including) the second syllable after the initial stressed syllable: i.e. ''Mafoanaazameegananoen'' would be [ma'foa.na:.zɐˌme:gɐˌnɐ:.nɔɪn]. Note that two stressed syllables cannot appear next to one another within the same word.

For single-syllable words, CV and CVC words are generally unstressed, while CVV and CVVC words are generally stressed. ''Mae gae zau ne bo fe meneo'' would be ['mae.'gae.'zau.ne.bo.fe.me.'nɪɒ]

Short monophthongs (/e/ /a/ /o/) that are stressed become long vowels. These are different from both double vowels (/ee/ /aa/ /oo/), which are long and have a different vowel quality, and two vowels across word boundaries (/e e/ /a a/ /o o/), which are technically two short vowels which can both be independently stressed or unstressed. Long vowels and diphthongs retain the same length, but are pronounced with an "unstressed" pitch.

Aside from lengthening short vowels in open syllables, stressed syllables can also see a change in pitch relative to unstressed syllables, depending on intonation.

=== Intonation ===
Across a whole sentence, if the general tone is flat, it's probably an indicative. If, however, across a whole sentence, the stressed syllables are (most often) falling tones - starting at a higher pitch and ending on a lower pitch, it can indicates narration, poetry, or answer to an affirmative question. Exaggerated pitch falling across the sentence may indicate a strong affirmation or emotional state. Unless exaggerated, the final stressed syllable is generally a level low tone, and indeed the second-final stressed syllable is also often a level low tone.

Conversely, a raise in pitch across the whole sentence - that is, unstressed syllables are a level high pitch while stressed syllables start lower and rise to the unstressed pitch - may indicate as a polite correction or an answer to a no question, although can otherwise act as a way of highlighting important information or as a form of excitement or anxiety. When exaggerated, it can indicate surprise, a dubitative, disbelief, or persuasion of an outcome that is counterintuitive. When only the final stressed syllable in a clause is rising - and any unstressed vowels afterward are high tone - it indicates a form of incompleteness, and can function as a pause between clauses, while exaggerated can indicate a question. (similar to a comma in French). Unlike with falling tone intonation, every stressed syllable features the rising tone.

Emphasis on an individual pitch can indicate emphasis on a single word, somewhat similar to English, although it's generally only used for surprise or otherwise act to highlight the topic when answering or asking a yes/no interrogative, the latter of which may also end in a high pitch specifically on the final unstressed syllable (or rising if the final syllable is stressed).

=== Romanization ===
'Arborese does not feature its own alphabet, and the Latin script has been adopted to cover it, although in day-to-day use things are rarely written down in Arborese and linguists tend to use the IPA.
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Letter
|Aa
|Bb
|Cc
|Dd
|Ee
|Ff
|Gg
|Hh
|Mm
|Nn
|Oo
|Tt
|Zz
|'
| -
|-
!Ipa
|/a/
|/w/
|/ʒ/
|/d/, -/ʔ/*
|/e/
|/f/
|/g/
|/ɦ/
|/m/
|/n/
|/o/
|/ǀ/
|/z/
|/ʔ/
|Null Onset after Codas
|}
In romanization, , . ? and ! are frequently used, since they also affect intonation. ! is sometimes put before the first word to indicate a negative answer/correction, while ''italicization'' may be used for emphasized words. !? is also fairly commonplace, while ‽ may be used by interrobang purists. (''example:'' !No, he eatn't the ''bread!?'')
[[Category:Language]]

'Arborese

2026-07-26T22:23:23Z

Jutomi: Forgot to move d.

{{Infobox language|name='Arborese|family=Unknown|era=today|scripts=None (Latin)|country=[['Arbor 'Iland]]|number=only a couple dozen; critically endangered|usage=rare; in private, chiefly among elders|lang-code=arb|demonym='Arborese}}

'Arborese (sometimes spelled ''Arborese''; no endonym documented) is a critically endangered language seldom spoken in the volcanic island territory of [['Arbor 'Iland]]. It is believed to be weakly agglutinative, although not much is known about its grammar at this time.

== Phonetics ==
Arborese features a fairly minimalist phonemic inventory, with only four vowels and 11 consonants, though there is a degree of free variation and allophony depending on where a sound appears in a word, syllable or utterance, as well as 16 "combined vowels" that appear as diphthongs or long monophthongs.

=== Phonotactics ===
The syllable structure is (C)V(V)(C). Any consonant phoneme may start a syllable, but only /n/, /g/, /ʒ/, /d~ʔ/, /f/ and /z/ can appear in coda.

There are estimated to be 252 total possible syllables; properly including long monophthongs and diphthongs, up to 1,008. (Although there may be nearly twice as many including stress and position of the syllable within a word.)

=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
!Bilabial
!Alveolar
!Postalveolar
!Velar
!Glottal
|-
!Nasal / Click
|/m/ Mm
|/n/ Nn
|/ǀ/ [ᶢʇ~ᵏǂ] Tt
|
|∅ ∅/-
|-
!Stop
|/w/ Pbw
|/d/ [t̺~l~ɾ] Lld
| rowspan="2" |/ʒ/ [d͡ʒ] Cc
| rowspan="2" |/g/ [ɣ] Gg
|/ʔ/ '
|-
!Fricative
|/f/ Ff
|/z/ [z̪] Zz
|/ɦ/ Hh
|}
- /d/ is usually [ɾ] or sometimes [d̺], but is [l~ɾ] (Ll not [ǀ]) invervocally and word-initially, making "adua" and "a lua" usually phonetically distinct, although speakers sometimes pronounce them interchangeably.

- Similarly, /b/ is [b~p] word-initially, [b~ɓ] after [ʔ] (word-medial coda /d/), and otherwise [w] word-medially when either intervocalic or after /z/, /n/, /g/, /ʒ/ /f/, though it can occasionally be [b] in these environments.

- - It is also more commonly [b] before /o/, [w] before /e/, and in between before /a/.

- Coda /ɣ/ and /d͡ʒ/ are semi-distinct intervocally from onset /g/ and /ʒ/, but are considered the same phoneme as they are in weak complementary distribution, even being somewhat in free variation in all environments.

- /f/ becomes [ɸ] before /ɔ/, including diphthongs, as well as utterance-finally, where it may be considered somewhat syllabic in nature, as with /z/ and /ʒ/.

- Coda /d~ʔ/ is hard to describe, since it's usually /ʔ/, but is believed to have come from /d/, which exists in some environments. Most linguists tend to use both phonemes depending on the context, though some use an archiphonemic /D/. Others still propose using /t/ given it also becomes a click utterance-finally. It is always represented with <d> in romanization.

- Conversely, coda [n] is commonly analyzed as simply /n/, even thought allophonically it can appear as [m].

- /o/ frequently is voiceless or disappears between /z/ and before /z/ or /ʒ/, most often being realized as something akin to [s͡s͜ʷs] and [ʃ͡ʃ͜ʷʃ] respectively.

- - A similar process happens between two /f/s, although in this case the realization is more likely [fɵ̥f].

- Voicing is non-contrastive, although /m/, /n/, and word-medial intervocalic /b/ and /d/ tend to be voiced, while other phonemes are most likely slack voice, sometimes pronounced voiced or voiceless in free variation, with utterance-final sounds generally being fully voiceless (and glottal stops being their own thing). A more narrow transcription of these sounds would be /b̥ d̥ v̥ z̥ ʒ̊ g̊ ɦ̥ ᶢ̥ǀ/.

- unstressed /ʔVʔV/ sequences frequently result in the second /ʔ/ getting eroded away in faster speech, optionally turning vowels neighboring it (and diphthongs following it) creaky in the process.

Below is a table of some of the more common realizations of morphological syllable clusters, although some sounds and especially voicing are fairly loose.
{| class="wikitable"
!Coda + Onset
!C + /m/
!C + /n/
!C + /ǀ/
!C + /b/
!C + /d/
!C + /ʒ/
!C + /g/
!C + /f/
!C + /z/
!C + /h/
!C + /ʔ/
!(C +) Vowel
!Word-Final C
!Utterance-Final C
|-
!Utterance-initial O
|m
|n
|ᵏǀ~ᵑǀ
|p~ɓ
|l~t
|t͡ʃ~d͡ʒ
|g~k
|f~ɸ
|z~s
|h:~ɦ
|ʔ
|∅ (j/w/ʕ̞)
|N/A
|N/A
|-
!Word-Initial O
|m
|n
|ᶢǀ~ᵏǀ
|b
|l
|d͡ʒ
|g~k
|f~ɸ
|z~s
|h~ɦ
|ʔ
|∅
|N/A
|N/A
|-
!Vowel (+ O)
|m
|n
|ᶢǀ~ᵏǀ
|w~b
|l~ɾ
|ʒ
|g~k
|f~ɸ
|z~s
|ɦ
|ʔ~ ̰
|see: vowels
|∅
|∅~h~ʔ
|-
!n + O
|nm
|n
|ᵑǀ
|nb~mb
|nd, nɺ
|nd͡ʒ
|ŋg~nç
|mv~ŋf
|nz~nd͡z
|nɦ
|nʔ
|n
|n
|n
|-
!f + O
|fm
|fn
|fᵏǀ~ᵑǀ
|fp~fɓ~fw
|fd~ft, fl
|fd͡ʒ
|fg~fk
|fʷf
|fs~fz
|fɦ~vh
|fʔ
|f~ɸ
|f
|ɸ~ů
|-
!z + O
|zm
|zn
|zᶢǀ~zᵑǀ
|zw~zb
|zd, zl
|zd͡ʒ
|zg~sk
|zf~sf
|zʷz~sʷs
|zh~sɦ
|zʔ~sʔ
|z~s
|z~s
|s
|-
!c + O
|d͡ʒm~t͡ʃm
|ʃn~d͡ʒ
|ʒᶢǀ~ʒᵑǀ
|d͡ʒb~ʒw
|(d͡)ʒd, ʃɺ
|ʒd͡ʒ~ʃt͡ʃ
|ʒg~t͡ʃk
|ʒf~t͡ʃf
|ʒʷʒ~ʃʷʃ
|t͡ʃh~d͡ʒɦ
|t͡ʃʔ~ʒʔ
|t͡ʃ~d͡ʒ
|d͡ʒ
|t͡ʃ~ʃ
|-
!g + O
|km~ɣm
|kn~ɣn
|ᵏǀˀ~ǀ͡ɠ
|gb~ɣw
|<nowiki>kt~gd~ɠ͡|</nowiki>
|gʒ~ɣʒ
|ʔɣ~kx
|gf~xf
|ɣz~d͡z
|gh~kh~x
|ɣʔ~çʔ
|ʁ~ɣ~ç
|ɣ~x
|x
|-
!d/' + O
|ʔm
|ʔn
|ᵏǀˀ~ǀ͡ɠ
|ʔb~ɓ
|ʔd~ɗ
|ʔʒ~ʔt͡ʃ
|ʔg~ɠ
|df~ʔf
|ʔz~t͡s
|dh~ʔh
|dʔ
|d~ɾ
|ɾ~ʔ
|ǀˀ
|}
This phonetically creates a distinct [ᵑǀ], [ǀˀ], [sʷs], [ʃʷʃ], and [fʷf~fɵ̥f], semi-distinct [b] [d͡ʒ] and [ɣ], and non-distinct [ŋ~ɲ], [ɓ], [ɗ], [ɠ], [ǀ͡ɠ], [ɸ] and [t͡s]. None of these are considered phonemic.

=== Vowels ===
'Arborese features four vowels: /a/ Aa, /e/ Ee, and /o/ Oo. Each of these may combine into a different diphthong or lengthened monophthongs, as shown in the below table.
{| class="wikitable"
!
!Front
!Open
!Back
|-
!Unstressed Short
|/e/ [ɪ~ɨ] e
|/a/ [ɐ] a
|/o/ [ɔ] o
|-
!Stressed Short
|[i:] (i:~ɨ:) e
|[ɜ:] aa
|[o:] o
|-
!V + ɪ
|[ɪ:] (e:~i:) ee
|[aɛ̆] ae
|[ɔɪ] [ɘɪ̆~we] oi
|-
!V + ɐ
|[ɛă] ea
|[a:] aa
|[oɑ] (ɔɑ̆~wa) oa
|-
!V + ɔ
|[ɪɒ] (jɑ~ɪɔ̆) eo
|[aɔ̆] [~ɛʊ̆] ao
|[ɒ:] (ɔ:~ɑː) oo
|-
!Utterance-initially
|([j] +) V
|([ʕ̞] +) V
|([w] +) V
|}
In addition, some argue that these can further combine into triphthongs or glides with lengthened monophthongs, although most agree they are realizations of vowel or diphthong hiatus. Additionally, two monophthongs across word boundaries are believed to have a true vowel hiatus and not become a diphthong.

=== Stress ===
The first syllable of a polysyllabic words is generally stressed, unless the second syllable is heavier. (C)V is lighter than CVV / CVC, which are both lighter than CVVC; i.e. ''eno'', ''eenon,'' and ''faongaed'' would be stress-initial, but ''anoa, zomed, gaomead,'' and ''hazfeen'' would be second-syllable stress. For words that are three syllables or longer, the third syllable may be stressed if it is heavier than both of the prior two syllables.

Words that are four or five syllables long have secondary stress on the penultimate syllable, and have stressed syllables every even number of syllables beforehand up until (and including) the second syllable after the initial stressed syllable: i.e. ''Mafoanaazameegananoen'' would be [ma'foa.na:.zɐˌme:gɐˌnɐ:.nɔɪn]. Note that two stressed syllables cannot appear next to one another within the same word.

For single-syllable words, CV and CVC words are generally unstressed, while CVV and CVVC words are generally stressed. ''Mae gae zau ne bo fe meneo'' would be ['mae.'gae.'zau.ne.bo.fe.me.'nɪɒ]

Short monophthongs (/e/ /a/ /o/) that are stressed become long vowels. These are different from both double vowels (/ee/ /aa/ /oo/), which are long and have a different vowel quality, and two vowels across word boundaries (/e e/ /a a/ /o o/), which are technically two short vowels which can both be independently stressed or unstressed. Long vowels and diphthongs retain the same length, but are pronounced with an "unstressed" pitch.

Aside from lengthening short vowels in open syllables, stressed syllables can also see a change in pitch relative to unstressed syllables, depending on intonation.

=== Intonation ===
Across a whole sentence, if the general tone is flat, it's probably an indicative. If, however, across a whole sentence, the stressed syllables are (most often) falling tones - starting at a higher pitch and ending on a lower pitch, it can indicates narration, poetry, or answer to an affirmative question. Exaggerated pitch falling across the sentence may indicate a strong affirmation or emotional state. Unless exaggerated, the final stressed syllable is generally a level low tone, and indeed the second-final stressed syllable is also often a level low tone.

Conversely, a raise in pitch across the whole sentence - that is, unstressed syllables are a level high pitch while stressed syllables start lower and rise to the unstressed pitch - may indicate as a polite correction or an answer to a no question, although can otherwise act as a way of highlighting important information or as a form of excitement or anxiety. When exaggerated, it can indicate surprise, a dubitative, disbelief, or persuasion of an outcome that is counterintuitive. When only the final stressed syllable in a clause is rising - and any unstressed vowels afterward are high tone - it indicates a form of incompleteness, and can function as a pause between clauses, while exaggerated can indicate a question. (similar to a comma in French). Unlike with falling tone intonation, every stressed syllable features the rising tone.

Emphasis on an individual pitch can indicate emphasis on a single word, somewhat similar to English, although it's generally only used for surprise or otherwise act to highlight the topic when answering or asking a yes/no interrogative, the latter of which may also end in a high pitch specifically on the final unstressed syllable (or rising if the final syllable is stressed).

=== Romanization ===
'Arborese does not feature its own alphabet, and the Latin script has been adopted to cover it, although in day-to-day use things are rarely written down in Arborese and linguists tend to use the IPA.
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Letter
|Aa
|Bb
|Cc
|Dd
|Ee
|Ff
|Gg
|Hh
|Mm
|Nn
|Oo
|Tt
|Zz
|'
| -
|-
!Ipa
|/a/
|/w/
|/ʒ/
|/d/, -/ʔ/*
|/e/
|/f/
|/g/
|/ɦ/
|/m/
|/n/
|/o/
|/ǀ/
|/z/
|/ʔ/
|Null Onset after Codas
|}
In romanization, , . ? and ! are frequently used, since they also affect intonation. ! is sometimes put before the first word to indicate a negative answer/correction, while ''italicization'' may be used for emphasized words. !? is also fairly commonplace, while ‽ may be used by interrobang purists. (''example:'' !No, he eatn't the ''bread!?'')
[[Category:Language]]

List of freedom indices

2026-07-26T21:33:18Z

Jutomi: date change

This article is a list of freedom indices produced by several non-governmental organizations that publish and maintain assessments of the state of freedom in the world, according to their own various definitions of the term, and rank countries as being free, partly free, or using various measures of freedom, including civil liberties, political rights and economic rights. The scores are ranked 1-10 with 1 being least free and 10 being most free. The "Freedom in the world" score is calculated as the sum of the various scores for a total freedom score with a maximum of 40 available. The current average freedom score is 20.4 points.<ref> as of 9:28 UTC July 26 2026.</ref>

{|class=wikitable style="text-align:center;"
!rowspan=1 width=|Index!!colspan=10 width=|Scale
|-
|style="height:1em; text-align:left;"|'''Score'''
|width=7% |1 10
|width=7% |1 9
|width=7%|1 8
|width=7% |1 7
|width=7% |1 6
|width=7% |1 5
|width=7% |1 4
|width=7% |1 3
|width=7% |1 2
|width=7% |1 1
|-
|style="height:3.5em; text-align:left;"|'''Player rights'''
|colspan=3 style="background:#9f9;" | 1 free
|colspan=4 style="background:#ff9;" | 3 partly free
|colspan=3 style="background:#f99;" | 5 repressed
|-

|style="height:3.5em; text-align:left;"|'''Villager rights'''
|colspan=3 style="background:#9f9;" | 1 free
|colspan=4 style="background:#ff9;" | 3 partly free
|colspan=3 style="background:#f99;" | 5 repressed
|-
|style="height:3.5em; text-align:left;"|'''Index of Economic Freedom'''
|colspan=2 style="background:#99f;" | 1 free
|colspan=2 style="background:#9f9;" | 2 mostly free
|colspan=2 style="background:#ff9;" | 3 moderately free
|colspan=2 style="background:#fc9;" | 4 mostly unfree
|colspan=2 style="background:#f99;" | 5 repressed
|-
|style="height:3.5em; text-align:left;"|'''Democracy Index'''
|colspan=3 style="background:#99f;" | 1 full democracy
|colspan=3 style="background:#9f9;" | 2 flawed democracy
|colspan=2 style="background:#ff9;" | 3 hybrid regime
|colspan=2 style="background:#f99;" | 5 authoritarian
|}

{|class="wikitable sortable"
!data-sort-type="Country"| Country !! Freedom in the world !! Player rights !! Score !! Villager rights !! Score !! Index of Economic Freedom !! Score !! Democracy Index !! Score
|-
|[[Aistóv́y]]
|4
|Repressed
|1
|Repressed
|1
|Repressed
|1
|Authoritarian Regime
|1
|-
| [[Arktsev]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| [[Aylongam]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| [[B’hiy’aj Dchâjâ]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| [[Coldba (Cuba)]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| [[The Complex]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| [[Corneria]]
|
| Free
| 10
| Free
| 10
|
|
|
|
|-
| [[Dhourigkàn]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| [[Enkavak]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| [[Ettêre Ðiffyt]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| [[Gdaƨihr Ni̦xlo]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| [[Hummland]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| [[i Êpcêm Mûn-nan]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| [[Imerchal]]
| 29
| Free
| 9
| Free
| 8
| Mostly Free
| 7
| Flawed Democracy
| 5
|-
|[[Jutland]]
|25
|Partly Free
|4
|Partly Free
|7
|Moderately Free
|6
|Full Democracy
|8
|-
| [[Kozdenen]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| [[Kingdom of Kyaw Cen]]
| 22
| Free
| 8
| Repressed
| 2
| Mostly Free
| 8
| Hybrid Regime
| 4
|-
| [[Latium Regnātum]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|[[Mobile Territories]] - [[Mobile Territories#Fauna|Fauna]]
|24
|Partly Free
|5
|Free
|10
|Mostly Unfree
|4
|Flawed Democracy
|5
|-
|[[Mobile Territories]] - [[Mobile Territories#Witherport|Witherport]]
|17
|Repressed
|1
|Partly Free
|4
|Free
|9
|Hybrid Regime
|3
|-
| [[Myžariky]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| [[Nāroňpār]]
| 26
| Free
| 8
| Free
| 9
| Mostly Free
| 7
| Authoritarian Regime
| 2
|-
| [[Oressia]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| [[Pihi]]
| 8
| Repressed
| 3
| Repressed
| 1
| Repressed
| 2
| Authoritarian Regime
| 2
|-
| [[East Pua|Pua]]
| 10
| Repressed
| 3
| Repressed
| 3
| Repressed
| 2
| Authoritarian Regime
| 2
|-
| [[r̦ijeləm]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| [[Sofao Tâsi]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| [[Spansos Gaming]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| [[Stej Ven]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| [[Tanzang]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|[[Wánade]]
|39
|Free
|9
|Free
|10
|Free
|10
|Full Democracy
|10
|-
| [[Xarslasja]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| [[Xtrakva]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|}

== Notes ==
<references />

Ramlabi

2026-07-26T21:30:41Z

Jutomi: i>1

'''Ramlabi''' is a town in [[Keltechra]]. It was built by various players starting on July 24, 2026 under [[Cinthyr]]'s guidance.

Contributers include [[Annwan]], [[Namnak Xhesas]], [[Roader]], [[Rivulé Rainworld]], [[Stemon]], [[User:Yusur|Yusur]], [[User:Nah1a|Nah1a]], [[Hilja]], [[Jutomi]], [[JJ]], [[Rnifnuf]], [[Sebroar]], and [[User:Bookhead|Bookhead]].

List of freedom indices

2026-07-26T21:29:45Z

Jutomi: The world got less free. :( [m'bad]

This article is a list of freedom indices produced by several non-governmental organizations that publish and maintain assessments of the state of freedom in the world, according to their own various definitions of the term, and rank countries as being free, partly free, or using various measures of freedom, including civil liberties, political rights and economic rights. The scores are ranked 1-10 with 1 being least free and 10 being most free. The "Freedom in the world" score is calculated as the sum of the various scores for a total freedom score with a maximum of 40 available. The current average freedom score is 20.4 points.<ref> as of 7:14 AM Nov 06 2024 UTC.</ref>

{|class=wikitable style="text-align:center;"
!rowspan=1 width=|Index!!colspan=10 width=|Scale
|-
|style="height:1em; text-align:left;"|'''Score'''
|width=7% |1 10
|width=7% |1 9
|width=7%|1 8
|width=7% |1 7
|width=7% |1 6
|width=7% |1 5
|width=7% |1 4
|width=7% |1 3
|width=7% |1 2
|width=7% |1 1
|-
|style="height:3.5em; text-align:left;"|'''Player rights'''
|colspan=3 style="background:#9f9;" | 1 free
|colspan=4 style="background:#ff9;" | 3 partly free
|colspan=3 style="background:#f99;" | 5 repressed
|-

|style="height:3.5em; text-align:left;"|'''Villager rights'''
|colspan=3 style="background:#9f9;" | 1 free
|colspan=4 style="background:#ff9;" | 3 partly free
|colspan=3 style="background:#f99;" | 5 repressed
|-
|style="height:3.5em; text-align:left;"|'''Index of Economic Freedom'''
|colspan=2 style="background:#99f;" | 1 free
|colspan=2 style="background:#9f9;" | 2 mostly free
|colspan=2 style="background:#ff9;" | 3 moderately free
|colspan=2 style="background:#fc9;" | 4 mostly unfree
|colspan=2 style="background:#f99;" | 5 repressed
|-
|style="height:3.5em; text-align:left;"|'''Democracy Index'''
|colspan=3 style="background:#99f;" | 1 full democracy
|colspan=3 style="background:#9f9;" | 2 flawed democracy
|colspan=2 style="background:#ff9;" | 3 hybrid regime
|colspan=2 style="background:#f99;" | 5 authoritarian
|}

{|class="wikitable sortable"
!data-sort-type="Country"| Country !! Freedom in the world !! Player rights !! Score !! Villager rights !! Score !! Index of Economic Freedom !! Score !! Democracy Index !! Score
|-
|[[Aistóv́y]]
|4
|Repressed
|1
|Repressed
|1
|Repressed
|1
|Authoritarian Regime
|1
|-
| [[Arktsev]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| [[Aylongam]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| [[B’hiy’aj Dchâjâ]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| [[Coldba (Cuba)]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| [[The Complex]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| [[Corneria]]
|
| Free
| 10
| Free
| 10
|
|
|
|
|-
| [[Dhourigkàn]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| [[Enkavak]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| [[Ettêre Ðiffyt]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| [[Gdaƨihr Ni̦xlo]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| [[Hummland]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| [[i Êpcêm Mûn-nan]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| [[Imerchal]]
| 29
| Free
| 9
| Free
| 8
| Mostly Free
| 7
| Flawed Democracy
| 5
|-
|[[Jutland]]
|25
|Partly Free
|4
|Partly Free
|7
|Moderately Free
|6
|Full Democracy
|8
|-
| [[Kozdenen]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| [[Kingdom of Kyaw Cen]]
| 22
| Free
| 8
| Repressed
| 2
| Mostly Free
| 8
| Hybrid Regime
| 4
|-
| [[Latium Regnātum]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|[[Mobile Territories]] - [[Mobile Territories#Fauna|Fauna]]
|24
|Partly Free
|5
|Free
|10
|Mostly Unfree
|4
|Flawed Democracy
|5
|-
|[[Mobile Territories]] - [[Mobile Territories#Witherport|Witherport]]
|17
|Repressed
|1
|Partly Free
|4
|Free
|9
|Hybrid Regime
|3
|-
| [[Myžariky]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| [[Nāroňpār]]
| 26
| Free
| 8
| Free
| 9
| Mostly Free
| 7
| Authoritarian Regime
| 2
|-
| [[Oressia]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| [[Pihi]]
| 8
| Repressed
| 3
| Repressed
| 1
| Repressed
| 2
| Authoritarian Regime
| 2
|-
| [[East Pua|Pua]]
| 10
| Repressed
| 3
| Repressed
| 3
| Repressed
| 2
| Authoritarian Regime
| 2
|-
| [[r̦ijeləm]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| [[Sofao Tâsi]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| [[Spansos Gaming]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| [[Stej Ven]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| [[Tanzang]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|[[Wánade]]
|39
|Free
|9
|Free
|10
|Free
|10
|Full Democracy
|10
|-
| [[Xarslasja]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| [[Xtrakva]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|}

== Notes ==
<references />

List of freedom indices

2026-07-26T20:58:40Z

Jutomi:

This article is a list of freedom indices produced by several non-governmental organizations that publish and maintain assessments of the state of freedom in the world, according to their own various definitions of the term, and rank countries as being free, partly free, or using various measures of freedom, including civil liberties, political rights and economic rights. The scores are ranked 1-10 with 1 being least free and 10 being most free. The "Freedom in the world" score is calculated as the sum of the various scores for a total freedom score with a maximum of 40 available. The current average freedom score is 22.8 points.<ref> as of 7:14 AM Nov 06 2024 UTC.</ref>

{|class=wikitable style="text-align:center;"
!rowspan=1 width=|Index!!colspan=10 width=|Scale
|-
|style="height:1em; text-align:left;"|'''Score'''
|width=7% |1 10
|width=7% |1 9
|width=7%|1 8
|width=7% |1 7
|width=7% |1 6
|width=7% |1 5
|width=7% |1 4
|width=7% |1 3
|width=7% |1 2
|width=7% |1 1
|-
|style="height:3.5em; text-align:left;"|'''Player rights'''
|colspan=3 style="background:#9f9;" | 1 free
|colspan=4 style="background:#ff9;" | 3 partly free
|colspan=3 style="background:#f99;" | 5 repressed
|-

|style="height:3.5em; text-align:left;"|'''Villager rights'''
|colspan=3 style="background:#9f9;" | 1 free
|colspan=4 style="background:#ff9;" | 3 partly free
|colspan=3 style="background:#f99;" | 5 repressed
|-
|style="height:3.5em; text-align:left;"|'''Index of Economic Freedom'''
|colspan=2 style="background:#99f;" | 1 free
|colspan=2 style="background:#9f9;" | 2 mostly free
|colspan=2 style="background:#ff9;" | 3 moderately free
|colspan=2 style="background:#fc9;" | 4 mostly unfree
|colspan=2 style="background:#f99;" | 5 repressed
|-
|style="height:3.5em; text-align:left;"|'''Democracy Index'''
|colspan=3 style="background:#99f;" | 1 full democracy
|colspan=3 style="background:#9f9;" | 2 flawed democracy
|colspan=2 style="background:#ff9;" | 3 hybrid regime
|colspan=2 style="background:#f99;" | 5 authoritarian
|}

{|class="wikitable sortable"
!data-sort-type="Country"| Country !! Freedom in the world !! Player rights !! Score !! Villager rights !! Score !! Index of Economic Freedom !! Score !! Democracy Index !! Score
|-
|[[Aistóv́y]]
|4
|Repressed
|1
|Repressed
|1
|Repressed
|1
|Authoritarian Regime
|1
|-
| [[Arktsev]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| [[Aylongam]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| [[B’hiy’aj Dchâjâ]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| [[Coldba (Cuba)]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| [[The Complex]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| [[Corneria]]
|
| Free
| 10
| Free
| 10
|
|
|
|
|-
| [[Dhourigkàn]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| [[Enkavak]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| [[Ettêre Ðiffyt]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| [[Gdaƨihr Ni̦xlo]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| [[Hummland]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| [[i Êpcêm Mûn-nan]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| [[Imerchal]]
| 29
| Free
| 9
| Free
| 8
| Mostly Free
| 7
| Flawed Democracy
| 5
|-
|[[Jutland]]
|25
|Partly Free
|4
|Partly Free
|7
|Moderately Free
|6
|Full Democracy
|8
|-
| [[Kozdenen]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| [[Kingdom of Kyaw Cen]]
| 22
| Free
| 8
| Repressed
| 2
| Mostly Free
| 8
| Hybrid Regime
| 4
|-
| [[Latium Regnātum]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|[[Mobile Territories]] - [[Mobile Territories#Fauna|Fauna]]
|24
|Partly Free
|5
|Free
|10
|Mostly Unfree
|4
|Flawed Democracy
|5
|-
|[[Mobile Territories]] - [[Mobile Territories#Witherport|Witherport]]
|17
|Repressed
|1
|Partly Free
|4
|Free
|9
|Hybrid Regime
|3
|-
| [[Myžariky]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| [[Nāroňpār]]
| 26
| Free
| 8
| Free
| 9
| Mostly Free
| 7
| Authoritarian Regime
| 2
|-
| [[Oressia]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| [[Pihi]]
| 8
| Repressed
| 3
| Repressed
| 1
| Repressed
| 2
| Authoritarian Regime
| 2
|-
| [[East Pua|Pua]]
| 10
| Repressed
| 3
| Repressed
| 3
| Repressed
| 2
| Authoritarian Regime
| 2
|-
| [[r̦ijeləm]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| [[Sofao Tâsi]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| [[Spansos Gaming]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| [[Stej Ven]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| [[Tanzang]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|[[Wánade]]
|39
|Free
|9
|Free
|10
|Free
|10
|Full Democracy
|10
|-
| [[Xarslasja]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| [[Xtrakva]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|}

== Notes ==
<references />

List of freedom indices

2026-07-26T20:55:35Z

Jutomi: Added Jutland and Mobile Territories :)

This article is a list of freedom indices produced by several non-governmental organizations that publish and maintain assessments of the state of freedom in the world, according to their own various definitions of the term, and rank countries as being free, partly free, or using various measures of freedom, including civil liberties, political rights and economic rights. The scores are ranked 1-10 with 1 being least free and 10 being most free. The "Freedom in the world" score is calculated as the sum of the various scores for a total freedom score with a maximum of 40 available. The current average freedom score is 22.8 points.<ref> as of 7:14 AM Nov 06 2024 UTC.</ref>

{|class=wikitable style="text-align:center;"
!rowspan=1 width=|Index!!colspan=10 width=|Scale
|-
|style="height:1em; text-align:left;"|'''Score'''
|width=7% |1 10
|width=7% |1 9
|width=7%|1 8
|width=7% |1 7
|width=7% |1 6
|width=7% |1 5
|width=7% |1 4
|width=7% |1 3
|width=7% |1 2
|width=7% |1 1
|-
|style="height:3.5em; text-align:left;"|'''Player rights'''
|colspan=3 style="background:#9f9;" | 1 free
|colspan=4 style="background:#ff9;" | 3 partly free
|colspan=3 style="background:#f99;" | 5 repressed
|-

|style="height:3.5em; text-align:left;"|'''Villager rights'''
|colspan=3 style="background:#9f9;" | 1 free
|colspan=4 style="background:#ff9;" | 3 partly free
|colspan=3 style="background:#f99;" | 5 repressed
|-
|style="height:3.5em; text-align:left;"|'''Index of Economic Freedom'''
|colspan=2 style="background:#99f;" | 1 free
|colspan=2 style="background:#9f9;" | 2 mostly free
|colspan=2 style="background:#ff9;" | 3 moderately free
|colspan=2 style="background:#fc9;" | 4 mostly unfree
|colspan=2 style="background:#f99;" | 5 repressed
|-
|style="height:3.5em; text-align:left;"|'''Democracy Index'''
|colspan=3 style="background:#99f;" | 1 full democracy
|colspan=3 style="background:#9f9;" | 2 flawed democracy
|colspan=2 style="background:#ff9;" | 3 hybrid regime
|colspan=2 style="background:#f99;" | 5 authoritarian
|}

{|class="wikitable sortable"
!data-sort-type="Country"| Country !! Freedom in the world !! Player rights !! Score !! Villager rights !! Score !! Index of Economic Freedom !! Score !! Democracy Index !! Score
|-
|[[Aistóv́y]]
|4
|Repressed
|1
|Repressed
|1
|Repressed
|1
|Authoritarian Regime
|1
|-
| [[Arktsev]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| [[Aylongam]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| [[B’hiy’aj Dchâjâ]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| [[Coldba (Cuba)]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| [[The Complex]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| [[Corneria]]
|
| Free
| 10
| Free
| 10
|
|
|
|
|-
| [[Dhourigkàn]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| [[Enkavak]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| [[Ettêre Ðiffyt]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| [[Gdaƨihr Ni̦xlo]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| [[Hummland]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| [[i Êpcêm Mûn-nan]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| [[Imerchal]]
| 29
| Free
| 9
| Free
| 8
| Mostly Free
| 7
| Flawed Democracy
| 5
|-
|[[Jutland]]
|25
|Partly Free
|4
|Partly Free
|7
|Moderately Free
|6
|Full Democracy
|8
|-
| [[Kozdenen]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| [[Kingdom of Kyaw Cen]]
| 22
| Free
| 8
| Repressed
| 2
| Mostly Free
| 8
| Hybrid Regime
| 4
|-
| [[Latium Regnātum]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|[[Mobile Territories]] - [[Mobile Territories#Fauna|Fauna]]
|23
|Partly Free
|5
|Free
|10
|Mostly Unfree
|3
|Flawed Democracy
|5
|-
|[[Mobile Territories]] - [[Mobile Territories#Witherport|Witherport]]
|17
|Repressed
|1
|Partly Free
|4
|Free
|9
|Hybrid Regime
|3
|-
| [[Myžariky]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| [[Nāroňpār]]
| 26
| Free
| 8
| Free
| 9
| Mostly Free
| 7
| Authoritarian Regime
| 2
|-
| [[Oressia]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| [[Pihi]]
| 8
| Repressed
| 3
| Repressed
| 1
| Repressed
| 2
| Authoritarian Regime
| 2
|-
| [[East Pua|Pua]]
| 10
| Repressed
| 3
| Repressed
| 3
| Repressed
| 2
| Authoritarian Regime
| 2
|-
| [[r̦ijeləm]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| [[Sofao Tâsi]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| [[Spansos Gaming]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| [[Stej Ven]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| [[Tanzang]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|[[Wánade]]
|39
|Free
|9
|Free
|10
|Free
|10
|Full Democracy
|10
|-
| [[Xarslasja]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| [[Xtrakva]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|}

== Notes ==
<references />

List of lists

2026-07-26T20:29:25Z

Jutomi: Added help :)

This is a list of all lists on the Wiki.

== Meta Lists ==

*[[:Category:Help Pages|Help Pages]]
*'''List of lists'''
* [[List of lists of lists]]

* [[Special:Categories|List of Ŋwiki Categories]]

== Server Resource Lists ==
* [[Cenrail network|List of Cenrail Lines]]
* [[List of ghastports]]
* [[List of modded changes]]
* [[List of Modded Items]]
* [[List of Places]] (also see [[Map|Map of the ŋorld]])
* [[List of publically accessible farms]]
* [[List of rail networks]]
* [[List of Warps]]

== Lists of players ==

* [[List of banned players]]
* [[List of Season 1 Players]]

* [[:Category:Players|List of Players]]

== Geographical lists ==

* [[List of Condominia]]
* [[Continent|List of continents]]
* [[List of former sovereign states]]
* [[List of interŋational organizations]]
* [[List of Jeanlikes]]
* [[List of John-likes]]
* [[List of Ɱetropolitan Areas]]
* [[List of Places]] (also see [[Map|Map of the ŋorld]])
* [[List of ŋations based on Rome]]
* [[List of Raided and unRaided places]]
* [[List of seas]]
* [[List of unclaimed areas]]
* [[United Ŋations Laws#List of UŊ Protectorates|List of UŊ Protectorates]]

==Lists of political parties==

* [[List of political parties in Rauratoshan]]
* [[List of political parties in Nāroňpār]]
* [[List of political parties in the Kingdom of Hummland]]
* [[List of political parties in the Kingdom of Kyaw Cen]]
* [[List of political parties in the Realm of Madness]]
* [[List of political parties in the Republic of Twanland]]
* [[List of political parties in Vallis Draconum]]

==Linguistic lists==
* [[Kozramva vocabulary|List of Kozramva words]]
* [[Kyawcenni vocabulary|List of Kyawcenni words]]
* [[List of Languages|List of languages]] (see also: [[:Category:Languages]] which is slightly different.)
* [[List of language isolates]]
* [[:Category:Language Family|List of language families]]
* [[List of Official Languages]]
==Lists of holidays==

* [[List of Cursdays in the Realm of Madness]]
* [[List of holidays in Enkavak]]
* [[List of holidays in Hummland]]
* [[List of holidays in Rauratoshan]]
* [[List of holidays in the Kingdom of Kyaw Cen]]
* [[List of holidays in the People's Free City of Amuj]]
* [[List of holidays in Twanland]]
* [[List of holidays in Aprux Mexyrhat]]

==Other Lists==
* [[Armorial of sovereign states]]
* [[List of alternate LoCATE names]]
* [[List of Annwans]]
* [[List of Anomalous Objects]]
* [[Amujology|List of Amujs]]
* [[List of Boats owned by the VSC]]
* [[List of bridges over the Yetch River]]
* [[List of bridges in Kyaw Cen]]
* [[List of commands]]
* [[List of countries recognized by Aprux Mexyrhat]]
* [[List of countries recognized by the Keis-Spucke Administration]]
* [[List of countries in IPA]]
* [[List of Cəŋspiracy Theories]]
* [[List of deities of Yukacan]]
* [[List of ducks]]
* [[List of Economic Unions]]
* [[List of electoral systems by ŋation]]
* [[List of freedom indices]]
* [[List of "gaming" Variations]]
* [[List of individual horses]]
* [[List of Kyawcennis]]
* [[List of ɱedical conditions]]
* [[List of name systems]]
* [[List of news sources in Rauratoshan]]
* [[List of Ŋational Dishes]]
* [[List of ŋorldbuilding issues]]
* [[List of Pages Related to FERRA]]
* [[:Category:People|List of People]]
* [[List of placenames in IPA]]
* [[List of post offices and postal service providers]]
* [[List of Proposed Countries]]
* [[List of Sapient Species]]
* [[List of Superpowers]]
* [[List of temples]]
* [[List of things Marcy Sheikah brags about having invented]]
* [[Tour de Nguh#Known checkpoints|List of Tour de Nguh Known Checkpoints]]
* [[List of united organizations]]
* [[List of villages in Enkavak]]
* [[List of wars]]
[[Category:Lists|*]]

List of lists

2026-07-26T20:27:38Z

Jutomi: /* Other Lists */ Added farms; upgraded ghastports

This is a list of all lists on the Wiki.

== Meta Lists ==

*'''List of lists'''
* [[List of lists of lists]]

* [[Special:Categories|List of Ŋwiki Categories]]

== Server Resource Lists ==
* [[Cenrail network|List of Cenrail Lines]]
* [[List of ghastports]]
* [[List of modded changes]]
* [[List of Modded Items]]
* [[List of Places]] (also see [[Map|Map of the ŋorld]])
* [[List of publically accessible farms]]
* [[List of rail networks]]
* [[List of Warps]]

== Lists of players ==

* [[List of banned players]]
* [[List of Season 1 Players]]

* [[:Category:Players|List of Players]]

== Geographical lists ==

* [[List of Condominia]]
* [[Continent|List of continents]]
* [[List of former sovereign states]]
* [[List of interŋational organizations]]
* [[List of Jeanlikes]]
* [[List of John-likes]]
* [[List of Ɱetropolitan Areas]]
* [[List of Places]] (also see [[Map|Map of the ŋorld]])
* [[List of ŋations based on Rome]]
* [[List of Raided and unRaided places]]
* [[List of seas]]
* [[List of unclaimed areas]]
* [[United Ŋations Laws#List of UŊ Protectorates|List of UŊ Protectorates]]

==Lists of political parties==

* [[List of political parties in Rauratoshan]]
* [[List of political parties in Nāroňpār]]
* [[List of political parties in the Kingdom of Hummland]]
* [[List of political parties in the Kingdom of Kyaw Cen]]
* [[List of political parties in the Realm of Madness]]
* [[List of political parties in the Republic of Twanland]]
* [[List of political parties in Vallis Draconum]]

==Linguistic lists==
* [[Kozramva vocabulary|List of Kozramva words]]
* [[Kyawcenni vocabulary|List of Kyawcenni words]]
* [[List of Languages|List of languages]] (see also: [[:Category:Languages]] which is slightly different.)
* [[List of language isolates]]
* [[:Category:Language Family|List of language families]]
* [[List of Official Languages]]
==Lists of holidays==

* [[List of Cursdays in the Realm of Madness]]
* [[List of holidays in Enkavak]]
* [[List of holidays in Hummland]]
* [[List of holidays in Rauratoshan]]
* [[List of holidays in the Kingdom of Kyaw Cen]]
* [[List of holidays in the People's Free City of Amuj]]
* [[List of holidays in Twanland]]
* [[List of holidays in Aprux Mexyrhat]]

==Other Lists==
* [[Armorial of sovereign states]]
* [[List of alternate LoCATE names]]
* [[List of Annwans]]
* [[List of Anomalous Objects]]
* [[Amujology|List of Amujs]]
* [[List of Boats owned by the VSC]]
* [[List of bridges over the Yetch River]]
* [[List of bridges in Kyaw Cen]]
* [[List of commands]]
* [[List of countries recognized by Aprux Mexyrhat]]
* [[List of countries recognized by the Keis-Spucke Administration]]
* [[List of countries in IPA]]
* [[List of Cəŋspiracy Theories]]
* [[List of deities of Yukacan]]
* [[List of ducks]]
* [[List of Economic Unions]]
* [[List of electoral systems by ŋation]]
* [[List of freedom indices]]
* [[List of "gaming" Variations]]
* [[List of individual horses]]
* [[List of Kyawcennis]]
* [[List of ɱedical conditions]]
* [[List of name systems]]
* [[List of news sources in Rauratoshan]]
* [[List of Ŋational Dishes]]
* [[List of ŋorldbuilding issues]]
* [[List of Pages Related to FERRA]]
* [[:Category:People|List of People]]
* [[List of placenames in IPA]]
* [[List of post offices and postal service providers]]
* [[List of Proposed Countries]]
* [[List of Sapient Species]]
* [[List of Superpowers]]
* [[List of temples]]
* [[List of things Marcy Sheikah brags about having invented]]
* [[Tour de Nguh#Known checkpoints|List of Tour de Nguh Known Checkpoints]]
* [[List of united organizations]]
* [[List of villages in Enkavak]]
* [[List of wars]]
[[Category:Lists|*]]

List of freedom indices

2026-07-26T20:22:27Z

Jutomi: Updated :)

This article is a list of freedom indices produced by several non-governmental organizations that publish and maintain assessments of the state of freedom in the world, according to their own various definitions of the term, and rank countries as being free, partly free, or using various measures of freedom, including civil liberties, political rights and economic rights. The scores are ranked 1-10 with 1 being least free and 10 being most free. The "Freedom in the world" score is calculated as the sum of the various scores for a total freedom score with a maximum of 40 available. The current average freedom score is 22.8 points.<ref> as of 7:14 AM Nov 06 2024 UTC.</ref>

{|class=wikitable style="text-align:center;"
!rowspan=1 width=|Index!!colspan=10 width=|Scale
|-
|style="height:1em; text-align:left;"|'''Score'''
|width=7% |1 10
|width=7% |1 9
|width=7%|1 8
|width=7% |1 7
|width=7% |1 6
|width=7% |1 5
|width=7% |1 4
|width=7% |1 3
|width=7% |1 2
|width=7% |1 1
|-
|style="height:3.5em; text-align:left;"|'''Player rights'''
|colspan=3 style="background:#9f9;" | 1 free
|colspan=4 style="background:#ff9;" | 3 partly free
|colspan=3 style="background:#f99;" | 5 repressed
|-

|style="height:3.5em; text-align:left;"|'''Villager rights'''
|colspan=3 style="background:#9f9;" | 1 free
|colspan=4 style="background:#ff9;" | 3 partly free
|colspan=3 style="background:#f99;" | 5 repressed
|-
|style="height:3.5em; text-align:left;"|'''Index of Economic Freedom'''
|colspan=2 style="background:#99f;" | 1 free
|colspan=2 style="background:#9f9;" | 2 mostly free
|colspan=2 style="background:#ff9;" | 3 moderately free
|colspan=2 style="background:#fc9;" | 4 mostly unfree
|colspan=2 style="background:#f99;" | 5 repressed
|-
|style="height:3.5em; text-align:left;"|'''Democracy Index'''
|colspan=3 style="background:#99f;" | 1 full democracy
|colspan=3 style="background:#9f9;" | 2 flawed democracy
|colspan=2 style="background:#ff9;" | 3 hybrid regime
|colspan=2 style="background:#f99;" | 5 authoritarian
|}

{|class="wikitable sortable"
!data-sort-type="Country"| Country !! Freedom in the world !! Player rights !! Score !! Villager rights !! Score !! Index of Economic Freedom !! Score !! Democracy Index !! Score
|-
|[[Aistóv́y]]
|4
|Repressed
|1
|Repressed
|1
|Repressed
|1
|Authoritarian Regime
|1
|-
| [[Arktsev]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| [[Aylongam]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| [[B’hiy’aj Dchâjâ]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| [[Coldba (Cuba)]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| [[The Complex]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| [[Corneria]]
|
| Free
| 10
| Free
| 10
|
|
|
|
|-
| [[Dhourigkàn]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| [[Enkavak]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| [[Ettêre Ðiffyt]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| [[Gdaƨihr Ni̦xlo]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| [[Hummland]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| [[i Êpcêm Mûn-nan]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| [[Imerchal]]
| 30
| Free
| 9
| Free
| 8
| Mostly Free
| 7
| Flawed Democracy
| 5
|-
| [[Kozdenen]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| [[Kingdom of Kyaw Cen]]
| 22
| Free
| 8
| Repressed
| 2
| Mostly Free
| 8
| Hybrid Regime
| 4
|-
| [[Latium Regnātum]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| [[Myžariky]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| [[Nāroňpār]]
| 26
| Free
| 8
| Free
| 9
| Mostly Free
| 7
| Authoritarian Regime
| 2
|-
| [[Oressia]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| [[Pihi]]
| 8
| Repressed
| 3
| Repressed
| 1
| Repressed
| 2
| Authoritarian Regime
| 2
|-
| [[East Pua|Pua]]
| 10
| Repressed
| 3
| Repressed
| 3
| Repressed
| 2
| Authoritarian Regime
| 2
|-
| [[r̦ijeləm]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| [[Sofao Tâsi]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| [[Spansos Gaming]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| [[Stej Ven]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| [[Tanzang]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|[[Wánade]]
|39
|Free
|9
|Free
|10
|Free
|10
|Full Democracy
|10
|-
| [[Xarslasja]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| [[Xtrakva]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|}

== Notes ==
<references />

Ramlabi

2026-07-26T20:04:11Z

Jutomi: Added everyone we could remember helping out. :)

'''Ramlabi''' is a town in [[Keltechra]]. It was built by various players starting on July 24, 2026 under [[Cinthyr]]'s guidance.

Contributers include [[Annwan]], [[Namnak Xhesas]], [[Roader]], [[Rivulé Rainworld]], [[Stemon]], [[User:Yusur|Yusur]], [[User:Nahia|Nahia]], [[Hilja]], [[Jutomi]], [[JJ]], [[Rnifnuf]], [[Sebroar]], and [[User:Bookhead|Bookhead]].

'Arborese

2026-07-26T05:03:00Z

Jutomi: erosion

{{Infobox language|name='Arborese|family=Unknown|era=today|scripts=None (Latin)|country=[['Arbor 'Iland]]|number=only a couple dozen; critically endangered|usage=rare; in private, chiefly among elders|lang-code=arb|demonym='Arborese}}

'Arborese (sometimes spelled ''Arborese''; no endonym documented) is a critically endangered language seldom spoken in the volcanic island territory of [['Arbor 'Iland]]. It is believed to be weakly agglutinative, although not much is known about its grammar at this time.

== Phonetics ==
Arborese features a fairly minimalist phonemic inventory, with only four vowels and 11 consonants, though there is a degree of free variation and allophony depending on where a sound appears in a word, syllable or utterance, as well as 16 "combined vowels" that appear as diphthongs or long monophthongs.

=== Phonotactics ===
The syllable structure is (C)V(V)(C). Any consonant phoneme may start a syllable, but only /n/, /g/, /ʒ/, /d~ʔ/, /f/ and /z/ can appear in coda.

There are estimated to be 252 total possible syllables; properly including long monophthongs and diphthongs, up to 1,008. (Although there may be nearly twice as many including stress and position of the syllable within a word.)

=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
!Bilabial
!Alveolar
!Postalveolar
!Velar
!Glottal
|-
!Nasal / Click
|/m/ Mm
|/n/ Nn
|/ǀ/ [ᶢʇ~ᵏǂ] Tt
|
|∅ ∅/-
|-
!Stop
|/w/ Pbw
|/d/ [t̺~l~ɾ] Lld
| rowspan="2" |/ʒ/ [d͡ʒ] Cc
| rowspan="2" |/g/ [ɣ] Gg
|/ʔ/ '
|-
!Fricative
|/f/ Ff
|/z/ [z̪] Zz
|/ɦ/ Hh
|}
- /d/ is usually [ɾ] or sometimes [d̺], but is [l~ɾ] (Ll not [ǀ]) invervocally and word-initially, making "adua" and "a lua" usually phonetically distinct, although speakers sometimes pronounce them interchangeably.

- Similarly, /b/ is [b~p] word-initially, [b~ɓ] after [ʔ] (word-medial coda /d/), and otherwise [w] word-medially when either intervocalic or after /z/, /n/, /g/, /ʒ/ /f/, though it can occasionally be [b] in these environments.

- - It is also more commonly [b] before /o/, [w] before /e/, and in between before /a/.

- Coda /ɣ/ and /d͡ʒ/ are semi-distinct intervocally from onset /g/ and /ʒ/, but are considered the same phoneme as they are in weak complementary distribution, even being somewhat in free variation in all environments.

- /f/ becomes [ɸ] before /ɔ/, including diphthongs, as well as utterance-finally, where it may be considered somewhat syllabic in nature, as with /z/ and /ʒ/.

- Coda /d~ʔ/ is hard to describe, since it's usually /ʔ/, but is believed to have come from /d/, which exists in some environments. Most linguists tend to use both phonemes depending on the context, though some use an archiphonemic /D/. Others still propose using /t/ given it also becomes a click utterance-finally. It is always represented with <d> in romanization.

- Conversely, coda [n] is commonly analyzed as simply /n/, even thought allophonically it can appear as [m].

- /o/ frequently is voiceless or disappears between /z/ and before /z/ or /ʒ/, most often being realized as something akin to [s͡s͜ʷs] and [ʃ͡ʃ͜ʷʃ] respectively.

- - A similar process happens between two /f/s, although in this case the realization is more likely [fɵ̥f].

- Voicing is non-contrastive, although /m/, /n/, and word-medial intervocalic /b/ and /d/ tend to be voiced, while other phonemes are most likely slack voice, sometimes pronounced voiced or voiceless in free variation, with utterance-final sounds generally being fully voiceless (and glottal stops being their own thing). A more narrow transcription of these sounds would be /b̥ d̥ v̥ z̥ ʒ̊ g̊ ɦ̥ ᶢ̥ǀ/.

- unstressed /ʔVʔV/ sequences frequently result in the second /ʔ/ getting eroded away in faster speech, optionally turning vowels neighboring it (and diphthongs following it) creaky in the process.

Below is a table of some of the more common realizations of morphological syllable clusters, although some sounds and especially voicing are fairly loose.
{| class="wikitable"
!Coda + Onset
!C + /m/
!C + /n/
!C + /ǀ/
!C + /b/
!C + /d/
!C + /ʒ/
!C + /g/
!C + /f/
!C + /z/
!C + /h/
!C + /ʔ/
!(C +) Vowel
!Word-Final C
!Utterance-Final C
|-
!Utterance-initial O
|m
|n
|ᵏǀ~ᵑǀ
|p~ɓ
|l~t
|t͡ʃ~d͡ʒ
|g~k
|f~ɸ
|z~s
|h:~ɦ
|ʔ
|∅ (j/w/ʕ̞)
|N/A
|N/A
|-
!Word-Initial O
|m
|n
|ᶢǀ~ᵏǀ
|b
|l
|d͡ʒ
|g~k
|f~ɸ
|z~s
|h~ɦ
|ʔ
|∅
|N/A
|N/A
|-
!Vowel (+ O)
|m
|n
|ᶢǀ~ᵏǀ
|w~b
|l~ɾ
|ʒ
|g~k
|f~ɸ
|z~s
|ɦ
|ʔ~ ̰
|see: vowels
|∅
|∅~h~ʔ
|-
!n + O
|nm
|n
|ᵑǀ
|nb~mb
|nd, nɺ
|nd͡ʒ
|ŋg~nç
|mv~ŋf
|nz~nd͡z
|nɦ
|nʔ
|n
|n
|n
|-
!f + O
|fm
|fn
|fᵏǀ~ᵑǀ
|fp~fɓ~fw
|fd~ft, fl
|fd͡ʒ
|fg~fk
|fʷf
|fs~fz
|fɦ~vh
|fʔ
|f~ɸ
|f
|ɸ~ů
|-
!z + O
|zm
|zn
|zᶢǀ~zᵑǀ
|zw~zb
|zd, zl
|zd͡ʒ
|zg~sk
|zf~sf
|zʷz~sʷs
|zh~sɦ
|zʔ~sʔ
|z~s
|z~s
|s
|-
!c + O
|d͡ʒm~t͡ʃm
|ʃn~d͡ʒ
|ʒᶢǀ~ʒᵑǀ
|d͡ʒb~ʒw
|(d͡)ʒd, ʃɺ
|ʒd͡ʒ~ʃt͡ʃ
|ʒg~t͡ʃk
|ʒf~t͡ʃf
|ʒʷʒ~ʃʷʃ
|t͡ʃh~d͡ʒɦ
|t͡ʃʔ~ʒʔ
|t͡ʃ~d͡ʒ
|d͡ʒ
|t͡ʃ~ʃ
|-
!g + O
|km~ɣm
|kn~ɣn
|ᵏǀˀ~ǀ͡ɠ
|gb~ɣw
|<nowiki>kt~gd~ɠ͡|</nowiki>
|gʒ~ɣʒ
|ʔɣ~kx
|gf~xf
|ɣz~d͡z
|gh~kh~x
|ɣʔ~çʔ
|ʁ~ɣ~ç
|ɣ~x
|x
|-
!d/' + O
|ʔm
|ʔn
|ᵏǀˀ~ǀ͡ɠ
|ʔb~ɓ
|ʔd~ɗ
|ʔʒ~ʔt͡ʃ
|ʔg~ɠ
|df~ʔf
|ʔz~t͡s
|dh~ʔh
|dʔ
|d~ɾ
|ɾ~ʔ
|ǀˀ
|}
This phonetically creates a distinct [ᵑǀ], [ǀˀ], [sʷs], [ʃʷʃ], and [fʷf~fɵ̥f], semi-distinct [b] [d͡ʒ] and [ɣ], and non-distinct [ŋ~ɲ], [ɓ], [ɗ], [ɠ], [ǀ͡ɠ], [ɸ] and [t͡s]. None of these are considered phonemic.

=== Vowels ===
'Arborese features four vowels: /a/ Aa, /e/ Ee, and /o/ Oo. Each of these may combine into a different diphthong or lengthened monophthongs, as shown in the below table.
{| class="wikitable"
!
!Front
!Open
!Back
|-
!Unstressed Short
|/e/ [ɪ~ɨ] e
|/a/ [ɐ] a
|/o/ [ɔ] o
|-
!Stressed Short
|[i:] (i:~ɨ:) e
|[ɜ:] aa
|[o:] o
|-
!V + ɪ
|[ɪ:] (e:~i:) ee
|[aɛ̆] ae
|[ɔɪ] [ɘɪ̆~we] oi
|-
!V + ɐ
|[ɛă] ea
|[a:] aa
|[oɑ] (ɔɑ̆~wa) oa
|-
!V + ɔ
|[ɪɒ] (jɑ~ɪɔ̆) eo
|[aɔ̆] [~ɛʊ̆] ao
|[ɒ:] (ɔ:~ɑː) oo
|-
!Utterance-initially
|([j] +) V
|([ʕ̞] +) V
|([w] +) V
|}
In addition, some argue that these can further combine into triphthongs or glides with lengthened monophthongs, although most agree they are realizations of vowel or diphthong hiatus. Additionally, two monophthongs across word boundaries are believed to have a true vowel hiatus and not become a diphthong.

=== Stress ===
The first syllable of a polysyllabic words is generally stressed, unless the second syllable is heavier. (C)V is lighter than CVV / CVC, which are both lighter than CVVC; i.e. ''eno'', ''eenon,'' and ''faongaed'' would be stress-initial, but ''anoa, zomed, gaomead,'' and ''hazfeen'' would be second-syllable stress. For words that are three syllables or longer, the third syllable may be stressed if it is heavier than both of the prior two syllables.

Words that are four or five syllables long have secondary stress on the penultimate syllable, and have stressed syllables every even number of syllables beforehand up until (and including) the second syllable after the initial stressed syllable: i.e. ''Mafoanaazameegananoen'' would be [ma'foa.na:.zɐˌme:gɐˌnɐ:.nɔɪn]. Note that two stressed syllables cannot appear next to one another within the same word.

For single-syllable words, CV and CVC words are generally unstressed, while CVV and CVVC words are generally stressed. ''Mae gae zau ne bo fe meneo'' would be ['mae.'gae.'zau.ne.bo.fe.me.'nɪɒ]

Short monophthongs (/e/ /a/ /o/) that are stressed become long vowels. These are different from both double vowels (/ee/ /aa/ /oo/), which are long and have a different vowel quality, and two vowels across word boundaries (/e e/ /a a/ /o o/), which are technically two short vowels which can both be independently stressed or unstressed. Long vowels and diphthongs retain the same length, but are pronounced with an "unstressed" pitch.

Aside from lengthening short vowels in open syllables, stressed syllables can also see a change in pitch relative to unstressed syllables, depending on intonation.

=== Intonation ===
Across a whole sentence, if the general tone is flat, it's probably an indicative. If, however, across a whole sentence, the stressed syllables are (most often) falling tones - starting at a higher pitch and ending on a lower pitch, it can indicates narration, poetry, or answer to an affirmative question. Exaggerated pitch falling across the sentence may indicate a strong affirmation or emotional state. Unless exaggerated, the final stressed syllable is generally a level low tone, and indeed the second-final stressed syllable is also often a level low tone.

Conversely, a raise in pitch across the whole sentence - that is, unstressed syllables are a level high pitch while stressed syllables start lower and rise to the unstressed pitch - may indicate as a polite correction or an answer to a no question, although can otherwise act as a way of highlighting important information or as a form of excitement or anxiety. When exaggerated, it can indicate surprise, a dubitative, disbelief, or persuasion of an outcome that is counterintuitive. When only the final stressed syllable in a clause is rising - and any unstressed vowels afterward are high tone - it indicates a form of incompleteness, and can function as a pause between clauses, while exaggerated can indicate a question. (similar to a comma in French). Unlike with falling tone intonation, every stressed syllable features the rising tone.

Emphasis on an individual pitch can indicate emphasis on a single word, somewhat similar to English, although it's generally only used for surprise or otherwise act to highlight the topic when answering or asking a yes/no interrogative, the latter of which may also end in a high pitch specifically on the final unstressed syllable (or rising if the final syllable is stressed).

=== Romanization ===
'Arborese does not feature its own alphabet, and the Latin script has been adopted to cover it, although in day-to-day use things are rarely written down in Arborese and linguists tend to use the IPA.
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Letter
|Aa
|Bb
|Cc
|Ee
|Ff
|Gg
|Hh
|Dd
|Mm
|Nn
|Oo
|Tt
|Zz
|'
| -
|-
!Ipa
|/a/
|/w/
|/ʒ/
|/e/
|/f/
|/g/
|/ɦ/
|/d/, -/ʔ/*
|/m/
|/n/
|/o/
|/ǀ/
|/z/
|/ʔ/
|Null Onset after Codas
|}
In romanization, , . ? and ! are frequently used, since they also affect intonation. ! is sometimes put before the first word to indicate a negative answer/correction, while ''italicization'' may be used for emphasized words. !? is also fairly commonplace, while ‽ may be used by interrobang purists. (''example:'' !No, he eatn't the ''bread!?'')
[[Category:Language]]

'Arborese

2026-07-26T05:01:52Z

Jutomi: glottal erosion.

{{Infobox language|name='Arborese|family=Unknown|era=today|scripts=None (Latin)|country=[['Arbor 'Iland]]|number=only a couple dozen; critically endangered|usage=rare; in private, chiefly among elders|lang-code=arb|demonym='Arborese}}

'Arborese (sometimes spelled ''Arborese''; no endonym documented) is a critically endangered language seldom spoken in the volcanic island territory of [['Arbor 'Iland]]. It is believed to be weakly agglutinative, although not much is known about its grammar at this time.

== Phonetics ==
Arborese features a fairly minimalist phonemic inventory, with only four vowels and 11 consonants, though there is a degree of free variation and allophony depending on where a sound appears in a word, syllable or utterance, as well as 16 "combined vowels" that appear as diphthongs or long monophthongs.

=== Phonotactics ===
The syllable structure is (C)V(V)(C). Any consonant phoneme may start a syllable, but only /n/, /g/, /ʒ/, /d~ʔ/, /f/ and /z/ can appear in coda.

There are estimated to be 252 total possible syllables; properly including long monophthongs and diphthongs, up to 1,008. (Although there may be nearly twice as many including stress and position of the syllable within a word.)

=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
!Bilabial
!Alveolar
!Postalveolar
!Velar
!Glottal
|-
!Nasal / Click
|/m/ Mm
|/n/ Nn
|/ǀ/ [ᶢʇ~ᵏǂ] Tt
|
|∅ ∅/-
|-
!Stop
|/w/ Pbw
|/d/ [t̺~l~ɾ] Lld
| rowspan="2" |/ʒ/ [d͡ʒ] Cc
| rowspan="2" |/g/ [ɣ] Gg
|/ʔ/ '
|-
!Fricative
|/f/ Ff
|/z/ [z̪] Zz
|/ɦ/ Hh
|}
- /d/ is usually [ɾ] or sometimes [d̺], but is [l~ɾ] (Ll not [ǀ]) invervocally and word-initially, making "adua" and "a lua" usually phonetically distinct, although speakers sometimes pronounce them interchangeably.

- Similarly, /b/ is [b~p] word-initially, [b~ɓ] after [ʔ] (word-medial coda /d/), and otherwise [w] word-medially when either intervocalic or after /z/, /n/, /g/, /ʒ/ /f/, though it can occasionally be [b] in these environments.

- - It is also more commonly [b] before /o/, [w] before /e/, and in between before /a/.

- Coda /ɣ/ and /d͡ʒ/ are semi-distinct intervocally from onset /g/ and /ʒ/, but are considered the same phoneme as they are in weak complementary distribution, even being somewhat in free variation in all environments.

- /f/ becomes [ɸ] before /ɔ/, including diphthongs, as well as utterance-finally, where it may be considered somewhat syllabic in nature, as with /z/ and /ʒ/.

- Coda /d~ʔ/ is hard to describe, since it's usually /ʔ/, but is believed to have come from /d/, which exists in some environments. Most linguists tend to use both phonemes depending on the context, though some use an archiphonemic /D/. Others still propose using /t/ given it also becomes a click utterance-finally. It is always represented with <d> in romanization.

- Conversely, coda [n] is commonly analyzed as simply /n/, even thought allophonically it can appear as [m].

- /o/ frequently is voiceless or disappears between /z/ and before /z/ or /ʒ/, most often being realized as something akin to [s͡s͜ʷs] and [ʃ͡ʃ͜ʷʃ] respectively.

- - A similar process happens between two /f/s, although in this case the realization is more likely [fɵ̥f].

- Voicing is non-contrastive, although /m/, /n/, and word-medial intervocalic /b/ and /d/ tend to be voiced, while other phonemes are most likely slack voice, sometimes pronounced voiced or voiceless in free variation, with utterance-final sounds generally being fully voiceless (and glottal stops being their own thing). A more narrow transcription of these sounds would be /b̥ d̥ v̥ z̥ ʒ̊ g̊ ɦ̥ ᶢ̥ǀ/.

- unstressed /ʔVʔV/ sequences frequently result in the second /ʔ/ getting eroded away.

Below is a table of some of the more common realizations of morphological syllable clusters, although some sounds and especially voicing are fairly loose.
{| class="wikitable"
!Coda + Onset
!C + /m/
!C + /n/
!C + /ǀ/
!C + /b/
!C + /d/
!C + /ʒ/
!C + /g/
!C + /f/
!C + /z/
!C + /h/
!C + /ʔ/
!(C +) Vowel
!Word-Final C
!Utterance-Final C
|-
!Utterance-initial O
|m
|n
|ᵏǀ~ᵑǀ
|p~ɓ
|l~t
|t͡ʃ~d͡ʒ
|g~k
|f~ɸ
|z~s
|h:~ɦ
|ʔ
|∅ (j/w/ʕ̞)
|N/A
|N/A
|-
!Word-Initial O
|m
|n
|ᶢǀ~ᵏǀ
|b
|l
|d͡ʒ
|g~k
|f~ɸ
|z~s
|h~ɦ
|ʔ
|∅
|N/A
|N/A
|-
!Vowel (+ O)
|m
|n
|ᶢǀ~ᵏǀ
|w~b
|l~ɾ
|ʒ
|g~k
|f~ɸ
|z~s
|ɦ
|ʔ~ ̰
|see: vowels
|∅
|∅~h~ʔ
|-
!n + O
|nm
|n
|ᵑǀ
|nb~mb
|nd, nɺ
|nd͡ʒ
|ŋg~nç
|mv~ŋf
|nz~nd͡z
|nɦ
|nʔ
|n
|n
|n
|-
!f + O
|fm
|fn
|fᵏǀ~ᵑǀ
|fp~fɓ~fw
|fd~ft, fl
|fd͡ʒ
|fg~fk
|fʷf
|fs~fz
|fɦ~vh
|fʔ
|f~ɸ
|f
|ɸ~ů
|-
!z + O
|zm
|zn
|zᶢǀ~zᵑǀ
|zw~zb
|zd, zl
|zd͡ʒ
|zg~sk
|zf~sf
|zʷz~sʷs
|zh~sɦ
|zʔ~sʔ
|z~s
|z~s
|s
|-
!c + O
|d͡ʒm~t͡ʃm
|ʃn~d͡ʒ
|ʒᶢǀ~ʒᵑǀ
|d͡ʒb~ʒw
|(d͡)ʒd, ʃɺ
|ʒd͡ʒ~ʃt͡ʃ
|ʒg~t͡ʃk
|ʒf~t͡ʃf
|ʒʷʒ~ʃʷʃ
|t͡ʃh~d͡ʒɦ
|t͡ʃʔ~ʒʔ
|t͡ʃ~d͡ʒ
|d͡ʒ
|t͡ʃ~ʃ
|-
!g + O
|km~ɣm
|kn~ɣn
|ᵏǀˀ~ǀ͡ɠ
|gb~ɣw
|<nowiki>kt~gd~ɠ͡|</nowiki>
|gʒ~ɣʒ
|ʔɣ~kx
|gf~xf
|ɣz~d͡z
|gh~kh~x
|ɣʔ~çʔ
|ʁ~ɣ~ç
|ɣ~x
|x
|-
!d/' + O
|ʔm
|ʔn
|ᵏǀˀ~ǀ͡ɠ
|ʔb~ɓ
|ʔd~ɗ
|ʔʒ~ʔt͡ʃ
|ʔg~ɠ
|df~ʔf
|ʔz~t͡s
|dh~ʔh
|dʔ
|d~ɾ
|ɾ~ʔ
|ǀˀ
|}
This phonetically creates a distinct [ᵑǀ], [ǀˀ], [sʷs], [ʃʷʃ], and [fʷf~fɵ̥f], semi-distinct [b] [d͡ʒ] and [ɣ], and non-distinct [ŋ~ɲ], [ɓ], [ɗ], [ɠ], [ǀ͡ɠ], [ɸ] and [t͡s]. None of these are considered phonemic.

=== Vowels ===
'Arborese features four vowels: /a/ Aa, /e/ Ee, and /o/ Oo. Each of these may combine into a different diphthong or lengthened monophthongs, as shown in the below table.
{| class="wikitable"
!
!Front
!Open
!Back
|-
!Unstressed Short
|/e/ [ɪ~ɨ] e
|/a/ [ɐ] a
|/o/ [ɔ] o
|-
!Stressed Short
|[i:] (i:~ɨ:) e
|[ɜ:] aa
|[o:] o
|-
!V + ɪ
|[ɪ:] (e:~i:) ee
|[aɛ̆] ae
|[ɔɪ] [ɘɪ̆~we] oi
|-
!V + ɐ
|[ɛă] ea
|[a:] aa
|[oɑ] (ɔɑ̆~wa) oa
|-
!V + ɔ
|[ɪɒ] (jɑ~ɪɔ̆) eo
|[aɔ̆] [~ɛʊ̆] ao
|[ɒ:] (ɔ:~ɑː) oo
|-
!Utterance-initially
|([j] +) V
|([ʕ̞] +) V
|([w] +) V
|}
In addition, some argue that these can further combine into triphthongs or glides with lengthened monophthongs, although most agree they are realizations of vowel or diphthong hiatus. Additionally, two monophthongs across word boundaries are believed to have a true vowel hiatus and not become a diphthong.

=== Stress ===
The first syllable of a polysyllabic words is generally stressed, unless the second syllable is heavier. (C)V is lighter than CVV / CVC, which are both lighter than CVVC; i.e. ''eno'', ''eenon,'' and ''faongaed'' would be stress-initial, but ''anoa, zomed, gaomead,'' and ''hazfeen'' would be second-syllable stress. For words that are three syllables or longer, the third syllable may be stressed if it is heavier than both of the prior two syllables.

Words that are four or five syllables long have secondary stress on the penultimate syllable, and have stressed syllables every even number of syllables beforehand up until (and including) the second syllable after the initial stressed syllable: i.e. ''Mafoanaazameegananoen'' would be [ma'foa.na:.zɐˌme:gɐˌnɐ:.nɔɪn]. Note that two stressed syllables cannot appear next to one another within the same word.

For single-syllable words, CV and CVC words are generally unstressed, while CVV and CVVC words are generally stressed. ''Mae gae zau ne bo fe meneo'' would be ['mae.'gae.'zau.ne.bo.fe.me.'nɪɒ]

Short monophthongs (/e/ /a/ /o/) that are stressed become long vowels. These are different from both double vowels (/ee/ /aa/ /oo/), which are long and have a different vowel quality, and two vowels across word boundaries (/e e/ /a a/ /o o/), which are technically two short vowels which can both be independently stressed or unstressed. Long vowels and diphthongs retain the same length, but are pronounced with an "unstressed" pitch.

Aside from lengthening short vowels in open syllables, stressed syllables can also see a change in pitch relative to unstressed syllables, depending on intonation.

=== Intonation ===
Across a whole sentence, if the general tone is flat, it's probably an indicative. If, however, across a whole sentence, the stressed syllables are (most often) falling tones - starting at a higher pitch and ending on a lower pitch, it can indicates narration, poetry, or answer to an affirmative question. Exaggerated pitch falling across the sentence may indicate a strong affirmation or emotional state. Unless exaggerated, the final stressed syllable is generally a level low tone, and indeed the second-final stressed syllable is also often a level low tone.

Conversely, a raise in pitch across the whole sentence - that is, unstressed syllables are a level high pitch while stressed syllables start lower and rise to the unstressed pitch - may indicate as a polite correction or an answer to a no question, although can otherwise act as a way of highlighting important information or as a form of excitement or anxiety. When exaggerated, it can indicate surprise, a dubitative, disbelief, or persuasion of an outcome that is counterintuitive. When only the final stressed syllable in a clause is rising - and any unstressed vowels afterward are high tone - it indicates a form of incompleteness, and can function as a pause between clauses, while exaggerated can indicate a question. (similar to a comma in French). Unlike with falling tone intonation, every stressed syllable features the rising tone.

Emphasis on an individual pitch can indicate emphasis on a single word, somewhat similar to English, although it's generally only used for surprise or otherwise act to highlight the topic when answering or asking a yes/no interrogative, the latter of which may also end in a high pitch specifically on the final unstressed syllable (or rising if the final syllable is stressed).

=== Romanization ===
'Arborese does not feature its own alphabet, and the Latin script has been adopted to cover it, although in day-to-day use things are rarely written down in Arborese and linguists tend to use the IPA.
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Letter
|Aa
|Bb
|Cc
|Ee
|Ff
|Gg
|Hh
|Dd
|Mm
|Nn
|Oo
|Tt
|Zz
|'
| -
|-
!Ipa
|/a/
|/w/
|/ʒ/
|/e/
|/f/
|/g/
|/ɦ/
|/d/, -/ʔ/*
|/m/
|/n/
|/o/
|/ǀ/
|/z/
|/ʔ/
|Null Onset after Codas
|}
In romanization, , . ? and ! are frequently used, since they also affect intonation. ! is sometimes put before the first word to indicate a negative answer/correction, while ''italicization'' may be used for emphasized words. !? is also fairly commonplace, while ‽ may be used by interrobang purists. (''example:'' !No, he eatn't the ''bread!?'')
[[Category:Language]]

'Arborese

2026-07-26T04:55:54Z

Jutomi: updated stress. It's kinda tricky to quite describe the feel of it but I think I might have it now...

{{Infobox language|name='Arborese|family=Unknown|era=today|scripts=None (Latin)|country=[['Arbor 'Iland]]|number=only a couple dozen; critically endangered|usage=rare; in private, chiefly among elders|lang-code=arb|demonym='Arborese}}

'Arborese (sometimes spelled ''Arborese''; no endonym documented) is a critically endangered language seldom spoken in the volcanic island territory of [['Arbor 'Iland]]. It is believed to be weakly agglutinative, although not much is known about its grammar at this time.

== Phonetics ==
Arborese features a fairly minimalist phonemic inventory, with only four vowels and 11 consonants, though there is a degree of free variation and allophony depending on where a sound appears in a word, syllable or utterance, as well as 16 "combined vowels" that appear as diphthongs or long monophthongs.

=== Phonotactics ===
The syllable structure is (C)V(V)(C). Any consonant phoneme may start a syllable, but only /n/, /g/, /ʒ/, /d~ʔ/, /f/ and /z/ can appear in coda.

There are estimated to be 252 total possible syllables; properly including long monophthongs and diphthongs, up to 1,008. (Although there may be nearly twice as many including stress and position of the syllable within a word.)

=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
!Bilabial
!Alveolar
!Postalveolar
!Velar
!Glottal
|-
!Nasal / Click
|/m/ Mm
|/n/ Nn
|/ǀ/ [ᶢʇ~ᵏǂ] Tt
|
|∅ ∅/-
|-
!Stop
|/w/ Pbw
|/d/ [t̺~l~ɾ] Lld
| rowspan="2" |/ʒ/ [d͡ʒ] Cc
| rowspan="2" |/g/ [ɣ] Gg
|/ʔ/ '
|-
!Fricative
|/f/ Ff
|/z/ [z̪] Zz
|/ɦ/ Hh
|}
- /d/ is usually [ɾ] or sometimes [d̺], but is [l~ɾ] (Ll not [ǀ]) invervocally and word-initially, making "adua" and "a lua" usually phonetically distinct, although speakers sometimes pronounce them interchangeably.

- Similarly, /b/ is [b~p] word-initially, [b~ɓ] after [ʔ] (word-medial coda /d/), and otherwise [w] word-medially when either intervocalic or after /z/, /n/, /g/, /ʒ/ /f/, though it can occasionally be [b] in these environments.

- - It is also more commonly [b] before /o/, [w] before /e/, and in between before /a/.

- Coda /ɣ/ and /d͡ʒ/ are semi-distinct intervocally from onset /g/ and /ʒ/, but are considered the same phoneme as they are in weak complementary distribution, even being somewhat in free variation in all environments.

- /f/ becomes [ɸ] before /ɔ/, including diphthongs, as well as utterance-finally, where it may be considered somewhat syllabic in nature, as with /z/ and /ʒ/.

- Coda /d~ʔ/ is hard to describe, since it's usually /ʔ/, but is believed to have come from /d/, which exists in some environments. Most linguists tend to use both phonemes depending on the context, though some use an archiphonemic /D/. Others still propose using /t/ given it also becomes a click utterance-finally. It is always represented with <d> in romanization.

- Conversely, coda [n] is commonly analyzed as simply /n/, even thought allophonically it can appear as [m].

- /o/ frequently is voiceless or disappears between /z/ and before /z/ or /ʒ/, most often being realized as something akin to [s͡s͜ʷs] and [ʃ͡ʃ͜ʷʃ] respectively.

- - A similar process happens between two /f/s, although in this case the realization is more likely [fɵ̥f].

- Voicing is non-contrastive, although /m/, /n/, and word-medial intervocalic /b/ and /d/ tend to be voiced, while other phonemes are most likely slack voice, sometimes pronounced voiced or voiceless in free variation, with utterance-final sounds generally being fully voiceless (and glottal stops being their own thing). A more narrow transcription of these sounds would be /b̥ d̥ v̥ z̥ ʒ̊ g̊ ɦ̥ ᶢ̥ǀ/.

Below is a table of some of the more common realizations of morphological syllable clusters, although some sounds and especially voicing are fairly loose.
{| class="wikitable"
!Coda + Onset
!C + /m/
!C + /n/
!C + /ǀ/
!C + /b/
!C + /d/
!C + /ʒ/
!C + /g/
!C + /f/
!C + /z/
!C + /h/
!C + /ʔ/
!(C +) Vowel
!Word-Final C
!Utterance-Final C
|-
!Utterance-initial O
|m
|n
|ᵏǀ~ᵑǀ
|p~ɓ
|l~t
|t͡ʃ~d͡ʒ
|g~k
|f~ɸ
|z~s
|h:~ɦ
|ʔ
|∅ (j/w/ʕ̞)
|N/A
|N/A
|-
!Word-Initial O
|m
|n
|ᶢǀ~ᵏǀ
|b
|l
|d͡ʒ
|g~k
|f~ɸ
|z~s
|h~ɦ
|ʔ
|∅
|N/A
|N/A
|-
!Vowel (+ O)
|m
|n
|ᶢǀ~ᵏǀ
|w~b
|l~ɾ
|ʒ
|g~k
|f~ɸ
|z~s
|ɦ
|ʔ
|see: vowels
|∅
|∅~h~ʔ
|-
!n + O
|nm
|n
|ᵑǀ
|nb~mb
|nd, nɺ
|nd͡ʒ
|ŋg~nç
|mv~ŋf
|nz~nd͡z
|nɦ
|nʔ
|n
|n
|n
|-
!f + O
|fm
|fn
|fᵏǀ~ᵑǀ
|fp~fɓ~fw
|fd~ft, fl
|fd͡ʒ
|fg~fk
|fʷf
|fs~fz
|fɦ~vh
|fʔ
|f~ɸ
|f
|ɸ~ů
|-
!z + O
|zm
|zn
|zᶢǀ~zᵑǀ
|zw~zb
|zd, zl
|zd͡ʒ
|zg~sk
|zf~sf
|zʷz~sʷs
|zh~sɦ
|zʔ~sʔ
|z~s
|z~s
|s
|-
!c + O
|d͡ʒm~t͡ʃm
|ʃn~d͡ʒ
|ʒᶢǀ~ʒᵑǀ
|d͡ʒb~ʒw
|(d͡)ʒd, ʃɺ
|ʒd͡ʒ~ʃt͡ʃ
|ʒg~t͡ʃk
|ʒf~t͡ʃf
|ʒʷʒ~ʃʷʃ
|t͡ʃh~d͡ʒɦ
|t͡ʃʔ~ʒʔ
|t͡ʃ~d͡ʒ
|d͡ʒ
|t͡ʃ~ʃ
|-
!g + O
|km~ɣm
|kn~ɣn
|ᵏǀˀ~ǀ͡ɠ
|gb~ɣw
|<nowiki>kt~gd~ɠ͡|</nowiki>
|gʒ~ɣʒ
|ʔɣ~kx
|gf~xf
|ɣz~d͡z
|gh~kh~x
|ɣʔ~çʔ
|ʁ~ɣ~ç
|ɣ~x
|x
|-
!d/' + O
|ʔm
|ʔn
|ᵏǀˀ~ǀ͡ɠ
|ʔb~ɓ
|ʔd~ɗ
|ʔʒ~ʔt͡ʃ
|ʔg~ɠ
|df~ʔf
|ʔz~t͡s
|dh~ʔh
|dʔ
|d~ɾ
|ɾ~ʔ
|ǀˀ
|}
This phonetically creates a distinct [ᵑǀ], [ǀˀ], [sʷs], [ʃʷʃ], and [fʷf~fɵ̥f], semi-distinct [b] [d͡ʒ] and [ɣ], and non-distinct [ŋ~ɲ], [ɓ], [ɗ], [ɠ], [ǀ͡ɠ], [ɸ] and [t͡s]. None of these are considered phonemic.

=== Vowels ===
'Arborese features four vowels: /a/ Aa, /e/ Ee, and /o/ Oo. Each of these may combine into a different diphthong or lengthened monophthongs, as shown in the below table.
{| class="wikitable"
!
!Front
!Open
!Back
|-
!Unstressed Short
|/e/ [ɪ~ɨ] e
|/a/ [ɐ] a
|/o/ [ɔ] o
|-
!Stressed Short
|[i:] (i:~ɨ:) e
|[ɜ:] aa
|[o:] o
|-
!V + ɪ
|[ɪ:] (e:~i:) ee
|[aɛ̆] ae
|[ɔɪ] [ɘɪ̆~we] oi
|-
!V + ɐ
|[ɛă] ea
|[a:] aa
|[oɑ] (ɔɑ̆~wa) oa
|-
!V + ɔ
|[ɪɒ] (jɑ~ɪɔ̆) eo
|[aɔ̆] [~ɛʊ̆] ao
|[ɒ:] (ɔ:~ɑː) oo
|-
!Utterance-initially
|([j] +) V
|([ʕ̞] +) V
|([w] +) V
|}
In addition, some argue that these can further combine into triphthongs or glides with lengthened monophthongs, although most agree they are realizations of vowel or diphthong hiatus. Additionally, two monophthongs across word boundaries are believed to have a true vowel hiatus and not become a diphthong.

=== Stress ===
The first syllable of a polysyllabic words is generally stressed, unless the second syllable is heavier. (C)V is lighter than CVV / CVC, which are both lighter than CVVC; i.e. ''eno'', ''eenon,'' and ''faongaed'' would be stress-initial, but ''anoa, zomed, gaomead,'' and ''hazfeen'' would be second-syllable stress. For words that are three syllables or longer, the third syllable may be stressed if it is heavier than both of the prior two syllables.

Words that are four or five syllables long have secondary stress on the penultimate syllable, and have stressed syllables every even number of syllables beforehand up until (and including) the second syllable after the initial stressed syllable: i.e. ''Mafoanaazameegananoen'' would be [ma'foa.na:.zɐˌme:gɐˌnɐ:.nɔɪn]. Note that two stressed syllables cannot appear next to one another within the same word.

For single-syllable words, CV and CVC words are generally unstressed, while CVV and CVVC words are generally stressed. ''Mae gae zau ne bo fe meneo'' would be ['mae.'gae.'zau.ne.bo.fe.me.'nɪɒ]

Short monophthongs (/e/ /a/ /o/) that are stressed become long vowels. These are different from both double vowels (/ee/ /aa/ /oo/), which are long and have a different vowel quality, and two vowels across word boundaries (/e e/ /a a/ /o o/), which are technically two short vowels which can both be independently stressed or unstressed. Long vowels and diphthongs retain the same length, but are pronounced with an "unstressed" pitch.

Aside from lengthening short vowels in open syllables, stressed syllables can also see a change in pitch relative to unstressed syllables, depending on intonation.

=== Intonation ===
Across a whole sentence, if the general tone is flat, it's probably an indicative. If, however, across a whole sentence, the stressed syllables are (most often) falling tones - starting at a higher pitch and ending on a lower pitch, it can indicates narration, poetry, or answer to an affirmative question. Exaggerated pitch falling across the sentence may indicate a strong affirmation or emotional state. Unless exaggerated, the final stressed syllable is generally a level low tone, and indeed the second-final stressed syllable is also often a level low tone.

Conversely, a raise in pitch across the whole sentence - that is, unstressed syllables are a level high pitch while stressed syllables start lower and rise to the unstressed pitch - may indicate as a polite correction or an answer to a no question, although can otherwise act as a way of highlighting important information or as a form of excitement or anxiety. When exaggerated, it can indicate surprise, a dubitative, disbelief, or persuasion of an outcome that is counterintuitive. When only the final stressed syllable in a clause is rising - and any unstressed vowels afterward are high tone - it indicates a form of incompleteness, and can function as a pause between clauses, while exaggerated can indicate a question. (similar to a comma in French). Unlike with falling tone intonation, every stressed syllable features the rising tone.

Emphasis on an individual pitch can indicate emphasis on a single word, somewhat similar to English, although it's generally only used for surprise or otherwise act to highlight the topic when answering or asking a yes/no interrogative, the latter of which may also end in a high pitch specifically on the final unstressed syllable (or rising if the final syllable is stressed).

=== Romanization ===
'Arborese does not feature its own alphabet, and the Latin script has been adopted to cover it, although in day-to-day use things are rarely written down in Arborese and linguists tend to use the IPA.
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Letter
|Aa
|Bb
|Cc
|Ee
|Ff
|Gg
|Hh
|Dd
|Mm
|Nn
|Oo
|Tt
|Zz
|'
| -
|-
!Ipa
|/a/
|/w/
|/ʒ/
|/e/
|/f/
|/g/
|/ɦ/
|/d/, -/ʔ/*
|/m/
|/n/
|/o/
|/ǀ/
|/z/
|/ʔ/
|Null Onset after Codas
|}
In romanization, , . ? and ! are frequently used, since they also affect intonation. ! is sometimes put before the first word to indicate a negative answer/correction, while ''italicization'' may be used for emphasized words. !? is also fairly commonplace, while ‽ may be used by interrobang purists. (''example:'' !No, he eatn't the ''bread!?'')
[[Category:Language]]

'Arborese

2026-07-26T04:13:47Z

Jutomi: /* Consonants */ Removed fnuuies in romanization

{{Infobox language|name='Arborese|family=Unknown|era=today|scripts=None (Latin)|country=[['Arbor 'Iland]]|number=only a couple dozen; critically endangered|usage=rare; in private, chiefly among elders|lang-code=arb|demonym='Arborese}}

'Arborese (sometimes spelled ''Arborese''; no endonym documented) is a critically endangered language seldom spoken in the volcanic island territory of [['Arbor 'Iland]]. It is believed to be weakly agglutinative, although not much is known about its grammar at this time.

== Phonetics ==
Arborese features a fairly minimalist phonemic inventory, with only four vowels and 11 consonants, though there is a degree of free variation and allophony depending on where a sound appears in a word, syllable or utterance, as well as 16 "combined vowels" that appear as diphthongs or long monophthongs.

=== Phonotactics ===
The syllable structure is (C)V(V)(C). Any consonant phoneme may start a syllable, but only /n/, /g/, /ʒ/, /d~ʔ/, /f/ and /z/ can appear in coda.

There are estimated to be 252 total possible syllables; properly including long monophthongs and diphthongs, up to 1,008. (Although there may be nearly twice as many including stress and position of the syllable within a word.)

=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
!Bilabial
!Alveolar
!Postalveolar
!Velar
!Glottal
|-
!Nasal / Click
|/m/ Mm
|/n/ Nn
|/ǀ/ [ᶢʇ~ᵏǂ] Tt
|
|∅ ∅/-
|-
!Stop
|/w/ Pbw
|/d/ [t̺~l~ɾ] Lld
| rowspan="2" |/ʒ/ [d͡ʒ] Cc
| rowspan="2" |/g/ [ɣ] Gg
|/ʔ/ '
|-
!Fricative
|/f/ Ff
|/z/ [z̪] Zz
|/ɦ/ Hh
|}
- /d/ is usually [ɾ] or sometimes [d̺], but is [l~ɾ] (Ll not [ǀ]) invervocally and word-initially, making "adua" and "a lua" usually phonetically distinct, although speakers sometimes pronounce them interchangeably.

- Similarly, /b/ is [b~p] word-initially, [b~ɓ] after [ʔ] (word-medial coda /d/), and otherwise [w] word-medially when either intervocalic or after /z/, /n/, /g/, /ʒ/ /f/, though it can occasionally be [b] in these environments.

- - It is also more commonly [b] before /o/, [w] before /e/, and in between before /a/.

- Coda /ɣ/ and /d͡ʒ/ are semi-distinct intervocally from onset /g/ and /ʒ/, but are considered the same phoneme as they are in weak complementary distribution, even being somewhat in free variation in all environments.

- /f/ becomes [ɸ] before /ɔ/, including diphthongs, as well as utterance-finally, where it may be considered somewhat syllabic in nature, as with /z/ and /ʒ/.

- Coda /d~ʔ/ is hard to describe, since it's usually /ʔ/, but is believed to have come from /d/, which exists in some environments. Most linguists tend to use both phonemes depending on the context, though some use an archiphonemic /D/. Others still propose using /t/ given it also becomes a click utterance-finally. It is always represented with <d> in romanization.

- Conversely, coda [n] is commonly analyzed as simply /n/, even thought allophonically it can appear as [m].

- /o/ frequently is voiceless or disappears between /z/ and before /z/ or /ʒ/, most often being realized as something akin to [s͡s͜ʷs] and [ʃ͡ʃ͜ʷʃ] respectively.

- - A similar process happens between two /f/s, although in this case the realization is more likely [fɵ̥f].

- Voicing is non-contrastive, although /m/, /n/, and word-medial intervocalic /b/ and /d/ tend to be voiced, while other phonemes are most likely slack voice, sometimes pronounced voiced or voiceless in free variation, with utterance-final sounds generally being fully voiceless (and glottal stops being their own thing). A more narrow transcription of these sounds would be /b̥ d̥ v̥ z̥ ʒ̊ g̊ ɦ̥ ᶢ̥ǀ/.

Below is a table of some of the more common realizations of morphological syllable clusters, although some sounds and especially voicing are fairly loose.
{| class="wikitable"
!Coda + Onset
!C + /m/
!C + /n/
!C + /ǀ/
!C + /b/
!C + /d/
!C + /ʒ/
!C + /g/
!C + /f/
!C + /z/
!C + /h/
!C + /ʔ/
!(C +) Vowel
!Word-Final C
!Utterance-Final C
|-
!Utterance-initial O
|m
|n
|ᵏǀ~ᵑǀ
|p~ɓ
|l~t
|t͡ʃ~d͡ʒ
|g~k
|f~ɸ
|z~s
|h:~ɦ
|ʔ
|∅ (j/w/ʕ̞)
|N/A
|N/A
|-
!Word-Initial O
|m
|n
|ᶢǀ~ᵏǀ
|b
|l
|d͡ʒ
|g~k
|f~ɸ
|z~s
|h~ɦ
|ʔ
|∅
|N/A
|N/A
|-
!Vowel (+ O)
|m
|n
|ᶢǀ~ᵏǀ
|w~b
|l~ɾ
|ʒ
|g~k
|f~ɸ
|z~s
|ɦ
|ʔ
|see: vowels
|∅
|∅~h~ʔ
|-
!n + O
|nm
|n
|ᵑǀ
|nb~mb
|nd, nɺ
|nd͡ʒ
|ŋg~nç
|mv~ŋf
|nz~nd͡z
|nɦ
|nʔ
|n
|n
|n
|-
!f + O
|fm
|fn
|fᵏǀ~ᵑǀ
|fp~fɓ~fw
|fd~ft, fl
|fd͡ʒ
|fg~fk
|fʷf
|fs~fz
|fɦ~vh
|fʔ
|f~ɸ
|f
|ɸ~ů
|-
!z + O
|zm
|zn
|zᶢǀ~zᵑǀ
|zw~zb
|zd, zl
|zd͡ʒ
|zg~sk
|zf~sf
|zʷz~sʷs
|zh~sɦ
|zʔ~sʔ
|z~s
|z~s
|s
|-
!c + O
|d͡ʒm~t͡ʃm
|ʃn~d͡ʒ
|ʒᶢǀ~ʒᵑǀ
|d͡ʒb~ʒw
|(d͡)ʒd, ʃɺ
|ʒd͡ʒ~ʃt͡ʃ
|ʒg~t͡ʃk
|ʒf~t͡ʃf
|ʒʷʒ~ʃʷʃ
|t͡ʃh~d͡ʒɦ
|t͡ʃʔ~ʒʔ
|t͡ʃ~d͡ʒ
|d͡ʒ
|t͡ʃ~ʃ
|-
!g + O
|km~ɣm
|kn~ɣn
|ᵏǀˀ~ǀ͡ɠ
|gb~ɣw
|<nowiki>kt~gd~ɠ͡|</nowiki>
|gʒ~ɣʒ
|ʔɣ~kx
|gf~xf
|ɣz~d͡z
|gh~kh~x
|ɣʔ~çʔ
|ʁ~ɣ~ç
|ɣ~x
|x
|-
!d/' + O
|ʔm
|ʔn
|ᵏǀˀ~ǀ͡ɠ
|ʔb~ɓ
|ʔd~ɗ
|ʔʒ~ʔt͡ʃ
|ʔg~ɠ
|df~ʔf
|ʔz~t͡s
|dh~ʔh
|dʔ
|d~ɾ
|ɾ~ʔ
|ǀˀ
|}
This phonetically creates a distinct [ᵑǀ], [ǀˀ], [sʷs], [ʃʷʃ], and [fʷf~fɵ̥f], semi-distinct [b] [d͡ʒ] and [ɣ], and non-distinct [ŋ~ɲ], [ɓ], [ɗ], [ɠ], [ǀ͡ɠ], [ɸ] and [t͡s]. None of these are considered phonemic.

=== Vowels ===
'Arborese features four vowels: /a/ Aa, /e/ Ee, and /o/ Oo. Each of these may combine into a different diphthong or lengthened monophthongs, as shown in the below table.
{| class="wikitable"
!
!Front
!Open
!Back
|-
!Unstressed Short
|/e/ [ɪ~ɨ] e
|/a/ [ɐ] a
|/o/ [ɔ] o
|-
!Stressed Short
|[i:] (i:~ɨ:) e
|[ɜ:] aa
|[o:] o
|-
!V + ɪ
|[ɪ:] (e:~i:) ee
|[aɛ̆] ae
|[ɔɪ] [ɘɪ̆~we] oi
|-
!V + ɐ
|[ɛă] ea
|[a:] aa
|[oɑ] (ɔɑ̆~wa) oa
|-
!V + ɔ
|[ɪɒ] (jɑ~ɪɔ̆) eo
|[aɔ̆] [~ɛʊ̆] ao
|[ɒ:] (ɔ:~ɑː) oo
|-
!Utterance-initially
|([j] +) V
|([ʕ̞] +) V
|([w] +) V
|}
In addition, some argue that these can further combine into triphthongs or glides with lengthened monophthongs, although most agree they are realizations of vowel or diphthong hiatus. Additionally, two monophthongs across word boundaries are believed to have a true vowel hiatus and not become a diphthong.

=== Stress ===
The first syllable of a polysyllabic words is generally stressed, unless the second syllable is heavier. (C)V is lighter than CVV / CVC, which are both lighter than CVVC; i.e. ''eno'', ''eenon,'' and ''faongaed'' would be stress-initial, but ''anoa, zomed, gaomead,'' and ''hazfeen'' would be second-syllable stress. Words that are four or five syllables long have secondary stress on the penultimate syllable, and have stressed syllables every even number of syllables beforehand up until (and including) the second syllable after the initial stressed syllable: i.e. ''Mafoanaazameegananoen'' would be [ma'foa.na:.zɐˌme:gɐˌnɐ:.nɔɪn].

For single-syllable words, CV and CVC words are generally unstressed, while CVV and CVVC words are generally stressed. ''Mae gae zau ne bo fe meneo'' would be ['mae.'gae.'zau.ne.bo.fe'mi:.nɪɒ]

Short monophthongs (/e/ /a/ /o/) that are stressed become long vowels. These are different from both double vowels (/ee/ /aa/ /oo/), which are long and have a different vowel quality, and two vowels across word boundaries (/e e/ /a a/ /o o/), which are technically two short vowels which can both be independently stressed or unstressed. Long vowels and diphthongs retain the same length, but are pronounced with an "unstressed" pitch.

Aside from lengthening short vowels, stress in 'Arborese is generally denoted with a falling pitch, starting from a higher tone and ending on the level tone that other syllables are resting at, meaning most syllables have a level low tone. However, the falling tone can become a rising tone in certain intonation patterns, with unstressed vowels following it becoming a level high pitch. This is sometimes dubbed "pitch inversion". (See below)

=== Intonation ===
Pitch inversion can happen for a number of reasons. Across a whole sentence, when exaggerated, it can indicate surprise, a dubitative, or an otherwise counterfactual. When less exaggerated, it can act as a polite correction or an answer to a no question, or otherwise as a way of highlighting important information or as a form of excitement or anxiety. When only the final stress of a clause, it indicates "incompleteness", and functions as both a pause between clauses (similar to a comma in French), or when exaggerated as the ending to a question.

Without pitch inversion, it indicates an indicative or answer to an affirmative question, with exaggeration indicating a correction, strong affirmation, or emotional emphatic. Emphasis on an individual pitch can indicate emphasis on a single word, somewhat similar to English, although it's generally only used for surprise or otherwise act to highlight the topic when answering or asking a yes/no interrogative, the latter of which may also end in a high pitch specifically on the final unstressed syllable (or rising if the final syllable is stressed).

=== Romanization ===
'Arborese does not feature its own alphabet, and the Latin script has been adopted to cover it, although in day-to-day use things are rarely written down in Arborese and linguists tend to use the IPA.
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Letter
|Aa
|Bb
|Cc
|Ee
|Ff
|Gg
|Hh
|Dd
|Mm
|Nn
|Oo
|Tt
|Zz
|'
| -
|-
!Ipa
|/a/
|/w/
|/ʒ/
|/e/
|/f/
|/g/
|/ɦ/
|/d/, -/ʔ/*
|/m/
|/n/
|/o/
|/ǀ/
|/z/
|/ʔ/
|Null Onset after Codas
|}
In romanization, , . ? and ! are frequently used, since they also affect intonation. ! is sometimes put before the first word to indicate a negative answer/correction, while ''italicization'' may be used for emphasized words. !? is also fairly commonplace, while ‽ may be used by interrobang purists. (''example:'' !No, he eatn't the ''bread!?'')
[[Category:Language]]

'Arborese

2026-07-26T03:55:25Z

Jutomi: !?

{{Infobox language|name='Arborese|family=Unknown|era=today|scripts=None (Latin)|country=[['Arbor 'Iland]]|number=only a couple dozen; critically endangered|usage=rare; in private, chiefly among elders|lang-code=arb|demonym='Arborese}}

'Arborese (sometimes spelled ''Arborese''; no endonym documented) is a critically endangered language seldom spoken in the volcanic island territory of [['Arbor 'Iland]]. It is believed to be weakly agglutinative, although not much is known about its grammar at this time.

== Phonetics ==
Arborese features a fairly minimalist phonemic inventory, with only four vowels and 11 consonants, though there is a degree of free variation and allophony depending on where a sound appears in a word, syllable or utterance, as well as 16 "combined vowels" that appear as diphthongs or long monophthongs.

=== Phonotactics ===
The syllable structure is (C)V(V)(C). Any consonant phoneme may start a syllable, but only /n/, /g/, /ʒ/, /d~ʔ/, /f/ and /z/ can appear in coda.

There are estimated to be 252 total possible syllables; properly including long monophthongs and diphthongs, up to 1,008. (Although there may be nearly twice as many including stress and position of the syllable within a word.)

=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
!Bilabial
!Alveolar
!Postalveolar
!Velar
!Glottal
|-
!Nasal / Click
|/m/ Mm
|/n/ Nn
|/ǀ/ [ᶢʇ~ᵏǂ] Tt
|
|∅ ∅/-
|-
!Stop
|/w/ Pbw
|/d/ [t̺~l~ɾ] Lld
| rowspan="2" |/ʒ/ [d͡ʒ] Cc
| rowspan="2" |/g/ [ɣ] Gg
|/ʔ/ '
|-
!Fricative
|/f/ Ff
|/z/ [z̪] Zz
|/ɦ/ Hh
|}
- /d/ is usually [ɾ] or sometimes [d̺], but is [l~ɾ] (Ll not [ǀ]) invervocally and word-initially, making "adua" and "a lua" usually phonetically distinct, although speakers sometimes pronounce them interchangeably.

- Similarly, /b/ is [b~p] word-initially, [b~ɓ] after [ʔ] (word-medial coda /d/), and otherwise [w] word-medially when either intervocalic or after /z/, /n/, /g/, /ʒ/ /f/, though it can occasionally be [b] in these environments.

- - It is also more commonly [b] before /o/, [w] before /e/, and in between before /a/.

- Coda /ɣ/ and /d͡ʒ/ are semi-distinct intervocally from onset /g/ and /ʒ/, but are considered the same phoneme as they are in weak complementary distribution, even being somewhat in free variation in all environments.

- /f/ becomes [ɸ] before /ɔ/, including diphthongs, as well as utterance-finally, where it may be considered somewhat syllabic in nature, as with /z/ and /ʒ/.

- Coda /d~ʔ/ is hard to describe, since it's usually /ʔ/, but is believed to have come from /d/, which exists in some environments. Most linguists tend to use both phonemes depending on the context, though some use an archiphonemic /D/. Others still propose using /t/ given it also becomes a click utterance-finally. It is always represented with <d> in romanization.

- Conversely, coda [n] is commonly analyzed as simply /n/, even thought allophonically it can appear as [m].

- /o/ frequently is voiceless or disappears between /z/ and before /z/ or /ʒ/, most often being realized as something akin to [s͡s͜ʷs] and [ʃ͡ʃ͜ʷʃ] respectively.

- - A similar process happens between two /f/s, although in this case the realization is more likely [fɵ̥f].

- Voicing is non-contrastive, although /m/, /n/, and word-medial intervocalic /b/ and /d/ tend to be voiced, while other phonemes are most likely slack voice, sometimes pronounced voiced or voiceless in free variation, with utterance-final sounds generally being fully voiceless (and glottal stops being their own thing). A more narrow transcription of these sounds would be /b̥ d̥ v̥ z̥ ʒ̊ g̊ ɦ̥ ᶢ̥ǀ/.

Below is a table of some of the more common realizations of morphological syllable clusters, although some sounds and especially voicing are fairly loose.
{| class="wikitable"
!Coda + Onset
!C + /m/
!C + /n/
!C + /ǀ/
!C + /b/
!C + /d/
!C + /ʒ/
!C + /g/
!C + /f/
!C + /z/
!C + /h/
!C + /ʔ/
!(C +) Vowel
!Word-Final C
!Utterance-Final C
|-
!Utterance-initial O
|m
|n
|ᵏǀ~ᵑǀ
|p~ɓ
|l~t
|t͡ʃ~d͡ʒ
|g~k
|f~ɸ
|z~s
|h:~ɦ
|ʔ
|∅ (j/w/ʕ̞)
|N/A
|N/A
|-
!Word-Initial O
|m
|n
|ᶢǀ~ᵏǀ
|b
|l
|d͡ʒ
|g~k
|f~ɸ
|z~s
|h~ɦ
|ʔ
|∅
|N/A
|N/A
|-
!Vowel (+ O)
|m
|n
|ᶢǀ~ᵏǀ
|w~b
|l~ɾ
|ʒ
|g~k
|f~ɸ
|z~s
|ɦ
|ʔ
|see: vowels
|∅
|∅~h~ʔ
|-
!n + O
|nm
|n
|ᵑǀ
|nb~mb
|nd, nɺ
|nd͡ʒ
|ŋg~nç
|mv~ŋf
|nz~nd͡z
|nɦ
|nʔ
|n
|n
|n
|-
!f + O
|fm
|fn
|fᵏǀ~ᵑǀ
|fp~fɓ~fw
|fd~ft, fl
|fd͡ʒ
|fg~fk
|fʷf
|fs~fz
|fɦ~vh
|fʔ
|f~ɸ
|f
|ɸ~ů
|-
!z + O
|zm
|zn
|zᶢǀ~zᵑǀ
|zw~zb
|zd, zl
|zd͡ʒ
|zg~sk
|zf~sf
|zʷz~sʷs
|zh~sɦ
|zʔ~sʔ
|z~s
|z~s
|s
|-
!c + O
|d͡ʒm~t͡ʃm
|ʃn~d͡ʒ
|ʒᶢǀ~ʒᵑǀ
|d͡ʒb~ʒw
|(d͡)ʒd, ʃɺ
|ʒd͡ʒ~ʃt͡ʃ
|ʒg~t͡ʃk
|ʒf~t͡ʃf
|ʒʷʒ~ʃʷʃ
|t͡ʃh~d͡ʒɦ
|t͡ʃʔ~ʒʔ
|t͡ʃ~d͡ʒ
|d͡ʒ
|t͡ʃ~ʃ
|-
!g + O
|km~ɣm
|kn~ɣn
|ᵏǀˀ~ǀ͡ɠ
|gb~ɣw
|<nowiki>kt~gd~ɠ͡|</nowiki>
|gʒ~ɣʒ
|ʔɣ~kx
|gf~xf
|ɣz~d͡z
|gh~kh~x
|ɣʔ~çʔ
|ʁ~ɣ~ç
|ɣ~x
|x
|-
!d/' + O
|ʔm
|ʔn
|ᵏǀˀ~ǀ͡ɠ
|ʔb~ɓ
|ʔd~ɗ
|ʔʒ~ʔt͡ʃ
|ʔg~ɠ
|df~ʔf
|ʔz~t͡s
|dh~ʔh
|dʔ
|d~ɾ
|ɾ~ʔ
|ǀˀ
|}
This phonetically creates a distinct [ᵑǀ], [ǀˀ], [sʷs], [ʃʷʃ], and [fʷf~fɵ̥f], semi-distinct [b] [d͡ʒ] and [ɣ], and non-distinct [ŋ~ɲ], [ɓ], [ɗ], [ɠ], [ǀ͡ɠ], [ɸ] and [t͡s]. None of these are considered phonemic.

=== Vowels ===
'Arborese features four vowels: /a/ Aa, /e/ Ee, and /o/ Oo. Each of these may combine into a different diphthong or lengthened monophthongs, as shown in the below table.
{| class="wikitable"
!
!Front
!Open
!Back
|-
!Unstressed Short
|/e/ [ɪ~ɨ] e
|/a/ [ɐ] a
|/o/ [ɔ] o
|-
!Stressed Short
|[i:] (i:~ɨ:) e
|[ɜ:] aa
|[o:] o
|-
!V + ɪ
|[ɪ:] (e:~i:) ee
|[aɛ̆] ae
|[ɔɪ] [ɘɪ̆~we] oi
|-
!V + ɐ
|[ɛă] ea
|[a:] aa
|[oɑ] (ɔɑ̆~wa) oa
|-
!V + ɔ
|[ɪɒ] (jɑ~ɪɔ̆) eo
|[aɔ̆] [~ɛʊ̆] ao
|[ɒ:] (ɔ:~ɑː) oo
|-
!Utterance-initially
|([j] +) V
|([ʕ̞] +) V
|([w] +) V
|}
In addition, some argue that these can further combine into triphthongs or glides with lengthened monophthongs, although most agree they are realizations of vowel or diphthong hiatus. Additionally, two monophthongs across word boundaries are believed to have a true vowel hiatus and not become a diphthong.

=== Stress ===
The first syllable of a polysyllabic words is generally stressed, unless the second syllable is heavier. (C)V is lighter than CVV / CVC, which are both lighter than CVVC; i.e. ''eno'', ''eenon,'' and ''faongaed'' would be stress-initial, but ''anoa, zomed, gaomead,'' and ''hazfeen'' would be second-syllable stress. Words that are four or five syllables long have secondary stress on the penultimate syllable, and have stressed syllables every even number of syllables beforehand up until (and including) the second syllable after the initial stressed syllable: i.e. ''Mafoanaazameegananoen'' would be [ma'foa.na:.zɐˌme:gɐˌnɐ:.nɔɪn].

For single-syllable words, CV and CVC words are generally unstressed, while CVV and CVVC words are generally stressed. ''Mae gae zau ne bo fe meneo'' would be ['mae.'gae.'zau.ne.bo.fe'mi:.nɪɒ]

Short monophthongs (/e/ /a/ /o/) that are stressed become long vowels. These are different from both double vowels (/ee/ /aa/ /oo/), which are long and have a different vowel quality, and two vowels across word boundaries (/e e/ /a a/ /o o/), which are technically two short vowels which can both be independently stressed or unstressed. Long vowels and diphthongs retain the same length, but are pronounced with an "unstressed" pitch.

Aside from lengthening short vowels, stress in 'Arborese is generally denoted with a falling pitch, starting from a higher tone and ending on the level tone that other syllables are resting at, meaning most syllables have a level low tone. However, the falling tone can become a rising tone in certain intonation patterns, with unstressed vowels following it becoming a level high pitch. This is sometimes dubbed "pitch inversion". (See below)

=== Intonation ===
Pitch inversion can happen for a number of reasons. Across a whole sentence, when exaggerated, it can indicate surprise, a dubitative, or an otherwise counterfactual. When less exaggerated, it can act as a polite correction or an answer to a no question, or otherwise as a way of highlighting important information or as a form of excitement or anxiety. When only the final stress of a clause, it indicates "incompleteness", and functions as both a pause between clauses (similar to a comma in French), or when exaggerated as the ending to a question.

Without pitch inversion, it indicates an indicative or answer to an affirmative question, with exaggeration indicating a correction, strong affirmation, or emotional emphatic. Emphasis on an individual pitch can indicate emphasis on a single word, somewhat similar to English, although it's generally only used for surprise or otherwise act to highlight the topic when answering or asking a yes/no interrogative, the latter of which may also end in a high pitch specifically on the final unstressed syllable (or rising if the final syllable is stressed).

=== Romanization ===
'Arborese does not feature its own alphabet, and the Latin script has been adopted to cover it, although in day-to-day use things are rarely written down in Arborese and linguists tend to use the IPA.
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Letter
|Aa
|Pbw
|Cc
|Ee
|Ff
|Gg
|Hh
|Lld
|Mm
|Nn
|Oo
|Tt
|Zz
|'
| -
|-
!Ipa
|/a/
|/w/
|/ʒ/
|/e/
|/f/
|/g/
|/ɦ/
|/d/
|/m/
|/n/
|/o/
|/ǀ/
|/z/
|/ʔ/
|Null Onset after Codas
|}
In romanization, , . ? and ! are frequently used, since they also affect intonation. ! is sometimes put before the first word to indicate a negative answer/correction, while ''italicization'' may be used for emphasized words. !? is also fairly commonplace, while ‽ may be used by interrobang purists. (''example:'' !No, he eatn't the ''bread!?'')
[[Category:Language]]

'Arborese

2026-07-26T03:54:07Z

Jutomi: aa

{{Infobox language|name='Arborese|family=Unknown|era=today|scripts=None (Latin)|country=[['Arbor 'Iland]]|number=only a couple dozen; critically endangered|usage=rare; in private, chiefly among elders|lang-code=arb|demonym='Arborese}}

'Arborese (sometimes spelled ''Arborese''; no endonym documented) is a critically endangered language seldom spoken in the volcanic island territory of [['Arbor 'Iland]]. It is believed to be weakly agglutinative, although not much is known about its grammar at this time.

== Phonetics ==
Arborese features a fairly minimalist phonemic inventory, with only four vowels and 11 consonants, though there is a degree of free variation and allophony depending on where a sound appears in a word, syllable or utterance, as well as 16 "combined vowels" that appear as diphthongs or long monophthongs.

=== Phonotactics ===
The syllable structure is (C)V(V)(C). Any consonant phoneme may start a syllable, but only /n/, /g/, /ʒ/, /d~ʔ/, /f/ and /z/ can appear in coda.

There are estimated to be 252 total possible syllables; properly including long monophthongs and diphthongs, up to 1,008. (Although there may be nearly twice as many including stress and position of the syllable within a word.)

=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
!Bilabial
!Alveolar
!Postalveolar
!Velar
!Glottal
|-
!Nasal / Click
|/m/ Mm
|/n/ Nn
|/ǀ/ [ᶢʇ~ᵏǂ] Tt
|
|∅ ∅/-
|-
!Stop
|/w/ Pbw
|/d/ [t̺~l~ɾ] Lld
| rowspan="2" |/ʒ/ [d͡ʒ] Cc
| rowspan="2" |/g/ [ɣ] Gg
|/ʔ/ '
|-
!Fricative
|/f/ Ff
|/z/ [z̪] Zz
|/ɦ/ Hh
|}
- /d/ is usually [ɾ] or sometimes [d̺], but is [l~ɾ] (Ll not [ǀ]) invervocally and word-initially, making "adua" and "a lua" usually phonetically distinct, although speakers sometimes pronounce them interchangeably.

- Similarly, /b/ is [b~p] word-initially, [b~ɓ] after [ʔ] (word-medial coda /d/), and otherwise [w] word-medially when either intervocalic or after /z/, /n/, /g/, /ʒ/ /f/, though it can occasionally be [b] in these environments.

- - It is also more commonly [b] before /o/, [w] before /e/, and in between before /a/.

- Coda /ɣ/ and /d͡ʒ/ are semi-distinct intervocally from onset /g/ and /ʒ/, but are considered the same phoneme as they are in weak complementary distribution, even being somewhat in free variation in all environments.

- /f/ becomes [ɸ] before /ɔ/, including diphthongs, as well as utterance-finally, where it may be considered somewhat syllabic in nature, as with /z/ and /ʒ/.

- Coda /d~ʔ/ is hard to describe, since it's usually /ʔ/, but is believed to have come from /d/, which exists in some environments. Most linguists tend to use both phonemes depending on the context, though some use an archiphonemic /D/. Others still propose using /t/ given it also becomes a click utterance-finally. It is always represented with <d> in romanization.

- Conversely, coda [n] is commonly analyzed as simply /n/, even thought allophonically it can appear as [m].

- /o/ frequently is voiceless or disappears between /z/ and before /z/ or /ʒ/, most often being realized as something akin to [s͡s͜ʷs] and [ʃ͡ʃ͜ʷʃ] respectively.

- - A similar process happens between two /f/s, although in this case the realization is more likely [fɵ̥f].

- Voicing is non-contrastive, although /m/, /n/, and word-medial intervocalic /b/ and /d/ tend to be voiced, while other phonemes are most likely slack voice, sometimes pronounced voiced or voiceless in free variation, with utterance-final sounds generally being fully voiceless (and glottal stops being their own thing). A more narrow transcription of these sounds would be /b̥ d̥ v̥ z̥ ʒ̊ g̊ ɦ̥ ᶢ̥ǀ/.

Below is a table of some of the more common realizations of morphological syllable clusters, although some sounds and especially voicing are fairly loose.
{| class="wikitable"
!Coda + Onset
!C + /m/
!C + /n/
!C + /ǀ/
!C + /b/
!C + /d/
!C + /ʒ/
!C + /g/
!C + /f/
!C + /z/
!C + /h/
!C + /ʔ/
!(C +) Vowel
!Word-Final C
!Utterance-Final C
|-
!Utterance-initial O
|m
|n
|ᵏǀ~ᵑǀ
|p~ɓ
|l~t
|t͡ʃ~d͡ʒ
|g~k
|f~ɸ
|z~s
|h:~ɦ
|ʔ
|∅ (j/w/ʕ̞)
|N/A
|N/A
|-
!Word-Initial O
|m
|n
|ᶢǀ~ᵏǀ
|b
|l
|d͡ʒ
|g~k
|f~ɸ
|z~s
|h~ɦ
|ʔ
|∅
|N/A
|N/A
|-
!Vowel (+ O)
|m
|n
|ᶢǀ~ᵏǀ
|w~b
|l~ɾ
|ʒ
|g~k
|f~ɸ
|z~s
|ɦ
|ʔ
|see: vowels
|∅
|∅~h~ʔ
|-
!n + O
|nm
|n
|ᵑǀ
|nb~mb
|nd, nɺ
|nd͡ʒ
|ŋg~nç
|mv~ŋf
|nz~nd͡z
|nɦ
|nʔ
|n
|n
|n
|-
!f + O
|fm
|fn
|fᵏǀ~ᵑǀ
|fp~fɓ~fw
|fd~ft, fl
|fd͡ʒ
|fg~fk
|fʷf
|fs~fz
|fɦ~vh
|fʔ
|f~ɸ
|f
|ɸ~ů
|-
!z + O
|zm
|zn
|zᶢǀ~zᵑǀ
|zw~zb
|zd, zl
|zd͡ʒ
|zg~sk
|zf~sf
|zʷz~sʷs
|zh~sɦ
|zʔ~sʔ
|z~s
|z~s
|s
|-
!c + O
|d͡ʒm~t͡ʃm
|ʃn~d͡ʒ
|ʒᶢǀ~ʒᵑǀ
|d͡ʒb~ʒw
|(d͡)ʒd, ʃɺ
|ʒd͡ʒ~ʃt͡ʃ
|ʒg~t͡ʃk
|ʒf~t͡ʃf
|ʒʷʒ~ʃʷʃ
|t͡ʃh~d͡ʒɦ
|t͡ʃʔ~ʒʔ
|t͡ʃ~d͡ʒ
|d͡ʒ
|t͡ʃ~ʃ
|-
!g + O
|km~ɣm
|kn~ɣn
|ᵏǀˀ~ǀ͡ɠ
|gb~ɣw
|<nowiki>kt~gd~ɠ͡|</nowiki>
|gʒ~ɣʒ
|ʔɣ~kx
|gf~xf
|ɣz~d͡z
|gh~kh~x
|ɣʔ~çʔ
|ʁ~ɣ~ç
|ɣ~x
|x
|-
!d/' + O
|ʔm
|ʔn
|ᵏǀˀ~ǀ͡ɠ
|ʔb~ɓ
|ʔd~ɗ
|ʔʒ~ʔt͡ʃ
|ʔg~ɠ
|df~ʔf
|ʔz~t͡s
|dh~ʔh
|dʔ
|d~ɾ
|ɾ~ʔ
|ǀˀ
|}
This phonetically creates a distinct [ᵑǀ], [ǀˀ], [sʷs], [ʃʷʃ], and [fʷf~fɵ̥f], semi-distinct [b] [d͡ʒ] and [ɣ], and non-distinct [ŋ~ɲ], [ɓ], [ɗ], [ɠ], [ǀ͡ɠ], [ɸ] and [t͡s]. None of these are considered phonemic.

=== Vowels ===
'Arborese features four vowels: /a/ Aa, /e/ Ee, and /o/ Oo. Each of these may combine into a different diphthong or lengthened monophthongs, as shown in the below table.
{| class="wikitable"
!
!Front
!Open
!Back
|-
!Unstressed Short
|/e/ [ɪ~ɨ] e
|/a/ [ɐ] a
|/o/ [ɔ] o
|-
!Stressed Short
|[i:] (i:~ɨ:) e
|[ɜ:] aa
|[o:] o
|-
!V + ɪ
|[ɪ:] (e:~i:) ee
|[aɛ̆] ae
|[ɔɪ] [ɘɪ̆~we] oi
|-
!V + ɐ
|[ɛă] ea
|[a:] aa
|[oɑ] (ɔɑ̆~wa) oa
|-
!V + ɔ
|[ɪɒ] (jɑ~ɪɔ̆) eo
|[aɔ̆] [~ɛʊ̆] ao
|[ɒ:] (ɔ:~ɑː) oo
|-
!Utterance-initially
|([j] +) V
|([ʕ̞] +) V
|([w] +) V
|}
In addition, some argue that these can further combine into triphthongs or glides with lengthened monophthongs, although most agree they are realizations of vowel or diphthong hiatus. Additionally, two monophthongs across word boundaries are believed to have a true vowel hiatus and not become a diphthong.

=== Stress ===
The first syllable of a polysyllabic words is generally stressed, unless the second syllable is heavier. (C)V is lighter than CVV / CVC, which are both lighter than CVVC; i.e. ''eno'', ''eenon,'' and ''faongaed'' would be stress-initial, but ''anoa, zomed, gaomead,'' and ''hazfeen'' would be second-syllable stress. Words that are four or five syllables long have secondary stress on the penultimate syllable, and have stressed syllables every even number of syllables beforehand up until (and including) the second syllable after the initial stressed syllable: i.e. ''Mafoanaazameegananoen'' would be [ma'foa.na:.zɐˌme:gɐˌnɐ:.nɔɪn].

For single-syllable words, CV and CVC words are generally unstressed, while CVV and CVVC words are generally stressed. ''Mae gae zau ne bo fe meneo'' would be ['mae.'gae.'zau.ne.bo.fe'mi:.nɪɒ]

Short monophthongs (/e/ /a/ /o/) that are stressed become long vowels. These are different from both double vowels (/ee/ /aa/ /oo/), which are long and have a different vowel quality, and two vowels across word boundaries (/e e/ /a a/ /o o/), which are technically two short vowels which can both be independently stressed or unstressed. Long vowels and diphthongs retain the same length, but are pronounced with an "unstressed" pitch.

Aside from lengthening short vowels, stress in 'Arborese is generally denoted with a falling pitch, starting from a higher tone and ending on the level tone that other syllables are resting at, meaning most syllables have a level low tone. However, the falling tone can become a rising tone in certain intonation patterns, with unstressed vowels following it becoming a level high pitch. This is sometimes dubbed "pitch inversion". (See below)

=== Intonation ===
Pitch inversion can happen for a number of reasons. Across a whole sentence, when exaggerated, it can indicate surprise, a dubitative, or an otherwise counterfactual. When less exaggerated, it can act as a polite correction or an answer to a no question, or otherwise as a way of highlighting important information or as a form of excitement or anxiety. When only the final stress of a clause, it indicates "incompleteness", and functions as both a pause between clauses (similar to a comma in French), or when exaggerated as the ending to a question.

Without pitch inversion, it indicates an indicative or answer to an affirmative question, with exaggeration indicating a correction, strong affirmation, or emotional emphatic. Emphasis on an individual pitch can indicate emphasis on a single word, somewhat similar to English, although it's generally only used for surprise or otherwise act to highlight the topic when answering or asking a yes/no interrogative, the latter of which may also end in a high pitch specifically on the final unstressed syllable (or rising if the final syllable is stressed).

=== Romanization ===
'Arborese does not feature its own alphabet, and the Latin script has been adopted to cover it, although in day-to-day use things are rarely written down in Arborese and linguists tend to use the IPA.
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Letter
|Aa
|Pbw
|Cc
|Ee
|Ff
|Gg
|Hh
|Lld
|Mm
|Nn
|Oo
|Tt
|Zz
|'
| -
|-
!Ipa
|/a/
|/w/
|/ʒ/
|/e/
|/f/
|/g/
|/ɦ/
|/d/
|/m/
|/n/
|/o/
|/ǀ/
|/z/
|/ʔ/
|Null Onset after Codas
|}
In romanization, , . ? and ! are frequently used, since they also affect intonation. ! is sometimes put before the first word to indicate a negative answer/correction, while ''italicization'' may be used for emphasized words. (!No, he eatn't the ''bread!'')
[[Category:Language]]

'Arborese

2026-07-26T03:53:34Z

Jutomi: Figured there were enough reasons to add utterance-initial O.

{{Infobox language|name='Arborese|family=Unknown|era=today|scripts=None (Latin)|country=[['Arbor 'Iland]]|number=only a couple dozen; critically endangered|usage=rare; in private, chiefly among elders|lang-code=arb|demonym='Arborese}}

'Arborese (sometimes spelled ''Arborese''; no endonym documented) is a critically endangered language seldom spoken in the volcanic island territory of [['Arbor 'Iland]]. It is believed to be weakly agglutinative, although not much is known about its grammar at this time.

== Phonetics ==
Arborese features a fairly minimalist phonemic inventory, with only four vowels and 11 consonants, though there is a degree of free variation and allophony depending on where a sound appears in a word, syllable or utterance, as well as 16 "combined vowels" that appear as diphthongs or long monophthongs.

=== Phonotactics ===
The syllable structure is (C)V(V)(C). Any consonant phoneme may start a syllable, but only /n/, /g/, /ʒ/, /d~ʔ/, /f/ and /z/ can appear in coda.

There are estimated to be 252 total possible syllables; properly including long monophthongs and diphthongs, up to 1,008. (Although there may be nearly twice as many including stress and position of the syllable within a word.)

=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
!Bilabial
!Alveolar
!Postalveolar
!Velar
!Glottal
|-
!Nasal / Click
|/m/ Mm
|/n/ Nn
|/ǀ/ [ᶢʇ~ᵏǂ] Tt
|
|∅ ∅/-
|-
!Stop
|/w/ Pbw
|/d/ [t̺~l~ɾ] Lld
| rowspan="2" |/ʒ/ [d͡ʒ] Cc
| rowspan="2" |/g/ [ɣ] Gg
|/ʔ/ '
|-
!Fricative
|/f/ Ff
|/z/ [z̪] Zz
|/ɦ/ Hh
|}
- /d/ is usually [ɾ] or sometimes [d̺], but is [l~ɾ] (Ll not [ǀ]) invervocally and word-initially, making "adua" and "a lua" usually phonetically distinct, although speakers sometimes pronounce them interchangeably.

- Similarly, /b/ is [b~p] word-initially, [b~ɓ] after [ʔ] (word-medial coda /d/), and otherwise [w] word-medially when either intervocalic or after /z/, /n/, /g/, /ʒ/ /f/, though it can occasionally be [b] in these environments.

- - It is also more commonly [b] before /o/, [w] before /e/, and in between before /a/.

- Coda /ɣ/ and /d͡ʒ/ are semi-distinct intervocally from onset /g/ and /ʒ/, but are considered the same phoneme as they are in weak complementary distribution, even being somewhat in free variation in all environments.

- /f/ becomes [ɸ] before /ɔ/, including diphthongs, as well as utterance-finally, where it may be considered somewhat syllabic in nature, as with /z/ and /ʒ/.

- Coda /d~ʔ/ is hard to describe, since it's usually /ʔ/, but is believed to have come from /d/, which exists in some environments. Most linguists tend to use both phonemes depending on the context, though some use an archiphonemic /D/. Others still propose using /t/ given it also becomes a click utterance-finally. It is always represented with <d> in romanization.

- Conversely, coda [n] is commonly analyzed as simply /n/, even thought allophonically it can appear as [m].

- /o/ frequently is voiceless or disappears between /z/ and before /z/ or /ʒ/, most often being realized as something akin to [s͡s͜ʷs] and [ʃ͡ʃ͜ʷʃ] respectively.

- - A similar process happens between two /f/s, although in this case the realization is more likely [fɵ̥f].

- Voicing is non-contrastive, although /m/, /n/, and word-medial intervocalic /b/ and /d/ tend to be voiced, while other phonemes are most likely slack voice, sometimes pronounced voiced or voiceless in free variation, with utterance-final sounds generally being fully voiceless (and glottal stops being their own thing). A more narrow transcription of these sounds would be /b̥ d̥ v̥ z̥ ʒ̊ g̊ ɦ̥ ᶢ̥ǀ/.

Below is a table of some of the more common realizations of morphological syllable clusters, although some sounds and especially voicing are fairly loose.
{| class="wikitable"
!Coda + Onset
!C + /m/
!C + /n/
!C + /ǀ/
!C + /b/
!C + /d/
!C + /ʒ/
!C + /g/
!C + /f/
!C + /z/
!C + /h/
!C + /ʔ/
!(C +) Vowel
!Word-Final C
!Utterance-Final C
|-
!Utterance-initial O
|m
|n
|ᵏǀ~ᵑǀ
|p~ɓ
|l~t
|t͡ʃ~d͡ʒ
|g~k
|f~ɸ
|z~s
|h:~ɦ
|ʔ
|∅ (j/w/ʕ̞)
|N/A
|N/A
|-
!Word-Initial O
|m
|n
|ᶢǀ~ᵏǀ
|b
|l
|d͡ʒ
|g~k
|f~ɸ
|z~s
|h~ɦ
|ʔ
|∅
|N/A
|N/A
|-
!Vowel (+ O)
|m
|n
|ᶢǀ~ᵏǀ
|w~b
|l~ɾ
|ʒ
|g~k
|f~ɸ
|z~s
|ɦ
|ʔ
|see: vowels
|∅
|∅~h~ʔ
|-
!n + O
|nm
|n
|ᵑǀ
|nb~mb
|nd, nɺ
|nd͡ʒ
|ŋg~nç
|mv~ŋf
|nz~nd͡z
|nɦ
|nʔ
|n
|n
|n
|-
!f + O
|fm
|fn
|fᵏǀ~ᵑǀ
|fp~fɓ~fw
|fd~ft, fl
|fd͡ʒ
|fg~fk
|fʷf
|fs~fz
|fɦ~vh
|fʔ
|f~ɸ
|f
|ɸ~ů
|-
!z + O
|zm
|zn
|zᶢǀ~zᵑǀ
|zw~zb
|zd, zl
|zd͡ʒ
|zg~sk
|zf~sf
|zʷz~sʷs
|zh~sɦ
|zʔ~sʔ
|z~s
|z~s
|s
|-
!c + O
|d͡ʒm~t͡ʃm
|ʃn~d͡ʒ
|ʒᶢǀ~ʒᵑǀ
|d͡ʒb~ʒw
|(d͡)ʒd, ʃɺ
|ʒd͡ʒ~ʃt͡ʃ
|ʒg~t͡ʃk
|ʒf~t͡ʃf
|ʒʷʒ~ʃʷʃ
|t͡ʃh~d͡ʒɦ
|t͡ʃʔ~ʒʔ
|t͡ʃ~d͡ʒ
|d͡ʒ
|t͡ʃ~ʃ
|-
!g + O
|km~ɣm
|kn~ɣn
|ᵏǀˀ~ǀ͡ɠ
|gb~ɣw
|<nowiki>kt~gd~ɠ͡|</nowiki>
|gʒ~ɣʒ
|ʔɣ~kx
|gf~xf
|ɣz~d͡z
|gh~kh~x
|ɣʔ~çʔ
|ʁ~ɣ~ç
|ɣ~x
|x
|-
!d/' + O
|ʔm
|ʔn
|ᵏǀˀ~ǀ͡ɠ
|ʔb~ɓ
|ʔd~ɗ
|ʔʒ~ʔt͡ʃ
|ʔg~ɠ
|df~ʔf
|ʔz~t͡s
|dh~ʔh
|dʔ
|d~ɾ
|ɾ~ʔ
|ǀˀ
|}
This phonetically creates a distinct [ᵑǀ], [ǀˀ], [sʷs], [ʃʷʃ], and [fʷf~fɵ̥f], semi-distinct [b] [d͡ʒ] and [ɣ], and non-distinct [ŋ~ɲ], [ɓ], [ɗ], [ɠ], [ǀ͡ɠ], [ɸ] and [t͡s]. None of these are considered phonemic.

=== Vowels ===
'Arborese features four vowels: /a/ Aa, /e/ Ee, and /o/ Oo. Each of these may combine into a different diphthong or lengthened monophthongs, as shown in the below table.
{| class="wikitable"
!
!Front
!Open
!Back
|-
!Unstressed Short
|/e/ [ɪ~ɨ] e
|/a/ [ɐ] a
|/o/ [ɔ] o
|-
!Stressed Short
|[i:] (i:~ɨ:) e
|[ɜ:] aa
|[o:] o
|-
!V + ɪ
|[ɪ:] (e:~i:) ee
|[aɛ̆] ae
|[ɔɪ] [ɘɪ̆~we] oi
|-
!V + ɐ
|[ɛă] ea
|[a:]
|[oɑ] (ɔɑ̆~wa) oa
|-
!V + ɔ
|[ɪɒ] (jɑ~ɪɔ̆) eo
|[aɔ̆] [~ɛʊ̆] ao
|[ɒ:] (ɔ:~ɑː) oo
|-
!Utterance-initially
|([j] +) V
|([ʕ̞] +) V
|([w] +) V
|}
In addition, some argue that these can further combine into triphthongs or glides with lengthened monophthongs, although most agree they are realizations of vowel or diphthong hiatus. Additionally, two monophthongs across word boundaries are believed to have a true vowel hiatus and not become a diphthong.

=== Stress ===
The first syllable of a polysyllabic words is generally stressed, unless the second syllable is heavier. (C)V is lighter than CVV / CVC, which are both lighter than CVVC; i.e. ''eno'', ''eenon,'' and ''faongaed'' would be stress-initial, but ''anoa, zomed, gaomead,'' and ''hazfeen'' would be second-syllable stress. Words that are four or five syllables long have secondary stress on the penultimate syllable, and have stressed syllables every even number of syllables beforehand up until (and including) the second syllable after the initial stressed syllable: i.e. ''Mafoanaazameegananoen'' would be [ma'foa.na:.zɐˌme:gɐˌnɐ:.nɔɪn].

For single-syllable words, CV and CVC words are generally unstressed, while CVV and CVVC words are generally stressed. ''Mae gae zau ne bo fe meneo'' would be ['mae.'gae.'zau.ne.bo.fe'mi:.nɪɒ]

Short monophthongs (/e/ /a/ /o/) that are stressed become long vowels. These are different from both double vowels (/ee/ /aa/ /oo/), which are long and have a different vowel quality, and two vowels across word boundaries (/e e/ /a a/ /o o/), which are technically two short vowels which can both be independently stressed or unstressed. Long vowels and diphthongs retain the same length, but are pronounced with an "unstressed" pitch.

Aside from lengthening short vowels, stress in 'Arborese is generally denoted with a falling pitch, starting from a higher tone and ending on the level tone that other syllables are resting at, meaning most syllables have a level low tone. However, the falling tone can become a rising tone in certain intonation patterns, with unstressed vowels following it becoming a level high pitch. This is sometimes dubbed "pitch inversion". (See below)

=== Intonation ===
Pitch inversion can happen for a number of reasons. Across a whole sentence, when exaggerated, it can indicate surprise, a dubitative, or an otherwise counterfactual. When less exaggerated, it can act as a polite correction or an answer to a no question, or otherwise as a way of highlighting important information or as a form of excitement or anxiety. When only the final stress of a clause, it indicates "incompleteness", and functions as both a pause between clauses (similar to a comma in French), or when exaggerated as the ending to a question.

Without pitch inversion, it indicates an indicative or answer to an affirmative question, with exaggeration indicating a correction, strong affirmation, or emotional emphatic. Emphasis on an individual pitch can indicate emphasis on a single word, somewhat similar to English, although it's generally only used for surprise or otherwise act to highlight the topic when answering or asking a yes/no interrogative, the latter of which may also end in a high pitch specifically on the final unstressed syllable (or rising if the final syllable is stressed).

=== Romanization ===
'Arborese does not feature its own alphabet, and the Latin script has been adopted to cover it, although in day-to-day use things are rarely written down in Arborese and linguists tend to use the IPA.
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Letter
|Aa
|Pbw
|Cc
|Ee
|Ff
|Gg
|Hh
|Lld
|Mm
|Nn
|Oo
|Tt
|Zz
|'
| -
|-
!Ipa
|/a/
|/w/
|/ʒ/
|/e/
|/f/
|/g/
|/ɦ/
|/d/
|/m/
|/n/
|/o/
|/ǀ/
|/z/
|/ʔ/
|Null Onset after Codas
|}
In romanization, , . ? and ! are frequently used, since they also affect intonation. ! is sometimes put before the first word to indicate a negative answer/correction, while ''italicization'' may be used for emphasized words. (!No, he eatn't the ''bread!'')
[[Category:Language]]

'Arborese

2026-07-26T03:48:31Z

Jutomi: Fixed syllable count. Forgot null onset before though so it's actually not that huge a difference lol.

{{Infobox language|name='Arborese|family=Unknown|era=today|scripts=None (Latin)|country=[['Arbor 'Iland]]|number=only a couple dozen; critically endangered|usage=rare; in private, chiefly among elders|lang-code=arb|demonym='Arborese}}

'Arborese (sometimes spelled ''Arborese''; no endonym documented) is a critically endangered language seldom spoken in the volcanic island territory of [['Arbor 'Iland]]. It is believed to be weakly agglutinative, although not much is known about its grammar at this time.

== Phonetics ==
Arborese features a fairly minimalist phonemic inventory, with only four vowels and 11 consonants, though there is a degree of free variation and allophony depending on where a sound appears in a word, syllable or utterance, as well as 16 "combined vowels" that appear as diphthongs or long monophthongs.

=== Phonotactics ===
The syllable structure is (C)V(V)(C). Any consonant phoneme may start a syllable, but only /n/, /g/, /ʒ/, /d~ʔ/, /f/ and /z/ can appear in coda.

There are estimated to be 252 total possible syllables; properly including long monophthongs and diphthongs, up to 1,008. (Although there may be nearly twice as many including stress and position of the syllable within a word.)

=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
!Bilabial
!Alveolar
!Postalveolar
!Velar
!Glottal
|-
!Nasal / Click
|/m/ Mm
|/n/ Nn
|/ǀ/ [ᶢʇ~ᵏǂ] Tt
|
|∅ ∅/-
|-
!Stop
|/w/ Pbw
|/d/ [t̺~l~ɾ] Lld
| rowspan="2" |/ʒ/ [d͡ʒ] Cc
| rowspan="2" |/g/ [ɣ] Gg
|/ʔ/ '
|-
!Fricative
|/f/ Ff
|/z/ [z̪] Zz
|/ɦ/ Hh
|}
- /d/ is usually [ɾ] or sometimes [d̺], but is [l~ɾ] (Ll not [ǀ]) invervocally and word-initially, making "adua" and "a lua" usually phonetically distinct, although speakers sometimes pronounce them interchangeably.

- Similarly, /b/ is [b~p] word-initially, [b~ɓ] after [ʔ] (word-medial coda /d/), and otherwise [w] word-medially when either intervocalic or after /z/, /n/, /g/, /ʒ/ /f/, though it can occasionally be [b] in these environments.

- - It is also more commonly [b] before /o/, [w] before /e/, and in between before /a/.

- Coda /ɣ/ and /d͡ʒ/ are semi-distinct intervocally from onset /g/ and /ʒ/, but are considered the same phoneme as they are in weak complementary distribution, even being somewhat in free variation in all environments.

- /f/ becomes [ɸ] before /ɔ/, including diphthongs, as well as utterance-finally, where it may be considered somewhat syllabic in nature, as with /z/ and /ʒ/.

- Coda /d~ʔ/ is hard to describe, since it's usually /ʔ/, but is believed to have come from /d/, which exists in some environments. Most linguists tend to use both phonemes depending on the context, though some use an archiphonemic /D/. Others still propose using /t/ given it also becomes a click utterance-finally. It is always represented with <d> in romanization.

- Conversely, coda [n] is commonly analyzed as simply /n/, even thought allophonically it can appear as [m].

- /o/ frequently is voiceless or disappears between /z/ and before /z/ or /ʒ/, most often being realized as something akin to [s͡s͜ʷs] and [ʃ͡ʃ͜ʷʃ] respectively.

- - A similar process happens between two /f/s, although in this case the realization is more likely [fɵ̥f].

- Voicing is non-contrastive, although /m/, /n/, and word-medial intervocalic /b/ and /d/ tend to be voiced, while other phonemes are most likely slack voice, sometimes pronounced voiced or voiceless in free variation, with utterance-final sounds generally being fully voiceless (and glottal stops being their own thing). A more narrow transcription of these sounds would be /b̥ d̥ v̥ z̥ ʒ̊ g̊ ɦ̥ ᶢ̥ǀ/.

Below is a table of some of the more common realizations of morphological syllable clusters, although some sounds and especially voicing are fairly loose.
{| class="wikitable"
!Coda + Onset
!C + /m/
!C + /n/
!C + /ǀ/
!C + /b/
!C + /d/
!C + /ʒ/
!C + /g/
!C + /f/
!C + /z/
!C + /h/
!C + /ʔ/
!(C +) Vowel
!Word-Final C
!Utterance-Final C
|-
!Word-Initial O
|m
|n
|ᶢǀ~ᵏǀ
|b
|l
|t͡ʃ~d͡ʒ
|g~k
|f~ɸ
|z~s
|h~ɦ
|ʔ
|∅
|N/A
|N/A
|-
!Vowel (+ O)
|m
|n
|ᶢǀ~ᵏǀ
|w~b
|l~ɾ
|ʒ
|g~k
|f~ɸ
|z~s
|ɦ
|ʔ
|see: vowels
|∅
|∅~h~ʔ
|-
!n + O
|nm
|n
|ᵑǀ
|nb~mb
|nd, nɺ
|nd͡ʒ
|ŋg~nç
|mv~ŋf
|nz~nd͡z
|nɦ
|nʔ
|n
|n
|n
|-
!f + O
|fm
|fn
|fᵏǀ~ᵑǀ
|fp~fɓ~fw
|fd~ft, fl
|fd͡ʒ
|fg~fk
|fʷf
|fs~fz
|fɦ~vh
|fʔ
|f~ɸ
|f
|ɸ~ů
|-
!z + O
|zm
|zn
|zᶢǀ~zᵑǀ
|zw~zb
|zd, zl
|zd͡ʒ
|zg~sk
|zf~sf
|zʷz~sʷs
|zh~sɦ
|zʔ~sʔ
|z~s
|z~s
|s
|-
!c + O
|d͡ʒm~t͡ʃm
|ʃn~d͡ʒ
|ʒᶢǀ~ʒᵑǀ
|d͡ʒb~ʒw
|(d͡)ʒd, ʃɺ
|ʒd͡ʒ~ʃt͡ʃ
|ʒg~t͡ʃk
|ʒf~t͡ʃf
|ʒʷʒ~ʃʷʃ
|t͡ʃh~d͡ʒɦ
|t͡ʃʔ~ʒʔ
|t͡ʃ~d͡ʒ
|d͡ʒ
|t͡ʃ~ʃ
|-
!g + O
|km~ɣm
|kn~ɣn
|ᵏǀˀ~ǀ͡ɠ
|gb~ɣw
|<nowiki>kt~gd~ɠ͡|</nowiki>
|gʒ~ɣʒ
|ʔɣ~kx
|gf~xf
|ɣz~d͡z
|gh~kh~x
|ɣʔ~çʔ
|ʁ~ɣ~ç
|ɣ~x
|x
|-
!d/' + O
|ʔm
|ʔn
|ᵏǀˀ~ǀ͡ɠ
|ʔb~ɓ
|ʔd~ɗ
|ʔʒ~ʔt͡ʃ
|ʔg~ɠ
|df~ʔf
|ʔz~t͡s
|dh~ʔh
|dʔ
|d~ɾ
|ɾ~ʔ
|ǀˀ
|}
This phonetically creates a distinct [ᵑǀ], [ǀˀ], [sʷs], [ʃʷʃ], and [fʷf~fɵ̥f], semi-distinct [b] [d͡ʒ] and [ɣ], and non-distinct [ŋ~ɲ], [ɓ], [ɗ], [ɠ], [ǀ͡ɠ], [ɸ] and [t͡s]. None of these are considered phonemic.

=== Vowels ===
'Arborese features four vowels: /a/ Aa, /e/ Ee, and /o/ Oo. Each of these may combine into a different diphthong or lengthened monophthongs, as shown in the below table.
{| class="wikitable"
!
!Front
!Open
!Back
|-
!Unstressed Short
|/e/ [ɪ~ɨ] e
|/a/ [ɐ] a
|/o/ [ɔ] o
|-
!Stressed Short
|[i:] (i:~ɨ:) e
|[ɜ:] aa
|[o:] o
|-
!V + ɪ
|[ɪ:] (e:~i:) ee
|[aɛ̆] ae
|[ɔɪ] [ɘɪ̆~we] oi
|-
!V + ɐ
|[ɛă] ea
|[a:]
|[oɑ] (ɔɑ̆~wa) oa
|-
!V + ɔ
|[ɪɒ] (jɑ~ɪɔ̆) eo
|[aɔ̆] [~ɛʊ̆] ao
|[ɒ:] (ɔ:~ɑː) oo
|-
!Utterance-initially
|([j] +) V
|([ʕ̞] +) V
|([w] +) V
|}
In addition, some argue that these can further combine into triphthongs or glides with lengthened monophthongs, although most agree they are realizations of vowel or diphthong hiatus. Additionally, two monophthongs across word boundaries are believed to have a true vowel hiatus and not become a diphthong.

=== Stress ===
The first syllable of a polysyllabic words is generally stressed, unless the second syllable is heavier. (C)V is lighter than CVV / CVC, which are both lighter than CVVC; i.e. ''eno'', ''eenon,'' and ''faongaed'' would be stress-initial, but ''anoa, zomed, gaomead,'' and ''hazfeen'' would be second-syllable stress. Words that are four or five syllables long have secondary stress on the penultimate syllable, and have stressed syllables every even number of syllables beforehand up until (and including) the second syllable after the initial stressed syllable: i.e. ''Mafoanaazameegananoen'' would be [ma'foa.na:.zɐˌme:gɐˌnɐ:.nɔɪn].

For single-syllable words, CV and CVC words are generally unstressed, while CVV and CVVC words are generally stressed. ''Mae gae zau ne bo fe meneo'' would be ['mae.'gae.'zau.ne.bo.fe'mi:.nɪɒ]

Short monophthongs (/e/ /a/ /o/) that are stressed become long vowels. These are different from both double vowels (/ee/ /aa/ /oo/), which are long and have a different vowel quality, and two vowels across word boundaries (/e e/ /a a/ /o o/), which are technically two short vowels which can both be independently stressed or unstressed. Long vowels and diphthongs retain the same length, but are pronounced with an "unstressed" pitch.

Aside from lengthening short vowels, stress in 'Arborese is generally denoted with a falling pitch, starting from a higher tone and ending on the level tone that other syllables are resting at, meaning most syllables have a level low tone. However, the falling tone can become a rising tone in certain intonation patterns, with unstressed vowels following it becoming a level high pitch. This is sometimes dubbed "pitch inversion". (See below)

=== Intonation ===
Pitch inversion can happen for a number of reasons. Across a whole sentence, when exaggerated, it can indicate surprise, a dubitative, or an otherwise counterfactual. When less exaggerated, it can act as a polite correction or an answer to a no question, or otherwise as a way of highlighting important information or as a form of excitement or anxiety. When only the final stress of a clause, it indicates "incompleteness", and functions as both a pause between clauses (similar to a comma in French), or when exaggerated as the ending to a question.

Without pitch inversion, it indicates an indicative or answer to an affirmative question, with exaggeration indicating a correction, strong affirmation, or emotional emphatic. Emphasis on an individual pitch can indicate emphasis on a single word, somewhat similar to English, although it's generally only used for surprise or otherwise act to highlight the topic when answering or asking a yes/no interrogative, the latter of which may also end in a high pitch specifically on the final unstressed syllable (or rising if the final syllable is stressed).

=== Romanization ===
'Arborese does not feature its own alphabet, and the Latin script has been adopted to cover it, although in day-to-day use things are rarely written down in Arborese and linguists tend to use the IPA.
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Letter
|Aa
|Pbw
|Cc
|Ee
|Ff
|Gg
|Hh
|Lld
|Mm
|Nn
|Oo
|Tt
|Zz
|'
| -
|-
!Ipa
|/a/
|/w/
|/ʒ/
|/e/
|/f/
|/g/
|/ɦ/
|/d/
|/m/
|/n/
|/o/
|/ǀ/
|/z/
|/ʔ/
|Null Onset after Codas
|}
In romanization, , . ? and ! are frequently used, since they also affect intonation. ! is sometimes put before the first word to indicate a negative answer/correction, while ''italicization'' may be used for emphasized words. (!No, he eatn't the ''bread!'')
[[Category:Language]]

'Arborese

2026-07-26T03:39:11Z

Jutomi:

{{Infobox language|name='Arborese|family=Unknown|era=today|scripts=None (Latin)|country=[['Arbor 'Iland]]|number=only a couple dozen; critically endangered|usage=rare; in private, chiefly among elders|lang-code=arb|demonym='Arborese}}

'Arborese (sometimes spelled ''Arborese''; no endonym documented) is a critically endangered language seldom spoken in the volcanic island territory of [['Arbor 'Iland]]. It is believed to be weakly agglutinative, although not much is known about its grammar at this time.

== Phonetics ==
Arborese features a fairly minimalist phonemic inventory, with only four vowels and 11 consonants, though there is a degree of free variation and allophony depending on where a sound appears in a word, syllable or utterance, as well as 16 "combined vowels" that appear as diphthongs or long monophthongs.

=== Phonotactics ===
The syllable structure is (C)V(V)(C). Any consonant phoneme may start a syllable, but only /n/, /g/, /ʒ/, /d~ʔ/, /f/ and /z/ can appear in coda.

There are estimated to be 308 total possible syllables; properly including long monophthongs and diphthongs, up to 1,232.

=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
!Bilabial
!Alveolar
!Postalveolar
!Velar
!Glottal
|-
!Nasal / Click
|/m/ Mm
|/n/ Nn
|/ǀ/ [ᶢʇ~ᵏǂ] Tt
|
|∅ ∅/-
|-
!Stop
|/w/ Pbw
|/d/ [t̺~l~ɾ] Lld
| rowspan="2" |/ʒ/ [d͡ʒ] Cc
| rowspan="2" |/g/ [ɣ] Gg
|/ʔ/ '
|-
!Fricative
|/f/ Ff
|/z/ [z̪] Zz
|/ɦ/ Hh
|}
- /d/ is usually [ɾ] or sometimes [d̺], but is [l~ɾ] (Ll not [ǀ]) invervocally and word-initially, making "adua" and "a lua" usually phonetically distinct, although speakers sometimes pronounce them interchangeably.

- Similarly, /b/ is [b~p] word-initially, [b~ɓ] after [ʔ] (word-medial coda /d/), and otherwise [w] word-medially when either intervocalic or after /z/, /n/, /g/, /ʒ/ /f/, though it can occasionally be [b] in these environments.

- - It is also more commonly [b] before /o/, [w] before /e/, and in between before /a/.

- Coda /ɣ/ and /d͡ʒ/ are semi-distinct intervocally from onset /g/ and /ʒ/, but are considered the same phoneme as they are in weak complementary distribution, even being somewhat in free variation in all environments.

- /f/ becomes [ɸ] before /ɔ/, including diphthongs, as well as utterance-finally, where it may be considered somewhat syllabic in nature, as with /z/ and /ʒ/.

- Coda /d~ʔ/ is hard to describe, since it's usually /ʔ/, but is believed to have come from /d/, which exists in some environments. Most linguists tend to use both phonemes depending on the context, though some use an archiphonemic /D/. Others still propose using /t/ given it also becomes a click utterance-finally. It is always represented with <d> in romanization.

- Conversely, coda [n] is commonly analyzed as simply /n/, even thought allophonically it can appear as [m].

- /o/ frequently is voiceless or disappears between /z/ and before /z/ or /ʒ/, most often being realized as something akin to [s͡s͜ʷs] and [ʃ͡ʃ͜ʷʃ] respectively.

- - A similar process happens between two /f/s, although in this case the realization is more likely [fɵ̥f].

- Voicing is non-contrastive, although /m/, /n/, and word-medial intervocalic /b/ and /d/ tend to be voiced, while other phonemes are most likely slack voice, sometimes pronounced voiced or voiceless in free variation, with utterance-final sounds generally being fully voiceless (and glottal stops being their own thing). A more narrow transcription of these sounds would be /b̥ d̥ v̥ z̥ ʒ̊ g̊ ɦ̥ ᶢ̥ǀ/.

Below is a table of some of the more common realizations of morphological syllable clusters, although some sounds and especially voicing are fairly loose.
{| class="wikitable"
!Coda + Onset
!C + /m/
!C + /n/
!C + /ǀ/
!C + /b/
!C + /d/
!C + /ʒ/
!C + /g/
!C + /f/
!C + /z/
!C + /h/
!C + /ʔ/
!(C +) Vowel
!Word-Final C
!Utterance-Final C
|-
!Word-Initial O
|m
|n
|ᶢǀ~ᵏǀ
|b
|l
|t͡ʃ~d͡ʒ
|g~k
|f~ɸ
|z~s
|h~ɦ
|ʔ
|∅
|N/A
|N/A
|-
!Vowel (+ O)
|m
|n
|ᶢǀ~ᵏǀ
|w~b
|l~ɾ
|ʒ
|g~k
|f~ɸ
|z~s
|ɦ
|ʔ
|see: vowels
|∅
|∅~h~ʔ
|-
!n + O
|nm
|n
|ᵑǀ
|nb~mb
|nd, nɺ
|nd͡ʒ
|ŋg~nç
|mv~ŋf
|nz~nd͡z
|nɦ
|nʔ
|n
|n
|n
|-
!f + O
|fm
|fn
|fᵏǀ~ᵑǀ
|fp~fɓ~fw
|fd~ft, fl
|fd͡ʒ
|fg~fk
|fʷf
|fs~fz
|fɦ~vh
|fʔ
|f~ɸ
|f
|ɸ~ů
|-
!z + O
|zm
|zn
|zᶢǀ~zᵑǀ
|zw~zb
|zd, zl
|zd͡ʒ
|zg~sk
|zf~sf
|zʷz~sʷs
|zh~sɦ
|zʔ~sʔ
|z~s
|z~s
|s
|-
!c + O
|d͡ʒm~t͡ʃm
|ʃn~d͡ʒ
|ʒᶢǀ~ʒᵑǀ
|d͡ʒb~ʒw
|(d͡)ʒd, ʃɺ
|ʒd͡ʒ~ʃt͡ʃ
|ʒg~t͡ʃk
|ʒf~t͡ʃf
|ʒʷʒ~ʃʷʃ
|t͡ʃh~d͡ʒɦ
|t͡ʃʔ~ʒʔ
|t͡ʃ~d͡ʒ
|d͡ʒ
|t͡ʃ~ʃ
|-
!g + O
|km~ɣm
|kn~ɣn
|ᵏǀˀ~ǀ͡ɠ
|gb~ɣw
|<nowiki>kt~gd~ɠ͡|</nowiki>
|gʒ~ɣʒ
|ʔɣ~kx
|gf~xf
|ɣz~d͡z
|gh~kh~x
|ɣʔ~çʔ
|ʁ~ɣ~ç
|ɣ~x
|x
|-
!d/' + O
|ʔm
|ʔn
|ᵏǀˀ~ǀ͡ɠ
|ʔb~ɓ
|ʔd~ɗ
|ʔʒ~ʔt͡ʃ
|ʔg~ɠ
|df~ʔf
|ʔz~t͡s
|dh~ʔh
|dʔ
|d~ɾ
|ɾ~ʔ
|ǀˀ
|}
This phonetically creates a distinct [ᵑǀ], [ǀˀ], [sʷs], [ʃʷʃ], and [fʷf~fɵ̥f], semi-distinct [b] [d͡ʒ] and [ɣ], and non-distinct [ŋ~ɲ], [ɓ], [ɗ], [ɠ], [ǀ͡ɠ], [ɸ] and [t͡s]. None of these are considered phonemic.

=== Vowels ===
'Arborese features four vowels: /a/ Aa, /e/ Ee, and /o/ Oo. Each of these may combine into a different diphthong or lengthened monophthongs, as shown in the below table.
{| class="wikitable"
!
!Front
!Open
!Back
|-
!Unstressed Short
|/e/ [ɪ~ɨ] e
|/a/ [ɐ] a
|/o/ [ɔ] o
|-
!Stressed Short
|[i:] (i:~ɨ:) e
|[ɜ:] aa
|[o:] o
|-
!V + ɪ
|[ɪ:] (e:~i:) ee
|[aɛ̆] ae
|[ɔɪ] [ɘɪ̆~we] oi
|-
!V + ɐ
|[ɛă] ea
|[a:]
|[oɑ] (ɔɑ̆~wa) oa
|-
!V + ɔ
|[ɪɒ] (jɑ~ɪɔ̆) eo
|[aɔ̆] [~ɛʊ̆] ao
|[ɒ:] (ɔ:~ɑː) oo
|-
!Utterance-initially
|([j] +) V
|([ʕ̞] +) V
|([w] +) V
|}
In addition, some argue that these can further combine into triphthongs or glides with lengthened monophthongs, although most agree they are realizations of vowel or diphthong hiatus. Additionally, two monophthongs across word boundaries are believed to have a true vowel hiatus and not become a diphthong.

=== Stress ===
The first syllable of a polysyllabic words is generally stressed, unless the second syllable is heavier. (C)V is lighter than CVV / CVC, which are both lighter than CVVC; i.e. ''eno'', ''eenon,'' and ''faongaed'' would be stress-initial, but ''anoa, zomed, gaomead,'' and ''hazfeen'' would be second-syllable stress. Words that are four or five syllables long have secondary stress on the penultimate syllable, and have stressed syllables every even number of syllables beforehand up until (and including) the second syllable after the initial stressed syllable: i.e. ''Mafoanaazameegananoen'' would be [ma'foa.na:.zɐˌme:gɐˌnɐ:.nɔɪn].

For single-syllable words, CV and CVC words are generally unstressed, while CVV and CVVC words are generally stressed. ''Mae gae zau ne bo fe meneo'' would be ['mae.'gae.'zau.ne.bo.fe'mi:.nɪɒ]

Short monophthongs (/e/ /a/ /o/) that are stressed become long vowels. These are different from both double vowels (/ee/ /aa/ /oo/), which are long and have a different vowel quality, and two vowels across word boundaries (/e e/ /a a/ /o o/), which are technically two short vowels which can both be independently stressed or unstressed. Long vowels and diphthongs retain the same length, but are pronounced with an "unstressed" pitch.

Aside from lengthening short vowels, stress in 'Arborese is generally denoted with a falling pitch, starting from a higher tone and ending on the level tone that other syllables are resting at, meaning most syllables have a level low tone. However, the falling tone can become a rising tone in certain intonation patterns, with unstressed vowels following it becoming a level high pitch. This is sometimes dubbed "pitch inversion". (See below)

=== Intonation ===
Pitch inversion can happen for a number of reasons. Across a whole sentence, when exaggerated, it can indicate surprise, a dubitative, or an otherwise counterfactual. When less exaggerated, it can act as a polite correction or an answer to a no question, or otherwise as a way of highlighting important information or as a form of excitement or anxiety. When only the final stress of a clause, it indicates "incompleteness", and functions as both a pause between clauses (similar to a comma in French), or when exaggerated as the ending to a question.

Without pitch inversion, it indicates an indicative or answer to an affirmative question, with exaggeration indicating a correction, strong affirmation, or emotional emphatic. Emphasis on an individual pitch can indicate emphasis on a single word, somewhat similar to English, although it's generally only used for surprise or otherwise act to highlight the topic when answering or asking a yes/no interrogative, the latter of which may also end in a high pitch specifically on the final unstressed syllable (or rising if the final syllable is stressed).

=== Romanization ===
'Arborese does not feature its own alphabet, and the Latin script has been adopted to cover it, although in day-to-day use things are rarely written down in Arborese and linguists tend to use the IPA.
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Letter
|Aa
|Pb
|Cc
|Ee
|Ff
|Gg
|Hh
|Lld
|Mm
|Nn
|Oo
|Tt
|Zz
|'
| -
|-
!Ipa
|/a/
|/b/
|/ʒ/
|/e/
|/f/
|/g/
|/ɦ/
|/d/
|/m/
|/n/
|/o/
|/ǀ/
|/z/
|/ʔ/
|Null Onset after Codas
|}
In romanization, , . ? and ! are frequently used, since they also affect intonation. ! is sometimes put before the first word to indicate a negative answer/correction, while ''italicization'' may be used for emphasized words. (!No, he eatn't the ''bread!'')
[[Category:Language]]

'Arborese

2026-07-26T03:37:47Z

Jutomi: /* Stress and Intonation */ some punctuation and stress-intonation split

{{Infobox language|name='Arborese|family=Unknown|era=today|scripts=None (Latin)|country=[['Arbor 'Iland]]|number=only a couple dozen; critically endangered|usage=rare; in private, chiefly among elders|lang-code=arb|demonym='Arborese}}

'Arborese (sometimes spelled ''Arborese''; no endonym documented) is a critically endangered language seldom spoken in the volcanic island territory of [['Arbor 'Iland]]. It is believed to be weakly agglutinative, although not much is known about its grammar at this time.

== Phonetics ==
Arborese features a fairly minimalist phonemic inventory, with only four vowels and 11 consonants, though there is a degree of free variation and allophony depending on where a sound appears in a word, syllable or utterance, as well as 16 "combined vowels" that appear as diphthongs or long monophthongs.

=== Phonotactics ===
The syllable structure is (C)V(V)(C). Any consonant phoneme may start a syllable, but only /n/, /g/, /ʒ/, /d~ʔ/, /f/ and /z/ can appear in coda.

There are estimated to be 308 total possible syllables; properly including long monophthongs and diphthongs, up to 1,232.

=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
!Bilabial
!Alveolar
!Postalveolar
!Velar
!Glottal
|-
!Nasal / Click
|/m/ Mm
|/n/ Nn
|/ǀ/ [ᶢʇ~ᵏǂ] Tt
|
|∅ ∅/-
|-
!Stop
|/w/ Pbw
|/d/ [t̺~l~ɾ] Lld
| rowspan="2" |/ʒ/ [d͡ʒ] Cc
| rowspan="2" |/g/ [ɣ] Gg
|/ʔ/ '
|-
!Fricative
|/f/ Ff
|/z/ [z̪] Zz
|/ɦ/ Hh
|}
- /d/ is usually [ɾ] or sometimes [d̺], but is [l~ɾ] (Ll not [ǀ]) invervocally and word-initially, making "adua" and "a lua" usually phonetically distinct, although speakers sometimes pronounce them interchangeably.

- Similarly, /b/ is [b~p] word-initially, [b~ɓ] after [ʔ] (word-medial coda /d/), and otherwise [w] word-medially when either intervocalic or after /z/, /n/, /g/, /ʒ/ /f/, though it can occasionally be [b] in these environments.

- - It is also more commonly [b] before /o/, [w] before /e/, and in between before /a/.

- Coda /ɣ/ and /d͡ʒ/ are semi-distinct intervocally from onset /g/ and /ʒ/, but are considered the same phoneme as they are in weak complementary distribution, even being somewhat in free variation in all environments.

- /f/ becomes [ɸ] before /ɔ/, including diphthongs, as well as utterance-finally, where it may be considered somewhat syllabic in nature, as with /z/ and /ʒ/.

- Coda /d~ʔ/ is hard to describe, since it's usually /ʔ/, but is believed to have come from /d/, which exists in some environments. Most linguists tend to use both phonemes depending on the context, though some use an archiphonemic /D/. Others still propose using /t/ given it also becomes a click utterance-finally. It is always represented with <d> in romanization.

- Conversely, coda [n] is commonly analyzed as simply /n/, even thought allophonically it can appear as [m].

- /o/ frequently is voiceless or disappears between /z/ and before /z/ or /ʒ/, most often being realized as something akin to [s͡s͜ʷs] and [ʃ͡ʃ͜ʷʃ] respectively.

- - A similar process happens between two /f/s, although in this case the realization is more likely [fɵ̥f].

- Voicing is non-contrastive, although /m/, /n/, and word-medial intervocalic /b/ and /d/ tend to be voiced, while other phonemes are most likely slack voice, sometimes pronounced voiced or voiceless in free variation, with utterance-final sounds generally being fully voiceless (and glottal stops being their own thing). A more narrow transcription of these sounds would be /b̥ d̥ v̥ z̥ ʒ̊ g̊ ɦ̥ ᶢ̥ǀ/.

Below is a table of some of the more common realizations of morphological syllable clusters, although some sounds and especially voicing are fairly loose.
{| class="wikitable"
!Coda + Onset
!C + /m/
!C + /n/
!C + /ǀ/
!C + /b/
!C + /d/
!C + /ʒ/
!C + /g/
!C + /f/
!C + /z/
!C + /h/
!C + /ʔ/
!(C +) Vowel
!Word-Final C
!Utterance-Final C
|-
!Word-Initial O
|m
|n
|ᶢǀ~ᵏǀ
|b
|l
|t͡ʃ~d͡ʒ
|g~k
|f
|z~s
|h~ɦ
|ʔ
|∅
|N/A
|N/A
|-
!Vowel (+ O)
|m
|n
|ᶢǀ~ᵏǀ
|w~b
|l~ɾ
|ʒ
|g~k
|f
|z~s
|ɦ
|ʔ
|see: vowels
|∅
|∅~h~ʔ
|-
!n + O
|nm
|n
|ᵑǀ
|nb~mb
|nd, nɺ
|nd͡ʒ
|ŋg~nç
|mv~ŋf
|nz~nd͡z
|nɦ
|nʔ
|n
|n
|n
|-
!f + O
|fm
|fn
|fᵏǀ~ᵑǀ
|fp~fɓ~fw
|fd~ft, fl
|fd͡ʒ
|fg~fk
|fʷf
|fs~fz
|fɦ~vh
|fʔ
|f~ɸ
|f
|ɸ~ů
|-
!z + O
|zm
|zn
|zᶢǀ~zᵑǀ
|zw~zb
|zd, zl
|zd͡ʒ
|zg~sk
|zf~sf
|zʷz~sʷs
|zh~sɦ
|zʔ~sʔ
|z~s
|z~s
|s
|-
!c + O
|d͡ʒm~t͡ʃm
|ʃn~d͡ʒ
|ʒᶢǀ~ʒᵑǀ
|d͡ʒb~ʒw
|(d͡)ʒd, ʃɺ
|ʒd͡ʒ~ʃt͡ʃ
|ʒg~t͡ʃk
|ʒf~t͡ʃf
|ʒʷʒ~ʃʷʃ
|t͡ʃh~d͡ʒɦ
|t͡ʃʔ~ʒʔ
|t͡ʃ~d͡ʒ
|d͡ʒ
|t͡ʃ~ʃ
|-
!g + O
|km~ɣm
|kn~ɣn
|ᵏǀˀ~ǀ͡ɠ
|gb~ɣw
|<nowiki>kt~gd~ɠ͡|</nowiki>
|gʒ~ɣʒ
|ʔɣ~kx
|gf~xf
|ɣz~d͡z
|gh~kh~x
|ɣʔ~çʔ
|ʁ~ɣ~ç
|ɣ~x
|x
|-
!d/' + O
|ʔm
|ʔn
|ᵏǀˀ~ǀ͡ɠ
|ʔb~ɓ
|ʔd~ɗ
|ʔʒ~ʔt͡ʃ
|ʔg~ɠ
|df~ʔf
|ʔz~t͡s
|dh~ʔh
|dʔ
|d~ɾ
|ɾ~ʔ
|ǀˀ
|}
This phonetically creates a distinct [ᵑǀ], [ǀˀ], [sʷs], [ʃʷʃ], and [fʷf~fɵ̥f], semi-distinct [b] [d͡ʒ] and [ɣ], and non-distinct [ŋ~ɲ], [ɓ], [ɗ], [ɠ], [ǀ͡ɠ], [ɸ] and [t͡s]. None of these are considered phonemic.

=== Vowels ===
'Arborese features four vowels: /a/ Aa, /e/ Ee, and /o/ Oo. Each of these may combine into a different diphthong or lengthened monophthongs, as shown in the below table.
{| class="wikitable"
!
!Front
!Open
!Back
|-
!Unstressed Short
|/e/ [ɪ~ɨ] e
|/a/ [ɐ] a
|/o/ [ɔ] o
|-
!Stressed Short
|[i:] (i:~ɨ:) e
|[ɜ:] aa
|[o:] o
|-
!V + ɪ
|[ɪ:] (e:~i:) ee
|[aɛ̆] ae
|[ɔɪ] [ɘɪ̆~we] oi
|-
!V + ɐ
|[ɛă] ea
|[a:]
|[oɑ] (ɔɑ̆~wa) oa
|-
!V + ɔ
|[ɪɒ] (jɑ~ɪɔ̆) eo
|[aɔ̆] [~ɛʊ̆] ao
|[ɒ:] (ɔ:~ɑː) oo
|-
!Utterance-initially
|([j] +) V
|([ʕ̞] +) V
|([w] +) V
|}
In addition, some argue that these can further combine into triphthongs or glides with lengthened monophthongs, although most agree they are realizations of vowel or diphthong hiatus. Additionally, two monophthongs across word boundaries are believed to have a true vowel hiatus and not become a diphthong.

=== Stress ===
The first syllable of a polysyllabic words is generally stressed, unless the second syllable is heavier. (C)V is lighter than CVV / CVC, which are both lighter than CVVC; i.e. ''eno'', ''eenon,'' and ''faongaed'' would be stress-initial, but ''anoa, zomed, gaomead,'' and ''hazfeen'' would be second-syllable stress. Words that are four or five syllables long have secondary stress on the penultimate syllable, and have stressed syllables every even number of syllables beforehand up until (and including) the second syllable after the initial stressed syllable: i.e. ''Mafoanaazameegananoen'' would be [ma'foa.na:.zɐˌme:gɐˌnɐ:.nɔɪn].

For single-syllable words, CV and CVC words are generally unstressed, while CVV and CVVC words are generally stressed. ''Mae gae zau ne bo fe meneo'' would be ['mae.'gae.'zau.ne.bo.fe'mi:.nɪɒ]

Short monophthongs (/e/ /a/ /o/) that are stressed become long vowels. These are different from both double vowels (/ee/ /aa/ /oo/), which are long and have a different vowel quality, and two vowels across word boundaries (/e e/ /a a/ /o o/), which are technically two short vowels which can both be independently stressed or unstressed. Long vowels and diphthongs retain the same length, but are pronounced with an "unstressed" pitch.

Aside from lengthening short vowels, stress in 'Arborese is generally denoted with a falling pitch, starting from a higher tone and ending on the level tone that other syllables are resting at, meaning most syllables have a level low tone. However, the falling tone can become a rising tone in certain intonation patterns, with unstressed vowels following it becoming a level high pitch. This is sometimes dubbed "pitch inversion". (See below)

=== Intonation ===
Pitch inversion can happen for a number of reasons. Across a whole sentence, when exaggerated, it can indicate surprise, a dubitative, or an otherwise counterfactual. When less exaggerated, it can act as a polite correction or an answer to a no question, or otherwise as a way of highlighting important information or as a form of excitement or anxiety. When only the final stress of a clause, it indicates "incompleteness", and functions as both a pause between clauses (similar to a comma in French), or when exaggerated as the ending to a question.

Without pitch inversion, it indicates an indicative or answer to an affirmative question, with exaggeration indicating a correction, strong affirmation, or emotional emphatic. Emphasis on an individual pitch can indicate emphasis on a single word, somewhat similar to English, although it's generally only used for surprise or otherwise act to highlight the topic when answering or asking a yes/no interrogative, the latter of which may also end in a high pitch specifically on the final unstressed syllable (or rising if the final syllable is stressed).

=== Romanization ===
'Arborese does not feature its own alphabet, and the Latin script has been adopted to cover it, although in day-to-day use things are rarely written down in Arborese and linguists tend to use the IPA.
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Letter
|Aa
|Pb
|Cc
|Ee
|Ff
|Gg
|Hh
|Lld
|Mm
|Nn
|Oo
|Tt
|Zz
|'
| -
|-
!Ipa
|/a/
|/b/
|/ʒ/
|/e/
|/f/
|/g/
|/ɦ/
|/d/
|/m/
|/n/
|/o/
|/ǀ/
|/z/
|/ʔ/
|Null Onset after Codas
|}
In romanization, , . ? and ! are frequently used, since they also affect intonation. ! is sometimes put before the first word to indicate a negative answer/correction, while ''italicization'' may be used for emphasized words. (!No, he eatn't the ''bread!'')
[[Category:Language]]

'Arborese

2026-07-26T03:33:20Z

Jutomi: Removed Ii; added stress and intonation !

{{Infobox language|name='Arborese|family=Unknown|era=today|scripts=None (Latin)|country=[['Arbor 'Iland]]|number=only a couple dozen; critically endangered|usage=rare; in private, chiefly among elders|lang-code=arb|demonym='Arborese}}

'Arborese (sometimes spelled ''Arborese''; no endonym documented) is a critically endangered language seldom spoken in the volcanic island territory of [['Arbor 'Iland]]. It is believed to be weakly agglutinative, although not much is known about its grammar at this time.

== Phonetics ==
Arborese features a fairly minimalist phonemic inventory, with only four vowels and 11 consonants, though there is a degree of free variation and allophony depending on where a sound appears in a word, syllable or utterance, as well as 16 "combined vowels" that appear as diphthongs or long monophthongs.

=== Phonotactics ===
The syllable structure is (C)V(V)(C). Any consonant phoneme may start a syllable, but only /n/, /g/, /ʒ/, /d~ʔ/, /f/ and /z/ can appear in coda.

There are estimated to be 308 total possible syllables; properly including long monophthongs and diphthongs, up to 1,232.

=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
!Bilabial
!Alveolar
!Postalveolar
!Velar
!Glottal
|-
!Nasal / Click
|/m/ Mm
|/n/ Nn
|/ǀ/ [ᶢʇ~ᵏǂ] Tt
|
|∅ ∅/-
|-
!Stop
|/w/ Pbw
|/d/ [t̺~l~ɾ] Lld
| rowspan="2" |/ʒ/ [d͡ʒ] Cc
| rowspan="2" |/g/ [ɣ] Gg
|/ʔ/ '
|-
!Fricative
|/f/ Ff
|/z/ [z̪] Zz
|/ɦ/ Hh
|}
- /d/ is usually [ɾ] or sometimes [d̺], but is [l~ɾ] (Ll not [ǀ]) invervocally and word-initially, making "adua" and "a lua" usually phonetically distinct, although speakers sometimes pronounce them interchangeably.

- Similarly, /b/ is [b~p] word-initially, [b~ɓ] after [ʔ] (word-medial coda /d/), and otherwise [w] word-medially when either intervocalic or after /z/, /n/, /g/, /ʒ/ /f/, though it can occasionally be [b] in these environments.

- - It is also more commonly [b] before /o/, [w] before /e/, and in between before /a/.

- Coda /ɣ/ and /d͡ʒ/ are semi-distinct intervocally from onset /g/ and /ʒ/, but are considered the same phoneme as they are in weak complementary distribution, even being somewhat in free variation in all environments.

- /f/ becomes [ɸ] before /ɔ/, including diphthongs, as well as utterance-finally, where it may be considered somewhat syllabic in nature, as with /z/ and /ʒ/.

- Coda /d~ʔ/ is hard to describe, since it's usually /ʔ/, but is believed to have come from /d/, which exists in some environments. Most linguists tend to use both phonemes depending on the context, though some use an archiphonemic /D/. Others still propose using /t/ given it also becomes a click utterance-finally. It is always represented with <d> in romanization.

- Conversely, coda [n] is commonly analyzed as simply /n/, even thought allophonically it can appear as [m].

- /o/ frequently is voiceless or disappears between /z/ and before /z/ or /ʒ/, most often being realized as something akin to [s͡s͜ʷs] and [ʃ͡ʃ͜ʷʃ] respectively.

- - A similar process happens between two /f/s, although in this case the realization is more likely [fɵ̥f].

- Voicing is non-contrastive, although /m/, /n/, and word-medial intervocalic /b/ and /d/ tend to be voiced, while other phonemes are most likely slack voice, sometimes pronounced voiced or voiceless in free variation, with utterance-final sounds generally being fully voiceless (and glottal stops being their own thing). A more narrow transcription of these sounds would be /b̥ d̥ v̥ z̥ ʒ̊ g̊ ɦ̥ ᶢ̥ǀ/.

Below is a table of some of the more common realizations of morphological syllable clusters, although some sounds and especially voicing are fairly loose.
{| class="wikitable"
!Coda + Onset
!C + /m/
!C + /n/
!C + /ǀ/
!C + /b/
!C + /d/
!C + /ʒ/
!C + /g/
!C + /f/
!C + /z/
!C + /h/
!C + /ʔ/
!(C +) Vowel
!Word-Final C
!Utterance-Final C
|-
!Word-Initial O
|m
|n
|ᶢǀ~ᵏǀ
|b
|l
|t͡ʃ~d͡ʒ
|g~k
|f
|z~s
|h~ɦ
|ʔ
|∅
|N/A
|N/A
|-
!Vowel (+ O)
|m
|n
|ᶢǀ~ᵏǀ
|w~b
|l~ɾ
|ʒ
|g~k
|f
|z~s
|ɦ
|ʔ
|see: vowels
|∅
|∅~h~ʔ
|-
!n + O
|nm
|n
|ᵑǀ
|nb~mb
|nd, nɺ
|nd͡ʒ
|ŋg~nç
|mv~ŋf
|nz~nd͡z
|nɦ
|nʔ
|n
|n
|n
|-
!f + O
|fm
|fn
|fᵏǀ~ᵑǀ
|fp~fɓ~fw
|fd~ft, fl
|fd͡ʒ
|fg~fk
|fʷf
|fs~fz
|fɦ~vh
|fʔ
|f~ɸ
|f
|ɸ~ů
|-
!z + O
|zm
|zn
|zᶢǀ~zᵑǀ
|zw~zb
|zd, zl
|zd͡ʒ
|zg~sk
|zf~sf
|zʷz~sʷs
|zh~sɦ
|zʔ~sʔ
|z~s
|z~s
|s
|-
!c + O
|d͡ʒm~t͡ʃm
|ʃn~d͡ʒ
|ʒᶢǀ~ʒᵑǀ
|d͡ʒb~ʒw
|(d͡)ʒd, ʃɺ
|ʒd͡ʒ~ʃt͡ʃ
|ʒg~t͡ʃk
|ʒf~t͡ʃf
|ʒʷʒ~ʃʷʃ
|t͡ʃh~d͡ʒɦ
|t͡ʃʔ~ʒʔ
|t͡ʃ~d͡ʒ
|d͡ʒ
|t͡ʃ~ʃ
|-
!g + O
|km~ɣm
|kn~ɣn
|ᵏǀˀ~ǀ͡ɠ
|gb~ɣw
|<nowiki>kt~gd~ɠ͡|</nowiki>
|gʒ~ɣʒ
|ʔɣ~kx
|gf~xf
|ɣz~d͡z
|gh~kh~x
|ɣʔ~çʔ
|ʁ~ɣ~ç
|ɣ~x
|x
|-
!d/' + O
|ʔm
|ʔn
|ᵏǀˀ~ǀ͡ɠ
|ʔb~ɓ
|ʔd~ɗ
|ʔʒ~ʔt͡ʃ
|ʔg~ɠ
|df~ʔf
|ʔz~t͡s
|dh~ʔh
|dʔ
|d~ɾ
|ɾ~ʔ
|ǀˀ
|}
This phonetically creates a distinct [ᵑǀ], [ǀˀ], [sʷs], [ʃʷʃ], and [fʷf~fɵ̥f], semi-distinct [b] [d͡ʒ] and [ɣ], and non-distinct [ŋ~ɲ], [ɓ], [ɗ], [ɠ], [ǀ͡ɠ], [ɸ] and [t͡s]. None of these are considered phonemic.

=== Vowels ===
'Arborese features four vowels: /a/ Aa, /e/ Ee, and /o/ Oo. Each of these may combine into a different diphthong or lengthened monophthongs, as shown in the below table.
{| class="wikitable"
!
!Front
!Open
!Back
|-
!Unstressed Short
|/e/ [ɪ~ɨ] e
|/a/ [ɐ] a
|/o/ [ɔ] o
|-
!Stressed Short
|[i:] (i:~ɨ:) e
|[ɜ:] aa
|[o:] o
|-
!V + ɪ
|[ɪ:] (e:~i:) ee
|[aɛ̆] ae
|[ɔɪ] [ɘɪ̆~we] oi
|-
!V + ɐ
|[ɛă] ea
|[a:]
|[oɑ] (ɔɑ̆~wa) oa
|-
!V + ɔ
|[ɪɒ] (jɑ~ɪɔ̆) eo
|[aɔ̆] [~ɛʊ̆] ao
|[ɒ:] (ɔ:~ɑː) oo
|-
!Utterance-initially
|([j] +) V
|([ʕ̞] +) V
|([w] +) V
|}
In addition, some argue that these can further combine into triphthongs or glides with lengthened monophthongs, although most agree they are realizations of vowel or diphthong hiatus. Additionally, two monophthongs across word boundaries are believed to have a true vowel hiatus and not become a diphthong.

=== Stress and Intonation ===
The first syllable of a polysyllabic words is generally stressed, unless the second syllable is heavier. (C)V is lighter than CVV / CVC, which are both lighter than CVVC; i.e. ''eno'', ''eenon,'' and ''faongaed'' would be stress-initial, but ''anoa, zomed, gaomead,'' and ''hazfeen'' would be second-syllable stress. Words that are four or five syllables long have secondary stress on the penultimate syllable, and have stressed syllables every even number of syllables beforehand up until (and including) the second syllable after the initial stressed syllable: i.e. ''Mafoanaazameegananoen'' would be [ma'foa.na:.zɐˌme:gɐˌnɐ:.nɔɪn].

For single-syllable words, CV and CVC words are generally unstressed, while CVV and CVVC words are generally stressed. ''Mae gae zau ne bo fe meneo'' would be ['mae.'gae.'zau.ne.bo.fe'mi:.nɪɒ]

Short monophthongs (/e/ /a/ /o/) that are stressed become long vowels. These are different from both double vowels (/ee/ /aa/ /oo/), which are long and have a different vowel quality, and two vowels across word boundaries (/e e/ /a a/ /o o/), which are technically two short vowels which can both be independently stressed or unstressed. Long vowels and diphthongs retain the same length, but are pronounced with an "unstressed" pitch.

Aside from lengthening short vowels, stress in 'Arborese is generally denoted with a falling pitch, starting from a higher tone and ending on the level tone that other syllables are resting at, meaning most syllables have a level low tone. However, the falling tone can become a rising tone in certain intonation patterns, with unstressed vowels following it becoming a level high pitch. This is sometimes dubbed "pitch inversion".

Pitch inversion can happen for a number of reasons. Across a whole sentence, when exaggerated, it can indicate surprise, a dubitative, or an otherwise counterfactual. When less exaggerated, it can act as a polite correction or an answer to a no question, or otherwise as a way of highlighting important information or as a form of excitement or anxiety. When only the final stress of a clause, it indicates "incompleteness", and functions as both a pause between clauses (similar to a comma in French), or when exaggerated as the ending to a question.

Without pitch inversion, it indicates an indicative or answer to an affirmative question, with exaggeration indicating a correction, strong affirmation, or emotional emphatic. Emphasis on an individual pitch can indicate emphasis on a single word, somewhat similar to English, although it's generally only used for surprise or otherwise act to highlight the topic in a yes/no interrogative, the latter of which may also end in a high pitch specifically on the final unstressed syllable (or rising if the final syllable is stressed).

=== Romanization ===
'Arborese does not feature its own alphabet, and the Latin script has been adopted to cover it, although in day-to-day use things are rarely written down in Arborese and linguists tend to use the IPA.
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Letter
|Aa
|Pb
|Cc
|Ee
|Ff
|Gg
|Hh
|Lld
|Mm
|Nn
|Oo
|Tt
|Zz
|'
| -
|-
!Ipa
|/a/
|/b/
|/ʒ/
|/e/
|/f/
|/g/
|/ɦ/
|/d/
|/m/
|/n/
|/o/
|/ǀ/
|/z/
|/ʔ/
|Null Onset after Codas
|}
[[Category:Language]]

'Arborese

2026-07-26T03:01:56Z

Jutomi: Removed /i/; added [w]

List of lists

2026-07-25T02:47:10Z

Jutomi: Moved important resources and meta lists to their own lists; rearranged a couple others; added categories page and dishes

This is a list of all lists on the Wiki.

== Meta Lists ==

*'''List of lists'''
* [[List of lists of lists]]

* [[Special:Categories|List of Ŋwiki Categories]]

== Server Resource Lists ==
* [[Cenrail network|List of Cenrail Lines]]
* [[List of modded changes]]
* [[List of Modded Items]]
* [[List of Places]] (also see [[Map|Map of the ŋorld]])
* [[List of rail networks]]
* [[List of Warps]]

== Lists of players ==

* [[List of banned players]]
* [[List of Season 1 Players]]

* [[:Category:Players|List of Players]]

== Geographical lists ==

* [[List of Condominia]]
* [[Continent|List of continents]]
* [[List of former sovereign states]]
* [[List of interŋational organizations]]
* [[List of Jeanlikes]]
* [[List of John-likes]]
* [[List of Ɱetropolitan Areas]]
* [[List of Places]] (also see [[Map|Map of the ŋorld]])
* [[List of ŋations based on Rome]]
* [[List of Raided and unRaided places]]
* [[List of seas]]
* [[List of unclaimed areas]]
* [[United Ŋations Laws#List of UŊ Protectorates|List of UŊ Protectorates]]

==Lists of political parties==

* [[List of political parties in Rauratoshan]]
* [[List of political parties in Nāroňpār]]
* [[List of political parties in the Kingdom of Hummland]]
* [[List of political parties in the Kingdom of Kyaw Cen]]
* [[List of political parties in the Realm of Madness]]
* [[List of political parties in the Republic of Twanland]]
* [[List of political parties in Vallis Draconum]]

==Linguistic lists==
* [[Kozramva vocabulary|List of Kozramva words]]
* [[Kyawcenni vocabulary|List of Kyawcenni words]]
* [[List of Languages|List of languages]] (see also: [[:Category:Languages]] which is slightly different.)
* [[List of language isolates]]
* [[:Category:Language Family|List of language families]]
* [[List of Official Languages]]
==Lists of holidays==

* [[List of Cursdays in the Realm of Madness]]
* [[List of holidays in Enkavak]]
* [[List of holidays in Hummland]]
* [[List of holidays in Rauratoshan]]
* [[List of holidays in the Kingdom of Kyaw Cen]]
* [[List of holidays in the People's Free City of Amuj]]
* [[List of holidays in Twanland]]
* [[List of holidays in Aprux Mexyrhat]]

==Other Lists==
* [[Armorial of sovereign states]]
* [[List of alternate LoCATE names]]
* [[List of Annwans]]
* [[List of Anomalous Objects]]
* [[Amujology|List of Amujs]]
* [[List of Boats owned by the VSC]]
* [[List of bridges over the Yetch River]]
* [[List of bridges in Kyaw Cen]]
* [[List of commands]]
* [[List of countries recognized by Aprux Mexyrhat]]
* [[List of countries recognized by the Keis-Spucke Administration]]
* [[List of countries in IPA]]
* [[List of Cəŋspiracy Theories]]
* [[List of deities of Yukacan]]
* [[List of ducks]]
* [[List of Economic Unions]]
* [[List of electoral systems by ŋation]]
* [[List of freedom indices]]
* [[List of "gaming" Variations]]
* [[List of ghastports]]
* [[List of individual horses]]
* [[List of Kyawcennis]]
* [[List of ɱedical conditions]]
* [[List of name systems]]
* [[List of news sources in Rauratoshan]]
* [[List of Ŋational Dishes]]
* [[List of ŋorldbuilding issues]]
* [[List of Pages Related to FERRA]]
* [[:Category:People|List of People]]
* [[List of placenames in IPA]]
* [[List of post offices and postal service providers]]
* [[List of Proposed Countries]]
* [[List of Sapient Species]]
* [[List of Superpowers]]
* [[List of temples]]
* [[List of things Marcy Sheikah brags about having invented]]
* [[List of united organizations]]
* [[List of villages in Enkavak]]
* [[List of wars]]
[[Category:Lists|*]]

List of lists

2026-07-25T01:57:50Z

Jutomi: /* Linguistic lists */ Added players, people and languages (x2)

This is a list of all lists on the Wiki.

==Lists of holidays==

* [[List of Cursdays in the Realm of Madness]]
* [[List of holidays in Enkavak]]
* [[List of holidays in Hummland]]
* [[List of holidays in Rauratoshan]]
* [[List of holidays in the Kingdom of Kyaw Cen]]
* [[List of holidays in the People's Free City of Amuj]]
* [[List of holidays in Twanland]]
* [[List of holidays in Aprux Mexyrhat]]

== Lists of players ==

* [[List of banned players]]
* [[List of Season 1 Players]]
* [[:Category:People|List of People (IC)]]

* [[:Category:Players|List of Players]]

==Lists of political parties==

* [[List of political parties in Rauratoshan]]
* [[List of political parties in Nāroňpār]]
* [[List of political parties in the Kingdom of Hummland]]
* [[List of political parties in the Kingdom of Kyaw Cen]]
* [[List of political parties in the Realm of Madness]]
* [[List of political parties in the Republic of Twanland]]
* [[List of political parties in Vallis Draconum]]

==Linguistic lists==
* [[Kozramva vocabulary|List of Kozramva words]]
* [[Kyawcenni vocabulary|List of Kyawcenni words]]
* [[List of Languages|List of languages]] (see also: [[:Category:Languages]] which is slightly different.)
* [[List of language isolates]]
* [[:Category:Language Family|List of language families]]
* [[List of Official Languages]]

== Geographical lists ==

* [[List of Condominia]]
* [[Continent|List of continents]]
* [[List of interŋational organizations]]
* [[List of Jeanlikes]]
* [[List of John-likes]]
* [[List of Ɱetropolitan Areas]]
* [[List of Places]] (also see [[Map|Map of the ŋorld]])
* [[List of Raided and unRaided places]]
* [[List of seas]]
* [[List of unclaimed areas]]
* [[United Ŋations Laws#List of UŊ Protectorates|List of UŊ Protectorates]]

==Other Lists==
* [[Armorial of sovereign states]]
* [[List of alternate LoCATE names]]
* [[List of Annwans]]
* [[List of Anomalous Objects]]
* [[Amujology|List of Amujs]]
* [[List of Boats owned by the VSC]]
* [[List of bridges over the Yetch River]]
* [[List of bridges in Kyaw Cen]]
* [[List of commands]]
* [[List of countries recognized by Aprux Mexyrhat]]
* [[List of countries recognized by the Keis-Spucke Administration]]
* [[List of countries in IPA]]
* [[List of Cəŋspiracy Theories]]
* [[List of deities of Yukacan]]
* [[List of ducks]]
* [[List of Economic Unions]]
* [[List of electoral systems by ŋation]]
* [[List of former sovereign states]]
* [[List of freedom indices]]
* [[List of "gaming" Variations]]
* [[List of ghastports]]
* [[List of individual horses]]
* [[List of Kyawcennis]]
* '''List of lists'''
* [[List of lists of lists]]
* [[List of modded changes]]
* [[List of Modded Items]]
* [[List of ɱedical conditions]]
* [[List of name systems]]
* [[List of news sources in Rauratoshan]]
* [[List of ŋations based on Rome]]
* [[List of ŋorldbuilding issues]]
* [[List of Pages Related to FERRA]]
* [[List of placenames in IPA]]
* [[List of post offices and postal service providers]]
* [[List of Proposed Countries]]
* [[List of rail networks]]
* [[List of Sapient Species]]
* [[List of Superpowers]]
* [[List of temples]]
* [[List of things Marcy Sheikah brags about having invented]]
* [[List of united organizations]]
* [[List of villages in Enkavak]]
* [[List of Warps]]
* [[List of wars]]
[[Category:Lists|*]]

List of John-likes

2026-07-25T01:49:08Z

Jutomi: Figured I'd add Yatasi, albeit it's somewhat of an edge case.

A "John-like" is a specific genre of build on the Nguhcraft server defined by having a labyrinthine, confusing layout, a generally creepy, eerie, or horror-themed aesthetic, and having some puzzle elements. While the genre is named after John Octahedron, John was not the first John-like. However, it was the most influential, and led to a surge of new, similar builds after its creation.

The following is a list of John-like builds on the server.
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Build Title
!Date Created
!Date Completed
!Creator
!Location
|-
|[[User:Zipsegv/The_Complex|The Complex]]
|30/9/2024
|
|[[User:Zipsegv|Zipsegv]]
| -2350, 6250
|-
|House 2
|1/4/2026
|
|Everyone
| -7700, -7300
|-
|[[House]]
|26/7/2025
|
|[[User:BinaryPrime|Binary]]
|4150, -2950
|-
|John Octahedron
|
|8/8/2025
|[[Chronos]]
|[[Evil Scamming Country]]
-7720, 2295
|-
|aBoDe
|30/10/2025
|3/4/2026
|[[user:Poppingcorn|popping_corn]]
|Gusabaalhan, [[Maize]]
-300, 3800
|-
|Evil Torture Labyrinth
|13/02/2026
|
|[[Rivulé Rainworld]]
|Mezopol, [[Paz Kiiam]]
4383, 2960
|-
|[[Uuši Jovensuu|''Uuši Jovensuu'']]<ref>Yatasi may be considered an edge case, and while it features several elements similar to other John-Likes, it also services as a functional living complex.</ref>
|
|
|[[Hakced]]
|[[Yatasi Special Economic Area|Yatasi]], [[Sofao Tâsi]]
|}

== See also ==

* [[List of Jeanlikes|Jeanlikes]]

Weapons of Mass Destruction

2026-07-25T01:36:28Z

Jutomi: phrasing

A '''weapon of mass destruction''' ('''WMD''') is a biological, chemical, radiological, nuclear, or any other weapon that can kill or significantly harm many people or cause great damage to artificial structures (e.g., buildings), natural structures (e.g., mountains), or the biosphere.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weapon_of_mass_destruction</ref>

In the context of [[Nguhcraft]], a weapon of mass destruction refers to a type of weapon which typically only exists in-lore. While there are so-called "orbital cannons" buildable in Minecraft, which are considered WMDs, [[Ætérnal]] and/or Nguhcraft players and/or the Nguhcraft server infrastructure itself would crash out over someone attempting to use one. However, it should be noted that other forms of OOC/OORP WMDs are not tolerated without mutual consent, if at all. Non-consentual TNT griefing in [[World War 2]] resulted in the banning of a prominent player. (Don't grief.) Silverfish mining is prohibited by the [[United Ŋations]] as it is seen an egregious environmental hazard. The [[Fumo Factory Incidents]] may also technically be considered the results of an accidental server WMD.

Some players have considered Nguhcraft items that have received enchantments added by the Nguhcraft mod to be WMDs, and some have also used the phrase to refer to maces in general due to their ability to trivialize PVP combat. However, neither ingame use of "WMD" has seen common use since Adnar was nuked 32 times.

== Types of WMDs present in Nguhcraft ==
''This list is incomplete. You can help by expanding it BUT NOT BY MAKING WMDs OF YOUR OWN!''

Multiple kinds of WMDs has been deployed in Nguhcraft. With the targets mainly being civilian targets.

=== Amodingaling ===
The [[Amodingaling Autonomous Ward|Amodingaling]] is a superweapon created by [[Adnar]], located in northeastern [[Slabland]]. It is a gargantuan gun that appears to be able to target individuals from across the [[Ŋorld]], although it has never been utilized.

=== Nuclear Weapons ===
Multiple ŋations posesses nuclear weapon. Such as [[Wekañu-Skefo]], [[Enkavak]], and [[Republic of Minaro-Cohasia|Minaro-Cohasia]]. Nuclear weapons has famously been available via the email address [[Send me a Nuke|sendme@a.nuke.gg]], which used to send a nuclear bomb towards the sender's location. Currently, the e-mail no longer sends nukes. There have been multiple nuclear crisis, causing a growing movement against nuclear weapon.

=== Rod from God ===
A Rod From God (RFG) is a rod made from a magnetic material. Two ŋations have made Rods from God, with different metrics.

Imerchal's Rod from God weighed 1 metric ton and is dropped at terminal velocity (0.7c).<ref>https://discord.com/channels/697450809390268467/1430803355118080060/1492532392513241380</ref> It has famously been used by the [[Free City of Yetch Bay]] against the [[Adnar|Communist Empire of Adnar]]. It was dropped during the Adnar-Enkavak war, annihilating a neighbourhood in [[Đoòng Sơn Cavern|Đoòng Sơn]].<ref>https://discord.com/channels/697450809390268467/1377192443241435166/1492592945403138179</ref> After witnessing the impact of RFG, multiple ŋations condemned Imerchal's actions, including Imerchal themselves as they impeached the Director of Defense Volie for misuse of national weapon.

New Maeksikeo's Rods from God (typically referred to using the phrase ''relativistic missile'' instead of ''rod from god'') are usually made of the more magnetically powerful neodymium, but iron is also frequently used since neodymium is rarer. The [[Parkɚ Ŋolar Probe]] is a work-in-progress retrofitted Kardonian Imperial shuttle, the ''C’ileya'' to be specific, and as such has the ability to launch RFGs, using gravity boosts from the suŋ as well as magnetic acceleration to achieve relativistic speeds. While it was originally intended to end the use of every other WMD on this page, the ''C’ileya'''s cannons were never loaded due to subsequent treaties regarding the use of WMDs.

===The Siren===
During the RFG incident, [[Minaro-Cohasia]] joked that [[The Siren|the Siren Rokolesi]] is a weapon of mass destruction, as She can flood entire ŋations (such as [[Adnar]]<ref>Why does Adnar keep falling victim to WMDs?</ref>) among other disastrous threats to life and property. The Siren has never actually been used in this manner.

===Wormholes===
While technically not a WMD per se, [[Enkavak]] has the ability to make wormholes anywhere on Nguhcraft, at the cost of the majority of the Gulf's military budget. It notably used this ability in order to (temporarily) imprison [[Peleṽa Thoa-Saevakki]]. Unlike other WMD incidents, this wormhole did attack a military target, and has a much smaller footprint of damage than any aforementioned WMD. However, since it caused unnecessary damage and is hilariously overpowered, it is often considered one.

New Maeksikeo immediately considered the wormhole to be impossible, partially as it has never, artificially or naturally, seen a white hole, a prerequisite to wormhole formation, and partially because if it was real, Enkavak could conquer the entire Kardonian Empire. Less-futuristic ŋations like [[Maraśa]] and [[Adaria]] were also in awe, but treated the incident with religious importance. This makes the Saevakki Wormhole incident the most prominent use of a WMD (should it be considered one) in Nguhcraft history.

Weapons of Mass Destruction

2026-07-25T01:34:12Z

Jutomi: it*

A '''weapon of mass destruction''' ('''WMD''') is a biological, chemical, radiological, nuclear, or any other weapon that can kill or significantly harm many people or cause great damage to artificial structures (e.g., buildings), natural structures (e.g., mountains), or the biosphere.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weapon_of_mass_destruction</ref>

In the context of [[Nguhcraft]], a weapon of mass destruction refers to a type of weapon which typically only exists in-lore. While there are so-called "orbital cannons" buildable in Minecraft, which are considered WMDs, [[Ætérnal]] and/or Nguhcraft players and/or the Nguhcraft server infrastructure itself would crash out over someone attempting to use one. However, it should be noted that other forms of OOC/OORP WMDs are not tolerated without mutual consent, if at all. Non-consentual TNT griefing in [[World War 2]] resulted in the banning of a prominent player. Silverfish mining is prohibited by the [[United Ŋations]] as it is seen a severe hazard. The [[Fumo Factory Incidents]] may also technically be considered accidental server WMDs.

Some players have considered Nguhcraft items that have received enchantments added by the Nguhcraft mod to be WMDs, and some have also used the phrase to refer to maces in general due to their ability to trivialize PVP combat. However, neither ingame use of "WMD" has seen common use since Adnar was nuked 32 times.

== Types of WMDs present in Nguhcraft ==
''This list is incomplete. You can help by expanding it BUT NOT BY MAKING WMDs OF YOUR OWN!''

Multiple kinds of WMDs has been deployed in Nguhcraft. With the targets mainly being civilian targets.

=== Amodingaling ===
The [[Amodingaling Autonomous Ward|Amodingaling]] is a superweapon created by [[Adnar]], located in northeastern [[Slabland]]. It is a gargantuan gun that appears to be able to target individuals from across the [[Ŋorld]], although it has never been utilized.

=== Nuclear Weapons ===
Multiple ŋations posesses nuclear weapon. Such as [[Wekañu-Skefo]], [[Enkavak]], and [[Republic of Minaro-Cohasia|Minaro-Cohasia]]. Nuclear weapons has famously been available via the email address [[Send me a Nuke|sendme@a.nuke.gg]], which used to send a nuclear bomb towards the sender's location. Currently, the e-mail no longer sends nukes. There have been multiple nuclear crisis, causing a growing movement against nuclear weapon.

=== Rod from God ===
A Rod From God (RFG) is a rod made from a magnetic material. Two ŋations have made Rods from God, with different metrics.

Imerchal's Rod from God weighed 1 metric ton and is dropped at terminal velocity (0.7c).<ref>https://discord.com/channels/697450809390268467/1430803355118080060/1492532392513241380</ref> It has famously been used by the [[Free City of Yetch Bay]] against the [[Adnar|Communist Empire of Adnar]]. It was dropped during the Adnar-Enkavak war, annihilating a neighbourhood in [[Đoòng Sơn Cavern|Đoòng Sơn]].<ref>https://discord.com/channels/697450809390268467/1377192443241435166/1492592945403138179</ref> After witnessing the impact of RFG, multiple ŋations condemned Imerchal's actions, including Imerchal themselves as they impeached the Director of Defense Volie for misuse of national weapon.

New Maeksikeo's Rods from God (typically referred to using the phrase ''relativistic missile'' instead of ''rod from god'') are usually made of the more magnetically powerful neodymium, but iron is also frequently used since neodymium is rarer. The [[Parkɚ Ŋolar Probe]] is a work-in-progress retrofitted Kardonian Imperial shuttle, the ''C’ileya'' to be specific, and as such has the ability to launch RFGs, using gravity boosts from the suŋ as well as magnetic acceleration to achieve relativistic speeds. While it was originally intended to end the use of every other WMD on this page, the ''C’ileya'''s cannons were never loaded due to subsequent treaties regarding the use of WMDs.

===The Siren===
During the RFG incident, [[Minaro-Cohasia]] joked that [[The Siren|the Siren Rokolesi]] is a weapon of mass destruction, as She can flood entire ŋations (such as [[Adnar]]<ref>Why does Adnar keep falling victim to WMDs?</ref>) among other disastrous threats to life and property. The Siren has never actually been used in this manner.

===Wormholes===
While technically not a WMD per se, [[Enkavak]] has the ability to make wormholes anywhere on Nguhcraft, at the cost of the majority of the Gulf's military budget. It notably used this ability in order to (temporarily) imprison [[Peleṽa Thoa-Saevakki]]. Unlike other WMD incidents, this wormhole did attack a military target, and has a much smaller footprint of damage than any aforementioned WMD. However, since it caused unnecessary damage and is hilariously overpowered, it is often considered one.

New Maeksikeo immediately considered the wormhole to be impossible, partially as it has never, artificially or naturally, seen a white hole, a prerequisite to wormhole formation, and partially because if it was real, Enkavak could conquer the entire Kardonian Empire. Less-futuristic ŋations like [[Maraśa]] and [[Adaria]] were also in awe, but treated the incident with religious importance. This makes the Saevakki Wormhole incident the most prominent use of a WMD (should it be considered one) in Nguhcraft history.

Weapons of Mass Destruction

2026-07-25T01:33:36Z

Jutomi: /* Types of WMDs present in Nguhcraft */ Added Amodingaling, WWII, Silverfish Mining, and Fumo

A '''weapon of mass destruction''' ('''WMD''') is a biological, chemical, radiological, nuclear, or any other weapon that can kill or significantly harm many people or cause great damage to artificial structures (e.g., buildings), natural structures (e.g., mountains), or the biosphere.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weapon_of_mass_destruction</ref>

In the context of [[Nguhcraft]], a weapon of mass destruction refers to a type of weapon which typically only exists in-lore. While there are so-called "orbital cannons" buildable in Minecraft, which are considered WMDs, [[Ætérnal]] and/or Nguhcraft players and/or the Nguhcraft server infrastructure itself would crash out over someone attempting to use one. However, it should be noted that other forms of OOC/OORP WMDs are not tolerated without mutual consent, if at all. Non-consentual TNT griefing in [[World War 2]] resulted in the banning of a prominent player. Silverfish mining is prohibited by the [[United Ŋations]] as is is seen a severe hazard. The [[Fumo Factory Incidents]] may also technically be considered accidental server WMDs.

Some players have considered Nguhcraft items that have received enchantments added by the Nguhcraft mod to be WMDs, and some have also used the phrase to refer to maces in general due to their ability to trivialize PVP combat. However, neither ingame use of "WMD" has seen common use since Adnar was nuked 32 times.

== Types of WMDs present in Nguhcraft ==
''This list is incomplete. You can help by expanding it BUT NOT BY MAKING WMDs OF YOUR OWN!''

Multiple kinds of WMDs has been deployed in Nguhcraft. With the targets mainly being civilian targets.

=== Amodingaling ===
The [[Amodingaling Autonomous Ward|Amodingaling]] is a superweapon created by [[Adnar]], located in northeastern [[Slabland]]. It is a gargantuan gun that appears to be able to target individuals from across the [[Ŋorld]], although it has never been utilized.

=== Nuclear Weapons ===
Multiple ŋations posesses nuclear weapon. Such as [[Wekañu-Skefo]], [[Enkavak]], and [[Republic of Minaro-Cohasia|Minaro-Cohasia]]. Nuclear weapons has famously been available via the email address [[Send me a Nuke|sendme@a.nuke.gg]], which used to send a nuclear bomb towards the sender's location. Currently, the e-mail no longer sends nukes. There have been multiple nuclear crisis, causing a growing movement against nuclear weapon.

=== Rod from God ===
A Rod From God (RFG) is a rod made from a magnetic material. Two ŋations have made Rods from God, with different metrics.

Imerchal's Rod from God weighed 1 metric ton and is dropped at terminal velocity (0.7c).<ref>https://discord.com/channels/697450809390268467/1430803355118080060/1492532392513241380</ref> It has famously been used by the [[Free City of Yetch Bay]] against the [[Adnar|Communist Empire of Adnar]]. It was dropped during the Adnar-Enkavak war, annihilating a neighbourhood in [[Đoòng Sơn Cavern|Đoòng Sơn]].<ref>https://discord.com/channels/697450809390268467/1377192443241435166/1492592945403138179</ref> After witnessing the impact of RFG, multiple ŋations condemned Imerchal's actions, including Imerchal themselves as they impeached the Director of Defense Volie for misuse of national weapon.

New Maeksikeo's Rods from God (typically referred to using the phrase ''relativistic missile'' instead of ''rod from god'') are usually made of the more magnetically powerful neodymium, but iron is also frequently used since neodymium is rarer. The [[Parkɚ Ŋolar Probe]] is a work-in-progress retrofitted Kardonian Imperial shuttle, the ''C’ileya'' to be specific, and as such has the ability to launch RFGs, using gravity boosts from the suŋ as well as magnetic acceleration to achieve relativistic speeds. While it was originally intended to end the use of every other WMD on this page, the ''C’ileya'''s cannons were never loaded due to subsequent treaties regarding the use of WMDs.

===The Siren===
During the RFG incident, [[Minaro-Cohasia]] joked that [[The Siren|the Siren Rokolesi]] is a weapon of mass destruction, as She can flood entire ŋations (such as [[Adnar]]<ref>Why does Adnar keep falling victim to WMDs?</ref>) among other disastrous threats to life and property. The Siren has never actually been used in this manner.

===Wormholes===
While technically not a WMD per se, [[Enkavak]] has the ability to make wormholes anywhere on Nguhcraft, at the cost of the majority of the Gulf's military budget. It notably used this ability in order to (temporarily) imprison [[Peleṽa Thoa-Saevakki]]. Unlike other WMD incidents, this wormhole did attack a military target, and has a much smaller footprint of damage than any aforementioned WMD. However, since it caused unnecessary damage and is hilariously overpowered, it is often considered one.

New Maeksikeo immediately considered the wormhole to be impossible, partially as it has never, artificially or naturally, seen a white hole, a prerequisite to wormhole formation, and partially because if it was real, Enkavak could conquer the entire Kardonian Empire. Less-futuristic ŋations like [[Maraśa]] and [[Adaria]] were also in awe, but treated the incident with religious importance. This makes the Saevakki Wormhole incident the most prominent use of a WMD (should it be considered one) in Nguhcraft history.

List of lists

2026-07-25T01:18:20Z

Jutomi: Added Jean, John and Horse

This is a list of all lists on the Wiki.

==Lists of holidays==

* [[List of Cursdays in the Realm of Madness]]
* [[List of holidays in Enkavak]]
* [[List of holidays in Hummland]]
* [[List of holidays in Rauratoshan]]
* [[List of holidays in the Kingdom of Kyaw Cen]]
* [[List of holidays in the People's Free City of Amuj]]
* [[List of holidays in Twanland]]
* [[List of holidays in Aprux Mexyrhat]]

== Lists of players ==

* [[List of banned players]]
* [[List of Season 1 Players]]

==Lists of political parties==

* [[List of political parties in Rauratoshan]]
* [[List of political parties in Nāroňpār]]
* [[List of political parties in the Kingdom of Hummland]]
* [[List of political parties in the Kingdom of Kyaw Cen]]
* [[List of political parties in the Realm of Madness]]
* [[List of political parties in the Republic of Twanland]]
* [[List of political parties in Vallis Draconum]]

==Linguistic lists==
* [[Kozramva vocabulary|List of Kozramva words]]
* [[Kyawcenni vocabulary|List of Kyawcenni words]]
* [[List of Languages]]
* [[List of language isolates]]
* [[List of Official Languages]]

== Geographical lists ==

* [[List of Condominia]]
* [[Continent|List of continents]]
* [[List of interŋational organizations]]
* [[List of Jeanlikes]]
* [[List of John-likes]]
* [[List of Ɱetropolitan Areas]]
* [[List of Places]] (also see [[Map|Map of the ŋorld]])
* [[List of Raided and unRaided places]]
* [[List of seas]]
* [[List of unclaimed areas]]
* [[United Ŋations Laws#List of UŊ Protectorates|List of UŊ Protectorates]]

==Other Lists==
* [[Armorial of sovereign states]]
* [[List of alternate LoCATE names]]
* [[List of Annwans]]
* [[List of Anomalous Objects]]
* [[Amujology|List of Amujs]]
* [[List of Boats owned by the VSC]]
* [[List of bridges over the Yetch River]]
* [[List of bridges in Kyaw Cen]]
* [[List of commands]]
* [[List of countries recognized by Aprux Mexyrhat]]
* [[List of countries recognized by the Keis-Spucke Administration]]
* [[List of countries in IPA]]
* [[List of Cəŋspiracy Theories]]
* [[List of deities of Yukacan]]
* [[List of ducks]]
* [[List of Economic Unions]]
* [[List of electoral systems by ŋation]]
* [[List of former sovereign states]]
* [[List of freedom indices]]
* [[List of "gaming" Variations]]
* [[List of ghastports]]
* [[List of individual horses]]
* [[List of Kyawcennis]]
* '''List of lists'''
* [[List of lists of lists]]
* [[List of modded changes]]
* [[List of Modded Items]]
* [[List of ɱedical conditions]]
* [[List of name systems]]
* [[List of news sources in Rauratoshan]]
* [[List of ŋations based on Rome]]
* [[List of ŋorldbuilding issues]]
* [[List of Pages Related to FERRA]]
* [[List of placenames in IPA]]
* [[List of post offices and postal service providers]]
* [[List of Proposed Countries]]
* [[List of rail networks]]
* [[List of Sapient Species]]
* [[List of Superpowers]]
* [[List of temples]]
* [[List of things Marcy Sheikah brags about having invented]]
* [[List of united organizations]]
* [[List of villages in Enkavak]]
* [[List of Warps]]
* [[List of wars]]
[[Category:Lists|*]]

Qa'oisi

2026-07-24T04:36:53Z

Jutomi: explosives

{{Infobox language|name=Qa'oisi|family=Unknown|era=today|scripts=Unknown|country=[[Qoatzait]]|number=Unknown|usage=Unknown|lang-code=qao|demonym=Unknown}}

'''Qa'oisi''' (IPA: /qaʔoixi/, [k̠ɑ.ʔoɪ.ç̠ɪh]; English: Qoishi [kəˈwi.ʃi]) is reported to be a rare language in the east of [[Ŋafrica]], found around [[Qoatzait]]. Not much is well documented on the language at this time, although its phonology is fairly well established due to its regularity, despite being somewhat unusual. It is not known to have any living relatives at this time.

== Phonology ==
Qa'oisi is estimated to have a fairly small phonemic inventory, although its phonetic inventory is considerably larger.

=== Vowels ===
There are only 3 vowels in Qa'oisi: <Ii> /i/, <Aa> /a/, and <Oo> /o/. These vowels may appear next to each other or on their own, allowing for allophonic glides and diphthongs, although these are not considered unique and are in free variation with normal vowel hiatus. One analysis also preserves /ə/, which still appears phonetically between voiced stops, while becoming either an assimilating voiceless puff of frication or otherwise disappearing entirely in all other environments.

=== Consonants ===
By some counts, Qa'oisi may also have a very small inventory of consonants, with only 12 plosives, 2 fricatives, and 4 nasal stops. Glides are considered allophonic.
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Base Consonants
!Bilabial
!Alveolar
!Velar
!Uvular
!Glottal
|-
|Voiceless Plosive
|Pp /p/
|Tt /t/
|Kk /k/
|Qq /q/
|' /ʔ/
|-
|Voiced Plosive
|Bb /b/
|Dd /d/
|Gg /g/
|
|
|-
|Fricated Plosive
|
|Cc /tˢ/
|Jj /kˣ/
|
|
|-
|Ejective
|
|Cx cx /tʼ/
|Jx jx /kʼ/
|Qx qx /qʼ/
|
|-
|Fricative
|
|Zz /s/
|Ss /x/
|
|
|-
|Nasal
|Mm /m/
|Nn /n/
|Yy /ɲ/
|Rr /ŋ/
|
|}
This analysis is fairly simple, and matches the romanization (with the addition of x to denote enunciation), although it is not perfect. Assuming a CVC structure, it assumes /ə/ is still a fully-fledged vowel that disappears in most environments, while all consonants other than fricatives, explosives, or a glottal stop may appear in coda position. This system is called the "ghost e" analysis, and can make words phonemically run a bit longer than other analyses, since a vowel and in some cases an additional missing unknown consonant need to be appended to stopped codas. Alternatively, it assumes a CVCC structure, with /ʔ/ being not only possible in coda position, but also after any other consonant except /q/ and explosives; this analysis is considered unrealistic and not entirely true to the history or modern realization of its phonetic realizations. This system is called the "ghost x" analysis.

Another, alternative analysis is that all consonants (except either /q/ or /ʔ/) have a duplicate, no-audible-release (or "stopped coda") version, and that these are phonemically distinct. (I.e. /p/ is distinct from /p̚/ in coda positions). The "dual coda" analysis suggests twice as many phonemes, which, along with somewhat more nuanced places of articulation, a linguist popularized with the below table.
{| class="wikitable"
!Base Consonants
!Bilabial
!Dental
!Palatal
!Uvular
!Glottal
|-
|Unvoiced Plosives
|/p/ /p̚/
|/t/ /t̚/
|/c/ /c̚/
|/q/ /qʼ/
|/ʔ/ (/q̚/~/ʔˤ/)
|-
|Voiced Plosive
|/b/ /b̚/
|/d/ /d̚/
|/ɟ/ /ɟ̚/
|
|
|-
|Unvoiced Affricates
|
|/tˢ/ /tˢʼ/
|/cˣ/ /cˣʼ/
|
|
|-
|Fricative
|
|/s/ (/s̚/)
|/ç/ (/ç̚/)
|
|
|-
|Nasal
|/m/ (/m̚/)
|/n/ (/n̚/)
|/ɲ/ (/ɲ̚/)
|/ɴ/ (/ɴ̚/)
|
|}
It should be noted that the dental consonants may be dental-alveolar, the velar/palatal consonants seem to be more accurately prevelar, and the uvular consonant may be either postvelar or uvular - it's difficult to tell for sure which. This is why symbols have varied between linguists for palatal/velar and velar/uvular consonants.

Furthermore, /tˢ/ and /cˣ/ are analyzed as a weakly fricated /t/ and /c/, and may be considered either weak affricates or strongly aspirated. /tˢ/ is still considered dental, though is more likely to be laminal or weakly palatalized than the other dental consonants; /cˣ/ is generally still postpalatal or prevelar.

Another thing of note is that, on account of the nature of applosives, the realization of non-released fricatives and nasals is that they are brief consonants, either glottalized or abruptly followed by an applosive. Thus, while s̚, ç̚, m̚, n̚, ɲ̚, and ɴ̚ may not truly exist, they are often written as useful shorthands; despite this, their true nature likely means /s̚/ is actually closer to [s̆t̚] or [ˢt̚], etc.

It lastly should be noted that explosives are usually tense, often fricated plosives that are sometimes weakly ejective in nature, having a "spatting" quality and always being fortis in nature. This is different from both plosives and explosives followed by /ʔ/, where the former may result in a weak ejective (sometimes notated as [Cˀ]) and the latter a true strong ejective with a lengthened glottal release. /cʼ~kʼ/ and /tʼ/ most often have fricated release while /qʼ/ generally does not, though there is no phonemic contrast.

Another thing worth noting is that the status of /q̚/ is disputed even among those who prefer the dual codas model, as it phonemically arises from /q/ much the same way other non-released stops are. However, it is not entirely clear if this is accurate, since it seems like it can be identical to /ʔ/, though there are some distinct impacts on following vowels rather than prior vowels, though in rare cases it may even surface as [ʡ]. Since it is in complementary distribution with /ʔ/, they are sometimes instead analyzed one and the same, while others prefer a distinct /q̚/. This problem also persists in the simplified phonemic inventory, since the sound could still be represented better phonotactically with /q/ but phonetically with /ʔ/. Additionally, some linguists prefer to stick /ʔ/ next to /q/ and refer to the entire column as "gutteral".

Lastly, there have been a proposal to consider explosives as the inaudible release equivalents for /tˢ/, /cˣ/ and /q/, and instead analyze /q̚/ as a simple coda /ʔ/. This proposal would even work better with ghost-e and ghost-x analyses, as it'd remove many phonotactic constraints; however, it'd also add unnecessary complications, since unlike applosives, explosives can in fact appear in onset positions.

=== Phonotactics ===
As stated previously, the basic syllable structure is (C)V(C), although it may be (C)V(C)(ʔ) under the ghost x analysis. Under both simple phoneme analyses, any consonant may begin a syllable, or be absent entirely. Most consonants can also optionally end a syllable; however, whereas the ghost e analysis argues that /ʔ/, /tˢ/, /kˣ/, /s/, /x/, /tʼ/, /kʼ/, and /qʼ/ cannot end a syllable, the ghost x analysis posits that all syllables may end a syllable, and all ''except'' /ʔ/, /tˢ/, /cˣ/ /tʼ/, /cʼ/, /q'/ may further be followed by /ʔ/. The dual coda analysis instead posits that all consonants may end syllable (except possible /ʔ/; see above paragraph), while only consonants with an audible release may begin one.

There is a phonemic distinction between two vowels separated by /ʔ/ and a plain vowel hiatus, the latter of which may optionally result in glides or diphthongs. However, /ʔ/ is almost only phonetically contrastive intervocally, since utterance-initially, and after codas, an epenthetic [ʔ] is inserted before a vowel. This may have once been a non-distinct realization as a boundary between morphemes, but later got engrained as a distinct phoneme only in certain environments. It may sometimes be dropped utterance-initially if there are two vowels beside one another, but this is optional. Many argue that an epenthetic [ʔ] is also inserted after an ejective consonant even before another consonant, since the duration is similar to that of a coda ejective before a vowel, rather than an onset ejective.

Additionally, while the language is phonemically fairly simple, if difficult to precisely qualify, it is also phonetically a bit more complicated. There is a distinction between /V.CV/ and /VC.V/, since /ʔ/ is epenthetic before vowels in these environments, although there is not a distinction between /VC.V/ and /VC.ʔV/. This may also cause voiceless plosives to become weak ejectives in nature, although not necessarily; this is sometimes notated with a weak glottalization symbol [Cˀ] to distinguish them from phonemic strong ejectives [Cʼ].

Additionally, there is the distinction between non-released consonants, even intervocally. Across analyses, this results in a phonemic contrast between /V.Cə.V/ and /VC.V/, /VC.(ʔ)V/ vs. /VCʔ.(ʔ)V/, or two different phonemes in /VC.V/. These are all distinguishable from onset /V.CV/, as well as both onset and coda ejective phonemes.

In addition to these distinctions, there is also further distinctions between them and /VC.CV/, where the coda may be the same, different, or the non-audible version of the following consonant. Consonants which are fundamentally the same are both pronounced clearly when plosives/affricates/ejectives and cause gemination in fricatives and nasals. In cases where they are otherwise the same place of articulation, but the coda consonant is inaudible, then this is reversed; plosives/affricates/ejectives are geminated, while fricatives and nasals are "broken" with a nonreleased stop of the same place of articulation (or, especially in the case of nasals, sometimes glottal stops).

Things are further complicated when the two consonants are different. While most of the time they are predictable, there are some nuances that must be given attention. Released codas are always fully pronounced, and never "melt" into the following consonant, while nonreleased codas may optionally lose their glottal-like quality when following another consonant. For instance, using dual coda analysis, /atsa/ would be analyzed as [ʔat.sa], while /at̚sa/ would be either [ʔat̚.sa] or, more frequently, [ʔaʔt͡sa]. The difference is even notable in different places of articulation, where the /c/ in /acsa/ much more pronounced and distinguished than in /ac̚sa/, though it is still pronounced in both. Note that voicing of each component remains distinct. (Also note: these are all distinct from /a.tˢa/ [a.tˢa] and /at̚tˢa/ [at:ˢa])

Additionally, coda /q̚/ (/ʔ/) does something different. While the actual uvular aspect of the consonant is often lost, it causes uvularization or pharyngealization of the following consonant leading into the vowel, as well as brief lowering of the vowel in question. For example, /iaq̚si/ may be pronounced as anything from [jæʔ.sˤɪ̞] to [ʔɪɑ̆.ʡsɤɪ̆]. Additionally, any following voiced plosives may become implosive.

Lastly, utterance-finally, an [h] may be appended to vowels to keep them distinct from non-released consonants, which may become more like voiceless approximants or weak fricatives in a similar place of articulation to the vowel. Utterance-final q̚ may be [ʔh].

As such, the full range of hypothesized ''contrastive'' phones may actually resemble something more along the lines of the table below, although there is a fair amount of room for disagreement. Phones indicated in (parentheses) may often be analyzed as two phonemes, with some (such as prestopped fricatives) being considered dubious distinctions, while phones in [brackets] are considered less-frequent free-variation allophones.
{| class="wikitable"
!Base Consonants
!Bilabial
!Dental
!Prevelar
!(Pre)uvular
!Laryngeal
|-
|Voiceless Plosive
|p p̚ (p:) (pˀ)
|t̪ t̪̚ t̪: (t̪ˀ) [t̪’] ([t̪:’)]
|c̠ c̠̚ c̠: (c̠ˀ) [c̠’] ([c̠:’])
|k̠ k̠̚ (k̠:) (k̠ˀ) k̠’ (k̠:’)
|[ʡ] ʔ [ʡ:~ʔˤ]
|-
|Voiced Plosive
|b b̚ (b:) (ɓˤ~b̰)
|d̪ d̪̚ (d̪:) (ɗˤ~d̰)
|ɟ̠ ɟ̠̚ (ɟ̠:) (ʄˤ~ɟ̰)
|
|
|-
|Fricated Plosive
|
|tˢ tˢ’ (t:ˢ) (t:ˢ’) (tˢˀ)
|c̠ˣ c̠ˣ’ (c̠:ˣ) (c̠:ˣ’) (c̠ˣˀ)
|[k̠ᵡ’] ([k̠ᵡ:’])
|[ʔh]
|-
|(Prestopped Fricative)
|
|(t͡s~t͡:s) (t͡s:)
|(c̠͡ç̠~c̠͡:ç̠) (c̠͡ç̠:)
|
|
|-
|Fricative
|
|s̪ (s̪:)
|ç̠ (ç̠:)
|
|[h~ɦ]
|-
|Nasal
|m (m:)
|n̪ (n̪:)
|ɲ̠ (ɲ̠:)
|ŋ̠ (ŋ̠:)
|
|-
|Liquid
|[w]
|
|[j]
| colspan="2" |[ă [ʕ̞~ʢ]]
|-
|Vowels
|o
|
|i
|a
|
|}
Using dual coda analysis, there are an estimated 1,842 possible syllables, with 620 different possible intervocal consonants/clusters.

=== Romanization ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Letter
!Aa
!Bb
!Cc
!Dd
!Gg
!Ii
!Jj
!Kk
!Mm
!Nn
!Oo
!Pp
!Qq
!Rr
!Ss
!Tt
!Yy
!Zz
!Xx
!ʻ'
|-
|Basic IPA / Onset
|/a/
|/b/
|/tˢ/
|/d/
|/g/
|/i/
|/kˣ/
|/k/
|/m/
|/n/
|/o/
|/p/
|/q/
|/ŋ/
|/x/
|/t/
|/ɲ/
|/s/
| -
|/ʔ/
|-
|In Coda
|ă~ʕ
|b̚
|tˢ
|d̚
|g̚
|ɪ̆~j
|kˣ
|k̚
|m̚
|n̚
|ŏ~w
|p̚
|q
|ŋ̚
|x̚
|t̚
|ɲ̚
|s̚
|Fortis
| q̚
|-
|In Coda + x
| -
|b
| tˢ’
|d
|g
|
| kˣ’
|k
|m
|n
| -
|p
|q’
|ŋ
|x
|t
|ɲ
|s
| -
| q̚
|}
Note: Capital X is sometimes used for non-written shorthands or other purposes, or if all caps are used. In most cases, it follows a consonant to indicate that it has audible release, although it is used for c, j, and q to spell the ejectives. Coda ' when followed by a vowel is spelled 'x. Semantic - is used for compounds and contractions, much like a traditional hyphen or apostrophe, and is considered a punctuation rather than a letter.

== Grammar ==
Qa'oisi is a predominantly a topic-marking language, with no clear preference for word order, although VSO and VOS are considered to be more topic neutral, as moving nouns after the verb is considered a backgrounding of information. It appears to be weakly head-initial and weakly agglutinative, being a largely dependent-marking language, although it features a bit of double marking. It also features split ergativity with fluid-s nominative-absolutive alignment, although it differs from most other languages in execution.

=== Nouns ===

==== Case ====
Nouns come in five cases. There are three syntactic cases - nominative, absolutive, and oblique, which also code for a level of directionality and intention, as well as orientation and location - and two locative cases, along with two possessive marking cases for pronouns.

- The '''nominative case''' is usually used when an action is in the present tense, perfective aspect, or for transitive verbs in which the subject is acting with intention. It is also used for certain locatives, as well as a possessive, instrumental, or causative. It can also be used as a positive comitative or privative, i.e. ''Thanks to XYZ''

- The '''absolutive case''' is usually used when an action is acting as a receiver, reflexive, or is in the past imperfective, as well as transitive verbs in which the subject is either the patient or acting unintentionally. It is also used for other locatives, or as a possessed case, partitive, benefactive, or vehicular (anti-instrumental). It can also be used as a negative comitative or privative, i.e. ''Despite XYZ.''

- The '''oblique case''', which can be thought of as the ergative-accusative case, is generally used for the argument that's neither nominative nor absolutive (although sometimes both are used in a transitive sentence, especially if both are being strongly emphasized). This case can also function as the dative, locative, vocative, and comitative, or neutral ''alongside XYZ.''

- The '''terminative case''' is used to indicate "up to XYZ", "before XYZ", "between X and Y", and "including X and Y". It is primarily used for locatives and temporal phrases, but can be used derivationally to mean "almost". It is also generally used for the subessive, superessive, antessive and intrative, and sometimes as a lative.

- The '''postessive case''' is used to indicate going beyond something or behind something, such as "past/beyond/after XYZ" or "behind XYZ". It is also used as a distant subessive or superessive, postelative, approximative or apudessive, and sometimes as an ablative. Like the terminative case, it is mainly used for locatives and temporal phrases, but can be used derivationally to mean "very" or even "excessively".

Additionally, there is a possessive marker which can be added to a nominative or absolutive case to indicate whether an object possesses or is possessed by something. These are sometimes analyzed as a distinct pair of cases, being the possessive and genitive or partitive. However, most analyze only pronouns as having these true cases, since for most nouns it is just a nominative or absolutive case accompanied by a single possessive morpheme.

==== Gender and Number ====
Nouns come in a basic singular-plural distinction. They also feature grammatical gender, in which case adjectives and case agreement match the gender of the noun in question. Prepositions also frequently match the gender of the noun, an instance of head marking, although verbs do not agree with grammatical gender.

The three forms of grammatical gender are generally considered to be wide, thin, and fluid, although in reality many words may fall into categories they wouldn't logically belong to. Wide gendered words tend to end in full consonants, thin gendered words tend to end in applosives, and fluid words tend to end in -i. The plural for wide words tend to end in -o, thin words in -a, and fluid words also in -i, as there originally was not a strong distinction between singular and plural fluid nouns, although exceptions do exist.

=== Verbs ===
Verbs come in many varieties of tense, aspect, and mood. The default realis/stative verb may be in a present or past progressive or perfective, as well as a distant past. The past progressive can also be used as an experiential. The present perfective indicates that an action was just completed, or is about to be completed, and may be thought of as a recent-past or near-future. It also can be used as a momentative or instant action.

Verbs may also appear in subordinate mood, which is just a realis mood that appears in subordinate clauses (especially relative clauses), as well as when in auxiliary constructions, and can appear in all tense/aspect distinctions. They also may be irrealis going into independent clauses to indicate a hypothetical, abilitative, desiderative, conditional "then" clause, or in some cases an implied "should", and can also appear in all tenses except for the remote past; on its own it can also be utilized in the non-past as a hortative or imperative. The subjunctive, then, is the subordinate version of the hypothetical mood, being an irrealis verb in dependent clauses and after auxiliary verbs, as well as going into conditional "if" clauses.

There are also a large number of other constructions that further specify moods, aspect, and evidentiality. For example, the word "be" (which is also "have") can be tacked onto the end of a present or past verb to indicate either a jussive, emphatic deductive, or, for progressive verbs, gnomic, while in the far past it implies a super remote, likely untenable past. This is relatively analogous to "must" in English. When irrealis, it implies an obligation that is not being carried out, acting as a sort of simultaneous jussive and dubitative, or as an unfulfilled obligative or optative, thus often being called a "counterfactual", while in the far past it can also imply ancient fables or myths. This often corresponds to "should (but isn't/didn't)" in English.

While both the core verb and the auxiliary are both marked the same for realis vs. irrealis and surbordination, as well as tense, both may be coded for ''aspect'' separately. This can drastically change the basic meaning of the verb, and in fact allows for only a small handful of auxiliary verbs to perform numerous functions. Note that auxiliary verbs modifying a verb in the remote past are in either the past perfective or past progressive aspect.

For example, the while the above paragraph provided information on "be" in the progressive, "be" in the perfective means something entirely different, functioning as a valency decreasing operation, much like English, acting as either a passive (I was hit) or an antipassive (I hit [it]), depending on if the subject is nominative or absolutive, being a logical extension that a one-off action was ordained by something else, implying low volition.

Another common auxiliary verb that creates a rich set of aspectual distinctions is "hold", which can, depending on its tense pairings, be used to indicate a habitual (progressive progressive), frequentative (progressive perfective), transitional [inchoative/cessative] (perfective progressive), or iterative (perfective perfective), along with turning a far past into a far past progressive, habitual, or gnomic.

Another common verb is "go", which has further has a lot of nuance. In the progressive, it acts as an conative (with no results) when paired with a past verb, or as a quasi-future with a present verb. It similarly acts as a broader a mindset to try to do something repeatedly or for a long time when paired with a progressive verb - functioning somewhat as an atelic verb (i.e. "search" or "look for" instead of "find"). Meanwhile, in the perfective, it is used as an assumptive, which in the irrealis mood indicates a dubitative. In the distant past, this instead indicates a previously held assumption about a past event.

The last verb that is commonly used as an auxiliary is "wear". In the perfective it indicates know-how, an experiential, or abilitative - specifically abilitative with good skill. This only exists in the realis modality. In the imperfective, it functions more as an evidential marker, indicating that it's quite apparent if not obvious that someone did something. This functions as something of an inferential, and is different from a realis or irrealis stative mood. It should be noted in both of these cases that in the irrealis, they can be used to indicate suspicion and further function as an assumptive based on appearance or actions, rather than truly knowing someone. . Uniquely, the remote past of the deductive/assumptive acts as a ''habitual'' marker, similar to ''has been'' in English, indicating the verb is and has long been the case; it more indicates that it's quite apparent ''now'' based on something that must've been going on for ''some time''. It should be noted that ''wear'' can serve similar functions when used as a full verb instead of an auxiliary, indicating something is obvious or someone knows something with great detail, in addition to simply wearing clothes.

Other common auxiliaries include need (irrealis only: perfective indicates absolute necessity, progressive indicates strong desiderative), emotional verbs such as fear (i.e. afraid of an action that hasn't happened yet, or "of Xing"; for actions that have occurred, see coverbs and causals below, or otherwise it'll appear in a subordinate clause. Irrealis only), fall (progressive or perfective act of failing to do something, turning it negative; irrealis indicates probablistic or assumptive failure), start (progressive/perfective inchoative), stop (cessative progressive/perfective with the intention of not returning), lay ([short-term and long-term process] cessative with the intention of returning; no inchoative counterpart), see (learning how to do something), lose (forgetting how to or losing the ability to do something, or ceasing long-term against one's will), obtain/achieve (do well in perfective, trying hard and likely succeeding in progressive; realis with perfective, irrealis with progressive), and a pair of auxiliaries that don't map onto another verb that essentially act as a confirmative or negative (perfective only).

Below is a table of the primary verbal conjugations accompanied by auxiliaries:
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Verbs
!Aux. Aspect
!Realis/Irrealis
!Non-Past Progressive
!Past Progressive
!Non-Past Perfective
!Past Perfective
!Remote Past
|-
| rowspan="4" |Verb
| rowspan="2" |Independent
|''Realis (Stative)''
|present progressive/continuous
|past progressive/imperfective
|(near-)present perfective
|past perfective
|remote past simple/perfective
|-
|''Irrealis (Hypothetical)''
| colspan="5" | ''hypothetical, abilitative, weak deontic, desiderative, hortative, conditional, permissive, or (in present) imperative versions of the above''
|-
| rowspan="2" |Dependent
|''Realis (Subordinate)''
| colspan="5" rowspan="2" | ''Same as above but for dependent clauses; conditional "if" clauses''
|-
|''Irrealis (Subjunctive)''
|-
| rowspan="4" |Be/Have + Verb
| rowspan="2" |Progressive
|''Realis''
|jussive/deductive NP.PROG; gnomic
|Jus/Ded. P.PROG; past gnomic
|Jus/Ded NP.PFV
|Jus/Ded P.PFV
|distant past jussive / deductive
|-
|''Irrealis''
|optative imperfective
|unfulfilled progressive
|optative perffective
|unfulfilled PFV
|ancient fable or legend
|-
| rowspan="2" |Perfective
|''Realis''
| colspan="5" rowspan="2" | ''Low-Volitition Detransitiviser (Passive / Antipassive) of normal verbs''
|-
|''Irrealis''
|-
| rowspan="4" |Hold + Verb
| rowspan="2" |Progressive
|''Realis''
|present habitual
|past habitual
|present frequentative
|past frequentative
|remote past continuous/habitual
|-
|''Irrealis''
| colspan="5" | ''irrealis versions of above''
|-
| rowspan="2" |Perfective
|''Realis''
|present durative (long continuous)
|past durative
|(near-)present iterative
|past iterative
|remote past transitional
|-
|''Irrealis*''
| colspan="5" | ''irrealis versions of above, although never really used''
|-
| rowspan="4" |Go + Verb
| rowspan="2" |Progressive
|''Realis''
|present atelic / prog. conative/future
|past atelic / cont. conative
|present perf.con/fut.
|past perf.conative
|remote past conative
|-
|''Irrealis (uncommon)''
| colspan="4" |''dubitative versions of the above; uncommon''
|ancient hypothetical (rare)
|-
| rowspan="2" |Perfective
|''Realis''
| colspan="5" |''evidential or knowledge-based assumptive versions of the realis stative verbs''
|-
|''Irrealis''
| colspan="5" | ''dubitative versions of the realis stative verbs''
|-
| rowspan="3" |Wear + Verb
| rowspan="2" |Progressive
|''Realis''
| colspan="4" |''emphatic deductive of the realis stative verbs''
|''EMPH+.DED/INFR NP.HAB''
|-
|''Irrealis''
| colspan="4" |''non-evidential weak assumptive of the realis stative verb''
|''weak assumptive pres. habitual''
|-
|Perfective
|''Realis (exclusive)''
| colspan="5" |''emphatic abilitative/experiential of the realis stative verb''
|-
| rowspan="2" |Need + Verb
|Progressive
| rowspan="2" |''Irrealis (exclusive)''
| colspan="5" |''necessitative of the realis stative verb''
|-
|Perfective
| colspan="5" |''emphatic desiderative of the realis stative verb''
|-
| rowspan="4" |Fall + Verb
| rowspan="2" |Progressive
|''Realis''
| colspan="5" |''imperfective failing at doing something''
|-
|''Irrealis''
| colspan="5" |''imperfective probable or assumptive failure at doing something; dubitative with the assumption that an attempt was made''
|-
| rowspan="2" |Perfective
|''Realis''
| colspan="5" |''perfective failure to do something''
|-
|''Irrealis''
| colspan="5" |''perfective probable or assumptive failure at doing something; dubitative with the assumption that an attempt was made''
|-
| rowspan="2" |Start + Verb
|Progressive
|''Both''
| colspan="5" |''progressive/durational inchoative version realis and irrealis stative verbs; present can indicate a near future''
|-
|Perfective
|''Both''
| colspan="5" |''perfective inchoative version realis and irrealis stative verbs''
|-
|Stop + Verb
|Both
|''Both''
| colspan="5" |''cessative versions of the above inchoative with the intention of stopping permanently''
|-
|Lay + Verb
|Both
|''Both''
| colspan="5" |''cessative versions of the above inchoative with the intention of stopping temporarily''
|-
|See + Verb
|Both
|''Both''
| colspan="5" |''progressive or perfective, realis or irrealis, act of learning how to do a verb''
|-
|Lose + Verb
|Both
|''Both''
| colspan="5" |''progressive or perfective, realis or irrealis, act of forgetting how or losing the ability to do a verb, or otherwise stopping long-term against one's will''
|-
| rowspan="2" |Obtain/Achieve
+ Verb
|Progressive
|''Irrealis (exclusive)''
| colspan="5" |''likely near-future successful attemptative of the realis stative verbs''
|-
|Perfective
|''Realis (exclusive)''
| colspan="5" |''excellent version of the realis stative verbs''
|-
| rowspan="2" |''Is/Didn't'' + Verb
(Origin Unclear)
| rowspan="2" |Perfective
(exclusive)
|''Realis-Affirmative''
| colspan="5" |''affirmative positive when put before a verb when answering a question; affirmative negative when before a negative verb''
|-
|''Irrealis-Negative''
| colspan="5" |''anti-affirmative when put before a verb, with the positive or negative of the verb reflecting what actually happened''
|}
In addition, the auxiliary ''be'' may appear before both wear and hold, although this only acts as a detransitiviser, and agrees with the aspect of the following auxiliary verb. The affirmative/negative auxiliaries may also appear before any other auxiliary verb, including be; this allows affirmatives and negatives that are uncertain or unlikely.

Several adverbs may also be used, as well as number to indicate number of times something has been done (in the nominative; the absolutive it implies for the nth time).

Then there are some suffixes that are adverbial in nature but tack onto the verb, including the dependent verb. These can include "surprisingly", "suddenly", "quickly", "slowly", "again" or "re", and "not". The irrealis modifier may also be thought of as a "maybe" or "could" adverb, but given its versatility in modifying moods and aspects, and its ability to be placed on auxiliaries, it is generally considered an inherent verb modality. There also exist coverbial functions, such as "while", "after", and "before", which can be combined with a causative paraphrastic phrase to mean "and", "thus", and "in order to".

It should be noted there are no infinitive or gerundive forms of verbs. Adjectivized verbs need to be placed in relative clauses using relative pronouns, with the nominative or absolutive being used to mark the directionality of a verb. Nominalized verbs do exist, but must be formed paraphrastically, i.e. it must be put into a content clause with a dummy word meaning something along the lines of "action", or otherwise a word corresponding roughly with the verb in question. The same is not true of nouns becoming verbs, which can be done through a simpler morphological process.
[[Category:Language]]

'Arbor 'Iland

2026-07-23T05:53:39Z

Jutomi: /* Etymology */

{{Infobox ngation|name=The Protectorate of 'Arbor 'Iland|ung-member=no|banner=(Missing)|banner-label=Banner of 'Arbor 'Iland|map=Nguhcraft minimap AI.png|map-label=Location of 'Arbor 'Iland (green)|demonym='Arborian|government='I council|ruler=|ruler-title=|languages=[[Håmazát]]|two-digit-code=KB|three-digit-code=KAZ|currency=bamboo, slablets}}

'''<nowiki/>'Arbor 'Iland''' ('Arborese: Aagbogeide ['ɐ:ɣ.bɔˌɣe:.ɾɛ]; [[Håmazát]]: Áx́båx́ijú ['a:ɣ.bʷɒ.ɣi.jəʊ̹]), also known as ''Arborial'' and officially '''The Protectorate of 'Arbor 'Iland'',''''' is a small, mid-continent volcanic island territory in [[Thasusa]] east of [[Spawn]], located at approximately X1,350 Y-400. It is bordered by [[Myžariky]] to its west, [[Liauolên]] to its south, and its suzerain[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suzerainty] [[Kabazat]] to its northeast. It is a condominium of [[Jutomi]] and [[KsãndraArkonn]], established on May 22nd 2026 fakeworld time, with the former being the primary architect and the latter being in charge of administration, lore, and foreign relations. It is accessible by riding a boat northbound from the Liauolên station on the [[Cenrail]] Central Line, and is scheduled to have a small ghastport, but no roads or rail station.

== Etymology ==
'Arbor 'Iland is a name with a somewhat controversial history. Explorers had assumed it a name given by contact with older speakers of [[English]], altered to be pronounced by the 'Arborese. The name was assumed to be a mispronunciation of ''Arbor Ile'', short for ''Arbor Island'', on account of the fact that it's a small island with tall trees and treehouses; others thought it was actually a modified ''Arborial,'' while others still argued that it was actually ''Harbor'' ''Island,'' with someone even arguing that it was really a weird contraction of ''Harbor Highland,'' in reference to its rather large volcano. In reality, this was just an uncanny coincidence, and the name had no English influence whatsoever, as the local name Aagbogei-le simply means "the village" or "the community". This ironically gives it the opposite problem from [[Qoatzait]], which was actually an English name that was mistaken for a local one.

Another irony with its name is that the apostrophes are completely inaccurate, since in [['Arborese]] they represent a phonemically distinct glottal stop, which is different from both /h/ and null-onset, even word-initially, the latter of which being the actual appropriate pronunciation of ''Aagbogeide''.

== Geogragphy ==
The island (somewhat confusingly called Arbor Island) is a volcanic island in the center of Thasusa. Its northern coast is natural jungle, with jungle trees having propagated into the center of the island. Its southern coast features a small beach, as well as a massive volcano. There is a small volcanic chain that then extends southeast of the main volcano. It is unclear whether this volcanism, along with the surrounding rivers that make up the island, are a result of a volcanic hotspot, or of a weak plate boundary within Thasusa.

== Culture ==

=== Structures ===
The inhabitants live both under and within the trees of central and northern Arbor Island, essentially living in a two-story system of huts and tree houses made of straw and wood, despite being so close to an active volcano. The southern beach and volcanos are mostly untouched.

=== Language ===
Aside from [[Håmazát]], which is the official language of the island, the local population speaks [['Arborese]] in private. It is classified as being critically endangered due to the small number of speakers, along with intense use of English and Håmazát for tourism and governance, for which younger speakers tend to prefer to use increasingly in place of the native language.

'Arbor 'Iland

2026-07-23T05:50:15Z

Jutomi: /* Etymology */

{{Infobox ngation|name=The Protectorate of 'Arbor 'Iland|ung-member=no|banner=(Missing)|banner-label=Banner of 'Arbor 'Iland|map=Nguhcraft minimap AI.png|map-label=Location of 'Arbor 'Iland (green)|demonym='Arborian|government='I council|ruler=|ruler-title=|languages=[[Håmazát]]|two-digit-code=KB|three-digit-code=KAZ|currency=bamboo, slablets}}

'''<nowiki/>'Arbor 'Iland''' ('Arborese: Aagbogeide ['ɐ:ɣ.bɔˌɣe:.ɾɛ]; [[Håmazát]]: Áx́båx́ijú ['a:ɣ.bʷɒ.ɣi.jəʊ̹]), also known as ''Arborial'' and officially '''The Protectorate of 'Arbor 'Iland'',''''' is a small, mid-continent volcanic island territory in [[Thasusa]] east of [[Spawn]], located at approximately X1,350 Y-400. It is bordered by [[Myžariky]] to its west, [[Liauolên]] to its south, and its suzerain[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suzerainty] [[Kabazat]] to its northeast. It is a condominium of [[Jutomi]] and [[KsãndraArkonn]], established on May 22nd 2026 fakeworld time, with the former being the primary architect and the latter being in charge of administration, lore, and foreign relations. It is accessible by riding a boat northbound from the Liauolên station on the [[Cenrail]] Central Line, and is scheduled to have a small ghastport, but no roads or rail station.

== Etymology ==
'Arbor 'Iland is a name with a somewhat controversial history. Explorers had assumed it a name given by contact with older speakers of [[English]], altered to be pronounced by the 'Arborese. The name was assumed to be a mispronunciation of ''Arbor Ile'', short for ''Arbor Island'', on account of the fact that it's a small island with tall trees and treehouses; others thought it was actually a modified ''Arborial,'' while others still argued that it was actually ''Harbor'' ''Island,'' with someone even arguing that it was really a weird contraction of ''Harbor Highland,'' in reference to its rather large volcano. In reality, this was just an uncanny coincidence, and the name had no English influence whatsoever, as the local name Aagbogei-le simply means "the village" or "the community". This ironically gives it the opposite problem from [[Qoatzait]], which was actually an English name that was mistaken for a local one.

One of the even more peculiar ironies is that the apostrophes are completely inaccurate, since they in fact denote a glottal stop, which in [['Arborese]] is phonemically distinct word-initially from /h/ and null-onset, the latter of which being the case for ''Aagbogeide''.

== Geogragphy ==
The island (somewhat confusingly called Arbor Island) is a volcanic island in the center of Thasusa. Its northern coast is natural jungle, with jungle trees having propagated into the center of the island. Its southern coast features a small beach, as well as a massive volcano. There is a small volcanic chain that then extends southeast of the main volcano. It is unclear whether this volcanism, along with the surrounding rivers that make up the island, are a result of a volcanic hotspot, or of a weak plate boundary within Thasusa.

== Culture ==

=== Structures ===
The inhabitants live both under and within the trees of central and northern Arbor Island, essentially living in a two-story system of huts and tree houses made of straw and wood, despite being so close to an active volcano. The southern beach and volcanos are mostly untouched.

=== Language ===
Aside from [[Håmazát]], which is the official language of the island, the local population speaks [['Arborese]] in private. It is classified as being critically endangered due to the small number of speakers, along with intense use of English and Håmazát for tourism and governance, for which younger speakers tend to prefer to use increasingly in place of the native language.

'Arbor 'Iland

2026-07-23T05:47:17Z

Jutomi:

{{Infobox ngation|name=The Protectorate of 'Arbor 'Iland|ung-member=no|banner=(Missing)|banner-label=Banner of 'Arbor 'Iland|map=Nguhcraft minimap AI.png|map-label=Location of 'Arbor 'Iland (green)|demonym='Arborian|government='I council|ruler=|ruler-title=|languages=[[Håmazát]]|two-digit-code=KB|three-digit-code=KAZ|currency=bamboo, slablets}}

'''<nowiki/>'Arbor 'Iland''' ('Arborese: Aagbogeide ['ɐ:ɣ.bɔˌɣe:.ɾɛ]; [[Håmazát]]: Áx́båx́ijú ['a:ɣ.bʷɒ.ɣi.jəʊ̹]), also known as ''Arborial'' and officially '''The Protectorate of 'Arbor 'Iland'',''''' is a small, mid-continent volcanic island territory in [[Thasusa]] east of [[Spawn]], located at approximately X1,350 Y-400. It is bordered by [[Myžariky]] to its west, [[Liauolên]] to its south, and its suzerain[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suzerainty] [[Kabazat]] to its northeast. It is a condominium of [[Jutomi]] and [[KsãndraArkonn]], established on May 22nd 2026 fakeworld time, with the former being the primary architect and the latter being in charge of administration, lore, and foreign relations. It is accessible by riding a boat northbound from the Liauolên station on the [[Cenrail]] Central Line, and is scheduled to have a small ghastport, but no roads or rail station.

== Etymology ==
'Arbor 'Iland is a name with a somewhat controversial history. Explorers had assumed it a name given by contact with older speakers of [[English]], altered to be pronounced by the 'Arborese. The name was assumed to be a mispronunciation of ''Arbor Ile'', short for ''Arbor Island'', on account of the fact that it's a small island with tall trees and treehouses; others thought it was actually a modified ''Arborial,'' while others still argued that it was actually ''Harbor'' ''Island,'' with someone even arguing that it was really a weird contraction of ''Harbor Highland,'' in reference to its rather large volcano. In reality, this was just an uncanny coincidence, and the name had no English influence whatsoever, as the local name Aagbogei-le simply means "the village" or "the community". This ironically gives it the opposite problem from [[Qoatzait]], which was actually an English name that was mistaken for a local one.

== Geogragphy ==
The island (somewhat confusingly called Arbor Island) is a volcanic island in the center of Thasusa. Its northern coast is natural jungle, with jungle trees having propagated into the center of the island. Its southern coast features a small beach, as well as a massive volcano. There is a small volcanic chain that then extends southeast of the main volcano. It is unclear whether this volcanism, along with the surrounding rivers that make up the island, are a result of a volcanic hotspot, or of a weak plate boundary within Thasusa.

== Culture ==

=== Structures ===
The inhabitants live both under and within the trees of central and northern Arbor Island, essentially living in a two-story system of huts and tree houses made of straw and wood, despite being so close to an active volcano. The southern beach and volcanos are mostly untouched.

=== Language ===
Aside from [[Håmazát]], which is the official language of the island, the local population speaks [[Arborese]] in private. It is classified as being critically endangered due to the small number of speakers, along with intense use of English and Håmazát for tourism and governance, for which younger speakers tend to prefer to use increasingly in place of the native language.

'Arbor 'Iland

2026-07-23T05:46:46Z

Jutomi:

{{Infobox ngation|name=The Protectorate of 'Arbor 'Iland|ung-member=no|banner=(Missing)|banner-label=Banner of 'Arbor 'Iland|map=Nguhcraft minimap AI.png|map-label=Location of 'Arbor 'Iland (green)|demonym='Arborian|government='I council|ruler=|ruler-title=|languages=[[Håmazát]]|two-digit-code=KB|three-digit-code=KAZ|currency=bamboo, slablets}}

'''<nowiki/>'Arbor 'Iland''' ('Arborese: Aagbogeide ['ɐ:ɣ.bɔˌɣe:.ɾɛ]; [[Håmazát]]: Áx́båx́ijú ['a:ɣ.bʷɒ.ɣi.jəʊ̹]), also known as ''Arborial'' and officially '''The Protectorate of 'Arbor 'Iland'',''''' is a small, mid-continent volcanic island territory in [[Thasusa]] east of [[Spawn]], located at approximately X1,350 Y-400. It is bordered by [[Myžariky]] to its west, [[Liauolên]] to its south, and its suzerain[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suzerainty] [[Kabazat]] to its northeast. It is a condominium of [[Jutomi]] and [[KsãndraArkonn]], established on May 22nd 2026 fakeworld time, with the former being the primary architect and the latter being in charge of administration, lore, and foreign relations. It is accessible by riding a boat northbound from the Liauolên station on the [[Cenrail]] Central Line, and is scheduled to have a small ghastport, but no roads or rail station.

== Etymology ==
'Arbor 'Iland is a name with a somewhat controversial history. Explorers had assumed it a name given by contact with older speakers of [[English]], altered to be pronounced by the 'Arborese. The name was assumed to be a mispronunciation of Arbor Ile, short for Arbor Island, on account of the fact that it's a small island with tall trees and treehouses; others thought it was actually a modified ''Arborial,'' while others still argued that it was actually ''Harbor'' ''Island,'' with someone even arguing that it was really a weird contraction of ''Harbor Highland,'' in reference to its rather large volcano. In reality, this was just an uncanny coincidence, and the name had no English influence whatsoever, as the local name Aagbogei-le simply means "the village" or "the community". This ironically gives it the opposite problem from [[Qoatzait]], which was actually an English name that was mistaken for a local one.

== Geogragphy ==
The island (somewhat confusingly called Arbor Island) is a volcanic island in the center of Thasusa. Its northern coast is natural jungle, with jungle trees having propagated into the center of the island. Its southern coast features a small beach, as well as a massive volcano. There is a small volcanic chain that then extends southeast of the main volcano. It is unclear whether this volcanism, along with the surrounding rivers that make up the island, are a result of a volcanic hotspot, or of a weak plate boundary within Thasusa.

== Culture ==

=== Structures ===
The inhabitants live both under and within the trees of central and northern Arbor Island, essentially living in a two-story system of huts and tree houses made of straw and wood, despite being so close to an active volcano. The southern beach and volcanos are mostly untouched.

=== Language ===
Aside from [[Håmazát]], which is the official language of the island, the local population speaks [[Arborese]] in private. It is classified as being critically endangered due to the small number of speakers, along with intense use of English and Håmazát for tourism and governance, for which younger speakers tend to prefer to use increasingly in place of the native language.

'Arbor 'Iland

2026-07-23T05:43:51Z

Jutomi:

{{Infobox ngation|name=The Protectorate of 'Arbor 'Iland|ung-member=no|banner=(Missing)|banner-label=Banner of 'Arbor 'Iland|map=Nguhcraft minimap AI.png|map-label=Location of 'Arbor 'Iland (green)|demonym='Arborian|government='I council|ruler=|ruler-title=|languages=[[Håmazát]]|two-digit-code=KB|three-digit-code=KAZ|currency=bamboo, slablets}}

'''<nowiki/>'Arbor 'Iland''' ('Arborese: Aagbogeide ['ɐ:ɣ.bɔˌɣe:.ɾɛ]; [[Håmazát]]: Áx́båx́ijú ['a:ɣ.bʷɒ.ɣi.jəʊ̹]), also known as ''Arborial'' and officially '''The Protectorate of 'Arbor 'Iland'',''''' is a small, mid-continent volcanic island territory in [[Thasusa]] east of [[Spawn]], located at approximately X1,350 Y-400. It is bordered by [[Myžariky]] to its west, [[Liauolên]] to its south, and its suzerain[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suzerainty] [[Kabazat]] to its northeast. It is a condominium of [[Jutomi]] and [[KsãndraArkonn]], established on May 22nd 2026 fakeworld time, with the former being the primary architect and the latter being in charge of administration, lore, and foreign relations. It is accessible by riding a boat northbound from the Liauolên station on the [[Cenrail]] Central Line, and is scheduled to have a small ghastport, but no roads or rail station.

== Etymology ==
'Arbor 'Iland is a name with a somewhat controversial history. Explorers had assumed it a name given by contact with older speakers of [[English]], altered to be pronounced by the 'Arborese. The name was assumed to be a mispronunciation of Arbor Ile, short for Arbor Island, on account of the fact that it's a small island with tall trees and treehouses; others thought it was actually a modified ''Arborial'', hence its nickname. Others still argued that it was actually ''Harbor'' ''Island,'' and a few even argued that it was really a weird contraction of ''Harbor Highland,'' in reference to its rather large volcano. In reality, this was just an uncanny coincidence, and the name had no English influence whatsoever, as the local name Aagbogei-le simply means "the village" or "the community". This ironically gives it the opposite problem from [[Qoatzait]], which was actually an English name that was mistaken for a local one.

== Geogragphy ==
The island (somewhat confusingly called Arbor Island) is a volcanic island in the center of Thasusa. Its northern coast is natural jungle, with jungle trees having propagated into the center of the island. Its southern coast features a small beach, as well as a massive volcano. There is a small volcanic chain that then extends southeast of the main volcano. It is unclear whether this volcanism, along with the surrounding rivers that make up the island, are a result of a volcanic hotspot, or of a weak plate boundary within Thasusa.

== Culture ==

=== Structures ===
The inhabitants live both under and within the trees of central and northern Arbor Island, essentially living in a two-story system of huts and tree houses made of straw and wood, despite being so close to an active volcano. The southern beach and volcanos are mostly untouched.

=== Language ===
Aside from [[Håmazát]], which is the official language of the island, the local population speaks [[Arborese]] in private. It is classified as being critically endangered due to the small number of speakers, along with intense use of English and Håmazát for tourism and governance, for which younger speakers tend to prefer to use increasingly in place of the native language.

'Arbor 'Iland

2026-07-23T05:43:31Z

Jutomi: /* Geogragphy */

{{Infobox ngation|name=The Protectorate of 'Arbor 'Iland|ung-member=no|banner=(Missing)|banner-label=Banner of 'Arbor 'Iland|map=Nguhcraft minimap AI.png|map-label=Location of 'Arbor 'Iland (green)|demonym='Arborian|government='I council|ruler=|ruler-title=|languages=[[Håmazát]]|two-digit-code=KB|three-digit-code=KAZ|currency=bamboo, slablets}}

'''<nowiki/>'Arbor 'Iland''' ('Arborese: Aagbogeide ['ɐ:ɣ.bɔˌɣe:.ɾɛ]; [[Håmazát]]: Áx́båx́ijú ['a:ɣ.bʷɒ.ɣi.jəʊ̹]), also known as ''Arborial'' and officially '''The Protectorate of 'Arbor 'Iland'',''''' is a small, mid-continent volcanic island territory in [[Thasusa]] east of [[Spawn]], located at approximately X1,350 Y-400. It is bordered by [[Myžariky]] to its west, [[Liauolên]] to its south, and its suzerain[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suzerainty] [[Kabazat]] to its northeast. It is a condominium of [[Jutomi]] and [[KsãndraArkonn]], established on May 22nd 2026 fakeworld time, with the former being the primary architect and the latter being in charge of administration, lore, and foreign relations. It is accessible by riding a boat northbound from the Liauolên station on the [[Cenrail]] Central Line, and is scheduled to have a small ghastport, but no roads or rail station.

== Etymology ==
'Arbor 'Iland is a name with a somewhat controversial history. Explorers had assumed it a name given by contact with older speakers of [[English]], altered to be pronounced by the 'Arborese. The name was assumed to be a mispronunciation of Arbor Ile, short for Arbor Island, on account of the fact that it's a small island with tall trees and treehouses; others thought it was actually a modified ''Arborial'', hence its nickname. Others still argued that it was actually ''Harbor'' ''Island,'' and a few even argued that it was really a weird contraction of ''Harbor Highland,'' in reference to its rather large volcano. In reality, this was just an uncanny coincidence, and the name had no English influence whatsoever, as the local name Aagbogei-le simply means "the village" or "the community". This ironically gives it the opposite problem from [[Qoatzait]], which was actually an English name that was mistaken for a local one.

== Geogragphy ==
The island (somewhat confusingly called Arbor Island) is a volcanic island in the center of Thasusa. Its northern coast is natural jungle, with jungle trees having propagated into the center of the island. Its southern coast features a small beach, as well as a massive volcano. There is a small volcanic chain that then extends southeast of the main volcano.

It is unclear whether this volcanism, along with the surrounding rivers that make up the island, are a result of a volcanic hotspot, or of a weak plate boundary within Thasusa.

== Culture ==

=== Structures ===
The inhabitants live both under and within the trees of central and northern Arbor Island, essentially living in a two-story system of huts and tree houses made of straw and wood, despite being so close to an active volcano. The southern beach and volcanos are mostly untouched.

=== Language ===
Aside from [[Håmazát]], which is the official language of the island, the local population speaks [[Arborese]] in private. It is classified as being critically endangered due to the small number of speakers, along with intense use of English and Håmazát for tourism and governance, for which younger speakers tend to prefer to use increasingly in place of the native language.

'Arborese

2026-07-23T05:39:24Z

Jutomi:

'Arborese

2026-07-23T05:29:11Z

Jutomi:

'Arborese

2026-07-23T05:28:23Z

Jutomi:

'Arborese

2026-07-23T05:24:47Z

Jutomi: