https://mc.nguh.org/w/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=MaselaNguhcraft Wiki - User contributions [en-gb]2026-05-02T23:42:54ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.44.3https://mc.nguh.org/w/index.php?title=Zjugo&diff=39329Zjugo2026-05-02T22:49:46Z<p>Masela: added hyphens to glosses properly (thanks omaatje) and expanded on the conditional (thanks zju'a constitution)</p>
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<div>{{Infobox language|name=Zjugo|pronunciation=[ˈʑɯ.gɤ̞]|family=Paleo-Hlabiglan|early-forms=Zjiogeo|era=today|scripts=[[Latin alphabet]], [[Zjugo#Zjugohai|Zjugohai]]|country=[[Hiso Zju'a]]|lang-code=ZG|endonym=Zjugo (in Zjugo)<br>Zjuan (in English)}}<br />
<br />
'''Zjuan''' /ˈʒuw.ən/ (ZG Zjugo /ˈʑɯ.gɤ̞/) is a Paleo-Hlambiglan language spoken in [[Hiso Zju'a]]. It is one of the three languages spoken there, each belonging primarily to one of the three most represented ethnicities residing there. Zjugo belongs to the [unnamed] group, native to Zju'an land and is the only language in Zju'a, which doesn't have a major speaking population anywhere else.<br />
<br />
== Phonology ==<br />
<br />
=== Consonants ===<br />
Zjugo's consonants feature a full voicing distinction in all plosives and fricatives except for the velar fricatives. They also include a palatalization distinction for all plosives and fricatives and alveolar/palatal nasal consonants. Especially in recent times, labial and velar palatalized consonants are often articulated as consonant clusters with the palatal approximant.<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |<br />
! colspan="2" |labial<br />
! rowspan="2" |alveolar<br />
! rowspan="2" |palatal<br />
! colspan="2" |velar<br />
! rowspan="2" |glottal<br />
|-<br />
!plain<br />
!palatalized<br />
!plain<br />
!palatalized<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" |nasal<br />
| colspan="2" |m<br />
|n<br />
|ɲ<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" |plosive<br />
!unvoiced<br />
|p<br />
|pʲ<br />
|t<br />
|t͡ɕ<br />
|k<br />
|kʲ<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!voiced<br />
|b<br />
|bʲ<br />
|d<br />
|d͡ʑ<br />
|g<br />
|gʲ<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" |fricative<br />
!unvoiced<br />
|f<br />
|fʲ<br />
|s<br />
|ɕ<br />
|x<br />
|xʲ<br />
|(h)<br />
|-<br />
!voiced<br />
|v<br />
|vʲ<br />
|z<br />
|ʑ<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" |trill/approximant<br />
| colspan="2" |w<br />
|r~ɾ<br />
|j<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" |lateral<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|l<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Vowels ===<br />
Zjugo features a simple five vowel system. Main things to note is the lack of an open central vowel, as it is being replaced instead with the near-open front unrounded vowel, and the lack of rounding.<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
!<br />
!front<br />
!back<br />
|-<br />
!close<br />
|i<br />
|ɯ<br />
|-<br />
!mid<br />
|e̞<br />
|ɤ̞<br />
|-<br />
!open<br />
|æ<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Diphthongs ===<br />
Any vowel in Zjugo except /i/ and /ɯ/ may appear as the first vowel in a diphthong followed by /i/ (frequently articulated as [ɪ] when appearing like this).<br />
<br />
=== Phonotactics ===<br />
Any Zjugo syllable is made up of at least a vowel or diphthong, which may be preceded by any consonant and/or followed by /n/. Note that a syllable ending with /n/ can be followed by a syllable starting with a vowel. This is phonemically distinct from a syllable ending with a vowel followed by a syllable starting with /n/, that is, for instance, /ˈme̞n.æi/ is distinct from /ˈme̞.næi/. Obstruents and /n/ get palatalized by default when followed by /i/, plain variants are not allowed in that position.<br />
<br />
=== Phonetic variations<ref name="one">It's important to note, that this language was not initially made for Nguhcraft and when making this article I added a bunch of stuff to make the language appear more naturalistic to fit the worldbuilding better. This is not one of those extra things, it is a real actual part of the language outside the server</ref> ===<br />
Due to [[Zjugo#Root system|the root system]], which behaves as if they didn't apply, the following aspects of Zjugo's pronunciation are not widely considered phonemic.<br />
<br />
The sequences ⟨wi⟩, ⟨wu⟩ and ⟨ji⟩ are never pronounced the way they're written. Specifically, ⟨wi⟩ is pronounced [i] word-initially and [hi] otherwise (this is the only phonetic occurrence of [h] in the language and is the reason for its inclusion in the consonant chart). ⟨wu⟩ is pronounced [ɯ] word-initially and [fɯ] otherwise and lastly ⟨ji⟩ is pronounced [i] word-initially and [d͡ʑi] otherwise.<br />
<br />
== Spelling ==<br />
<br />
=== [[Latin alphabet]] ===<br />
Here are the letters and digraphs used to spell Zjugo, when using the [[Latin script]]. Whenever a sequence of letters is ambiguous, an apostrophe must be used to clarify syllable boundaries. For example /ˈme̞.næi/ is spelled ''menai'', meanwhile /ˈme̞n.æi/ is spelled ''men'ai''. This is also done to clarify whether something is or isn't a palatalization digraph, for instance /ˈfʲæn.jæn/ is spelled ''fjan'jan'', however ''fjanjan'' would be pronounced /ˈfʲæ.ɲæn/, except for that it isn't a real word. Consonant letters followed by i, not separated by an apostrophe are automatically considered palatalized.<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
!Letter<br />
!Pronunciation<br />
!digraph<br />
!pronunciation<br />
|-<br />
|A<br />
|/æ/<br />
|Ai<br />
|/æi/<br />
|-<br />
|B<br />
|/b/<br />
|Bj<br />
|/bʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|D<br />
|/d/<br />
|Dj<br />
|/d͡ʑ/<br />
|-<br />
|E<br />
|/e̞/<br />
|Ei<br />
|/e̞i/<br />
|-<br />
|F<br />
|/f/<br />
|Fj<br />
|/fʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|G<br />
|/g/<br />
|Gj<br />
|/gʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|H<br />
|/x/<br />
|Hj<br />
|/xʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|I<br />
|/i/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|J<br />
|/j/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|K<br />
|/k/<br />
|Kj<br />
|/kʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|L<br />
|/l/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|M<br />
|/m/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|N<br />
|/n/<br />
|Nj<br />
|/ɲ/<br />
|-<br />
|O<br />
|/ɤ̞/<br />
|Oi<br />
|/ɤ̞i/<br />
|-<br />
|P<br />
|/p/<br />
|Pj<br />
|/pʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|R<br />
|/r~ɾ/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|S<br />
|/s/<br />
|Sj<br />
|/ɕ/<br />
|-<br />
|T<br />
|/t/<br />
|Tj<br />
|/t͡ɕ/<br />
|-<br />
|U<br />
|/ɯ/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|V<br />
|/v/<br />
|Vj<br />
|/vʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|W<br />
|/w/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Z<br />
|/z/<br />
|Zj<br />
|/ʑ/<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Zjugohai ===<br />
Zjugohai /ˈʑɯ.gɤ̞.xai/ is the original way used to spell Zjugo, although it has since begun to fall out of use in favor of the [[Latin script]]<ref>You're never finding it anywhere on nguhcraft itself because ain't no way I'm turning a vertical syllabary into a minecraft font dawg</ref>. It is a syllabary featuring characters for every combination of a plain voiceless consonant followed by a vowel (including the lack of a consonant). It's written top to bottom with its columns advancing right to left. Voicing and palatalization are spelled using other strategies, discussed later.<br />
<br />
==== Voicing ====<br />
Voiced obstruents are spelled by placing a diacritic to the left of the right syllable character. Voiced palatalized consonants still have this diacritic on the first character.<br />
<br />
==== Palatalization ====<br />
Consonant vowel pairs with a palatalized consonant are spelled as a digraph, including a character of the voiceless unpalatalized equivalent consonant with the i vowel. That is then followed by one of the four special palatalization characters; one exists for each vowel except i itself. Diphthongs following palatalized consonants are spelled by placing a diacritic, identical in appearance to the one used for voicing, onto the palatalization character. There are no palatalization characters for the i vowel as obstruents (and n) followed by i are palatalized by default and, in fact, are not allowed to be plain when in that position.<br />
<br />
==== Diphthongs and syllable-final n ====<br />
As discussed earlier, Zjugo only permits one consonant to appear phonemically in syllable codas and that is /n/. This is spelled with a special character. If syllable contains no such coda and no palatalized consonant, but it does include a diphthong, a reverse-S-like character is used to indicate that, meanwhile if a syllable contains the coda and also a diphthong, it is spelled with another special character, being a variant of the final n character, and lastly if the final n is included in a syllable with a palatalized consonant, a variant of the appropriate palatalization character is used and, naturally, the diphthong diacritic is also included on top of that if there is a diphthong in the syllable. This way any single syllable can be spelled with at most two characters, keeping the script fairly concise.<br />
<br />
==== Numbers ====<br />
Zjugo usually uses a base-6 system to count and there are 6 digits native to Zjugohai, used to spell these base-6 numbers. For base-10 numbers, the Arabic numerals get used and written vertically, just like the Zjugohai numerals.<br />
<br />
== Root system ==<br />
Zjugo features a system of monosyllabic roots or morphemes. Due to its strict phonotactics, there are only 456 possible syllables, 346 of which are used within the language<ref>As of writing this; out of lore, I'm still working on the language and it's very possible this number will change and might outdated</ref>. Each morpheme is one syllable and on top of that any single syllable can represent only one morpheme. Some of these roots are reserved for grammatical purposes (eg. case endings, verb endings, certain grammatical affixes, the morphemes used to construct demonstratives), while others allow much wider usage, the latter case being referred to as "content roots", since they can usually function as most parts of speech.<br />
<br />
== Syntax ==<br />
Zjugo follows an SVO word order with prepositions, adverbs appearing before verbs, used to convey some modal information and adjectives preceding nouns. <br />
<br />
Zjugo's context clause, if used, should be the very first thing in the sentence, followed by the verb, then followed by the verb's arguments. These arguments can have various cases which usually follow the order LOC NOM DAT ACC. In particular, the nominative argument nearly always appears before the accusative argument, with variations being very rare and usually reserved for artistic purposes. The locative argument usually appears first and the dative argument usually appears right before the accusative argument or at the end if there isn't one, but those two exhibit much more variation in placement. Finally, prepositional phrases are always placed at the end of the sentence. <br />
{|<br />
|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<br />
|''Fen-huhja''<br />
|''lu''<br />
|''vjon-zjo''<br />
|''vju-sju-ni''<br />
|''gahi''<br />
|''kin-so''<br />
|''djoi-ne''<br />
|''pi-'en''<br />
|''jo-wo.''<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|last-day<br />
|CONTEXT<br />
|give-IND<br />
|work-building-LOC<br />
|somebody<br />
|1-GEN<br />
|parent-DAT<br />
|weird-ADJ<br />
|thing-ACC<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
| colspan="9" |"Yesterday, at work, somebody gave my mother a strange object."<br />
|}<br />
In a sentence with just a copula, both the subject and its complement follow the copula, with the subject appearing first. There are two copulas, one of them negative (equivalent to "isn't"). <br />
{|<br />
|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<br />
|''Da''<br />
|''kin''<br />
|''di''<br />
|''lu''<br />
|''dja''<br />
|''kin''<br />
|''ve.''<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|be<br />
|1<br />
|kind<br />
|CONTEXT<br />
|be.NEG<br />
|1<br />
|rude<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
| colspan="7" |"I'm good, so I'm not bad."<br />
|}<br />
Any argument of a verb may be omitted, this includes subjects, which then carries a similar use case to the passive voice, which is otherwise absent from Zjugo.<br />
<br />
== Verbs ==<br />
Verbs in Zjugo inflect only for mood, with four suffixes: -zjo for the indicative mood, this is the default and most common suffix, -ke for imperative, to indicate the verb as a command, -tja for subjunctive to indicate the verb as merely possible and lastly -'in, which is used in the conditional construction discussed later. Verbs may be negated by simply prefixing no- to them, which is the grammatical root used to indicate negation and can be prefixed on any word, but is by far most common on verbs. Finally, verbs, as any word, can also take extra, redundant, affirmation with the ti- prefix.<br />
<br />
=== Copulas ===<br />
As discussed above there are two special verbs, the two copulas: one indicative and one negative indicative. These do not take the aforementioned inflection and, in fact, rarely ever have any affixes applied to them at all. They can however be preceded by an adverb, which does carry some modal information.<br />
{|<br />
|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<br />
|''Wa''<br />
|''da''<br />
|''kin''<br />
|''zjoin-'jin.''<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|want<br />
|be<br />
|1<br />
|feminine-gender<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
| colspan="4" |"I want to be a girl."<br />
|}<br />
When the inflection carried by most verbs ''is'' desired, a semantically similar word "tun" is used.<br />
<br />
=== Questions ===<br />
Any sentence may be turned into a question by suffixing -kai onto the verb. This suffix follows the mood suffixes, if they exist.<br />
{|<br />
|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<br />
|''Tun-tja-kai''<br />
|''kjole''<br />
|''kje?''<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|exist-SJV-Q<br />
|this<br />
|possible<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
| colspan="3" |"Might this be possible?"<br />
|}<br />
Additionally, any part of the sentence, except the verb, including content word affixes, can be replaced with the question particle "hun". The -kai suffix is still used if this is done.<br />
{|<br />
|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<br />
|Sjun-zjo-kai<br />
|hun-hi<br />
|hjole?<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|do-IND-Q<br />
|Q-person<br />
|that<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
| colspan="3" |Who did that?<br />
|}<br />
<br><br />
{|<br />
|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<br />
|''Da-kai''<br />
|''kjole''<br />
|''hun?''<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|be-Q<br />
|this<br />
|Q<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
| colspan="3" |"What's this?"<br />
|}<br />
<br><br />
{|<br />
|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<br />
|''Hun-kjain''<br />
|''lu''<br />
|''sjun-zjo-kai''<br />
|''pin''<br />
|''hun-wo?''<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|Q-time<br />
|CONTEXT<br />
|do-IND-Q<br />
|3<br />
|Q-ACC<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
| colspan="5" |When did they do what?<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Nouns ==<br />
Nouns only exhibit mandatory case marking, however any amount of additional information may be included by affixing any number of morphemes.<br />
<br />
=== Case ===<br />
There are five cases nouns can take in Zjugo. Those are:<br />
<br />
* The nominative, which is unmarked. Used on subjects of sentences as well as subjects' complements in copular sentences.<br />
* The accusative, marked with -wo. Used on the direct objects of sentences.<br />
* The dative, marked with -ne. Used to mark indirect objects, in particular, recipients.<br />
* The genitive, marked with -so. Used for possessors of objects. The possessor is placed before the possessed.<br />
* The vocative, marking with -o. Used to call for people, vocative nouns are only ever exclaimed on their own and never included as part of sentences otherwise.<br />
<br />
=== Number ===<br />
Number is not required to be marked on nouns, however there are a few optional markers that may be used.<br />
<br />
* Singular, that is one, with ji-<br />
* Dual, that is two, with nu-<br />
* Paucal, that is a few, with vja-<br />
* Plural, that is many, with ma-<br />
* Null, that is none, with ka-<br />
* Total, that is all, with kju-<br />
<br />
=== Adjectives ===<br />
Adjectives function extremely similarly to nouns. In fact, any noun can be used as an adjective, by simply being placed before another noun with no case marking. Sometimes the -en suffix may be added to clarify the function of a word being used like that as adjectival. Similarly, there's also a -ken suffix, which functions the same way, except that it also negates the adjective.<br />
<br />
=== Relative clauses ===<br />
A relative clause can follow any noun phrase. It's constructed by placing a verb, directly following the noun, then the relative particle ki and any additional arguments for the verb between it and the particle.<br />
{|<br />
|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<br />
|''Bjo-zjo''<br />
|''man''<br />
|''bo-zjo''<br />
|''hjo-ni''<br />
|''ki.''<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|arrive-IND<br />
|4<ref>indefinite pronoun</ref><br />
|go-IND<br />
|far-LOC<br />
|REL<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
| colspan="5" |Those who go far, arrive.<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Concatenative derivation ==<br />
Any content word can be formed by concatenating multiple monosyllabic content roots together. When this is done, the root at the end is treated as the main root with the previous morphemes modifying it. Words derived from more than two roots in this way introduce some ambiguity in interpretation. For example ninhire (lit. big person tool) could be interpreted as "big (person tool)", where both "big" and "person" modify "tool", that is it's a big tool for people, or it could be interpreted as "(big person) tool" where "big" modifies "person" and then their pair modifies "tool", so it's a tool intended for big people. This ambiguity is not grammatically resolved.<br />
<br />
Many derived words are lexicalized and have a single canon interpretation. These can be found in Zjugo's dictionaries.<br />
<br />
== Demonstratives ==<br />
Demonstratives are derived with a set of prefixes and suffixes. The prefixes indicate state of being (or interrogate it) and the suffixes indicate the type of object being referred to.<br />
<br />
The most commonly used prefixes are<br />
<br />
* kjo - proximal (roughly near speaker, for spacial distinctions)<br />
* vo - medial (roughly near listener, for spacial distinctions)<br />
* hjo - distal (elsewhere)<br />
* pjo - nonexistent, none (used in equivalents to eg. nowhere, never)<br />
* ga - existent, some (used in equivalents to eg. somewhere, sometime)<br />
* hun - interrogative<br />
<br />
The most commonly used suffixes are<br />
<br />
* ko - place (eg. here, there)<br />
* nje - grammatical adjectives (this [thing], that [thing])<br />
* le - grammatical nouns (this, that)<br />
* kjain - time (eg. now, then)<br />
<br />
Other roots are sometimes used as prefixes and occasionally suffixes, but the above are the most common.<br />
<br />
== Context and conditionals ==<br />
The context clause is placed at the very beginning of a sentence and indicated with the "lu" particle, which follows it. For the most part it works similarly to [[Toki Pona]]'s context clause, indicated with the similar sounding "la". It is used to indicate something as the context to the main sentence (it can mean something like "in the context of X, Y", where X is what's in the context clause and Y is the main sentence) and that can be any noun phrase or even verb sentence.<br />
<br />
In Zjugo, the context clause does also play and important role in forming conditionals. The condition is usually placed in the context clause as a sentence and the result is placed in the main sentence with its verb in the conditional mood, indicated with -tja. This can be done in reverse with the condition being instead placed in the main sentence and the result in the context clause, what's important is that the result is in the conditional mood and the condition in the indicative mood.<br />
<br />
== Conjunction ==<br />
There are a few conjunctions in Zjugo. These can conjoin any words of the same part of speech, whether that be verbs, noun phrases or even things like adverbs or prepositions.<br />
<br />
They are as follows<br />
<br />
* i - and<br />
* gi - or<br />
* run - and not ([this] run [that] = this and not that)<br />
* mon - also (similar to "i", particularly common at the start of sentences or conjoining verb subjects)<br />
* noi - not also<br />
<br />
They can also appear at the very start of sentences, before the context clause, where they carry related meanings<br />
<br />
* i - furthermore<br />
* gi - or, or maybe<br />
* run - however<br />
* mon - also, furthermore<br />
* noi - however<br />
<br />
And lastly "mon" can also appear on its own as an adverb or adjective.<br />
<br />
== Comparison ==<br />
Comparison is done by prefixing mai- or tei- onto an adjective (meaning "more" and "less" respectively), then following the adjective with a prepositional phrase using bei. Any noun modified by the adjective is placed before bei.<br />
{|<br />
|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<br />
|''Da''<br />
|''kjole''<br />
|''mai-goi''<br />
|''bei''<br />
|''fain-'en''<br />
|''wenzeinfi!''<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|be<br />
|this<br />
|more-good<br />
|to<br />
|infinite-ADJ<br />
|bee<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
| colspan="6" |This is better than infinite bees!<br />
|}<br />
<br><br />
{|<br />
|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<br />
|''Da''<br />
|''kjole''<br />
|''tei-goi''<br />
|''fain-'en''<br />
|''wenzeinfi''<br />
|''bei''<br />
|''vole.''<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|be<br />
|this<br />
|less-good<br />
|infinite-ADJ<br />
|bee<br />
|to<br />
|that<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
| colspan="7" |These are worse infinite bees than that.<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Numbers ==<br />
<br />
=== Base six ===<br />
Usually, Zjugo uses a base-6 system to count. There are six roots for numbers one-six (and the root meaning "none" can be used to refer to zero).<br />
<br />
Up to thirty six, Zjugo uses a similar system to that of [[Japanese]], except base-six instead of ten, of course. Each number is split into multiples of six plus some leftover amount. In mathematical terms, any n up to 36 is thought of as k*6+m, where k and m are both in that range from one to six (except if the number is less than 6 then there are no multiple of six so the k*6 term is skipped). These numbers are formed into single words made up of up to three units, the first unit being equal to the amount of multiples of six (k), the second simply being six itself and the third being equal to the leftover amount (m). Lastly, if there is only one multiple of six then the first term is omitted and the number six is just said on its own. For example the number four is simply jon, the number ten is lunjon (six-four) and the number sixteen is nulunjon (two-six-four; two sixes and four).<br />
<br />
Thirty six prefixes the root nin, meaning big onto six, so it's simply ninlun (big-six). From there numbers up to, but not including twelve-hundred and ninety-six (thirty six * thirty six) are broken down into two main parts: multiples of thirty six and the left over. In mathematical terms k*36+m. This is the same as before, except on a larger magnitude and this time each of k and m will be further broken down as described in the previous paragraph. For example 512 can be broken down in this way into 14*36+8, then that can be further broken down into (2*6+2)*36+(6+2) and is therefore said as nulunnu ninlun lunnu (two-six-two big-six six-two). This time, unlike before, spaces are introduced between each element.<br />
<br />
Finally, twelve-hundred ninety-six is ninninlun, that is it prefixes nin yet again. These numbers are broken down in an analogous way, counting multiples of ninninlun as k*1296+m, further break k and m down as in the previous diagram. For example the very big number 111'875 would be broken down as 86*1296+419, then each of those parts down as (2*36+14)*1296+(11*36+23), then (2*36+(2*6+2))*1296+((6+5)*36+(3*6+5)) and so would be said as nu ninlun nulunnu ninninlun lungu ninlun senlungu, which is very long, but luckily numbers this large rarely come up and are usually rounded to the nearest multiples of powers of six for convenience.<br />
<br />
=== Base ten<ref name="one" /> ===<br />
The base ten system appeared much later in the language's existence due to English and Ukrainian influences. The system first appeared in writing and, in spoken language, manifests simply as the digits being read out sequentially.<br />
<br />
Each digit zero through nine, in this system, is simply pronounced as its equivalent number in the base six system, so for instance 6 is simply lun and 7 is lun'ji.<br />
<br />
To show what it looks like in use, in this system, the number 4096 would be read as jon ka lunsen lun (four none six-three six).<br />
<br />
== Vocabulary ==<br />
The current list of all words can be found in the [https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1n54Ms4VmSE6OhbFzo7CJyG4xOxUkieS-sQEEe8L60Pw/edit?usp=sharing vocabulary document] hosted on Google Sheets.<br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
<references /></div>Maselahttps://mc.nguh.org/w/index.php?title=Hiso_Zju%27a&diff=39321Hiso Zju'a2026-05-02T10:48:44Z<p>Masela: </p>
<hr />
<div>Hiso Zju'a (ZG "The people's own land") is a [[Ŋation]] located in the north of [[Hlambigla]].<br />
<br />
{{Infobox ngation|name=Hiso Zju'a|demonym=Zju'ahi ([[Zjugo]])<br>Zju'an ([[English]])|ruler=Head of Executive Sylvia Masela<br>Head of Legislature Emily Felnen<br>Head of Justice Mary Killingsworth|languages=[[English]]<br>[[Ukrainian]]<br>[[Zjugo]]|two-digit-code=ZA|three-digit-code=HZA|banner=HZA-banner.png|flag=HZ-flag.png}}<br />
<br />
(Todo: make this all proper, emy, i invite you to work on this page also)</div>Maselahttps://mc.nguh.org/w/index.php?title=Hiso_Zju%27a&diff=39319Hiso Zju'a2026-05-02T10:36:03Z<p>Masela: </p>
<hr />
<div>Hiso Zju'a (ZG "The people's own land") is a [[Ŋation]] located in the north of [[Hlambigla]].<br />
<br />
{{Infobox ngation|name=Hiso Zju'a|demonym=Zju'ahi ([[Zjugo]])<br>Zju'an ([[English]])|ruler=Head of Executive Sylvia Masela<br>Head of Legislature Emily Felnen<br>Head of Justice Mary Killingsworth|languages=[[English]]<br>[[Ukrainian]]<br>[[Zjugo]]|two-digit-code=ZA|three-digit-code=HZA|banner=HZA-banner.png}}<br />
<br />
(Todo: make this all proper, emy, i invite you to work on this page also)</div>Maselahttps://mc.nguh.org/w/index.php?title=File:HZA-banner.png&diff=39318File:HZA-banner.png2026-05-02T10:35:04Z<p>Masela: banner of hiso zju'a</p>
<hr />
<div>== Summary ==<br />
banner of hiso zju'a</div>Maselahttps://mc.nguh.org/w/index.php?title=Zjugo&diff=39299Zjugo2026-05-01T16:28:56Z<p>Masela: clarified omission of verb arguments and fixed inconsistency with usage of "zjugo" and "zjuan"</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox language|name=Zjugo|pronunciation=[ˈʑɯ.gɤ̞]|family=Paleo-Hlabiglan|early-forms=Zjiogeo|era=today|scripts=[[Latin alphabet]], [[Zjugo#Zjugohai|Zjugohai]]|country=[[Hiso Zju'a]]|lang-code=ZG|endonym=Zjugo (in Zjugo)<br>Zjuan (in English)}}<br />
<br />
'''Zjuan''' /ˈʒuw.ən/ (ZG Zjugo /ˈʑɯ.gɤ̞/) is a Paleo-Hlambiglan language spoken in [[Hiso Zju'a]]. It is one of the three languages spoken there, each belonging primarily to one of the three most represented ethnicities residing there. Zjugo belongs to the [unnamed] group, native to Zju'an land and is the only language in Zju'a, which doesn't have a major speaking population anywhere else.<br />
<br />
== Phonology ==<br />
<br />
=== Consonants ===<br />
Zjugo's consonants feature a full voicing distinction in all plosives and fricatives except for the velar fricatives. They also include a palatalization distinction for all plosives and fricatives and alveolar/palatal nasal consonants. Especially in recent times, labial and velar palatalized consonants are often articulated as consonant clusters with the palatal approximant.<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |<br />
! colspan="2" |labial<br />
! rowspan="2" |alveolar<br />
! rowspan="2" |palatal<br />
! colspan="2" |velar<br />
! rowspan="2" |glottal<br />
|-<br />
!plain<br />
!palatalized<br />
!plain<br />
!palatalized<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" |nasal<br />
| colspan="2" |m<br />
|n<br />
|ɲ<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" |plosive<br />
!unvoiced<br />
|p<br />
|pʲ<br />
|t<br />
|t͡ɕ<br />
|k<br />
|kʲ<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!voiced<br />
|b<br />
|bʲ<br />
|d<br />
|d͡ʑ<br />
|g<br />
|gʲ<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" |fricative<br />
!unvoiced<br />
|f<br />
|fʲ<br />
|s<br />
|ɕ<br />
|x<br />
|xʲ<br />
|(h)<br />
|-<br />
!voiced<br />
|v<br />
|vʲ<br />
|z<br />
|ʑ<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" |trill/approximant<br />
| colspan="2" |w<br />
|r~ɾ<br />
|j<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" |lateral<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|l<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Vowels ===<br />
Zjugo features a simple five vowel system. Main things to note is the lack of an open central vowel, as it is being replaced instead with the near-open front unrounded vowel, and the lack of rounding.<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
!<br />
!front<br />
!back<br />
|-<br />
!close<br />
|i<br />
|ɯ<br />
|-<br />
!mid<br />
|e̞<br />
|ɤ̞<br />
|-<br />
!open<br />
|æ<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Diphthongs ===<br />
Any vowel in Zjugo except /i/ and /ɯ/ may appear as the first vowel in a diphthong followed by /i/ (frequently articulated as [ɪ] when appearing like this).<br />
<br />
=== Phonotactics ===<br />
Any Zjugo syllable is made up of at least a vowel or diphthong, which may be preceded by any consonant and/or followed by /n/. Note that a syllable ending with /n/ can be followed by a syllable starting with a vowel. This is phonemically distinct from a syllable ending with a vowel followed by a syllable starting with /n/, that is, for instance, /ˈme̞n.æi/ is distinct from /ˈme̞.næi/. Obstruents and /n/ get palatalized by default when followed by /i/, plain variants are not allowed in that position.<br />
<br />
=== Phonetic variations<ref name="one">It's important to note, that this language was not initially made for Nguhcraft and when making this article I added a bunch of stuff to make the language appear more naturalistic to fit the worldbuilding better. This is not one of those extra things, it is a real actual part of the language outside the server</ref> ===<br />
Due to [[Zjugo#Root system|the root system]], which behaves as if they didn't apply, the following aspects of Zjugo's pronunciation are not widely considered phonemic.<br />
<br />
The sequences ⟨wi⟩, ⟨wu⟩ and ⟨ji⟩ are never pronounced the way they're written. Specifically, ⟨wi⟩ is pronounced [i] word-initially and [hi] otherwise (this is the only phonetic occurrence of [h] in the language and is the reason for its inclusion in the consonant chart). ⟨wu⟩ is pronounced [ɯ] word-initially and [fɯ] otherwise and lastly ⟨ji⟩ is pronounced [i] word-initially and [d͡ʑi] otherwise.<br />
<br />
== Spelling ==<br />
<br />
=== [[Latin alphabet]] ===<br />
Here are the letters and digraphs used to spell Zjugo, when using the [[Latin script]]. Whenever a sequence of letters is ambiguous, an apostrophe must be used to clarify syllable boundaries. For example /ˈme̞.næi/ is spelled ''menai'', meanwhile /ˈme̞n.æi/ is spelled ''men'ai''. This is also done to clarify whether something is or isn't a palatalization digraph, for instance /ˈfʲæn.jæn/ is spelled ''fjan'jan'', however ''fjanjan'' would be pronounced /ˈfʲæ.ɲæn/, except for that it isn't a real word. Consonant letters followed by i, not separated by an apostrophe are automatically considered palatalized.<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
!Letter<br />
!Pronunciation<br />
!digraph<br />
!pronunciation<br />
|-<br />
|A<br />
|/æ/<br />
|Ai<br />
|/æi/<br />
|-<br />
|B<br />
|/b/<br />
|Bj<br />
|/bʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|D<br />
|/d/<br />
|Dj<br />
|/d͡ʑ/<br />
|-<br />
|E<br />
|/e̞/<br />
|Ei<br />
|/e̞i/<br />
|-<br />
|F<br />
|/f/<br />
|Fj<br />
|/fʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|G<br />
|/g/<br />
|Gj<br />
|/gʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|H<br />
|/x/<br />
|Hj<br />
|/xʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|I<br />
|/i/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|J<br />
|/j/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|K<br />
|/k/<br />
|Kj<br />
|/kʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|L<br />
|/l/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|M<br />
|/m/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|N<br />
|/n/<br />
|Nj<br />
|/ɲ/<br />
|-<br />
|O<br />
|/ɤ̞/<br />
|Oi<br />
|/ɤ̞i/<br />
|-<br />
|P<br />
|/p/<br />
|Pj<br />
|/pʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|R<br />
|/r~ɾ/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|S<br />
|/s/<br />
|Sj<br />
|/ɕ/<br />
|-<br />
|T<br />
|/t/<br />
|Tj<br />
|/t͡ɕ/<br />
|-<br />
|U<br />
|/ɯ/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|V<br />
|/v/<br />
|Vj<br />
|/vʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|W<br />
|/w/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Z<br />
|/z/<br />
|Zj<br />
|/ʑ/<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Zjugohai ===<br />
Zjugohai /ˈʑɯ.gɤ̞.xai/ is the original way used to spell Zjugo, although it has since begun to fall out of use in favor of the [[Latin script]]<ref>You're never finding it anywhere on nguhcraft itself because ain't no way I'm turning a vertical syllabary into a minecraft font dawg</ref>. It is a syllabary featuring characters for every combination of a plain voiceless consonant followed by a vowel (including the lack of a consonant). It's written top to bottom with its columns advancing right to left. Voicing and palatalization are spelled using other strategies, discussed later.<br />
<br />
==== Voicing ====<br />
Voiced obstruents are spelled by placing a diacritic to the left of the right syllable character. Voiced palatalized consonants still have this diacritic on the first character.<br />
<br />
==== Palatalization ====<br />
Consonant vowel pairs with a palatalized consonant are spelled as a digraph, including a character of the voiceless unpalatalized equivalent consonant with the i vowel. That is then followed by one of the four special palatalization characters; one exists for each vowel except i itself. Diphthongs following palatalized consonants are spelled by placing a diacritic, identical in appearance to the one used for voicing, onto the palatalization character. There are no palatalization characters for the i vowel as obstruents (and n) followed by i are palatalized by default and, in fact, are not allowed to be plain when in that position.<br />
<br />
==== Diphthongs and syllable-final n ====<br />
As discussed earlier, Zjugo only permits one consonant to appear phonemically in syllable codas and that is /n/. This is spelled with a special character. If syllable contains no such coda and no palatalized consonant, but it does include a diphthong, a reverse-S-like character is used to indicate that, meanwhile if a syllable contains the coda and also a diphthong, it is spelled with another special character, being a variant of the final n character, and lastly if the final n is included in a syllable with a palatalized consonant, a variant of the appropriate palatalization character is used and, naturally, the diphthong diacritic is also included on top of that if there is a diphthong in the syllable. This way any single syllable can be spelled with at most two characters, keeping the script fairly concise.<br />
<br />
==== Numbers ====<br />
Zjugo usually uses a base-6 system to count and there are 6 digits native to Zjugohai, used to spell these base-6 numbers. For base-10 numbers, the Arabic numerals get used and written vertically, just like the Zjugohai numerals.<br />
<br />
== Root system ==<br />
Zjugo features a system of monosyllabic roots or morphemes. Due to its strict phonotactics, there are only 456 possible syllables, 346 of which are used within the language<ref>As of writing this; out of lore, I'm still working on the language and it's very possible this number will change and might outdated</ref>. Each morpheme is one syllable and on top of that any single syllable can represent only one morpheme. Some of these roots are reserved for grammatical purposes (eg. case endings, verb endings, certain grammatical affixes, the morphemes used to construct demonstratives), while others allow much wider usage, the latter case being referred to as "content roots", since they can usually function as most parts of speech.<br />
<br />
== Syntax ==<br />
Zjugo follows an SVO word order with prepositions, adverbs appearing before verbs, used to convey some modal information and adjectives preceding nouns. <br />
<br />
Zjugo's context clause, if used, should be the very first thing in the sentence, followed by the verb, then followed by the verb's arguments. These arguments can have various cases which usually follow the order LOC NOM DAT ACC. In particular, the nominative argument nearly always appears before the accusative argument, with variations being very rare and usually reserved for artistic purposes. The locative argument usually appears first and the dative argument usually appears right before the accusative argument or at the end if there isn't one, but those two exhibit much more variation in placement. Finally, prepositional phrases are always placed at the end of the sentence. <br />
{|<br />
|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<br />
|''Fenhuhja''<br />
|''lu''<br />
|''vjonzjo''<br />
|''vjusjuni''<br />
|''gahi''<br />
|''kinso''<br />
|''djoine''<br />
|''pi'en''<br />
|''jowo.''<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|last-day<br />
|CONTEXT<br />
|give-IND<br />
|work-building-LOC<br />
|somebody<br />
|1-GEN<br />
|parent-DAT<br />
|weird-ADJ<br />
|thing-ACC<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
| colspan="9" |"Yesterday, at work, somebody gave my mother a strange object."<br />
|}<br />
In a sentence with just a copula, both the subject and its complement follow the copula, with the subject appearing first. There are two copulas, one of them negative (equivalent to "isn't"). <br />
{|<br />
|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<br />
|''Da''<br />
|''kin''<br />
|''di''<br />
|''lu''<br />
|''dja''<br />
|''kin''<br />
|''ve.''<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|be<br />
|1<br />
|kind<br />
|CONTEXT<br />
|be.NEG<br />
|1<br />
|rude<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
| colspan="7" |"I'm good, so I'm not bad."<br />
|}<br />
Any argument of a verb may be omitted, this includes subjects, which then carries a similar use case to the passive voice, which is otherwise absent from Zjugo.<br />
<br />
== Verbs ==<br />
Verbs in Zjugo inflect only for mood, with four suffixes: -zjo for the indicative mood, this is the default and most common suffix, -ke for imperative, to indicate the verb as a command, -tja for subjunctive to indicate the verb as merely possible and lastly -'in, which is used in the conditional construction discussed later. Verbs may be negated by simply prefixing no- to them, which is the grammatical root used to indicate negation and can be prefixed on any word, but is by far most common on verbs. Finally, verbs, as any word, can also take extra, redundant, affirmation with the ti- prefix.<br />
<br />
=== Copulas ===<br />
As discussed above there are two special verbs, the two copulas: one indicative and one negative indicative. These do not take the aforementioned inflection and, in fact, rarely ever have any affixes applied to them at all. They can however be preceded by an adverb, which does carry some modal information.<br />
{|<br />
|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<br />
|''Wa''<br />
|''da''<br />
|''kin''<br />
|''zjoin'jin.''<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|want<br />
|be<br />
|1<br />
|feminine-gender<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
| colspan="4" |"I want to be a girl."<br />
|}<br />
When the inflection carried by most verbs ''is'' desired, a semantically similar word "tun" is used.<br />
<br />
=== Questions ===<br />
Any sentence may be turned into a question by suffixing -kai onto the verb. This suffix follows the mood suffixes, if they exist.<br />
{|<br />
|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<br />
|''Tuntjakai''<br />
|''kjole''<br />
|''kje?''<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|exist-SJV-Q<br />
|this<br />
|possible<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
| colspan="3" |"Might this be possible?"<br />
|}<br />
Additionally, any part of the sentence, except the verb, including content word affixes, can be replaced with the question particle "hun". The -kai suffix is still used if this is done.<br />
{|<br />
|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<br />
|Sjunzjokai<br />
|hunhi<br />
|hjole?<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|do-IND-Q<br />
|Q-person<br />
|that<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
| colspan="3" |Who did that?<br />
|}<br />
<br><br />
{|<br />
|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<br />
|''Dakai''<br />
|''kjole''<br />
|''hun?''<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|be-Q<br />
|this<br />
|Q<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
| colspan="3" |"What's this?"<br />
|}<br />
<br><br />
{|<br />
|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<br />
|''Hunkjain''<br />
|''lu''<br />
|''sjunzjokai''<br />
|''pin''<br />
|''hunwo?''<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|Q-time<br />
|CONTEXT<br />
|do-IND-Q<br />
|3<br />
|Q-ACC<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
| colspan="5" |When did they do what?<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Nouns ==<br />
Nouns only exhibit mandatory case marking, however any amount of additional information may be included by affixing any number of morphemes.<br />
<br />
=== Case ===<br />
There are five cases nouns can take in Zjugo. Those are:<br />
<br />
* The nominative, which is unmarked. Used on subjects of sentences as well as subjects' complements in copular sentences.<br />
* The accusative, marked with -wo. Used on the direct objects of sentences.<br />
* The dative, marked with -ne. Used to mark indirect objects, in particular, recipients.<br />
* The genitive, marked with -so. Used for possessors of objects. The possessor is placed before the possessed.<br />
* The vocative, marking with -o. Used to call for people, vocative nouns are only ever exclaimed on their own and never included as part of sentences otherwise.<br />
<br />
=== Number ===<br />
Number is not required to be marked on nouns, however there are a few optional markers that may be used.<br />
<br />
* Singular, that is one, with ji-<br />
* Dual, that is two, with nu-<br />
* Paucal, that is a few, with vja-<br />
* Plural, that is many, with ma-<br />
* Null, that is none, with ka-<br />
* Total, that is all, with kju-<br />
<br />
=== Adjectives ===<br />
Adjectives function extremely similarly to nouns. In fact, any noun can be used as an adjective, by simply being placed before another noun with no case marking. Sometimes the -en suffix may be added to clarify the function of a word being used like that as adjectival. Similarly, there's also a -ken suffix, which functions the same way, except that it also negates the adjective.<br />
<br />
=== Relative clauses ===<br />
A relative clause can follow any noun phrase. It's constructed by placing a verb, directly following the noun, then the relative particle ki and any additional arguments for the verb between it and the particle.<br />
{|<br />
|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<br />
|''Bjozjo''<br />
|''man''<br />
|''bozjo''<br />
|''hjoni''<br />
|''ki.''<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|arrive-IND<br />
|4<ref>indefinite pronoun</ref><br />
|go-IND<br />
|far-LOC<br />
|REL<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
| colspan="5" |Those who go far, arrive.<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Concatenative derivation ==<br />
Any content word can be formed by concatenating multiple monosyllabic content roots together. When this is done, the root at the end is treated as the main root with the previous morphemes modifying it. Words derived from more than two roots in this way introduce some ambiguity in interpretation. For example ninhire (lit. big person tool) could be interpreted as "big (person tool)", where both "big" and "person" modify "tool", that is it's a big tool for people, or it could be interpreted as "(big person) tool" where "big" modifies "person" and then their pair modifies "tool", so it's a tool intended for big people. This ambiguity is not grammatically resolved.<br />
<br />
Many derived words are lexicalized and have a single canon interpretation. These can be found in Zjugo's dictionaries.<br />
<br />
== Demonstratives ==<br />
Demonstratives are derived with a set of prefixes and suffixes. The prefixes indicate state of being (or interrogate it) and the suffixes indicate the type of object being referred to.<br />
<br />
The most commonly used prefixes are<br />
<br />
* kjo - proximal (roughly near speaker, for spacial distinctions)<br />
* vo - medial (roughly near listener, for spacial distinctions)<br />
* hjo - distal (elsewhere)<br />
* pjo - nonexistent, none (used in equivalents to eg. nowhere, never)<br />
* ga - existent, some (used in equivalents to eg. somewhere, sometime)<br />
* hun - interrogative<br />
<br />
The most commonly used suffixes are<br />
<br />
* ko - place (eg. here, there)<br />
* nje - grammatical adjectives (this [thing], that [thing])<br />
* le - grammatical nouns (this, that)<br />
* kjain - time (eg. now, then)<br />
<br />
Other roots are sometimes used as prefixes and occasionally suffixes, but the above are the most common.<br />
<br />
== Context and conditionals ==<br />
The context clause is placed at the very beginning of a sentence and indicated with the "lu" particle, which follows it. For the most part it works similarly to [[Toki Pona]]'s context clause, indicated with the similar sounding "la". It is used to indicate something as the context to the main sentence (it can mean something like "in the context of X, Y", where X is what's in the context clause and Y is the main sentence) and that can be any noun phrase or even verb sentence.<br />
<br />
In Zjugo, the context clause does also play and important role in forming conditionals. The condition is placed in the context clause as a sentence and the result is placed in the main sentence with its verb in the conditional mood, indicated with -tja.<br />
<br />
== Conjunction ==<br />
There are a few conjunctions in Zjugo. These can conjoin any words of the same part of speech, whether that be verbs, noun phrases or even things like adverbs or prepositions.<br />
<br />
They are as follows<br />
<br />
* i - and<br />
* gi - or<br />
* run - and not ([this] run [that] = this and not that)<br />
* mon - also (similar to "i", particularly common at the start of sentences or conjoining verb subjects)<br />
* noi - not also<br />
<br />
They can also appear at the very start of sentences, before the context clause, where they carry related meanings<br />
<br />
* i - furthermore<br />
* gi - or, or maybe<br />
* run - however<br />
* mon - also, furthermore<br />
* noi - however<br />
<br />
And lastly "mon" can also appear on its own as an adverb or adjective.<br />
<br />
== Comparison ==<br />
Comparison is done by prefixing mai- or tei- onto an adjective (meaning "more" and "less" respectively), then following the adjective with a prepositional phrase using bei. Any noun modified by the adjective is placed before bei.<br />
{|<br />
|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<br />
|''Da''<br />
|''kjole''<br />
|''maigoi''<br />
|''bei''<br />
|''fain'en''<br />
|''wenzeinfi!''<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|be<br />
|this<br />
|more-good<br />
|to<br />
|infinite-ADJ<br />
|bee<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
| colspan="6" |This is better than infinite bees!<br />
|}<br />
<br><br />
{|<br />
|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<br />
|''Da''<br />
|''kjole''<br />
|''teigoi''<br />
|''fain'en''<br />
|''wenzeinfi''<br />
|''bei''<br />
|''vole.''<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|be<br />
|this<br />
|less-good<br />
|infinite-ADJ<br />
|bee<br />
|to<br />
|that<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
| colspan="7" |These are worse infinite bees than that.<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Numbers ==<br />
<br />
=== Base six ===<br />
Usually, Zjugo uses a base-6 system to count. There are six roots for numbers one-six (and the root meaning "none" can be used to refer to zero).<br />
<br />
Up to thirty six, Zjugo uses a similar system to that of [[Japanese]], except base-six instead of ten, of course. Each number is split into multiples of six plus some leftover amount. In mathematical terms, any n up to 36 is thought of as k*6+m, where k and m are both in that range from one to six (except if the number is less than 6 then there are no multiple of six so the k*6 term is skipped). These numbers are formed into single words made up of up to three units, the first unit being equal to the amount of multiples of six (k), the second simply being six itself and the third being equal to the leftover amount (m). Lastly, if there is only one multiple of six then the first term is omitted and the number six is just said on its own. For example the number four is simply jon, the number ten is lunjon (six-four) and the number sixteen is nulunjon (two-six-four; two sixes and four).<br />
<br />
Thirty six prefixes the root nin, meaning big onto six, so it's simply ninlun (big-six). From there numbers up to, but not including twelve-hundred and ninety-six (thirty six * thirty six) are broken down into two main parts: multiples of thirty six and the left over. In mathematical terms k*36+m. This is the same as before, except on a larger magnitude and this time each of k and m will be further broken down as described in the previous paragraph. For example 512 can be broken down in this way into 14*36+8, then that can be further broken down into (2*6+2)*36+(6+2) and is therefore said as nulunnu ninlun lunnu (two-six-two big-six six-two). This time, unlike before, spaces are introduced between each element.<br />
<br />
Finally, twelve-hundred ninety-six is ninninlun, that is it prefixes nin yet again. These numbers are broken down in an analogous way, counting multiples of ninninlun as k*1296+m, further break k and m down as in the previous diagram. For example the very big number 111'875 would be broken down as 86*1296+419, then each of those parts down as (2*36+14)*1296+(11*36+23), then (2*36+(2*6+2))*1296+((6+5)*36+(3*6+5)) and so would be said as nu ninlun nulunnu ninninlun lungu ninlun senlungu, which is very long, but luckily numbers this large rarely come up and are usually rounded to the nearest multiples of powers of six for convenience.<br />
<br />
=== Base ten<ref name="one" /> ===<br />
The base ten system appeared much later in the language's existence due to English and Ukrainian influences. The system first appeared in writing and, in spoken language, manifests simply as the digits being read out sequentially.<br />
<br />
Each digit zero through nine, in this system, is simply pronounced as its equivalent number in the base six system, so for instance 6 is simply lun and 7 is lun'ji.<br />
<br />
To show what it looks like in use, in this system, the number 4096 would be read as jon ka lunsen lun (four none six-three six).<br />
<br />
== Vocabulary ==<br />
The current list of all words can be found in the [https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1n54Ms4VmSE6OhbFzo7CJyG4xOxUkieS-sQEEe8L60Pw/edit?usp=sharing vocabulary document] hosted on Google Sheets.<br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
<references /></div>Maselahttps://mc.nguh.org/w/index.php?title=Zjugo&diff=39297Zjugo2026-05-01T14:00:42Z<p>Masela: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox language|name=Zjugo|pronunciation=[ˈʑɯ.gɤ̞]|family=Paleo-Hlabiglan|early-forms=Zjiogeo|era=today|scripts=[[Latin alphabet]], [[Zjugo#Zjugohai|Zjugohai]]|country=[[Hiso Zju'a]]|lang-code=ZG|endonym=Zjugo (in Zjugo)<br>Zjuan (in English)}}<br />
<br />
'''Zjuan''' /ˈʒuw.ən/ (ZG Zjugo /ˈʑɯ.gɤ̞/) is a Paleo-Hlambiglan language spoken in [[Hiso Zju'a]]. It is one of the three languages spoken there, each belonging primarily to one of the three most represented ethnicities residing there. Zjugo belongs to the [unnamed] group, native to Zju'an land and is the only language in Zju'a, which doesn't have a major speaking population anywhere else.<br />
<br />
== Phonology ==<br />
<br />
=== Consonants ===<br />
Zjuan consonants feature a full voicing distinction in all plosives and fricatives except for the velar fricatives. They also include a palatalization distinction for all plosives and fricatives and alveolar/palatal nasal consonants. Especially in recent times, labial and velar palatalized consonants are often articulated as consonant clusters with the palatal approximant.<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |<br />
! colspan="2" |labial<br />
! rowspan="2" |alveolar<br />
! rowspan="2" |palatal<br />
! colspan="2" |velar<br />
! rowspan="2" |glottal<br />
|-<br />
!plain<br />
!palatalized<br />
!plain<br />
!palatalized<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" |nasal<br />
| colspan="2" |m<br />
|n<br />
|ɲ<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" |plosive<br />
!unvoiced<br />
|p<br />
|pʲ<br />
|t<br />
|t͡ɕ<br />
|k<br />
|kʲ<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!voiced<br />
|b<br />
|bʲ<br />
|d<br />
|d͡ʑ<br />
|g<br />
|gʲ<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" |fricative<br />
!unvoiced<br />
|f<br />
|fʲ<br />
|s<br />
|ɕ<br />
|x<br />
|xʲ<br />
|(h)<br />
|-<br />
!voiced<br />
|v<br />
|vʲ<br />
|z<br />
|ʑ<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" |trill/approximant<br />
| colspan="2" |w<br />
|r~ɾ<br />
|j<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" |lateral<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|l<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Vowels ===<br />
Zjugo features a simple five vowel system. Main things to note is the lack of an open central vowel, as it is being replaced instead with the near-open front unrounded vowel, and the lack of rounding.<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
!<br />
!front<br />
!back<br />
|-<br />
!close<br />
|i<br />
|ɯ<br />
|-<br />
!mid<br />
|e̞<br />
|ɤ̞<br />
|-<br />
!open<br />
|æ<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Diphthongs ===<br />
Any Zjuan vowel except /i/ and /ɯ/ may appear as the first vowel in a diphthong followed by /i/ (frequently articulated as [ɪ] when appearing like this).<br />
<br />
=== Phonotactics ===<br />
Any Zjugo syllable is made up of at least a vowel or diphthong, which may be preceded by any consonant and/or followed by /n/. Note that a syllable ending with /n/ can be followed by a syllable starting with a vowel. This is phonemically distinct from a syllable ending with a vowel followed by a syllable starting with /n/, that is, for instance, /ˈme̞n.æi/ is distinct from /ˈme̞.næi/. Obstruents and /n/ get palatalized by default when followed by /i/, plain variants are not allowed in that position.<br />
<br />
=== Phonetic variations<ref name="one">It's important to note, that this language was not initially made for Nguhcraft and when making this article I added a bunch of stuff to make the language appear more naturalistic to fit the worldbuilding better. This is not one of those extra things, it is a real actual part of the language outside the server</ref> ===<br />
Due to [[Zjugo#Root system|the root system]], which behaves as if they didn't apply, the following aspects of Zjugo's pronunciation are not widely considered phonemic.<br />
<br />
The sequences ⟨wi⟩, ⟨wu⟩ and ⟨ji⟩ are never pronounced the way they're written. Specifically, ⟨wi⟩ is pronounced [i] word-initially and [hi] otherwise (this is the only phonetic occurrence of [h] in the language and is the reason for its inclusion in the consonant chart). ⟨wu⟩ is pronounced [ɯ] word-initially and [fɯ] otherwise and lastly ⟨ji⟩ is pronounced [i] word-initially and [d͡ʑi] otherwise.<br />
<br />
== Spelling ==<br />
<br />
=== [[Latin alphabet]] ===<br />
Here are the letters and digraphs used to spell Zjugo, when using the [[Latin script]]. Whenever a sequence of letters is ambiguous, an apostrophe must be used to clarify syllable boundaries. For example /ˈme̞.næi/ is spelled ''menai'', meanwhile /ˈme̞n.æi/ is spelled ''men'ai''. This is also done to clarify whether something is or isn't a palatalization digraph, for instance /ˈfʲæn.jæn/ is spelled ''fjan'jan'', however ''fjanjan'' would be pronounced /ˈfʲæ.ɲæn/, except for that it isn't a real word. Consonant letters followed by i, not separated by an apostrophe are automatically considered palatalized.<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
!Letter<br />
!Pronunciation<br />
!digraph<br />
!pronunciation<br />
|-<br />
|A<br />
|/æ/<br />
|Ai<br />
|/æi/<br />
|-<br />
|B<br />
|/b/<br />
|Bj<br />
|/bʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|D<br />
|/d/<br />
|Dj<br />
|/d͡ʑ/<br />
|-<br />
|E<br />
|/e̞/<br />
|Ei<br />
|/e̞i/<br />
|-<br />
|F<br />
|/f/<br />
|Fj<br />
|/fʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|G<br />
|/g/<br />
|Gj<br />
|/gʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|H<br />
|/x/<br />
|Hj<br />
|/xʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|I<br />
|/i/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|J<br />
|/j/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|K<br />
|/k/<br />
|Kj<br />
|/kʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|L<br />
|/l/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|M<br />
|/m/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|N<br />
|/n/<br />
|Nj<br />
|/ɲ/<br />
|-<br />
|O<br />
|/ɤ̞/<br />
|Oi<br />
|/ɤ̞i/<br />
|-<br />
|P<br />
|/p/<br />
|Pj<br />
|/pʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|R<br />
|/r~ɾ/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|S<br />
|/s/<br />
|Sj<br />
|/ɕ/<br />
|-<br />
|T<br />
|/t/<br />
|Tj<br />
|/t͡ɕ/<br />
|-<br />
|U<br />
|/ɯ/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|V<br />
|/v/<br />
|Vj<br />
|/vʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|W<br />
|/w/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Z<br />
|/z/<br />
|Zj<br />
|/ʑ/<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Zjugohai ===<br />
Zjugohai /ˈʑɯ.gɤ̞.xai/ is the original way used to spell Zjugo, although it has since begun to fall out of use in favor of the [[Latin script]]<ref>You're never finding it anywhere on nguhcraft itself because ain't no way I'm turning a vertical syllabary into a minecraft font dawg</ref>. It is a syllabary featuring characters for every combination of a plain voiceless consonant followed by a vowel (including the lack of a consonant). It's written top to bottom with its columns advancing right to left. Voicing and palatalization are spelled using other strategies, discussed later.<br />
<br />
==== Voicing ====<br />
Voiced obstruents are spelled by placing a diacritic to the left of the right syllable character. Voiced palatalized consonants still have this diacritic on the first character.<br />
<br />
==== Palatalization ====<br />
Consonant vowel pairs with a palatalized consonant are spelled as a digraph, including a character of the voiceless unpalatalized equivalent consonant with the i vowel. That is then followed by one of the four special palatalization characters; one exists for each vowel except i itself. Diphthongs following palatalized consonants are spelled by placing a diacritic, identical in appearance to the one used for voicing, onto the palatalization character. There are no palatalization characters for the i vowel as obstruents (and n) followed by i are palatalized by default and, in fact, are not allowed to be plain when in that position.<br />
<br />
==== Diphthongs and syllable-final n ====<br />
As discussed earlier, Zjugo only permits one consonant to appear phonemically in syllable codas and that is /n/. This is spelled with a special character. If syllable contains no such coda and no palatalized consonant, but it does include a diphthong, a reverse-S-like character is used to indicate that, meanwhile if a syllable contains the coda and also a diphthong, it is spelled with another special character, being a variant of the final n character, and lastly if the final n is included in a syllable with a palatalized consonant, a variant of the appropriate palatalization character is used and, naturally, the diphthong diacritic is also included on top of that if there is a diphthong in the syllable. This way any single syllable can be spelled with at most two characters, keeping the script fairly concise.<br />
<br />
==== Numbers ====<br />
Zjugo usually uses a base-6 system to count and there are 6 digits native to Zjugohai, used to spell these base-6 numbers. For base-10 numbers, the Arabic numerals get used and written vertically, just like the Zjugohai numerals.<br />
<br />
== Root system ==<br />
Zjugo features a system of monosyllabic roots or morphemes. Due to its strict phonotactics, there are only 456 possible syllables, 346 of which are used within the language<ref>As of writing this; out of lore, I'm still working on the language and it's very possible this number will change and might outdated</ref>. Each morpheme is one syllable and on top of that any single syllable can represent only one morpheme. Some of these roots are reserved for grammatical purposes (eg. case endings, verb endings, certain grammatical affixes, the morphemes used to construct demonstratives), while others allow much wider usage, the latter case being referred to as "content roots", since they can usually function as most parts of speech.<br />
<br />
== Syntax ==<br />
Zjugo follows an SVO word order with prepositions, adverbs appearing before verbs, used to convey some modal information and adjectives preceding nouns. <br />
<br />
Zjugo's context clause, if used, should be the very first thing in the sentence, followed by the verb, then followed by the verb's arguments. These arguments can have various cases which usually follow the order LOC NOM DAT ACC. In particular, the nominative argument nearly always appears before the accusative argument, with variations being very rare and usually reserved for artistic purposes. The locative argument usually appears first and the dative argument usually appears right before the accusative argument or at the end if there isn't one, but those two exhibit much more variation in placement. Finally, prepositional phrases are always placed at the end of the sentence. <br />
{|<br />
|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<br />
|''Fenhuhja''<br />
|''lu''<br />
|''vjonzjo''<br />
|''vjusjuni''<br />
|''gahi''<br />
|''kinso''<br />
|''djoine''<br />
|''pi'en''<br />
|''jowo.''<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|last-day<br />
|CONTEXT<br />
|give-IND<br />
|work-building-LOC<br />
|somebody<br />
|1-GEN<br />
|parent-DAT<br />
|weird-ADJ<br />
|thing-ACC<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
| colspan="9" |"Yesterday, at work, somebody gave my mother a strange object."<br />
|}<br />
In a sentence with just a copula, both the subject and its complement follow the copula, with the subject appearing first. There are two copulas, one of them negative (equivalent to "isn't"). <br />
{|<br />
|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<br />
|''Da''<br />
|''kin''<br />
|''di''<br />
|''lu''<br />
|''dja''<br />
|''kin''<br />
|''ve.''<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|be<br />
|1<br />
|kind<br />
|CONTEXT<br />
|be.NEG<br />
|1<br />
|rude<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
| colspan="7" |"I'm good, so I'm not bad."<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Verbs ==<br />
Verbs in Zjugo inflect only for mood, with four suffixes: -zjo for the indicative mood, this is the default and most common suffix, -ke for imperative, to indicate the verb as a command, -tja for subjunctive to indicate the verb as merely possible and lastly -'in, which is used in the conditional construction discussed later. Verbs may be negated by simply prefixing no- to them, which is the grammatical root used to indicate negation and can be prefixed on any word, but is by far most common on verbs. Finally, verbs, as any word, can also take extra, redundant, affirmation with the ti- prefix.<br />
<br />
=== Copulas ===<br />
As discussed above there are two special verbs, the two copulas: one indicative and one negative indicative. These do not take the aforementioned inflection and, in fact, rarely ever have any affixes applied to them at all. They can however be preceded by an adverb, which does carry some modal information.<br />
{|<br />
|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<br />
|''Wa''<br />
|''da''<br />
|''kin''<br />
|''zjoin'jin.''<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|want<br />
|be<br />
|1<br />
|feminine-gender<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
| colspan="4" |"I want to be a girl."<br />
|}<br />
When the inflection carried by most verbs ''is'' desired, a semantically similar word "tun" is used.<br />
<br />
=== Questions ===<br />
Any sentence may be turned into a question by suffixing -kai onto the verb. This suffix follows the mood suffixes, if they exist.<br />
{|<br />
|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<br />
|''Tuntjakai''<br />
|''kjole''<br />
|''kje?''<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|exist-SJV-Q<br />
|this<br />
|possible<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
| colspan="3" |"Might this be possible?"<br />
|}<br />
Additionally, any part of the sentence, except the verb, including content word affixes, can be replaced with the question particle "hun". The -kai suffix is still used if this is done.<br />
{|<br />
|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<br />
|Sjunzjokai<br />
|hunhi<br />
|hjole?<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|do-IND-Q<br />
|Q-person<br />
|that<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
| colspan="3" |Who did that?<br />
|}<br />
<br><br />
{|<br />
|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<br />
|''Dakai''<br />
|''kjole''<br />
|''hun?''<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|be-Q<br />
|this<br />
|Q<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
| colspan="3" |"What's this?"<br />
|}<br />
<br><br />
{|<br />
|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<br />
|''Hunkjain''<br />
|''lu''<br />
|''sjunzjokai''<br />
|''pin''<br />
|''hunwo?''<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|Q-time<br />
|CONTEXT<br />
|do-IND-Q<br />
|3<br />
|Q-ACC<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
| colspan="5" |When did they do what?<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Nouns ==<br />
Nouns only exhibit mandatory case marking, however any amount of additional information may be included by affixing any number of morphemes.<br />
<br />
=== Case ===<br />
There are five cases nouns can take in Zjugo. Those are:<br />
<br />
* The nominative, which is unmarked. Used on subjects of sentences as well as subjects' complements in copular sentences.<br />
* The accusative, marked with -wo. Used on the direct objects of sentences.<br />
* The dative, marked with -ne. Used to mark indirect objects, in particular, recipients.<br />
* The genitive, marked with -so. Used for possessors of objects. The possessor is placed before the possessed.<br />
* The vocative, marking with -o. Used to call for people, vocative nouns are only ever exclaimed on their own and never included as part of sentences otherwise.<br />
<br />
=== Number ===<br />
Number is not required to be marked on nouns, however there are a few optional markers that may be used.<br />
<br />
* Singular, that is one, with ji-<br />
* Dual, that is two, with nu-<br />
* Paucal, that is a few, with vja-<br />
* Plural, that is many, with ma-<br />
* Null, that is none, with ka-<br />
* Total, that is all, with kju-<br />
<br />
=== Adjectives ===<br />
Adjectives function extremely similarly to nouns. In fact, any noun can be used as an adjective, by simply being placed before another noun with no case marking. Sometimes the -en suffix may be added to clarify the function of a word being used like that as adjectival. Similarly, there's also a -ken suffix, which functions the same way, except that it also negates the adjective.<br />
<br />
=== Relative clauses ===<br />
A relative clause can follow any noun phrase. It's constructed by placing a verb, directly following the noun, then the relative particle ki and any additional arguments for the verb between it and the particle.<br />
{|<br />
|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<br />
|''Bjozjo''<br />
|''man''<br />
|''bozjo''<br />
|''hjoni''<br />
|''ki.''<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|arrive-IND<br />
|4<ref>indefinite pronoun</ref><br />
|go-IND<br />
|far-LOC<br />
|REL<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
| colspan="5" |Those who go far, arrive.<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Concatenative derivation ==<br />
Any content word can be formed by concatenating multiple monosyllabic content roots together. When this is done, the root at the end is treated as the main root with the previous morphemes modifying it. Words derived from more than two roots in this way introduce some ambiguity in interpretation. For example ninhire (lit. big person tool) could be interpreted as "big (person tool)", where both "big" and "person" modify "tool", that is it's a big tool for people, or it could be interpreted as "(big person) tool" where "big" modifies "person" and then their pair modifies "tool", so it's a tool intended for big people. This ambiguity is not grammatically resolved.<br />
<br />
Many derived words are lexicalized and have a single canon interpretation. These can be found in Zjuan dictionaries.<br />
<br />
== Demonstratives ==<br />
Demonstratives are derived with a set of prefixes and suffixes. The prefixes indicate state of being (or interrogate it) and the suffixes indicate the type of object being referred to.<br />
<br />
The most commonly used prefixes are<br />
<br />
* kjo - proximal (roughly near speaker, for spacial distinctions)<br />
* vo - medial (roughly near listener, for spacial distinctions)<br />
* hjo - distal (elsewhere)<br />
* pjo - nonexistent, none (used in equivalents to eg. nowhere, never)<br />
* ga - existent, some (used in equivalents to eg. somewhere, sometime)<br />
* hun - interrogative<br />
<br />
The most commonly used suffixes are<br />
<br />
* ko - place (eg. here, there)<br />
* nje - grammatical adjectives (this [thing], that [thing])<br />
* le - grammatical nouns (this, that)<br />
* kjain - time (eg. now, then)<br />
<br />
Other roots are sometimes used as prefixes and occasionally suffixes, but the above are the most common.<br />
<br />
== Context and conditionals ==<br />
The context clause is placed at the very beginning of a sentence and indicated with the "lu" particle, which follows it. For the most part it works similarly to [[Toki Pona]]'s context clause, indicated with the similar sounding "la". It is used to indicate something as the context to the main sentence (it can mean something like "in the context of X, Y", where X is what's in the context clause and Y is the main sentence) and that can be any noun phrase or even verb sentence.<br />
<br />
In Zjugo, the context clause does also play and important role in forming conditionals. The condition is placed in the context clause as a sentence and the result is placed in the main sentence with its verb in the conditional mood, indicated with -tja.<br />
<br />
== Conjunction ==<br />
There are a few conjunctions in Zjugo. These can conjoin any words of the same part of speech, whether that be verbs, noun phrases or even things like adverbs or prepositions.<br />
<br />
They are as follows<br />
<br />
* i - and<br />
* gi - or<br />
* run - and not ([this] run [that] = this and not that)<br />
* mon - also (similar to "i", particularly common at the start of sentences or conjoining verb subjects)<br />
* noi - not also<br />
<br />
They can also appear at the very start of sentences, before the context clause, where they carry related meanings<br />
<br />
* i - furthermore<br />
* gi - or, or maybe<br />
* run - however<br />
* mon - also, furthermore<br />
* noi - however<br />
<br />
And lastly "mon" can also appear on its own as an adverb or adjective.<br />
<br />
== Comparison ==<br />
Comparison is done by prefixing mai- or tei- onto an adjective (meaning "more" and "less" respectively), then following the adjective with a prepositional phrase using bei. Any noun modified by the adjective is placed before bei.<br />
{|<br />
|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<br />
|''Da''<br />
|''kjole''<br />
|''maigoi''<br />
|''bei''<br />
|''fain'en''<br />
|''wenzeinfi!''<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|be<br />
|this<br />
|more-good<br />
|to<br />
|infinite-ADJ<br />
|bee<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
| colspan="6" |This is better than infinite bees!<br />
|}<br />
<br><br />
{|<br />
|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<br />
|''Da''<br />
|''kjole''<br />
|''teigoi''<br />
|''fain'en''<br />
|''wenzeinfi''<br />
|''bei''<br />
|''vole.''<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|be<br />
|this<br />
|less-good<br />
|infinite-ADJ<br />
|bee<br />
|to<br />
|that<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
| colspan="7" |These are worse infinite bees than that.<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Numbers ==<br />
<br />
=== Base six ===<br />
Usually, Zjugo uses a base-6 system to count. There are six roots for numbers one-six (and the root meaning "none" can be used to refer to zero).<br />
<br />
Up to thirty six, Zjugo uses a similar system to that of [[Japanese]], except base-six instead of ten, of course. Each number is split into multiples of six plus some leftover amount. In mathematical terms, any n up to 36 is thought of as k*6+m, where k and m are both in that range from one to six (except if the number is less than 6 then there are no multiple of six so the k*6 term is skipped). These numbers are formed into single words made up of up to three units, the first unit being equal to the amount of multiples of six (k), the second simply being six itself and the third being equal to the leftover amount (m). Lastly, if there is only one multiple of six then the first term is omitted and the number six is just said on its own. For example the number four is simply jon, the number ten is lunjon (six-four) and the number sixteen is nulunjon (two-six-four; two sixes and four).<br />
<br />
Thirty six prefixes the root nin, meaning big onto six, so it's simply ninlun (big-six). From there numbers up to, but not including twelve-hundred and ninety-six (thirty six * thirty six) are broken down into two main parts: multiples of thirty six and the left over. In mathematical terms k*36+m. This is the same as before, except on a larger magnitude and this time each of k and m will be further broken down as described in the previous paragraph. For example 512 can be broken down in this way into 14*36+8, then that can be further broken down into (2*6+2)*36+(6+2) and is therefore said as nulunnu ninlun lunnu (two-six-two big-six six-two). This time, unlike before, spaces are introduced between each element.<br />
<br />
Finally, twelve-hundred ninety-six is ninninlun, that is it prefixes nin yet again. These numbers are broken down in an analogous way, counting multiples of ninninlun as k*1296+m, further break k and m down as in the previous diagram. For example the very big number 111'875 would be broken down as 86*1296+419, then each of those parts down as (2*36+14)*1296+(11*36+23), then (2*36+(2*6+2))*1296+((6+5)*36+(3*6+5)) and so would be said as nu ninlun nulunnu ninninlun lungu ninlun senlungu, which is very long, but luckily numbers this large rarely come up and are usually rounded to the nearest multiples of powers of six for convenience.<br />
<br />
=== Base ten<ref name="one" /> ===<br />
The base ten system appeared much later in the language's existence due to English and Ukrainian influences. The system first appeared in writing and, in spoken language, manifests simply as the digits being read out sequentially.<br />
<br />
Each digit zero through nine, in this system, is simply pronounced as its equivalent number in the base six system, so for instance 6 is simply lun and 7 is lun'ji.<br />
<br />
To show what it looks like in use, in this system, the number 4096 would be read as jon ka lunsen lun (four none six-three six).<br />
<br />
== Vocabulary ==<br />
The current list of all words can be found in the [https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1n54Ms4VmSE6OhbFzo7CJyG4xOxUkieS-sQEEe8L60Pw/edit?usp=sharing vocabulary document] hosted on Google Sheets.<br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
<references /></div>Maselahttps://mc.nguh.org/w/index.php?title=Zjugo&diff=39295Zjugo2026-05-01T13:59:48Z<p>Masela: added extra spaces between the glosses to keep them more distinct</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox language|name=Zjugo|pronunciation=[ˈʑɯ.gɤ̞]|family=Paleo-Hlabiglan|early-forms=Zjiogeo|era=today|scripts=[[Latin alphabet]], [[Zjugo#Zjugohai|Zjugohai]]|country=[[Hiso Zju'a]]|lang-code=ZG|endonym=Zjugo (in Zjugo)<br>Zjuan (in English)}}<br />
<br />
'''Zjuan''' /ˈʒuw.ən/ (ZG Zjugo /ˈʑɯ.gɤ̞/) is a Paleo-Hlambiglan language spoken in [[Hiso Zju'a]]. It is one of the three languages spoken there, each belonging primarily to one of the three most represented ethnicities residing there. Zjugo belongs to the [unnamed] group, native to Zju'an land and is the only language in Zju'a, which doesn't have a major speaking population anywhere else.<br />
<br />
== Phonology ==<br />
<br />
=== Consonants ===<br />
Zjuan consonants feature a full voicing distinction in all plosives and fricatives except for the velar fricatives. They also include a palatalization distinction for all plosives and fricatives and alveolar/palatal nasal consonants. Especially in recent times, labial and velar palatalized consonants are often articulated as consonant clusters with the palatal approximant.<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |<br />
! colspan="2" |labial<br />
! rowspan="2" |alveolar<br />
! rowspan="2" |palatal<br />
! colspan="2" |velar<br />
! rowspan="2" |glottal<br />
|-<br />
!plain<br />
!palatalized<br />
!plain<br />
!palatalized<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" |nasal<br />
| colspan="2" |m<br />
|n<br />
|ɲ<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" |plosive<br />
!unvoiced<br />
|p<br />
|pʲ<br />
|t<br />
|t͡ɕ<br />
|k<br />
|kʲ<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!voiced<br />
|b<br />
|bʲ<br />
|d<br />
|d͡ʑ<br />
|g<br />
|gʲ<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" |fricative<br />
!unvoiced<br />
|f<br />
|fʲ<br />
|s<br />
|ɕ<br />
|x<br />
|xʲ<br />
|(h)<br />
|-<br />
!voiced<br />
|v<br />
|vʲ<br />
|z<br />
|ʑ<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" |trill/approximant<br />
| colspan="2" |w<br />
|r~ɾ<br />
|j<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" |lateral<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|l<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Vowels ===<br />
Zjugo features a simple five vowel system. Main things to note is the lack of an open central vowel, as it is being replaced instead with the near-open front unrounded vowel, and the lack of rounding.<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
!<br />
!front<br />
!back<br />
|-<br />
!close<br />
|i<br />
|ɯ<br />
|-<br />
!mid<br />
|e̞<br />
|ɤ̞<br />
|-<br />
!open<br />
|æ<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Diphthongs ===<br />
Any Zjuan vowel except /i/ and /ɯ/ may appear as the first vowel in a diphthong followed by /i/ (frequently articulated as [ɪ] when appearing like this).<br />
<br />
=== Phonotactics ===<br />
Any Zjugo syllable is made up of at least a vowel or diphthong, which may be preceded by any consonant and/or followed by /n/. Note that a syllable ending with /n/ can be followed by a syllable starting with a vowel. This is phonemically distinct from a syllable ending with a vowel followed by a syllable starting with /n/, that is, for instance, /ˈme̞n.æi/ is distinct from /ˈme̞.næi/. Obstruents and /n/ get palatalized by default when followed by /i/, plain variants are not allowed in that position.<br />
<br />
=== Phonetic variations<ref name="one">It's important to note, that this language was not initially made for Nguhcraft and when making this article I added a bunch of stuff to make the language appear more naturalistic to fit the worldbuilding better. This is not one of those extra things, it is a real actual part of the language outside the server</ref> ===<br />
Due to [[Zjugo#Root system|the root system]], which behaves as if they didn't apply, the following aspects of Zjugo's pronunciation are not widely considered phonemic.<br />
<br />
The sequences ⟨wi⟩, ⟨wu⟩ and ⟨ji⟩ are never pronounced the way they're written. Specifically, ⟨wi⟩ is pronounced [i] word-initially and [hi] otherwise (this is the only phonetic occurrence of [h] in the language and is the reason for its inclusion in the consonant chart). ⟨wu⟩ is pronounced [ɯ] word-initially and [fɯ] otherwise and lastly ⟨ji⟩ is pronounced [i] word-initially and [d͡ʑi] otherwise.<br />
<br />
== Spelling ==<br />
<br />
=== [[Latin alphabet]] ===<br />
Here are the letters and digraphs used to spell Zjugo, when using the [[Latin script]]. Whenever a sequence of letters is ambiguous, an apostrophe must be used to clarify syllable boundaries. For example /ˈme̞.næi/ is spelled ''menai'', meanwhile /ˈme̞n.æi/ is spelled ''men'ai''. This is also done to clarify whether something is or isn't a palatalization digraph, for instance /ˈfʲæn.jæn/ is spelled ''fjan'jan'', however ''fjanjan'' would be pronounced /ˈfʲæ.ɲæn/, except for that it isn't a real word. Consonant letters followed by i, not separated by an apostrophe are automatically considered palatalized.<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
!Letter<br />
!Pronunciation<br />
!digraph<br />
!pronunciation<br />
|-<br />
|A<br />
|/æ/<br />
|Ai<br />
|/æi/<br />
|-<br />
|B<br />
|/b/<br />
|Bj<br />
|/bʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|D<br />
|/d/<br />
|Dj<br />
|/d͡ʑ/<br />
|-<br />
|E<br />
|/e̞/<br />
|Ei<br />
|/e̞i/<br />
|-<br />
|F<br />
|/f/<br />
|Fj<br />
|/fʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|G<br />
|/g/<br />
|Gj<br />
|/gʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|H<br />
|/x/<br />
|Hj<br />
|/xʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|I<br />
|/i/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|J<br />
|/j/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|K<br />
|/k/<br />
|Kj<br />
|/kʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|L<br />
|/l/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|M<br />
|/m/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|N<br />
|/n/<br />
|Nj<br />
|/ɲ/<br />
|-<br />
|O<br />
|/ɤ̞/<br />
|Oi<br />
|/ɤ̞i/<br />
|-<br />
|P<br />
|/p/<br />
|Pj<br />
|/pʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|R<br />
|/r~ɾ/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|S<br />
|/s/<br />
|Sj<br />
|/ɕ/<br />
|-<br />
|T<br />
|/t/<br />
|Tj<br />
|/t͡ɕ/<br />
|-<br />
|U<br />
|/ɯ/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|V<br />
|/v/<br />
|Vj<br />
|/vʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|W<br />
|/w/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Z<br />
|/z/<br />
|Zj<br />
|/ʑ/<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Zjugohai ===<br />
Zjugohai /ˈʑɯ.gɤ̞.xai/ is the original way used to spell Zjugo, although it has since begun to fall out of use in favor of the [[Latin script]]<ref>You're never finding it anywhere on nguhcraft itself because ain't no way I'm turning a vertical syllabary into a minecraft font dawg</ref>. It is a syllabary featuring characters for every combination of a plain voiceless consonant followed by a vowel (including the lack of a consonant). It's written top to bottom with its columns advancing right to left. Voicing and palatalization are spelled using other strategies, discussed later.<br />
<br />
==== Voicing ====<br />
Voiced obstruents are spelled by placing a diacritic to the left of the right syllable character. Voiced palatalized consonants still have this diacritic on the first character.<br />
<br />
==== Palatalization ====<br />
Consonant vowel pairs with a palatalized consonant are spelled as a digraph, including a character of the voiceless unpalatalized equivalent consonant with the i vowel. That is then followed by one of the four special palatalization characters; one exists for each vowel except i itself. Diphthongs following palatalized consonants are spelled by placing a diacritic, identical in appearance to the one used for voicing, onto the palatalization character. There are no palatalization characters for the i vowel as obstruents (and n) followed by i are palatalized by default and, in fact, are not allowed to be plain when in that position.<br />
<br />
==== Diphthongs and syllable-final n ====<br />
As discussed earlier, Zjugo only permits one consonant to appear phonemically in syllable codas and that is /n/. This is spelled with a special character. If syllable contains no such coda and no palatalized consonant, but it does include a diphthong, a reverse-S-like character is used to indicate that, meanwhile if a syllable contains the coda and also a diphthong, it is spelled with another special character, being a variant of the final n character, and lastly if the final n is included in a syllable with a palatalized consonant, a variant of the appropriate palatalization character is used and, naturally, the diphthong diacritic is also included on top of that if there is a diphthong in the syllable. This way any single syllable can be spelled with at most two characters, keeping the script fairly concise.<br />
<br />
==== Numbers ====<br />
Zjugo usually uses a base-6 system to count and there are 6 digits native to Zjugohai, used to spell these base-6 numbers. For base-10 numbers, the Arabic numerals get used and written vertically, just like the Zjugohai numerals.<br />
<br />
== Root system ==<br />
Zjugo features a system of monosyllabic roots or morphemes. Due to its strict phonotactics, there are only 456 possible syllables, 346 of which are used within the language<ref>As of writing this; out of lore, I'm still working on the language and it's very possible this number will change and might outdated</ref>. Each morpheme is one syllable and on top of that any single syllable can represent only one morpheme. Some of these roots are reserved for grammatical purposes (eg. case endings, verb endings, certain grammatical affixes, the morphemes used to construct demonstratives), while others allow much wider usage, the latter case being referred to as "content roots", since they can usually function as most parts of speech.<br />
<br />
== Syntax ==<br />
Zjugo follows an SVO word order with prepositions, adverbs appearing before verbs, used to convey some modal information and adjectives preceding nouns. <br />
<br />
Zjugo's context clause, if used, should be the very first thing in the sentence, followed by the verb, then followed by the verb's arguments. These arguments can have various cases which usually follow the order LOC NOM DAT ACC. In particular, the nominative argument nearly always appears before the accusative argument, with variations being very rare and usually reserved for artistic purposes. The locative argument usually appears first and the dative argument usually appears right before the accusative argument or at the end if there isn't one, but those two exhibit much more variation in placement. Finally, prepositional phrases are always placed at the end of the sentence. <br />
{|<br />
|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<br />
|''Fenhuhja''<br />
|''lu''<br />
|''vjonzjo''<br />
|''vjusjuni''<br />
|''gahi''<br />
|''kinso''<br />
|''djoine''<br />
|''pi'en''<br />
|''jowo.''<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|last-day<br />
|CONTEXT<br />
|give-IND<br />
|work-building-LOC<br />
|somebody<br />
|1-GEN<br />
|parent-DAT<br />
|weird-ADJ<br />
|thing-ACC<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
| colspan="9" |"Yesterday, at work, somebody gave my mother a strange object."<br />
|}<br />
In a sentence with just a copula, both the subject and its complement follow the copula, with the subject appearing first. There are two copulas, one of them negative (equivalent to "isn't"). <br />
{|<br />
|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<br />
|''Da''<br />
|''kin''<br />
|''di''<br />
|''lu''<br />
|''dja''<br />
|''kin''<br />
|''ve.''<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|be<br />
|1<br />
|kind<br />
|CONTEXT<br />
|be.NEG<br />
|1<br />
|rude<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
| colspan="7" |"I'm good, so I'm not bad."<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Verbs ==<br />
Verbs in Zjugo inflect only for mood, with four suffixes: -zjo for the indicative mood, this is the default and most common suffix, -ke for imperative, to indicate the verb as a command, -tja for subjunctive to indicate the verb as merely possible and lastly -'in, which is used in the conditional construction discussed later. Verbs may be negated by simply prefixing no- to them, which is the grammatical root used to indicate negation and can be prefixed on any word, but is by far most common on verbs. Finally, verbs, as any word, can also take extra, redundant, affirmation with the ti- prefix.<br />
<br />
=== Copulas ===<br />
As discussed above there are two special verbs, the two copulas: one indicative and one negative indicative. These do not take the aforementioned inflection and, in fact, rarely ever have any affixes applied to them at all. They can however be preceded by an adverb, which does carry some modal information.<br />
{|<br />
|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<br />
|''Wa''<br />
|''da''<br />
|''kin''<br />
|''zjoin'jin.''<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|want<br />
|be<br />
|1<br />
|feminine-gender<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
| colspan="4" |"I want to be a girl."<br />
|}<br />
When the inflection carried by most verbs ''is'' desired, a semantically similar word "tun" is used.<br />
<br />
=== Questions ===<br />
Any sentence may be turned into a question by suffixing -kai onto the verb. This suffix follows the mood suffixes, if they exist.<br />
{|<br />
|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<br />
|''Tuntjakai''<br />
|''kjole''<br />
|''kje?''<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|exist-SJV-Q<br />
|this<br />
|possible<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
| colspan="3" |"Might this be possible?"<br />
|}<br />
Additionally, any part of the sentence, except the verb, including content word affixes, can be replaced with the question particle "hun". The -kai suffix is still used if this is done.<br />
{|<br />
|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<br />
|Sjunzjokai<br />
|hunhi<br />
|hjole?<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|do-IND-Q<br />
|Q-person<br />
|that<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
| colspan="3" |Who did that?<br />
|}<br />
<br><br />
{|<br />
|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<br />
|''Da''<br />
|''kjole''<br />
|''hun?''<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|be<br />
|this<br />
|Q<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
| colspan="3" |"What's this?"<br />
|}<br />
<br><br />
{|<br />
|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<br />
|''Hunkjain''<br />
|''lu''<br />
|''sjunzjokai''<br />
|''pin''<br />
|''hunwo?''<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|Q-time<br />
|CONTEXT<br />
|do-IND-Q<br />
|3<br />
|Q-ACC<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
| colspan="5" |When did they do what?<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Nouns ==<br />
Nouns only exhibit mandatory case marking, however any amount of additional information may be included by affixing any number of morphemes.<br />
<br />
=== Case ===<br />
There are five cases nouns can take in Zjugo. Those are:<br />
<br />
* The nominative, which is unmarked. Used on subjects of sentences as well as subjects' complements in copular sentences.<br />
* The accusative, marked with -wo. Used on the direct objects of sentences.<br />
* The dative, marked with -ne. Used to mark indirect objects, in particular, recipients.<br />
* The genitive, marked with -so. Used for possessors of objects. The possessor is placed before the possessed.<br />
* The vocative, marking with -o. Used to call for people, vocative nouns are only ever exclaimed on their own and never included as part of sentences otherwise.<br />
<br />
=== Number ===<br />
Number is not required to be marked on nouns, however there are a few optional markers that may be used.<br />
<br />
* Singular, that is one, with ji-<br />
* Dual, that is two, with nu-<br />
* Paucal, that is a few, with vja-<br />
* Plural, that is many, with ma-<br />
* Null, that is none, with ka-<br />
* Total, that is all, with kju-<br />
<br />
=== Adjectives ===<br />
Adjectives function extremely similarly to nouns. In fact, any noun can be used as an adjective, by simply being placed before another noun with no case marking. Sometimes the -en suffix may be added to clarify the function of a word being used like that as adjectival. Similarly, there's also a -ken suffix, which functions the same way, except that it also negates the adjective.<br />
<br />
=== Relative clauses ===<br />
A relative clause can follow any noun phrase. It's constructed by placing a verb, directly following the noun, then the relative particle ki and any additional arguments for the verb between it and the particle.<br />
{|<br />
|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<br />
|''Bjozjo''<br />
|''man''<br />
|''bozjo''<br />
|''hjoni''<br />
|''ki.''<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|arrive-IND<br />
|4<ref>indefinite pronoun</ref><br />
|go-IND<br />
|far-LOC<br />
|REL<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
| colspan="5" |Those who go far, arrive.<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Concatenative derivation ==<br />
Any content word can be formed by concatenating multiple monosyllabic content roots together. When this is done, the root at the end is treated as the main root with the previous morphemes modifying it. Words derived from more than two roots in this way introduce some ambiguity in interpretation. For example ninhire (lit. big person tool) could be interpreted as "big (person tool)", where both "big" and "person" modify "tool", that is it's a big tool for people, or it could be interpreted as "(big person) tool" where "big" modifies "person" and then their pair modifies "tool", so it's a tool intended for big people. This ambiguity is not grammatically resolved.<br />
<br />
Many derived words are lexicalized and have a single canon interpretation. These can be found in Zjuan dictionaries.<br />
<br />
== Demonstratives ==<br />
Demonstratives are derived with a set of prefixes and suffixes. The prefixes indicate state of being (or interrogate it) and the suffixes indicate the type of object being referred to.<br />
<br />
The most commonly used prefixes are<br />
<br />
* kjo - proximal (roughly near speaker, for spacial distinctions)<br />
* vo - medial (roughly near listener, for spacial distinctions)<br />
* hjo - distal (elsewhere)<br />
* pjo - nonexistent, none (used in equivalents to eg. nowhere, never)<br />
* ga - existent, some (used in equivalents to eg. somewhere, sometime)<br />
* hun - interrogative<br />
<br />
The most commonly used suffixes are<br />
<br />
* ko - place (eg. here, there)<br />
* nje - grammatical adjectives (this [thing], that [thing])<br />
* le - grammatical nouns (this, that)<br />
* kjain - time (eg. now, then)<br />
<br />
Other roots are sometimes used as prefixes and occasionally suffixes, but the above are the most common.<br />
<br />
== Context and conditionals ==<br />
The context clause is placed at the very beginning of a sentence and indicated with the "lu" particle, which follows it. For the most part it works similarly to [[Toki Pona]]'s context clause, indicated with the similar sounding "la". It is used to indicate something as the context to the main sentence (it can mean something like "in the context of X, Y", where X is what's in the context clause and Y is the main sentence) and that can be any noun phrase or even verb sentence.<br />
<br />
In Zjugo, the context clause does also play and important role in forming conditionals. The condition is placed in the context clause as a sentence and the result is placed in the main sentence with its verb in the conditional mood, indicated with -tja.<br />
<br />
== Conjunction ==<br />
There are a few conjunctions in Zjugo. These can conjoin any words of the same part of speech, whether that be verbs, noun phrases or even things like adverbs or prepositions.<br />
<br />
They are as follows<br />
<br />
* i - and<br />
* gi - or<br />
* run - and not ([this] run [that] = this and not that)<br />
* mon - also (similar to "i", particularly common at the start of sentences or conjoining verb subjects)<br />
* noi - not also<br />
<br />
They can also appear at the very start of sentences, before the context clause, where they carry related meanings<br />
<br />
* i - furthermore<br />
* gi - or, or maybe<br />
* run - however<br />
* mon - also, furthermore<br />
* noi - however<br />
<br />
And lastly "mon" can also appear on its own as an adverb or adjective.<br />
<br />
== Comparison ==<br />
Comparison is done by prefixing mai- or tei- onto an adjective (meaning "more" and "less" respectively), then following the adjective with a prepositional phrase using bei. Any noun modified by the adjective is placed before bei.<br />
{|<br />
|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<br />
|''Da''<br />
|''kjole''<br />
|''maigoi''<br />
|''bei''<br />
|''fain'en''<br />
|''wenzeinfi!''<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|be<br />
|this<br />
|more-good<br />
|to<br />
|infinite-ADJ<br />
|bee<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
| colspan="6" |This is better than infinite bees!<br />
|}<br />
<br><br />
{|<br />
|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<br />
|''Da''<br />
|''kjole''<br />
|''teigoi''<br />
|''fain'en''<br />
|''wenzeinfi''<br />
|''bei''<br />
|''vole.''<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|be<br />
|this<br />
|less-good<br />
|infinite-ADJ<br />
|bee<br />
|to<br />
|that<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
| colspan="7" |These are worse infinite bees than that.<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Numbers ==<br />
<br />
=== Base six ===<br />
Usually, Zjugo uses a base-6 system to count. There are six roots for numbers one-six (and the root meaning "none" can be used to refer to zero).<br />
<br />
Up to thirty six, Zjugo uses a similar system to that of [[Japanese]], except base-six instead of ten, of course. Each number is split into multiples of six plus some leftover amount. In mathematical terms, any n up to 36 is thought of as k*6+m, where k and m are both in that range from one to six (except if the number is less than 6 then there are no multiple of six so the k*6 term is skipped). These numbers are formed into single words made up of up to three units, the first unit being equal to the amount of multiples of six (k), the second simply being six itself and the third being equal to the leftover amount (m). Lastly, if there is only one multiple of six then the first term is omitted and the number six is just said on its own. For example the number four is simply jon, the number ten is lunjon (six-four) and the number sixteen is nulunjon (two-six-four; two sixes and four).<br />
<br />
Thirty six prefixes the root nin, meaning big onto six, so it's simply ninlun (big-six). From there numbers up to, but not including twelve-hundred and ninety-six (thirty six * thirty six) are broken down into two main parts: multiples of thirty six and the left over. In mathematical terms k*36+m. This is the same as before, except on a larger magnitude and this time each of k and m will be further broken down as described in the previous paragraph. For example 512 can be broken down in this way into 14*36+8, then that can be further broken down into (2*6+2)*36+(6+2) and is therefore said as nulunnu ninlun lunnu (two-six-two big-six six-two). This time, unlike before, spaces are introduced between each element.<br />
<br />
Finally, twelve-hundred ninety-six is ninninlun, that is it prefixes nin yet again. These numbers are broken down in an analogous way, counting multiples of ninninlun as k*1296+m, further break k and m down as in the previous diagram. For example the very big number 111'875 would be broken down as 86*1296+419, then each of those parts down as (2*36+14)*1296+(11*36+23), then (2*36+(2*6+2))*1296+((6+5)*36+(3*6+5)) and so would be said as nu ninlun nulunnu ninninlun lungu ninlun senlungu, which is very long, but luckily numbers this large rarely come up and are usually rounded to the nearest multiples of powers of six for convenience.<br />
<br />
=== Base ten<ref name="one" /> ===<br />
The base ten system appeared much later in the language's existence due to English and Ukrainian influences. The system first appeared in writing and, in spoken language, manifests simply as the digits being read out sequentially.<br />
<br />
Each digit zero through nine, in this system, is simply pronounced as its equivalent number in the base six system, so for instance 6 is simply lun and 7 is lun'ji.<br />
<br />
To show what it looks like in use, in this system, the number 4096 would be read as jon ka lunsen lun (four none six-three six).<br />
<br />
== Vocabulary ==<br />
The current list of all words can be found in the [https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1n54Ms4VmSE6OhbFzo7CJyG4xOxUkieS-sQEEe8L60Pw/edit?usp=sharing vocabulary document] hosted on Google Sheets.<br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
<references /></div>Maselahttps://mc.nguh.org/w/index.php?title=Zjugo&diff=39294Zjugo2026-05-01T13:18:56Z<p>Masela: added indentation to glosses to better separate them from the normal text</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox language|name=Zjugo|pronunciation=[ˈʑɯ.gɤ̞]|family=Paleo-Hlabiglan|early-forms=Zjiogeo|era=today|scripts=[[Latin alphabet]], [[Zjugo#Zjugohai|Zjugohai]]|country=[[Hiso Zju'a]]|lang-code=ZG|endonym=Zjugo (in Zjugo)<br>Zjuan (in English)}}<br />
<br />
'''Zjuan''' /ˈʒuw.ən/ (ZG Zjugo /ˈʑɯ.gɤ̞/) is a Paleo-Hlambiglan language spoken in [[Hiso Zju'a]]. It is one of the three languages spoken there, each belonging primarily to one of the three most represented ethnicities residing there. Zjugo belongs to the [unnamed] group, native to Zju'an land and is the only language in Zju'a, which doesn't have a major speaking population anywhere else.<br />
<br />
== Phonology ==<br />
<br />
=== Consonants ===<br />
Zjuan consonants feature a full voicing distinction in all plosives and fricatives except for the velar fricatives. They also include a palatalization distinction for all plosives and fricatives and alveolar/palatal nasal consonants. Especially in recent times, labial and velar palatalized consonants are often articulated as consonant clusters with the palatal approximant.<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |<br />
! colspan="2" |labial<br />
! rowspan="2" |alveolar<br />
! rowspan="2" |palatal<br />
! colspan="2" |velar<br />
! rowspan="2" |glottal<br />
|-<br />
!plain<br />
!palatalized<br />
!plain<br />
!palatalized<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" |nasal<br />
| colspan="2" |m<br />
|n<br />
|ɲ<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" |plosive<br />
!unvoiced<br />
|p<br />
|pʲ<br />
|t<br />
|t͡ɕ<br />
|k<br />
|kʲ<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!voiced<br />
|b<br />
|bʲ<br />
|d<br />
|d͡ʑ<br />
|g<br />
|gʲ<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" |fricative<br />
!unvoiced<br />
|f<br />
|fʲ<br />
|s<br />
|ɕ<br />
|x<br />
|xʲ<br />
|(h)<br />
|-<br />
!voiced<br />
|v<br />
|vʲ<br />
|z<br />
|ʑ<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" |trill/approximant<br />
| colspan="2" |w<br />
|r~ɾ<br />
|j<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" |lateral<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|l<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Vowels ===<br />
Zjugo features a simple five vowel system. Main things to note is the lack of an open central vowel, as it is being replaced instead with the near-open front unrounded vowel, and the lack of rounding.<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
!<br />
!front<br />
!back<br />
|-<br />
!close<br />
|i<br />
|ɯ<br />
|-<br />
!mid<br />
|e̞<br />
|ɤ̞<br />
|-<br />
!open<br />
|æ<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Diphthongs ===<br />
Any Zjuan vowel except /i/ and /ɯ/ may appear as the first vowel in a diphthong followed by /i/ (frequently articulated as [ɪ] when appearing like this).<br />
<br />
=== Phonotactics ===<br />
Any Zjugo syllable is made up of at least a vowel or diphthong, which may be preceded by any consonant and/or followed by /n/. Note that a syllable ending with /n/ can be followed by a syllable starting with a vowel. This is phonemically distinct from a syllable ending with a vowel followed by a syllable starting with /n/, that is, for instance, /ˈme̞n.æi/ is distinct from /ˈme̞.næi/. Obstruents and /n/ get palatalized by default when followed by /i/, plain variants are not allowed in that position.<br />
<br />
=== Phonetic variations<ref name="one">It's important to note, that this language was not initially made for Nguhcraft and when making this article I added a bunch of stuff to make the language appear more naturalistic to fit the worldbuilding better. This is not one of those extra things, it is a real actual part of the language outside the server</ref> ===<br />
Due to [[Zjugo#Root system|the root system]], which behaves as if they didn't apply, the following aspects of Zjugo's pronunciation are not widely considered phonemic.<br />
<br />
The sequences ⟨wi⟩, ⟨wu⟩ and ⟨ji⟩ are never pronounced the way they're written. Specifically, ⟨wi⟩ is pronounced [i] word-initially and [hi] otherwise (this is the only phonetic occurrence of [h] in the language and is the reason for its inclusion in the consonant chart). ⟨wu⟩ is pronounced [ɯ] word-initially and [fɯ] otherwise and lastly ⟨ji⟩ is pronounced [i] word-initially and [d͡ʑi] otherwise.<br />
<br />
== Spelling ==<br />
<br />
=== [[Latin alphabet]] ===<br />
Here are the letters and digraphs used to spell Zjugo, when using the [[Latin script]]. Whenever a sequence of letters is ambiguous, an apostrophe must be used to clarify syllable boundaries. For example /ˈme̞.næi/ is spelled ''menai'', meanwhile /ˈme̞n.æi/ is spelled ''men'ai''. This is also done to clarify whether something is or isn't a palatalization digraph, for instance /ˈfʲæn.jæn/ is spelled ''fjan'jan'', however ''fjanjan'' would be pronounced /ˈfʲæ.ɲæn/, except for that it isn't a real word. Consonant letters followed by i, not separated by an apostrophe are automatically considered palatalized.<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
!Letter<br />
!Pronunciation<br />
!digraph<br />
!pronunciation<br />
|-<br />
|A<br />
|/æ/<br />
|Ai<br />
|/æi/<br />
|-<br />
|B<br />
|/b/<br />
|Bj<br />
|/bʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|D<br />
|/d/<br />
|Dj<br />
|/d͡ʑ/<br />
|-<br />
|E<br />
|/e̞/<br />
|Ei<br />
|/e̞i/<br />
|-<br />
|F<br />
|/f/<br />
|Fj<br />
|/fʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|G<br />
|/g/<br />
|Gj<br />
|/gʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|H<br />
|/x/<br />
|Hj<br />
|/xʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|I<br />
|/i/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|J<br />
|/j/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|K<br />
|/k/<br />
|Kj<br />
|/kʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|L<br />
|/l/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|M<br />
|/m/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|N<br />
|/n/<br />
|Nj<br />
|/ɲ/<br />
|-<br />
|O<br />
|/ɤ̞/<br />
|Oi<br />
|/ɤ̞i/<br />
|-<br />
|P<br />
|/p/<br />
|Pj<br />
|/pʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|R<br />
|/r~ɾ/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|S<br />
|/s/<br />
|Sj<br />
|/ɕ/<br />
|-<br />
|T<br />
|/t/<br />
|Tj<br />
|/t͡ɕ/<br />
|-<br />
|U<br />
|/ɯ/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|V<br />
|/v/<br />
|Vj<br />
|/vʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|W<br />
|/w/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Z<br />
|/z/<br />
|Zj<br />
|/ʑ/<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Zjugohai ===<br />
Zjugohai /ˈʑɯ.gɤ̞.xai/ is the original way used to spell Zjugo, although it has since begun to fall out of use in favor of the [[Latin script]]<ref>You're never finding it anywhere on nguhcraft itself because ain't no way I'm turning a vertical syllabary into a minecraft font dawg</ref>. It is a syllabary featuring characters for every combination of a plain voiceless consonant followed by a vowel (including the lack of a consonant). It's written top to bottom with its columns advancing right to left. Voicing and palatalization are spelled using other strategies, discussed later.<br />
<br />
==== Voicing ====<br />
Voiced obstruents are spelled by placing a diacritic to the left of the right syllable character. Voiced palatalized consonants still have this diacritic on the first character.<br />
<br />
==== Palatalization ====<br />
Consonant vowel pairs with a palatalized consonant are spelled as a digraph, including a character of the voiceless unpalatalized equivalent consonant with the i vowel. That is then followed by one of the four special palatalization characters; one exists for each vowel except i itself. Diphthongs following palatalized consonants are spelled by placing a diacritic, identical in appearance to the one used for voicing, onto the palatalization character. There are no palatalization characters for the i vowel as obstruents (and n) followed by i are palatalized by default and, in fact, are not allowed to be plain when in that position.<br />
<br />
==== Diphthongs and syllable-final n ====<br />
As discussed earlier, Zjugo only permits one consonant to appear phonemically in syllable codas and that is /n/. This is spelled with a special character. If syllable contains no such coda and no palatalized consonant, but it does include a diphthong, a reverse-S-like character is used to indicate that, meanwhile if a syllable contains the coda and also a diphthong, it is spelled with another special character, being a variant of the final n character, and lastly if the final n is included in a syllable with a palatalized consonant, a variant of the appropriate palatalization character is used and, naturally, the diphthong diacritic is also included on top of that if there is a diphthong in the syllable. This way any single syllable can be spelled with at most two characters, keeping the script fairly concise.<br />
<br />
==== Numbers ====<br />
Zjugo usually uses a base-6 system to count and there are 6 digits native to Zjugohai, used to spell these base-6 numbers. For base-10 numbers, the Arabic numerals get used and written vertically, just like the Zjugohai numerals.<br />
<br />
== Root system ==<br />
Zjugo features a system of monosyllabic roots or morphemes. Due to its strict phonotactics, there are only 456 possible syllables, 346 of which are used within the language<ref>As of writing this; out of lore, I'm still working on the language and it's very possible this number will change and might outdated</ref>. Each morpheme is one syllable and on top of that any single syllable can represent only one morpheme. Some of these roots are reserved for grammatical purposes (eg. case endings, verb endings, certain grammatical affixes, the morphemes used to construct demonstratives), while others allow much wider usage, the latter case being referred to as "content roots", since they can usually function as most parts of speech.<br />
<br />
== Syntax ==<br />
Zjugo follows an SVO word order with prepositions, adverbs appearing before verbs, used to convey some modal information and adjectives preceding nouns. <br />
<br />
Zjugo's context clause, if used, should be the very first thing in the sentence, followed by the verb, then followed by the verb's arguments. These arguments can have various cases which usually follow the order LOC NOM DAT ACC. In particular, the nominative argument nearly always appears before the accusative argument, with variations being very rare and usually reserved for artistic purposes. The locative argument usually appears first and the dative argument usually appears right before the accusative argument or at the end if there isn't one, but those two exhibit much more variation in placement. Finally, prepositional phrases are always placed at the end of the sentence. <br />
{|<br />
|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<br />
|''Fenhuhja''<br />
|''lu''<br />
|''vjonzjo''<br />
|''vjusjuni''<br />
|''gahi''<br />
|''kinso''<br />
|''djoine''<br />
|''pi'en''<br />
|''jowo.''<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|last-day<br />
|CONTEXT<br />
|give-IND<br />
|work-building-LOC<br />
|somebody<br />
|1-GEN<br />
|parent-DAT<br />
|weird-ADJ<br />
|thing-ACC<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
| colspan="9" |"Yesterday, at work, somebody gave my mother a strange object."<br />
|}<br />
In a sentence with just a copula, both the subject and its complement follow the copula, with the subject appearing first. There are two copulas, one of them negative (equivalent to "isn't"). <br />
{|<br />
|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<br />
|''Da''<br />
|''kin''<br />
|''di''<br />
|''lu''<br />
|''dja''<br />
|''kin''<br />
|''ve.''<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|be<br />
|1<br />
|kind<br />
|CONTEXT<br />
|be.NEG<br />
|1<br />
|rude<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
| colspan="7" |"I'm good, so I'm not bad."<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Verbs ==<br />
Verbs in Zjugo inflect only for mood, with four suffixes: -zjo for the indicative mood, this is the default and most common suffix, -ke for imperative, to indicate the verb as a command, -tja for subjunctive to indicate the verb as merely possible and lastly -'in, which is used in the conditional construction discussed later. Verbs may be negated by simply prefixing no- to them, which is the grammatical root used to indicate negation and can be prefixed on any word, but is by far most common on verbs. Finally, verbs, as any word, can also take extra, redundant, affirmation with the ti- prefix.<br />
<br />
=== Copulas ===<br />
As discussed above there are two special verbs, the two copulas: one indicative and one negative indicative. These do not take the aforementioned inflection and, in fact, rarely ever have any affixes applied to them at all. They can however be preceded by an adverb, which does carry some modal information.<br />
{|<br />
|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<br />
|''Wa''<br />
|''da''<br />
|''kin''<br />
|''zjoin'jin.''<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|want<br />
|be<br />
|1<br />
|feminine-gender<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
| colspan="4" |"I want to be a girl."<br />
|}<br />
When the inflection carried by most verbs ''is'' desired, a semantically similar word "tun" is used.<br />
<br />
=== Questions ===<br />
Any sentence may be turned into a question by suffixing -kai onto the verb. This suffix follows the mood suffixes, if they exist.<br />
{|<br />
|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<br />
|''Tuntjakai''<br />
|''kjole''<br />
|''kje?''<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|exist-SJV-Q<br />
|this<br />
|possible<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
| colspan="3" |"Might this be possible?"<br />
|}<br />
Additionally, any part of the sentence, except the verb, including content word affixes, can be replaced with the question particle "hun". The -kai suffix is still used if this is done.<br />
{|<br />
|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<br />
|Sjunzjokai<br />
|hunhi<br />
|hjole?<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|do-IND-Q<br />
|Q-person<br />
|that<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
| colspan="3" |Who did that?<br />
|}<br />
{|<br />
|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<br />
|''Da''<br />
|''kjole''<br />
|''hun?''<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|be<br />
|this<br />
|Q<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
| colspan="3" |"What's this?"<br />
|}<br />
{|<br />
|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<br />
|''Hunkjain''<br />
|''lu''<br />
|''sjunzjokai''<br />
|''pin''<br />
|''hunwo?''<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|Q-time<br />
|CONTEXT<br />
|do-IND-Q<br />
|3<br />
|Q-ACC<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
| colspan="5" |When did they do what?<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Nouns ==<br />
Nouns only exhibit mandatory case marking, however any amount of additional information may be included by affixing any number of morphemes.<br />
<br />
=== Case ===<br />
There are five cases nouns can take in Zjugo. Those are:<br />
<br />
* The nominative, which is unmarked. Used on subjects of sentences as well as subjects' complements in copular sentences.<br />
* The accusative, marked with -wo. Used on the direct objects of sentences.<br />
* The dative, marked with -ne. Used to mark indirect objects, in particular, recipients.<br />
* The genitive, marked with -so. Used for possessors of objects. The possessor is placed before the possessed.<br />
* The vocative, marking with -o. Used to call for people, vocative nouns are only ever exclaimed on their own and never included as part of sentences otherwise.<br />
<br />
=== Number ===<br />
Number is not required to be marked on nouns, however there are a few optional markers that may be used.<br />
<br />
* Singular, that is one, with ji-<br />
* Dual, that is two, with nu-<br />
* Paucal, that is a few, with vja-<br />
* Plural, that is many, with ma-<br />
* Null, that is none, with ka-<br />
* Total, that is all, with kju-<br />
<br />
=== Adjectives ===<br />
Adjectives function extremely similarly to nouns. In fact, any noun can be used as an adjective, by simply being placed before another noun with no case marking. Sometimes the -en suffix may be added to clarify the function of a word being used like that as adjectival. Similarly, there's also a -ken suffix, which functions the same way, except that it also negates the adjective.<br />
<br />
=== Relative clauses ===<br />
A relative clause can follow any noun phrase. It's constructed by placing a verb, directly following the noun, then the relative particle ki and any additional arguments for the verb between it and the particle.<br />
{|<br />
|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<br />
|''Bjozjo''<br />
|''man''<br />
|''bozjo''<br />
|''hjoni''<br />
|''ki.''<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|arrive-IND<br />
|4<ref>indefinite pronoun</ref><br />
|go-IND<br />
|far-LOC<br />
|REL<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
| colspan="5" |Those who go far, arrive.<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Concatenative derivation ==<br />
Any content word can be formed by concatenating multiple monosyllabic content roots together. When this is done, the root at the end is treated as the main root with the previous morphemes modifying it. Words derived from more than two roots in this way introduce some ambiguity in interpretation. For example ninhire (lit. big person tool) could be interpreted as "big (person tool)", where both "big" and "person" modify "tool", that is it's a big tool for people, or it could be interpreted as "(big person) tool" where "big" modifies "person" and then their pair modifies "tool", so it's a tool intended for big people. This ambiguity is not grammatically resolved.<br />
<br />
Many derived words are lexicalized and have a single canon interpretation. These can be found in Zjuan dictionaries.<br />
<br />
== Demonstratives ==<br />
Demonstratives are derived with a set of prefixes and suffixes. The prefixes indicate state of being (or interrogate it) and the suffixes indicate the type of object being referred to.<br />
<br />
The most commonly used prefixes are<br />
<br />
* kjo - proximal (roughly near speaker, for spacial distinctions)<br />
* vo - medial (roughly near listener, for spacial distinctions)<br />
* hjo - distal (elsewhere)<br />
* pjo - nonexistent, none (used in equivalents to eg. nowhere, never)<br />
* ga - existent, some (used in equivalents to eg. somewhere, sometime)<br />
* hun - interrogative<br />
<br />
The most commonly used suffixes are<br />
<br />
* ko - place (eg. here, there)<br />
* nje - grammatical adjectives (this [thing], that [thing])<br />
* le - grammatical nouns (this, that)<br />
* kjain - time (eg. now, then)<br />
<br />
Other roots are sometimes used as prefixes and occasionally suffixes, but the above are the most common.<br />
<br />
== Context and conditionals ==<br />
The context clause is placed at the very beginning of a sentence and indicated with the "lu" particle, which follows it. For the most part it works similarly to [[Toki Pona]]'s context clause, indicated with the similar sounding "la". It is used to indicate something as the context to the main sentence (it can mean something like "in the context of X, Y", where X is what's in the context clause and Y is the main sentence) and that can be any noun phrase or even verb sentence.<br />
<br />
In Zjugo, the context clause does also play and important role in forming conditionals. The condition is placed in the context clause as a sentence and the result is placed in the main sentence with its verb in the conditional mood, indicated with -tja.<br />
<br />
== Conjunction ==<br />
There are a few conjunctions in Zjugo. These can conjoin any words of the same part of speech, whether that be verbs, noun phrases or even things like adverbs or prepositions.<br />
<br />
They are as follows<br />
<br />
* i - and<br />
* gi - or<br />
* run - and not ([this] run [that] = this and not that)<br />
* mon - also (similar to "i", particularly common at the start of sentences or conjoining verb subjects)<br />
* noi - not also<br />
<br />
They can also appear at the very start of sentences, before the context clause, where they carry related meanings<br />
<br />
* i - furthermore<br />
* gi - or, or maybe<br />
* run - however<br />
* mon - also, furthermore<br />
* noi - however<br />
<br />
And lastly "mon" can also appear on its own as an adverb or adjective.<br />
<br />
== Comparison ==<br />
Comparison is done by prefixing mai- or tei- onto an adjective (meaning "more" and "less" respectively), then following the adjective with a prepositional phrase using bei. Any noun modified by the adjective is placed before bei.<br />
{|<br />
|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<br />
|''Da''<br />
|''kjole''<br />
|''maigoi''<br />
|''bei''<br />
|''fain'en''<br />
|''wenzeinfi!''<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|be<br />
|this<br />
|more-good<br />
|to<br />
|infinite-ADJ<br />
|bee<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
| colspan="6" |This is better than infinite bees!<br />
|}<br />
{|<br />
|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<br />
|''Da''<br />
|''kjole''<br />
|''teigoi''<br />
|''fain'en''<br />
|''wenzeinfi''<br />
|''bei''<br />
|''vole.''<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|be<br />
|this<br />
|less-good<br />
|infinite-ADJ<br />
|bee<br />
|to<br />
|that<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
| colspan="7" |These are worse infinite bees than that.<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Numbers ==<br />
<br />
=== Base six ===<br />
Usually, Zjugo uses a base-6 system to count. There are six roots for numbers one-six (and the root meaning "none" can be used to refer to zero).<br />
<br />
Up to thirty six, Zjugo uses a similar system to that of [[Japanese]], except base-six instead of ten, of course. Each number is split into multiples of six plus some leftover amount. In mathematical terms, any n up to 36 is thought of as k*6+m, where k and m are both in that range from one to six (except if the number is less than 6 then there are no multiple of six so the k*6 term is skipped). These numbers are formed into single words made up of up to three units, the first unit being equal to the amount of multiples of six (k), the second simply being six itself and the third being equal to the leftover amount (m). Lastly, if there is only one multiple of six then the first term is omitted and the number six is just said on its own. For example the number four is simply jon, the number ten is lunjon (six-four) and the number sixteen is nulunjon (two-six-four; two sixes and four).<br />
<br />
Thirty six prefixes the root nin, meaning big onto six, so it's simply ninlun (big-six). From there numbers up to, but not including twelve-hundred and ninety-six (thirty six * thirty six) are broken down into two main parts: multiples of thirty six and the left over. In mathematical terms k*36+m. This is the same as before, except on a larger magnitude and this time each of k and m will be further broken down as described in the previous paragraph. For example 512 can be broken down in this way into 14*36+8, then that can be further broken down into (2*6+2)*36+(6+2) and is therefore said as nulunnu ninlun lunnu (two-six-two big-six six-two). This time, unlike before, spaces are introduced between each element.<br />
<br />
Finally, twelve-hundred ninety-six is ninninlun, that is it prefixes nin yet again. These numbers are broken down in an analogous way, counting multiples of ninninlun as k*1296+m, further break k and m down as in the previous diagram. For example the very big number 111'875 would be broken down as 86*1296+419, then each of those parts down as (2*36+14)*1296+(11*36+23), then (2*36+(2*6+2))*1296+((6+5)*36+(3*6+5)) and so would be said as nu ninlun nulunnu ninninlun lungu ninlun senlungu, which is very long, but luckily numbers this large rarely come up and are usually rounded to the nearest multiples of powers of six for convenience.<br />
<br />
=== Base ten<ref name="one" /> ===<br />
The base ten system appeared much later in the language's existence due to English and Ukrainian influences. The system first appeared in writing and, in spoken language, manifests simply as the digits being read out sequentially.<br />
<br />
Each digit zero through nine, in this system, is simply pronounced as its equivalent number in the base six system, so for instance 6 is simply lun and 7 is lun'ji.<br />
<br />
To show what it looks like in use, in this system, the number 4096 would be read as jon ka lunsen lun (four none six-three six).<br />
<br />
== Vocabulary ==<br />
The current list of all words can be found in the [https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1n54Ms4VmSE6OhbFzo7CJyG4xOxUkieS-sQEEe8L60Pw/edit?usp=sharing vocabulary document] hosted on Google Sheets.<br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
<references /></div>Maselahttps://mc.nguh.org/w/index.php?title=Zjugo&diff=39293Zjugo2026-05-01T13:13:25Z<p>Masela: Undo revision 39292 by Masela (talk)</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox language|name=Zjugo|pronunciation=[ˈʑɯ.gɤ̞]|family=Paleo-Hlabiglan|early-forms=Zjiogeo|era=today|scripts=[[Latin alphabet]], [[Zjugo#Zjugohai|Zjugohai]]|country=[[Hiso Zju'a]]|lang-code=ZG|endonym=Zjugo (in Zjugo)<br>Zjuan (in English)}}<br />
<br />
'''Zjuan''' /ˈʒuw.ən/ (ZG Zjugo /ˈʑɯ.gɤ̞/) is a Paleo-Hlambiglan language spoken in [[Hiso Zju'a]]. It is one of the three languages spoken there, each belonging primarily to one of the three most represented ethnicities residing there. Zjugo belongs to the [unnamed] group, native to Zju'an land and is the only language in Zju'a, which doesn't have a major speaking population anywhere else.<br />
<br />
== Phonology ==<br />
<br />
=== Consonants ===<br />
Zjuan consonants feature a full voicing distinction in all plosives and fricatives except for the velar fricatives. They also include a palatalization distinction for all plosives and fricatives and alveolar/palatal nasal consonants. Especially in recent times, labial and velar palatalized consonants are often articulated as consonant clusters with the palatal approximant.<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |<br />
! colspan="2" |labial<br />
! rowspan="2" |alveolar<br />
! rowspan="2" |palatal<br />
! colspan="2" |velar<br />
! rowspan="2" |glottal<br />
|-<br />
!plain<br />
!palatalized<br />
!plain<br />
!palatalized<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" |nasal<br />
| colspan="2" |m<br />
|n<br />
|ɲ<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" |plosive<br />
!unvoiced<br />
|p<br />
|pʲ<br />
|t<br />
|t͡ɕ<br />
|k<br />
|kʲ<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!voiced<br />
|b<br />
|bʲ<br />
|d<br />
|d͡ʑ<br />
|g<br />
|gʲ<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" |fricative<br />
!unvoiced<br />
|f<br />
|fʲ<br />
|s<br />
|ɕ<br />
|x<br />
|xʲ<br />
|(h)<br />
|-<br />
!voiced<br />
|v<br />
|vʲ<br />
|z<br />
|ʑ<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" |trill/approximant<br />
| colspan="2" |w<br />
|r~ɾ<br />
|j<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" |lateral<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|l<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Vowels ===<br />
Zjugo features a simple five vowel system. Main things to note is the lack of an open central vowel, as it is being replaced instead with the near-open front unrounded vowel, and the lack of rounding.<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
!<br />
!front<br />
!back<br />
|-<br />
!close<br />
|i<br />
|ɯ<br />
|-<br />
!mid<br />
|e̞<br />
|ɤ̞<br />
|-<br />
!open<br />
|æ<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Diphthongs ===<br />
Any Zjuan vowel except /i/ and /ɯ/ may appear as the first vowel in a diphthong followed by /i/ (frequently articulated as [ɪ] when appearing like this).<br />
<br />
=== Phonotactics ===<br />
Any Zjugo syllable is made up of at least a vowel or diphthong, which may be preceded by any consonant and/or followed by /n/. Note that a syllable ending with /n/ can be followed by a syllable starting with a vowel. This is phonemically distinct from a syllable ending with a vowel followed by a syllable starting with /n/, that is, for instance, /ˈme̞n.æi/ is distinct from /ˈme̞.næi/. Obstruents and /n/ get palatalized by default when followed by /i/, plain variants are not allowed in that position.<br />
<br />
=== Phonetic variations<ref name="one">It's important to note, that this language was not initially made for Nguhcraft and when making this article I added a bunch of stuff to make the language appear more naturalistic to fit the worldbuilding better. This is not one of those extra things, it is a real actual part of the language outside the server</ref> ===<br />
Due to [[Zjugo#Root system|the root system]], which behaves as if they didn't apply, the following aspects of Zjugo's pronunciation are not widely considered phonemic.<br />
<br />
The sequences ⟨wi⟩, ⟨wu⟩ and ⟨ji⟩ are never pronounced the way they're written. Specifically, ⟨wi⟩ is pronounced [i] word-initially and [hi] otherwise (this is the only phonetic occurrence of [h] in the language and is the reason for its inclusion in the consonant chart). ⟨wu⟩ is pronounced [ɯ] word-initially and [fɯ] otherwise and lastly ⟨ji⟩ is pronounced [i] word-initially and [d͡ʑi] otherwise.<br />
<br />
== Spelling ==<br />
<br />
=== [[Latin alphabet]] ===<br />
Here are the letters and digraphs used to spell Zjugo, when using the [[Latin script]]. Whenever a sequence of letters is ambiguous, an apostrophe must be used to clarify syllable boundaries. For example /ˈme̞.næi/ is spelled ''menai'', meanwhile /ˈme̞n.æi/ is spelled ''men'ai''. This is also done to clarify whether something is or isn't a palatalization digraph, for instance /ˈfʲæn.jæn/ is spelled ''fjan'jan'', however ''fjanjan'' would be pronounced /ˈfʲæ.ɲæn/, except for that it isn't a real word. Consonant letters followed by i, not separated by an apostrophe are automatically considered palatalized.<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
!Letter<br />
!Pronunciation<br />
!digraph<br />
!pronunciation<br />
|-<br />
|A<br />
|/æ/<br />
|Ai<br />
|/æi/<br />
|-<br />
|B<br />
|/b/<br />
|Bj<br />
|/bʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|D<br />
|/d/<br />
|Dj<br />
|/d͡ʑ/<br />
|-<br />
|E<br />
|/e̞/<br />
|Ei<br />
|/e̞i/<br />
|-<br />
|F<br />
|/f/<br />
|Fj<br />
|/fʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|G<br />
|/g/<br />
|Gj<br />
|/gʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|H<br />
|/x/<br />
|Hj<br />
|/xʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|I<br />
|/i/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|J<br />
|/j/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|K<br />
|/k/<br />
|Kj<br />
|/kʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|L<br />
|/l/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|M<br />
|/m/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|N<br />
|/n/<br />
|Nj<br />
|/ɲ/<br />
|-<br />
|O<br />
|/ɤ̞/<br />
|Oi<br />
|/ɤ̞i/<br />
|-<br />
|P<br />
|/p/<br />
|Pj<br />
|/pʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|R<br />
|/r~ɾ/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|S<br />
|/s/<br />
|Sj<br />
|/ɕ/<br />
|-<br />
|T<br />
|/t/<br />
|Tj<br />
|/t͡ɕ/<br />
|-<br />
|U<br />
|/ɯ/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|V<br />
|/v/<br />
|Vj<br />
|/vʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|W<br />
|/w/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Z<br />
|/z/<br />
|Zj<br />
|/ʑ/<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Zjugohai ===<br />
Zjugohai /ˈʑɯ.gɤ̞.xai/ is the original way used to spell Zjugo, although it has since begun to fall out of use in favor of the [[Latin script]]<ref>You're never finding it anywhere on nguhcraft itself because ain't no way I'm turning a vertical syllabary into a minecraft font dawg</ref>. It is a syllabary featuring characters for every combination of a plain voiceless consonant followed by a vowel (including the lack of a consonant). It's written top to bottom with its columns advancing right to left. Voicing and palatalization are spelled using other strategies, discussed later.<br />
<br />
==== Voicing ====<br />
Voiced obstruents are spelled by placing a diacritic to the left of the right syllable character. Voiced palatalized consonants still have this diacritic on the first character.<br />
<br />
==== Palatalization ====<br />
Consonant vowel pairs with a palatalized consonant are spelled as a digraph, including a character of the voiceless unpalatalized equivalent consonant with the i vowel. That is then followed by one of the four special palatalization characters; one exists for each vowel except i itself. Diphthongs following palatalized consonants are spelled by placing a diacritic, identical in appearance to the one used for voicing, onto the palatalization character. There are no palatalization characters for the i vowel as obstruents (and n) followed by i are palatalized by default and, in fact, are not allowed to be plain when in that position.<br />
<br />
==== Diphthongs and syllable-final n ====<br />
As discussed earlier, Zjugo only permits one consonant to appear phonemically in syllable codas and that is /n/. This is spelled with a special character. If syllable contains no such coda and no palatalized consonant, but it does include a diphthong, a reverse-S-like character is used to indicate that, meanwhile if a syllable contains the coda and also a diphthong, it is spelled with another special character, being a variant of the final n character, and lastly if the final n is included in a syllable with a palatalized consonant, a variant of the appropriate palatalization character is used and, naturally, the diphthong diacritic is also included on top of that if there is a diphthong in the syllable. This way any single syllable can be spelled with at most two characters, keeping the script fairly concise.<br />
<br />
==== Numbers ====<br />
Zjugo usually uses a base-6 system to count and there are 6 digits native to Zjugohai, used to spell these base-6 numbers. For base-10 numbers, the Arabic numerals get used and written vertically, just like the Zjugohai numerals.<br />
<br />
== Root system ==<br />
Zjugo features a system of monosyllabic roots or morphemes. Due to its strict phonotactics, there are only 456 possible syllables, 346 of which are used within the language<ref>As of writing this; out of lore, I'm still working on the language and it's very possible this number will change and might outdated</ref>. Each morpheme is one syllable and on top of that any single syllable can represent only one morpheme. Some of these roots are reserved for grammatical purposes (eg. case endings, verb endings, certain grammatical affixes, the morphemes used to construct demonstratives), while others allow much wider usage, the latter case being referred to as "content roots", since they can usually function as most parts of speech.<br />
<br />
== Syntax ==<br />
Zjugo follows an SVO word order with prepositions, adverbs appearing before verbs, used to convey some modal information and adjectives preceding nouns. <br />
<br />
Zjugo's context clause, if used, should be the very first thing in the sentence, followed by the verb, then followed by the verb's arguments. These arguments can have various cases which usually follow the order LOC NOM DAT ACC. In particular, the nominative argument nearly always appears before the accusative argument, with variations being very rare and usually reserved for artistic purposes. The locative argument usually appears first and the dative argument usually appears right before the accusative argument or at the end if there isn't one, but those two exhibit much more variation in placement. Finally, prepositional phrases are always placed at the end of the sentence. <br />
{|<br />
|''Fenhuhja''<br />
|''lu''<br />
|''vjonzjo''<br />
|''vjusjuni''<br />
|''gahi''<br />
|''kinso''<br />
|''djoine''<br />
|''pi'en''<br />
|''jowo.''<br />
|-<br />
|last-day<br />
|CONTEXT<br />
|give-IND<br />
|work-building-LOC<br />
|somebody<br />
|1-GEN<br />
|parent-DAT<br />
|weird-ADJ<br />
|thing-ACC<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="9" |"Yesterday, at work, somebody gave my mother a strange object."<br />
|}<br />
In a sentence with just a copula, both the subject and its complement follow the copula, with the subject appearing first. There are two copulas, one of them negative (equivalent to "isn't"). <br />
{|<br />
|''Da''<br />
|''kin''<br />
|''di''<br />
|''lu''<br />
|''dja''<br />
|''kin''<br />
|''ve.''<br />
|-<br />
|be<br />
|1<br />
|kind<br />
|CONTEXT<br />
|be.NEG<br />
|1<br />
|rude<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="7" |"I'm good, so I'm not bad."<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Verbs ==<br />
Verbs in Zjugo inflect only for mood, with four suffixes: -zjo for the indicative mood, this is the default and most common suffix, -ke for imperative, to indicate the verb as a command, -tja for subjunctive to indicate the verb as merely possible and lastly -'in, which is used in the conditional construction discussed later. Verbs may be negated by simply prefixing no- to them, which is the grammatical root used to indicate negation and can be prefixed on any word, but is by far most common on verbs. Finally, verbs, as any word, can also take extra, redundant, affirmation with the ti- prefix.<br />
<br />
=== Copulas ===<br />
As discussed above there are two special verbs, the two copulas: one indicative and one negative indicative. These do not take the aforementioned inflection and, in fact, rarely ever have any affixes applied to them at all. They can however be preceded by an adverb, which does carry some modal information.<br />
{|<br />
|''Wa''<br />
|''da''<br />
|''kin''<br />
|''zjoin'jin.''<br />
|-<br />
|want<br />
|be<br />
|1<br />
|feminine-gender<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="4" |"I want to be a girl."<br />
|}<br />
When the inflection carried by most verbs ''is'' desired, a semantically similar word "tun" is used.<br />
<br />
=== Questions ===<br />
Any sentence may be turned into a question by suffixing -kai onto the verb. This suffix follows the mood suffixes, if they exist.<br />
{|<br />
|''Tuntjakai''<br />
|''kjole''<br />
|''kje?''<br />
|-<br />
|exist-SJV-Q<br />
|this<br />
|possible<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="3" |"Might this be possible?"<br />
|}<br />
Additionally, any part of the sentence, except the verb, including content word affixes, can be replaced with the question particle "hun". The -kai suffix is still used if this is done.<br />
{|<br />
|Sjunzjokai<br />
|hunhi<br />
|hjole?<br />
|-<br />
|do-IND-Q<br />
|Q-person<br />
|that<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="3" |Who did that?<br />
|}<br />
{|<br />
|''Da''<br />
|''kjole''<br />
|''hun?''<br />
|-<br />
|be<br />
|this<br />
|Q<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="3" |"What's this?"<br />
|}<br />
{|<br />
|''Hunkjain''<br />
|''lu''<br />
|''sjunzjokai''<br />
|''pin''<br />
|''hunwo?''<br />
|-<br />
|Q-time<br />
|CONTEXT<br />
|do-IND-Q<br />
|3<br />
|Q-ACC<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="5" |When did they do what?<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Nouns ==<br />
Nouns only exhibit mandatory case marking, however any amount of additional information may be included by affixing any number of morphemes.<br />
<br />
=== Case ===<br />
There are five cases nouns can take in Zjugo. Those are:<br />
<br />
* The nominative, which is unmarked. Used on subjects of sentences as well as subjects' complements in copular sentences.<br />
* The accusative, marked with -wo. Used on the direct objects of sentences.<br />
* The dative, marked with -ne. Used to mark indirect objects, in particular, recipients.<br />
* The genitive, marked with -so. Used for possessors of objects. The possessor is placed before the possessed.<br />
* The vocative, marking with -o. Used to call for people, vocative nouns are only ever exclaimed on their own and never included as part of sentences otherwise.<br />
<br />
=== Number ===<br />
Number is not required to be marked on nouns, however there are a few optional markers that may be used.<br />
<br />
* Singular, that is one, with ji-<br />
* Dual, that is two, with nu-<br />
* Paucal, that is a few, with vja-<br />
* Plural, that is many, with ma-<br />
* Null, that is none, with ka-<br />
* Total, that is all, with kju-<br />
<br />
=== Adjectives ===<br />
Adjectives function extremely similarly to nouns. In fact, any noun can be used as an adjective, by simply being placed before another noun with no case marking. Sometimes the -en suffix may be added to clarify the function of a word being used like that as adjectival. Similarly, there's also a -ken suffix, which functions the same way, except that it also negates the adjective.<br />
<br />
=== Relative clauses ===<br />
A relative clause can follow any noun phrase. It's constructed by placing a verb, directly following the noun, then the relative particle ki and any additional arguments for the verb between it and the particle.<br />
{|<br />
|''Bjozjo''<br />
|''man''<br />
|''bozjo''<br />
|''hjoni''<br />
|''ki.''<br />
|-<br />
|arrive-IND<br />
|4<ref>indefinite pronoun</ref><br />
|go-IND<br />
|far-LOC<br />
|REL<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="5" |Those who go far, arrive.<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Concatenative derivation ==<br />
Any content word can be formed by concatenating multiple monosyllabic content roots together. When this is done, the root at the end is treated as the main root with the previous morphemes modifying it. Words derived from more than two roots in this way introduce some ambiguity in interpretation. For example ninhire (lit. big person tool) could be interpreted as "big (person tool)", where both "big" and "person" modify "tool", that is it's a big tool for people, or it could be interpreted as "(big person) tool" where "big" modifies "person" and then their pair modifies "tool", so it's a tool intended for big people. This ambiguity is not grammatically resolved.<br />
<br />
Many derived words are lexicalized and have a single canon interpretation. These can be found in Zjuan dictionaries.<br />
<br />
== Demonstratives ==<br />
Demonstratives are derived with a set of prefixes and suffixes. The prefixes indicate state of being (or interrogate it) and the suffixes indicate the type of object being referred to.<br />
<br />
The most commonly used prefixes are<br />
<br />
* kjo - proximal (roughly near speaker, for spacial distinctions)<br />
* vo - medial (roughly near listener, for spacial distinctions)<br />
* hjo - distal (elsewhere)<br />
* pjo - nonexistent, none (used in equivalents to eg. nowhere, never)<br />
* ga - existent, some (used in equivalents to eg. somewhere, sometime)<br />
* hun - interrogative<br />
<br />
The most commonly used suffixes are<br />
<br />
* ko - place (eg. here, there)<br />
* nje - grammatical adjectives (this [thing], that [thing])<br />
* le - grammatical nouns (this, that)<br />
* kjain - time (eg. now, then)<br />
<br />
Other roots are sometimes used as prefixes and occasionally suffixes, but the above are the most common.<br />
<br />
== Context and conditionals ==<br />
The context clause is placed at the very beginning of a sentence and indicated with the "lu" particle, which follows it. For the most part it works similarly to [[Toki Pona]]'s context clause, indicated with the similar sounding "la". It is used to indicate something as the context to the main sentence (it can mean something like "in the context of X, Y", where X is what's in the context clause and Y is the main sentence) and that can be any noun phrase or even verb sentence.<br />
<br />
In Zjugo, the context clause does also play and important role in forming conditionals. The condition is placed in the context clause as a sentence and the result is placed in the main sentence with its verb in the conditional mood, indicated with -tja.<br />
<br />
== Conjunction ==<br />
There are a few conjunctions in Zjugo. These can conjoin any words of the same part of speech, whether that be verbs, noun phrases or even things like adverbs or prepositions.<br />
<br />
They are as follows<br />
<br />
* i - and<br />
* gi - or<br />
* run - and not ([this] run [that] = this and not that)<br />
* mon - also (similar to "i", particularly common at the start of sentences or conjoining verb subjects)<br />
* noi - not also<br />
<br />
They can also appear at the very start of sentences, before the context clause, where they carry related meanings<br />
<br />
* i - furthermore<br />
* gi - or, or maybe<br />
* run - however<br />
* mon - also, furthermore<br />
* noi - however<br />
<br />
And lastly "mon" can also appear on its own as an adverb or adjective.<br />
<br />
== Comparison ==<br />
Comparison is done by prefixing mai- or tei- onto an adjective (meaning "more" and "less" respectively), then following the adjective with a prepositional phrase using bei. Any noun modified by the adjective is placed before bei.<br />
{|<br />
|''Da''<br />
|''kjole''<br />
|''maigoi''<br />
|''bei''<br />
|''fain'en''<br />
|''wenzeinfi!''<br />
|-<br />
|be<br />
|this<br />
|more-good<br />
|to<br />
|infinite-ADJ<br />
|bee<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="6" |This is better than infinite bees!<br />
|}<br />
{|<br />
|''Da''<br />
|''kjole''<br />
|''teigoi''<br />
|''fain'en''<br />
|''wenzeinfi''<br />
|''bei''<br />
|''vole.''<br />
|-<br />
|be<br />
|this<br />
|less-good<br />
|infinite-ADJ<br />
|bee<br />
|to<br />
|that<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="7" |These are worse infinite bees than that.<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Numbers ==<br />
<br />
=== Base six ===<br />
Usually, Zjugo uses a base-6 system to count. There are six roots for numbers one-six (and the root meaning "none" can be used to refer to zero).<br />
<br />
Up to thirty six, Zjugo uses a similar system to that of [[Japanese]], except base-six instead of ten, of course. Each number is split into multiples of six plus some leftover amount. In mathematical terms, any n up to 36 is thought of as k*6+m, where k and m are both in that range from one to six (except if the number is less than 6 then there are no multiple of six so the k*6 term is skipped). These numbers are formed into single words made up of up to three units, the first unit being equal to the amount of multiples of six (k), the second simply being six itself and the third being equal to the leftover amount (m). Lastly, if there is only one multiple of six then the first term is omitted and the number six is just said on its own. For example the number four is simply jon, the number ten is lunjon (six-four) and the number sixteen is nulunjon (two-six-four; two sixes and four).<br />
<br />
Thirty six prefixes the root nin, meaning big onto six, so it's simply ninlun (big-six). From there numbers up to, but not including twelve-hundred and ninety-six (thirty six * thirty six) are broken down into two main parts: multiples of thirty six and the left over. In mathematical terms k*36+m. This is the same as before, except on a larger magnitude and this time each of k and m will be further broken down as described in the previous paragraph. For example 512 can be broken down in this way into 14*36+8, then that can be further broken down into (2*6+2)*36+(6+2) and is therefore said as nulunnu ninlun lunnu (two-six-two big-six six-two). This time, unlike before, spaces are introduced between each element.<br />
<br />
Finally, twelve-hundred ninety-six is ninninlun, that is it prefixes nin yet again. These numbers are broken down in an analogous way, counting multiples of ninninlun as k*1296+m, further break k and m down as in the previous diagram. For example the very big number 111'875 would be broken down as 86*1296+419, then each of those parts down as (2*36+14)*1296+(11*36+23), then (2*36+(2*6+2))*1296+((6+5)*36+(3*6+5)) and so would be said as nu ninlun nulunnu ninninlun lungu ninlun senlungu, which is very long, but luckily numbers this large rarely come up and are usually rounded to the nearest multiples of powers of six for convenience.<br />
<br />
=== Base ten<ref name="one" /> ===<br />
The base ten system appeared much later in the language's existence due to English and Ukrainian influences. The system first appeared in writing and, in spoken language, manifests simply as the digits being read out sequentially.<br />
<br />
Each digit zero through nine, in this system, is simply pronounced as its equivalent number in the base six system, so for instance 6 is simply lun and 7 is lun'ji.<br />
<br />
To show what it looks like in use, in this system, the number 4096 would be read as jon ka lunsen lun (four none six-three six).<br />
<br />
== Vocabulary ==<br />
The current list of all words can be found in the [https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1n54Ms4VmSE6OhbFzo7CJyG4xOxUkieS-sQEEe8L60Pw/edit?usp=sharing vocabulary document] hosted on Google Sheets.<br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
<references /></div>Maselahttps://mc.nguh.org/w/index.php?title=Zjugo&diff=39292Zjugo2026-05-01T13:12:18Z<p>Masela: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox language|name=Zjugo|pronunciation=[ˈʑɯ.gɤ̞]|family=Paleo-Hlabiglan|early-forms=Zjiogeo|era=today|scripts=[[Latin alphabet]], [[Zjugo#Zjugohai|Zjugohai]]|country=[[Hiso Zju'a]]|lang-code=ZG|endonym=Zjugo (in Zjugo)<br>Zjuan (in English)}}<br />
<br />
'''Zjuan''' /ˈʒuw.ən/ (ZG Zjugo /ˈʑɯ.gɤ̞/) is a Paleo-Hlambiglan language spoken in [[Hiso Zju'a]]. It is one of the three languages spoken there, each belonging primarily to one of the three most represented ethnicities residing there. Zjugo belongs to the [unnamed] group, native to Zju'an land and is the only language in Zju'a, which doesn't have a major speaking population anywhere else.<br />
<br />
== Phonology ==<br />
<br />
=== Consonants ===<br />
Zjuan consonants feature a full voicing distinction in all plosives and fricatives except for the velar fricatives. They also include a palatalization distinction for all plosives and fricatives and alveolar/palatal nasal consonants. Especially in recent times, labial and velar palatalized consonants are often articulated as consonant clusters with the palatal approximant.<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |<br />
! colspan="2" |labial<br />
! rowspan="2" |alveolar<br />
! rowspan="2" |palatal<br />
! colspan="2" |velar<br />
! rowspan="2" |glottal<br />
|-<br />
!plain<br />
!palatalized<br />
!plain<br />
!palatalized<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" |nasal<br />
| colspan="2" |m<br />
|n<br />
|ɲ<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" |plosive<br />
!unvoiced<br />
|p<br />
|pʲ<br />
|t<br />
|t͡ɕ<br />
|k<br />
|kʲ<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!voiced<br />
|b<br />
|bʲ<br />
|d<br />
|d͡ʑ<br />
|g<br />
|gʲ<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" |fricative<br />
!unvoiced<br />
|f<br />
|fʲ<br />
|s<br />
|ɕ<br />
|x<br />
|xʲ<br />
|(h)<br />
|-<br />
!voiced<br />
|v<br />
|vʲ<br />
|z<br />
|ʑ<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" |trill/approximant<br />
| colspan="2" |w<br />
|r~ɾ<br />
|j<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" |lateral<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|l<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Vowels ===<br />
Zjugo features a simple five vowel system. Main things to note is the lack of an open central vowel, as it is being replaced instead with the near-open front unrounded vowel, and the lack of rounding.<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
!<br />
!front<br />
!back<br />
|-<br />
!close<br />
|i<br />
|ɯ<br />
|-<br />
!mid<br />
|e̞<br />
|ɤ̞<br />
|-<br />
!open<br />
|æ<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Diphthongs ===<br />
Any Zjuan vowel except /i/ and /ɯ/ may appear as the first vowel in a diphthong followed by /i/ (frequently articulated as [ɪ] when appearing like this).<br />
<br />
=== Phonotactics ===<br />
Any Zjugo syllable is made up of at least a vowel or diphthong, which may be preceded by any consonant and/or followed by /n/. Note that a syllable ending with /n/ can be followed by a syllable starting with a vowel. This is phonemically distinct from a syllable ending with a vowel followed by a syllable starting with /n/, that is, for instance, /ˈme̞n.æi/ is distinct from /ˈme̞.næi/. Obstruents and /n/ get palatalized by default when followed by /i/, plain variants are not allowed in that position.<br />
<br />
=== Phonetic variations<ref name="one">It's important to note, that this language was not initially made for Nguhcraft and when making this article I added a bunch of stuff to make the language appear more naturalistic to fit the worldbuilding better. This is not one of those extra things, it is a real actual part of the language outside the server</ref> ===<br />
Due to [[Zjugo#Root system|the root system]], which behaves as if they didn't apply, the following aspects of Zjugo's pronunciation are not widely considered phonemic.<br />
<br />
The sequences ⟨wi⟩, ⟨wu⟩ and ⟨ji⟩ are never pronounced the way they're written. Specifically, ⟨wi⟩ is pronounced [i] word-initially and [hi] otherwise (this is the only phonetic occurrence of [h] in the language and is the reason for its inclusion in the consonant chart). ⟨wu⟩ is pronounced [ɯ] word-initially and [fɯ] otherwise and lastly ⟨ji⟩ is pronounced [i] word-initially and [d͡ʑi] otherwise.<br />
<br />
== Spelling ==<br />
<br />
=== [[Latin alphabet]] ===<br />
Here are the letters and digraphs used to spell Zjugo, when using the [[Latin script]]. Whenever a sequence of letters is ambiguous, an apostrophe must be used to clarify syllable boundaries. For example /ˈme̞.næi/ is spelled ''menai'', meanwhile /ˈme̞n.æi/ is spelled ''men'ai''. This is also done to clarify whether something is or isn't a palatalization digraph, for instance /ˈfʲæn.jæn/ is spelled ''fjan'jan'', however ''fjanjan'' would be pronounced /ˈfʲæ.ɲæn/, except for that it isn't a real word. Consonant letters followed by i, not separated by an apostrophe are automatically considered palatalized.<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
!Letter<br />
!Pronunciation<br />
!digraph<br />
!pronunciation<br />
|-<br />
|A<br />
|/æ/<br />
|Ai<br />
|/æi/<br />
|-<br />
|B<br />
|/b/<br />
|Bj<br />
|/bʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|D<br />
|/d/<br />
|Dj<br />
|/d͡ʑ/<br />
|-<br />
|E<br />
|/e̞/<br />
|Ei<br />
|/e̞i/<br />
|-<br />
|F<br />
|/f/<br />
|Fj<br />
|/fʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|G<br />
|/g/<br />
|Gj<br />
|/gʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|H<br />
|/x/<br />
|Hj<br />
|/xʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|I<br />
|/i/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|J<br />
|/j/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|K<br />
|/k/<br />
|Kj<br />
|/kʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|L<br />
|/l/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|M<br />
|/m/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|N<br />
|/n/<br />
|Nj<br />
|/ɲ/<br />
|-<br />
|O<br />
|/ɤ̞/<br />
|Oi<br />
|/ɤ̞i/<br />
|-<br />
|P<br />
|/p/<br />
|Pj<br />
|/pʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|R<br />
|/r~ɾ/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|S<br />
|/s/<br />
|Sj<br />
|/ɕ/<br />
|-<br />
|T<br />
|/t/<br />
|Tj<br />
|/t͡ɕ/<br />
|-<br />
|U<br />
|/ɯ/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|V<br />
|/v/<br />
|Vj<br />
|/vʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|W<br />
|/w/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Z<br />
|/z/<br />
|Zj<br />
|/ʑ/<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Zjugohai ===<br />
Zjugohai /ˈʑɯ.gɤ̞.xai/ is the original way used to spell Zjugo, although it has since begun to fall out of use in favor of the [[Latin script]]<ref>You're never finding it anywhere on nguhcraft itself because ain't no way I'm turning a vertical syllabary into a minecraft font dawg</ref>. It is a syllabary featuring characters for every combination of a plain voiceless consonant followed by a vowel (including the lack of a consonant). It's written top to bottom with its columns advancing right to left. Voicing and palatalization are spelled using other strategies, discussed later.<br />
<br />
==== Voicing ====<br />
Voiced obstruents are spelled by placing a diacritic to the left of the right syllable character. Voiced palatalized consonants still have this diacritic on the first character.<br />
<br />
==== Palatalization ====<br />
Consonant vowel pairs with a palatalized consonant are spelled as a digraph, including a character of the voiceless unpalatalized equivalent consonant with the i vowel. That is then followed by one of the four special palatalization characters; one exists for each vowel except i itself. Diphthongs following palatalized consonants are spelled by placing a diacritic, identical in appearance to the one used for voicing, onto the palatalization character. There are no palatalization characters for the i vowel as obstruents (and n) followed by i are palatalized by default and, in fact, are not allowed to be plain when in that position.<br />
<br />
==== Diphthongs and syllable-final n ====<br />
As discussed earlier, Zjugo only permits one consonant to appear phonemically in syllable codas and that is /n/. This is spelled with a special character. If syllable contains no such coda and no palatalized consonant, but it does include a diphthong, a reverse-S-like character is used to indicate that, meanwhile if a syllable contains the coda and also a diphthong, it is spelled with another special character, being a variant of the final n character, and lastly if the final n is included in a syllable with a palatalized consonant, a variant of the appropriate palatalization character is used and, naturally, the diphthong diacritic is also included on top of that if there is a diphthong in the syllable. This way any single syllable can be spelled with at most two characters, keeping the script fairly concise.<br />
<br />
==== Numbers ====<br />
Zjugo usually uses a base-6 system to count and there are 6 digits native to Zjugohai, used to spell these base-6 numbers. For base-10 numbers, the Arabic numerals get used and written vertically, just like the Zjugohai numerals.<br />
<br />
== Root system ==<br />
Zjugo features a system of monosyllabic roots or morphemes. Due to its strict phonotactics, there are only 456 possible syllables, 346 of which are used within the language<ref>As of writing this; out of lore, I'm still working on the language and it's very possible this number will change and might outdated</ref>. Each morpheme is one syllable and on top of that any single syllable can represent only one morpheme. Some of these roots are reserved for grammatical purposes (eg. case endings, verb endings, certain grammatical affixes, the morphemes used to construct demonstratives), while others allow much wider usage, the latter case being referred to as "content roots", since they can usually function as most parts of speech.<br />
<br />
== Syntax ==<br />
Zjugo follows an SVO word order with prepositions, adverbs appearing before verbs, used to convey some modal information and adjectives preceding nouns. <br />
<br />
Zjugo's context clause, if used, should be the very first thing in the sentence, followed by the verb, then followed by the verb's arguments. These arguments can have various cases which usually follow the order LOC NOM DAT ACC. In particular, the nominative argument nearly always appears before the accusative argument, with variations being very rare and usually reserved for artistic purposes. The locative argument usually appears first and the dative argument usually appears right before the accusative argument or at the end if there isn't one, but those two exhibit much more variation in placement. Finally, prepositional phrases are always placed at the end of the sentence. <br />
{|<br />
|&amp;nbsp;<br />
|''Fenhuhja''<br />
|''lu''<br />
|''vjonzjo''<br />
|''vjusjuni''<br />
|''gahi''<br />
|''kinso''<br />
|''djoine''<br />
|''pi'en''<br />
|''jowo.''<br />
|-<br />
|&amp;nbsp;<br />
|last-day<br />
|CONTEXT<br />
|give-IND<br />
|work-building-LOC<br />
|somebody<br />
|1-GEN<br />
|parent-DAT<br />
|weird-ADJ<br />
|thing-ACC<br />
|-<br />
|&amp;nbsp;<br />
| colspan="9" |"Yesterday, at work, somebody gave my mother a strange object."<br />
|}<br />
In a sentence with just a copula, both the subject and its complement follow the copula, with the subject appearing first. There are two copulas, one of them negative (equivalent to "isn't"). <br />
{|<br />
|''Da''<br />
|''kin''<br />
|''di''<br />
|''lu''<br />
|''dja''<br />
|''kin''<br />
|''ve.''<br />
|-<br />
|be<br />
|1<br />
|kind<br />
|CONTEXT<br />
|be.NEG<br />
|1<br />
|rude<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="7" |"I'm good, so I'm not bad."<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Verbs ==<br />
Verbs in Zjugo inflect only for mood, with four suffixes: -zjo for the indicative mood, this is the default and most common suffix, -ke for imperative, to indicate the verb as a command, -tja for subjunctive to indicate the verb as merely possible and lastly -'in, which is used in the conditional construction discussed later. Verbs may be negated by simply prefixing no- to them, which is the grammatical root used to indicate negation and can be prefixed on any word, but is by far most common on verbs. Finally, verbs, as any word, can also take extra, redundant, affirmation with the ti- prefix.<br />
<br />
=== Copulas ===<br />
As discussed above there are two special verbs, the two copulas: one indicative and one negative indicative. These do not take the aforementioned inflection and, in fact, rarely ever have any affixes applied to them at all. They can however be preceded by an adverb, which does carry some modal information.<br />
{|<br />
|''Wa''<br />
|''da''<br />
|''kin''<br />
|''zjoin'jin.''<br />
|-<br />
|want<br />
|be<br />
|1<br />
|feminine-gender<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="4" |"I want to be a girl."<br />
|}<br />
When the inflection carried by most verbs ''is'' desired, a semantically similar word "tun" is used.<br />
<br />
=== Questions ===<br />
Any sentence may be turned into a question by suffixing -kai onto the verb. This suffix follows the mood suffixes, if they exist.<br />
{|<br />
|''Tuntjakai''<br />
|''kjole''<br />
|''kje?''<br />
|-<br />
|exist-SJV-Q<br />
|this<br />
|possible<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="3" |"Might this be possible?"<br />
|}<br />
Additionally, any part of the sentence, except the verb, including content word affixes, can be replaced with the question particle "hun". The -kai suffix is still used if this is done.<br />
{|<br />
|Sjunzjokai<br />
|hunhi<br />
|hjole?<br />
|-<br />
|do-IND-Q<br />
|Q-person<br />
|that<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="3" |Who did that?<br />
|}<br />
{|<br />
|''Da''<br />
|''kjole''<br />
|''hun?''<br />
|-<br />
|be<br />
|this<br />
|Q<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="3" |"What's this?"<br />
|}<br />
{|<br />
|''Hunkjain''<br />
|''lu''<br />
|''sjunzjokai''<br />
|''pin''<br />
|''hunwo?''<br />
|-<br />
|Q-time<br />
|CONTEXT<br />
|do-IND-Q<br />
|3<br />
|Q-ACC<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="5" |When did they do what?<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Nouns ==<br />
Nouns only exhibit mandatory case marking, however any amount of additional information may be included by affixing any number of morphemes.<br />
<br />
=== Case ===<br />
There are five cases nouns can take in Zjugo. Those are:<br />
<br />
* The nominative, which is unmarked. Used on subjects of sentences as well as subjects' complements in copular sentences.<br />
* The accusative, marked with -wo. Used on the direct objects of sentences.<br />
* The dative, marked with -ne. Used to mark indirect objects, in particular, recipients.<br />
* The genitive, marked with -so. Used for possessors of objects. The possessor is placed before the possessed.<br />
* The vocative, marking with -o. Used to call for people, vocative nouns are only ever exclaimed on their own and never included as part of sentences otherwise.<br />
<br />
=== Number ===<br />
Number is not required to be marked on nouns, however there are a few optional markers that may be used.<br />
<br />
* Singular, that is one, with ji-<br />
* Dual, that is two, with nu-<br />
* Paucal, that is a few, with vja-<br />
* Plural, that is many, with ma-<br />
* Null, that is none, with ka-<br />
* Total, that is all, with kju-<br />
<br />
=== Adjectives ===<br />
Adjectives function extremely similarly to nouns. In fact, any noun can be used as an adjective, by simply being placed before another noun with no case marking. Sometimes the -en suffix may be added to clarify the function of a word being used like that as adjectival. Similarly, there's also a -ken suffix, which functions the same way, except that it also negates the adjective.<br />
<br />
=== Relative clauses ===<br />
A relative clause can follow any noun phrase. It's constructed by placing a verb, directly following the noun, then the relative particle ki and any additional arguments for the verb between it and the particle.<br />
{|<br />
|''Bjozjo''<br />
|''man''<br />
|''bozjo''<br />
|''hjoni''<br />
|''ki.''<br />
|-<br />
|arrive-IND<br />
|4<ref>indefinite pronoun</ref><br />
|go-IND<br />
|far-LOC<br />
|REL<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="5" |Those who go far, arrive.<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Concatenative derivation ==<br />
Any content word can be formed by concatenating multiple monosyllabic content roots together. When this is done, the root at the end is treated as the main root with the previous morphemes modifying it. Words derived from more than two roots in this way introduce some ambiguity in interpretation. For example ninhire (lit. big person tool) could be interpreted as "big (person tool)", where both "big" and "person" modify "tool", that is it's a big tool for people, or it could be interpreted as "(big person) tool" where "big" modifies "person" and then their pair modifies "tool", so it's a tool intended for big people. This ambiguity is not grammatically resolved.<br />
<br />
Many derived words are lexicalized and have a single canon interpretation. These can be found in Zjuan dictionaries.<br />
<br />
== Demonstratives ==<br />
Demonstratives are derived with a set of prefixes and suffixes. The prefixes indicate state of being (or interrogate it) and the suffixes indicate the type of object being referred to.<br />
<br />
The most commonly used prefixes are<br />
<br />
* kjo - proximal (roughly near speaker, for spacial distinctions)<br />
* vo - medial (roughly near listener, for spacial distinctions)<br />
* hjo - distal (elsewhere)<br />
* pjo - nonexistent, none (used in equivalents to eg. nowhere, never)<br />
* ga - existent, some (used in equivalents to eg. somewhere, sometime)<br />
* hun - interrogative<br />
<br />
The most commonly used suffixes are<br />
<br />
* ko - place (eg. here, there)<br />
* nje - grammatical adjectives (this [thing], that [thing])<br />
* le - grammatical nouns (this, that)<br />
* kjain - time (eg. now, then)<br />
<br />
Other roots are sometimes used as prefixes and occasionally suffixes, but the above are the most common.<br />
<br />
== Context and conditionals ==<br />
The context clause is placed at the very beginning of a sentence and indicated with the "lu" particle, which follows it. For the most part it works similarly to [[Toki Pona]]'s context clause, indicated with the similar sounding "la". It is used to indicate something as the context to the main sentence (it can mean something like "in the context of X, Y", where X is what's in the context clause and Y is the main sentence) and that can be any noun phrase or even verb sentence.<br />
<br />
In Zjugo, the context clause does also play and important role in forming conditionals. The condition is placed in the context clause as a sentence and the result is placed in the main sentence with its verb in the conditional mood, indicated with -tja.<br />
<br />
== Conjunction ==<br />
There are a few conjunctions in Zjugo. These can conjoin any words of the same part of speech, whether that be verbs, noun phrases or even things like adverbs or prepositions.<br />
<br />
They are as follows<br />
<br />
* i - and<br />
* gi - or<br />
* run - and not ([this] run [that] = this and not that)<br />
* mon - also (similar to "i", particularly common at the start of sentences or conjoining verb subjects)<br />
* noi - not also<br />
<br />
They can also appear at the very start of sentences, before the context clause, where they carry related meanings<br />
<br />
* i - furthermore<br />
* gi - or, or maybe<br />
* run - however<br />
* mon - also, furthermore<br />
* noi - however<br />
<br />
And lastly "mon" can also appear on its own as an adverb or adjective.<br />
<br />
== Comparison ==<br />
Comparison is done by prefixing mai- or tei- onto an adjective (meaning "more" and "less" respectively), then following the adjective with a prepositional phrase using bei. Any noun modified by the adjective is placed before bei.<br />
{|<br />
|''Da''<br />
|''kjole''<br />
|''maigoi''<br />
|''bei''<br />
|''fain'en''<br />
|''wenzeinfi!''<br />
|-<br />
|be<br />
|this<br />
|more-good<br />
|to<br />
|infinite-ADJ<br />
|bee<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="6" |This is better than infinite bees!<br />
|}<br />
{|<br />
|''Da''<br />
|''kjole''<br />
|''teigoi''<br />
|''fain'en''<br />
|''wenzeinfi''<br />
|''bei''<br />
|''vole.''<br />
|-<br />
|be<br />
|this<br />
|less-good<br />
|infinite-ADJ<br />
|bee<br />
|to<br />
|that<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="7" |These are worse infinite bees than that.<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Numbers ==<br />
<br />
=== Base six ===<br />
Usually, Zjugo uses a base-6 system to count. There are six roots for numbers one-six (and the root meaning "none" can be used to refer to zero).<br />
<br />
Up to thirty six, Zjugo uses a similar system to that of [[Japanese]], except base-six instead of ten, of course. Each number is split into multiples of six plus some leftover amount. In mathematical terms, any n up to 36 is thought of as k*6+m, where k and m are both in that range from one to six (except if the number is less than 6 then there are no multiple of six so the k*6 term is skipped). These numbers are formed into single words made up of up to three units, the first unit being equal to the amount of multiples of six (k), the second simply being six itself and the third being equal to the leftover amount (m). Lastly, if there is only one multiple of six then the first term is omitted and the number six is just said on its own. For example the number four is simply jon, the number ten is lunjon (six-four) and the number sixteen is nulunjon (two-six-four; two sixes and four).<br />
<br />
Thirty six prefixes the root nin, meaning big onto six, so it's simply ninlun (big-six). From there numbers up to, but not including twelve-hundred and ninety-six (thirty six * thirty six) are broken down into two main parts: multiples of thirty six and the left over. In mathematical terms k*36+m. This is the same as before, except on a larger magnitude and this time each of k and m will be further broken down as described in the previous paragraph. For example 512 can be broken down in this way into 14*36+8, then that can be further broken down into (2*6+2)*36+(6+2) and is therefore said as nulunnu ninlun lunnu (two-six-two big-six six-two). This time, unlike before, spaces are introduced between each element.<br />
<br />
Finally, twelve-hundred ninety-six is ninninlun, that is it prefixes nin yet again. These numbers are broken down in an analogous way, counting multiples of ninninlun as k*1296+m, further break k and m down as in the previous diagram. For example the very big number 111'875 would be broken down as 86*1296+419, then each of those parts down as (2*36+14)*1296+(11*36+23), then (2*36+(2*6+2))*1296+((6+5)*36+(3*6+5)) and so would be said as nu ninlun nulunnu ninninlun lungu ninlun senlungu, which is very long, but luckily numbers this large rarely come up and are usually rounded to the nearest multiples of powers of six for convenience.<br />
<br />
=== Base ten<ref name="one" /> ===<br />
The base ten system appeared much later in the language's existence due to English and Ukrainian influences. The system first appeared in writing and, in spoken language, manifests simply as the digits being read out sequentially.<br />
<br />
Each digit zero through nine, in this system, is simply pronounced as its equivalent number in the base six system, so for instance 6 is simply lun and 7 is lun'ji.<br />
<br />
To show what it looks like in use, in this system, the number 4096 would be read as jon ka lunsen lun (four none six-three six).<br />
<br />
== Vocabulary ==<br />
The current list of all words can be found in the [https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1n54Ms4VmSE6OhbFzo7CJyG4xOxUkieS-sQEEe8L60Pw/edit?usp=sharing vocabulary document] hosted on Google Sheets.<br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
<references /></div>Maselahttps://mc.nguh.org/w/index.php?title=Zjugo&diff=39291Zjugo2026-05-01T12:55:25Z<p>Masela: adjusted formatting on the glosses, thanks omaatje</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox language|name=Zjugo|pronunciation=[ˈʑɯ.gɤ̞]|family=Paleo-Hlabiglan|early-forms=Zjiogeo|era=today|scripts=[[Latin alphabet]], [[Zjugo#Zjugohai|Zjugohai]]|country=[[Hiso Zju'a]]|lang-code=ZG|endonym=Zjugo (in Zjugo)<br>Zjuan (in English)}}<br />
<br />
'''Zjuan''' /ˈʒuw.ən/ (ZG Zjugo /ˈʑɯ.gɤ̞/) is a Paleo-Hlambiglan language spoken in [[Hiso Zju'a]]. It is one of the three languages spoken there, each belonging primarily to one of the three most represented ethnicities residing there. Zjugo belongs to the [unnamed] group, native to Zju'an land and is the only language in Zju'a, which doesn't have a major speaking population anywhere else.<br />
<br />
== Phonology ==<br />
<br />
=== Consonants ===<br />
Zjuan consonants feature a full voicing distinction in all plosives and fricatives except for the velar fricatives. They also include a palatalization distinction for all plosives and fricatives and alveolar/palatal nasal consonants. Especially in recent times, labial and velar palatalized consonants are often articulated as consonant clusters with the palatal approximant.<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |<br />
! colspan="2" |labial<br />
! rowspan="2" |alveolar<br />
! rowspan="2" |palatal<br />
! colspan="2" |velar<br />
! rowspan="2" |glottal<br />
|-<br />
!plain<br />
!palatalized<br />
!plain<br />
!palatalized<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" |nasal<br />
| colspan="2" |m<br />
|n<br />
|ɲ<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" |plosive<br />
!unvoiced<br />
|p<br />
|pʲ<br />
|t<br />
|t͡ɕ<br />
|k<br />
|kʲ<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!voiced<br />
|b<br />
|bʲ<br />
|d<br />
|d͡ʑ<br />
|g<br />
|gʲ<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" |fricative<br />
!unvoiced<br />
|f<br />
|fʲ<br />
|s<br />
|ɕ<br />
|x<br />
|xʲ<br />
|(h)<br />
|-<br />
!voiced<br />
|v<br />
|vʲ<br />
|z<br />
|ʑ<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" |trill/approximant<br />
| colspan="2" |w<br />
|r~ɾ<br />
|j<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" |lateral<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|l<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Vowels ===<br />
Zjugo features a simple five vowel system. Main things to note is the lack of an open central vowel, as it is being replaced instead with the near-open front unrounded vowel, and the lack of rounding.<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
!<br />
!front<br />
!back<br />
|-<br />
!close<br />
|i<br />
|ɯ<br />
|-<br />
!mid<br />
|e̞<br />
|ɤ̞<br />
|-<br />
!open<br />
|æ<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Diphthongs ===<br />
Any Zjuan vowel except /i/ and /ɯ/ may appear as the first vowel in a diphthong followed by /i/ (frequently articulated as [ɪ] when appearing like this).<br />
<br />
=== Phonotactics ===<br />
Any Zjugo syllable is made up of at least a vowel or diphthong, which may be preceded by any consonant and/or followed by /n/. Note that a syllable ending with /n/ can be followed by a syllable starting with a vowel. This is phonemically distinct from a syllable ending with a vowel followed by a syllable starting with /n/, that is, for instance, /ˈme̞n.æi/ is distinct from /ˈme̞.næi/. Obstruents and /n/ get palatalized by default when followed by /i/, plain variants are not allowed in that position.<br />
<br />
=== Phonetic variations<ref name="one">It's important to note, that this language was not initially made for Nguhcraft and when making this article I added a bunch of stuff to make the language appear more naturalistic to fit the worldbuilding better. This is not one of those extra things, it is a real actual part of the language outside the server</ref> ===<br />
Due to [[Zjugo#Root system|the root system]], which behaves as if they didn't apply, the following aspects of Zjugo's pronunciation are not widely considered phonemic.<br />
<br />
The sequences ⟨wi⟩, ⟨wu⟩ and ⟨ji⟩ are never pronounced the way they're written. Specifically, ⟨wi⟩ is pronounced [i] word-initially and [hi] otherwise (this is the only phonetic occurrence of [h] in the language and is the reason for its inclusion in the consonant chart). ⟨wu⟩ is pronounced [ɯ] word-initially and [fɯ] otherwise and lastly ⟨ji⟩ is pronounced [i] word-initially and [d͡ʑi] otherwise.<br />
<br />
== Spelling ==<br />
<br />
=== [[Latin alphabet]] ===<br />
Here are the letters and digraphs used to spell Zjugo, when using the [[Latin script]]. Whenever a sequence of letters is ambiguous, an apostrophe must be used to clarify syllable boundaries. For example /ˈme̞.næi/ is spelled ''menai'', meanwhile /ˈme̞n.æi/ is spelled ''men'ai''. This is also done to clarify whether something is or isn't a palatalization digraph, for instance /ˈfʲæn.jæn/ is spelled ''fjan'jan'', however ''fjanjan'' would be pronounced /ˈfʲæ.ɲæn/, except for that it isn't a real word. Consonant letters followed by i, not separated by an apostrophe are automatically considered palatalized.<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
!Letter<br />
!Pronunciation<br />
!digraph<br />
!pronunciation<br />
|-<br />
|A<br />
|/æ/<br />
|Ai<br />
|/æi/<br />
|-<br />
|B<br />
|/b/<br />
|Bj<br />
|/bʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|D<br />
|/d/<br />
|Dj<br />
|/d͡ʑ/<br />
|-<br />
|E<br />
|/e̞/<br />
|Ei<br />
|/e̞i/<br />
|-<br />
|F<br />
|/f/<br />
|Fj<br />
|/fʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|G<br />
|/g/<br />
|Gj<br />
|/gʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|H<br />
|/x/<br />
|Hj<br />
|/xʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|I<br />
|/i/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|J<br />
|/j/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|K<br />
|/k/<br />
|Kj<br />
|/kʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|L<br />
|/l/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|M<br />
|/m/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|N<br />
|/n/<br />
|Nj<br />
|/ɲ/<br />
|-<br />
|O<br />
|/ɤ̞/<br />
|Oi<br />
|/ɤ̞i/<br />
|-<br />
|P<br />
|/p/<br />
|Pj<br />
|/pʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|R<br />
|/r~ɾ/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|S<br />
|/s/<br />
|Sj<br />
|/ɕ/<br />
|-<br />
|T<br />
|/t/<br />
|Tj<br />
|/t͡ɕ/<br />
|-<br />
|U<br />
|/ɯ/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|V<br />
|/v/<br />
|Vj<br />
|/vʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|W<br />
|/w/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Z<br />
|/z/<br />
|Zj<br />
|/ʑ/<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Zjugohai ===<br />
Zjugohai /ˈʑɯ.gɤ̞.xai/ is the original way used to spell Zjugo, although it has since begun to fall out of use in favor of the [[Latin script]]<ref>You're never finding it anywhere on nguhcraft itself because ain't no way I'm turning a vertical syllabary into a minecraft font dawg</ref>. It is a syllabary featuring characters for every combination of a plain voiceless consonant followed by a vowel (including the lack of a consonant). It's written top to bottom with its columns advancing right to left. Voicing and palatalization are spelled using other strategies, discussed later.<br />
<br />
==== Voicing ====<br />
Voiced obstruents are spelled by placing a diacritic to the left of the right syllable character. Voiced palatalized consonants still have this diacritic on the first character.<br />
<br />
==== Palatalization ====<br />
Consonant vowel pairs with a palatalized consonant are spelled as a digraph, including a character of the voiceless unpalatalized equivalent consonant with the i vowel. That is then followed by one of the four special palatalization characters; one exists for each vowel except i itself. Diphthongs following palatalized consonants are spelled by placing a diacritic, identical in appearance to the one used for voicing, onto the palatalization character. There are no palatalization characters for the i vowel as obstruents (and n) followed by i are palatalized by default and, in fact, are not allowed to be plain when in that position.<br />
<br />
==== Diphthongs and syllable-final n ====<br />
As discussed earlier, Zjugo only permits one consonant to appear phonemically in syllable codas and that is /n/. This is spelled with a special character. If syllable contains no such coda and no palatalized consonant, but it does include a diphthong, a reverse-S-like character is used to indicate that, meanwhile if a syllable contains the coda and also a diphthong, it is spelled with another special character, being a variant of the final n character, and lastly if the final n is included in a syllable with a palatalized consonant, a variant of the appropriate palatalization character is used and, naturally, the diphthong diacritic is also included on top of that if there is a diphthong in the syllable. This way any single syllable can be spelled with at most two characters, keeping the script fairly concise.<br />
<br />
==== Numbers ====<br />
Zjugo usually uses a base-6 system to count and there are 6 digits native to Zjugohai, used to spell these base-6 numbers. For base-10 numbers, the Arabic numerals get used and written vertically, just like the Zjugohai numerals.<br />
<br />
== Root system ==<br />
Zjugo features a system of monosyllabic roots or morphemes. Due to its strict phonotactics, there are only 456 possible syllables, 346 of which are used within the language<ref>As of writing this; out of lore, I'm still working on the language and it's very possible this number will change and might outdated</ref>. Each morpheme is one syllable and on top of that any single syllable can represent only one morpheme. Some of these roots are reserved for grammatical purposes (eg. case endings, verb endings, certain grammatical affixes, the morphemes used to construct demonstratives), while others allow much wider usage, the latter case being referred to as "content roots", since they can usually function as most parts of speech.<br />
<br />
== Syntax ==<br />
Zjugo follows an SVO word order with prepositions, adverbs appearing before verbs, used to convey some modal information and adjectives preceding nouns. <br />
<br />
Zjugo's context clause, if used, should be the very first thing in the sentence, followed by the verb, then followed by the verb's arguments. These arguments can have various cases which usually follow the order LOC NOM DAT ACC. In particular, the nominative argument nearly always appears before the accusative argument, with variations being very rare and usually reserved for artistic purposes. The locative argument usually appears first and the dative argument usually appears right before the accusative argument or at the end if there isn't one, but those two exhibit much more variation in placement. Finally, prepositional phrases are always placed at the end of the sentence. <br />
{|<br />
|''Fenhuhja''<br />
|''lu''<br />
|''vjonzjo''<br />
|''vjusjuni''<br />
|''gahi''<br />
|''kinso''<br />
|''djoine''<br />
|''pi'en''<br />
|''jowo.''<br />
|-<br />
|last-day<br />
|CONTEXT<br />
|give-IND<br />
|work-building-LOC<br />
|somebody<br />
|1-GEN<br />
|parent-DAT<br />
|weird-ADJ<br />
|thing-ACC<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="9" |"Yesterday, at work, somebody gave my mother a strange object."<br />
|}<br />
In a sentence with just a copula, both the subject and its complement follow the copula, with the subject appearing first. There are two copulas, one of them negative (equivalent to "isn't"). <br />
{|<br />
|''Da''<br />
|''kin''<br />
|''di''<br />
|''lu''<br />
|''dja''<br />
|''kin''<br />
|''ve.''<br />
|-<br />
|be<br />
|1<br />
|kind<br />
|CONTEXT<br />
|be.NEG<br />
|1<br />
|rude<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="7" |"I'm good, so I'm not bad."<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Verbs ==<br />
Verbs in Zjugo inflect only for mood, with four suffixes: -zjo for the indicative mood, this is the default and most common suffix, -ke for imperative, to indicate the verb as a command, -tja for subjunctive to indicate the verb as merely possible and lastly -'in, which is used in the conditional construction discussed later. Verbs may be negated by simply prefixing no- to them, which is the grammatical root used to indicate negation and can be prefixed on any word, but is by far most common on verbs. Finally, verbs, as any word, can also take extra, redundant, affirmation with the ti- prefix.<br />
<br />
=== Copulas ===<br />
As discussed above there are two special verbs, the two copulas: one indicative and one negative indicative. These do not take the aforementioned inflection and, in fact, rarely ever have any affixes applied to them at all. They can however be preceded by an adverb, which does carry some modal information.<br />
{|<br />
|''Wa''<br />
|''da''<br />
|''kin''<br />
|''zjoin'jin.''<br />
|-<br />
|want<br />
|be<br />
|1<br />
|feminine-gender<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="4" |"I want to be a girl."<br />
|}<br />
When the inflection carried by most verbs ''is'' desired, a semantically similar word "tun" is used.<br />
<br />
=== Questions ===<br />
Any sentence may be turned into a question by suffixing -kai onto the verb. This suffix follows the mood suffixes, if they exist.<br />
{|<br />
|''Tuntjakai''<br />
|''kjole''<br />
|''kje?''<br />
|-<br />
|exist-SJV-Q<br />
|this<br />
|possible<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="3" |"Might this be possible?"<br />
|}<br />
Additionally, any part of the sentence, except the verb, including content word affixes, can be replaced with the question particle "hun". The -kai suffix is still used if this is done.<br />
{|<br />
|Sjunzjokai<br />
|hunhi<br />
|hjole?<br />
|-<br />
|do-IND-Q<br />
|Q-person<br />
|that<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="3" |Who did that?<br />
|}<br />
{|<br />
|''Da''<br />
|''kjole''<br />
|''hun?''<br />
|-<br />
|be<br />
|this<br />
|Q<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="3" |"What's this?"<br />
|}<br />
{|<br />
|''Hunkjain''<br />
|''lu''<br />
|''sjunzjokai''<br />
|''pin''<br />
|''hunwo?''<br />
|-<br />
|Q-time<br />
|CONTEXT<br />
|do-IND-Q<br />
|3<br />
|Q-ACC<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="5" |When did they do what?<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Nouns ==<br />
Nouns only exhibit mandatory case marking, however any amount of additional information may be included by affixing any number of morphemes.<br />
<br />
=== Case ===<br />
There are five cases nouns can take in Zjugo. Those are:<br />
<br />
* The nominative, which is unmarked. Used on subjects of sentences as well as subjects' complements in copular sentences.<br />
* The accusative, marked with -wo. Used on the direct objects of sentences.<br />
* The dative, marked with -ne. Used to mark indirect objects, in particular, recipients.<br />
* The genitive, marked with -so. Used for possessors of objects. The possessor is placed before the possessed.<br />
* The vocative, marking with -o. Used to call for people, vocative nouns are only ever exclaimed on their own and never included as part of sentences otherwise.<br />
<br />
=== Number ===<br />
Number is not required to be marked on nouns, however there are a few optional markers that may be used.<br />
<br />
* Singular, that is one, with ji-<br />
* Dual, that is two, with nu-<br />
* Paucal, that is a few, with vja-<br />
* Plural, that is many, with ma-<br />
* Null, that is none, with ka-<br />
* Total, that is all, with kju-<br />
<br />
=== Adjectives ===<br />
Adjectives function extremely similarly to nouns. In fact, any noun can be used as an adjective, by simply being placed before another noun with no case marking. Sometimes the -en suffix may be added to clarify the function of a word being used like that as adjectival. Similarly, there's also a -ken suffix, which functions the same way, except that it also negates the adjective.<br />
<br />
=== Relative clauses ===<br />
A relative clause can follow any noun phrase. It's constructed by placing a verb, directly following the noun, then the relative particle ki and any additional arguments for the verb between it and the particle.<br />
{|<br />
|''Bjozjo''<br />
|''man''<br />
|''bozjo''<br />
|''hjoni''<br />
|''ki.''<br />
|-<br />
|arrive-IND<br />
|4<ref>indefinite pronoun</ref><br />
|go-IND<br />
|far-LOC<br />
|REL<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="5" |Those who go far, arrive.<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Concatenative derivation ==<br />
Any content word can be formed by concatenating multiple monosyllabic content roots together. When this is done, the root at the end is treated as the main root with the previous morphemes modifying it. Words derived from more than two roots in this way introduce some ambiguity in interpretation. For example ninhire (lit. big person tool) could be interpreted as "big (person tool)", where both "big" and "person" modify "tool", that is it's a big tool for people, or it could be interpreted as "(big person) tool" where "big" modifies "person" and then their pair modifies "tool", so it's a tool intended for big people. This ambiguity is not grammatically resolved.<br />
<br />
Many derived words are lexicalized and have a single canon interpretation. These can be found in Zjuan dictionaries.<br />
<br />
== Demonstratives ==<br />
Demonstratives are derived with a set of prefixes and suffixes. The prefixes indicate state of being (or interrogate it) and the suffixes indicate the type of object being referred to.<br />
<br />
The most commonly used prefixes are<br />
<br />
* kjo - proximal (roughly near speaker, for spacial distinctions)<br />
* vo - medial (roughly near listener, for spacial distinctions)<br />
* hjo - distal (elsewhere)<br />
* pjo - nonexistent, none (used in equivalents to eg. nowhere, never)<br />
* ga - existent, some (used in equivalents to eg. somewhere, sometime)<br />
* hun - interrogative<br />
<br />
The most commonly used suffixes are<br />
<br />
* ko - place (eg. here, there)<br />
* nje - grammatical adjectives (this [thing], that [thing])<br />
* le - grammatical nouns (this, that)<br />
* kjain - time (eg. now, then)<br />
<br />
Other roots are sometimes used as prefixes and occasionally suffixes, but the above are the most common.<br />
<br />
== Context and conditionals ==<br />
The context clause is placed at the very beginning of a sentence and indicated with the "lu" particle, which follows it. For the most part it works similarly to [[Toki Pona]]'s context clause, indicated with the similar sounding "la". It is used to indicate something as the context to the main sentence (it can mean something like "in the context of X, Y", where X is what's in the context clause and Y is the main sentence) and that can be any noun phrase or even verb sentence.<br />
<br />
In Zjugo, the context clause does also play and important role in forming conditionals. The condition is placed in the context clause as a sentence and the result is placed in the main sentence with its verb in the conditional mood, indicated with -tja.<br />
<br />
== Conjunction ==<br />
There are a few conjunctions in Zjugo. These can conjoin any words of the same part of speech, whether that be verbs, noun phrases or even things like adverbs or prepositions.<br />
<br />
They are as follows<br />
<br />
* i - and<br />
* gi - or<br />
* run - and not ([this] run [that] = this and not that)<br />
* mon - also (similar to "i", particularly common at the start of sentences or conjoining verb subjects)<br />
* noi - not also<br />
<br />
They can also appear at the very start of sentences, before the context clause, where they carry related meanings<br />
<br />
* i - furthermore<br />
* gi - or, or maybe<br />
* run - however<br />
* mon - also, furthermore<br />
* noi - however<br />
<br />
And lastly "mon" can also appear on its own as an adverb or adjective.<br />
<br />
== Comparison ==<br />
Comparison is done by prefixing mai- or tei- onto an adjective (meaning "more" and "less" respectively), then following the adjective with a prepositional phrase using bei. Any noun modified by the adjective is placed before bei.<br />
{|<br />
|''Da''<br />
|''kjole''<br />
|''maigoi''<br />
|''bei''<br />
|''fain'en''<br />
|''wenzeinfi!''<br />
|-<br />
|be<br />
|this<br />
|more-good<br />
|to<br />
|infinite-ADJ<br />
|bee<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="6" |This is better than infinite bees!<br />
|}<br />
{|<br />
|''Da''<br />
|''kjole''<br />
|''teigoi''<br />
|''fain'en''<br />
|''wenzeinfi''<br />
|''bei''<br />
|''vole.''<br />
|-<br />
|be<br />
|this<br />
|less-good<br />
|infinite-ADJ<br />
|bee<br />
|to<br />
|that<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="7" |These are worse infinite bees than that.<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Numbers ==<br />
<br />
=== Base six ===<br />
Usually, Zjugo uses a base-6 system to count. There are six roots for numbers one-six (and the root meaning "none" can be used to refer to zero).<br />
<br />
Up to thirty six, Zjugo uses a similar system to that of [[Japanese]], except base-six instead of ten, of course. Each number is split into multiples of six plus some leftover amount. In mathematical terms, any n up to 36 is thought of as k*6+m, where k and m are both in that range from one to six (except if the number is less than 6 then there are no multiple of six so the k*6 term is skipped). These numbers are formed into single words made up of up to three units, the first unit being equal to the amount of multiples of six (k), the second simply being six itself and the third being equal to the leftover amount (m). Lastly, if there is only one multiple of six then the first term is omitted and the number six is just said on its own. For example the number four is simply jon, the number ten is lunjon (six-four) and the number sixteen is nulunjon (two-six-four; two sixes and four).<br />
<br />
Thirty six prefixes the root nin, meaning big onto six, so it's simply ninlun (big-six). From there numbers up to, but not including twelve-hundred and ninety-six (thirty six * thirty six) are broken down into two main parts: multiples of thirty six and the left over. In mathematical terms k*36+m. This is the same as before, except on a larger magnitude and this time each of k and m will be further broken down as described in the previous paragraph. For example 512 can be broken down in this way into 14*36+8, then that can be further broken down into (2*6+2)*36+(6+2) and is therefore said as nulunnu ninlun lunnu (two-six-two big-six six-two). This time, unlike before, spaces are introduced between each element.<br />
<br />
Finally, twelve-hundred ninety-six is ninninlun, that is it prefixes nin yet again. These numbers are broken down in an analogous way, counting multiples of ninninlun as k*1296+m, further break k and m down as in the previous diagram. For example the very big number 111'875 would be broken down as 86*1296+419, then each of those parts down as (2*36+14)*1296+(11*36+23), then (2*36+(2*6+2))*1296+((6+5)*36+(3*6+5)) and so would be said as nu ninlun nulunnu ninninlun lungu ninlun senlungu, which is very long, but luckily numbers this large rarely come up and are usually rounded to the nearest multiples of powers of six for convenience.<br />
<br />
=== Base ten<ref name="one" /> ===<br />
The base ten system appeared much later in the language's existence due to English and Ukrainian influences. The system first appeared in writing and, in spoken language, manifests simply as the digits being read out sequentially.<br />
<br />
Each digit zero through nine, in this system, is simply pronounced as its equivalent number in the base six system, so for instance 6 is simply lun and 7 is lun'ji.<br />
<br />
To show what it looks like in use, in this system, the number 4096 would be read as jon ka lunsen lun (four none six-three six).<br />
<br />
== Vocabulary ==<br />
The current list of all words can be found in the [https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1n54Ms4VmSE6OhbFzo7CJyG4xOxUkieS-sQEEe8L60Pw/edit?usp=sharing vocabulary document] hosted on Google Sheets.<br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
<references /></div>Maselahttps://mc.nguh.org/w/index.php?title=Zjugo&diff=39282Zjugo2026-05-01T11:34:45Z<p>Masela: vocabylare</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox language|name=Zjugo|pronunciation=[ˈʑɯ.gɤ̞]|family=Paleo-Hlabiglan|early-forms=Zjiogeo|era=today|scripts=[[Latin alphabet]], [[Zjugo#Zjugohai|Zjugohai]]|country=[[Hiso Zju'a]]|lang-code=ZG|endonym=Zjugo (in Zjugo)<br>Zjuan (in English)}}<br />
<br />
'''Zjuan''' /ˈʒuw.ən/ (ZG Zjugo /ˈʑɯ.gɤ̞/) is a Paleo-Hlambiglan language spoken in [[Hiso Zju'a]]. It is one of the three languages spoken there, each belonging primarily to one of the three most represented ethnicities residing there. Zjugo belongs to the [unnamed] group, native to Zju'an land and is the only language in Zju'a, which doesn't have a major speaking population anywhere else.<br />
<br />
== Phonology ==<br />
<br />
=== Consonants ===<br />
Zjuan consonants feature a full voicing distinction in all plosives and fricatives except for the velar fricatives. They also include a palatalization distinction for all plosives and fricatives and alveolar/palatal nasal consonants. Especially in recent times, labial and velar palatalized consonants are often articulated as consonant clusters with the palatal approximant.<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |<br />
! colspan="2" |labial<br />
! rowspan="2" |alveolar<br />
! rowspan="2" |palatal<br />
! colspan="2" |velar<br />
! rowspan="2" |glottal<br />
|-<br />
!plain<br />
!palatalized<br />
!plain<br />
!palatalized<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" |nasal<br />
| colspan="2" |m<br />
|n<br />
|ɲ<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" |plosive<br />
!unvoiced<br />
|p<br />
|pʲ<br />
|t<br />
|t͡ɕ<br />
|k<br />
|kʲ<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!voiced<br />
|b<br />
|bʲ<br />
|d<br />
|d͡ʑ<br />
|g<br />
|gʲ<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" |fricative<br />
!unvoiced<br />
|f<br />
|fʲ<br />
|s<br />
|ɕ<br />
|x<br />
|xʲ<br />
|(h)<br />
|-<br />
!voiced<br />
|v<br />
|vʲ<br />
|z<br />
|ʑ<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" |trill/approximant<br />
| colspan="2" |w<br />
|r~ɾ<br />
|j<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" |lateral<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|l<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Vowels ===<br />
Zjugo features a simple five vowel system. Main things to note is the lack of an open central vowel, as it is being replaced instead with the near-open front unrounded vowel, and the lack of rounding.<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
!<br />
!front<br />
!back<br />
|-<br />
!close<br />
|i<br />
|ɯ<br />
|-<br />
!mid<br />
|e̞<br />
|ɤ̞<br />
|-<br />
!open<br />
|æ<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Diphthongs ===<br />
Any Zjuan vowel except /i/ and /ɯ/ may appear as the first vowel in a diphthong followed by /i/ (frequently articulated as [ɪ] when appearing like this).<br />
<br />
=== Phonotactics ===<br />
Any Zjugo syllable is made up of at least a vowel or diphthong, which may be preceded by any consonant and/or followed by /n/. Note that a syllable ending with /n/ can be followed by a syllable starting with a vowel. This is phonemically distinct from a syllable ending with a vowel followed by a syllable starting with /n/, that is, for instance, /ˈme̞n.æi/ is distinct from /ˈme̞.næi/. Obstruents and /n/ get palatalized by default when followed by /i/, plain variants are not allowed in that position.<br />
<br />
=== Phonetic variations<ref name="one">It's important to note, that this language was not initially made for Nguhcraft and when making this article I added a bunch of stuff to make the language appear more naturalistic to fit the worldbuilding better. This is not one of those extra things, it is a real actual part of the language outside the server</ref> ===<br />
Due to [[Zjugo#Root system|the root system]], which behaves as if they didn't apply, the following aspects of Zjugo's pronunciation are not widely considered phonemic.<br />
<br />
The sequences ⟨wi⟩, ⟨wu⟩ and ⟨ji⟩ are never pronounced the way they're written. Specifically, ⟨wi⟩ is pronounced [i] word-initially and [hi] otherwise (this is the only phonetic occurrence of [h] in the language and is the reason for its inclusion in the consonant chart). ⟨wu⟩ is pronounced [ɯ] word-initially and [fɯ] otherwise and lastly ⟨ji⟩ is pronounced [i] word-initially and [d͡ʑi] otherwise.<br />
<br />
== Spelling ==<br />
<br />
=== [[Latin alphabet]] ===<br />
Here are the letters and digraphs used to spell Zjugo, when using the [[Latin script]]. Whenever a sequence of letters is ambiguous, an apostrophe must be used to clarify syllable boundaries. For example /ˈme̞.næi/ is spelled ''menai'', meanwhile /ˈme̞n.æi/ is spelled ''men'ai''. This is also done to clarify whether something is or isn't a palatalization digraph, for instance /ˈfʲæn.jæn/ is spelled ''fjan'jan'', however ''fjanjan'' would be pronounced /ˈfʲæ.ɲæn/, except for that it isn't a real word. Consonant letters followed by i, not separated by an apostrophe are automatically considered palatalized.<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
!Letter<br />
!Pronunciation<br />
!digraph<br />
!pronunciation<br />
|-<br />
|A<br />
|/æ/<br />
|Ai<br />
|/æi/<br />
|-<br />
|B<br />
|/b/<br />
|Bj<br />
|/bʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|D<br />
|/d/<br />
|Dj<br />
|/d͡ʑ/<br />
|-<br />
|E<br />
|/e̞/<br />
|Ei<br />
|/e̞i/<br />
|-<br />
|F<br />
|/f/<br />
|Fj<br />
|/fʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|G<br />
|/g/<br />
|Gj<br />
|/gʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|H<br />
|/x/<br />
|Hj<br />
|/xʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|I<br />
|/i/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|J<br />
|/j/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|K<br />
|/k/<br />
|Kj<br />
|/kʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|L<br />
|/l/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|M<br />
|/m/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|N<br />
|/n/<br />
|Nj<br />
|/ɲ/<br />
|-<br />
|O<br />
|/ɤ̞/<br />
|Oi<br />
|/ɤ̞i/<br />
|-<br />
|P<br />
|/p/<br />
|Pj<br />
|/pʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|R<br />
|/r~ɾ/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|S<br />
|/s/<br />
|Sj<br />
|/ɕ/<br />
|-<br />
|T<br />
|/t/<br />
|Tj<br />
|/t͡ɕ/<br />
|-<br />
|U<br />
|/ɯ/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|V<br />
|/v/<br />
|Vj<br />
|/vʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|W<br />
|/w/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Z<br />
|/z/<br />
|Zj<br />
|/ʑ/<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Zjugohai ===<br />
Zjugohai /ˈʑɯ.gɤ̞.xai/ is the original way used to spell Zjugo, although it has since begun to fall out of use in favor of the [[Latin script]]<ref>You're never finding it anywhere on nguhcraft itself because ain't no way I'm turning a vertical syllabary into a minecraft font dawg</ref>. It is a syllabary featuring characters for every combination of a plain voiceless consonant followed by a vowel (including the lack of a consonant). It's written top to bottom with its columns advancing right to left. Voicing and palatalization are spelled using other strategies, discussed later.<br />
<br />
==== Voicing ====<br />
Voiced obstruents are spelled by placing a diacritic to the left of the right syllable character. Voiced palatalized consonants still have this diacritic on the first character.<br />
<br />
==== Palatalization ====<br />
Consonant vowel pairs with a palatalized consonant are spelled as a digraph, including a character of the voiceless unpalatalized equivalent consonant with the i vowel. That is then followed by one of the four special palatalization characters; one exists for each vowel except i itself. Diphthongs following palatalized consonants are spelled by placing a diacritic, identical in appearance to the one used for voicing, onto the palatalization character. There are no palatalization characters for the i vowel as obstruents (and n) followed by i are palatalized by default and, in fact, are not allowed to be plain when in that position.<br />
<br />
==== Diphthongs and syllable-final n ====<br />
As discussed earlier, Zjugo only permits one consonant to appear phonemically in syllable codas and that is /n/. This is spelled with a special character. If syllable contains no such coda and no palatalized consonant, but it does include a diphthong, a reverse-S-like character is used to indicate that, meanwhile if a syllable contains the coda and also a diphthong, it is spelled with another special character, being a variant of the final n character, and lastly if the final n is included in a syllable with a palatalized consonant, a variant of the appropriate palatalization character is used and, naturally, the diphthong diacritic is also included on top of that if there is a diphthong in the syllable. This way any single syllable can be spelled with at most two characters, keeping the script fairly concise.<br />
<br />
==== Numbers ====<br />
Zjugo usually uses a base-6 system to count and there are 6 digits native to Zjugohai, used to spell these base-6 numbers. For base-10 numbers, the Arabic numerals get used and written vertically, just like the Zjugohai numerals.<br />
<br />
== Root system ==<br />
Zjugo features a system of monosyllabic roots or morphemes. Due to its strict phonotactics, there are only 456 possible syllables, 346 of which are used within the language<ref>As of writing this; out of lore, I'm still working on the language and it's very possible this number will change and might outdated</ref>. Each morpheme is one syllable and on top of that any single syllable can represent only one morpheme. Some of these roots are reserved for grammatical purposes (eg. case endings, verb endings, certain grammatical affixes, the morphemes used to construct demonstratives), while others allow much wider usage, the latter case being referred to as "content roots", since they can usually function as most parts of speech.<br />
<br />
== Syntax ==<br />
Zjugo follows an SVO word order with prepositions, adverbs appearing before verbs, used to convey some modal information and adjectives preceding nouns. <br />
<br />
Zjugo's context clause, if used, should be the very first thing in the sentence, followed by the verb, then followed by the verb's arguments. These arguments can have various cases which usually follow the order LOC NOM DAT ACC. In particular, the nominative argument nearly always appears before the accusative argument, with variations being very rare and usually reserved for artistic purposes. The locative argument usually appears first and the dative argument usually appears right before the accusative argument or at the end if there isn't one, but those two exhibit much more variation in placement. Finally, prepositional phrases are always placed at the end of the sentence. <br />
{|<br />
|Fenhuhja<br />
|lu<br />
|vjonzjo<br />
|vjusjuni<br />
|gahi<br />
|kinso<br />
|djoine<br />
|pi'en<br />
|jowo.<br />
|-<br />
|last-day<br />
|CONTEXT<br />
|give-IND<br />
|work-building-LOC<br />
|somebody<br />
|1-GEN<br />
|parent-DAT<br />
|weird-ADJ<br />
|thing-ACC<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="9" |"Yesterday, at work, somebody gave my mother a strange object."<br />
|}<br />
In a sentence with just a copula, both the subject and its complement follow the copula, with the subject appearing first. There are two copulas, one of them negative (equivalent to "isn't"). <br />
{|<br />
|da<br />
|kin<br />
|di<br />
|lu<br />
|dja<br />
|kin<br />
|ve<br />
|-<br />
|be<br />
|1<br />
|kind<br />
|CONTEXT<br />
|be.NEG<br />
|1<br />
|rude<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="7" |"I'm good, so I'm not bad."<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Verbs ==<br />
Verbs in Zjugo inflect only for mood, with four suffixes: -zjo for the indicative mood, this is the default and most common suffix, -ke for imperative, to indicate the verb as a command, -tja for subjunctive to indicate the verb as merely possible and lastly -'in, which is used in the conditional construction discussed later. Verbs may be negated by simply prefixing no- to them, which is the grammatical root used to indicate negation and can be prefixed on any word, but is by far most common on verbs. Finally, verbs, as any word, can also take extra, redundant, affirmation with the ti- prefix.<br />
<br />
=== Copulas ===<br />
As discussed above there are two special verbs, the two copulas: one indicative and one negative indicative. These do not take the aforementioned inflection and, in fact, rarely ever have any affixes applied to them at all. They can however be preceded by an adverb, which does carry some modal information.<br />
{|<br />
|Wa<br />
|da<br />
|kin<br />
|zjoin'jin.<br />
|-<br />
|want<br />
|be<br />
|1<br />
|feminine-gender<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="4" |"I want to be a girl."<br />
|}<br />
When the inflection carried by most verbs ''is'' desired, a semantically similar word "tun" is used.<br />
<br />
=== Questions ===<br />
Any sentence may be turned into a question by suffixing -kai onto the verb. This suffix follows the mood suffixes, if they exist.<br />
{|<br />
|Tuntjakai<br />
|kjole<br />
|kje?<br />
|-<br />
|exist-SJV-Q<br />
|this<br />
|possible<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="3" |"Might this be possible?"<br />
|}<br />
Additionally, any part of the sentence, except the verb, including content word affixes, can be replaced with the question particle "hun". The -kai suffix is still used if this is done.<br />
{|<br />
|Sjunzjokai<br />
|hunhi<br />
|hjole?<br />
|-<br />
|do-IND-Q<br />
|Q-person<br />
|that<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="3" |Who did that?<br />
|}<br />
{|<br />
|Da<br />
|kjole<br />
|hun?<br />
|-<br />
|be<br />
|this<br />
|Q<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="3" |"What's this?"<br />
|}<br />
{|<br />
|Hunkjain<br />
|lu<br />
|sjunzjokai<br />
|pin<br />
|hunwo?<br />
|-<br />
|Q-time<br />
|CONTEXT<br />
|do-IND-Q<br />
|3<br />
|Q-ACC<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="5" |When did they do what?<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Nouns ==<br />
Nouns only exhibit mandatory case marking, however any amount of additional information may be included by affixing any number of morphemes.<br />
<br />
=== Case ===<br />
There are five cases nouns can take in Zjugo. Those are:<br />
<br />
* The nominative, which is unmarked. Used on subjects of sentences as well as subjects' complements in copular sentences.<br />
* The accusative, marked with -wo. Used on the direct objects of sentences.<br />
* The dative, marked with -ne. Used to mark indirect objects, in particular, recipients.<br />
* The genitive, marked with -so. Used for possessors of objects. The possessor is placed before the possessed.<br />
* The vocative, marking with -o. Used to call for people, vocative nouns are only ever exclaimed on their own and never included as part of sentences otherwise.<br />
<br />
=== Number ===<br />
Number is not required to be marked on nouns, however there are a few optional markers that may be used.<br />
<br />
* Singular, that is one, with ji-<br />
* Dual, that is two, with nu-<br />
* Paucal, that is a few, with vja-<br />
* Plural, that is many, with ma-<br />
* Null, that is none, with ka-<br />
* Total, that is all, with kju-<br />
<br />
=== Adjectives ===<br />
Adjectives function extremely similarly to nouns. In fact, any noun can be used as an adjective, by simply being placed before another noun with no case marking. Sometimes the -en suffix may be added to clarify the function of a word being used like that as adjectival. Similarly, there's also a -ken suffix, which functions the same way, except that it also negates the adjective.<br />
<br />
=== Relative clauses ===<br />
A relative clause can follow any noun phrase. It's constructed by placing a verb, directly following the noun, then the relative particle ki and any additional arguments for the verb between it and the particle.<br />
{|<br />
|bjozjo<br />
|man<br />
|bozjo<br />
|hjoni<br />
|ki<br />
|-<br />
|arrive-IND<br />
|4<ref>indefinite pronoun</ref><br />
|go-IND<br />
|far-LOC<br />
|REL<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="5" |Those who go far, arrive.<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Concatenative derivation ==<br />
Any content word can be formed by concatenating multiple monosyllabic content roots together. When this is done, the root at the end is treated as the main root with the previous morphemes modifying it. Words derived from more than two roots in this way introduce some ambiguity in interpretation. For example ninhire (lit. big person tool) could be interpreted as "big (person tool)", where both "big" and "person" modify "tool", that is it's a big tool for people, or it could be interpreted as "(big person) tool" where "big" modifies "person" and then their pair modifies "tool", so it's a tool intended for big people. This ambiguity is not grammatically resolved.<br />
<br />
Many derived words are lexicalized and have a single canon interpretation. These can be found in Zjuan dictionaries.<br />
<br />
== Demonstratives ==<br />
Demonstratives are derived with a set of prefixes and suffixes. The prefixes indicate state of being (or interrogate it) and the suffixes indicate the type of object being referred to.<br />
<br />
The most commonly used prefixes are<br />
<br />
* kjo - proximal (roughly near speaker, for spacial distinctions)<br />
* vo - medial (roughly near listener, for spacial distinctions)<br />
* hjo - distal (elsewhere)<br />
* pjo - nonexistent, none (used in equivalents to eg. nowhere, never)<br />
* ga - existent, some (used in equivalents to eg. somewhere, sometime)<br />
* hun - interrogative<br />
<br />
The most commonly used suffixes are<br />
<br />
* ko - place (eg. here, there)<br />
* nje - grammatical adjectives (this [thing], that [thing])<br />
* le - grammatical nouns (this, that)<br />
* kjain - time (eg. now, then)<br />
<br />
Other roots are sometimes used as prefixes and occasionally suffixes, but the above are the most common.<br />
<br />
== Context and conditionals ==<br />
The context clause is placed at the very beginning of a sentence and indicated with the "lu" particle, which follows it. For the most part it works similarly to [[Toki Pona]]'s context clause, indicated with the similar sounding "la". It is used to indicate something as the context to the main sentence (it can mean something like "in the context of X, Y", where X is what's in the context clause and Y is the main sentence) and that can be any noun phrase or even verb sentence.<br />
<br />
In Zjugo, the context clause does also play and important role in forming conditionals. The condition is placed in the context clause as a sentence and the result is placed in the main sentence with its verb in the conditional mood, indicated with -tja.<br />
<br />
== Conjunction ==<br />
There are a few conjunctions in Zjugo. These can conjoin any words of the same part of speech, whether that be verbs, noun phrases or even things like adverbs or prepositions.<br />
<br />
They are as follows<br />
<br />
* i - and<br />
* gi - or<br />
* run - and not ([this] run [that] = this and not that)<br />
* mon - also (similar to "i", particularly common at the start of sentences or conjoining verb subjects)<br />
* noi - not also<br />
<br />
They can also appear at the very start of sentences, before the context clause, where they carry related meanings<br />
<br />
* i - furthermore<br />
* gi - or, or maybe<br />
* run - however<br />
* mon - also, furthermore<br />
* noi - however<br />
<br />
And lastly "mon" can also appear on its own as an adverb or adjective.<br />
<br />
== Comparison ==<br />
Comparison is done by prefixing mai- or tei- onto an adjective (meaning "more" and "less" respectively), then following the adjective with a prepositional phrase using bei. Any noun modified by the adjective is placed before bei.<br />
{|<br />
|Da<br />
|kjole<br />
|maigoi<br />
|bei<br />
|fain'en<br />
|wenzeinfi!<br />
|-<br />
|be<br />
|this<br />
|more-good<br />
|to<br />
|infinite-ADJ<br />
|bee<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="6" |This is better than infinite bees!<br />
|}<br />
{|<br />
|Da<br />
|kjole<br />
|teigoi<br />
|fain'en<br />
|wenzeinfi<br />
|bei<br />
|vole.<br />
|-<br />
|be<br />
|this<br />
|less-good<br />
|infinite-ADJ<br />
|bee<br />
|to<br />
|that<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="7" |These are worse infinite bees than that.<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Numbers ==<br />
<br />
=== Base six ===<br />
Usually, Zjugo uses a base-6 system to count. There are six roots for numbers one-six (and the root meaning "none" can be used to refer to zero).<br />
<br />
Up to thirty six, Zjugo uses a similar system to that of [[Japanese]], except base-six instead of ten, of course. Each number is split into multiples of six plus some leftover amount. In mathematical terms, any n up to 36 is thought of as k*6+m, where k and m are both in that range from one to six (except if the number is less than 6 then there are no multiple of six so the k*6 term is skipped). These numbers are formed into single words made up of up to three units, the first unit being equal to the amount of multiples of six (k), the second simply being six itself and the third being equal to the leftover amount (m). Lastly, if there is only one multiple of six then the first term is omitted and the number six is just said on its own. For example the number four is simply jon, the number ten is lunjon (six-four) and the number sixteen is nulunjon (two-six-four; two sixes and four).<br />
<br />
Thirty six prefixes the root nin, meaning big onto six, so it's simply ninlun (big-six). From there numbers up to, but not including twelve-hundred and ninety-six (thirty six * thirty six) are broken down into two main parts: multiples of thirty six and the left over. In mathematical terms k*36+m. This is the same as before, except on a larger magnitude and this time each of k and m will be further broken down as described in the previous paragraph. For example 512 can be broken down in this way into 14*36+8, then that can be further broken down into (2*6+2)*36+(6+2) and is therefore said as nulunnu ninlun lunnu (two-six-two big-six six-two). This time, unlike before, spaces are introduced between each element.<br />
<br />
Finally, twelve-hundred ninety-six is ninninlun, that is it prefixes nin yet again. These numbers are broken down in an analogous way, counting multiples of ninninlun as k*1296+m, further break k and m down as in the previous diagram. For example the very big number 111'875 would be broken down as 86*1296+419, then each of those parts down as (2*36+14)*1296+(11*36+23), then (2*36+(2*6+2))*1296+((6+5)*36+(3*6+5)) and so would be said as nu ninlun nulunnu ninninlun lungu ninlun senlungu, which is very long, but luckily numbers this large rarely come up and are usually rounded to the nearest multiples of powers of six for convenience.<br />
<br />
=== Base ten<ref name="one" /> ===<br />
The base ten system appeared much later in the language's existence due to English and Ukrainian influences. The system first appeared in writing and, in spoken language, manifests simply as the digits being read out sequentially.<br />
<br />
Each digit zero through nine, in this system, is simply pronounced as its equivalent number in the base six system, so for instance 6 is simply lun and 7 is lun'ji.<br />
<br />
To show what it looks like in use, in this system, the number 4096 would be read as jon ka lunsen lun (four none six-three six).<br />
<br />
== Vocabulary ==<br />
The current list of all words can be found in the [https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1n54Ms4VmSE6OhbFzo7CJyG4xOxUkieS-sQEEe8L60Pw/edit?usp=sharing vocabulary document] hosted on Google Sheets.<br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
<references /></div>Maselahttps://mc.nguh.org/w/index.php?title=Zjugo&diff=39264Zjugo2026-04-30T19:20:21Z<p>Masela: /* Base ten */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox language|name=Zjugo|pronunciation=[ˈʑɯ.gɤ̞]|family=Paleo-Hlabiglan|early-forms=Zjiogeo|era=today|scripts=[[Latin alphabet]], [[Zjugo#Zjugohai|Zjugohai]]|country=[[Hiso Zju'a]]|lang-code=ZG|endonym=Zjugo (in Zjugo)<br>Zjuan (in English)}}<br />
<br />
'''Zjuan''' /ˈʒuw.ən/ (ZG Zjugo /ˈʑɯ.gɤ̞/) is a Paleo-Hlambiglan language spoken in [[Hiso Zju'a]]. It is one of the three languages spoken there, each belonging primarily to one of the three most represented ethnicities residing there. Zjugo belongs to the [unnamed] group, native to Zju'an land and is the only language in Zju'a, which doesn't have a major speaking population anywhere else.<br />
<br />
== Phonology ==<br />
<br />
=== Consonants ===<br />
Zjuan consonants feature a full voicing distinction in all plosives and fricatives except for the velar fricatives. They also include a palatalization distinction for all plosives and fricatives and alveolar/palatal nasal consonants. Especially in recent times, labial and velar palatalized consonants are often articulated as consonant clusters with the palatal approximant.<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |<br />
! colspan="2" |labial<br />
! rowspan="2" |alveolar<br />
! rowspan="2" |palatal<br />
! colspan="2" |velar<br />
! rowspan="2" |glottal<br />
|-<br />
!plain<br />
!palatalized<br />
!plain<br />
!palatalized<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" |nasal<br />
| colspan="2" |m<br />
|n<br />
|ɲ<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" |plosive<br />
!unvoiced<br />
|p<br />
|pʲ<br />
|t<br />
|t͡ɕ<br />
|k<br />
|kʲ<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!voiced<br />
|b<br />
|bʲ<br />
|d<br />
|d͡ʑ<br />
|g<br />
|gʲ<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" |fricative<br />
!unvoiced<br />
|f<br />
|fʲ<br />
|s<br />
|ɕ<br />
|x<br />
|xʲ<br />
|(h)<br />
|-<br />
!voiced<br />
|v<br />
|vʲ<br />
|z<br />
|ʑ<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" |trill/approximant<br />
| colspan="2" |w<br />
|r~ɾ<br />
|j<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" |lateral<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|l<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Vowels ===<br />
Zjugo features a simple five vowel system. Main things to note is the lack of an open central vowel, as it is being replaced instead with the near-open front unrounded vowel, and the lack of rounding.<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
!<br />
!front<br />
!back<br />
|-<br />
!close<br />
|i<br />
|ɯ<br />
|-<br />
!mid<br />
|e̞<br />
|ɤ̞<br />
|-<br />
!open<br />
|æ<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Diphthongs ===<br />
Any Zjuan vowel except /i/ and /ɯ/ may appear as the first vowel in a diphthong followed by /i/ (frequently articulated as [ɪ] when appearing like this).<br />
<br />
=== Phonotactics ===<br />
Any Zjugo syllable is made up of at least a vowel or diphthong, which may be preceded by any consonant and/or followed by /n/. Note that a syllable ending with /n/ can be followed by a syllable starting with a vowel. This is phonemically distinct from a syllable ending with a vowel followed by a syllable starting with /n/, that is, for instance, /ˈme̞n.æi/ is distinct from /ˈme̞.næi/. Obstruents and /n/ get palatalized by default when followed by /i/, plain variants are not allowed in that position.<br />
<br />
=== Phonetic variations<ref name="one">It's important to note, that this language was not initially made for Nguhcraft and when making this article I added a bunch of stuff to make the language appear more naturalistic to fit the worldbuilding better. This is not one of those extra things, it is a real actual part of the language outside the server</ref> ===<br />
Due to [[Zjugo#Root system|the root system]], which behaves as if they didn't apply, the following aspects of Zjugo's pronunciation are not widely considered phonemic.<br />
<br />
The sequences ⟨wi⟩, ⟨wu⟩ and ⟨ji⟩ are never pronounced the way they're written. Specifically, ⟨wi⟩ is pronounced [i] word-initially and [hi] otherwise (this is the only phonetic occurrence of [h] in the language and is the reason for its inclusion in the consonant chart). ⟨wu⟩ is pronounced [ɯ] word-initially and [fɯ] otherwise and lastly ⟨ji⟩ is pronounced [i] word-initially and [d͡ʑi] otherwise.<br />
<br />
== Spelling ==<br />
<br />
=== [[Latin alphabet]] ===<br />
Here are the letters and digraphs used to spell Zjugo, when using the [[Latin script]]. Whenever a sequence of letters is ambiguous, an apostrophe must be used to clarify syllable boundaries. For example /ˈme̞.næi/ is spelled ''menai'', meanwhile /ˈme̞n.æi/ is spelled ''men'ai''. This is also done to clarify whether something is or isn't a palatalization digraph, for instance /ˈfʲæn.jæn/ is spelled ''fjan'jan'', however ''fjanjan'' would be pronounced /ˈfʲæ.ɲæn/, except for that it isn't a real word. Consonant letters followed by i, not separated by an apostrophe are automatically considered palatalized.<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
!Letter<br />
!Pronunciation<br />
!digraph<br />
!pronunciation<br />
|-<br />
|A<br />
|/æ/<br />
|Ai<br />
|/æi/<br />
|-<br />
|B<br />
|/b/<br />
|Bj<br />
|/bʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|D<br />
|/d/<br />
|Dj<br />
|/d͡ʑ/<br />
|-<br />
|E<br />
|/e̞/<br />
|Ei<br />
|/e̞i/<br />
|-<br />
|F<br />
|/f/<br />
|Fj<br />
|/fʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|G<br />
|/g/<br />
|Gj<br />
|/gʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|H<br />
|/x/<br />
|Hj<br />
|/xʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|I<br />
|/i/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|J<br />
|/j/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|K<br />
|/k/<br />
|Kj<br />
|/kʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|L<br />
|/l/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|M<br />
|/m/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|N<br />
|/n/<br />
|Nj<br />
|/ɲ/<br />
|-<br />
|O<br />
|/ɤ̞/<br />
|Oi<br />
|/ɤ̞i/<br />
|-<br />
|P<br />
|/p/<br />
|Pj<br />
|/pʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|R<br />
|/r~ɾ/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|S<br />
|/s/<br />
|Sj<br />
|/ɕ/<br />
|-<br />
|T<br />
|/t/<br />
|Tj<br />
|/t͡ɕ/<br />
|-<br />
|U<br />
|/ɯ/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|V<br />
|/v/<br />
|Vj<br />
|/vʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|W<br />
|/w/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Z<br />
|/z/<br />
|Zj<br />
|/ʑ/<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Zjugohai ===<br />
Zjugohai /ˈʑɯ.gɤ̞.xai/ is the original way used to spell Zjugo, although it has since begun to fall out of use in favor of the [[Latin script]]<ref>You're never finding it anywhere on nguhcraft itself because ain't no way I'm turning a vertical syllabary into a minecraft font dawg</ref>. It is a syllabary featuring characters for every combination of a plain voiceless consonant followed by a vowel (including the lack of a consonant). It's written top to bottom with its columns advancing right to left. Voicing and palatalization are spelled using other strategies, discussed later.<br />
<br />
==== Voicing ====<br />
Voiced obstruents are spelled by placing a diacritic to the left of the right syllable character. Voiced palatalized consonants still have this diacritic on the first character.<br />
<br />
==== Palatalization ====<br />
Consonant vowel pairs with a palatalized consonant are spelled as a digraph, including a character of the voiceless unpalatalized equivalent consonant with the i vowel. That is then followed by one of the four special palatalization characters; one exists for each vowel except i itself. Diphthongs following palatalized consonants are spelled by placing a diacritic, identical in appearance to the one used for voicing, onto the palatalization character. There are no palatalization characters for the i vowel as obstruents (and n) followed by i are palatalized by default and, in fact, are not allowed to be plain when in that position.<br />
<br />
==== Diphthongs and syllable-final n ====<br />
As discussed earlier, Zjugo only permits one consonant to appear phonemically in syllable codas and that is /n/. This is spelled with a special character. If syllable contains no such coda and no palatalized consonant, but it does include a diphthong, a reverse-S-like character is used to indicate that, meanwhile if a syllable contains the coda and also a diphthong, it is spelled with another special character, being a variant of the final n character, and lastly if the final n is included in a syllable with a palatalized consonant, a variant of the appropriate palatalization character is used and, naturally, the diphthong diacritic is also included on top of that if there is a diphthong in the syllable. This way any single syllable can be spelled with at most two characters, keeping the script fairly concise.<br />
<br />
==== Numbers ====<br />
Zjugo usually uses a base-6 system to count and there are 6 digits native to Zjugohai, used to spell these base-6 numbers. For base-10 numbers, the Arabic numerals get used and written vertically, just like the Zjugohai numerals.<br />
<br />
== Root system ==<br />
Zjugo features a system of monosyllabic roots or morphemes. Due to its strict phonotactics, there are only 456 possible syllables, 346 of which are used within the language<ref>As of writing this; out of lore, I'm still working on the language and it's very possible this number will change and might outdated</ref>. Each morpheme is one syllable and on top of that any single syllable can represent only one morpheme. Some of these roots are reserved for grammatical purposes (eg. case endings, verb endings, certain grammatical affixes, the morphemes used to construct demonstratives), while others allow much wider usage, the latter case being referred to as "content roots", since they can usually function as most parts of speech.<br />
<br />
== Syntax ==<br />
Zjugo follows an SVO word order with prepositions, adverbs appearing before verbs, used to convey some modal information and adjectives preceding nouns. <br />
<br />
Zjugo's context clause, if used, should be the very first thing in the sentence, followed by the verb, then followed by the verb's arguments. These arguments can have various cases which usually follow the order LOC NOM DAT ACC. In particular, the nominative argument nearly always appears before the accusative argument, with variations being very rare and usually reserved for artistic purposes. The locative argument usually appears first and the dative argument usually appears right before the accusative argument or at the end if there isn't one, but those two exhibit much more variation in placement. Finally, prepositional phrases are always placed at the end of the sentence. <br />
{|<br />
|Fenhuhja<br />
|lu<br />
|vjonzjo<br />
|vjusjuni<br />
|gahi<br />
|kinso<br />
|djoine<br />
|pi'en<br />
|jowo.<br />
|-<br />
|last-day<br />
|CONTEXT<br />
|give-IND<br />
|work-building-LOC<br />
|somebody<br />
|1-GEN<br />
|parent-DAT<br />
|weird-ADJ<br />
|thing-ACC<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="9" |"Yesterday, at work, somebody gave my mother a strange object."<br />
|}<br />
In a sentence with just a copula, both the subject and its complement follow the copula, with the subject appearing first. There are two copulas, one of them negative (equivalent to "isn't"). <br />
{|<br />
|da<br />
|kin<br />
|di<br />
|lu<br />
|dja<br />
|kin<br />
|ve<br />
|-<br />
|be<br />
|1<br />
|kind<br />
|CONTEXT<br />
|be.NEG<br />
|1<br />
|rude<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="7" |"I'm good, so I'm not bad."<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Verbs ==<br />
Verbs in Zjugo inflect only for mood, with four suffixes: -zjo for the indicative mood, this is the default and most common suffix, -ke for imperative, to indicate the verb as a command, -tja for subjunctive to indicate the verb as merely possible and lastly -'in, which is used in the conditional construction discussed later. Verbs may be negated by simply prefixing no- to them, which is the grammatical root used to indicate negation and can be prefixed on any word, but is by far most common on verbs. Finally, verbs, as any word, can also take extra, redundant, affirmation with the ti- prefix.<br />
<br />
=== Copulas ===<br />
As discussed above there are two special verbs, the two copulas: one indicative and one negative indicative. These do not take the aforementioned inflection and, in fact, rarely ever have any affixes applied to them at all. They can however be preceded by an adverb, which does carry some modal information.<br />
{|<br />
|Wa<br />
|da<br />
|kin<br />
|zjoin'jin.<br />
|-<br />
|want<br />
|be<br />
|1<br />
|feminine-gender<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="4" |"I want to be a girl."<br />
|}<br />
When the inflection carried by most verbs ''is'' desired, a semantically similar word "tun" is used.<br />
<br />
=== Questions ===<br />
Any sentence may be turned into a question by suffixing -kai onto the verb. This suffix follows the mood suffixes, if they exist.<br />
{|<br />
|Tuntjakai<br />
|kjole<br />
|kje?<br />
|-<br />
|exist-SJV-Q<br />
|this<br />
|possible<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="3" |"Might this be possible?"<br />
|}<br />
Additionally, any part of the sentence, except the verb, including content word affixes, can be replaced with the question particle "hun". The -kai suffix is still used if this is done.<br />
{|<br />
|Sjunzjokai<br />
|hunhi<br />
|hjole?<br />
|-<br />
|do-IND-Q<br />
|Q-person<br />
|that<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="3" |Who did that?<br />
|}<br />
{|<br />
|Da<br />
|kjole<br />
|hun?<br />
|-<br />
|be<br />
|this<br />
|Q<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="3" |"What's this?"<br />
|}<br />
{|<br />
|Hunkjain<br />
|lu<br />
|sjunzjokai<br />
|pin<br />
|hunwo?<br />
|-<br />
|Q-time<br />
|CONTEXT<br />
|do-IND-Q<br />
|3<br />
|Q-ACC<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="5" |When did they do what?<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Nouns ==<br />
Nouns only exhibit mandatory case marking, however any amount of additional information may be included by affixing any number of morphemes.<br />
<br />
=== Case ===<br />
There are five cases nouns can take in Zjugo. Those are:<br />
<br />
* The nominative, which is unmarked. Used on subjects of sentences as well as subjects' complements in copular sentences.<br />
* The accusative, marked with -wo. Used on the direct objects of sentences.<br />
* The dative, marked with -ne. Used to mark indirect objects, in particular, recipients.<br />
* The genitive, marked with -so. Used for possessors of objects. The possessor is placed before the possessed.<br />
* The vocative, marking with -o. Used to call for people, vocative nouns are only ever exclaimed on their own and never included as part of sentences otherwise.<br />
<br />
=== Number ===<br />
Number is not required to be marked on nouns, however there are a few optional markers that may be used.<br />
<br />
* Singular, that is one, with ji-<br />
* Dual, that is two, with nu-<br />
* Paucal, that is a few, with vja-<br />
* Plural, that is many, with ma-<br />
* Null, that is none, with ka-<br />
* Total, that is all, with kju-<br />
<br />
=== Adjectives ===<br />
Adjectives function extremely similarly to nouns. In fact, any noun can be used as an adjective, by simply being placed before another noun with no case marking. Sometimes the -en suffix may be added to clarify the function of a word being used like that as adjectival. Similarly, there's also a -ken suffix, which functions the same way, except that it also negates the adjective.<br />
<br />
=== Relative clauses ===<br />
A relative clause can follow any noun phrase. It's constructed by placing a verb, directly following the noun, then the relative particle ki and any additional arguments for the verb between it and the particle.<br />
{|<br />
|bjozjo<br />
|man<br />
|bozjo<br />
|hjoni<br />
|ki<br />
|-<br />
|arrive-IND<br />
|4<ref>indefinite pronoun</ref><br />
|go-IND<br />
|far-LOC<br />
|REL<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="5" |Those who go far, arrive.<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Concatenative derivation ==<br />
Any content word can be formed by concatenating multiple monosyllabic content roots together. When this is done, the root at the end is treated as the main root with the previous morphemes modifying it. Words derived from more than two roots in this way introduce some ambiguity in interpretation. For example ninhire (lit. big person tool) could be interpreted as "big (person tool)", where both "big" and "person" modify "tool", that is it's a big tool for people, or it could be interpreted as "(big person) tool" where "big" modifies "person" and then their pair modifies "tool", so it's a tool intended for big people. This ambiguity is not grammatically resolved.<br />
<br />
Many derived words are lexicalized and have a single canon interpretation. These can be found in Zjuan dictionaries.<br />
<br />
== Demonstratives ==<br />
Demonstratives are derived with a set of prefixes and suffixes. The prefixes indicate state of being (or interrogate it) and the suffixes indicate the type of object being referred to.<br />
<br />
The most commonly used prefixes are<br />
<br />
* kjo - proximal (roughly near speaker, for spacial distinctions)<br />
* vo - medial (roughly near listener, for spacial distinctions)<br />
* hjo - distal (elsewhere)<br />
* pjo - nonexistent, none (used in equivalents to eg. nowhere, never)<br />
* ga - existent, some (used in equivalents to eg. somewhere, sometime)<br />
* hun - interrogative<br />
<br />
The most commonly used suffixes are<br />
<br />
* ko - place (eg. here, there)<br />
* nje - grammatical adjectives (this [thing], that [thing])<br />
* le - grammatical nouns (this, that)<br />
* kjain - time (eg. now, then)<br />
<br />
Other roots are sometimes used as prefixes and occasionally suffixes, but the above are the most common.<br />
<br />
== Context and conditionals ==<br />
The context clause is placed at the very beginning of a sentence and indicated with the "lu" particle, which follows it. For the most part it works similarly to [[Toki Pona]]'s context clause, indicated with the similar sounding "la". It is used to indicate something as the context to the main sentence (it can mean something like "in the context of X, Y", where X is what's in the context clause and Y is the main sentence) and that can be any noun phrase or even verb sentence.<br />
<br />
In Zjugo, the context clause does also play and important role in forming conditionals. The condition is placed in the context clause as a sentence and the result is placed in the main sentence with its verb in the conditional mood, indicated with -tja.<br />
<br />
== Conjunction ==<br />
There are a few conjunctions in Zjugo. These can conjoin any words of the same part of speech, whether that be verbs, noun phrases or even things like adverbs or prepositions.<br />
<br />
They are as follows<br />
<br />
* i - and<br />
* gi - or<br />
* run - and not ([this] run [that] = this and not that)<br />
* mon - also (similar to "i", particularly common at the start of sentences or conjoining verb subjects)<br />
* noi - not also<br />
<br />
They can also appear at the very start of sentences, before the context clause, where they carry related meanings<br />
<br />
* i - furthermore<br />
* gi - or, or maybe<br />
* run - however<br />
* mon - also, furthermore<br />
* noi - however<br />
<br />
And lastly "mon" can also appear on its own as an adverb or adjective.<br />
<br />
== Comparison ==<br />
Comparison is done by prefixing mai- or tei- onto an adjective (meaning "more" and "less" respectively), then following the adjective with a prepositional phrase using bei. Any noun modified by the adjective is placed before bei.<br />
{|<br />
|Da<br />
|kjole<br />
|maigoi<br />
|bei<br />
|fain'en<br />
|wenzeinfi!<br />
|-<br />
|be<br />
|this<br />
|more-good<br />
|to<br />
|infinite-ADJ<br />
|bee<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="6" |This is better than infinite bees!<br />
|}<br />
{|<br />
|Da<br />
|kjole<br />
|teigoi<br />
|fain'en<br />
|wenzeinfi<br />
|bei<br />
|vole.<br />
|-<br />
|be<br />
|this<br />
|less-good<br />
|infinite-ADJ<br />
|bee<br />
|to<br />
|that<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="7" |These are worse infinite bees than that.<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Numbers ==<br />
<br />
=== Base six ===<br />
Usually, Zjugo uses a base-6 system to count. There are six roots for numbers one-six (and the root meaning "none" can be used to refer to zero).<br />
<br />
Up to thirty six, Zjugo uses a similar system to that of [[Japanese]], except base-six instead of ten, of course. Each number is split into multiples of six plus some leftover amount. In mathematical terms, any n up to 36 is thought of as k*6+m, where k and m are both in that range from one to six (except if the number is less than 6 then there are no multiple of six so the k*6 term is skipped). These numbers are formed into single words made up of up to three units, the first unit being equal to the amount of multiples of six (k), the second simply being six itself and the third being equal to the leftover amount (m). Lastly, if there is only one multiple of six then the first term is omitted and the number six is just said on its own. For example the number four is simply jon, the number ten is lunjon (six-four) and the number sixteen is nulunjon (two-six-four; two sixes and four).<br />
<br />
Thirty six prefixes the root nin, meaning big onto six, so it's simply ninlun (big-six). From there numbers up to, but not including twelve-hundred and ninety-six (thirty six * thirty six) are broken down into two main parts: multiples of thirty six and the left over. In mathematical terms k*36+m. This is the same as before, except on a larger magnitude and this time each of k and m will be further broken down as described in the previous paragraph. For example 512 can be broken down in this way into 14*36+8, then that can be further broken down into (2*6+2)*36+(6+2) and is therefore said as nulunnu ninlun lunnu (two-six-two big-six six-two). This time, unlike before, spaces are introduced between each element.<br />
<br />
Finally, twelve-hundred ninety-six is ninninlun, that is it prefixes nin yet again. These numbers are broken down in an analogous way, counting multiples of ninninlun as k*1296+m, further break k and m down as in the previous diagram. For example the very big number 111'875 would be broken down as 86*1296+419, then each of those parts down as (2*36+14)*1296+(11*36+23), then (2*36+(2*6+2))*1296+((6+5)*36+(3*6+5)) and so would be said as nu ninlun nulunnu ninninlun lungu ninlun senlungu, which is very long, but luckily numbers this large rarely come up and are usually rounded to the nearest multiples of powers of six for convenience.<br />
<br />
=== Base ten<ref name="one" /> ===<br />
The base ten system appeared much later in the language's existence due to English and Ukrainian influences. The system first appeared in writing and, in spoken language, manifests simply as the digits being read out sequentially.<br />
<br />
Each digit zero through nine, in this system, is simply pronounced as its equivalent number in the base six system, so for instance 6 is simply lun and 7 is lun'ji.<br />
<br />
To show what it looks like in use, in this system, the number 4096 would be read as jon ka lunsen lun (four none six-three six).<br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
<references /></div>Maselahttps://mc.nguh.org/w/index.php?title=Zjugo&diff=39263Zjugo2026-04-30T19:19:35Z<p>Masela: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox language|name=Zjugo|pronunciation=[ˈʑɯ.gɤ̞]|family=Paleo-Hlabiglan|early-forms=Zjiogeo|era=today|scripts=[[Latin alphabet]], [[Zjugo#Zjugohai|Zjugohai]]|country=[[Hiso Zju'a]]|lang-code=ZG|endonym=Zjugo (in Zjugo)<br>Zjuan (in English)}}<br />
<br />
'''Zjuan''' /ˈʒuw.ən/ (ZG Zjugo /ˈʑɯ.gɤ̞/) is a Paleo-Hlambiglan language spoken in [[Hiso Zju'a]]. It is one of the three languages spoken there, each belonging primarily to one of the three most represented ethnicities residing there. Zjugo belongs to the [unnamed] group, native to Zju'an land and is the only language in Zju'a, which doesn't have a major speaking population anywhere else.<br />
<br />
== Phonology ==<br />
<br />
=== Consonants ===<br />
Zjuan consonants feature a full voicing distinction in all plosives and fricatives except for the velar fricatives. They also include a palatalization distinction for all plosives and fricatives and alveolar/palatal nasal consonants. Especially in recent times, labial and velar palatalized consonants are often articulated as consonant clusters with the palatal approximant.<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |<br />
! colspan="2" |labial<br />
! rowspan="2" |alveolar<br />
! rowspan="2" |palatal<br />
! colspan="2" |velar<br />
! rowspan="2" |glottal<br />
|-<br />
!plain<br />
!palatalized<br />
!plain<br />
!palatalized<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" |nasal<br />
| colspan="2" |m<br />
|n<br />
|ɲ<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" |plosive<br />
!unvoiced<br />
|p<br />
|pʲ<br />
|t<br />
|t͡ɕ<br />
|k<br />
|kʲ<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!voiced<br />
|b<br />
|bʲ<br />
|d<br />
|d͡ʑ<br />
|g<br />
|gʲ<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" |fricative<br />
!unvoiced<br />
|f<br />
|fʲ<br />
|s<br />
|ɕ<br />
|x<br />
|xʲ<br />
|(h)<br />
|-<br />
!voiced<br />
|v<br />
|vʲ<br />
|z<br />
|ʑ<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" |trill/approximant<br />
| colspan="2" |w<br />
|r~ɾ<br />
|j<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" |lateral<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|l<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Vowels ===<br />
Zjugo features a simple five vowel system. Main things to note is the lack of an open central vowel, as it is being replaced instead with the near-open front unrounded vowel, and the lack of rounding.<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
!<br />
!front<br />
!back<br />
|-<br />
!close<br />
|i<br />
|ɯ<br />
|-<br />
!mid<br />
|e̞<br />
|ɤ̞<br />
|-<br />
!open<br />
|æ<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Diphthongs ===<br />
Any Zjuan vowel except /i/ and /ɯ/ may appear as the first vowel in a diphthong followed by /i/ (frequently articulated as [ɪ] when appearing like this).<br />
<br />
=== Phonotactics ===<br />
Any Zjugo syllable is made up of at least a vowel or diphthong, which may be preceded by any consonant and/or followed by /n/. Note that a syllable ending with /n/ can be followed by a syllable starting with a vowel. This is phonemically distinct from a syllable ending with a vowel followed by a syllable starting with /n/, that is, for instance, /ˈme̞n.æi/ is distinct from /ˈme̞.næi/. Obstruents and /n/ get palatalized by default when followed by /i/, plain variants are not allowed in that position.<br />
<br />
=== Phonetic variations<ref name="one">It's important to note, that this language was not initially made for Nguhcraft and when making this article I added a bunch of stuff to make the language appear more naturalistic to fit the worldbuilding better. This is not one of those extra things, it is a real actual part of the language outside the server</ref> ===<br />
Due to [[Zjugo#Root system|the root system]], which behaves as if they didn't apply, the following aspects of Zjugo's pronunciation are not widely considered phonemic.<br />
<br />
The sequences ⟨wi⟩, ⟨wu⟩ and ⟨ji⟩ are never pronounced the way they're written. Specifically, ⟨wi⟩ is pronounced [i] word-initially and [hi] otherwise (this is the only phonetic occurrence of [h] in the language and is the reason for its inclusion in the consonant chart). ⟨wu⟩ is pronounced [ɯ] word-initially and [fɯ] otherwise and lastly ⟨ji⟩ is pronounced [i] word-initially and [d͡ʑi] otherwise.<br />
<br />
== Spelling ==<br />
<br />
=== [[Latin alphabet]] ===<br />
Here are the letters and digraphs used to spell Zjugo, when using the [[Latin script]]. Whenever a sequence of letters is ambiguous, an apostrophe must be used to clarify syllable boundaries. For example /ˈme̞.næi/ is spelled ''menai'', meanwhile /ˈme̞n.æi/ is spelled ''men'ai''. This is also done to clarify whether something is or isn't a palatalization digraph, for instance /ˈfʲæn.jæn/ is spelled ''fjan'jan'', however ''fjanjan'' would be pronounced /ˈfʲæ.ɲæn/, except for that it isn't a real word. Consonant letters followed by i, not separated by an apostrophe are automatically considered palatalized.<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
!Letter<br />
!Pronunciation<br />
!digraph<br />
!pronunciation<br />
|-<br />
|A<br />
|/æ/<br />
|Ai<br />
|/æi/<br />
|-<br />
|B<br />
|/b/<br />
|Bj<br />
|/bʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|D<br />
|/d/<br />
|Dj<br />
|/d͡ʑ/<br />
|-<br />
|E<br />
|/e̞/<br />
|Ei<br />
|/e̞i/<br />
|-<br />
|F<br />
|/f/<br />
|Fj<br />
|/fʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|G<br />
|/g/<br />
|Gj<br />
|/gʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|H<br />
|/x/<br />
|Hj<br />
|/xʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|I<br />
|/i/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|J<br />
|/j/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|K<br />
|/k/<br />
|Kj<br />
|/kʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|L<br />
|/l/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|M<br />
|/m/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|N<br />
|/n/<br />
|Nj<br />
|/ɲ/<br />
|-<br />
|O<br />
|/ɤ̞/<br />
|Oi<br />
|/ɤ̞i/<br />
|-<br />
|P<br />
|/p/<br />
|Pj<br />
|/pʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|R<br />
|/r~ɾ/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|S<br />
|/s/<br />
|Sj<br />
|/ɕ/<br />
|-<br />
|T<br />
|/t/<br />
|Tj<br />
|/t͡ɕ/<br />
|-<br />
|U<br />
|/ɯ/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|V<br />
|/v/<br />
|Vj<br />
|/vʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|W<br />
|/w/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Z<br />
|/z/<br />
|Zj<br />
|/ʑ/<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Zjugohai ===<br />
Zjugohai /ˈʑɯ.gɤ̞.xai/ is the original way used to spell Zjugo, although it has since begun to fall out of use in favor of the [[Latin script]]<ref>You're never finding it anywhere on nguhcraft itself because ain't no way I'm turning a vertical syllabary into a minecraft font dawg</ref>. It is a syllabary featuring characters for every combination of a plain voiceless consonant followed by a vowel (including the lack of a consonant). It's written top to bottom with its columns advancing right to left. Voicing and palatalization are spelled using other strategies, discussed later.<br />
<br />
==== Voicing ====<br />
Voiced obstruents are spelled by placing a diacritic to the left of the right syllable character. Voiced palatalized consonants still have this diacritic on the first character.<br />
<br />
==== Palatalization ====<br />
Consonant vowel pairs with a palatalized consonant are spelled as a digraph, including a character of the voiceless unpalatalized equivalent consonant with the i vowel. That is then followed by one of the four special palatalization characters; one exists for each vowel except i itself. Diphthongs following palatalized consonants are spelled by placing a diacritic, identical in appearance to the one used for voicing, onto the palatalization character. There are no palatalization characters for the i vowel as obstruents (and n) followed by i are palatalized by default and, in fact, are not allowed to be plain when in that position.<br />
<br />
==== Diphthongs and syllable-final n ====<br />
As discussed earlier, Zjugo only permits one consonant to appear phonemically in syllable codas and that is /n/. This is spelled with a special character. If syllable contains no such coda and no palatalized consonant, but it does include a diphthong, a reverse-S-like character is used to indicate that, meanwhile if a syllable contains the coda and also a diphthong, it is spelled with another special character, being a variant of the final n character, and lastly if the final n is included in a syllable with a palatalized consonant, a variant of the appropriate palatalization character is used and, naturally, the diphthong diacritic is also included on top of that if there is a diphthong in the syllable. This way any single syllable can be spelled with at most two characters, keeping the script fairly concise.<br />
<br />
==== Numbers ====<br />
Zjugo usually uses a base-6 system to count and there are 6 digits native to Zjugohai, used to spell these base-6 numbers. For base-10 numbers, the Arabic numerals get used and written vertically, just like the Zjugohai numerals.<br />
<br />
== Root system ==<br />
Zjugo features a system of monosyllabic roots or morphemes. Due to its strict phonotactics, there are only 456 possible syllables, 346 of which are used within the language<ref>As of writing this; out of lore, I'm still working on the language and it's very possible this number will change and might outdated</ref>. Each morpheme is one syllable and on top of that any single syllable can represent only one morpheme. Some of these roots are reserved for grammatical purposes (eg. case endings, verb endings, certain grammatical affixes, the morphemes used to construct demonstratives), while others allow much wider usage, the latter case being referred to as "content roots", since they can usually function as most parts of speech.<br />
<br />
== Syntax ==<br />
Zjugo follows an SVO word order with prepositions, adverbs appearing before verbs, used to convey some modal information and adjectives preceding nouns. <br />
<br />
Zjugo's context clause, if used, should be the very first thing in the sentence, followed by the verb, then followed by the verb's arguments. These arguments can have various cases which usually follow the order LOC NOM DAT ACC. In particular, the nominative argument nearly always appears before the accusative argument, with variations being very rare and usually reserved for artistic purposes. The locative argument usually appears first and the dative argument usually appears right before the accusative argument or at the end if there isn't one, but those two exhibit much more variation in placement. Finally, prepositional phrases are always placed at the end of the sentence. <br />
{|<br />
|Fenhuhja<br />
|lu<br />
|vjonzjo<br />
|vjusjuni<br />
|gahi<br />
|kinso<br />
|djoine<br />
|pi'en<br />
|jowo.<br />
|-<br />
|last-day<br />
|CONTEXT<br />
|give-IND<br />
|work-building-LOC<br />
|somebody<br />
|1-GEN<br />
|parent-DAT<br />
|weird-ADJ<br />
|thing-ACC<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="9" |"Yesterday, at work, somebody gave my mother a strange object."<br />
|}<br />
In a sentence with just a copula, both the subject and its complement follow the copula, with the subject appearing first. There are two copulas, one of them negative (equivalent to "isn't"). <br />
{|<br />
|da<br />
|kin<br />
|di<br />
|lu<br />
|dja<br />
|kin<br />
|ve<br />
|-<br />
|be<br />
|1<br />
|kind<br />
|CONTEXT<br />
|be.NEG<br />
|1<br />
|rude<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="7" |"I'm good, so I'm not bad."<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Verbs ==<br />
Verbs in Zjugo inflect only for mood, with four suffixes: -zjo for the indicative mood, this is the default and most common suffix, -ke for imperative, to indicate the verb as a command, -tja for subjunctive to indicate the verb as merely possible and lastly -'in, which is used in the conditional construction discussed later. Verbs may be negated by simply prefixing no- to them, which is the grammatical root used to indicate negation and can be prefixed on any word, but is by far most common on verbs. Finally, verbs, as any word, can also take extra, redundant, affirmation with the ti- prefix.<br />
<br />
=== Copulas ===<br />
As discussed above there are two special verbs, the two copulas: one indicative and one negative indicative. These do not take the aforementioned inflection and, in fact, rarely ever have any affixes applied to them at all. They can however be preceded by an adverb, which does carry some modal information.<br />
{|<br />
|Wa<br />
|da<br />
|kin<br />
|zjoin'jin.<br />
|-<br />
|want<br />
|be<br />
|1<br />
|feminine-gender<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="4" |"I want to be a girl."<br />
|}<br />
When the inflection carried by most verbs ''is'' desired, a semantically similar word "tun" is used.<br />
<br />
=== Questions ===<br />
Any sentence may be turned into a question by suffixing -kai onto the verb. This suffix follows the mood suffixes, if they exist.<br />
{|<br />
|Tuntjakai<br />
|kjole<br />
|kje?<br />
|-<br />
|exist-SJV-Q<br />
|this<br />
|possible<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="3" |"Might this be possible?"<br />
|}<br />
Additionally, any part of the sentence, except the verb, including content word affixes, can be replaced with the question particle "hun". The -kai suffix is still used if this is done.<br />
{|<br />
|Sjunzjokai<br />
|hunhi<br />
|hjole?<br />
|-<br />
|do-IND-Q<br />
|Q-person<br />
|that<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="3" |Who did that?<br />
|}<br />
{|<br />
|Da<br />
|kjole<br />
|hun?<br />
|-<br />
|be<br />
|this<br />
|Q<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="3" |"What's this?"<br />
|}<br />
{|<br />
|Hunkjain<br />
|lu<br />
|sjunzjokai<br />
|pin<br />
|hunwo?<br />
|-<br />
|Q-time<br />
|CONTEXT<br />
|do-IND-Q<br />
|3<br />
|Q-ACC<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="5" |When did they do what?<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Nouns ==<br />
Nouns only exhibit mandatory case marking, however any amount of additional information may be included by affixing any number of morphemes.<br />
<br />
=== Case ===<br />
There are five cases nouns can take in Zjugo. Those are:<br />
<br />
* The nominative, which is unmarked. Used on subjects of sentences as well as subjects' complements in copular sentences.<br />
* The accusative, marked with -wo. Used on the direct objects of sentences.<br />
* The dative, marked with -ne. Used to mark indirect objects, in particular, recipients.<br />
* The genitive, marked with -so. Used for possessors of objects. The possessor is placed before the possessed.<br />
* The vocative, marking with -o. Used to call for people, vocative nouns are only ever exclaimed on their own and never included as part of sentences otherwise.<br />
<br />
=== Number ===<br />
Number is not required to be marked on nouns, however there are a few optional markers that may be used.<br />
<br />
* Singular, that is one, with ji-<br />
* Dual, that is two, with nu-<br />
* Paucal, that is a few, with vja-<br />
* Plural, that is many, with ma-<br />
* Null, that is none, with ka-<br />
* Total, that is all, with kju-<br />
<br />
=== Adjectives ===<br />
Adjectives function extremely similarly to nouns. In fact, any noun can be used as an adjective, by simply being placed before another noun with no case marking. Sometimes the -en suffix may be added to clarify the function of a word being used like that as adjectival. Similarly, there's also a -ken suffix, which functions the same way, except that it also negates the adjective.<br />
<br />
=== Relative clauses ===<br />
A relative clause can follow any noun phrase. It's constructed by placing a verb, directly following the noun, then the relative particle ki and any additional arguments for the verb between it and the particle.<br />
{|<br />
|bjozjo<br />
|man<br />
|bozjo<br />
|hjoni<br />
|ki<br />
|-<br />
|arrive-IND<br />
|4<ref>indefinite pronoun</ref><br />
|go-IND<br />
|far-LOC<br />
|REL<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="5" |Those who go far, arrive.<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Concatenative derivation ==<br />
Any content word can be formed by concatenating multiple monosyllabic content roots together. When this is done, the root at the end is treated as the main root with the previous morphemes modifying it. Words derived from more than two roots in this way introduce some ambiguity in interpretation. For example ninhire (lit. big person tool) could be interpreted as "big (person tool)", where both "big" and "person" modify "tool", that is it's a big tool for people, or it could be interpreted as "(big person) tool" where "big" modifies "person" and then their pair modifies "tool", so it's a tool intended for big people. This ambiguity is not grammatically resolved.<br />
<br />
Many derived words are lexicalized and have a single canon interpretation. These can be found in Zjuan dictionaries.<br />
<br />
== Demonstratives ==<br />
Demonstratives are derived with a set of prefixes and suffixes. The prefixes indicate state of being (or interrogate it) and the suffixes indicate the type of object being referred to.<br />
<br />
The most commonly used prefixes are<br />
<br />
* kjo - proximal (roughly near speaker, for spacial distinctions)<br />
* vo - medial (roughly near listener, for spacial distinctions)<br />
* hjo - distal (elsewhere)<br />
* pjo - nonexistent, none (used in equivalents to eg. nowhere, never)<br />
* ga - existent, some (used in equivalents to eg. somewhere, sometime)<br />
* hun - interrogative<br />
<br />
The most commonly used suffixes are<br />
<br />
* ko - place (eg. here, there)<br />
* nje - grammatical adjectives (this [thing], that [thing])<br />
* le - grammatical nouns (this, that)<br />
* kjain - time (eg. now, then)<br />
<br />
Other roots are sometimes used as prefixes and occasionally suffixes, but the above are the most common.<br />
<br />
== Context and conditionals ==<br />
The context clause is placed at the very beginning of a sentence and indicated with the "lu" particle, which follows it. For the most part it works similarly to [[Toki Pona]]'s context clause, indicated with the similar sounding "la". It is used to indicate something as the context to the main sentence (it can mean something like "in the context of X, Y", where X is what's in the context clause and Y is the main sentence) and that can be any noun phrase or even verb sentence.<br />
<br />
In Zjugo, the context clause does also play and important role in forming conditionals. The condition is placed in the context clause as a sentence and the result is placed in the main sentence with its verb in the conditional mood, indicated with -tja.<br />
<br />
== Conjunction ==<br />
There are a few conjunctions in Zjugo. These can conjoin any words of the same part of speech, whether that be verbs, noun phrases or even things like adverbs or prepositions.<br />
<br />
They are as follows<br />
<br />
* i - and<br />
* gi - or<br />
* run - and not ([this] run [that] = this and not that)<br />
* mon - also (similar to "i", particularly common at the start of sentences or conjoining verb subjects)<br />
* noi - not also<br />
<br />
They can also appear at the very start of sentences, before the context clause, where they carry related meanings<br />
<br />
* i - furthermore<br />
* gi - or, or maybe<br />
* run - however<br />
* mon - also, furthermore<br />
* noi - however<br />
<br />
And lastly "mon" can also appear on its own as an adverb or adjective.<br />
<br />
== Comparison ==<br />
Comparison is done by prefixing mai- or tei- onto an adjective (meaning "more" and "less" respectively), then following the adjective with a prepositional phrase using bei. Any noun modified by the adjective is placed before bei.<br />
{|<br />
|Da<br />
|kjole<br />
|maigoi<br />
|bei<br />
|fain'en<br />
|wenzeinfi!<br />
|-<br />
|be<br />
|this<br />
|more-good<br />
|to<br />
|infinite-ADJ<br />
|bee<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="6" |This is better than infinite bees!<br />
|}<br />
{|<br />
|Da<br />
|kjole<br />
|teigoi<br />
|fain'en<br />
|wenzeinfi<br />
|bei<br />
|vole.<br />
|-<br />
|be<br />
|this<br />
|less-good<br />
|infinite-ADJ<br />
|bee<br />
|to<br />
|that<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="7" |These are worse infinite bees than that.<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Numbers ==<br />
<br />
=== Base six ===<br />
Usually, Zjugo uses a base-6 system to count. There are six roots for numbers one-six (and the root meaning "none" can be used to refer to zero).<br />
<br />
Up to thirty six, Zjugo uses a similar system to that of [[Japanese]], except base-six instead of ten, of course. Each number is split into multiples of six plus some leftover amount. In mathematical terms, any n up to 36 is thought of as k*6+m, where k and m are both in that range from one to six (except if the number is less than 6 then there are no multiple of six so the k*6 term is skipped). These numbers are formed into single words made up of up to three units, the first unit being equal to the amount of multiples of six (k), the second simply being six itself and the third being equal to the leftover amount (m). Lastly, if there is only one multiple of six then the first term is omitted and the number six is just said on its own. For example the number four is simply jon, the number ten is lunjon (six-four) and the number sixteen is nulunjon (two-six-four; two sixes and four).<br />
<br />
Thirty six prefixes the root nin, meaning big onto six, so it's simply ninlun (big-six). From there numbers up to, but not including twelve-hundred and ninety-six (thirty six * thirty six) are broken down into two main parts: multiples of thirty six and the left over. In mathematical terms k*36+m. This is the same as before, except on a larger magnitude and this time each of k and m will be further broken down as described in the previous paragraph. For example 512 can be broken down in this way into 14*36+8, then that can be further broken down into (2*6+2)*36+(6+2) and is therefore said as nulunnu ninlun lunnu (two-six-two big-six six-two). This time, unlike before, spaces are introduced between each element.<br />
<br />
Finally, twelve-hundred ninety-six is ninninlun, that is it prefixes nin yet again. These numbers are broken down in an analogous way, counting multiples of ninninlun as k*1296+m, further break k and m down as in the previous diagram. For example the very big number 111'875 would be broken down as 86*1296+419, then each of those parts down as (2*36+14)*1296+(11*36+23), then (2*36+(2*6+2))*1296+((6+5)*36+(3*6+5)) and so would be said as nu ninlun nulunnu ninninlun lungu ninlun senlungu, which is very long, but luckily numbers this large rarely come up and are usually rounded to the nearest multiples of powers of six for convenience.<br />
<br />
=== Base ten<ref name="one" /> ===<br />
The base ten system appeared much later in the language's existence due to English and Ukrainian influences. The system first appeared in writing and, in spoken language, manifests simply as the digits being read out sequentially.<br />
<br />
Each digit zero through nine, in this system, is simply pronounced as its equivalent number in the base six system, so for instance 6 is simply lun and 7 is lun'ji.<br />
<br />
For example, in this system, the number 4096 would be read as jon ka lunsen lun (four none six-three six). <br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
<references /></div>Maselahttps://mc.nguh.org/w/index.php?title=Zjugo&diff=39262Zjugo2026-04-30T19:17:34Z<p>Masela: numbers</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox language|name=Zjugo|pronunciation=[ˈʑɯ.gɤ̞]|family=Paleo-Hlabiglan|early-forms=Zjiogeo|era=today|scripts=[[Latin alphabet]], [[Zjugo#Zjugohai|Zjugohai]]|country=[[Hiso Zju'a]]|lang-code=ZG|endonym=Zjugo (in Zjugo)<br>Zjuan (in English)}}<br />
<br />
'''Zjuan''' /ˈʒuw.ən/ (ZG Zjugo /ˈʑɯ.gɤ̞/) is a Paleo-Hlambiglan language spoken in [[Hiso Zju'a]]. It is one of the three languages spoken there, each belonging primarily to one of the three most represented ethnicities residing there. Zjugo belongs to the [unnamed] group, native to Zju'an land and is the only language in Zju'a, which doesn't have a major speaking population anywhere else.<br />
<br />
== Phonology ==<br />
<br />
=== Consonants ===<br />
Zjuan consonants feature a full voicing distinction in all plosives and fricatives except for the velar fricatives. They also include a palatalization distinction for all plosives and fricatives and alveolar/palatal nasal consonants. Especially in recent times, labial and velar palatalized consonants are often articulated as consonant clusters with the palatal approximant.<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |<br />
! colspan="2" |labial<br />
! rowspan="2" |alveolar<br />
! rowspan="2" |palatal<br />
! colspan="2" |velar<br />
! rowspan="2" |glottal<br />
|-<br />
!plain<br />
!palatalized<br />
!plain<br />
!palatalized<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" |nasal<br />
| colspan="2" |m<br />
|n<br />
|ɲ<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" |plosive<br />
!unvoiced<br />
|p<br />
|pʲ<br />
|t<br />
|t͡ɕ<br />
|k<br />
|kʲ<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!voiced<br />
|b<br />
|bʲ<br />
|d<br />
|d͡ʑ<br />
|g<br />
|gʲ<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" |fricative<br />
!unvoiced<br />
|f<br />
|fʲ<br />
|s<br />
|ɕ<br />
|x<br />
|xʲ<br />
|(h)<br />
|-<br />
!voiced<br />
|v<br />
|vʲ<br />
|z<br />
|ʑ<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" |trill/approximant<br />
| colspan="2" |w<br />
|r~ɾ<br />
|j<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" |lateral<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|l<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Vowels ===<br />
Zjugo features a simple five vowel system. Main things to note is the lack of an open central vowel, as it is being replaced instead with the near-open front unrounded vowel, and the lack of rounding.<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
!<br />
!front<br />
!back<br />
|-<br />
!close<br />
|i<br />
|ɯ<br />
|-<br />
!mid<br />
|e̞<br />
|ɤ̞<br />
|-<br />
!open<br />
|æ<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Diphthongs ===<br />
Any Zjuan vowel except /i/ and /ɯ/ may appear as the first vowel in a diphthong followed by /i/ (frequently articulated as [ɪ] when appearing like this).<br />
<br />
=== Phonotactics ===<br />
Any Zjugo syllable is made up of at least a vowel or diphthong, which may be preceded by any consonant and/or followed by /n/. Note that a syllable ending with /n/ can be followed by a syllable starting with a vowel. This is phonemically distinct from a syllable ending with a vowel followed by a syllable starting with /n/, that is, for instance, /ˈme̞n.æi/ is distinct from /ˈme̞.næi/. Obstruents and /n/ get palatalized by default when followed by /i/, plain variants are not allowed in that position.<br />
<br />
=== Phonetic variations<ref name="one">It's important to note, that this language was not initially made for Nguhcraft and when making this article I added a bunch of stuff to make the language appear more naturalistic to fit the worldbuilding better. This is not one of those extra things, it is a real actual part of the language outside the server</ref> ===<br />
Due to [[Zjugo#Root system|the root system]], which behaves as if they didn't apply, the following aspects of Zjugo's pronunciation are not widely considered phonemic.<br />
<br />
The sequences ⟨wi⟩, ⟨wu⟩ and ⟨ji⟩ are never pronounced the way they're written. Specifically, ⟨wi⟩ is pronounced [i] word-initially and [hi] otherwise (this is the only phonetic occurrence of [h] in the language and is the reason for its inclusion in the consonant chart). ⟨wu⟩ is pronounced [ɯ] word-initially and [fɯ] otherwise and lastly ⟨ji⟩ is pronounced [i] word-initially and [d͡ʑi] otherwise.<br />
<br />
== Spelling ==<br />
<br />
=== [[Latin alphabet]] ===<br />
Here are the letters and digraphs used to spell Zjugo, when using the [[Latin script]]. Whenever a sequence of letters is ambiguous, an apostrophe must be used to clarify syllable boundaries. For example /ˈme̞.næi/ is spelled ''menai'', meanwhile /ˈme̞n.æi/ is spelled ''men'ai''. This is also done to clarify whether something is or isn't a palatalization digraph, for instance /ˈfʲæn.jæn/ is spelled ''fjan'jan'', however ''fjanjan'' would be pronounced /ˈfʲæ.ɲæn/, except for that it isn't a real word. Consonant letters followed by i, not separated by an apostrophe are automatically considered palatalized.<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
!Letter<br />
!Pronunciation<br />
!digraph<br />
!pronunciation<br />
|-<br />
|A<br />
|/æ/<br />
|Ai<br />
|/æi/<br />
|-<br />
|B<br />
|/b/<br />
|Bj<br />
|/bʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|D<br />
|/d/<br />
|Dj<br />
|/d͡ʑ/<br />
|-<br />
|E<br />
|/e̞/<br />
|Ei<br />
|/e̞i/<br />
|-<br />
|F<br />
|/f/<br />
|Fj<br />
|/fʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|G<br />
|/g/<br />
|Gj<br />
|/gʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|H<br />
|/x/<br />
|Hj<br />
|/xʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|I<br />
|/i/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|J<br />
|/j/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|K<br />
|/k/<br />
|Kj<br />
|/kʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|L<br />
|/l/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|M<br />
|/m/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|N<br />
|/n/<br />
|Nj<br />
|/ɲ/<br />
|-<br />
|O<br />
|/ɤ̞/<br />
|Oi<br />
|/ɤ̞i/<br />
|-<br />
|P<br />
|/p/<br />
|Pj<br />
|/pʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|R<br />
|/r~ɾ/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|S<br />
|/s/<br />
|Sj<br />
|/ɕ/<br />
|-<br />
|T<br />
|/t/<br />
|Tj<br />
|/t͡ɕ/<br />
|-<br />
|U<br />
|/ɯ/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|V<br />
|/v/<br />
|Vj<br />
|/vʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|W<br />
|/w/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Z<br />
|/z/<br />
|Zj<br />
|/ʑ/<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Zjugohai ===<br />
Zjugohai /ˈʑɯ.gɤ̞.xai/ is the original way used to spell Zjugo, although it has since begun to fall out of use in favor of the [[Latin script]]<ref>You're never finding it anywhere on nguhcraft itself because ain't no way I'm turning a vertical syllabary into a minecraft font dawg</ref>. It is a syllabary featuring characters for every combination of a plain voiceless consonant followed by a vowel (including the lack of a consonant). It's written top to bottom with its columns advancing right to left. Voicing and palatalization are spelled using other strategies, discussed later.<br />
<br />
==== Voicing ====<br />
Voiced obstruents are spelled by placing a diacritic to the left of the right syllable character. Voiced palatalized consonants still have this diacritic on the first character.<br />
<br />
==== Palatalization ====<br />
Consonant vowel pairs with a palatalized consonant are spelled as a digraph, including a character of the voiceless unpalatalized equivalent consonant with the i vowel. That is then followed by one of the four special palatalization characters; one exists for each vowel except i itself. Diphthongs following palatalized consonants are spelled by placing a diacritic, identical in appearance to the one used for voicing, onto the palatalization character. There are no palatalization characters for the i vowel as obstruents (and n) followed by i are palatalized by default and, in fact, are not allowed to be plain when in that position.<br />
<br />
==== Diphthongs and syllable-final n ====<br />
As discussed earlier, Zjugo only permits one consonant to appear phonemically in syllable codas and that is /n/. This is spelled with a special character. If syllable contains no such coda and no palatalized consonant, but it does include a diphthong, a reverse-S-like character is used to indicate that, meanwhile if a syllable contains the coda and also a diphthong, it is spelled with another special character, being a variant of the final n character, and lastly if the final n is included in a syllable with a palatalized consonant, a variant of the appropriate palatalization character is used and, naturally, the diphthong diacritic is also included on top of that if there is a diphthong in the syllable. This way any single syllable can be spelled with at most two characters, keeping the script fairly concise.<br />
<br />
==== Numbers ====<br />
Zjugo usually uses a base-6 system to count and there are 6 digits native to Zjugohai, used to spell these base-6 numbers. For base-10 numbers, the Arabic numerals get used and written vertically, just like the Zjugohai numerals.<br />
<br />
== Root system ==<br />
Zjugo features a system of monosyllabic roots or morphemes. Due to its strict phonotactics, there are only 456 possible syllables, 346 of which are used within the language<ref>As of writing this; out of lore, I'm still working on the language and it's very possible this number will change and might outdated</ref>. Each morpheme is one syllable and on top of that any single syllable can represent only one morpheme. Some of these roots are reserved for grammatical purposes (eg. case endings, verb endings, certain grammatical affixes, the morphemes used to construct demonstratives), while others allow much wider usage, the latter case being referred to as "content roots", since they can usually function as most parts of speech.<br />
<br />
== Syntax ==<br />
Zjugo follows an SVO word order with prepositions, adverbs appearing before verbs, used to convey some modal information and adjectives preceding nouns. <br />
<br />
Zjugo's context clause, if used, should be the very first thing in the sentence, followed by the verb, then followed by the verb's arguments. These arguments can have various cases which usually follow the order LOC NOM DAT ACC. In particular, the nominative argument nearly always appears before the accusative argument, with variations being very rare and usually reserved for artistic purposes. The locative argument usually appears first and the dative argument usually appears right before the accusative argument or at the end if there isn't one, but those two exhibit much more variation in placement. Finally, prepositional phrases are always placed at the end of the sentence. <br />
{|<br />
|Fenhuhja<br />
|lu<br />
|vjonzjo<br />
|vjusjuni<br />
|gahi<br />
|kinso<br />
|djoine<br />
|pi'en<br />
|jowo.<br />
|-<br />
|last-day<br />
|CONTEXT<br />
|give-IND<br />
|work-building-LOC<br />
|somebody<br />
|1-GEN<br />
|parent-DAT<br />
|weird-ADJ<br />
|thing-ACC<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="9" |"Yesterday, at work, somebody gave my mother a strange object."<br />
|}<br />
In a sentence with just a copula, both the subject and its complement follow the copula, with the subject appearing first. There are two copulas, one of them negative (equivalent to "isn't"). <br />
{|<br />
|da<br />
|kin<br />
|di<br />
|lu<br />
|dja<br />
|kin<br />
|ve<br />
|-<br />
|be<br />
|1<br />
|kind<br />
|CONTEXT<br />
|be.NEG<br />
|1<br />
|rude<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="7" |"I'm good, so I'm not bad."<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Verbs ==<br />
Verbs in Zjugo inflect only for mood, with four suffixes: -zjo for the indicative mood, this is the default and most common suffix, -ke for imperative, to indicate the verb as a command, -tja for subjunctive to indicate the verb as merely possible and lastly -'in, which is used in the conditional construction discussed later. Verbs may be negated by simply prefixing no- to them, which is the grammatical root used to indicate negation and can be prefixed on any word, but is by far most common on verbs. Finally, verbs, as any word, can also take extra, redundant, affirmation with the ti- prefix.<br />
<br />
=== Copulas ===<br />
As discussed above there are two special verbs, the two copulas: one indicative and one negative indicative. These do not take the aforementioned inflection and, in fact, rarely ever have any affixes applied to them at all. They can however be preceded by an adverb, which does carry some modal information.<br />
{|<br />
|Wa<br />
|da<br />
|kin<br />
|zjoin'jin.<br />
|-<br />
|want<br />
|be<br />
|1<br />
|feminine-gender<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="4" |"I want to be a girl."<br />
|}<br />
When the inflection carried by most verbs ''is'' desired, a semantically similar word "tun" is used.<br />
<br />
=== Questions ===<br />
Any sentence may be turned into a question by suffixing -kai onto the verb. This suffix follows the mood suffixes, if they exist.<br />
{|<br />
|Tuntjakai<br />
|kjole<br />
|kje?<br />
|-<br />
|exist-SJV-Q<br />
|this<br />
|possible<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="3" |"Might this be possible?"<br />
|}<br />
Additionally, any part of the sentence, except the verb, including content word affixes, can be replaced with the question particle "hun". The -kai suffix is still used if this is done.<br />
{|<br />
|Sjunzjokai<br />
|hunhi<br />
|hjole?<br />
|-<br />
|do-IND-Q<br />
|Q-person<br />
|that<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="3" |Who did that?<br />
|}<br />
{|<br />
|Da<br />
|kjole<br />
|hun?<br />
|-<br />
|be<br />
|this<br />
|Q<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="3" |"What's this?"<br />
|}<br />
{|<br />
|Hunkjain<br />
|lu<br />
|sjunzjokai<br />
|pin<br />
|hunwo?<br />
|-<br />
|Q-time<br />
|CONTEXT<br />
|do-IND-Q<br />
|3<br />
|Q-ACC<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="5" |When did they do what?<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Nouns ==<br />
Nouns only exhibit mandatory case marking, however any amount of additional information may be included by affixing any number of morphemes.<br />
<br />
=== Case ===<br />
There are five cases nouns can take in Zjugo. Those are:<br />
<br />
* The nominative, which is unmarked. Used on subjects of sentences as well as subjects' complements in copular sentences.<br />
* The accusative, marked with -wo. Used on the direct objects of sentences.<br />
* The dative, marked with -ne. Used to mark indirect objects, in particular, recipients.<br />
* The genitive, marked with -so. Used for possessors of objects. The possessor is placed before the possessed.<br />
* The vocative, marking with -o. Used to call for people, vocative nouns are only ever exclaimed on their own and never included as part of sentences otherwise.<br />
<br />
=== Number ===<br />
Number is not required to be marked on nouns, however there are a few optional markers that may be used.<br />
<br />
* Singular, that is one, with ji-<br />
* Dual, that is two, with nu-<br />
* Paucal, that is a few, with vja-<br />
* Plural, that is many, with ma-<br />
* Null, that is none, with ka-<br />
* Total, that is all, with kju-<br />
<br />
=== Adjectives ===<br />
Adjectives function extremely similarly to nouns. In fact, any noun can be used as an adjective, by simply being placed before another noun with no case marking. Sometimes the -en suffix may be added to clarify the function of a word being used like that as adjectival. Similarly, there's also a -ken suffix, which functions the same way, except that it also negates the adjective.<br />
<br />
=== Relative clauses ===<br />
A relative clause can follow any noun phrase. It's constructed by placing a verb, directly following the noun, then the relative particle ki and any additional arguments for the verb between it and the particle.<br />
{|<br />
|bjozjo<br />
|man<br />
|bozjo<br />
|hjoni<br />
|ki<br />
|-<br />
|arrive-IND<br />
|4<ref>indefinite pronoun</ref><br />
|go-IND<br />
|far-LOC<br />
|REL<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="5" |Those who go far, arrive.<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Concatenative derivation ==<br />
Any content word can be formed by concatenating multiple monosyllabic content roots together. When this is done, the root at the end is treated as the main root with the previous morphemes modifying it. Words derived from more than two roots in this way introduce some ambiguity in interpretation. For example ninhire (lit. big person tool) could be interpreted as "big (person tool)", where both "big" and "person" modify "tool", that is it's a big tool for people, or it could be interpreted as "(big person) tool" where "big" modifies "person" and then their pair modifies "tool", so it's a tool intended for big people. This ambiguity is not grammatically resolved.<br />
<br />
Many derived words are lexicalized and have a single canon interpretation. These can be found in Zjuan dictionaries.<br />
<br />
== Demonstratives ==<br />
Demonstratives are derived with a set of prefixes and suffixes. The prefixes indicate state of being (or interrogate it) and the suffixes indicate the type of object being referred to.<br />
<br />
The most commonly used prefixes are<br />
<br />
* kjo - proximal (roughly near speaker, for spacial distinctions)<br />
* vo - medial (roughly near listener, for spacial distinctions)<br />
* hjo - distal (elsewhere)<br />
* pjo - nonexistent, none (used in equivalents to eg. nowhere, never)<br />
* ga - existent, some (used in equivalents to eg. somewhere, sometime)<br />
* hun - interrogative<br />
<br />
The most commonly used suffixes are<br />
<br />
* ko - place (eg. here, there)<br />
* nje - grammatical adjectives (this [thing], that [thing])<br />
* le - grammatical nouns (this, that)<br />
* kjain - time (eg. now, then)<br />
<br />
Other roots are sometimes used as prefixes and occasionally suffixes, but the above are the most common.<br />
<br />
== Context and conditionals ==<br />
The context clause is placed at the very beginning of a sentence and indicated with the "lu" particle, which follows it. For the most part it works similarly to [[Toki Pona]]'s context clause, indicated with the similar sounding "la". It is used to indicate something as the context to the main sentence (it can mean something like "in the context of X, Y", where X is what's in the context clause and Y is the main sentence) and that can be any noun phrase or even verb sentence.<br />
<br />
In Zjugo, the context clause does also play and important role in forming conditionals. The condition is placed in the context clause as a sentence and the result is placed in the main sentence with its verb in the conditional mood, indicated with -tja.<br />
<br />
== Conjunction ==<br />
There are a few conjunctions in Zjugo. These can conjoin any words of the same part of speech, whether that be verbs, noun phrases or even things like adverbs or prepositions.<br />
<br />
They are as follows<br />
<br />
* i - and<br />
* gi - or<br />
* run - and not ([this] run [that] = this and not that)<br />
* mon - also (similar to "i", particularly common at the start of sentences or conjoining verb subjects)<br />
* noi - not also<br />
<br />
They can also appear at the very start of sentences, before the context clause, where they carry related meanings<br />
<br />
* i - furthermore<br />
* gi - or, or maybe<br />
* run - however<br />
* mon - also, furthermore<br />
* noi - however<br />
<br />
And lastly "mon" can also appear on its own as an adverb or adjective.<br />
<br />
== Comparison ==<br />
Comparison is done by prefixing mai- or tei- onto an adjective (meaning "more" and "less" respectively), then following the adjective with a prepositional phrase using bei. Any noun modified by the adjective is placed before bei.<br />
{|<br />
|Da<br />
|kjole<br />
|maigoi<br />
|bei<br />
|fain'en<br />
|wenzeinfi!<br />
|-<br />
|be<br />
|this<br />
|more-good<br />
|to<br />
|infinite-ADJ<br />
|bee<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="6" |This is better than infinite bees!<br />
|}<br />
{|<br />
|Da<br />
|kjole<br />
|teigoi<br />
|fain'en<br />
|wenzeinfi<br />
|bei<br />
|vole.<br />
|-<br />
|be<br />
|this<br />
|less-good<br />
|infinite-ADJ<br />
|bee<br />
|to<br />
|that<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="7" |These are worse infinite bees than that.<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Numbers ==<br />
<br />
=== Base six ===<br />
Usually, Zjugo uses a base-6 system to count. There are six roots for numbers one-six (and the root meaning "none" can be used to refer to zero).<br />
<br />
Up to thirty six, Zjugo uses a similar system to that of [[Japanese]], except base-six instead of ten, of course. Each number is split into multiples of six plus some leftover amount. In mathematical terms, any n up to 36 is thought of as k*6+m, where k and m are both in that range from one to six (except if the number is less than 6 then there are no multiple of six so the k*6 term is skipped). These numbers are formed into single words made up of up to three units, the first unit being equal to the amount of multiples of six (k), the second simply being six itself and the third being equal to the leftover amount (m). Lastly, if there is only one multiple of six then the first term is omitted and the number six is just said on its own. For example the number four is simply jon, the number ten is lunjon (six-four) and the number sixteen is nulunjon (two-six-four; two sixes and four).<br />
<br />
Thirty six prefixes the root nin, meaning big onto six, so it's simply ninlun (big-six). From there numbers up to, but not including twelve-hundred and ninety-six (thirty six * thirty six) are broken down into two main parts: multiples of thirty six and the left over. In mathematical terms k*36+m. This is the same as before, except on a larger magnitude and this time each of k and m will be further broken down as described in the previous paragraph. For example 512 can be broken down in this way into 14*36+8, then that can be further broken down into (2*6+2)*36+(6+2) and is therefore said as nulunnu ninlun lunnu (two-six-two big-six six-two). This time, unlike before, spaces are introduced between each element.<br />
<br />
Finally, twelve-hundred ninety-six is ninninlun, that is it prefixes nin yet again. These numbers are broken down in an analogous way, counting multiples of ninninlun as k*1296+m, further break k and m down as in the previous diagram. For example the very big number 111'875 would be broken down as 86*1296+419, then each of those parts down as (2*36+14)*1296+(11*36+23), then (2*36+(2*6+2))*1296+((6+5)*36+(3*6+5)) and so would be said as nu ninlun nulunnu ninninlun lungu ninlun senlungu, which is very long, but luckily numbers this large rarely come up and are usually rounded to the nearest multiples of powers of six for convenience.<br />
<br />
=== Base ten<ref name="one" /> ===<br />
The base ten system appeared much later in the languages existence due to English and Ukrainian influences. The system first appeared in writing and in spoken language manifests simply as the digits being read out sequentially.<br />
<br />
Each digit zero through nine, in this system, is simple pronounced as its equivalent number in the base six system, so for instance 6 is simply lun and 7 is lun'ji.<br />
<br />
For example, in this system, the number 111'875 would be read as ji ji ji lunnu lun'ji gu (one one one six-two six-one five). <br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
<references /></div>Maselahttps://mc.nguh.org/w/index.php?title=Zjugo&diff=39260Zjugo2026-04-30T15:07:55Z<p>Masela: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox language|name=Zjugo|pronunciation=[ˈʑɯ.gɤ̞]|family=Paleo-Hlabiglan|early-forms=Zjiogeo|era=today|scripts=[[Latin alphabet]], [[Zjugo#Zjugohai|Zjugohai]]|country=[[Hiso Zju'a]]|lang-code=ZG|endonym=Zjugo (in Zjugo)<br>Zjuan (in English)}}<br />
<br />
'''Zjuan''' /ˈʒuw.ən/ (ZG Zjugo /ˈʑɯ.gɤ̞/) is a Paleo-Hlambiglan language spoken in [[Hiso Zju'a]]. It is one of the three languages spoken there, each belonging primarily to one of the three most represented ethnicities residing there. Zjugo belongs to the [unnamed] group, native to Zju'an land and is the only language in Zju'a, which doesn't have a major speaking population anywhere else.<br />
<br />
== Phonology ==<br />
<br />
=== Consonants ===<br />
Zjuan consonants feature a full voicing distinction in all plosives and fricatives except for the velar fricatives. They also include a palatalization distinction for all plosives and fricatives and alveolar/palatal nasal consonants. Especially in recent times, labial and velar palatalized consonants are often articulated as consonant clusters with the palatal approximant.<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |<br />
! colspan="2" |labial<br />
! rowspan="2" |alveolar<br />
! rowspan="2" |palatal<br />
! colspan="2" |velar<br />
! rowspan="2" |glottal<br />
|-<br />
!plain<br />
!palatalized<br />
!plain<br />
!palatalized<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" |nasal<br />
| colspan="2" |m<br />
|n<br />
|ɲ<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" |plosive<br />
!unvoiced<br />
|p<br />
|pʲ<br />
|t<br />
|t͡ɕ<br />
|k<br />
|kʲ<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!voiced<br />
|b<br />
|bʲ<br />
|d<br />
|d͡ʑ<br />
|g<br />
|gʲ<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" |fricative<br />
!unvoiced<br />
|f<br />
|fʲ<br />
|s<br />
|ɕ<br />
|x<br />
|xʲ<br />
|(h)<br />
|-<br />
!voiced<br />
|v<br />
|vʲ<br />
|z<br />
|ʑ<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" |trill/approximant<br />
| colspan="2" |w<br />
|r~ɾ<br />
|j<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" |lateral<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|l<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Vowels ===<br />
Zjugo features a simple five vowel system. Main things to note is the lack of an open central vowel, as it is being replaced instead with the near-open front unrounded vowel, and the lack of rounding.<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
!<br />
!front<br />
!back<br />
|-<br />
!close<br />
|i<br />
|ɯ<br />
|-<br />
!mid<br />
|e̞<br />
|ɤ̞<br />
|-<br />
!open<br />
|æ<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Diphthongs ===<br />
Any Zjuan vowel except /i/ and /ɯ/ may appear as the first vowel in a diphthong followed by /i/ (frequently articulated as [ɪ] when appearing like this).<br />
<br />
=== Phonotactics ===<br />
Any Zjugo syllable is made up of at least a vowel or diphthong, which may be preceded by any consonant and/or followed by /n/. Note that a syllable ending with /n/ can be followed by a syllable starting with a vowel. This is phonemically distinct from a syllable ending with a vowel followed by a syllable starting with /n/, that is, for instance, /ˈme̞n.æi/ is distinct from /ˈme̞.næi/. Obstruents and /n/ get palatalized by default when followed by /i/, plain variants are not allowed in that position.<br />
<br />
=== Phonetic variations ===<br />
Due to [[Zjugo#Root system|the root system]], which behaves as if they didn't apply, the following aspects of Zjugo's pronunciation are not widely considered phonemic.<br />
<br />
The sequences ⟨wi⟩, ⟨wu⟩ and ⟨ji⟩ are never pronounced the way they're written. Specifically, ⟨wi⟩ is pronounced [i] word-initially and [hi] otherwise (this is the only phonetic occurrence of [h] in the language and is the reason for its inclusion in the consonant chart). ⟨wu⟩ is pronounced [ɯ] word-initially and [fɯ] otherwise and lastly ⟨ji⟩ is pronounced [i] word-initially and [d͡ʑi] otherwise.<br />
<br />
== Spelling ==<br />
<br />
=== [[Latin alphabet]] ===<br />
Here are the letters and digraphs used to spell Zjugo, when using the [[Latin script]]. Whenever a sequence of letters is ambiguous, an apostrophe must be used to clarify syllable boundaries. For example /ˈme̞.næi/ is spelled ''menai'', meanwhile /ˈme̞n.æi/ is spelled ''men'ai''. This is also done to clarify whether something is or isn't a palatalization digraph, for instance /ˈfʲæn.jæn/ is spelled ''fjan'jan'', however ''fjanjan'' would be pronounced /ˈfʲæ.ɲæn/, except for that it isn't a real word. Consonant letters followed by i, not separated by an apostrophe are automatically considered palatalized.<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
!Letter<br />
!Pronunciation<br />
!digraph<br />
!pronunciation<br />
|-<br />
|A<br />
|/æ/<br />
|Ai<br />
|/æi/<br />
|-<br />
|B<br />
|/b/<br />
|Bj<br />
|/bʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|D<br />
|/d/<br />
|Dj<br />
|/d͡ʑ/<br />
|-<br />
|E<br />
|/e̞/<br />
|Ei<br />
|/e̞i/<br />
|-<br />
|F<br />
|/f/<br />
|Fj<br />
|/fʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|G<br />
|/g/<br />
|Gj<br />
|/gʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|H<br />
|/x/<br />
|Hj<br />
|/xʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|I<br />
|/i/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|J<br />
|/j/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|K<br />
|/k/<br />
|Kj<br />
|/kʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|L<br />
|/l/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|M<br />
|/m/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|N<br />
|/n/<br />
|Nj<br />
|/ɲ/<br />
|-<br />
|O<br />
|/ɤ̞/<br />
|Oi<br />
|/ɤ̞i/<br />
|-<br />
|P<br />
|/p/<br />
|Pj<br />
|/pʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|R<br />
|/r~ɾ/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|S<br />
|/s/<br />
|Sj<br />
|/ɕ/<br />
|-<br />
|T<br />
|/t/<br />
|Tj<br />
|/t͡ɕ/<br />
|-<br />
|U<br />
|/ɯ/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|V<br />
|/v/<br />
|Vj<br />
|/vʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|W<br />
|/w/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Z<br />
|/z/<br />
|Zj<br />
|/ʑ/<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Zjugohai ===<br />
Zjugohai /ˈʑɯ.gɤ̞.xai/ is the original way used to spell Zjugo, although it has since begun to fall out of use in favor of the [[Latin script]]<ref>You're never finding it anywhere on nguhcraft itself because ain't no way I'm turning a vertical syllabary into a minecraft font dawg</ref>. It is a syllabary featuring characters for every combination of a plain voiceless consonant followed by a vowel (including the lack of a consonant). It's written top to bottom with its columns advancing right to left. Voicing and palatalization are spelled using other strategies, discussed later.<br />
<br />
==== Voicing ====<br />
Voiced obstruents are spelled by placing a diacritic to the left of the right syllable character. Voiced palatalized consonants still have this diacritic on the first character.<br />
<br />
==== Palatalization ====<br />
Consonant vowel pairs with a palatalized consonant are spelled as a digraph, including a character of the voiceless unpalatalized equivalent consonant with the i vowel. That is then followed by one of the four special palatalization characters; one exists for each vowel except i itself. Diphthongs following palatalized consonants are spelled by placing a diacritic, identical in appearance to the one used for voicing, onto the palatalization character. There are no palatalization characters for the i vowel as obstruents (and n) followed by i are palatalized by default and, in fact, are not allowed to be plain when in that position.<br />
<br />
==== Diphthongs and syllable-final n ====<br />
As discussed earlier, Zjugo only permits one consonant to appear phonemically in syllable codas and that is /n/. This is spelled with a special character. If syllable contains no such coda and no palatalized consonant, but it does include a diphthong, a reverse-S-like character is used to indicate that, meanwhile if a syllable contains the coda and also a diphthong, it is spelled with another special character, being a variant of the final n character, and lastly if the final n is included in a syllable with a palatalized consonant, a variant of the appropriate palatalization character is used and, naturally, the diphthong diacritic is also included on top of that if there is a diphthong in the syllable. This way any single syllable can be spelled with at most two characters, keeping the script fairly concise.<br />
<br />
==== Numbers ====<br />
Zjugo usually uses a base-6 system to count and there are 6 digits native to Zjugohai, used to spell these base-6 numbers. For base-10 numbers, the Arabic numerals get used and written vertically, just like the Zjugohai numerals.<br />
<br />
== Root system ==<br />
Zjugo features a system of monosyllabic roots or morphemes. Due to its strict phonotactics, there are only 456 possible syllables, 346 of which are used within the language<ref>As of writing this; out of lore, I'm still working on the language and it's very possible this number will change and might outdated</ref>. Each morpheme is one syllable and on top of that any single syllable can represent only one morpheme. Some of these roots are reserved for grammatical purposes (eg. case endings, verb endings, certain grammatical affixes, the morphemes used to construct demonstratives), while others allow much wider usage, the latter case being referred to as "content roots", since they can usually function as most parts of speech.<br />
<br />
== Syntax ==<br />
Zjugo follows an SVO word order with prepositions, adverbs appearing before verbs, used to convey some modal information and adjectives preceding nouns. <br />
<br />
Zjugo's context clause, if used, should be the very first thing in the sentence, followed by the verb, then followed by the verb's arguments. These arguments can have various cases which usually follow the order LOC NOM DAT ACC. In particular, the nominative argument nearly always appears before the accusative argument, with variations being very rare and usually reserved for artistic purposes. The locative argument usually appears first and the dative argument usually appears right before the accusative argument or at the end if there isn't one, but those two exhibit much more variation in placement. Finally, prepositional phrases are always placed at the end of the sentence. <br />
{|<br />
|Fenhuhja<br />
|lu<br />
|vjonzjo<br />
|vjusjuni<br />
|gahi<br />
|kinso<br />
|djoine<br />
|pi'en<br />
|jowo.<br />
|-<br />
|last-day<br />
|CONTEXT<br />
|give-IND<br />
|work-building-LOC<br />
|somebody<br />
|1-GEN<br />
|parent-DAT<br />
|weird-ADJ<br />
|thing-ACC<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="9" |"Yesterday, at work, somebody gave my mother a strange object."<br />
|}<br />
In a sentence with just a copula, both the subject and its complement follow the copula, with the subject appearing first. There are two copulas, one of them negative (equivalent to "isn't"). <br />
{|<br />
|da<br />
|kin<br />
|di<br />
|lu<br />
|dja<br />
|kin<br />
|ve<br />
|-<br />
|be<br />
|1<br />
|kind<br />
|CONTEXT<br />
|be.NEG<br />
|1<br />
|rude<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="7" |"I'm good, so I'm not bad."<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Verbs ==<br />
Verbs in Zjugo inflect only for mood, with four suffixes: -zjo for the indicative mood, this is the default and most common suffix, -ke for imperative, to indicate the verb as a command, -tja for subjunctive to indicate the verb as merely possible and lastly -'in, which is used in the conditional construction discussed later. Verbs may be negated by simply prefixing no- to them, which is the grammatical root used to indicate negation and can be prefixed on any word, but is by far most common on verbs. Finally, verbs, as any word, can also take extra, redundant, affirmation with the ti- prefix.<br />
<br />
=== Copulas ===<br />
As discussed above there are two special verbs, the two copulas: one indicative and one negative indicative. These do not take the aforementioned inflection and, in fact, rarely ever have any affixes applied to them at all. They can however be preceded by an adverb, which does carry some modal information.<br />
{|<br />
|Wa<br />
|da<br />
|kin<br />
|zjoin'jin.<br />
|-<br />
|want<br />
|be<br />
|1<br />
|feminine-gender<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="4" |"I want to be a girl."<br />
|}<br />
When the inflection carried by most verbs ''is'' desired, a semantically similar word "tun" is used.<br />
<br />
=== Questions ===<br />
Any sentence may be turned into a question by suffixing -kai onto the verb. This suffix follows the mood suffixes, if they exist.<br />
{|<br />
|Tuntjakai<br />
|kjole<br />
|kje?<br />
|-<br />
|exist-SJV-Q<br />
|this<br />
|possible<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="3" |"Might this be possible?"<br />
|}<br />
Additionally, any part of the sentence, except the verb, including content word affixes, can be replaced with the question particle "hun". The -kai suffix is still used if this is done.<br />
{|<br />
|Sjunzjokai<br />
|hunhi<br />
|hjole?<br />
|-<br />
|do-IND-Q<br />
|Q-person<br />
|that<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="3" |Who did that?<br />
|}<br />
{|<br />
|Da<br />
|kjole<br />
|hun?<br />
|-<br />
|be<br />
|this<br />
|Q<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="3" |"What's this?"<br />
|}<br />
{|<br />
|Hunkjain<br />
|lu<br />
|sjunzjokai<br />
|pin<br />
|hunwo?<br />
|-<br />
|Q-time<br />
|CONTEXT<br />
|do-IND-Q<br />
|3<br />
|Q-ACC<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="5" |When did they do what?<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Nouns ==<br />
Nouns only exhibit mandatory case marking, however any amount of additional information may be included by affixing any number of morphemes.<br />
<br />
=== Case ===<br />
There are five cases nouns can take in Zjugo. Those are:<br />
<br />
* The nominative, which is unmarked. Used on subjects of sentences as well as subjects' complements in copular sentences.<br />
* The accusative, marked with -wo. Used on the direct objects of sentences.<br />
* The dative, marked with -ne. Used to mark indirect objects, in particular, recipients.<br />
* The genitive, marked with -so. Used for possessors of objects. The possessor is placed before the possessed.<br />
* The vocative, marking with -o. Used to call for people, vocative nouns are only ever exclaimed on their own and never included as part of sentences otherwise.<br />
<br />
=== Number ===<br />
Number is not required to be marked on nouns, however there are a few optional markers that may be used.<br />
<br />
* Singular, that is one, with ji-<br />
* Dual, that is two, with nu-<br />
* Paucal, that is a few, with vja-<br />
* Plural, that is many, with ma-<br />
* Null, that is none, with ka-<br />
* Total, that is all, with kju-<br />
<br />
=== Adjectives ===<br />
Adjectives function extremely similarly to nouns. In fact, any noun can be used as an adjective, by simply being placed before another noun with no case marking. Sometimes the -en suffix may be added to clarify the function of a word being used like that as adjectival. Similarly, there's also a -ken suffix, which functions the same way, except that it also negates the adjective.<br />
<br />
=== Relative clauses ===<br />
A relative clause can follow any noun phrase. It's constructed by placing a verb, directly following the noun, then the relative particle ki and any additional arguments for the verb between it and the particle.<br />
{|<br />
|bjozjo<br />
|man<br />
|bozjo<br />
|hjoni<br />
|ki<br />
|-<br />
|arrive-IND<br />
|4<ref>indefinite pronoun</ref><br />
|go-IND<br />
|far-LOC<br />
|REL<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="5" |Those who go far, arrive.<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Concatenative derivation ==<br />
Any content word can be formed by concatenating multiple monosyllabic content roots together. When this is done, the root at the end is treated as the main root with the previous morphemes modifying it. Words derived from more than two roots in this way introduce some ambiguity in interpretation. For example ninhire (lit. big person tool) could be interpreted as "big (person tool)", where both "big" and "person" modify "tool", that is it's a big tool for people, or it could be interpreted as "(big person) tool" where "big" modifies "person" and then their pair modifies "tool", so it's a tool intended for big people. This ambiguity is not grammatically resolved.<br />
<br />
Many derived words are lexicalized and have a single canon interpretation. These can be found in Zjuan dictionaries.<br />
<br />
== Demonstratives ==<br />
Demonstratives are derived with a set of prefixes and suffixes. The prefixes indicate state of being (or interrogate it) and the suffixes indicate the type of object being referred to.<br />
<br />
The most commonly used prefixes are<br />
<br />
* kjo - proximal (roughly near speaker, for spacial distinctions)<br />
* vo - medial (roughly near listener, for spacial distinctions)<br />
* hjo - distal (elsewhere)<br />
* pjo - nonexistent, none (used in equivalents to eg. nowhere, never)<br />
* ga - existent, some (used in equivalents to eg. somewhere, sometime)<br />
* hun - interrogative<br />
<br />
The most commonly used suffixes are<br />
<br />
* ko - place (eg. here, there)<br />
* nje - grammatical adjectives (this [thing], that [thing])<br />
* le - grammatical nouns (this, that)<br />
* kjain - time (eg. now, then)<br />
<br />
Other roots are sometimes used as prefixes and occasionally suffixes, but the above are the most common.<br />
<br />
== Context and conditionals ==<br />
The context clause is placed at the very beginning of a sentence and indicated with the "lu" particle, which follows it. For the most part it works similarly to [[Toki Pona]]'s context clause, indicated with the similar sounding "la". It is used to indicate something as the context to the main sentence (it can mean something like "in the context of X, Y", where X is what's in the context clause and Y is the main sentence) and that can be any noun phrase or even verb sentence.<br />
<br />
In Zjugo, the context clause does also play and important role in forming conditionals. The condition is placed in the context clause as a sentence and the result is placed in the main sentence with its verb in the conditional mood, indicated with -tja.<br />
<br />
== Conjunction ==<br />
There are a few conjunctions in Zjugo. These can conjoin any words of the same part of speech, whether that be verbs, noun phrases or even things like adverbs or prepositions.<br />
<br />
They are as follows<br />
<br />
* i - and<br />
* gi - or<br />
* run - and not ([this] run [that] = this and not that)<br />
* mon - also (similar to "i", particularly common at the start of sentences or conjoining verb subjects)<br />
* noi - not also<br />
<br />
They can also appear at the very start of sentences, before the context clause, where they carry related meanings<br />
<br />
* i - furthermore<br />
* gi - or, or maybe<br />
* run - however<br />
* mon - also, furthermore<br />
* noi - however<br />
<br />
And lastly "mon" can also appear on its own as an adverb or adjective.<br />
<br />
== Comparison ==<br />
Comparison is done by prefixing mai- or tei- onto an adjective (meaning "more" and "less" respectively), then following the adjective with a prepositional phrase using bei. Any noun modified by the adjective is placed before bei.<br />
{|<br />
|Da<br />
|kjole<br />
|maigoi<br />
|bei<br />
|fain'en<br />
|wenzeinfi!<br />
|-<br />
|be<br />
|this<br />
|more-good<br />
|to<br />
|infinite-ADJ<br />
|bee<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="6" |This is better than infinite bees!<br />
|}<br />
{|<br />
|Da<br />
|kjole<br />
|teigoi<br />
|fain'en<br />
|wenzeinfi<br />
|bei<br />
|vole.<br />
|-<br />
|be<br />
|this<br />
|less-good<br />
|infinite-ADJ<br />
|bee<br />
|to<br />
|that<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="7" |These are worse infinite bees than that.<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
<references /></div>Maselahttps://mc.nguh.org/w/index.php?title=Hiso_Zju%27a&diff=39254Hiso Zju'a2026-04-30T12:36:44Z<p>Masela: </p>
<hr />
<div>Hiso Zju'a (ZG "The people's own land") is a [[Ŋation]] located in the north of [[Hlambigla]].<br />
<br />
{{Infobox ngation|name=Hiso Zju'a|demonym=Zju'ahi ([[Zjugo]])<br>Zju'an ([[English]])|ruler=Head of Executive Sylvia Masela<br>Head of Legislature Emily Felnen<br>Head of Justice Mary Killingsworth|languages=[[English]]<br>[[Ukrainian]]<br>[[Zjugo]]|two-digit-code=ZA|three-digit-code=HZA}}<br />
<br />
(Todo: make this all proper, emy, i invite you to work on this page also)</div>Maselahttps://mc.nguh.org/w/index.php?title=Zjugo&diff=39253Zjugo2026-04-30T12:35:49Z<p>Masela: Added section about comparison</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox language|name=Zjugo|pronunciation=[ˈʑɯ.gɤ̞]|family=Paleo-Hlabiglan|early-forms=Zjiogeo|era=today|scripts=[[Latin alphabet]], [[Zjugo#Zjugohai|Zjugohai]]|country=[[Hiso Zju'a]]|lang-code=ZG|endonym=Zjugo (in Zjugo)<br>Zjuan (in English)}}<br />
<br />
'''Zjuan''' /ˈʒuw.ən/ (ZG Zjugo /ˈʑɯ.gɤ̞/) is a Paleo-Hlambiglan language spoken in [[Hiso Zju'a]]. It is one of the three languages spoken there, each belonging primarily to one of the three most represented ethnicities residing there. Zjugo belongs to the [unnamed] group, native to Zju'an land and is the only language in Zju'a, which doesn't have a major speaking population anywhere else.<br />
<br />
== Phonology ==<br />
<br />
=== Consonants ===<br />
Zjuan consonants feature a full voicing distinction in all plosives and fricatives except for the velar fricatives. They also include a palatalization distinction for all plosives and fricatives and alveolar/palatal nasal consonants. Especially in recent times, labial and velar palatalized consonants are often articulated as consonant clusters with the palatal approximant.<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |<br />
! colspan="2" |labial<br />
! rowspan="2" |alveolar<br />
! rowspan="2" |palatal<br />
! colspan="2" |velar<br />
! rowspan="2" |glottal<br />
|-<br />
!plain<br />
!palatalized<br />
!plain<br />
!palatalized<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" |nasal<br />
| colspan="2" |m<br />
|n<br />
|ɲ<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" |plosive<br />
!unvoiced<br />
|p<br />
|pʲ<br />
|t<br />
|t͡ɕ<br />
|k<br />
|kʲ<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!voiced<br />
|b<br />
|bʲ<br />
|d<br />
|d͡ʑ<br />
|g<br />
|gʲ<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" |fricative<br />
!unvoiced<br />
|f<br />
|fʲ<br />
|s<br />
|ɕ<br />
|x<br />
|xʲ<br />
|(h)<br />
|-<br />
!voiced<br />
|v<br />
|vʲ<br />
|z<br />
|ʑ<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" |trill/approximant<br />
| colspan="2" |w<br />
|r~ɾ<br />
|j<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" |lateral<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|l<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Vowels ===<br />
Zjugo features a simple five vowel system. Main things to note is the lack of an open central vowel, as it is being replaced instead with the near-open front unrounded vowel, and the lack of rounding.<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
!<br />
!front<br />
!back<br />
|-<br />
!close<br />
|i<br />
|ɯ<br />
|-<br />
!mid<br />
|e̞<br />
|ɤ̞<br />
|-<br />
!open<br />
|æ<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Diphthongs ===<br />
Any Zjuan vowel except /i/ and /ɯ/ may appear as the first vowel in a diphthong followed by /i/ (frequently articulated as [ɪ] when appearing like this).<br />
<br />
=== Phonotactics ===<br />
Any Zjugo syllable is made up of at least a vowel or diphthong, which may be preceded by any consonant and/or followed by /n/. Note that a syllable ending with /n/ can be followed by a syllable starting with a vowel. This is phonemically distinct from a syllable ending with a vowel followed by a syllable starting with /n/, that is, for instance, /ˈme̞n.æi/ is distinct from /ˈme̞.næi/. Obstruents and /n/ get palatalized by default when followed by /i/, plain variants are not allowed in that position.<br />
<br />
=== Phonetic variations ===<br />
Due to [[Zjugo#Root system|the root system]], which behaves as if they didn't apply, the following aspects of Zjugo's pronunciation are not widely considered phonemic.<br />
<br />
The sequences ⟨wi⟩, ⟨wu⟩ and ⟨ji⟩ are never pronounced the way they're written. Specifically, ⟨wi⟩ is pronounced [i] word-initially and [hi] otherwise (this is the only phonetic occurrence of [h] in the language and is the reason for its inclusion in the consonant chart). ⟨wu⟩ is pronounced [ɯ] word-initially and [fɯ] otherwise and lastly ⟨ji⟩ is pronounced [i] word-initially and [d͡ʑi] otherwise.<br />
<br />
== Spelling ==<br />
<br />
=== [[Latin alphabet]] ===<br />
Here are the letters and digraphs used to spell Zjugo, when using the [[Latin script]]. Whenever a sequence of letters is ambiguous, an apostrophe must be used to clarify syllable boundaries. For example /ˈme̞.næi/ is spelled ''menai'', meanwhile /ˈme̞n.æi/ is spelled ''men'ai''. This is also done to clarify whether something is or isn't a palatalization digraph, for instance /ˈfʲæn.jæn/ is spelled ''fjan'jan'', however ''fjanjan'' would be pronounced /ˈfʲæ.ɲæn/, except for that it isn't a real word. Consonant letters followed by i, not separated by an apostrophe are automatically considered palatalized.<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
!Letter<br />
!Pronunciation<br />
!digraph<br />
!pronunciation<br />
|-<br />
|A<br />
|/æ/<br />
|Ai<br />
|/æi/<br />
|-<br />
|B<br />
|/b/<br />
|Bj<br />
|/bʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|D<br />
|/d/<br />
|Dj<br />
|/d͡ʑ/<br />
|-<br />
|E<br />
|/e̞/<br />
|Ei<br />
|/e̞i/<br />
|-<br />
|F<br />
|/f/<br />
|Fj<br />
|/fʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|G<br />
|/g/<br />
|Gj<br />
|/gʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|H<br />
|/x/<br />
|Hj<br />
|/xʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|I<br />
|/i/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|J<br />
|/j/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|K<br />
|/k/<br />
|Kj<br />
|/kʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|L<br />
|/l/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|M<br />
|/m/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|N<br />
|/n/<br />
|Nj<br />
|/ɲ/<br />
|-<br />
|O<br />
|/ɤ̞/<br />
|Oi<br />
|/ɤ̞i/<br />
|-<br />
|P<br />
|/p/<br />
|Pj<br />
|/pʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|R<br />
|/r~ɾ/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|S<br />
|/s/<br />
|Sj<br />
|/ɕ/<br />
|-<br />
|T<br />
|/t/<br />
|Tj<br />
|/t͡ɕ/<br />
|-<br />
|U<br />
|/ɯ/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|V<br />
|/v/<br />
|Vj<br />
|/vʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|W<br />
|/w/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Z<br />
|/z/<br />
|Zj<br />
|/ʑ/<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Zjugohai ===<br />
Zjugohai /ˈʑɯ.gɤ̞.xai/ is the original way used to spell Zjugo, although it has since begun to fall out of use in favor of the [[Latin script]]<ref>You're never finding it anywhere on nguhcraft itself because ain't no way I'm turning a vertical syllabary into a minecraft font dawg</ref>. It is a syllabary featuring characters for every combination of a plain voiceless consonant followed by a vowel (including the lack of a consonant). It's written top to bottom with its columns advancing right to left. Voicing and palatalization are spelled using other strategies, discussed later.<br />
<br />
==== Voicing ====<br />
Voiced obstruents are spelled by placing a diacritic to the left of the right syllable character. Voiced palatalized consonants still have this diacritic on the first character.<br />
<br />
==== Palatalization ====<br />
Consonant vowel pairs with a palatalized consonant are spelled as a digraph, including a character of the voiceless unpalatalized equivalent consonant with the i vowel. That is then followed by one of the four special palatalization characters; one exists for each vowel except i itself. Diphthongs following palatalized consonants are spelled by placing a diacritic, identical in appearance to the one used for voicing, onto the palatalization character. There are no palatalization characters for the i vowel as obstruents (and n) followed by i are palatalized by default and, in fact, are not allowed to be plain when in that position.<br />
<br />
==== Diphthongs and syllable-final n ====<br />
As discussed earlier, Zjugo only permits one consonant to appear phonemically in syllable codas and that is /n/. This is spelled with a special character. If syllable contains no such coda and no palatalized consonant, but it does include a diphthong, a reverse-S-like character is used to indicate that, meanwhile if a syllable contains the coda and also a diphthong, it is spelled with another special character, being a variant of the final n character, and lastly if the final n is included in a syllable with a palatalized consonant, a variant of the appropriate palatalization character is used and, naturally, the diphthong diacritic is also included on top of that if there is a diphthong in the syllable. This way any single syllable can be spelled with at most two characters, keeping the script fairly concise.<br />
<br />
==== Numbers ====<br />
Zjugo usually uses a base-6 system to count and there are 6 digits native to Zjugohai, used to spell these base-6 numbers. For base-10 numbers, the Arabic numerals get used and written vertically, just like the Zjugohai numerals.<br />
<br />
== Root system ==<br />
Zjugo features a system of monosyllabic roots or morphemes. Due to its strict phonotactics, there are only 456 possible syllables, 346 of which are used within the language<ref>As of writing this; out of lore, I'm still working on the language and it's very possible this number will change and might outdated</ref>. Each morpheme is one syllable and on top of that any single syllable can represent only one morpheme. Some of these roots are reserved for grammatical purposes (eg. case endings, verb endings, certain grammatical affixes, the morphemes used to construct demonstratives), while others allow much wider usage, the latter case being referred to as "content roots", since they can usually function as most parts of speech.<br />
<br />
== Syntax ==<br />
Zjugo follows an SVO word order with prepositions, adverbs appearing before verbs, used to convey some modal information and adjectives preceding nouns. <br />
<br />
Zjugo's context clause, if used, should be the very first thing in the sentence, followed by the verb, then followed by the verb's arguments. These arguments can have various cases which usually follow the order LOC NOM DAT ACC. In particular, the nominative argument nearly always appears before the accusative argument, with variations being very rare and usually reserved for artistic purposes. The locative argument usually appears first and the dative argument usually appears right before the accusative argument or at the end if there isn't one, but those two exhibit much more variation in placement. Finally, prepositional phrases are always placed at the end of the sentence. <br />
{|<br />
|Fenhuhja<br />
|lu<br />
|vjonzjo<br />
|vjusjuni<br />
|gahi<br />
|kinso<br />
|djoine<br />
|pi'en<br />
|jowo.<br />
|-<br />
|last-day<br />
|CONTEXT<br />
|give-IND<br />
|work-building-LOC<br />
|somebody<br />
|1-GEN<br />
|parent-DAT<br />
|weird-ADJ<br />
|thing-ACC<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="9" |"Yesterday, at work, somebody gave my mother a strange object."<br />
|}<br />
In a sentence with just a copula, both the subject and its complement follow the copula, with the subject appearing first. There are two copulas, one of them negative (equivalent to "isn't"). <br />
{|<br />
|da<br />
|kin<br />
|di<br />
|lu<br />
|dja<br />
|kin<br />
|ve<br />
|-<br />
|be<br />
|1<br />
|kind<br />
|CONTEXT<br />
|be.NEG<br />
|1<br />
|rude<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="7" |"I'm good, so I'm not bad."<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Verbs ==<br />
Verbs in Zjugo inflect only for mood, with four suffixes: -zjo for the indicative mood, this is the default and most common suffix, -ke for imperative, to indicate the verb as a command, -tja for subjunctive to indicate the verb as merely possible and lastly -'in, which is used in the conditional construction discussed later. Verbs may be negated by simply prefixing no- to them, which is the grammatical root used to indicate negation and can be prefixed on any word, but is by far most common on verbs. Finally, verbs, as any word, can also take extra, redundant, affirmation with the ti- prefix.<br />
<br />
=== Copulas ===<br />
As discussed above there are two special verbs, the two copulas: one indicative and one negative indicative. These do not take the aforementioned inflection and, in fact, rarely ever have any affixes applied to them at all. They can however be preceded by an adverb, which does carry some modal information.<br />
{|<br />
|Wa<br />
|da<br />
|kin<br />
|zjoinjin.<br />
|-<br />
|want<br />
|be<br />
|1<br />
|feminine-gender<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="4" |"I want to be a girl."<br />
|}<br />
When the inflection carried by most verbs ''is'' desired, a semantically similar word "tun" is used.<br />
<br />
=== Questions ===<br />
Any sentence may be turned into a question by suffixing -kai onto the verb. This suffix follows the mood suffixes, if they exist.<br />
{|<br />
|Tuntjakai<br />
|kjole<br />
|kje?<br />
|-<br />
|exist-SJV-Q<br />
|this<br />
|possible<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="3" |"Might this be possible?"<br />
|}<br />
Additionally, any part of the sentence, except the verb, including content word affixes, can be replaced with the question particle "hun". The -kai suffix is still used if this is done.<br />
{|<br />
|Sjunzjokai<br />
|hunhi<br />
|hjole?<br />
|-<br />
|do-IND-Q<br />
|Q-person<br />
|that<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="3" |Who did that?<br />
|}<br />
{|<br />
|Da<br />
|kjole<br />
|hun?<br />
|-<br />
|be<br />
|this<br />
|Q<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="3" |"What's this?"<br />
|}<br />
{|<br />
|Hunkjain<br />
|lu<br />
|sjunzjokai<br />
|pin<br />
|hunwo?<br />
|-<br />
|Q-time<br />
|CONTEXT<br />
|do-IND-Q<br />
|3<br />
|Q-ACC<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="5" |When did they do what?<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Nouns ==<br />
Nouns only exhibit mandatory case marking, however any amount of additional information may be included by affixing any number of morphemes.<br />
<br />
=== Case ===<br />
There are five cases nouns can take in Zjugo. Those are:<br />
<br />
* The nominative, which is unmarked. Used on subjects of sentences as well as subjects' complements in copular sentences.<br />
* The accusative, marked with -wo. Used on the direct objects of sentences.<br />
* The dative, marked with -ne. Used to mark indirect objects, in particular, recipients.<br />
* The genitive, marked with -so. Used for possessors of objects. The possessor is placed before the possessed.<br />
* The vocative, marking with -o. Used to call for people, vocative nouns are only ever exclaimed on their own and never included as part of sentences otherwise.<br />
<br />
=== Number ===<br />
Number is not required to be marked on nouns, however there are a few optional markers that may be used.<br />
<br />
* Singular, that is one, with ji-<br />
* Dual, that is two, with nu-<br />
* Paucal, that is a few, with vja-<br />
* Plural, that is many, with ma-<br />
* Null, that is none, with ka-<br />
* Total, that is all, with kju-<br />
<br />
=== Adjectives ===<br />
Adjectives function extremely similarly to nouns. In fact, any noun can be used as an adjective, by simply being placed before another noun with no case marking. Sometimes the -en suffix may be added to clarify the function of a word being used like that as adjectival. Similarly, there's also a -ken suffix, which functions the same way, except that it also negates the adjective.<br />
<br />
=== Relative clauses ===<br />
A relative clause can follow any noun phrase. It's constructed by placing a verb, directly following the noun, then the relative particle ki and any additional arguments for the verb between it and the particle.<br />
{|<br />
|bjozjo<br />
|man<br />
|bozjo<br />
|hjoni<br />
|ki<br />
|-<br />
|arrive-IND<br />
|4<ref>indefinite pronoun</ref><br />
|go-IND<br />
|far-LOC<br />
|REL<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="5" |Those who go far, arrive.<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Concatenative derivation ==<br />
Any content word can be formed by concatenating multiple monosyllabic content roots together. When this is done, the root at the end is treated as the main root with the previous morphemes modifying it. Words derived from more than two roots in this way introduce some ambiguity in interpretation. For example ninhire (lit. big person tool) could be interpreted as "big (person tool)", where both "big" and "person" modify "tool", that is it's a big tool for people, or it could be interpreted as "(big person) tool" where "big" modifies "person" and then their pair modifies "tool", so it's a tool intended for big people. This ambiguity is not grammatically resolved.<br />
<br />
Many derived words are lexicalized and have a single canon interpretation. These can be found in Zjuan dictionaries.<br />
<br />
== Demonstratives ==<br />
Demonstratives are derived with a set of prefixes and suffixes. The prefixes indicate state of being (or interrogate it) and the suffixes indicate the type of object being referred to.<br />
<br />
The most commonly used prefixes are<br />
<br />
* kjo - proximal (roughly near speaker, for spacial distinctions)<br />
* vo - medial (roughly near listener, for spacial distinctions)<br />
* hjo - distal (elsewhere)<br />
* pjo - nonexistent, none (used in equivalents to eg. nowhere, never)<br />
* ga - existent, some (used in equivalents to eg. somewhere, sometime)<br />
* hun - interrogative<br />
<br />
The most commonly used suffixes are<br />
<br />
* ko - place (eg. here, there)<br />
* nje - grammatical adjectives (this [thing], that [thing])<br />
* le - grammatical nouns (this, that)<br />
* kjain - time (eg. now, then)<br />
<br />
Other roots are sometimes used as prefixes and occasionally suffixes, but the above are the most common.<br />
<br />
== Context and conditionals ==<br />
The context clause is placed at the very beginning of a sentence and indicated with the "lu" particle, which follows it. For the most part it works similarly to [[Toki Pona]]'s context clause, indicated with the similar sounding "la". It is used to indicate something as the context to the main sentence (it can mean something like "in the context of X, Y", where X is what's in the context clause and Y is the main sentence) and that can be any noun phrase or even verb sentence.<br />
<br />
In Zjugo, the context clause does also play and important role in forming conditionals. The condition is placed in the context clause as a sentence and the result is placed in the main sentence with its verb in the conditional mood, indicated with -tja.<br />
<br />
== Conjunction ==<br />
There are a few conjunctions in Zjugo. These can conjoin any words of the same part of speech, whether that be verbs, noun phrases or even things like adverbs or prepositions.<br />
<br />
They are as follows<br />
<br />
* i - and<br />
* gi - or<br />
* run - and not ([this] run [that] = this and not that)<br />
* mon - also (similar to "i", particularly common at the start of sentences or conjoining verb subjects)<br />
* noi - not also<br />
<br />
They can also appear at the very start of sentences, before the context clause, where they carry related meanings<br />
<br />
* i - furthermore<br />
* gi - or, or maybe<br />
* run - however<br />
* mon - also, furthermore<br />
* noi - however<br />
<br />
And lastly "mon" can also appear on its own as an adverb or adjective.<br />
<br />
== Comparison ==<br />
Comparison is done by prefixing mai- or tei- onto an adjective (meaning "more" and "less" respectively), then following the adjective with a prepositional phrase using bei. Any noun modified by the adjective is placed before bei.<br />
{|<br />
|Da<br />
|kjole<br />
|maigoi<br />
|bei<br />
|fain'en<br />
|wenzeinfi!<br />
|-<br />
|be<br />
|this<br />
|more-good<br />
|to<br />
|infinite-ADJ<br />
|bee<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="6" |This is better than infinite bees!<br />
|}<br />
{|<br />
|Da<br />
|kjole<br />
|teigoi<br />
|fain'en<br />
|wenzeinfi<br />
|bei<br />
|vole.<br />
|-<br />
|be<br />
|this<br />
|less-good<br />
|infinite-ADJ<br />
|bee<br />
|to<br />
|that<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="7" |These are worse infinite bees than that.<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
<references /></div>Maselahttps://mc.nguh.org/w/index.php?title=Zjugo&diff=39252Zjugo2026-04-30T12:15:00Z<p>Masela: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox language|name=Zjugo|pronunciation=[ˈʑɯ.gɤ̞]|family=Paleo-Hlabiglan|early-forms=Zjiogeo|era=today|scripts=[[Latin alphabet]], [[Zjugo#Zjugohai|Zjugohai]]|country=[[Hiso Zju'a]]|lang-code=ZG|endonym=Zjugo (in Zjugo)<br>Zjuan (in English)}}<br />
<br />
'''Zjuan''' /ˈʒuw.ən/ (ZG Zjugo /ˈʑɯ.gɤ̞/) is a Paleo-Hlambiglan language spoken in [[Hiso Zju'a]]. It is one of the three languages spoken there, each belonging primarily to one of the three most represented ethnicities residing there. Zjugo belongs to the [unnamed] group, native to Zju'an land and is the only language in Zju'a, which doesn't have a major speaking population anywhere else.<br />
<br />
== Phonology ==<br />
<br />
=== Consonants ===<br />
Zjuan consonants feature a full voicing distinction in all plosives and fricatives except for the velar fricatives. They also include a palatalization distinction for all plosives and fricatives and alveolar/palatal nasal consonants. Especially in recent times, labial and velar palatalized consonants are often articulated as consonant clusters with the palatal approximant.<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |<br />
! colspan="2" |labial<br />
! rowspan="2" |alveolar<br />
! rowspan="2" |palatal<br />
! colspan="2" |velar<br />
! rowspan="2" |glottal<br />
|-<br />
!plain<br />
!palatalized<br />
!plain<br />
!palatalized<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" |nasal<br />
| colspan="2" |m<br />
|n<br />
|ɲ<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" |plosive<br />
!unvoiced<br />
|p<br />
|pʲ<br />
|t<br />
|t͡ɕ<br />
|k<br />
|kʲ<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!voiced<br />
|b<br />
|bʲ<br />
|d<br />
|d͡ʑ<br />
|g<br />
|gʲ<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" |fricative<br />
!unvoiced<br />
|f<br />
|fʲ<br />
|s<br />
|ɕ<br />
|x<br />
|xʲ<br />
|(h)<br />
|-<br />
!voiced<br />
|v<br />
|vʲ<br />
|z<br />
|ʑ<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" |trill/approximant<br />
| colspan="2" |w<br />
|r~ɾ<br />
|j<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" |lateral<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|l<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Vowels ===<br />
Zjugo features a simple five vowel system. Main things to note is the lack of an open central vowel, as it is being replaced instead with the near-open front unrounded vowel, and the lack of rounding.<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
!<br />
!front<br />
!back<br />
|-<br />
!close<br />
|i<br />
|ɯ<br />
|-<br />
!mid<br />
|e̞<br />
|ɤ̞<br />
|-<br />
!open<br />
|æ<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Diphthongs ===<br />
Any Zjuan vowel except /i/ and /ɯ/ may appear as the first vowel in a diphthong followed by /i/ (frequently articulated as [ɪ] when appearing like this).<br />
<br />
=== Phonotactics ===<br />
Any Zjugo syllable is made up of at least a vowel or diphthong, which may be preceded by any consonant and/or followed by /n/. Note that a syllable ending with /n/ can be followed by a syllable starting with a vowel. This is phonemically distinct from a syllable ending with a vowel followed by a syllable starting with /n/, that is, for instance, /ˈme̞n.æi/ is distinct from /ˈme̞.næi/. Obstruents and /n/ get palatalized by default when followed by /i/, plain variants are not allowed in that position.<br />
<br />
=== Phonetic variations ===<br />
Due to [[Zjugo#Root system|the root system]], which behaves as if they didn't apply, the following aspects of Zjugo's pronunciation are not widely considered phonemic.<br />
<br />
The sequences ⟨wi⟩, ⟨wu⟩ and ⟨ji⟩ are never pronounced the way they're written. Specifically, ⟨wi⟩ is pronounced [i] word-initially and [hi] otherwise (this is the only phonetic occurrence of [h] in the language and is the reason for its inclusion in the consonant chart). ⟨wu⟩ is pronounced [ɯ] word-initially and [fɯ] otherwise and lastly ⟨ji⟩ is pronounced [i] word-initially and [d͡ʑi] otherwise.<br />
<br />
== Spelling ==<br />
<br />
=== [[Latin alphabet]] ===<br />
Here are the letters and digraphs used to spell Zjugo, when using the [[Latin script]]. Whenever a sequence of letters is ambiguous, an apostrophe must be used to clarify syllable boundaries. For example /ˈme̞.næi/ is spelled ''menai'', meanwhile /ˈme̞n.æi/ is spelled ''men'ai''. This is also done to clarify whether something is or isn't a palatalization digraph, for instance /ˈfʲæn.jæn/ is spelled ''fjan'jan'', however ''fjanjan'' would be pronounced /ˈfʲæ.ɲæn/, except for that it isn't a real word. Consonant letters followed by i, not separated by an apostrophe are automatically considered palatalized.<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
!Letter<br />
!Pronunciation<br />
!digraph<br />
!pronunciation<br />
|-<br />
|A<br />
|/æ/<br />
|Ai<br />
|/æi/<br />
|-<br />
|B<br />
|/b/<br />
|Bj<br />
|/bʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|D<br />
|/d/<br />
|Dj<br />
|/d͡ʑ/<br />
|-<br />
|E<br />
|/e̞/<br />
|Ei<br />
|/e̞i/<br />
|-<br />
|F<br />
|/f/<br />
|Fj<br />
|/fʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|G<br />
|/g/<br />
|Gj<br />
|/gʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|H<br />
|/x/<br />
|Hj<br />
|/xʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|I<br />
|/i/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|J<br />
|/j/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|K<br />
|/k/<br />
|Kj<br />
|/kʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|L<br />
|/l/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|M<br />
|/m/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|N<br />
|/n/<br />
|Nj<br />
|/ɲ/<br />
|-<br />
|O<br />
|/ɤ̞/<br />
|Oi<br />
|/ɤ̞i/<br />
|-<br />
|P<br />
|/p/<br />
|Pj<br />
|/pʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|R<br />
|/r~ɾ/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|S<br />
|/s/<br />
|Sj<br />
|/ɕ/<br />
|-<br />
|T<br />
|/t/<br />
|Tj<br />
|/t͡ɕ/<br />
|-<br />
|U<br />
|/ɯ/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|V<br />
|/v/<br />
|Vj<br />
|/vʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|W<br />
|/w/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Z<br />
|/z/<br />
|Zj<br />
|/ʑ/<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Zjugohai ===<br />
Zjugohai /ˈʑɯ.gɤ̞.xai/ is the original way used to spell Zjugo, although it has since begun to fall out of use in favor of the [[Latin script]]<ref>You're never finding it anywhere on nguhcraft itself because ain't no way I'm turning a vertical syllabary into a minecraft font dawg</ref>. It is a syllabary featuring characters for every combination of a plain voiceless consonant followed by a vowel (including the lack of a consonant). It's written top to bottom with its columns advancing right to left. Voicing and palatalization are spelled using other strategies, discussed later.<br />
<br />
==== Voicing ====<br />
Voiced obstruents are spelled by placing a diacritic to the left of the right syllable character. Voiced palatalized consonants still have this diacritic on the first character.<br />
<br />
==== Palatalization ====<br />
Consonant vowel pairs with a palatalized consonant are spelled as a digraph, including a character of the voiceless unpalatalized equivalent consonant with the i vowel. That is then followed by one of the four special palatalization characters; one exists for each vowel except i itself. Diphthongs following palatalized consonants are spelled by placing a diacritic, identical in appearance to the one used for voicing, onto the palatalization character. There are no palatalization characters for the i vowel as obstruents (and n) followed by i are palatalized by default and, in fact, are not allowed to be plain when in that position.<br />
<br />
==== Diphthongs and syllable-final n ====<br />
As discussed earlier, Zjugo only permits one consonant to appear phonemically in syllable codas and that is /n/. This is spelled with a special character. If syllable contains no such coda and no palatalized consonant, but it does include a diphthong, a reverse-S-like character is used to indicate that, meanwhile if a syllable contains the coda and also a diphthong, it is spelled with another special character, being a variant of the final n character, and lastly if the final n is included in a syllable with a palatalized consonant, a variant of the appropriate palatalization character is used and, naturally, the diphthong diacritic is also included on top of that if there is a diphthong in the syllable. This way any single syllable can be spelled with at most two characters, keeping the script fairly concise.<br />
<br />
==== Numbers ====<br />
Zjugo usually uses a base-6 system to count and there are 6 digits native to Zjugohai, used to spell these base-6 numbers. For base-10 numbers, the Arabic numerals get used and written vertically, just like the Zjugohai numerals.<br />
<br />
== Root system ==<br />
Zjugo features a system of monosyllabic roots or morphemes. Due to its strict phonotactics, there are only 456 possible syllables, 346 of which are used within the language<ref>As of writing this; out of lore, I'm still working on the language and it's very possible this number will change and might outdated</ref>. Each morpheme is one syllable and on top of that any single syllable can represent only one morpheme. Some of these roots are reserved for grammatical purposes (eg. case endings, verb endings, certain grammatical affixes, the morphemes used to construct demonstratives), while others allow much wider usage, the latter case being referred to as "content roots", since they can usually function as most parts of speech.<br />
<br />
== Syntax ==<br />
Zjugo follows an SVO word order with prepositions, adverbs appearing before verbs, used to convey some modal information and adjectives preceding nouns. <br />
<br />
Zjugo's context clause, if used, should be the very first thing in the sentence, followed by the verb, then followed by the verb's arguments. These arguments can have various cases which usually follow the order LOC NOM DAT ACC. In particular, the nominative argument nearly always appears before the accusative argument, with variations being very rare and usually reserved for artistic purposes. The locative argument usually appears first and the dative argument usually appears right before the accusative argument or at the end if there isn't one, but those two exhibit much more variation in placement. Finally, prepositional phrases are always placed at the end of the sentence. <br />
{|<br />
|Fenhuhja<br />
|lu<br />
|vjonzjo<br />
|vjusjuni<br />
|gahi<br />
|kinso<br />
|djoine<br />
|pi'en<br />
|jowo.<br />
|-<br />
|last-day<br />
|CONTEXT<br />
|give-IND<br />
|work-building-LOC<br />
|somebody<br />
|1-GEN<br />
|parent-DAT<br />
|weird-ADJ<br />
|thing-ACC<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="9" |"Yesterday, at work, somebody gave my mother a strange object."<br />
|}<br />
In a sentence with just a copula, both the subject and its complement follow the copula, with the subject appearing first. There are two copulas, one of them negative (equivalent to "isn't"). <br />
{|<br />
|da<br />
|kin<br />
|di<br />
|lu<br />
|dja<br />
|kin<br />
|ve<br />
|-<br />
|be<br />
|1<br />
|kind<br />
|CONTEXT<br />
|be.NEG<br />
|1<br />
|rude<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="7" |"I'm good, so I'm not bad."<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Verbs ==<br />
Verbs in Zjugo inflect only for mood, with four suffixes: -zjo for the indicative mood, this is the default and most common suffix, -ke for imperative, to indicate the verb as a command, -tja for subjunctive to indicate the verb as merely possible and lastly -'in, which is used in the conditional construction discussed later. Verbs may be negated by simply prefixing no- to them, which is the grammatical root used to indicate negation and can be prefixed on any word, but is by far most common on verbs. Finally, verbs, as any word, can also take extra, redundant, affirmation with the ti- prefix.<br />
<br />
=== Copulas ===<br />
As discussed above there are two special verbs, the two copulas: one indicative and one negative indicative. These do not take the aforementioned inflection and, in fact, rarely ever have any affixes applied to them at all. They can however be preceded by an adverb, which does carry some modal information.<br />
{|<br />
|Wa<br />
|da<br />
|kin<br />
|zjoinjin.<br />
|-<br />
|want<br />
|be<br />
|1<br />
|feminine-gender<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="4" |"I want to be a girl."<br />
|}<br />
When the inflection carried by most verbs ''is'' desired, a semantically similar word "tun" is used.<br />
<br />
=== Questions ===<br />
Any sentence may be turned into a question by suffixing -kai onto the verb. This suffix follows the mood suffixes, if they exist.<br />
{|<br />
|Tuntjakai<br />
|kjole<br />
|kje?<br />
|-<br />
|exist-SJV-Q<br />
|this<br />
|possible<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="3" |"Might this be possible?"<br />
|}<br />
Additionally, any part of the sentence, except the verb, including content word affixes, can be replaced with the question particle "hun". The -kai suffix is still used if this is done.<br />
{|<br />
|Sjunzjokai<br />
|hunhi<br />
|hjole?<br />
|-<br />
|do-IND-Q<br />
|Q-person<br />
|that<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="3" |Who did that?<br />
|}<br />
{|<br />
|Da<br />
|kjole<br />
|hun?<br />
|-<br />
|be<br />
|this<br />
|Q<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="3" |"What's this?"<br />
|}<br />
{|<br />
|Hunkjain<br />
|lu<br />
|sjunzjokai<br />
|pin<br />
|hunwo?<br />
|-<br />
|Q-time<br />
|CONTEXT<br />
|do-IND-Q<br />
|3<br />
|Q-ACC<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="5" |When did they do what?<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Nouns ==<br />
Nouns only exhibit mandatory case marking, however any amount of additional information may be included by affixing any number of morphemes.<br />
<br />
=== Case ===<br />
There are five cases nouns can take in Zjugo. Those are:<br />
<br />
* The nominative, which is unmarked. Used on subjects of sentences as well as subjects' complements in copular sentences.<br />
* The accusative, marked with -wo. Used on the direct objects of sentences.<br />
* The dative, marked with -ne. Used to mark indirect objects, in particular, recipients.<br />
* The genitive, marked with -so. Used for possessors of objects. The possessor is placed before the possessed.<br />
* The vocative, marking with -o. Used to call for people, vocative nouns are only ever exclaimed on their own and never included as part of sentences otherwise.<br />
<br />
=== Number ===<br />
Number is not required to be marked on nouns, however there are a few optional markers that may be used.<br />
<br />
* Singular, that is one, with ji-<br />
* Dual, that is two, with nu-<br />
* Paucal, that is a few, with vja-<br />
* Plural, that is many, with ma-<br />
* Null, that is none, with ka-<br />
* Total, that is all, with kju-<br />
<br />
=== Adjectives ===<br />
Adjectives function extremely similarly to nouns. In fact, any noun can be used as an adjective, by simply being placed before another noun with no case marking. Sometimes the -en suffix may be added to clarify the function of a word being used like that as adjectival. Similarly, there's also a -ken suffix, which functions the same way, except that it also negates the adjective.<br />
<br />
=== Relative clauses ===<br />
A relative clause can follow any noun phrase. It's constructed by placing a verb, directly following the noun, then the relative particle ki and any additional arguments for the verb between it and the particle.<br />
{|<br />
|bjozjo<br />
|man<br />
|bozjo<br />
|hjoni<br />
|ki<br />
|-<br />
|arrive-IND<br />
|4<ref>indefinite pronoun</ref><br />
|go-IND<br />
|far-LOC<br />
|REL<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="5" |Those who go far, arrive.<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Concatenative derivation ==<br />
Any content word can be formed by concatenating multiple monosyllabic content roots together. When this is done, the root at the end is treated as the main root with the previous morphemes modifying it. Words derived from more than two roots in this way introduce some ambiguity in interpretation. For example ninhire (lit. big person tool) could be interpreted as "big (person tool)", where both "big" and "person" modify "tool", that is it's a big tool for people, or it could be interpreted as "(big person) tool" where "big" modifies "person" and then their pair modifies "tool", so it's a tool intended for big people. This ambiguity is not grammatically resolved.<br />
<br />
Many derived words are lexicalized and have a single canon interpretation. These can be found in Zjuan dictionaries.<br />
<br />
== Demonstratives ==<br />
Demonstratives are derived with a set of prefixes and suffixes. The prefixes indicate state of being (or interrogate it) and the suffixes indicate the type of object being referred to.<br />
<br />
The most commonly used prefixes are<br />
<br />
* kjo - proximal (roughly near speaker, for spacial distinctions)<br />
* vo - medial (roughly near listener, for spacial distinctions)<br />
* hjo - distal (elsewhere)<br />
* pjo - nonexistent, none (used in equivalents to eg. nowhere, never)<br />
* ga - existent, some (used in equivalents to eg. somewhere, sometime)<br />
* hun - interrogative<br />
<br />
The most commonly used suffixes are<br />
<br />
* ko - place (eg. here, there)<br />
* nje - grammatical adjectives (this [thing], that [thing])<br />
* le - grammatical nouns (this, that)<br />
* kjain - time (eg. now, then)<br />
<br />
Other roots are sometimes used as prefixes and occasionally suffixes, but the above are the most common.<br />
<br />
== Context and conditionals ==<br />
The context clause is placed at the very beginning of a sentence and indicated with the "lu" particle, which follows it. For the most part it works similarly to [[Toki Pona]]'s context clause, indicated with the similar sounding "la". It is used to indicate something as the context to the main sentence (it can mean something like "in the context of X, Y", where X is what's in the context clause and Y is the main sentence) and that can be any noun phrase or even verb sentence.<br />
<br />
In Zjugo, the context clause does also play and important role in forming conditionals. The condition is placed in the context clause as a sentence and the result is placed in the main sentence with its verb in the conditional mood, indicated with -tja.<br />
<br />
== Conjunction ==<br />
There are a few conjunctions in Zjugo. These can conjoin any words of the same part of speech, whether that be verbs, noun phrases or even things like adverbs or prepositions.<br />
<br />
They are as follows<br />
<br />
* i - and<br />
* gi - or<br />
* run - and not ([this] run [that] = this and not that)<br />
* mon - also (similar to "i", particularly common at the start of sentences or conjoining verb subjects)<br />
* noi - not also<br />
<br />
They can also appear at the very start of sentences, before the context clause, where they carry related meanings<br />
<br />
* i - furthermore<br />
* gi - or, or maybe<br />
* run - however<br />
* mon - also, furthermore<br />
* noi - however<br />
<br />
And lastly "mon" can also appear on its own as an adverb or adjective.<br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
<references /></div>Maselahttps://mc.nguh.org/w/index.php?title=Zjugo&diff=39250Zjugo2026-04-30T12:06:58Z<p>Masela: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox language|name=Zjugo|pronunciation=[ˈʑɯ.gɤ̞]|family=Paleo-Hlabiglan|early-forms=Zjiogeo|era=today|scripts=[[Latin alphabet]], [[Zjugo#Zjugohai|Zjugohai]]|country=[[Hiso Zju'a]]|lang-code=ZG|endonym=Zjugo (in Zjugo)<br>Zjuan (in English)}}<br />
<br />
'''Zjuan''' /ˈʒuw.ən/ (ZG Zjugo /ˈʑɯ.gɤ̞/) is a Paleo-Hlambiglan language spoken in [[Hiso Zju'a]]. It is one of the three languages spoken there, each belonging primarily to one of the three most represented ethnicities residing there. Zjugo belongs to the [unnamed] group, native to Zju'an land and is the only language in Zju'a, which doesn't have a major speaking population anywhere else.<br />
<br />
== Phonology ==<br />
<br />
=== Consonants ===<br />
Zjuan consonants feature a full voicing distinction in all plosives and fricatives except for the velar fricatives. They also include a palatalization distinction for all plosives and fricatives and alveolar/palatal nasal consonants. Especially in recent times, labial and velar palatalized consonants are often articulated as consonant clusters with the palatal approximant.<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |<br />
! colspan="2" |labial<br />
! rowspan="2" |alveolar<br />
! rowspan="2" |palatal<br />
! colspan="2" |velar<br />
! rowspan="2" |glottal<br />
|-<br />
!plain<br />
!palatalized<br />
!plain<br />
!palatalized<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" |nasal<br />
| colspan="2" |m<br />
|n<br />
|ɲ<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" |plosive<br />
!unvoiced<br />
|p<br />
|pʲ<br />
|t<br />
|t͡ɕ<br />
|k<br />
|kʲ<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!voiced<br />
|b<br />
|bʲ<br />
|d<br />
|d͡ʑ<br />
|g<br />
|gʲ<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" |fricative<br />
!unvoiced<br />
|f<br />
|fʲ<br />
|s<br />
|ɕ<br />
|x<br />
|xʲ<br />
|(h)<br />
|-<br />
!voiced<br />
|v<br />
|vʲ<br />
|z<br />
|ʑ<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" |trill/approximant<br />
| colspan="2" |w<br />
|r~ɾ<br />
|j<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" |lateral<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|l<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Vowels ===<br />
Zjugo features a simple five vowel system. Main things to note is the lack of an open central vowel, as it is being replaced instead with the near-open front unrounded vowel, and the lack of rounding.<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
!<br />
!front<br />
!back<br />
|-<br />
!close<br />
|i<br />
|ɯ<br />
|-<br />
!mid<br />
|e̞<br />
|ɤ̞<br />
|-<br />
!open<br />
|æ<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Diphthongs ===<br />
Any Zjuan vowel except /i/ and /ɯ/ may appear as the first vowel in a diphthong followed by /i/ (frequently articulated as [ɪ] when appearing like this).<br />
<br />
=== Phonotactics ===<br />
Any Zjugo syllable is made up of at least a vowel or diphthong, which may be preceded by any consonant and/or followed by /n/. Note that a syllable ending with /n/ can be followed by a syllable starting with a vowel. This is phonemically distinct from a syllable ending with a vowel followed by a syllable starting with /n/, that is, for instance, /ˈme̞n.æi/ is distinct from /ˈme̞.næi/. Obstruents and /n/ get palatalized by default when followed by /i/, plain variants are not allowed in that position.<br />
<br />
=== Phonetic variations ===<br />
Due to [[Zjugo#Root system|the root system]], which behaves as if they didn't apply, the following aspects of Zjugo's pronunciation are not widely considered phonemic.<br />
<br />
The sequences ⟨wi⟩, ⟨wu⟩ and ⟨ji⟩ are never pronounced the way they're written. Specifically, ⟨wi⟩ is pronounced [i] word-initially and [hi] otherwise (this is the only phonetic occurrence of [h] in the language and is the reason for its inclusion in the consonant chart). ⟨wu⟩ is pronounced [ɯ] word-initially and [fɯ] otherwise and lastly ⟨ji⟩ is pronounced [i] word-initially and [d͡ʑi] otherwise.<br />
<br />
== Spelling ==<br />
<br />
=== [[Latin alphabet]] ===<br />
Here are the letters and digraphs used to spell Zjugo, when using the [[Latin script]]. Whenever a sequence of letters is ambiguous, an apostrophe must be used to clarify syllable boundaries. For example /ˈme̞.næi/ is spelled ''menai'', meanwhile /ˈme̞n.æi/ is spelled ''men'ai''. This is also done to clarify whether something is or isn't a palatalization digraph, for instance /ˈfʲæn.jæn/ is spelled ''fjan'jan'', however ''fjanjan'' would be pronounced /ˈfʲæ.ɲæn/, except for that it isn't a real word. Consonant letters followed by i, not separated by an apostrophe are automatically considered palatalized.<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
!Letter<br />
!Pronunciation<br />
!digraph<br />
!pronunciation<br />
|-<br />
|A<br />
|/æ/<br />
|Ai<br />
|/æi/<br />
|-<br />
|B<br />
|/b/<br />
|Bj<br />
|/bʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|D<br />
|/d/<br />
|Dj<br />
|/d͡ʑ/<br />
|-<br />
|E<br />
|/e̞/<br />
|Ei<br />
|/e̞i/<br />
|-<br />
|F<br />
|/f/<br />
|Fj<br />
|/fʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|G<br />
|/g/<br />
|Gj<br />
|/gʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|H<br />
|/x/<br />
|Hj<br />
|/xʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|I<br />
|/i/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|J<br />
|/j/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|K<br />
|/k/<br />
|Kj<br />
|/kʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|L<br />
|/l/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|M<br />
|/m/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|N<br />
|/n/<br />
|Nj<br />
|/ɲ/<br />
|-<br />
|O<br />
|/ɤ̞/<br />
|Oi<br />
|/ɤ̞i/<br />
|-<br />
|P<br />
|/p/<br />
|Pj<br />
|/pʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|R<br />
|/r~ɾ/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|S<br />
|/s/<br />
|Sj<br />
|/ɕ/<br />
|-<br />
|T<br />
|/t/<br />
|Tj<br />
|/t͡ɕ/<br />
|-<br />
|U<br />
|/ɯ/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|V<br />
|/v/<br />
|Vj<br />
|/vʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|W<br />
|/w/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Z<br />
|/z/<br />
|Zj<br />
|/ʑ/<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Zjugohai ===<br />
Zjugohai /ˈʑɯ.gɤ̞.xai/ is the original way used to spell Zjugo, although it has since begun to fall out of use in favor of the [[Latin script]]. It is a syllabary featuring characters for every combination of a plain voiceless consonant followed by a vowel (including the lack of a consonant). It's written top to bottom with its columns advancing right to left. Voicing and palatalization are spelled using other strategies, discussed later.<br />
<br />
==== Voicing ====<br />
Voiced obstruents are spelled by placing a diacritic to the left of the right syllable character. Voiced palatalized consonants still have this diacritic on the first character.<br />
<br />
==== Palatalization ====<br />
Consonant vowel pairs with a palatalized consonant are spelled as a digraph, including a character of the voiceless unpalatalized equivalent consonant with the i vowel. That is then followed by one of the four special palatalization characters; one exists for each vowel except i itself. Diphthongs following palatalized consonants are spelled by placing a diacritic, identical in appearance to the one used for voicing, onto the palatalization character. There are no palatalization characters for the i vowel as obstruents (and n) followed by i are palatalized by default and, in fact, are not allowed to be plain when in that position.<br />
<br />
==== Diphthongs and syllable-final n ====<br />
As discussed earlier, Zjugo only permits one consonant to appear phonemically in syllable codas and that is /n/. This is spelled with a special character. If syllable contains no such coda and no palatalized consonant, but it does include a diphthong, a reverse-S-like character is used to indicate that, meanwhile if a syllable contains the coda and also a diphthong, it is spelled with another special character, being a variant of the final n character, and lastly if the final n is included in a syllable with a palatalized consonant, a variant of the appropriate palatalization character is used and, naturally, the diphthong diacritic is also included on top of that if there is a diphthong in the syllable. This way any single syllable can be spelled with at most two characters, keeping the script fairly concise.<br />
<br />
==== Numbers ====<br />
Zjugo usually uses a base-6 system to count and there are 6 digits native to Zjugohai, used to spell these base-6 numbers. For base-10 numbers, the Arabic numerals get used and written vertically, just like the Zjugohai numerals.<br />
<br />
== Root system ==<br />
Zjugo features a system of monosyllabic roots or morphemes. Due to its strict phonotactics, there are only 456 possible syllables, 346 of which are used within the language<ref>As of writing this; out of lore, I'm still working on the language and it's very possible this number will change and might outdated</ref>. Each morpheme is one syllable and on top of that any single syllable can represent only one morpheme. Some of these roots are reserved for grammatical purposes (eg. case endings, verb endings, certain grammatical affixes, the morphemes used to construct demonstratives), while others allow much wider usage, the latter case being referred to as "content roots", since they can usually function as most parts of speech.<br />
<br />
== Syntax ==<br />
Zjugo follows an SVO word order with prepositions, adverbs appearing before verbs, used to convey some modal information and adjectives preceding nouns. <br />
<br />
Zjugo's context clause, if used, should be the very first thing in the sentence, followed by the verb, then followed by the verb's arguments. These arguments can have various cases which usually follow the order LOC NOM DAT ACC. In particular, the nominative argument nearly always appears before the accusative argument, with variations being very rare and usually reserved for artistic purposes. The locative argument usually appears first and the dative argument usually appears right before the accusative argument or at the end if there isn't one, but those two exhibit much more variation in placement. Finally, prepositional phrases are always placed at the end of the sentence. <br />
{|<br />
|Fenhuhja<br />
|lu<br />
|vjonzjo<br />
|vjusjuni<br />
|gahi<br />
|kinso<br />
|djoine<br />
|pi'en<br />
|jowo.<br />
|-<br />
|last-day<br />
|CONTEXT<br />
|give-IND<br />
|work-building-LOC<br />
|somebody<br />
|1-GEN<br />
|parent-DAT<br />
|weird-ADJ<br />
|thing-ACC<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="9" |"Yesterday, at work, somebody gave my mother a strange object."<br />
|}<br />
In a sentence with just a copula, both the subject and its complement follow the copula, with the subject appearing first. There are two copulas, one of them negative (equivalent to "isn't"). <br />
{|<br />
|da<br />
|kin<br />
|di<br />
|lu<br />
|dja<br />
|kin<br />
|ve<br />
|-<br />
|be<br />
|1<br />
|kind<br />
|CONTEXT<br />
|be.NEG<br />
|1<br />
|rude<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="7" |"I'm good, so I'm not bad."<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Verbs ==<br />
Verbs in Zjugo inflect only for mood, with four suffixes: -zjo for the indicative mood, this is the default and most common suffix, -ke for imperative, to indicate the verb as a command, -tja for subjunctive to indicate the verb as merely possible and lastly -'in, which is used in the conditional construction discussed later. Verbs may be negated by simply prefixing no- to them, which is the grammatical root used to indicate negation and can be prefixed on any word, but is by far most common on verbs. Finally, verbs, as any word, can also take extra, redundant, affirmation with the ti- prefix.<br />
<br />
=== Copulas ===<br />
As discussed above there are two special verbs, the two copulas: one indicative and one negative indicative. These do not take the aforementioned inflection and, in fact, rarely ever have any affixes applied to them at all. They can however be preceded by an adverb, which does carry some modal information.<br />
{|<br />
|Wa<br />
|da<br />
|kin<br />
|zjoinjin.<br />
|-<br />
|want<br />
|be<br />
|1<br />
|feminine-gender<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="4" |"I want to be a girl."<br />
|}<br />
When the inflection carried by most verbs ''is'' desired, a semantically similar word "tun" is used.<br />
<br />
=== Questions ===<br />
Any sentence may be turned into a question by suffixing -kai onto the verb. This suffix follows the mood suffixes, if they exist.<br />
{|<br />
|Tuntjakai<br />
|kjole<br />
|kje?<br />
|-<br />
|exist-SJV-Q<br />
|this<br />
|possible<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="3" |"Might this be possible?"<br />
|}<br />
Additionally, any part of the sentence, except the verb, including content word affixes, can be replaced with the question particle "hun". The -kai suffix is still used if this is done.<br />
{|<br />
|Sjunzjokai<br />
|hunhi<br />
|hjole?<br />
|-<br />
|do-IND-Q<br />
|Q-person<br />
|that<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="3" |Who did that?<br />
|}<br />
{|<br />
|Da<br />
|kjole<br />
|hun?<br />
|-<br />
|be<br />
|this<br />
|Q<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="3" |"What's this?"<br />
|}<br />
{|<br />
|Hunkjain<br />
|lu<br />
|sjunzjokai<br />
|pin<br />
|hunwo?<br />
|-<br />
|Q-time<br />
|CONTEXT<br />
|do-IND-Q<br />
|3<br />
|Q-ACC<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="5" |When did they do what?<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Nouns ==<br />
Nouns only exhibit mandatory case marking, however any amount of additional information may be included by affixing any number of morphemes.<br />
<br />
=== Case ===<br />
There are five cases nouns can take in Zjugo. Those are:<br />
<br />
* The nominative, which is unmarked. Used on subjects of sentences as well as subjects' complements in copular sentences.<br />
* The accusative, marked with -wo. Used on the direct objects of sentences.<br />
* The dative, marked with -ne. Used to mark indirect objects, in particular, recipients.<br />
* The genitive, marked with -so. Used for possessors of objects. The possessor is placed before the possessed.<br />
* The vocative, marking with -o. Used to call for people, vocative nouns are only ever exclaimed on their own and never included as part of sentences otherwise.<br />
<br />
=== Number ===<br />
Number is not required to be marked on nouns, however there are a few optional markers that may be used.<br />
<br />
* Singular, that is one, with ji-<br />
* Dual, that is two, with nu-<br />
* Paucal, that is a few, with vja-<br />
* Plural, that is many, with ma-<br />
* Null, that is none, with ka-<br />
* Total, that is all, with kju-<br />
<br />
=== Adjectives ===<br />
Adjectives function extremely similarly to nouns. In fact, any noun can be used as an adjective, by simply being placed before another noun with no case marking. Sometimes the -en suffix may be added to clarify the function of a word being used like that as adjectival. Similarly, there's also a -ken suffix, which functions the same way, except that it also negates the adjective.<br />
<br />
=== Relative clauses ===<br />
A relative clause can follow any noun phrase. It's constructed by placing a verb, directly following the noun, then the relative particle ki and any additional arguments for the verb between it and the particle.<br />
{|<br />
|bjozjo<br />
|man<br />
|bozjo<br />
|hjoni<br />
|ki<br />
|-<br />
|arrive-IND<br />
|4<ref>indefinite pronoun</ref><br />
|go-IND<br />
|far-LOC<br />
|REL<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="5" |Those who go far, arrive.<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Concatenative derivation ==<br />
Any content word can be formed by concatenating multiple monosyllabic content roots together. When this is done, the root at the end is treated as the main root with the previous morphemes modifying it. Words derived from more than two roots in this way introduce some ambiguity in interpretation. For example ninhire (lit. big person tool) could be interpreted as "big (person tool)", where both "big" and "person" modify "tool", that is it's a big tool for people, or it could be interpreted as "(big person) tool" where "big" modifies "person" and then their pair modifies "tool", so it's a tool intended for big people. This ambiguity is not grammatically resolved.<br />
<br />
Many derived words are lexicalized and have a single canon interpretation. These can be found in Zjuan dictionaries.<br />
<br />
== Demonstratives ==<br />
Demonstratives are derived with a set of prefixes and suffixes. The prefixes indicate state of being (or interrogate it) and the suffixes indicate the type of object being referred to.<br />
<br />
The most commonly used prefixes are<br />
<br />
* kjo - proximal (roughly near speaker, for spacial distinctions)<br />
* vo - medial (roughly near listener, for spacial distinctions)<br />
* hjo - distal (elsewhere)<br />
* pjo - nonexistent, none (used in equivalents to eg. nowhere, never)<br />
* ga - existent, some (used in equivalents to eg. somewhere, sometime)<br />
* hun - interrogative<br />
<br />
The most commonly used suffixes are<br />
<br />
* ko - place (eg. here, there)<br />
* nje - grammatical adjectives (this [thing], that [thing])<br />
* le - grammatical nouns (this, that)<br />
* kjain - time (eg. now, then)<br />
<br />
Other roots are sometimes used as prefixes and occasionally suffixes, but the above are the most common.<br />
<br />
== Context and conditionals ==<br />
The context clause is placed at the very beginning of a sentence and indicated with the "lu" particle, which follows it. For the most part it works similarly to [[Toki Pona]]'s context clause, indicated with the similar sounding "la". It is used to indicate something as the context to the main sentence (it can mean something like "in the context of X, Y", where X is what's in the context clause and Y is the main sentence) and that can be any noun phrase or even verb sentence.<br />
<br />
In Zjugo, the context clause does also play and important role in forming conditionals. The condition is placed in the context clause as a sentence and the result is placed in the main sentence with its verb in the conditional mood, indicated with -tja.<br />
<br />
== Conjunction ==<br />
There are a few conjunctions in Zjugo. These can conjoin any words of the same part of speech, whether that be verbs, noun phrases or even things like adverbs or prepositions.<br />
<br />
They are as follows<br />
<br />
* i - and<br />
* gi - or<br />
* run - and not ([this] run [that] = this and not that)<br />
* mon - also (similar to "i", particularly common at the start of sentences or conjoining verb subjects)<br />
* noi - not also<br />
<br />
They can also appear at the very start of sentences, before the context clause, where they carry related meanings<br />
<br />
* i - furthermore<br />
* gi - or, or maybe<br />
* run - however<br />
* mon - also, furthermore<br />
* noi - however<br />
<br />
And lastly "mon" can also appear on its own as an adverb or adjective.<br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
<references /></div>Maselahttps://mc.nguh.org/w/index.php?title=Zjugo&diff=39249Zjugo2026-04-30T12:05:32Z<p>Masela: mostly finished grammar i think</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox language|name=Zjugo|pronunciation=[ˈʑɯ.gɤ̞]|family=Paleo-Hlabiglan|early-forms=Zjiogeo|era=today|scripts=[[Latin alphabet]], [[Zjugo#Zjugohai|Zjugohai]]|country=[[Hiso Zju'a]]|lang-code=ZG|endonym=Zjugo (in Zjugo)<br>Zjuan (in English)}}<br />
<br />
'''Zjuan''' /ˈʒuw.ən/ (ZG Zjugo /ˈʑɯ.gɤ̞/) is a Paleo-Hlambiglan language spoken in [[Hiso Zju'a]]. It is one of the three languages spoken there, each belonging primarily to one of the three most represented ethnicities residing there. Zjugo belongs to the [unnamed] group, native to Zju'an land and is the only language in Zju'a, which doesn't have a major speaking population anywhere else.<br />
<br />
== Phonology ==<br />
<br />
=== Consonants ===<br />
Zjuan consonants feature a full voicing distinction in all plosives and fricatives except for the velar fricatives. They also include a palatalization distinction for all plosives and fricatives and alveolar/palatal nasal consonants. Especially in recent times, labial and velar palatalized consonants are often articulated as consonant clusters with the palatal approximant.<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |<br />
! colspan="2" |labial<br />
! rowspan="2" |alveolar<br />
! rowspan="2" |palatal<br />
! colspan="2" |velar<br />
! rowspan="2" |glottal<br />
|-<br />
!plain<br />
!palatalized<br />
!plain<br />
!palatalized<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" |nasal<br />
| colspan="2" |m<br />
|n<br />
|ɲ<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" |plosive<br />
!unvoiced<br />
|p<br />
|pʲ<br />
|t<br />
|t͡ɕ<br />
|k<br />
|kʲ<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!voiced<br />
|b<br />
|bʲ<br />
|d<br />
|d͡ʑ<br />
|g<br />
|gʲ<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" |fricative<br />
!unvoiced<br />
|f<br />
|fʲ<br />
|s<br />
|ɕ<br />
|x<br />
|xʲ<br />
|(h)<br />
|-<br />
!voiced<br />
|v<br />
|vʲ<br />
|z<br />
|ʑ<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" |trill/approximant<br />
| colspan="2" |w<br />
|r~ɾ<br />
|j<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" |lateral<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|l<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Vowels ===<br />
Zjugo features a simple five vowel system. Main things to note is the lack of an open central vowel, as it is being replaced instead with the near-open front unrounded vowel, and the lack of rounding.<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
!<br />
!front<br />
!back<br />
|-<br />
!close<br />
|i<br />
|ɯ<br />
|-<br />
!mid<br />
|e̞<br />
|ɤ̞<br />
|-<br />
!open<br />
|æ<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Diphthongs ===<br />
Any Zjuan vowel except /i/ and /ɯ/ may appear as the first vowel in a diphthong followed by /i/ (frequently articulated as [ɪ] when appearing like this).<br />
<br />
=== Phonotactics ===<br />
Any Zjugo syllable is made up of at least a vowel or diphthong, which may be preceded by any consonant and/or followed by /n/. Note that a syllable ending with /n/ can be followed by a syllable starting with a vowel. This is phonemically distinct from a syllable ending with a vowel followed by a syllable starting with /n/, that is, for instance, /ˈme̞n.æi/ is distinct from /ˈme̞.næi/. Obstruents and /n/ get palatalized by default when followed by /i/, plain variants are not allowed in that position.<br />
<br />
=== Phonetic variations ===<br />
Due to [[Zjugo#Root system|the root system]], which behaves as if they didn't apply, the following aspects of Zjugo's pronunciation are not widely considered phonemic.<br />
<br />
The sequences ⟨wi⟩, ⟨wu⟩ and ⟨ji⟩ are never pronounced the way they're written. Specifically, ⟨wi⟩ is pronounced [i] word-initially and [hi] otherwise (this is the only phonetic occurrence of [h] in the language and is the reason for its inclusion in the consonant chart). ⟨wu⟩ is pronounced [ɯ] word-initially and [fɯ] otherwise and lastly ⟨ji⟩ is pronounced [i] word-initially and [d͡ʑi] otherwise.<br />
<br />
== Spelling ==<br />
<br />
=== [[Latin alphabet]] ===<br />
Here are the letters and digraphs used to spell Zjugo, when using the [[Latin script]]. Whenever a sequence of letters is ambiguous, an apostrophe must be used to clarify syllable boundaries. For example /ˈme̞.næi/ is spelled ''menai'', meanwhile /ˈme̞n.æi/ is spelled ''men'ai''. This is also done to clarify whether something is or isn't a palatalization digraph, for instance /ˈfʲæn.jæn/ is spelled ''fjan'jan'', however ''fjanjan'' would be pronounced /ˈfʲæ.ɲæn/, except for that it isn't a real word. Consonant letters followed by i, not separated by an apostrophe are automatically considered palatalized.<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
!Letter<br />
!Pronunciation<br />
!digraph<br />
!pronunciation<br />
|-<br />
|A<br />
|/æ/<br />
|Ai<br />
|/æi/<br />
|-<br />
|B<br />
|/b/<br />
|Bj<br />
|/bʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|D<br />
|/d/<br />
|Dj<br />
|/d͡ʑ/<br />
|-<br />
|E<br />
|/e̞/<br />
|Ei<br />
|/e̞i/<br />
|-<br />
|F<br />
|/f/<br />
|Fj<br />
|/fʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|G<br />
|/g/<br />
|Gj<br />
|/gʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|H<br />
|/x/<br />
|Hj<br />
|/xʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|I<br />
|/i/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|J<br />
|/j/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|K<br />
|/k/<br />
|Kj<br />
|/kʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|L<br />
|/l/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|M<br />
|/m/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|N<br />
|/n/<br />
|Nj<br />
|/ɲ/<br />
|-<br />
|O<br />
|/ɤ̞/<br />
|Oi<br />
|/ɤ̞i/<br />
|-<br />
|P<br />
|/p/<br />
|Pj<br />
|/pʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|R<br />
|/r~ɾ/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|S<br />
|/s/<br />
|Sj<br />
|/ɕ/<br />
|-<br />
|T<br />
|/t/<br />
|Tj<br />
|/t͡ɕ/<br />
|-<br />
|U<br />
|/ɯ/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|V<br />
|/v/<br />
|Vj<br />
|/vʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|W<br />
|/w/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Z<br />
|/z/<br />
|Zj<br />
|/ʑ/<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Zjugohai ===<br />
Zjugohai /ˈʑɯ.gɤ̞.xai/ is the original way used to spell Zjugo, although it has since begun to fall out of use in favor of the [[Latin script]]. It is a syllabary featuring characters for every combination of a plain voiceless consonant followed by a vowel (including the lack of a consonant). It's written top to bottom with its columns advancing right to left. Voicing and palatalization are spelled using other strategies, discussed later.<br />
<br />
==== Voicing ====<br />
Voiced obstruents are spelled by placing a diacritic to the left of the right syllable character. Voiced palatalized consonants still have this diacritic on the first character.<br />
<br />
==== Palatalization ====<br />
Consonant vowel pairs with a palatalized consonant are spelled as a digraph, including a character of the voiceless unpalatalized equivalent consonant with the i vowel. That is then followed by one of the four special palatalization characters; one exists for each vowel except i itself. Diphthongs following palatalized consonants are spelled by placing a diacritic, identical in appearance to the one used for voicing, onto the palatalization character. There are no palatalization characters for the i vowel as obstruents (and n) followed by i are palatalized by default and, in fact, are not allowed to be plain when in that position.<br />
<br />
==== Diphthongs and syllable-final n ====<br />
As discussed earlier, Zjugo only permits one consonant to appear phonemically in syllable codas and that is /n/. This is spelled with a special character. If syllable contains no such coda and no palatalized consonant, but it does include a diphthong, a reverse-S-like character is used to indicate that, meanwhile if a syllable contains the coda and also a diphthong, it is spelled with another special character, being a variant of the final n character, and lastly if the final n is included in a syllable with a palatalized consonant, a variant of the appropriate palatalization character is used and, naturally, the diphthong diacritic is also included on top of that if there is a diphthong in the syllable. This way any single syllable can be spelled with at most two characters, keeping the script fairly concise.<br />
<br />
==== Numbers ====<br />
Zjugo usually uses a base-6 system to count and there are 6 digits native to Zjugohai, used to spell these base-6 numbers. For base-10 numbers, the Arabic numerals get used and written vertically, just like the Zjugohai numerals.<br />
<br />
== Root system ==<br />
Zjugo features a system of monosyllabic roots or morphemes. Due to its strict phonotactics, there are only 456 possible syllables, 346 of which are used within the language<ref>As of writing this; out of lore, I'm still working on the language and it's very possible this number will change and might outdated</ref>. Each morpheme is one syllable and on top of that any single syllable can represent only one morpheme. Some of these roots are reserved for grammatical purposes (eg. case endings, verb endings, certain grammatical affixes, the morphemes used to construct demonstratives), while others allow much wider usage, the latter case being referred to as "content roots", since they can usually function as most parts of speech.<br />
<br />
== Syntax ==<br />
Zjugo follows an SVO word order with prepositions, adverbs appearing before verbs, used to convey some modal information and adjectives preceding nouns. <br />
<br />
Zjugo's context clause, if used, should be the very first thing in the sentence, followed by the verb, then followed by the verb's arguments. These arguments can have various cases which usually follow the order LOC NOM DAT ACC. In particular, the nominative argument nearly always appears before the accusative argument, with variations being very rare and usually reserved for artistic purposes. The locative argument usually appears first and the dative argument usually appears right before the accusative argument or at the end if there isn't one, but those two exhibit much more variation in placement. Finally, prepositional phrases are always placed at the end of the sentence. <br />
{|<br />
|Fenhuhja<br />
|lu<br />
|vjonzjo<br />
|vjusjuni<br />
|gahi<br />
|kinso<br />
|djoine<br />
|pi'en<br />
|jowo.<br />
|-<br />
|last-day<br />
|CONTEXT<br />
|give-IND<br />
|work-building-LOC<br />
|somebody<br />
|1-GEN<br />
|parent-DAT<br />
|weird-ADJ<br />
|thing-ACC<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="9" |"Yesterday, at work, somebody gave my mother a strange object."<br />
|}<br />
In a sentence with just a copula, both the subject and its complement follow the copula, with the subject appearing first. There are two copulas, one of them negative (equivalent to "isn't"). <br />
{|<br />
|da<br />
|kin<br />
|di<br />
|lu<br />
|dja<br />
|kin<br />
|ve<br />
|-<br />
|be<br />
|1<br />
|kind<br />
|CONTEXT<br />
|be.NEG<br />
|1<br />
|rude<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="7" |"I'm good, so I'm not bad."<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Verbs ==<br />
Verbs in Zjugo inflect only for mood, with four suffixes: -zjo for the indicative mood, this is the default and most common suffix, -ke for imperative, to indicate the verb as a command, -tja for subjunctive to indicate the verb as merely possible and lastly -'in, which is used in the conditional construction discussed later. Verbs may be negated by simply prefixing no- to them, which is the grammatical root used to indicate negation and can be prefixed on any word, but is by far most common on verbs. Finally, verbs, as any word, can also take extra, redundant, affirmation with the ti- prefix.<br />
<br />
=== Copulas ===<br />
As discussed above there are two special verbs, the two copulas: one indicative and one negative indicative. These do not take the aforementioned inflection and, in fact, rarely ever have any affixes applied to them at all. They can however be preceded by an adverb, which does carry some modal information.<br />
{|<br />
|Wa<br />
|da<br />
|kin<br />
|zjoinjin.<br />
|-<br />
|want<br />
|be<br />
|1<br />
|feminine-gender<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="4" |"I want to be a girl."<br />
|}<br />
When the inflection carried by most verbs ''is'' desired, a semantically similar word "tun" is used.<br />
<br />
=== Questions ===<br />
Any sentence may be turned into a question by suffixing -kai onto the verb. This suffix follows the mood suffixes, if they exist.<br />
{|<br />
|Tuntjakai<br />
|kjole<br />
|kje?<br />
|-<br />
|exist-SJV-Q<br />
|this<br />
|possible<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="3" |"Might this be possible?"<br />
|}<br />
Additionally, any part of the sentence, except the verb, including content word affixes, can be replaced with the question particle "hun". The -kai suffix is still used if this is done.<br />
{|<br />
|Sjunzjokai<br />
|hunhi<br />
|hjole?<br />
|-<br />
|do-IND-Q<br />
|Q-person<br />
|that<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="3" |Who did that?<br />
|}<br />
{|<br />
|Da<br />
|kjole<br />
|hun?<br />
|-<br />
|be<br />
|this<br />
|Q<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="3" |"What's this?"<br />
|}<br />
{|<br />
|Hunkjain<br />
|lu<br />
|sjunzjokai<br />
|pin<br />
|hunwo?<br />
|-<br />
|Q-time<br />
|CONTEXT<br />
|do-IND-Q<br />
|3<br />
|Q-ACC<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="5" |When did they do what?<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Nouns ==<br />
Nouns only exhibit mandatory case marking, however any amount of additional information may be included by affixing any number of morphemes.<br />
<br />
=== Case ===<br />
There are five cases nouns can take in Zjugo. Those are:<br />
<br />
* The nominative, which is unmarked. Used on subjects of sentences as well as subjects' complements in copular sentences.<br />
* The accusative, marked with -wo. Used on the direct objects of sentences.<br />
* The dative, marked with -ne. Used to mark indirect objects, in particular, recipients.<br />
* The genitive, marked with -so. Used for possessors of objects. The possessor is placed before the possessed.<br />
* The vocative, marking with -o. Used to call for people, vocative nouns are only ever exclaimed on their own and never included as part of sentences otherwise.<br />
<br />
=== Number ===<br />
Number is not required to be marked on nouns, however there are a few optional markers that may be used.<br />
<br />
* Singular, that is one, with ji-<br />
* Dual, that is two, with nu-<br />
* Paucal, that is a few, with vja-<br />
* Plural, that is many, with ma-<br />
* Null, that is none, with ka-<br />
* Total, that is all, with kju-<br />
<br />
=== Adjectives ===<br />
Adjectives function extremely similarly to nouns. In fact, any noun can be used as an adjective, by simply being placed before another noun with no case marking. Sometimes the -en suffix may be added to clarify the function of a word being used like that as adjectival. Similarly, there's also a -ken suffix, which functions the same way, except that it also negates the adjective.<br />
<br />
=== Relative clauses ===<br />
A relative clause can follow any noun phrase. It's constructed by placing a verb, directly following the noun, then the relative particle ki and any additional arguments for the verb between it and the particle.<br />
{|<br />
|bjozjo<br />
|man<br />
|bozjo<br />
|hjoni<br />
|ki<br />
|-<br />
|arrive-IND<br />
|4<ref group="notes">indefinite pronoun</ref><br />
|go-IND<br />
|far-LOC<br />
|REL<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="5" |Those who go far, arrive.<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Concatenative derivation ==<br />
Any content word can be formed by concatenating multiple monosyllabic content roots together. When this is done, the root at the end is treated as the main root with the previous morphemes modifying it. Words derived from more than two roots in this way introduce some ambiguity in interpretation. For example ninhire (lit. big person tool) could be interpreted as "big (person tool)", where both "big" and "person" modify "tool", that is it's a big tool for people, or it could be interpreted as "(big person) tool" where "big" modifies "person" and then their pair modifies "tool", so it's a tool intended for big people. This ambiguity is not grammatically resolved.<br />
<br />
Many derived words are lexicalized and have a single canon interpretation. These can be found in Zjuan dictionaries.<br />
<br />
== Demonstratives ==<br />
Demonstratives are derived with a set of prefixes and suffixes. The prefixes indicate state of being (or interrogate it) and the suffixes indicate the type of object being referred to.<br />
<br />
The most commonly used prefixes are<br />
<br />
* kjo - proximal (roughly near speaker, for spacial distinctions)<br />
* vo - medial (roughly near listener, for spacial distinctions)<br />
* hjo - distal (elsewhere)<br />
* pjo - nonexistent, none (used in equivalents to eg. nowhere, never)<br />
* ga - existent, some (used in equivalents to eg. somewhere, sometime)<br />
* hun - interrogative<br />
<br />
The most commonly used suffixes are<br />
<br />
* ko - place (eg. here, there)<br />
* nje - grammatical adjectives (this [thing], that [thing])<br />
* le - grammatical nouns (this, that)<br />
* kjain - time (eg. now, then)<br />
<br />
Other roots are sometimes used as prefixes and occasionally suffixes, but the above are the most common.<br />
<br />
== Context and conditionals ==<br />
The context clause is placed at the very beginning of a sentence and indicated with the "lu" particle, which follows it. For the most part it works similarly to [[Toki Pona]]'s context clause, indicated with the similar sounding "la". It is used to indicate something as the context to the main sentence (it can mean something like "in the context of X, Y", where X is what's in the context clause and Y is the main sentence) and that can be any noun phrase or even verb sentence.<br />
<br />
In Zjugo, the context clause does also play and important role in forming conditionals. The condition is placed in the context clause as a sentence and the result is placed in the main sentence with its verb in the conditional mood, indicated with -tja.<br />
<br />
== Conjunction ==<br />
There are a few conjunctions in Zjugo. These can conjoin any words of the same part of speech, whether that be verbs, noun phrases or even things like adverbs or prepositions.<br />
<br />
They are as follows<br />
<br />
* i - and<br />
* gi - or<br />
* run - and not ([this] run [that] = this and not that)<br />
* mon - also (similar to "i", particularly common at the start of sentences or conjoining verb subjects)<br />
* noi - not also<br />
<br />
They can also appear at the very start of sentences, before the context clause, where they carry related meanings<br />
<br />
* i - furthermore<br />
* gi - or, or maybe<br />
* run - however<br />
* mon - also, furthermore<br />
* noi - however<br />
<br />
And lastly "mon" can also appear on its own as an adverb or adjective.<br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
<references /></div>Maselahttps://mc.nguh.org/w/index.php?title=Zjugo&diff=39248Zjugo2026-04-30T10:52:12Z<p>Masela: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox language|name=Zjugo|pronunciation=[ˈʑɯ.gɤ̞]|family=Paleo-Hlabiglan|early-forms=Zjiogeo|era=today|scripts=[[Latin alphabet]], [[Zjugo#Zjugohai|Zjugohai]]|country=[[Hiso Zju'a]]|lang-code=ZG|endonym=Zjugo (in Zjugo)<br>Zjuan (in English)}}<br />
<br />
'''Zjuan''' /ˈʒuw.ən/ (ZG Zjugo /ˈʑɯ.gɤ̞/) is a Paleo-Hlambiglan language spoken in [[Hiso Zju'a]]. It is one of the three languages spoken there, each belonging primarily to one of the three most represented ethnicities residing there. Zjugo belongs to the [unnamed] group, native to Zju'an land and is the only language in Zju'a, which doesn't have a major speaking population anywhere else.<br />
<br />
== Phonology ==<br />
<br />
=== Consonants ===<br />
Zjuan consonants feature a full voicing distinction in all plosives and fricatives except for the velar fricatives. They also include a palatalization distinction for all plosives and fricatives and alveolar/palatal nasal consonants. Especially in recent times, labial and velar palatalized consonants are often articulated as consonant clusters with the palatal approximant.<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |<br />
! colspan="2" |labial<br />
! rowspan="2" |alveolar<br />
! rowspan="2" |palatal<br />
! colspan="2" |velar<br />
! rowspan="2" |glottal<br />
|-<br />
!plain<br />
!palatalized<br />
!plain<br />
!palatalized<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" |nasal<br />
| colspan="2" |m<br />
|n<br />
|ɲ<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" |plosive<br />
!unvoiced<br />
|p<br />
|pʲ<br />
|t<br />
|t͡ɕ<br />
|k<br />
|kʲ<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!voiced<br />
|b<br />
|bʲ<br />
|d<br />
|d͡ʑ<br />
|g<br />
|gʲ<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" |fricative<br />
!unvoiced<br />
|f<br />
|fʲ<br />
|s<br />
|ɕ<br />
|x<br />
|xʲ<br />
|(h)<br />
|-<br />
!voiced<br />
|v<br />
|vʲ<br />
|z<br />
|ʑ<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" |trill/approximant<br />
| colspan="2" |w<br />
|r~ɾ<br />
|j<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" |lateral<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|l<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Vowels ===<br />
Zjugo features a simple five vowel system. Main things to note is the lack of an open central vowel, as it is being replaced instead with the near-open front unrounded vowel, and the lack of rounding.<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
!<br />
!front<br />
!back<br />
|-<br />
!close<br />
|i<br />
|ɯ<br />
|-<br />
!mid<br />
|e̞<br />
|ɤ̞<br />
|-<br />
!open<br />
|æ<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Diphthongs ===<br />
Any Zjuan vowel except /i/ and /ɯ/ may appear as the first vowel in a diphthong followed by /i/ (frequently articulated as [ɪ] when appearing like this).<br />
<br />
=== Phonotactics ===<br />
Any Zjugo syllable is made up of at least a vowel or diphthong, which may be preceded by any consonant and/or followed by /n/. Note that a syllable ending with /n/ can be followed by a syllable starting with a vowel. This is phonemically distinct from a syllable ending with a vowel followed by a syllable starting with /n/, that is, for instance, /ˈme̞n.æi/ is distinct from /ˈme̞.næi/. Obstruents and /n/ get palatalized by default when followed by /i/, plain variants are not allowed in that position.<br />
<br />
=== Phonetic variations ===<br />
Due to [[Zjugo#Root system|the root system]], which behaves as if they didn't apply, the following aspects of Zjugo's pronunciation are not widely considered phonemic.<br />
<br />
The sequences ⟨wi⟩, ⟨wu⟩ and ⟨ji⟩ are never pronounced the way they're written. Specifically, ⟨wi⟩ is pronounced [i] word-initially and [hi] otherwise (this is the only phonetic occurrence of [h] in the language and is the reason for its inclusion in the consonant chart). ⟨wu⟩ is pronounced [ɯ] word-initially and [fɯ] otherwise and lastly ⟨ji⟩ is pronounced [i] word-initially and [d͡ʑi] otherwise.<br />
<br />
== Spelling ==<br />
<br />
=== [[Latin alphabet]] ===<br />
Here are the letters and digraphs used to spell Zjugo, when using the [[Latin script]]. Whenever a sequence of letters is ambiguous, an apostrophe must be used to clarify syllable boundaries. For example /ˈme̞.næi/ is spelled ''menai'', meanwhile /ˈme̞n.æi/ is spelled ''men'ai''. This is also done to clarify whether something is or isn't a palatalization digraph, for instance /ˈfʲæn.jæn/ is spelled ''fjan'jan'', however ''fjanjan'' would be pronounced /ˈfʲæ.ɲæn/, except for that it isn't a real word. Consonant letters followed by i, not separated by an apostrophe are automatically considered palatalized.<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
!Letter<br />
!Pronunciation<br />
!digraph<br />
!pronunciation<br />
|-<br />
|A<br />
|/æ/<br />
|Ai<br />
|/æi/<br />
|-<br />
|B<br />
|/b/<br />
|Bj<br />
|/bʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|D<br />
|/d/<br />
|Dj<br />
|/d͡ʑ/<br />
|-<br />
|E<br />
|/e̞/<br />
|Ei<br />
|/e̞i/<br />
|-<br />
|F<br />
|/f/<br />
|Fj<br />
|/fʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|G<br />
|/g/<br />
|Gj<br />
|/gʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|H<br />
|/x/<br />
|Hj<br />
|/xʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|I<br />
|/i/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|J<br />
|/j/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|K<br />
|/k/<br />
|Kj<br />
|/kʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|L<br />
|/l/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|M<br />
|/m/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|N<br />
|/n/<br />
|Nj<br />
|/ɲ/<br />
|-<br />
|O<br />
|/ɤ̞/<br />
|Oi<br />
|/ɤ̞i/<br />
|-<br />
|P<br />
|/p/<br />
|Pj<br />
|/pʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|R<br />
|/r~ɾ/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|S<br />
|/s/<br />
|Sj<br />
|/ɕ/<br />
|-<br />
|T<br />
|/t/<br />
|Tj<br />
|/t͡ɕ/<br />
|-<br />
|U<br />
|/ɯ/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|V<br />
|/v/<br />
|Vj<br />
|/vʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|W<br />
|/w/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Z<br />
|/z/<br />
|Zj<br />
|/ʑ/<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Zjugohai ===<br />
Zjugohai /ˈʑɯ.gɤ̞.xai/ is the original way used to spell Zjugo, although it has since begun to fall out of use in favor of the [[Latin script]]. It is a syllabary featuring characters for every combination of a plain voiceless consonant followed by a vowel (including the lack of a consonant). It's written top to bottom with its columns advancing right to left. Voicing and palatalization are spelled using other strategies, discussed later.<br />
<br />
==== Voicing ====<br />
Voiced obstruents are spelled by placing a diacritic to the left of the right syllable character. Voiced palatalized consonants still have this diacritic on the first character.<br />
<br />
==== Palatalization ====<br />
Consonant vowel pairs with a palatalized consonant are spelled as a digraph, including a character of the voiceless unpalatalized equivalent consonant with the i vowel. That is then followed by one of the four special palatalization characters; one exists for each vowel except i itself. Diphthongs following palatalized consonants are spelled by placing a diacritic, identical in appearance to the one used for voicing, onto the palatalization character. There are no palatalization characters for the i vowel as obstruents (and n) followed by i are palatalized by default and, in fact, are not allowed to be plain when in that position.<br />
<br />
==== Diphthongs and syllable-final n ====<br />
As discussed earlier, Zjugo only permits one consonant to appear phonemically in syllable codas and that is /n/. This is spelled with a special character. If syllable contains no such coda and no palatalized consonant, but it does include a diphthong, a reverse-S-like character is used to indicate that, meanwhile if a syllable contains the coda and also a diphthong, it is spelled with another special character, being a variant of the final n character, and lastly if the final n is included in a syllable with a palatalized consonant, a variant of the appropriate palatalization character is used and, naturally, the diphthong diacritic is also included on top of that if there is a diphthong in the syllable. This way any single syllable can be spelled with at most two characters, keeping the script fairly concise.<br />
<br />
==== Numbers ====<br />
Zjugo usually uses a base-6 system to count and there are 6 digits native to Zjugohai, used to spell these base-6 numbers. For base-10 numbers, the Arabic numerals get used and written vertically, just like the Zjugohai numerals.<br />
<br />
== Root system ==<br />
Zjugo features a system of monosyllabic roots or morphemes. Due to its strict phonotactics, there are only 456 possible syllables, 346 of which are used within the language<ref>As of writing this; out of lore, I'm still working on the language and it's very possible this number will change and might outdated</ref>. Each morpheme is one syllable and on top of that any single syllable can represent only one morpheme. Some of these roots are reserved for grammatical purposes (eg. case endings, verb endings, certain grammatical affixes, the morphemes used to construct demonstratives), while others allow much wider usage, the latter case being referred to as "content roots", since they can usually function as most parts of speech.<br />
<br />
== Syntax ==<br />
Zjugo follows an SVO word order with prepositions, adverbs appearing before verbs, used to convey some modal information and adjectives preceding nouns. <br />
<br />
Zjugo's context clause, if used, should be the very first thing in the sentence, followed by the verb, then followed by the verb's arguments. These arguments can have various cases which usually follow the order LOC NOM DAT ACC. In particular, the nominative argument nearly always appears before the accusative argument, with variations being very rare and usually reserved for artistic purposes. The locative argument usually appears first and the dative argument usually appears right before the accusative argument or at the end if there isn't one, but those two exhibit much more variation in placement. Finally, prepositional phrases are always placed at the end of the sentence. <br />
{|<br />
|Fenhuhja<br />
|lu<br />
|vjonzjo<br />
|vjusjuni<br />
|gahi<br />
|kinso<br />
|djoine<br />
|pi'en<br />
|jowo.<br />
|-<br />
|last-day<br />
|CONTEXT<br />
|give-IND<br />
|work-building-LOC<br />
|somebody<br />
|1-GEN<br />
|parent-DAT<br />
|weird-ADJ<br />
|thing-ACC<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="9" |"Yesterday, at work, somebody gave my mother a strange object."<br />
|}<br />
In a sentence with just a copula, both the subject and its complement follow the copula, with the subject appearing first. There are two copulas, one of them negative (equivalent to "isn't"). <br />
{|<br />
|da<br />
|kin<br />
|di<br />
|lu<br />
|dja<br />
|kin<br />
|ve<br />
|-<br />
|be<br />
|1<br />
|kind<br />
|CONTEXT<br />
|be.NEG<br />
|1<br />
|rude<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="7" |"I'm good, so I'm not bad."<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
<references /></div>Maselahttps://mc.nguh.org/w/index.php?title=Zjugo&diff=39247Zjugo2026-04-30T10:51:38Z<p>Masela: fixed table properties</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox language|name=Zjugo|pronunciation=[ˈʑɯ.gɤ̞]|family=Paleo-Hlabiglan|early-forms=Zjiogeo|era=today|scripts=[[Latin alphabet]], [[Zjugo#Zjugohai|Zjugohai]]|country=[[Hiso Zju'a]]|lang-code=ZG|endonym=Zjugo (in Zjugo)<br>Zjuan (in English)}}<br />
<br />
'''Zjuan''' /ˈʒuw.ən/ (ZG Zjugo /ˈʑɯ.gɤ̞/) is a Paleo-Hlambiglan language spoken in [[Hiso Zju'a]]. It is one of the three languages spoken there, each belonging primarily to one of the three most represented ethnicities residing there. Zjugo belongs to the [unnamed] group, native to Zju'an land and is the only language in Zju'a, which doesn't have a major speaking population anywhere else.<br />
<br />
== Phonology ==<br />
<br />
=== Consonants ===<br />
Zjuan consonants feature a full voicing distinction in all plosives and fricatives except for the velar fricatives. They also include a palatalization distinction for all plosives and fricatives and alveolar/palatal nasal consonants. Especially in recent times, labial and velar palatalized consonants are often articulated as consonant clusters with the palatal approximant.<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |<br />
! colspan="2" |labial<br />
! rowspan="2" |alveolar<br />
! rowspan="2" |palatal<br />
! colspan="2" |velar<br />
! rowspan="2" |glottal<br />
|-<br />
!plain<br />
!palatalized<br />
!plain<br />
!palatalized<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" |nasal<br />
| colspan="2" |m<br />
|n<br />
|ɲ<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" |plosive<br />
!unvoiced<br />
|p<br />
|pʲ<br />
|t<br />
|t͡ɕ<br />
|k<br />
|kʲ<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!voiced<br />
|b<br />
|bʲ<br />
|d<br />
|d͡ʑ<br />
|g<br />
|gʲ<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" |fricative<br />
!unvoiced<br />
|f<br />
|fʲ<br />
|s<br />
|ɕ<br />
|x<br />
|xʲ<br />
|(h)<br />
|-<br />
!voiced<br />
|v<br />
|vʲ<br />
|z<br />
|ʑ<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" |trill/approximant<br />
| colspan="2" |w<br />
|r~ɾ<br />
|j<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" |lateral<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|l<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Vowels ===<br />
Zjugo features a simple five vowel system. Main things to note is the lack of an open central vowel, as it is being replaced instead with the near-open front unrounded vowel, and the lack of rounding.<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
!<br />
!front<br />
!back<br />
|-<br />
!close<br />
|i<br />
|ɯ<br />
|-<br />
!mid<br />
|e̞<br />
|ɤ̞<br />
|-<br />
!open<br />
|æ<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Diphthongs ===<br />
Any Zjuan vowel except /i/ and /ɯ/ may appear as the first vowel in a diphthong followed by /i/ (frequently articulated as [ɪ] when appearing like this).<br />
<br />
=== Phonotactics ===<br />
Any Zjugo syllable is made up of at least a vowel or diphthong, which may be preceded by any consonant and/or followed by /n/. Note that a syllable ending with /n/ can be followed by a syllable starting with a vowel. This is phonemically distinct from a syllable ending with a vowel followed by a syllable starting with /n/, that is, for instance, /ˈme̞n.æi/ is distinct from /ˈme̞.næi/. Obstruents and /n/ get palatalized by default when followed by /i/, plain variants are not allowed in that position.<br />
<br />
=== Phonetic variations ===<br />
Due to [[Zjugo#Root system|the root system]], which behaves as if they didn't apply, the following aspects of Zjugo's pronunciation are not widely considered phonemic.<br />
<br />
The sequences ⟨wi⟩, ⟨wu⟩ and ⟨ji⟩ are never pronounced the way they're written. Specifically, ⟨wi⟩ is pronounced [i] word-initially and [hi] otherwise (this is the only phonetic occurrence of [h] in the language and is the reason for its inclusion in the consonant chart). ⟨wu⟩ is pronounced [ɯ] word-initially and [fɯ] otherwise and lastly ⟨ji⟩ is pronounced [i] word-initially and [d͡ʑi] otherwise.<br />
<br />
== Spelling ==<br />
<br />
=== [[Latin alphabet]] ===<br />
Here are the letters and digraphs used to spell Zjugo, when using the [[Latin script]]. Whenever a sequence of letters is ambiguous, an apostrophe must be used to clarify syllable boundaries. For example /ˈme̞.næi/ is spelled ''menai'', meanwhile /ˈme̞n.æi/ is spelled ''men'ai''. This is also done to clarify whether something is or isn't a palatalization digraph, for instance /ˈfʲæn.jæn/ is spelled ''fjan'jan'', however ''fjanjan'' would be pronounced /ˈfʲæ.ɲæn/, except for that it isn't a real word. Consonant letters followed by i, not separated by an apostrophe are automatically considered palatalized.<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
!Letter<br />
!Pronunciation<br />
!digraph<br />
!pronunciation<br />
|-<br />
|A<br />
|/æ/<br />
|Ai<br />
|/æi/<br />
|-<br />
|B<br />
|/b/<br />
|Bj<br />
|/bʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|D<br />
|/d/<br />
|Dj<br />
|/d͡ʑ/<br />
|-<br />
|E<br />
|/e̞/<br />
|Ei<br />
|/e̞i/<br />
|-<br />
|F<br />
|/f/<br />
|Fj<br />
|/fʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|G<br />
|/g/<br />
|Gj<br />
|/gʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|H<br />
|/x/<br />
|Hj<br />
|/xʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|I<br />
|/i/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|J<br />
|/j/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|K<br />
|/k/<br />
|Kj<br />
|/kʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|L<br />
|/l/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|M<br />
|/m/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|N<br />
|/n/<br />
|Nj<br />
|/ɲ/<br />
|-<br />
|O<br />
|/ɤ̞/<br />
|Oi<br />
|/ɤ̞i/<br />
|-<br />
|P<br />
|/p/<br />
|Pj<br />
|/pʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|R<br />
|/r~ɾ/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|S<br />
|/s/<br />
|Sj<br />
|/ɕ/<br />
|-<br />
|T<br />
|/t/<br />
|Tj<br />
|/t͡ɕ/<br />
|-<br />
|U<br />
|/ɯ/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|V<br />
|/v/<br />
|Vj<br />
|/vʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|W<br />
|/w/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Z<br />
|/z/<br />
|Zj<br />
|/ʑ/<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Zjugohai ===<br />
Zjugohai /ˈʑɯ.gɤ̞.xai/ is the original way used to spell Zjugo, although it has since begun to fall out of use in favor of the [[Latin script]]. It is a syllabary featuring characters for every combination of a plain voiceless consonant followed by a vowel (including the lack of a consonant). It's written top to bottom with its columns advancing right to left. Voicing and palatalization are spelled using other strategies, discussed later.<br />
<br />
==== Voicing ====<br />
Voiced obstruents are spelled by placing a diacritic to the left of the right syllable character. Voiced palatalized consonants still have this diacritic on the first character.<br />
<br />
==== Palatalization ====<br />
Consonant vowel pairs with a palatalized consonant are spelled as a digraph, including a character of the voiceless unpalatalized equivalent consonant with the i vowel. That is then followed by one of the four special palatalization characters; one exists for each vowel except i itself. Diphthongs following palatalized consonants are spelled by placing a diacritic, identical in appearance to the one used for voicing, onto the palatalization character. There are no palatalization characters for the i vowel as obstruents (and n) followed by i are palatalized by default and, in fact, are not allowed to be plain when in that position.<br />
<br />
==== Diphthongs and syllable-final n ====<br />
As discussed earlier, Zjugo only permits one consonant to appear phonemically in syllable codas and that is /n/. This is spelled with a special character. If syllable contains no such coda and no palatalized consonant, but it does include a diphthong, a reverse-S-like character is used to indicate that, meanwhile if a syllable contains the coda and also a diphthong, it is spelled with another special character, being a variant of the final n character, and lastly if the final n is included in a syllable with a palatalized consonant, a variant of the appropriate palatalization character is used and, naturally, the diphthong diacritic is also included on top of that if there is a diphthong in the syllable. This way any single syllable can be spelled with at most two characters, keeping the script fairly concise.<br />
<br />
==== Numbers ====<br />
Zjugo usually uses a base-6 system to count and there are 6 digits native to Zjugohai, used to spell these base-6 numbers. For base-10 numbers, the Arabic numerals get used and written vertically, just like the Zjugohai numerals.<br />
<br />
== Root system ==<br />
Zjugo features a system of monosyllabic roots or morphemes. Due to its strict phonotactics, there are only 456 possible syllables, 346 of which are used within the language<ref>As of writing this; out of lore, I'm still working on the language and it's very possible this number will change and might outdated</ref>. Each morpheme is one syllable and on top of that any single syllable can represent only one morpheme. Some of these roots are reserved for grammatical purposes (eg. case endings, verb endings, certain grammatical affixes, the morphemes used to construct demonstratives), while others allow much wider usage, the latter case being referred to as "content roots", since they can usually function as most parts of speech.<br />
<br />
== Syntax ==<br />
Zjugo follows an SVO word order with prepositions, adverbs appearing before verbs, used to convey some modal information and adjectives preceding nouns. <br />
<br />
Zjugo's context clause, if used, should be the very first thing in the sentence, followed by the verb, then followed by the verb's arguments. These arguments can have various cases which usually follow the order LOC NOM DAT ACC. In particular, the nominative argument nearly always appears before the accusative argument, with variations being very rare and usually reserved for artistic purposes. The locative argument usually appears first and the dative argument usually appears right before the accusative argument or at the end if there isn't one, but those two exhibit much more variation in placement. Finally, prepositional phrases are always placed at the end of the sentence. <br />
{|<br />
|Fenhuhja<br />
|lu<br />
|vjonzjo<br />
|vjusjuni<br />
|gahi<br />
|kinso<br />
|djoine<br />
|pi'en<br />
|jowo.<br />
|-<br />
|last-day<br />
|CONTEXT<br />
|give-IND<br />
|work-building-LOC<br />
|somebody<br />
|1-GEN<br />
|parent-DAT<br />
|weird-ADJ<br />
|thing-ACC<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="9" |"Yesterday, at work, somebody gave my mother a strange object."<br />
|}<br />
In a sentence with just a copula, both the subject and its complement follow the copula, with the subject appearing first. There are two copulas, one of them negative (equivalent to "isn't"). <br />
{|<br />
|da<br />
|kin<br />
|di<br />
|lu<br />
|dja<br />
|kin<br />
|ve<br />
|-<br />
|be<br />
|1<br />
|kind<br />
|CONTEXT<br />
|be.NEG<br />
|1<br />
|rude<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="7" |I'm good, so I'm not bad.<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
<references /></div>Maselahttps://mc.nguh.org/w/index.php?title=Zjugo&diff=39246Zjugo2026-04-30T10:50:51Z<p>Masela: syntax section work</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox language|name=Zjugo|pronunciation=[ˈʑɯ.gɤ̞]|family=Paleo-Hlabiglan|early-forms=Zjiogeo|era=today|scripts=[[Latin alphabet]], [[Zjugo#Zjugohai|Zjugohai]]|country=[[Hiso Zju'a]]|lang-code=ZG|endonym=Zjugo (in Zjugo)<br>Zjuan (in English)}}<br />
<br />
'''Zjuan''' /ˈʒuw.ən/ (ZG Zjugo /ˈʑɯ.gɤ̞/) is a Paleo-Hlambiglan language spoken in [[Hiso Zju'a]]. It is one of the three languages spoken there, each belonging primarily to one of the three most represented ethnicities residing there. Zjugo belongs to the [unnamed] group, native to Zju'an land and is the only language in Zju'a, which doesn't have a major speaking population anywhere else.<br />
<br />
== Phonology ==<br />
<br />
=== Consonants ===<br />
Zjuan consonants feature a full voicing distinction in all plosives and fricatives except for the velar fricatives. They also include a palatalization distinction for all plosives and fricatives and alveolar/palatal nasal consonants. Especially in recent times, labial and velar palatalized consonants are often articulated as consonant clusters with the palatal approximant.<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |<br />
! colspan="2" |labial<br />
! rowspan="2" |alveolar<br />
! rowspan="2" |palatal<br />
! colspan="2" |velar<br />
! rowspan="2" |glottal<br />
|-<br />
!plain<br />
!palatalized<br />
!plain<br />
!palatalized<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" |nasal<br />
| colspan="2" |m<br />
|n<br />
|ɲ<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" |plosive<br />
!unvoiced<br />
|p<br />
|pʲ<br />
|t<br />
|t͡ɕ<br />
|k<br />
|kʲ<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!voiced<br />
|b<br />
|bʲ<br />
|d<br />
|d͡ʑ<br />
|g<br />
|gʲ<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" |fricative<br />
!unvoiced<br />
|f<br />
|fʲ<br />
|s<br />
|ɕ<br />
|x<br />
|xʲ<br />
|(h)<br />
|-<br />
!voiced<br />
|v<br />
|vʲ<br />
|z<br />
|ʑ<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" |trill/approximant<br />
| colspan="2" |w<br />
|r~ɾ<br />
|j<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" |lateral<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|l<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Vowels ===<br />
Zjugo features a simple five vowel system. Main things to note is the lack of an open central vowel, as it is being replaced instead with the near-open front unrounded vowel, and the lack of rounding.<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
!<br />
!front<br />
!back<br />
|-<br />
!close<br />
|i<br />
|ɯ<br />
|-<br />
!mid<br />
|e̞<br />
|ɤ̞<br />
|-<br />
!open<br />
|æ<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Diphthongs ===<br />
Any Zjuan vowel except /i/ and /ɯ/ may appear as the first vowel in a diphthong followed by /i/ (frequently articulated as [ɪ] when appearing like this).<br />
<br />
=== Phonotactics ===<br />
Any Zjugo syllable is made up of at least a vowel or diphthong, which may be preceded by any consonant and/or followed by /n/. Note that a syllable ending with /n/ can be followed by a syllable starting with a vowel. This is phonemically distinct from a syllable ending with a vowel followed by a syllable starting with /n/, that is, for instance, /ˈme̞n.æi/ is distinct from /ˈme̞.næi/. Obstruents and /n/ get palatalized by default when followed by /i/, plain variants are not allowed in that position.<br />
<br />
=== Phonetic variations ===<br />
Due to [[Zjugo#Root system|the root system]], which behaves as if they didn't apply, the following aspects of Zjugo's pronunciation are not widely considered phonemic.<br />
<br />
The sequences ⟨wi⟩, ⟨wu⟩ and ⟨ji⟩ are never pronounced the way they're written. Specifically, ⟨wi⟩ is pronounced [i] word-initially and [hi] otherwise (this is the only phonetic occurrence of [h] in the language and is the reason for its inclusion in the consonant chart). ⟨wu⟩ is pronounced [ɯ] word-initially and [fɯ] otherwise and lastly ⟨ji⟩ is pronounced [i] word-initially and [d͡ʑi] otherwise.<br />
<br />
== Spelling ==<br />
<br />
=== [[Latin alphabet]] ===<br />
Here are the letters and digraphs used to spell Zjugo, when using the [[Latin script]]. Whenever a sequence of letters is ambiguous, an apostrophe must be used to clarify syllable boundaries. For example /ˈme̞.næi/ is spelled ''menai'', meanwhile /ˈme̞n.æi/ is spelled ''men'ai''. This is also done to clarify whether something is or isn't a palatalization digraph, for instance /ˈfʲæn.jæn/ is spelled ''fjan'jan'', however ''fjanjan'' would be pronounced /ˈfʲæ.ɲæn/, except for that it isn't a real word. Consonant letters followed by i, not separated by an apostrophe are automatically considered palatalized.<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
!Letter<br />
!Pronunciation<br />
!digraph<br />
!pronunciation<br />
|-<br />
|A<br />
|/æ/<br />
|Ai<br />
|/æi/<br />
|-<br />
|B<br />
|/b/<br />
|Bj<br />
|/bʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|D<br />
|/d/<br />
|Dj<br />
|/d͡ʑ/<br />
|-<br />
|E<br />
|/e̞/<br />
|Ei<br />
|/e̞i/<br />
|-<br />
|F<br />
|/f/<br />
|Fj<br />
|/fʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|G<br />
|/g/<br />
|Gj<br />
|/gʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|H<br />
|/x/<br />
|Hj<br />
|/xʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|I<br />
|/i/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|J<br />
|/j/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|K<br />
|/k/<br />
|Kj<br />
|/kʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|L<br />
|/l/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|M<br />
|/m/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|N<br />
|/n/<br />
|Nj<br />
|/ɲ/<br />
|-<br />
|O<br />
|/ɤ̞/<br />
|Oi<br />
|/ɤ̞i/<br />
|-<br />
|P<br />
|/p/<br />
|Pj<br />
|/pʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|R<br />
|/r~ɾ/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|S<br />
|/s/<br />
|Sj<br />
|/ɕ/<br />
|-<br />
|T<br />
|/t/<br />
|Tj<br />
|/t͡ɕ/<br />
|-<br />
|U<br />
|/ɯ/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|V<br />
|/v/<br />
|Vj<br />
|/vʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|W<br />
|/w/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Z<br />
|/z/<br />
|Zj<br />
|/ʑ/<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Zjugohai ===<br />
Zjugohai /ˈʑɯ.gɤ̞.xai/ is the original way used to spell Zjugo, although it has since begun to fall out of use in favor of the [[Latin script]]. It is a syllabary featuring characters for every combination of a plain voiceless consonant followed by a vowel (including the lack of a consonant). It's written top to bottom with its columns advancing right to left. Voicing and palatalization are spelled using other strategies, discussed later.<br />
<br />
==== Voicing ====<br />
Voiced obstruents are spelled by placing a diacritic to the left of the right syllable character. Voiced palatalized consonants still have this diacritic on the first character.<br />
<br />
==== Palatalization ====<br />
Consonant vowel pairs with a palatalized consonant are spelled as a digraph, including a character of the voiceless unpalatalized equivalent consonant with the i vowel. That is then followed by one of the four special palatalization characters; one exists for each vowel except i itself. Diphthongs following palatalized consonants are spelled by placing a diacritic, identical in appearance to the one used for voicing, onto the palatalization character. There are no palatalization characters for the i vowel as obstruents (and n) followed by i are palatalized by default and, in fact, are not allowed to be plain when in that position.<br />
<br />
==== Diphthongs and syllable-final n ====<br />
As discussed earlier, Zjugo only permits one consonant to appear phonemically in syllable codas and that is /n/. This is spelled with a special character. If syllable contains no such coda and no palatalized consonant, but it does include a diphthong, a reverse-S-like character is used to indicate that, meanwhile if a syllable contains the coda and also a diphthong, it is spelled with another special character, being a variant of the final n character, and lastly if the final n is included in a syllable with a palatalized consonant, a variant of the appropriate palatalization character is used and, naturally, the diphthong diacritic is also included on top of that if there is a diphthong in the syllable. This way any single syllable can be spelled with at most two characters, keeping the script fairly concise.<br />
<br />
==== Numbers ====<br />
Zjugo usually uses a base-6 system to count and there are 6 digits native to Zjugohai, used to spell these base-6 numbers. For base-10 numbers, the Arabic numerals get used and written vertically, just like the Zjugohai numerals.<br />
<br />
== Root system ==<br />
Zjugo features a system of monosyllabic roots or morphemes. Due to its strict phonotactics, there are only 456 possible syllables, 346 of which are used within the language<ref>As of writing this; out of lore, I'm still working on the language and it's very possible this number will change and might outdated</ref>. Each morpheme is one syllable and on top of that any single syllable can represent only one morpheme. Some of these roots are reserved for grammatical purposes (eg. case endings, verb endings, certain grammatical affixes, the morphemes used to construct demonstratives), while others allow much wider usage, the latter case being referred to as "content roots", since they can usually function as most parts of speech.<br />
<br />
== Syntax ==<br />
Zjugo follows an SVO word order with prepositions, adverbs appearing before verbs, used to convey some modal information and adjectives preceding nouns. <br />
<br />
Zjugo's context clause, if used, should be the very first thing in the sentence, followed by the verb, then followed by the verb's arguments. These arguments can have various cases which usually follow the order LOC NOM DAT ACC. In particular, the nominative argument nearly always appears before the accusative argument, with variations being very rare and usually reserved for artistic purposes. The locative argument usually appears first and the dative argument usually appears right before the accusative argument or at the end if there isn't one, but those two exhibit much more variation in placement. Finally, prepositional phrases are always placed at the end of the sentence. <br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
|Fenhuhja<br />
|lu<br />
|vjonzjo<br />
|vjusjuni<br />
|gahi<br />
|kinso<br />
|djoine<br />
|pi'en<br />
|jowo.<br />
|-<br />
|last-day<br />
|CONTEXT<br />
|give-IND<br />
|work-building-LOC<br />
|somebody<br />
|1-GEN<br />
|parent-DAT<br />
|weird-ADJ<br />
|thing-ACC<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="9" |"Yesterday, at work, somebody gave my mother a strange object."<br />
|}<br />
In a sentence with just a copula, both the subject and its complement follow the copula, with the subject appearing first. There are two copulas, one of them negative (equivalent to "isn't"). <br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
|da<br />
|kin<br />
|di<br />
|lu<br />
|dja<br />
|kin<br />
|ve<br />
|-<br />
|be<br />
|1<br />
|kind<br />
|CONTEXT<br />
|be.NEG<br />
|1<br />
|rude<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="7" |I'm good, so I'm not bad.<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
<references /></div>Maselahttps://mc.nguh.org/w/index.php?title=Zjugo&diff=39244Zjugo2026-04-30T10:27:51Z<p>Masela: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox language|name=Zjugo|pronunciation=[ˈʑɯ.gɤ̞]|family=Paleo-Hlabiglan|early-forms=Zjiogeo|era=today|scripts=[[Latin alphabet]], [[Zjugo#Zjugohai|Zjugohai]]|country=[[Hiso Zju'a]]|lang-code=ZG|endonym=Zjugo (in Zjugo)<br>Zjuan (in English)}}<br />
<br />
'''Zjuan''' /ˈʒuw.ən/ (ZG Zjugo /ˈʑɯ.gɤ̞/) is a Paleo-Hlambiglan language spoken in [[Hiso Zju'a]]. It is one of the three languages spoken there, each belonging primarily to one of the three most represented ethnicities residing there. Zjugo belongs to the [unnamed] group, native to Zju'an land and is the only language in Zju'a, which doesn't have a major speaking population anywhere else.<br />
<br />
== Phonology ==<br />
<br />
=== Consonants ===<br />
Zjuan consonants feature a full voicing distinction in all plosives and fricatives except for the velar fricatives. They also include a palatalization distinction for all plosives and fricatives and alveolar/palatal nasal consonants. Especially in recent times, labial and velar palatalized consonants are often articulated as consonant clusters with the palatal approximant.<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |<br />
! colspan="2" |labial<br />
! rowspan="2" |alveolar<br />
! rowspan="2" |palatal<br />
! colspan="2" |velar<br />
! rowspan="2" |glottal<br />
|-<br />
!plain<br />
!palatalized<br />
!plain<br />
!palatalized<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" |nasal<br />
| colspan="2" |m<br />
|n<br />
|ɲ<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" |plosive<br />
!unvoiced<br />
|p<br />
|pʲ<br />
|t<br />
|t͡ɕ<br />
|k<br />
|kʲ<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!voiced<br />
|b<br />
|bʲ<br />
|d<br />
|d͡ʑ<br />
|g<br />
|gʲ<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" |fricative<br />
!unvoiced<br />
|f<br />
|fʲ<br />
|s<br />
|ɕ<br />
|x<br />
|xʲ<br />
|(h)<br />
|-<br />
!voiced<br />
|v<br />
|vʲ<br />
|z<br />
|ʑ<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" |trill/approximant<br />
| colspan="2" |w<br />
|r~ɾ<br />
|j<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" |lateral<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|l<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Vowels ===<br />
Zjugo features a simple five vowel system. Main things to note is the lack of an open central vowel, as it is being replaced instead with the near-open front unrounded vowel, and the lack of rounding.<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
!<br />
!front<br />
!back<br />
|-<br />
!close<br />
|i<br />
|ɯ<br />
|-<br />
!mid<br />
|e̞<br />
|ɤ̞<br />
|-<br />
!open<br />
|æ<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Diphthongs ===<br />
Any Zjuan vowel except /i/ and /ɯ/ may appear as the first vowel in a diphthong followed by /i/ (frequently articulated as [ɪ] when appearing like this).<br />
<br />
=== Phonotactics ===<br />
Any Zjugo syllable is made up of at least a vowel or diphthong, which may be proceeded by any consonant and/or followed by /n/. Note that a syllable ending with /n/ can be followed by a syllable starting with a vowel. This is phonemically distinct from a syllable ending with a vowel followed by a syllable starting with /n/, that is, for instance, /ˈme̞n.æi/ is distinct from /ˈme̞.næi/. Obstruents and /n/ get palatalized by default when followed by /i/, plain variants are not allowed in that position.<br />
<br />
=== Phonetic variations ===<br />
Due to [[Zjugo#Root system|the root system]], which behaves as if they didn't apply, the following aspects of Zjugo's pronunciation are not widely considered phonemic.<br />
<br />
The sequences ⟨wi⟩, ⟨wu⟩ and ⟨ji⟩ are never pronounced the way they're written. Specifically, ⟨wi⟩ is pronounced [i] word-initially and [hi] otherwise (this is the only phonetic occurrence of [h] in the language and is the reason for its inclusion in the consonant chart). ⟨wu⟩ is pronounced [ɯ] word-initially and [fɯ] otherwise and lastly ⟨ji⟩ is pronounced [i] word-initially and [d͡ʑi] otherwise.<br />
<br />
== Spelling ==<br />
<br />
=== [[Latin alphabet]] ===<br />
Here are the letters and digraphs used to spell Zjugo, when using the [[Latin script]]. Whenever a sequence of letters is ambiguous, an apostrophe must be used to clarify syllable boundaries. For example /ˈme̞.næi/ is spelled ''menai'', meanwhile /ˈme̞n.æi/ is spelled ''men'ai''. This is also done to clarify whether something is or isn't a palatalization digraph, for instance /ˈfʲæn.jæn/ is spelled ''fjan'jan'', however ''fjanjan'' would be pronounced /ˈfʲæ.ɲæn/, except for that it isn't a real word. Consonant letters followed by i, not separated by an apostrophe are automatically considered palatalized.<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
!Letter<br />
!Pronunciation<br />
!digraph<br />
!pronunciation<br />
|-<br />
|A<br />
|/æ/<br />
|Ai<br />
|/æi/<br />
|-<br />
|B<br />
|/b/<br />
|Bj<br />
|/bʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|D<br />
|/d/<br />
|Dj<br />
|/d͡ʑ/<br />
|-<br />
|E<br />
|/e̞/<br />
|Ei<br />
|/e̞i/<br />
|-<br />
|F<br />
|/f/<br />
|Fj<br />
|/fʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|G<br />
|/g/<br />
|Gj<br />
|/gʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|H<br />
|/x/<br />
|Hj<br />
|/xʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|I<br />
|/i/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|J<br />
|/j/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|K<br />
|/k/<br />
|Kj<br />
|/kʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|L<br />
|/l/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|M<br />
|/m/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|N<br />
|/n/<br />
|Nj<br />
|/ɲ/<br />
|-<br />
|O<br />
|/ɤ̞/<br />
|Oi<br />
|/ɤ̞i/<br />
|-<br />
|P<br />
|/p/<br />
|Pj<br />
|/pʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|R<br />
|/r~ɾ/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|S<br />
|/s/<br />
|Sj<br />
|/ɕ/<br />
|-<br />
|T<br />
|/t/<br />
|Tj<br />
|/t͡ɕ/<br />
|-<br />
|U<br />
|/ɯ/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|V<br />
|/v/<br />
|Vj<br />
|/vʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|W<br />
|/w/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Z<br />
|/z/<br />
|Zj<br />
|/ʑ/<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Zjugohai ===<br />
Zjugohai /ˈʑɯ.gɤ̞.xai/ is the original way used to spell Zjugo, although it has since begun to fall out of use in favor of the [[Latin script]]. It is a syllabary featuring characters for every combination of a plain voiceless consonant followed by a vowel (including the lack of a consonant). It's written top to bottom with its columns advancing right to left. Voicing and palatalization are spelled using other strategies, discussed later.<br />
<br />
==== Voicing ====<br />
Voiced obstruents are spelled by placing a diacritic to the left of the right syllable character. Voiced palatalized consonants still have this diacritic on the first character.<br />
<br />
==== Palatalization ====<br />
Consonant vowel pairs with a palatalized consonant are spelled as a digraph, including a character of the voiceless unpalatalized equivalent consonant with the i vowel. That is then followed by one of the four special palatalization characters; one exists for each vowel except i itself. Diphthongs following palatalized consonants are spelled by placing a diacritic, identical in appearance to the one used for voicing, onto the palatalization character. There are no palatalization characters for the i vowel as obstruents (and n) followed by i are palatalized by default and, in fact, are not allowed to be plain when in that position.<br />
<br />
==== Diphthongs and syllable-final n ====<br />
As discussed earlier, Zjugo only permits one consonant to appear phonemically in syllable codas and that is /n/. This is spelled with a special character. If syllable contains no such coda and no palatalized consonant, but it does include a diphthong, a reverse-S-like character is used to indicate that, meanwhile if a syllable contains the coda and also a diphthong, it is spelled with another special character, being a variant of the final n character, and lastly if the final n is included in a syllable with a palatalized consonant, a variant of the appropriate palatalization character is used and, naturally, the diphthong diacritic is also included on top of that if there is a diphthong in the syllable. This way any single syllable can be spelled with at most two characters, keeping the script fairly concise.<br />
<br />
==== Numbers ====<br />
Zjugo usually uses a base-6 system to count and there are 6 digits native to Zjugohai, used to spell these base-6 numbers. For base-10 numbers, the Arabic numerals get used and written vertically, just like the Zjugohai numerals.<br />
<br />
== Root system ==<br />
Zjugo features a monosyllabic root system. Due to its strict phonotactics, there are only 456 possible syllables, 346 of which are used within the language<ref>As of writing this; out of lore, I'm still working on the language and it's very possible this number will change and might outdated</ref>. Each morpheme is one syllable and on top of that any single syllable can represent only one morpheme. Some of these roots are reserved for grammatical purposes (case endings, verb endings, certain grammatical affixes, the morphemes used to construct demonstratives), while others allow much wider usage, the latter case being referred to as "content roots", since they can usually function as most parts of speech.<br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
<references /></div>Maselahttps://mc.nguh.org/w/index.php?title=Zjugo&diff=39243Zjugo2026-04-30T10:27:32Z<p>Masela: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox language|name=Zjugo|pronunciation=[ˈʑɯ.gɤ̞]|family=Paleo-Hlabiglan|early-forms=Zjiogeo|era=today|scripts=[[Latin alphabet]], [[Zjugo#Zjugohai|Zjugohai]]|country=[[Hiso Zju'a]]|lang-code=ZG|endonym=Zjugo (in Zjugo)<br>Zjuan (in English)}}<br />
<br />
'''Zjuan''' /ˈʒuw.ən/ (ZG Zjugo /ˈʑɯ.gɤ̞/) is a Paleo-Hlambiglan language spoken in [[Hiso Zju'a]]. It is one of the three languages spoken there, each belonging primarily to one of the three most represented ethnicities residing there. Zjugo belongs to the [unnamed] group, native to Zju'an land and is the only language in Zju'a, which doesn't have a major speaking population anywhere else.<br />
<br />
== Phonology ==<br />
<br />
=== Consonants ===<br />
Zjuan consonants feature a full voicing distinction in all plosives and fricatives except for the velar fricatives. They also include a palatalization distinction for all plosives and fricatives and alveolar/palatal nasal consonants. Especially in recent times, labial and velar palatalized consonants are often articulated as consonant clusters with the palatal approximant.<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |<br />
! colspan="2" |labial<br />
! rowspan="2" |alveolar<br />
! rowspan="2" |palatal<br />
! colspan="2" |velar<br />
! rowspan="2" |glottal<br />
|-<br />
!plain<br />
!palatalized<br />
!plain<br />
!palatalized<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" |nasal<br />
| colspan="2" |m<br />
|n<br />
|ɲ<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" |plosive<br />
!unvoiced<br />
|p<br />
|pʲ<br />
|t<br />
|t͡ɕ<br />
|k<br />
|kʲ<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!voiced<br />
|b<br />
|bʲ<br />
|d<br />
|d͡ʑ<br />
|g<br />
|gʲ<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" |fricative<br />
!unvoiced<br />
|f<br />
|fʲ<br />
|s<br />
|ɕ<br />
|x<br />
|xʲ<br />
|(h)<br />
|-<br />
!voiced<br />
|v<br />
|vʲ<br />
|z<br />
|ʑ<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" |trill/approximant<br />
| colspan="2" |w<br />
|r~ɾ<br />
|j<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" |lateral<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|l<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Vowels ===<br />
Zjugo features a simple five vowel system. Main things to note is the lack of an open central vowel, as it is being replaced instead with the near-open front unrounded vowel, and the lack of rounding.<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
!<br />
!front<br />
!back<br />
|-<br />
!close<br />
|i<br />
|ɯ<br />
|-<br />
!mid<br />
|e̞<br />
|ɤ̞<br />
|-<br />
!open<br />
|æ<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Diphthongs ===<br />
Any Zjuan vowel except /i/ and /ɯ/ may appear as the first vowel in a diphthong followed by /i/ (frequently articulated as [ɪ] when appearing like this).<br />
<br />
=== Phonotactics ===<br />
Any Zjugo syllable is made up of at least a vowel or diphthong, which may be proceeded by any consonant and/or followed by /n/. Note that a syllable ending with /n/ can be followed by a syllable starting with a vowel. This is phonemically distinct from a syllable ending with a vowel followed by a syllable starting with /n/, that is, for instance, /ˈme̞n.æi/ is distinct from /ˈme̞.næi/. Obstruents and /n/ get palatalized by default when followed by /i/, plain variants are not allowed in that position.<br />
<br />
=== Phonetic variations ===<br />
Due to [[Zjugo#Root system|the root system]], which behaves as if they didn't apply, the following aspects of Zjugo's pronunciation are not widely considered phonemic.<br />
<br />
The sequences ⟨wi⟩, ⟨wu⟩ and ⟨ji⟩ are never pronounced the way they're written. Specifically, ⟨wi⟩ is pronounced [i] word-initially and [hi] otherwise (this is the only phonetic occurrence of [h] in the language and is the reason for its inclusion in the consonant chart). ⟨wu⟩ is pronounced [ɯ] word-initially and [fɯ] otherwise and lastly ⟨ji⟩ is pronounced [i] word-initially and [d͡ʑi] otherwise.<br />
<br />
== Spelling ==<br />
<br />
=== [[Latin alphabet]] ===<br />
Here are the letters and digraphs used to spell Zjugo, when using the [[Latin script]]. Whenever a sequence of letters is ambiguous, an apostrophe must be used to clarify syllable boundaries. For example /ˈme̞.næi/ is spelled ''menai'', meanwhile /ˈme̞n.æi/ is spelled ''men'ai''. This is also done to clarify whether something is or isn't a palatalization digraph, for instance /ˈfʲæn.jæn/ is spelled ''fjan'jan'', however ''fjanjan'' would be pronounced /ˈfʲæ.ɲæn/, except for that it isn't a real word. Consonant letters followed by i, not separated by an apostrophe are automatically considered palatalized.<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
!Letter<br />
!Pronunciation<br />
!digraph<br />
!pronunciation<br />
|-<br />
|A<br />
|/æ/<br />
|Ai<br />
|/æi/<br />
|-<br />
|B<br />
|/b/<br />
|Bj<br />
|/bʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|D<br />
|/d/<br />
|Dj<br />
|/d͡ʑ/<br />
|-<br />
|E<br />
|/e̞/<br />
|Ei<br />
|/e̞i/<br />
|-<br />
|F<br />
|/f/<br />
|Fj<br />
|/fʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|G<br />
|/g/<br />
|Gj<br />
|/gʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|H<br />
|/x/<br />
|Hj<br />
|/xʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|I<br />
|/i/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|J<br />
|/j/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|K<br />
|/k/<br />
|Kj<br />
|/kʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|L<br />
|/l/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|M<br />
|/m/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|N<br />
|/n/<br />
|Nj<br />
|/ɲ/<br />
|-<br />
|O<br />
|/ɤ̞/<br />
|Oi<br />
|/ɤ̞i/<br />
|-<br />
|P<br />
|/p/<br />
|Pj<br />
|/pʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|R<br />
|/r~ɾ/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|S<br />
|/s/<br />
|Sj<br />
|/ɕ/<br />
|-<br />
|T<br />
|/t/<br />
|Tj<br />
|/t͡ɕ/<br />
|-<br />
|U<br />
|/ɯ/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|V<br />
|/v/<br />
|Vj<br />
|/vʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|W<br />
|/w/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Z<br />
|/z/<br />
|Zj<br />
|/ʑ/<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Zjugohai ===<br />
Zjugohai /ˈʑɯ.gɤ̞.xai/ is the original way used to spell Zjugo, although it has since begun to fall out of use in favor of the [[Latin script]]. It is a syllabary featuring characters for every combination of a plain voiceless consonant followed by a vowel (including the lack of a consonant). It's written top to bottom with its columns advancing right to left. Voicing and palatalization are spelled using other strategies, discussed later.<br />
<br />
==== Voicing ====<br />
Voiced obstruents are spelled by placing a diacritic to the left of the right syllable character. Voiced palatalized consonants still have this diacritic on the first character.<br />
<br />
==== Palatalization ====<br />
Consonant vowel pairs with a palatalized consonant are spelled as a digraph, including a character of the voiceless unpalatalized equivalent consonant with the i vowel. That is then followed by one of the four special palatalization characters; one exists for each vowel except i itself. Diphthongs following palatalized consonants are spelled by placing a diacritic, identical in appearance to the one used for voicing, onto the palatalization character. There are no palatalization characters for the i vowel as obstruents (and n) followed by i are palatalized by default and, in fact, are not allowed to be plain when in that position.<br />
<br />
==== Diphthongs and syllable-final n ====<br />
As discussed earlier, Zjugo only permits one consonant to appear phonemically in syllable codas and that is /n/. This is spelled with a special character. If syllable contains no such coda and no palatalized consonant, but it does include a diphthong, a reverse-S-like character is used to indicate that, meanwhile if a syllable contains the coda and also a diphthong, it is spelled with another special character, being a variant of the final n character, and lastly if the final n is included in a syllable with a palatalized consonant, a variant of the appropriate palatalization character is used and, naturally, the diphthong diacritic is also included on top of that if there is a diphthong in the syllable. This way any single syllable can be spelled with at most two characters, keeping the script fairly concise.<br />
<br />
==== Numbers ====<br />
Zjugo usually uses a base-6 system to count and there are 6 digits native to Zjugohai, used to spell these base-6 numbers. For base-10 numbers, the Arabic numerals get used and written vertically, just like the Zjugohai numerals.<br />
<br />
== Root system ==<br />
Zjugo features a monosyllabic root system. Due to its strict phonotactics, there are only 456 possible syllables, 346 of which are used within the language<ref>As of writing this; out of lore, I'm still working on the language and it's very possible this number will change and might outdated</ref>. Each morpheme is one syllable and on top of that any single syllable can represent only one morpheme. Some of these roots are reserved for grammatical purposes (case endings, verb endings, certain grammatical affixes, the morphemes used to construct demonstratives), while others allow much wider usage, the latter case being referred to as "content roots", since they can usually function as most parts of speech.<br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
<refrences/></div>Maselahttps://mc.nguh.org/w/index.php?title=Zjugo&diff=39242Zjugo2026-04-30T10:26:26Z<p>Masela: added root system paragraph and fixed up some miscellaneous things</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox language|name=Zjugo|pronunciation=[ˈʑɯ.gɤ̞]|family=Paleo-Hlabiglan|early-forms=Zjiogeo|era=today|scripts=[[Latin alphabet]], [[Zjugo#Zjugohai|Zjugohai]]|country=[[Hiso Zju'a]]|lang-code=ZG|endonym=Zjugo (in Zjugo)<br>Zjuan (in English)}}<br />
<br />
'''Zjuan''' /ˈʒuw.ən/ (ZG Zjugo /ˈʑɯ.gɤ̞/) is a Paleo-Hlambiglan language spoken in [[Hiso Zju'a]]. It is one of the three languages spoken there, each belonging primarily to one of the three most represented ethnicities residing there. Zjugo belongs to the [unnamed] group, native to Zju'an land and is the only language in Zju'a, which doesn't have a major speaking population anywhere else.<br />
<br />
== Phonology ==<br />
<br />
=== Consonants ===<br />
Zjuan consonants feature a full voicing distinction in all plosives and fricatives except for the velar fricatives. They also include a palatalization distinction for all plosives and fricatives and alveolar/palatal nasal consonants. Especially in recent times, labial and velar palatalized consonants are often articulated as consonant clusters with the palatal approximant.<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |<br />
! colspan="2" |labial<br />
! rowspan="2" |alveolar<br />
! rowspan="2" |palatal<br />
! colspan="2" |velar<br />
! rowspan="2" |glottal<br />
|-<br />
!plain<br />
!palatalized<br />
!plain<br />
!palatalized<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" |nasal<br />
| colspan="2" |m<br />
|n<br />
|ɲ<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" |plosive<br />
!unvoiced<br />
|p<br />
|pʲ<br />
|t<br />
|t͡ɕ<br />
|k<br />
|kʲ<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!voiced<br />
|b<br />
|bʲ<br />
|d<br />
|d͡ʑ<br />
|g<br />
|gʲ<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" |fricative<br />
!unvoiced<br />
|f<br />
|fʲ<br />
|s<br />
|ɕ<br />
|x<br />
|xʲ<br />
|(h)<br />
|-<br />
!voiced<br />
|v<br />
|vʲ<br />
|z<br />
|ʑ<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" |trill/approximant<br />
| colspan="2" |w<br />
|r~ɾ<br />
|j<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" |lateral<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|l<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Vowels ===<br />
Zjugo features a simple five vowel system. Main things to note is the lack of an open central vowel, as it is being replaced instead with the near-open front unrounded vowel, and the lack of rounding.<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
!<br />
!front<br />
!back<br />
|-<br />
!close<br />
|i<br />
|ɯ<br />
|-<br />
!mid<br />
|e̞<br />
|ɤ̞<br />
|-<br />
!open<br />
|æ<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Diphthongs ===<br />
Any Zjuan vowel except /i/ and /ɯ/ may appear as the first vowel in a diphthong followed by /i/ (frequently articulated as [ɪ] when appearing like this).<br />
<br />
=== Phonotactics ===<br />
Any Zjugo syllable is made up of at least a vowel or diphthong, which may be proceeded by any consonant and/or followed by /n/. Note that a syllable ending with /n/ can be followed by a syllable starting with a vowel. This is phonemically distinct from a syllable ending with a vowel followed by a syllable starting with /n/, that is, for instance, /ˈme̞n.æi/ is distinct from /ˈme̞.næi/. Obstruents and /n/ get palatalized by default when followed by /i/, plain variants are not allowed in that position.<br />
<br />
=== Phonetic variations ===<br />
Due to [[Zjugo#Root system|the root system]], which behaves as if they didn't apply, the following aspects of Zjugo's pronunciation are not widely considered phonemic.<br />
<br />
The sequences ⟨wi⟩, ⟨wu⟩ and ⟨ji⟩ are never pronounced the way they're written. Specifically, ⟨wi⟩ is pronounced [i] word-initially and [hi] otherwise (this is the only phonetic occurrence of [h] in the language and is the reason for its inclusion in the consonant chart). ⟨wu⟩ is pronounced [ɯ] word-initially and [fɯ] otherwise and lastly ⟨ji⟩ is pronounced [i] word-initially and [d͡ʑi] otherwise.<br />
<br />
== Spelling ==<br />
<br />
=== [[Latin alphabet]] ===<br />
Here are the letters and digraphs used to spell Zjugo, when using the [[Latin script]]. Whenever a sequence of letters is ambiguous, an apostrophe must be used to clarify syllable boundaries. For example /ˈme̞.næi/ is spelled ''menai'', meanwhile /ˈme̞n.æi/ is spelled ''men'ai''. This is also done to clarify whether something is or isn't a palatalization digraph, for instance /ˈfʲæn.jæn/ is spelled ''fjan'jan'', however ''fjanjan'' would be pronounced /ˈfʲæ.ɲæn/, except for that it isn't a real word. Consonant letters followed by i, not separated by an apostrophe are automatically considered palatalized.<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
!Letter<br />
!Pronunciation<br />
!digraph<br />
!pronunciation<br />
|-<br />
|A<br />
|/æ/<br />
|Ai<br />
|/æi/<br />
|-<br />
|B<br />
|/b/<br />
|Bj<br />
|/bʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|D<br />
|/d/<br />
|Dj<br />
|/d͡ʑ/<br />
|-<br />
|E<br />
|/e̞/<br />
|Ei<br />
|/e̞i/<br />
|-<br />
|F<br />
|/f/<br />
|Fj<br />
|/fʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|G<br />
|/g/<br />
|Gj<br />
|/gʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|H<br />
|/x/<br />
|Hj<br />
|/xʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|I<br />
|/i/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|J<br />
|/j/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|K<br />
|/k/<br />
|Kj<br />
|/kʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|L<br />
|/l/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|M<br />
|/m/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|N<br />
|/n/<br />
|Nj<br />
|/ɲ/<br />
|-<br />
|O<br />
|/ɤ̞/<br />
|Oi<br />
|/ɤ̞i/<br />
|-<br />
|P<br />
|/p/<br />
|Pj<br />
|/pʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|R<br />
|/r~ɾ/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|S<br />
|/s/<br />
|Sj<br />
|/ɕ/<br />
|-<br />
|T<br />
|/t/<br />
|Tj<br />
|/t͡ɕ/<br />
|-<br />
|U<br />
|/ɯ/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|V<br />
|/v/<br />
|Vj<br />
|/vʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|W<br />
|/w/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Z<br />
|/z/<br />
|Zj<br />
|/ʑ/<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Zjugohai ===<br />
Zjugohai /ˈʑɯ.gɤ̞.xai/ is the original way used to spell Zjugo, although it has since begun to fall out of use in favor of the [[Latin script]]. It is a syllabary featuring characters for every combination of a plain voiceless consonant followed by a vowel (including the lack of a consonant). It's written top to bottom with its columns advancing right to left. Voicing and palatalization are spelled using other strategies, discussed later.<br />
<br />
==== Voicing ====<br />
Voiced obstruents are spelled by placing a diacritic to the left of the right syllable character. Voiced palatalized consonants still have this diacritic on the first character.<br />
<br />
==== Palatalization ====<br />
Consonant vowel pairs with a palatalized consonant are spelled as a digraph, including a character of the voiceless unpalatalized equivalent consonant with the i vowel. That is then followed by one of the four special palatalization characters; one exists for each vowel except i itself. Diphthongs following palatalized consonants are spelled by placing a diacritic, identical in appearance to the one used for voicing, onto the palatalization character. There are no palatalization characters for the i vowel as obstruents (and n) followed by i are palatalized by default and, in fact, are not allowed to be plain when in that position.<br />
<br />
==== Diphthongs and syllable-final n ====<br />
As discussed earlier, Zjugo only permits one consonant to appear phonemically in syllable codas and that is /n/. This is spelled with a special character. If syllable contains no such coda and no palatalized consonant, but it does include a diphthong, a reverse-S-like character is used to indicate that, meanwhile if a syllable contains the coda and also a diphthong, it is spelled with another special character, being a variant of the final n character, and lastly if the final n is included in a syllable with a palatalized consonant, a variant of the appropriate palatalization character is used and, naturally, the diphthong diacritic is also included on top of that if there is a diphthong in the syllable. This way any single syllable can be spelled with at most two characters, keeping the script fairly concise.<br />
<br />
==== Numbers ====<br />
Zjugo usually uses a base-6 system to count and there are 6 digits native to Zjugohai, used to spell these base-6 numbers. For base-10 numbers, the Arabic numerals get used and written vertically, just like the Zjugohai numerals.<br />
<br />
== Root system ==<br />
Zjugo features a monosyllabic root system. Due to its strict phonotactics, there are only 456 possible syllables, 346 of which are used within the language<ref>As of writing this; out of lore, I'm still working on the language and it's very possible this number will change and might outdated</ref>. Each morpheme is one syllable and on top of that any single syllable can represent only one morpheme. Some of these roots are reserved for grammatical purposes (case endings, verb endings, certain grammatical affixes, the morphemes used to construct demonstratives), while others allow much wider usage, the latter case being referred to as "content roots", since they can usually function as most parts of speech.</div>Maselahttps://mc.nguh.org/w/index.php?title=Zjugo&diff=39219Zjugo2026-04-29T16:16:08Z<p>Masela: added hyperlink for zjugohai in the infobox</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox language|name=Zjugo|pronunciation=[ˈʑɯ.gɤ̞]|family=Isolate, Paleo-Hlabiglan|early-forms=Zjiogeo|era=today|scripts=[[Latin alphabet]], [[Zjugo#Zjugohai|Zjugohai]]|country=[[Hiso Zju'a]]|lang-code=ZG|endonym=Zjugo (in Zjugo)<br>Zjuan (in English)}}<br />
<br />
'''Zjuan''' /ˈʒuw.ən/ (ZG Zjugo /ˈʑɯ.gɤ̞/) is an isolate, Paleo-Hlambiglan language spoken in [[Hiso Zju'a]]. It is one of the three languages spoken there, each belonging primarily to one of the three most represented ethnicities residing there. Zjugo belongs to the [unnamed] group, native to Zju'an land and is the only language in Zju'a, which doesn't have a major speaking population anywhere else.<br />
<br />
== Phonology ==<br />
<br />
=== Consonants ===<br />
Zjuan consonants feature a full voicing distinction in all plosives and fricatives except for the velar fricatives. They also include a palatalization distinction for all plosives and fricatives and alveolar/palatal nasal consonants. Especially in recent times, labial and velar palatalized consonants are often articulated as consonant clusters with the palatal approximant.<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |<br />
! colspan="2" |labial<br />
! rowspan="2" |alveolar<br />
! rowspan="2" |palatal<br />
! colspan="2" |velar<br />
! rowspan="2" |glottal<br />
|-<br />
!plain<br />
!palatalized<br />
!plain<br />
!palatalized<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" |nasal<br />
| colspan="2" |m<br />
|n<br />
|ɲ<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" |plosive<br />
!unvoiced<br />
|p<br />
|pʲ<br />
|t<br />
|t͡ɕ<br />
|k<br />
|kʲ<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!voiced<br />
|b<br />
|bʲ<br />
|d<br />
|d͡ʑ<br />
|g<br />
|gʲ<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" |fricative<br />
!unvoiced<br />
|f<br />
|fʲ<br />
|s<br />
|ɕ<br />
|x<br />
|xʲ<br />
|(h)<br />
|-<br />
!voiced<br />
|v<br />
|vʲ<br />
|z<br />
|ʑ<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" |trill/approximant<br />
| colspan="2" |w<br />
|r~ɾ<br />
|j<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" |lateral<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|l<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Vowels ===<br />
Zjugo features a simple five vowel system. Main things to note is the lack of an open central vowel, as it is being replaced instead with the near-open front unrounded vowel, and the lack of rounding.<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
!<br />
!front<br />
!back<br />
|-<br />
!close<br />
|i<br />
|ɯ<br />
|-<br />
!mid<br />
|e̞<br />
|ɤ̞<br />
|-<br />
!open<br />
|æ<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Diphthongs ===<br />
Any Zjuan vowel except /i/ and /ɯ/ may appear as the first vowel in a diphthong followed by /i/ (frequently articulated as [ɪ] when appearing like this).<br />
<br />
=== Phonotactics ===<br />
Any Zjugo syllable is made up of at least a vowel or diphthong, which may be proceeded by any consonant and/or followed by /n/. Note that a syllable ending with /n/ can be followed by a syllable starting with a vowel. This is phonemically distinct from a syllable ending with a vowel followed by a syllable starting with /n/, that is, for instance, /ˈme̞n.æi/ is distinct from /ˈme̞.næi/. Obstruents and /n/ get palatalized by default when followed by /i/, plain variants are not allowed in that position.<br />
<br />
== Spelling ==<br />
<br />
=== [[Latin alphabet]] ===<br />
Here are the letters and digraphs used to spell Zjugo, when using the [[Latin script]]. Whenever a sequence of letters is ambiguous, an apostrophe must be used to clarify syllable boundaries. For example /ˈme̞.næi/ is spelled ''menai'', meanwhile /ˈme̞n.æi/ is spelled ''men'ai''. This is also done to clarify whether something is or isn't a palatalization digraph, for instance /ˈfʲæn.jæn/ is spelled ''fjan'jan'', however ''fjanjan'' would be pronounced /ˈfʲæ.ɲæn/, except for that it isn't a real word. Consonant letters followed by i, not separated by an apostrophe are automatically considered palatalized.<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
!Letter<br />
!Pronunciation<br />
!digraph<br />
!pronunciation<br />
|-<br />
|A<br />
|/æ/<br />
|Ai<br />
|/æi/<br />
|-<br />
|B<br />
|/b/<br />
|Bj<br />
|/bʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|D<br />
|/d/<br />
|Dj<br />
|/d͡ʑ/<br />
|-<br />
|E<br />
|/e̞/<br />
|Ei<br />
|/e̞i/<br />
|-<br />
|F<br />
|/f/<br />
|Fj<br />
|/fʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|G<br />
|/g/<br />
|Gj<br />
|/gʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|H<br />
|/x/<br />
|Hj<br />
|/xʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|I<br />
|/i/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|J<br />
|/j/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|K<br />
|/k/<br />
|Kj<br />
|/kʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|L<br />
|/l/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|M<br />
|/m/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|N<br />
|/n/<br />
|Nj<br />
|/ɲ/<br />
|-<br />
|O<br />
|/ɤ̞/<br />
|Oi<br />
|/ɤ̞i/<br />
|-<br />
|P<br />
|/p/<br />
|Pj<br />
|/pʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|R<br />
|/r~ɾ/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|S<br />
|/s/<br />
|Sj<br />
|/ɕ/<br />
|-<br />
|T<br />
|/t/<br />
|Tj<br />
|/t͡ɕ/<br />
|-<br />
|U<br />
|/ɯ/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|V<br />
|/v/<br />
|Vj<br />
|/vʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|W<br />
|/w/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Z<br />
|/z/<br />
|Zj<br />
|/ʑ/<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Zjugohai ===<br />
Zjugohai /ˈʑɯ.gɤ̞.xai/ is the original way used to spell Zjugo, although it has since begun to fall out of use in favor of the [[Latin script]]. It is a syllabary featuring characters for every combination of a plain voiceless consonant followed by a vowel (including the lack of a consonant). It's written top to bottom with its columns advancing right to left. Voicing and palatalization are spelled using other strategies, discussed later.<br />
<br />
==== Voicing ====<br />
Voiced obstruents are spelled by placing a diacritic to the left of the right syllable character. Voiced palatalized consonants still have this diacritic on the first character.<br />
<br />
==== Palatalization ====<br />
Consonant vowel pairs with a palatalized consonant are spelled as a digraph, including a character of the voiceless unpalatalized equivalent consonant with the i vowel. That is then followed by one of the four special palatalization characters; one exists for each vowel except i itself. Diphthongs following palatalized consonants are spelled by placing a diacritic, identical in appearance to the one used for voicing, onto the palatalization character. There are no palatalization characters for the i vowel as obstruents (and n) followed by i are palatalized by default and, in fact, are not allowed to be plain when in that position.<br />
<br />
==== Diphthongs and syllable-final n ====<br />
As discussed earlier, Zjugo only permits one consonant to appear phonemically in syllable codas and that is /n/. This is spelled with a special character. If syllable contains no such coda and no palatalized consonant, a reverse-S-like character is used, meanwhile if a syllable contains this coda and also a diphthong, it is spelled with another special character, being a variant of the final n character, and lastly if the final n is included in a syllable with a palatalized consonant, a variant of the appropriate palatalization character is used.</div>Maselahttps://mc.nguh.org/w/index.php?title=Zjugo&diff=39218Zjugo2026-04-29T15:46:48Z<p>Masela: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox language|name=Zjugo|pronunciation=[ˈʑɯ.gɤ̞]|family=Isolate, Paleo-Hlabiglan|early-forms=Zjiogeo|era=today|scripts=[[Latin alphabet]], Zjugohai|country=[[Hiso Zju'a]]|lang-code=ZG|endonym=Zjugo (in Zjugo)<br>Zjuan (in English)}}<br />
<br />
'''Zjuan''' /ˈʒuw.ən/ (ZG Zjugo /ˈʑɯ.gɤ̞/) is an isolate, Paleo-Hlambiglan language spoken in [[Hiso Zju'a]]. It is one of the three languages spoken there, each belonging primarily to one of the three most represented ethnicities residing there. Zjugo belongs to the [unnamed] group, native to Zju'an land and is the only language in Zju'a, which doesn't have a major speaking population anywhere else.<br />
<br />
== Phonology ==<br />
<br />
=== Consonants ===<br />
Zjuan consonants feature a full voicing distinction in all plosives and fricatives except for the velar fricatives. They also include a palatalization distinction for all plosives and fricatives and alveolar/palatal nasal consonants. Especially in recent times, labial and velar palatalized consonants are often articulated as consonant clusters with the palatal approximant.<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |<br />
! colspan="2" |labial<br />
! rowspan="2" |alveolar<br />
! rowspan="2" |palatal<br />
! colspan="2" |velar<br />
! rowspan="2" |glottal<br />
|-<br />
!plain<br />
!palatalized<br />
!plain<br />
!palatalized<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" |nasal<br />
| colspan="2" |m<br />
|n<br />
|ɲ<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" |plosive<br />
!unvoiced<br />
|p<br />
|pʲ<br />
|t<br />
|t͡ɕ<br />
|k<br />
|kʲ<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!voiced<br />
|b<br />
|bʲ<br />
|d<br />
|d͡ʑ<br />
|g<br />
|gʲ<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" |fricative<br />
!unvoiced<br />
|f<br />
|fʲ<br />
|s<br />
|ɕ<br />
|x<br />
|xʲ<br />
|(h)<br />
|-<br />
!voiced<br />
|v<br />
|vʲ<br />
|z<br />
|ʑ<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" |trill/approximant<br />
| colspan="2" |w<br />
|r~ɾ<br />
|j<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" |lateral<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|l<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Vowels ===<br />
Zjugo features a simple five vowel system. Main things to note is the lack of an open central vowel, as it is being replaced instead with the near-open front unrounded vowel, and the lack of rounding.<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
!<br />
!front<br />
!back<br />
|-<br />
!close<br />
|i<br />
|ɯ<br />
|-<br />
!mid<br />
|e̞<br />
|ɤ̞<br />
|-<br />
!open<br />
|æ<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Diphthongs ===<br />
Any Zjuan vowel except /i/ and /ɯ/ may appear as the first vowel in a diphthong followed by /i/ (frequently articulated as [ɪ] when appearing like this).<br />
<br />
=== Phonotactics ===<br />
Any Zjugo syllable is made up of at least a vowel or diphthong, which may be proceeded by any consonant and/or followed by /n/. Note that a syllable ending with /n/ can be followed by a syllable starting with a vowel. This is phonemically distinct from a syllable ending with a vowel followed by a syllable starting with /n/, that is, for instance, /ˈme̞n.æi/ is distinct from /ˈme̞.næi/. Obstruents and /n/ get palatalized by default when followed by /i/, plain variants are not allowed in that position.<br />
<br />
== Spelling ==<br />
<br />
=== [[Latin alphabet]] ===<br />
Here are the letters and digraphs used to spell Zjugo, when using the [[Latin script]]. Whenever a sequence of letters is ambiguous, an apostrophe must be used to clarify syllable boundaries. For example /ˈme̞.næi/ is spelled ''menai'', meanwhile /ˈme̞n.æi/ is spelled ''men'ai''. This is also done to clarify whether something is or isn't a palatalization digraph, for instance /ˈfʲæn.jæn/ is spelled ''fjan'jan'', however ''fjanjan'' would be pronounced /ˈfʲæ.ɲæn/, except for that it isn't a real word. Consonant letters followed by i, not separated by an apostrophe are automatically considered palatalized.<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
!Letter<br />
!Pronunciation<br />
!digraph<br />
!pronunciation<br />
|-<br />
|A<br />
|/æ/<br />
|Ai<br />
|/æi/<br />
|-<br />
|B<br />
|/b/<br />
|Bj<br />
|/bʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|D<br />
|/d/<br />
|Dj<br />
|/d͡ʑ/<br />
|-<br />
|E<br />
|/e̞/<br />
|Ei<br />
|/e̞i/<br />
|-<br />
|F<br />
|/f/<br />
|Fj<br />
|/fʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|G<br />
|/g/<br />
|Gj<br />
|/gʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|H<br />
|/x/<br />
|Hj<br />
|/xʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|I<br />
|/i/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|J<br />
|/j/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|K<br />
|/k/<br />
|Kj<br />
|/kʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|L<br />
|/l/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|M<br />
|/m/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|N<br />
|/n/<br />
|Nj<br />
|/ɲ/<br />
|-<br />
|O<br />
|/ɤ̞/<br />
|Oi<br />
|/ɤ̞i/<br />
|-<br />
|P<br />
|/p/<br />
|Pj<br />
|/pʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|R<br />
|/r~ɾ/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|S<br />
|/s/<br />
|Sj<br />
|/ɕ/<br />
|-<br />
|T<br />
|/t/<br />
|Tj<br />
|/t͡ɕ/<br />
|-<br />
|U<br />
|/ɯ/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|V<br />
|/v/<br />
|Vj<br />
|/vʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|W<br />
|/w/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Z<br />
|/z/<br />
|Zj<br />
|/ʑ/<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Zjugohai ===<br />
Zjugohai /ˈʑɯ.gɤ̞.xai/ is the original way used to spell Zjugo, although it has since begun to fall out of use in favor of the [[Latin script]]. It is a syllabary featuring characters for every combination of a plain voiceless consonant followed by a vowel (including the lack of a consonant). It's written top to bottom with its columns advancing right to left. Voicing and palatalization are spelled using other strategies, discussed later.<br />
<br />
==== Voicing ====<br />
Voiced obstruents are spelled by placing a diacritic to the left of the right syllable character. Voiced palatalized consonants still have this diacritic on the first character.<br />
<br />
==== Palatalization ====<br />
Consonant vowel pairs with a palatalized consonant are spelled as a digraph, including a character of the voiceless unpalatalized equivalent consonant with the i vowel. That is then followed by one of the four special palatalization characters; one exists for each vowel except i itself. Diphthongs following palatalized consonants are spelled by placing a diacritic, identical in appearance to the one used for voicing, onto the palatalization character. There are no palatalization characters for the i vowel as obstruents (and n) followed by i are palatalized by default and, in fact, are not allowed to be plain when in that position.<br />
<br />
==== Diphthongs and syllable-final n ====<br />
As discussed earlier, Zjugo only permits one consonant to appear phonemically in syllable codas and that is /n/. This is spelled with a special character. If syllable contains no such coda and no palatalized consonant, a reverse-S-like character is used, meanwhile if a syllable contains this coda and also a diphthong, it is spelled with another special character, being a variant of the final n character, and lastly if the final n is included in a syllable with a palatalized consonant, a variant of the appropriate palatalization character is used.</div>Maselahttps://mc.nguh.org/w/index.php?title=Zjugo&diff=39217Zjugo2026-04-29T15:46:04Z<p>Masela: clarified palatalization</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox language|name=Zjugo|pronunciation=[ˈʑɯ.gɤ̞]|family=Isolate, Paleo-Hlabiglan|early-forms=Zjiogeo|era=today|scripts=[[Latin alphabet]], Zjugohai|country=[[Hiso Zju'a]]|lang-code=ZG|endonym=Zjugo (in Zjugo)<br>Zjuan (in English)}}<br />
<br />
'''Zjuan''' /ˈʒuw.ən/ (ZG Zjugo /ˈʑɯ.gɤ̞/) is an isolate, Paleo-Hlambiglan language spoken in [[Hiso Zju'a]]. It is one of the three languages spoken there, each belonging primarily to one of the three most represented ethnicities residing there. Zjugo belongs to the [unnamed] group, native to Zju'an land and is the only language in Zju'a, which doesn't have a major speaking population anywhere else.<br />
<br />
== Phonology ==<br />
<br />
=== Consonants ===<br />
Zjuan consonants feature a full voicing distinction in all plosives and fricatives except for the velar fricatives. They also include a palatalization distinction for all plosives and fricatives and alveolar/palatal nasal consonants. Especially in recent times, labial and velar palatalized consonants are often articulated as consonant clusters with the palatal approximant.<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |<br />
! colspan="2" |labial<br />
! rowspan="2" |alveolar<br />
! rowspan="2" |palatal<br />
! colspan="2" |velar<br />
! rowspan="2" |glottal<br />
|-<br />
!plain<br />
!palatalized<br />
!plain<br />
!palatalized<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" |nasal<br />
| colspan="2" |m<br />
|n<br />
|ɲ<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" |plosive<br />
!unvoiced<br />
|p<br />
|pʲ<br />
|t<br />
|t͡ɕ<br />
|k<br />
|kʲ<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!voiced<br />
|b<br />
|bʲ<br />
|d<br />
|d͡ʑ<br />
|g<br />
|gʲ<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" |fricative<br />
!unvoiced<br />
|f<br />
|fʲ<br />
|s<br />
|ɕ<br />
|x<br />
|xʲ<br />
|(h)<br />
|-<br />
!voiced<br />
|v<br />
|vʲ<br />
|z<br />
|ʑ<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" |trill/approximant<br />
| colspan="2" |w<br />
|r~ɾ<br />
|j<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" |lateral<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|l<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Vowels ===<br />
Zjugo features a simple five vowel system. Main things to note is the lack of an open central vowel, as it is being replaced instead with the near-open front unrounded vowel, and the lack of rounding.<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
!<br />
!front<br />
!back<br />
|-<br />
!close<br />
|i<br />
|ɯ<br />
|-<br />
!mid<br />
|e̞<br />
|ɤ̞<br />
|-<br />
!open<br />
|æ<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Diphthongs ===<br />
Any Zjuan vowel except /i/ and /ɯ/ may appear as the first vowel in a diphthong followed by /i/ (frequently articulated as [ɪ] when appearing like this).<br />
<br />
=== Phonotactics ===<br />
Any Zjugo syllable is made up of at least a vowel or diphthong, which may be proceeded by any consonant and/or followed by /n/. Note that a syllable ending with /n/ can be followed by a syllable starting with a vowel. This is phonemically distinct from a syllable ending with a vowel followed by a syllable starting with /n/, that is, for instance, /ˈme̞n.æi/ is distinct from /ˈme̞.næi/. Obstruents and /n/ get palatalized by default when followed by /i/, plain variants are not allowed in that position.<br />
<br />
== Spelling ==<br />
<br />
=== [[Latin alphabet]] ===<br />
Here are the letters and digraphs used to spell Zjugo, when using the [[Latin script]]. Whenever a sequence of letters is ambiguous, an apostrophe must be used to clarify syllable boundaries. For example /ˈme̞.næi/ is spelled ''menai'', meanwhile /ˈme̞n.æi/ is spelled ''men'ai''. This is also done to clarify whether something is or isn't a palatalization digraph, for instance /ˈfʲæn.jæn/ is spelled ''fjan'jan'', however ''fjanjan'' would be pronounced /ˈfʲæ.ɲæn/, except for that it isn't a real word. Consonant letters followed by i, not separated by an apostrophe are automatically considered palatalized.<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
!Letter<br />
!Pronunciation<br />
!digraph<br />
!pronunciation<br />
|-<br />
|A<br />
|/æ/<br />
|Ai<br />
|/æi/<br />
|-<br />
|B<br />
|/b/<br />
|Bj<br />
|/bʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|D<br />
|/d/<br />
|Dj<br />
|/d͡ʑ/<br />
|-<br />
|E<br />
|/e̞/<br />
|Ei<br />
|/e̞i/<br />
|-<br />
|F<br />
|/f/<br />
|Fj<br />
|/fʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|G<br />
|/g/<br />
|Gj<br />
|/gʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|H<br />
|/x/<br />
|Hj<br />
|/xʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|I<br />
|/i/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|J<br />
|/j/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|K<br />
|/k/<br />
|Kj<br />
|/kʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|L<br />
|/l/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|M<br />
|/m/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|N<br />
|/n/<br />
|Nj<br />
|/ɲ/<br />
|-<br />
|O<br />
|/ɤ̞/<br />
|Oi<br />
|/ɤ̞i/<br />
|-<br />
|P<br />
|/p/<br />
|Pj<br />
|/pʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|R<br />
|/r~ɾ/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|S<br />
|/s/<br />
|Sj<br />
|/ɕ/<br />
|-<br />
|T<br />
|/t/<br />
|Tj<br />
|/t͡ɕ/<br />
|-<br />
|U<br />
|/ɯ/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|V<br />
|/v/<br />
|Vj<br />
|/vʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|W<br />
|/w/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Z<br />
|/z/<br />
|Zj<br />
|/ʑ/<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Zjugohai ===<br />
Zjugohai /ˈʑɯ.gɤ̞.xai/ is the original way used to spell Zjugo, although it has since begun to fall out of use in favor of the [[Latin script]]. It is a syllabary featuring characters for every combination of a plain voiceless consonant followed by a vowel (including the lack of a consonant). It's written top to bottom with its columns advancing right to left. Voicing and palatalization are spelled using other strategies, discussed later.<br />
<br />
=== Voicing ===<br />
Voiced obstruents are spelled by placing a diacritic to the left of the right syllable character. Voiced palatalized consonants still have this diacritic on the first character.<br />
<br />
=== Palatalization ===<br />
Consonant vowel pairs with a palatalized consonant are spelled as a digraph, including a character of the voiceless unpalatalized equivalent consonant with the i vowel. That is then followed by one of the four special palatalization characters; one exists for each vowel except i itself. Diphthongs following palatalized consonants are spelled by placing a diacritic, identical in appearance to the one used for voicing, onto the palatalization character. There are no palatalization characters for the i vowel as obstruents (and n) followed by i are palatalized by default and, in fact, are not allowed to be plain when in that position.<br />
<br />
=== Diphthongs and syllable-final n ===<br />
As discussed earlier, Zjugo only permits one consonant to appear phonemically in syllable codas and that is /n/. This is spelled with a special character. If syllable contains no such coda and no palatalized consonant, a reverse-S-like character is used, meanwhile if a syllable contains this coda and also a diphthong, it is spelled with another special character, being a variant of the final n character, and lastly if the final n is included in a syllable with a palatalized consonant, a variant of the appropriate palatalization character is used.</div>Maselahttps://mc.nguh.org/w/index.php?title=Zjugo&diff=39216Zjugo2026-04-29T15:42:50Z<p>Masela: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox language|name=Zjugo|pronunciation=[ˈʑɯ.gɤ̞]|family=Isolate, Paleo-Hlabiglan|early-forms=Zjiogeo|era=today|scripts=[[Latin alphabet]], Zjugohai|country=[[Hiso Zju'a]]|lang-code=ZG|endonym=Zjugo (in Zjugo)<br>Zjuan (in English)}}<br />
<br />
'''Zjuan''' /ˈʒuw.ən/ (ZG Zjugo /ˈʑɯ.gɤ̞/) is an isolate, Paleo-Hlambiglan language spoken in [[Hiso Zju'a]]. It is one of the three languages spoken there, each belonging primarily to one of the three most represented ethnicities residing there. Zjugo belongs to the [unnamed] group, native to Zju'an land and is the only language in Zju'a, which doesn't have a major speaking population anywhere else.<br />
<br />
== Phonology ==<br />
<br />
=== Consonants ===<br />
Zjuan consonants feature a full voicing distinction in all plosives and fricatives except for the velar fricatives. They also include a palatalization distinction for all plosives and fricatives and alveolar/palatal nasal consonants. Especially in recent times, labial and velar palatalized consonants are often articulated as consonant clusters with the palatal approximant.<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |<br />
! colspan="2" |labial<br />
! rowspan="2" |alveolar<br />
! rowspan="2" |palatal<br />
! colspan="2" |velar<br />
! rowspan="2" |glottal<br />
|-<br />
!plain<br />
!palatalized<br />
!plain<br />
!palatalized<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" |nasal<br />
| colspan="2" |m<br />
|n<br />
|ɲ<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" |plosive<br />
!unvoiced<br />
|p<br />
|pʲ<br />
|t<br />
|t͡ɕ<br />
|k<br />
|kʲ<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!voiced<br />
|b<br />
|bʲ<br />
|d<br />
|d͡ʑ<br />
|g<br />
|gʲ<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" |fricative<br />
!unvoiced<br />
|f<br />
|fʲ<br />
|s<br />
|ɕ<br />
|x<br />
|xʲ<br />
|(h)<br />
|-<br />
!voiced<br />
|v<br />
|vʲ<br />
|z<br />
|ʑ<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" |trill/approximant<br />
| colspan="2" |w<br />
|r~ɾ<br />
|j<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" |lateral<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|l<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Vowels ===<br />
Zjugo features a simple five vowel system. Main things to note is the lack of an open central vowel, as it is being replaced instead with the near-open front unrounded vowel, and the lack of rounding.<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
!<br />
!front<br />
!back<br />
|-<br />
!close<br />
|i<br />
|ɯ<br />
|-<br />
!mid<br />
|e̞<br />
|ɤ̞<br />
|-<br />
!open<br />
|æ<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Diphthongs ===<br />
Any Zjuan vowel except /i/ and /ɯ/ may appear as the first vowel in a diphthong followed by /i/ (frequently articulated as [ɪ] when appearing like this).<br />
<br />
=== Phonotactics ===<br />
Any Zjugo syllable is made up of at least a vowel or diphthong, which may be proceeded by any consonant and/or followed by /n/. Note that a syllable ending with /n/ can be followed by a syllable starting with a vowel. This is phonemically distinct from a syllable ending with a vowel followed by a syllable starting with /n/, that is, for instance, /ˈme̞n.æi/ is distinct from /ˈme̞.næi/.<br />
<br />
== Spelling ==<br />
<br />
=== [[Latin alphabet]] ===<br />
Here are the letters and digraphs used to spell Zjugo, when using the [[Latin script]]. Whenever a sequence of letters is ambiguous, an apostrophe must be used to clarify syllable boundaries. For example /ˈme̞.næi/ is spelled ''menai'', meanwhile /ˈme̞n.æi/ is spelled ''men'ai''. This is also done to clarify whether something is or isn't a palatalization digraph, for instance /ˈfʲæn.jæn/ is spelled ''fjan'jan'', however ''fjanjan'' would be pronounced /ˈfʲæ.ɲæn/, except for that it isn't a real word.<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
!Letter<br />
!Pronunciation<br />
!digraph<br />
!pronunciation<br />
|-<br />
|A<br />
|/æ/<br />
|Ai<br />
|/æi/<br />
|-<br />
|B<br />
|/b/<br />
|Bj<br />
|/bʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|D<br />
|/d/<br />
|Dj<br />
|/d͡ʑ/<br />
|-<br />
|E<br />
|/e̞/<br />
|Ei<br />
|/e̞i/<br />
|-<br />
|F<br />
|/f/<br />
|Fj<br />
|/fʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|G<br />
|/g/<br />
|Gj<br />
|/gʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|H<br />
|/x/<br />
|Hj<br />
|/xʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|I<br />
|/i/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|J<br />
|/j/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|K<br />
|/k/<br />
|Kj<br />
|/kʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|L<br />
|/l/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|M<br />
|/m/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|N<br />
|/n/<br />
|Nj<br />
|/ɲ/<br />
|-<br />
|O<br />
|/ɤ̞/<br />
|Oi<br />
|/ɤ̞i/<br />
|-<br />
|P<br />
|/p/<br />
|Pj<br />
|/pʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|R<br />
|/r~ɾ/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|S<br />
|/s/<br />
|Sj<br />
|/ɕ/<br />
|-<br />
|T<br />
|/t/<br />
|Tj<br />
|/t͡ɕ/<br />
|-<br />
|U<br />
|/ɯ/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|V<br />
|/v/<br />
|Vj<br />
|/vʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|W<br />
|/w/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Z<br />
|/z/<br />
|Zj<br />
|/ʑ/<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Zjugohai ===<br />
Zjugohai /ˈʑɯ.gɤ̞.xai/ is the original way used to spell Zjugo, although it has since begun to fall out of use in favor of the [[Latin script]]. It is a syllabary featuring characters for every combination of a plain voiceless consonant followed by a vowel (including the lack of a consonant). It's written top to bottom with its columns advancing right to left. Voicing and palatalization are spelled using other strategies, discussed later.<br />
<br />
=== Voicing ===<br />
Voiced obstruents are spelled by placing a diacritic to the left of the right syllable character. Voiced palatalized consonants still have this diacritic on the first character.<br />
<br />
=== Palatalization ===<br />
Consonant vowel pairs with a palatalized consonant are spelled as a digraph, including a character of the voiceless unpalatalized equivalent consonant with the i vowel. That is then followed by one of the four special palatalization characters; one exists for each vowel except i itself. Diphthongs following palatalized consonants are spelled by placing a diacritic, identical in appearance to the one used for voicing, onto the palatalization character.<br />
<br />
=== Diphthongs and syllable-final n ===<br />
As discussed earlier, Zjugo only permits one consonant to appear phonemically in syllable codas and that is /n/. This is spelled with a special character. If syllable contains no such coda and no palatalized consonant, a reverse-S-like character is used, meanwhile if a syllable contains this coda and also a diphthong, it is spelled with another special character, being a variant of the final n character, and lastly if the final n is included in a syllable with a palatalized consonant, a variant of the appropriate palatalization character is used.</div>Maselahttps://mc.nguh.org/w/index.php?title=Zjugo&diff=39215Zjugo2026-04-29T15:42:33Z<p>Masela: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox language|name=Zjugo|pronunciation=[ˈʑɯ.gɤ̞]|family=Isolate, Paleo-Hlabiglan|early-forms=Zjiogeo|era=today|scripts=[[Latin alphabet]], Zjugohai|country=[[Hiso Zju'a]]|lang-code=ZG|endonym=Zjugo (in Zjugo)<br>Zjuan (in English)}}<br />
<br />
'''Zjuan''' /ˈʒuw.ən/ (ZG Zjugo /ˈʑɯ.gɤ̞/) is an isolate, Paleo-Hlambiglan language spoken in [[Hiso Zju'a]]. It is one of the three languages spoken there, each belonging primarily to one of the three most represented ethnicities residing there. Zjugo belongs to the [unnamed] group, native to Zju'an land and is the only language in Zjugo, which doesn't have a major speaking population anywhere else.<br />
<br />
== Phonology ==<br />
<br />
=== Consonants ===<br />
Zjuan consonants feature a full voicing distinction in all plosives and fricatives except for the velar fricatives. They also include a palatalization distinction for all plosives and fricatives and alveolar/palatal nasal consonants. Especially in recent times, labial and velar palatalized consonants are often articulated as consonant clusters with the palatal approximant.<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |<br />
! colspan="2" |labial<br />
! rowspan="2" |alveolar<br />
! rowspan="2" |palatal<br />
! colspan="2" |velar<br />
! rowspan="2" |glottal<br />
|-<br />
!plain<br />
!palatalized<br />
!plain<br />
!palatalized<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" |nasal<br />
| colspan="2" |m<br />
|n<br />
|ɲ<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" |plosive<br />
!unvoiced<br />
|p<br />
|pʲ<br />
|t<br />
|t͡ɕ<br />
|k<br />
|kʲ<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!voiced<br />
|b<br />
|bʲ<br />
|d<br />
|d͡ʑ<br />
|g<br />
|gʲ<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" |fricative<br />
!unvoiced<br />
|f<br />
|fʲ<br />
|s<br />
|ɕ<br />
|x<br />
|xʲ<br />
|(h)<br />
|-<br />
!voiced<br />
|v<br />
|vʲ<br />
|z<br />
|ʑ<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" |trill/approximant<br />
| colspan="2" |w<br />
|r~ɾ<br />
|j<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" |lateral<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|l<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Vowels ===<br />
Zjugo features a simple five vowel system. Main things to note is the lack of an open central vowel, as it is being replaced instead with the near-open front unrounded vowel, and the lack of rounding.<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
!<br />
!front<br />
!back<br />
|-<br />
!close<br />
|i<br />
|ɯ<br />
|-<br />
!mid<br />
|e̞<br />
|ɤ̞<br />
|-<br />
!open<br />
|æ<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Diphthongs ===<br />
Any Zjuan vowel except /i/ and /ɯ/ may appear as the first vowel in a diphthong followed by /i/ (frequently articulated as [ɪ] when appearing like this).<br />
<br />
=== Phonotactics ===<br />
Any Zjugo syllable is made up of at least a vowel or diphthong, which may be proceeded by any consonant and/or followed by /n/. Note that a syllable ending with /n/ can be followed by a syllable starting with a vowel. This is phonemically distinct from a syllable ending with a vowel followed by a syllable starting with /n/, that is, for instance, /ˈme̞n.æi/ is distinct from /ˈme̞.næi/.<br />
<br />
== Spelling ==<br />
<br />
=== [[Latin alphabet]] ===<br />
Here are the letters and digraphs used to spell Zjugo, when using the [[Latin script]]. Whenever a sequence of letters is ambiguous, an apostrophe must be used to clarify syllable boundaries. For example /ˈme̞.næi/ is spelled ''menai'', meanwhile /ˈme̞n.æi/ is spelled ''men'ai''. This is also done to clarify whether something is or isn't a palatalization digraph, for instance /ˈfʲæn.jæn/ is spelled ''fjan'jan'', however ''fjanjan'' would be pronounced /ˈfʲæ.ɲæn/, except for that it isn't a real word.<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
!Letter<br />
!Pronunciation<br />
!digraph<br />
!pronunciation<br />
|-<br />
|A<br />
|/æ/<br />
|Ai<br />
|/æi/<br />
|-<br />
|B<br />
|/b/<br />
|Bj<br />
|/bʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|D<br />
|/d/<br />
|Dj<br />
|/d͡ʑ/<br />
|-<br />
|E<br />
|/e̞/<br />
|Ei<br />
|/e̞i/<br />
|-<br />
|F<br />
|/f/<br />
|Fj<br />
|/fʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|G<br />
|/g/<br />
|Gj<br />
|/gʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|H<br />
|/x/<br />
|Hj<br />
|/xʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|I<br />
|/i/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|J<br />
|/j/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|K<br />
|/k/<br />
|Kj<br />
|/kʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|L<br />
|/l/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|M<br />
|/m/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|N<br />
|/n/<br />
|Nj<br />
|/ɲ/<br />
|-<br />
|O<br />
|/ɤ̞/<br />
|Oi<br />
|/ɤ̞i/<br />
|-<br />
|P<br />
|/p/<br />
|Pj<br />
|/pʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|R<br />
|/r~ɾ/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|S<br />
|/s/<br />
|Sj<br />
|/ɕ/<br />
|-<br />
|T<br />
|/t/<br />
|Tj<br />
|/t͡ɕ/<br />
|-<br />
|U<br />
|/ɯ/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|V<br />
|/v/<br />
|Vj<br />
|/vʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|W<br />
|/w/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Z<br />
|/z/<br />
|Zj<br />
|/ʑ/<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Zjugohai ===<br />
Zjugohai /ˈʑɯ.gɤ̞.xai/ is the original way used to spell Zjugo, although it has since begun to fall out of use in favor of the [[Latin script]]. It is a syllabary featuring characters for every combination of a plain voiceless consonant followed by a vowel (including the lack of a consonant). It's written top to bottom with its columns advancing right to left. Voicing and palatalization are spelled using other strategies, discussed later.<br />
<br />
=== Voicing ===<br />
Voiced obstruents are spelled by placing a diacritic to the left of the right syllable character. Voiced palatalized consonants still have this diacritic on the first character.<br />
<br />
=== Palatalization ===<br />
Consonant vowel pairs with a palatalized consonant are spelled as a digraph, including a character of the voiceless unpalatalized equivalent consonant with the i vowel. That is then followed by one of the four special palatalization characters; one exists for each vowel except i itself. Diphthongs following palatalized consonants are spelled by placing a diacritic, identical in appearance to the one used for voicing, onto the palatalization character.<br />
<br />
=== Diphthongs and syllable-final n ===<br />
As discussed earlier, Zjugo only permits one consonant to appear phonemically in syllable codas and that is /n/. This is spelled with a special character. If syllable contains no such coda and no palatalized consonant, a reverse-S-like character is used, meanwhile if a syllable contains this coda and also a diphthong, it is spelled with another special character, being a variant of the final n character, and lastly if the final n is included in a syllable with a palatalized consonant, a variant of the appropriate palatalization character is used.</div>Maselahttps://mc.nguh.org/w/index.php?title=Zjugo&diff=39214Zjugo2026-04-29T15:32:56Z<p>Masela: added phonotactics page and apostrophy usage in latin script</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox language|name=Zjugo|pronunciation=[ˈʑɯ.gɤ̞]|family=Isolate, Paleo-Hlabiglan|early-forms=Zjiogeo|era=today|scripts=[[Latin alphabet]], Zjugohai|country=[[Hiso Zju'a]]|lang-code=ZG|endonym=Zjugo (in Zjugo)<br>Zjuan (in English)}}<br />
<br />
'''Zjuan''' /ˈʒuw.ən/ (ZG Zjugo /ˈʑɯ.gɤ̞/) is an isolate, Paleo-Hlambiglan language spoken in [[Hiso Zju'a]]. It is one of the three languages spoken there, each belonging primarily to one of the three most represented ethnicities residing there. Zjugo belongs to the [unnamed] group, native to Zju'an land.<br />
<br />
== Phonology ==<br />
<br />
=== Consonants ===<br />
Zjuan consonants feature a full voicing distinction in all plosives and fricatives except for the velar fricatives. They also include a palatalization distinction for all plosives and fricatives and alveolar/palatal nasal consonants. Especially in recent times, labial and velar palatalized consonants are often articulated as consonant clusters with the palatal approximant.<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |<br />
! colspan="2" |labial<br />
! rowspan="2" |alveolar<br />
! rowspan="2" |palatal<br />
! colspan="2" |velar<br />
! rowspan="2" |glottal<br />
|-<br />
!plain<br />
!palatalized<br />
!plain<br />
!palatalized<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" |nasal<br />
| colspan="2" |m<br />
|n<br />
|ɲ<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" |plosive<br />
!unvoiced<br />
|p<br />
|pʲ<br />
|t<br />
|t͡ɕ<br />
|k<br />
|kʲ<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!voiced<br />
|b<br />
|bʲ<br />
|d<br />
|d͡ʑ<br />
|g<br />
|gʲ<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" |fricative<br />
!unvoiced<br />
|f<br />
|fʲ<br />
|s<br />
|ɕ<br />
|x<br />
|xʲ<br />
|(h)<br />
|-<br />
!voiced<br />
|v<br />
|vʲ<br />
|z<br />
|ʑ<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" |trill/approximant<br />
| colspan="2" |w<br />
|r~ɾ<br />
|j<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" |lateral<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|l<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Vowels ===<br />
Zjugo features a simple five vowel system. Main things to note is the lack of an open central vowel, as it is being replaced instead with the near-open front unrounded vowel, and the lack of rounding.<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
!<br />
!front<br />
!back<br />
|-<br />
!close<br />
|i<br />
|ɯ<br />
|-<br />
!mid<br />
|e̞<br />
|ɤ̞<br />
|-<br />
!open<br />
|æ<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Diphthongs ===<br />
Any Zjuan vowel except /i/ and /ɯ/ may appear as the first vowel in a diphthong followed by /i/ (frequently articulated as [ɪ] when appearing like this).<br />
<br />
=== Phonotactics ===<br />
Any Zjugo syllable is made up of at least a vowel or diphthong, which may be proceeded by any consonant and/or followed by /n/. Note that a syllable ending with /n/ can be followed by a syllable starting with a vowel. This is phonemically distinct from a syllable ending with a vowel followed by a syllable starting with /n/, that is, for instance, /ˈme̞n.æi/ is distinct from /ˈme̞.næi/.<br />
<br />
== Spelling ==<br />
<br />
=== [[Latin alphabet]] ===<br />
Here are the letters and digraphs used to spell Zjugo, when using the [[Latin script]]. Whenever a sequence of letters is ambiguous, an apostrophe must be used to clarify syllable boundaries. For example /ˈme̞.næi/ is spelled ''menai'', meanwhile /ˈme̞n.æi/ is spelled ''men'ai''. This is also done to clarify whether something is or isn't a palatalization digraph, for instance /ˈfʲæn.jæn/ is spelled ''fjan'jan'', however ''fjanjan'' would be pronounced /ˈfʲæ.ɲæn/, except for that it isn't a real word.<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
!Letter<br />
!Pronunciation<br />
!digraph<br />
!pronunciation<br />
|-<br />
|A<br />
|/æ/<br />
|Ai<br />
|/æi/<br />
|-<br />
|B<br />
|/b/<br />
|Bj<br />
|/bʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|D<br />
|/d/<br />
|Dj<br />
|/d͡ʑ/<br />
|-<br />
|E<br />
|/e̞/<br />
|Ei<br />
|/e̞i/<br />
|-<br />
|F<br />
|/f/<br />
|Fj<br />
|/fʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|G<br />
|/g/<br />
|Gj<br />
|/gʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|H<br />
|/x/<br />
|Hj<br />
|/xʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|I<br />
|/i/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|J<br />
|/j/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|K<br />
|/k/<br />
|Kj<br />
|/kʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|L<br />
|/l/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|M<br />
|/m/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|N<br />
|/n/<br />
|Nj<br />
|/ɲ/<br />
|-<br />
|O<br />
|/ɤ̞/<br />
|Oi<br />
|/ɤ̞i/<br />
|-<br />
|P<br />
|/p/<br />
|Pj<br />
|/pʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|R<br />
|/r~ɾ/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|S<br />
|/s/<br />
|Sj<br />
|/ɕ/<br />
|-<br />
|T<br />
|/t/<br />
|Tj<br />
|/t͡ɕ/<br />
|-<br />
|U<br />
|/ɯ/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|V<br />
|/v/<br />
|Vj<br />
|/vʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|W<br />
|/w/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Z<br />
|/z/<br />
|Zj<br />
|/ʑ/<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Zjugohai ===<br />
Zjugohai /ˈʑɯ.gɤ̞.xai/ is the original way used to spell Zjugo, although it has since begun to fall out of use in favor of the [[Latin script]]. It is a syllabary featuring characters for every combination of a plain voiceless consonant followed by a vowel (including the lack of a consonant). It's written top to bottom with its columns advancing right to left. Voicing and palatalization are spelled using other strategies, discussed later.<br />
<br />
=== Voicing ===<br />
Voiced obstruents are spelled by placing a diacritic to the left of the right syllable character. Voiced palatalized consonants still have this diacritic on the first character.<br />
<br />
=== Palatalization ===<br />
Consonant vowel pairs with a palatalized consonant are spelled as a digraph, including a character of the voiceless unpalatalized equivalent consonant with the i vowel. That is then followed by one of the four special palatalization characters; one exists for each vowel except i itself. Diphthongs following palatalized consonants are spelled by placing a diacritic, identical in appearance to the one used for voicing, onto the palatalization character.<br />
<br />
=== Diphthongs and syllable-final n ===<br />
As discussed earlier, Zjugo only permits one consonant to appear phonemically in syllable codas and that is /n/. This is spelled with a special character. If syllable contains no such coda and no palatalized consonant, a reverse-S-like character is used, meanwhile if a syllable contains this coda and also a diphthong, it is spelled with another special character, being a variant of the final n character, and lastly if the final n is included in a syllable with a palatalized consonant, a variant of the appropriate palatalization character is used.</div>Maselahttps://mc.nguh.org/w/index.php?title=Zjugo&diff=39213Zjugo2026-04-29T15:19:05Z<p>Masela: added all the phono stuff dude</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox language|name=Zjugo|pronunciation=[ˈʑɯ.gɤ̞]|family=Isolate, Paleo-Hlabiglan|early-forms=Zjiogeo|era=today|scripts=[[Latin alphabet]], Zjugohai|country=[[Hiso Zju'a]]|lang-code=ZG|endonym=Zjugo (in Zjugo)<br>Zjuan (in English)}}<br />
<br />
'''Zjuan''' /ˈʒuw.ən/ (ZG Zjugo /ˈʑɯ.gɤ̞/) is an isolate, Paleo-Hlambiglan language spoken in Hiso Zju'a. It is one of the three languages spoken there, each belonging primarily to one of the three most represented ethnicities residing there. Zjugo belongs to the [unnamed] group native to Zju'an land.<br />
<br />
== Phonology ==<br />
<br />
=== Consonants ===<br />
Zjuan consonants feature a full voicing distinction in all plosives and fricatives except for the velar fricatives. They also include a palatalization distinction for all plosives and fricatives and alveolar/palatal nasal consonants. Especially in recent times, labial and velar palatalized consonants are often articulated as consonant clusters with the palatal approximant.<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |<br />
! colspan="2" |labial<br />
! rowspan="2" |alveolar<br />
! rowspan="2" |palatal<br />
! colspan="2" |velar<br />
! rowspan="2" |glottal<br />
|-<br />
!plain<br />
!palatalized<br />
!plain<br />
!palatalized<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" |nasal<br />
| colspan="2" |m<br />
|n<br />
|ɲ<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" |plosive<br />
!unvoiced<br />
|p<br />
|pʲ<br />
|t<br />
|t͡ɕ<br />
|k<br />
|kʲ<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!voiced<br />
|b<br />
|bʲ<br />
|d<br />
|d͡ʑ<br />
|g<br />
|gʲ<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" |fricative<br />
!unvoiced<br />
|f<br />
|fʲ<br />
|s<br />
|ɕ<br />
|x<br />
|xʲ<br />
|(h)<br />
|-<br />
!voiced<br />
|v<br />
|vʲ<br />
|z<br />
|ʑ<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" |trill/approximant<br />
| colspan="2" |w<br />
|r~ɾ<br />
|j<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" |lateral<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|l<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Vowels ===<br />
Zjugo features a simple five vowel system. Main things to note is the lack of an open central vowel, as it is being replaced instead with the near-open front unrounded vowel, and the lack of rounding.<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
!<br />
!front<br />
!back<br />
|-<br />
!close<br />
|i<br />
|ɯ<br />
|-<br />
!mid<br />
|e̞<br />
|ɤ̞<br />
|-<br />
!open<br />
|æ<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Diphthongs ===<br />
Any Zjuan vowel except /i/ and /ɯ/ may appear as the first vowel in a diphthong followed by /i/ (frequently articulated as [ɪ] when appearing like this).<br />
<br />
== Spelling ==<br />
<br />
=== [[Latin alphabet]] ===<br />
Here are the letters and digraphs used to spell Zjugo, when using the [[Latin script]].<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
!Letter<br />
!Pronunciation<br />
!digraph<br />
!pronunciation<br />
|-<br />
|A<br />
|/æ/<br />
|Ai<br />
|/æi/<br />
|-<br />
|B<br />
|/b/<br />
|Bj<br />
|/bʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|D<br />
|/d/<br />
|Dj<br />
|/d͡ʑ/<br />
|-<br />
|E<br />
|/e̞/<br />
|Ei<br />
|/e̞i/<br />
|-<br />
|F<br />
|/f/<br />
|Fj<br />
|/fʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|G<br />
|/g/<br />
|Gj<br />
|/gʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|H<br />
|/x/<br />
|Hj<br />
|/xʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|I<br />
|/i/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|J<br />
|/j/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|K<br />
|/k/<br />
|Kj<br />
|/kʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|L<br />
|/l/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|M<br />
|/m/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|N<br />
|/n/<br />
|Nj<br />
|/ɲ/<br />
|-<br />
|O<br />
|/ɤ̞/<br />
|Oi<br />
|/ɤ̞i/<br />
|-<br />
|P<br />
|/p/<br />
|Pj<br />
|/pʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|R<br />
|/r~ɾ/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|S<br />
|/s/<br />
|Sj<br />
|/ɕ/<br />
|-<br />
|T<br />
|/t/<br />
|Tj<br />
|/t͡ɕ/<br />
|-<br />
|U<br />
|/ɯ/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|V<br />
|/v/<br />
|Vj<br />
|/vʲ/<br />
|-<br />
|W<br />
|/w/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Z<br />
|/z/<br />
|Zj<br />
|/ʑ/<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Zjugohai ===<br />
Zjugohai /ˈʑɯ.gɤ̞.xai/ is the original way used to spell Zjugo, although it has since begun to fall out of use in favor of the [[Latin script]]. It is a syllabary featuring characters for every combination of a plain voiceless consonant followed by a vowel (including the lack of a consonant). It's written top to bottom with its columns advancing right to left. Voicing and palatalization are spelled using other strategies, discussed later.<br />
<br />
=== Voicing ===<br />
Voiced obstruents are spelled by placing a diacritic to the left of the right syllable character. Voiced palatalized consonants still have this diacritic on the first character.<br />
<br />
=== Palatalization ===<br />
Consonant vowel pairs with a palatalized consonant are spelled as a digraph, including a character of the voiceless unpalatalized equivalent consonant with the i vowel. That is then followed by one of the four special palatalization characters; one exists for each vowel except i itself. Diphthongs following palatalized consonants are spelled by placing a diacritic, identical in appearance to the one used for voicing, onto the palatalization character.<br />
<br />
=== Diphthongs and syllable-final n ===<br />
As discussed earlier, Zjugo only permits one consonant to appear phonemically in syllable codas and that is /n/. This is spelled with a special character. If syllable contains no such coda and no palatalized consonant, a reverse-S-like character is used, meanwhile if a syllable contains this coda and also a diphthong, it is spelled with another special character, being a variant of the final n character, and lastly if the final n is included in a syllable with a palatalized consonant, a variant of the appropriate palatalization character is used.</div>Maselahttps://mc.nguh.org/w/index.php?title=Zjugo&diff=39209Zjugo2026-04-29T11:22:20Z<p>Masela: </p>
<hr />
<div>Pja!<br />
<br />
{{Infobox language|name=Zjugo|pronunciation=[ˈʑɯ.gɤ̞]|family=Isolate, Paleo-Hlabiglan|early-forms=Zjiogeo|era=today|scripts=[[Latin alphabet]], Zjugohai|country=[[Hiso Zju'a]]|lang-code=ZG|endonym=Zjugo (in Zjugo)<br>Zjuan (in English)}}</div>Maselahttps://mc.nguh.org/w/index.php?title=Zjugo&diff=39200Zjugo2026-04-28T22:02:18Z<p>Masela: created page</p>
<hr />
<div>Pja!<br />
<br />
{{Infobox language|name=Zjugo|pronunciation=[ˈʑɯ.gɤ̞]|family=Isolate, Paleo-Hlabiglan|early-forms=Zjiogeo|era=today|scripts=[[Latin Alphabet]], Zjugohai|country=[[Hiso Zju'a]]|lang-code=ZG|endonym=Zjugo (in Zjugo)<br>Zjuan (in English)}}</div>Maselahttps://mc.nguh.org/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian&diff=39199Ukrainian2026-04-28T21:36:58Z<p>Masela: added zju'a to the places ukrainian is spoken in</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox language<br />
|name=Ukrainian<br />
|family=[[Mary-Moldovan languages|Mary-Moldovan]]<br />
|era=today<br />
|scripts=Cyrillic script<br />
|country=[[Nāroňpār]], [[Oressia]], [[Hiso Zju'a]]<br />
|demonym=Ukrainian<br />
|endonym=Українська мова<br />
|number=2+<br />
|usage=National Language<br />
|lang-code=UKR<br />
}}<br />
Ukrainian is a really cool language!<br />
[[Category:Language]]</div>Maselahttps://mc.nguh.org/w/index.php?title=Hiso_Zju%27a&diff=39198Hiso Zju'a2026-04-28T21:34:41Z<p>Masela: added english demonym</p>
<hr />
<div>Hiso Zju'a (ZG "The people's own land") is a [[Ŋation]] located in the north of Hlambigla.<br />
<br />
{{Infobox ngation|name=Hiso Zju'a|demonym=Zju'ahi ([[Zjugo]])<br>Zju'an ([[English]])|ruler=Head of Executive Sylvia Masela<br>Head of Legislature Emily Felnen<br>Head of Justice Mary Killingsworth|languages=[[English]]<br>[[Ukrainian]]<br>[[Zjugo]]|two-digit-code=ZA|three-digit-code=HZA}}<br />
<br />
(Todo: make this all proper, emy, i invite you to work on this page also)</div>Maselahttps://mc.nguh.org/w/index.php?title=Hiso_Zju%27a&diff=39197Hiso Zju'a2026-04-28T21:32:50Z<p>Masela: page creation + infobox start</p>
<hr />
<div>Hiso Zju'a (ZG "The people's own land") is a [[Ŋation]] located in the north of Hlambigla.<br />
<br />
{{Infobox ngation|name=Hiso Zju'a|demonym=Zju'ahi ([[Zjugo]])|ruler=Head of Executive Sylvia Masela<br>Head of Legislature Emily Felnen<br>Head of Justice Mary Killingsworth|languages=[[English]]<br>[[Ukrainian]]<br>[[Zjugo]]|two-digit-code=ZA|three-digit-code=HZA}}<br />
<br />
(Todo: make this all proper, emy, i invite you to work on this page also)</div>Maselahttps://mc.nguh.org/w/index.php?title=Zju%27a&diff=39196Zju'a2026-04-28T21:19:52Z<p>Masela: Redirected page to Hiso Zju'a</p>
<hr />
<div>#REDIRECT[[Hiso Zju'a]]</div>Maselahttps://mc.nguh.org/w/index.php?title=Alternate_Slumian&diff=38412Alternate Slumian2026-03-29T18:03:32Z<p>Masela: </p>
<hr />
<div>''This article is about the language, for the country see [[Alternate Slumia]].''<br><br><br />
{{Infobox language|name=Alternate Slumian<br>Ewislun|pronunciation=[ˈe̞.wi.slɯn]|family=Slumian|early-forms=Modern Slumian<br>Modern Lanetian|era=~1900 to today|scripts=Ewislunkli<ref>Unlike the Alternate Slumian language, [[ŋation]] or people, it is actually okay to refer to the <i>writing system</i> as simply "Slumian" or just "Slunkli"</ref>|country=[[Alternate Slumia]] ([[Ewislun]])|regulator=Government of [[Alternate Slumia]]|demonym=Alternate Slumian|endonym=Ewislun|lang-code=ASm}}<br />
<br />
Alternate Slumian (ASm: Ewislun /e.wi.slɯn/) is a language written in [[Alternate Slumian#Writing|Ewislunkli]] and spoken in [[Alternate Slumia]]. It is an evolution Modern Slumian with heavy influence from Lanetian, both of which were spoken in Slumia, outside of [[Nguhcraft]].<br />
<br />
== Phonology ==<br />
<br />
=== Consonants ===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" |<br />
! rowspan="2" |Labial<br />
! colspan="2" |Alveolar<br />
! rowspan="2" |Palatal<br />
! rowspan="2" |Velar-Glottal<br />
|-<br />
!Plain<br />
!Palatalized<br />
|-<br />
!Nasal<br />
|m<br />
|n<br />
|<br />
|/ɲ/ ⟨nj⟩<br />
|ŋ*<br />
|-<br />
!Plosive<br />
|p<br />
|t<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|k<br />
|-<br />
!Fricative<br />
|f<br />
|s<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|h<br />
|-<br />
!Liquid<br />
|w<br />
|l<br />
|/lʲ/ ⟨lj⟩<br />
|j<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!Trill<br />
|<br />
|r<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<nowiki>*</nowiki>only appears in codas<br />
<br />
Word final nasals are all romanized as ⟨n⟩. Nasal distinction in codas is non-phonemic due to nasal assimilation. Word-final nasals usually assimilate to the next word or, if followed by a vowel or a pause, default to [n]<br />
<br />
=== Vowels ===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" |<br />
! rowspan="2" |Front<br />
! rowspan="2" |Central<br />
! colspan="2" |Back<br />
|-<br />
!Unrounded<br />
!Rounded<br />
|-<br />
!Close<br />
|i<br />
|/ʉ/ ⟨y⟩<br />
|/ɯ/* ⟨u⟩<br />
|/u/ ⟨yo⟩*<br />
|-<br />
!Mid<br />
|e<br />
|ə<br />
|/ɤ/ ⟨eo⟩*<br />
|o<br />
|-<br />
!Open<br />
|<br />
|a<br />
|/ʌ/ ⟨ao⟩*<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<nowiki>*</nowiki>appears as a result of umlauting, may either be romanized as the phoneme without umlaut with "o" after it; /ɤ/ ⟨eo⟩, or as the phoneme without the sound change, but with the umlauting diacritic; /ɤ/ ⟨ë⟩. The only exception is /ɯ/, which can occur either as a historical /u/ or as an umlauted /i/ and is always romanized as ⟨u⟩ for consistency, even if it occurs as a result of umlauting.<br />
<br />
Any vowel except ə can be nasalized, which is romanized with a tilde. In digraphs, the first letter gets the tilde. If spelled with the umlaut diacritic, the tilde should go over the umlaut.<br />
<br />
=== Diphthongs ===<br />
Any vowel except schwa may appear in a diphthong with /ʊ/. That's romanized as a ⟨Vu⟩ digraph, where V is the romanization of the first vowel.<br />
<br />
== Writing ==<br />
In this article, for readability, a romanization is included alongside excerpts. This romanization is described in the [[Alternate Slumian#Phonology|phonology]] section. Usually, Alternate Slumian should be written using the Slumian Semisyllabary.<br />
<br />
== Syntax ==<br />
The word order in Alternate Slumian is VSO, the adjectives proceed the nouns they modify. The language makes use of postpositions with the nominative case.<br />
<br />
Example:<br />
{|<br />
|Fimjamjen<br />
|ok<br />
|aslẽ<br />
|jũ<br />
|jonmjã<br />
|tou.<br />
|-<br />
|stand-PRS.CONT<br />
|holy<br />
|angel<br />
|3.INAN.GEN<br />
|face<br />
|without<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="5" |The holy angel stands without its face.<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
<references /></div>Maselahttps://mc.nguh.org/w/index.php?title=Alternate_Slumian&diff=38411Alternate Slumian2026-03-29T17:53:28Z<p>Masela: </p>
<hr />
<div>''This article is about the language, for the country see [[Alternate Slumia]].''<br><br><br />
{{Infobox language|name=Alternate Slumian<br>Ewislun|pronunciation=[ˈe̞.wi.slɯn]|family=Slumian|early-forms=Modern Slumian<br>Modern Lanetian|era=~1900 to today|scripts=Ewislunkli<ref>Unlike the Alternate Slumian language, [[ŋation]] or people, it is actually okay to refer to the <i>writing system</i> as simply "Slumian" or just "Slunkli"</ref>|country=[[Alternate Slumia]] ([[Ewislun]])|regulator=Government of [[Alternate Slumia]]|demonym=Alternate Slumian|endonym=Ewislun|lang-code=ASm}}<br />
<br />
Alternate Slumian (ASm: Ewislun /e.wi.slɯn/) is a language written in [[Alternate Slumian#Writing|Ewislunkli]] and spoken in [[Alternate Slumia]]. It is an evolution Modern Slumian with heavy influence from Lanetian, both of which were spoken in Slumia, outside of [[Nguhcraft]].<br />
<br />
== Phonology ==<br />
<br />
=== Consonants ===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" |<br />
! rowspan="2" |Labial<br />
! colspan="2" |Alveolar<br />
! rowspan="2" |Palatal<br />
! rowspan="2" |Velar-Glottal<br />
|-<br />
!Plain<br />
!Palatalized<br />
|-<br />
!Nasal<br />
|m<br />
|n<br />
|<br />
|/ɲ/ ⟨nj⟩<br />
|ŋ*<br />
|-<br />
!Plosive<br />
|p<br />
|t<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|k<br />
|-<br />
!Fricative<br />
|f<br />
|s<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|h<br />
|-<br />
!Liquid<br />
|w<br />
|l<br />
|/lʲ/ ⟨lj⟩<br />
|j<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!Trill<br />
|<br />
|r<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<nowiki>*</nowiki>only appears in codas<br />
<br />
Word final nasals are all romanized as ⟨n⟩. Nasal distinction in codas is non-phonemic due to nasal assimilation. Word-final nasals usually assimilate to the next word or, if followed by a vowel or a pause, default to [n]<br />
<br />
=== Vowels ===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" |<br />
! rowspan="2" |Front<br />
! rowspan="2" |Central<br />
! colspan="2" |Back<br />
|-<br />
!Unrounded<br />
!Rounded<br />
|-<br />
!Close<br />
|i<br />
|/ʉ/ ⟨y⟩<br />
|/ɯ/* ⟨u⟩<br />
|/u/ ⟨yo⟩*<br />
|-<br />
!Mid<br />
|e<br />
|ə<br />
|/ɤ/ ⟨eo⟩*<br />
|o<br />
|-<br />
!Open<br />
|<br />
|a<br />
|/ʌ/ ⟨ao⟩*<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<nowiki>*</nowiki>appears as a result of umlauting, may either be romanized as the phoneme without umlaut with "o" after it; /ɤ/ ⟨eo⟩, or as the phoneme without the sound change, but with the umlauting diacritic; /ɤ/ ⟨ë⟩. The only exception is /ɯ/, which can occur either as a historical /u/ or as an umlauted /i/ and is always romanized as ⟨u⟩ for consistency, even if it occurs as a result of umlauting.<br />
<br />
Any vowel except ə can be nasalized, which is romanized with a tilde. In digraphs, the first letter gets the tilde. If spelled with the umlaut diacritic, the tilde should go over the umlaut.<br />
<br />
=== Diphthongs ===<br />
Any vowel except schwa may appear in a diphthong with /ʊ/. That's romanized as a ⟨Vu⟩ digraph, where V is the romanization of the first vowel.<br />
<br />
== Writing ==<br />
In this article, for readability, a romanization is included alongside excerpts. This romanization is described in the [[Alternate Slumian#Phonology|phonology]] section. Usually, Alternate Slumian should be written using the Slumian Semisyllabary.<br />
<br />
== Syntax ==<br />
The word order in Alternate Slumian is VSO, the adjectives proceed the nouns they modify. The language makes use of postpositions with the nominative case.<br />
<br />
Example:<br />
{|<br />
|Fimjamjen<br />
|ok<br />
|aslẽ<br />
|jũ<br />
|jonmjã<br />
|tou.<br />
|-<br />
|stand-PRES.CONT<br />
|holy<br />
|angel<br />
|3.inan.GEN<br />
|face<br />
|without<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="5" |The holy angel stands without its face.<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
<references /></div>Maselahttps://mc.nguh.org/w/index.php?title=Alternate_Slumian&diff=38410Alternate Slumian2026-03-29T17:16:42Z<p>Masela: added syntax section, will probably update it later</p>
<hr />
<div>''This article is about the language, for the country see [[Alternate Slumia]].''<br><br><br />
{{Infobox language|name=Alternate Slumian<br>Ewislun|pronunciation=[ˈe̞.wi.slɯn]|family=Slumian|early-forms=Modern Slumian<br>Modern Lanetian|era=~1900 to today|scripts=Ewislunkli<ref>Unlike the Alternate Slumian language, [[ŋation]] or people, it is actually okay to refer to the <i>writing system</i> as simply "Slumian" or just "Slunkli"</ref>|country=[[Alternate Slumia]] ([[Ewislun]])|regulator=Government of [[Alternate Slumia]]|demonym=Alternate Slumian|endonym=Ewislun|lang-code=ASm}}<br />
<br />
Alternate Slumian (ASm: Ewislun /e.wi.slɯn/) is a language written in [[Alternate Slumian#Writing|Ewislunkli]] and spoken in [[Alternate Slumia]]. It is an evolution Modern Slumian with heavy influence from Lanetian, both of which were spoken in Slumia, outside of [[Nguhcraft]].<br />
<br />
== Phonology ==<br />
<br />
=== Consonants ===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" |<br />
! rowspan="2" |Labial<br />
! colspan="2" |Alveolar<br />
! rowspan="2" |Palatal<br />
! rowspan="2" |Velar-Glottal<br />
|-<br />
!Plain<br />
!Palatalized<br />
|-<br />
!Nasal<br />
|m<br />
|n<br />
|<br />
|/ɲ/ ⟨nj⟩<br />
|ŋ*<br />
|-<br />
!Plosive<br />
|p<br />
|t<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|k<br />
|-<br />
!Fricative<br />
|f<br />
|s<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|h<br />
|-<br />
!Liquid<br />
|w<br />
|l<br />
|/lʲ/ ⟨lj⟩<br />
|j<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!Trill<br />
|<br />
|r<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<nowiki>*</nowiki>only appears in codas<br />
<br />
Word final nasals are all romanized as ⟨n⟩. Nasal distinction in codas is non-phonemic due to nasal assimilation. Word-final nasals usually assimilate to the next word or, if followed by a vowel or a pause, default to [n]<br />
<br />
=== Vowels ===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" |<br />
! rowspan="2" |Front<br />
! rowspan="2" |Central<br />
! colspan="2" |Back<br />
|-<br />
!Unrounded<br />
!Rounded<br />
|-<br />
!Close<br />
|i<br />
|/ʉ/ ⟨y⟩<br />
|/ɯ/* ⟨u⟩<br />
|/u/ ⟨yo⟩*<br />
|-<br />
!Mid<br />
|e<br />
|ə<br />
|/ɤ/ ⟨eo⟩*<br />
|o<br />
|-<br />
!Open<br />
|<br />
|a<br />
|/ʌ/ ⟨ao⟩*<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<nowiki>*</nowiki>appears as a result of umlauting, may either be romanized as the phoneme without umlaut with "o" after it; /ɤ/ ⟨eo⟩, or as the phoneme without the sound change, but with the umlauting diacritic; /ɤ/ ⟨ë⟩. The only exception is /ɯ/, which can occur either as a historical /u/ or as an umlauted /i/ and is always romanized as ⟨u⟩ for consistency, even if it occurs as a result of umlauting.<br />
<br />
Any vowel except ə can be nasalized, which is romanized with a tilde. In digraphs, the first letter gets the tilde. If spelled with the umlaut diacritic, the tilde should go over the umlaut.<br />
<br />
=== Diphthongs ===<br />
Any vowel except schwa may appear in a diphthong with /ʊ/. That's romanized as a ⟨Vu⟩ digraph, where V is the romanization of the first vowel.<br />
<br />
== Writing ==<br />
In this article, for readability, a romanization is included alongside excerpts. This romanization is described in the [[Alternate Slumian#Phonology|phonology]] section. Usually, Alternate Slumian should be written using the Slumian Semisyllabary.<br />
<br />
== Syntax ==<br />
The word order in Alternate Slumian is VSO, the adjectives proceed the nouns they modify. The language makes use of postpositions with the nominative case.<br />
<br />
Example:<br />
{|<br />
|Fimjamjen<br />
|ok<br />
|aslẽ<br />
|tou<br />
|jũ<br />
|jonmjã.<br />
|-<br />
|stand-PRES.CONT<br />
|holy<br />
|angel<br />
|without<br />
|3.inan.GEN<br />
|face<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="6" |The holy angel stands without its face.<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
<references /></div>Maselahttps://mc.nguh.org/w/index.php?title=Alternate_Slumian&diff=38394Alternate Slumian2026-03-29T01:16:08Z<p>Masela: </p>
<hr />
<div>''This article is about the language, for the country see [[Alternate Slumia]].''<br><br><br />
{{Infobox language|name=Alternate Slumian<br>Ewislun|pronunciation=[ˈe̞.wi.slɯn]|family=Slumian|early-forms=Modern Slumian<br>Modern Lanetian|era=~1900 to today|scripts=Ewislunkli<ref>Unlike the Alternate Slumian language, [[ŋation]] or people, it is actually okay to refer to the <i>writing system</i> as simply "Slumian" or just "Slunkli"</ref>|country=[[Alternate Slumia]] ([[Ewislun]])|regulator=Government of [[Alternate Slumia]]|demonym=Alternate Slumian|endonym=Ewislun|lang-code=ASm}}<br />
<br />
Alternate Slumian (ASm: Ewislun /e.wi.slɯn/) is a language written in [[Alternate Slumian#Writing|Ewislunkli]] and spoken in [[Alternate Slumia]]. It is an evolution Modern Slumian with heavy influence from Lanetian, both of which were spoken in Slumia, outside of [[Nguhcraft]].<br />
<br />
== Phonology ==<br />
<br />
=== Consonants ===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" |<br />
! rowspan="2" |Labial<br />
! colspan="2" |Alveolar<br />
! rowspan="2" |Palatal<br />
! rowspan="2" |Velar-Glottal<br />
|-<br />
!Plain<br />
!Palatalized<br />
|-<br />
!Nasal<br />
|m<br />
|n<br />
|<br />
|/ɲ/ ⟨nj⟩<br />
|ŋ*<br />
|-<br />
!Plosive<br />
|p<br />
|t<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|k<br />
|-<br />
!Fricative<br />
|f<br />
|s<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|h<br />
|-<br />
!Liquid<br />
|w<br />
|l<br />
|/lʲ/ ⟨lj⟩<br />
|j<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!Trill<br />
|<br />
|r<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<nowiki>*</nowiki>only appears in codas<br />
<br />
Word final nasals are all romanized as ⟨n⟩. Nasal distinction in codas is non-phonemic due to nasal assimilation. Word-final nasals usually assimilate to the next word or, if followed by a vowel or a pause, default to [n]<br />
<br />
=== Vowels ===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" |<br />
! rowspan="2" |Front<br />
! rowspan="2" |Central<br />
! colspan="2" |Back<br />
|-<br />
!Unrounded<br />
!Rounded<br />
|-<br />
!Close<br />
|i<br />
|/ʉ/ ⟨y⟩<br />
|/ɯ/* ⟨u⟩<br />
|/u/ ⟨yo⟩*<br />
|-<br />
!Mid<br />
|e<br />
|ə<br />
|/ɤ/ ⟨eo⟩*<br />
|o<br />
|-<br />
!Open<br />
|<br />
|a<br />
|/ʌ/ ⟨ao⟩*<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<nowiki>*</nowiki>appears as a result of umlauting, may either be romanized as the phoneme without umlaut with "o" after it; /ɤ/ ⟨eo⟩, or as the phoneme without the sound change, but with the umlauting diacritic; /ɤ/ ⟨ë⟩. The only exception is /ɯ/, which can occur either as a historical /u/ or as an umlauted /i/ and is always romanized as ⟨u⟩ for consistency, even if it occurs as a result of umlauting.<br />
<br />
Any vowel except ə can be nasalized, which is romanized with a tilde. In digraphs, the first letter gets the tilde. If spelled with the umlaut diacritic, the tilde should go over the umlaut.<br />
<br />
=== Diphthongs ===<br />
Any vowel except schwa may appear in a diphthong with /ʊ/. That's romanized as a ⟨Vu⟩ digraph, where V is the romanization of the first vowel.<br />
<br />
== Writing ==<br />
In this article, for readability, a romanization is included alongside excerpts. This romanization is described in the [[Alternate Slumian#Phonology|phonology]] section. Usually, Alternate Slumian should be written using the Slumian Semisyllabary.<br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
<references /></div>Maselahttps://mc.nguh.org/w/index.php?title=Data:Places&diff=38392Data:Places2026-03-29T00:54:22Z<p>Masela: added alt slumian capital</p>
<hr />
<div>{<br />
"__schema": {<br />
"__comment": "Omit any field not relevant to the place described",<br />
"code2": "string; 2 letter code",<br />
"code3": "string; 3 letter code",<br />
"common_name": "string; Short name, should be, or redirect to, the wiki page for the country",<br />
"name": "string; Full name of the country",<br />
"ruler": "string|list of string; In-lore ruler of the country",<br />
"ruler_title": "string; Title of the ruler",<br />
"ruler_link": "string; If the name ruler of the country doesn’t redirect to the correct wiki page, put the link here",<br />
"date_founded": "list of 3 numbers: [year, month, day] as of the gregorian calendar",<br />
"date_dissolved": "list of 3 numbers: [year, month, day] as of the gregorian calendar",<br />
"reason_dissolved": "string|bool; the reason the nation was dissolved, or the bolean true if it was dissolved without any known reason",<br />
"capital": "string; Name of the official \"Capital Subdivision\"",<br />
"banner": "string; pagename of the file containing the banner, File: namespace implied",<br />
"ung": "\"member\"|\"observer\"|\"former\"; current membership status in the United Ŋations",<br />
"ung_joined": "list of 3 numbers: [year, month, day] as of the gregorian calendar",<br />
"ung_demoted": "list of 3 numbers: [year, month, day] as of the gregorian calendar; date on which the country became an observer",<br />
"ung_left": "list of 3 numbers: [year, month, day] as of the gregorian calendar; date on which the country has left the United Ŋations",<br />
"not_ngation": "bool; This place isn’t a sovereign nation",<br />
"condominium": "list of string; This place is a condominium, list of all the `code2`s of all the places having a stake here. Use a single member list for territories who are dependent on some other place, but otherwise have their own code. Implies not_ngation: true.",<br />
"notes": "string; extra notes on recognition, special status or anything else",<br />
"reserved": "string; if this field is present, only include `code2` and `code3`. Indicates a code reserved a place that could use a top level code but currently doesn't "<br />
},<br />
"places": [<br />
{<br />
"code2": "AA",<br />
"code3": "ADN",<br />
"common_name": "Adnar",<br />
"name": "Communist Empire of Adnar",<br />
"ruler": "Adnagaporp",<br />
"ruler_title": "Supreme Leader",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2025,<br />
8,<br />
15<br />
],<br />
"capital": "Ðoòng Sơn Cavern",<br />
"banner": "Adnar-banner.png"<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "AB",<br />
"code3": "ARB",<br />
"common_name": "Arbustivum",<br />
"condominium": [<br />
"LR",<br />
"TA"<br />
],<br />
"ruler": [<br />
"theidealist",<br />
"lambda"<br />
],<br />
"ruler_title": "Regent",<br />
"banner": "Saifeg_banner.png",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2024,<br />
10,<br />
24<br />
],<br />
"notes": "Previously known as Saifeg, a condominium between [[Latium Regnatum]] and [[Shrudrow]]."<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "AC",<br />
"code3": "ACA",<br />
"common_name": "Araçana",<br />
"name": "Principality of Araçana and Ŋasegak",<br />
"ruler": "Outlaw Sly",<br />
"ruler_title": "Princess",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2025,<br />
4,<br />
20<br />
],<br />
"capital": "Çana City",<br />
"banner": "City of Araçana Banner.png",<br />
"ung": "member",<br />
"ung_joined": [<br />
2025,<br />
5,<br />
27<br />
],<br />
"ung_demoted": [<br />
2025,<br />
10,<br />
12<br />
],<br />
"notes": "United Ŋations observer from October 12, 2025 to November 21, 2025"<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "AD",<br />
"code3": "ADA",<br />
"common_name": "Adaria",<br />
"name": "Republic of Adaria",<br />
"ruler": "Martinawa",<br />
"ruler_title": "Supreme Leader",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2025,<br />
3,<br />
19<br />
],<br />
"banner": "Adaria_banner.png",<br />
"ung": "member",<br />
"ung_joined": [<br />
2024,<br />
4,<br />
28<br />
]<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "AE",<br />
"code3": "AVE",<br />
"common_name": "Avenyam",<br />
"name": "Principality of Avenyam",<br />
"ruler": "Agenciak",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2026,<br />
2,<br />
9<br />
],<br />
"banner": "Avenyam banner.png",<br />
"ung": "member",<br />
"ung_joined": [<br />
2026,<br />
3,<br />
12<br />
]<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "AK",<br />
"code3": "AKV",<br />
"common_name": "Aomoī-Kaervaenan Commonwealth",<br />
"ruler": "Diax",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2025,<br />
5,<br />
3<br />
],<br />
"date_dissolved": [<br />
2025,<br />
11,<br />
3<br />
],<br />
"reason_dissolved": "Inactivity",<br />
"capital": "Kāoranga",<br />
"banner": "AKC-banner.jpeg"<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "AM",<br />
"code3": "AMJ",<br />
"common_name": "Amuj",<br />
"name": "City-State of Amuj",<br />
"ruler": "CMC",<br />
"ruler_title": "Kachbuches",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2024,<br />
4,<br />
2<br />
],<br />
"date_dissolved": [<br />
2024,<br />
10,<br />
8<br />
],<br />
"reason_dissolved": "Absorbed into multiple Ŋations. See [[Amujxplosion]]",<br />
"capital": "Drebzha",<br />
"banner": "Amuj banner.png",<br />
"ung": "member",<br />
"ung_joined": [<br />
2024,<br />
4,<br />
2<br />
]<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "AO",<br />
"code3": "AMR",<br />
"common_name": "Amoria",<br />
"name": "Amorian Colonies",<br />
"ruler": "Layaw",<br />
"ruler_title": "Queen",<br />
"ruler_link": "User:BoubaWiki1102",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2025,<br />
12,<br />
23<br />
],<br />
"capital": "Tulanahea",<br />
"banner": "Colonial Amorian Banner.png"<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "AP",<br />
"code3": "APX",<br />
"common_name": "Aprux Mexyrhat",<br />
"ruler": "Aleksanetra of Perhyh",<br />
"ruler_title": "Mexyrfax",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2024,<br />
4,<br />
21<br />
],<br />
"capital": "Perhyh",<br />
"banner": "APXNewBanner.png"<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "AR",<br />
"code3": "ARS",<br />
"common_name": "Xarslasja",<br />
"name": "Bezuvate of Xarslasja",<br />
"ruler": "Agamashuya I",<br />
"ruler_title": "Bezuv",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2024,<br />
3,<br />
11<br />
],<br />
"capital": "Yuɱa",<br />
"banner": "Xarslasja-flag.png",<br />
"ung": "member",<br />
"ung_joined": [<br />
2024,<br />
4,<br />
2<br />
]<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "AS",<br />
"code3": "ASW",<br />
"common_name": "Aswnga",<br />
"ruler": "AxolotlCraft",<br />
"capital": "Purasta",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2026,<br />
1,<br />
6<br />
],<br />
"banner": "Aswnga_banner.png",<br />
"ung": "member",<br />
"ung_joined": [<br />
2026,<br />
3,<br />
20<br />
]<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "AT",<br />
"code3": "ANT",<br />
"common_name": "Antilvakia",<br />
"name": "Socialist Republic of Antilvakia",<br />
"ruler": "Darthinian",<br />
"ruler_title": "Tsaa",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2025,<br />
6,<br />
20<br />
],<br />
"capital": "Krakistok",<br />
"banner": "Banner_1-mitchell.png",<br />
"ung": "observer",<br />
"ung_joined": [<br />
2025,<br />
9,<br />
8<br />
],<br />
"ung_demoted": [<br />
2026,<br />
3,<br />
22<br />
]<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "AV",<br />
"code3": "AVZ",<br />
"common_name": "Avazistan",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2024,<br />
10,<br />
20<br />
],<br />
"date_dissolved": [<br />
2025,<br />
9,<br />
25<br />
],<br />
"reason_dissolved": "Dissolution of Oberia",<br />
"banner": "Avazistan-banner.png",<br />
"condominium": [<br />
"HL"<br />
]<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "AY",<br />
"code3": "AYG",<br />
"common_name": "Aylongam",<br />
"name": "Great Kingdom of Aylongam",<br />
"ruler": "Zendrid",<br />
"ruler_title": "Quing",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2024,<br />
3,<br />
2<br />
],<br />
"capital": "Khaath Tran",<br />
"banner": "Aylongam-banner.png",<br />
"ung": "former",<br />
"ung_joined": [<br />
2024,<br />
3,<br />
6<br />
],<br />
"ung_left": [<br />
2025,<br />
1,<br />
25<br />
]<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "BD",<br />
"code3": "BDC",<br />
"common_name": "B’hiy’aj Dchâjâ",<br />
"ruler": "Šœ́hag",<br />
"ruler_title": "Leader",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2024,<br />
9,<br />
25<br />
],<br />
"capital": "B’hiy’aj Dchâjâ",<br />
"banner": "Bhiyaj-banner.png"<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "BE",<br />
"code3": "BED",<br />
"common_name": "'bed"<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "BL",<br />
"code3": "BTL",<br />
"common_name": "Bootland",<br />
"name": "Duchy of Bootland",<br />
"ruler": "Lux Moniridia",<br />
"ruler_title": "Duchess",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2025,<br />
4,<br />
22<br />
],<br />
"date_dissolved": [<br />
2025,<br />
5,<br />
6<br />
],<br />
"reason_dissolved": "Dissolved",<br />
"capital": "Auchentraeth",<br />
"banner": "Bootland-banner.webp"<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "old:Bramusia",<br />
"code3": "old:Bramusia",<br />
"common_name": "Bramusia",<br />
"name": "Communist Empire of Bramusia",<br />
"ruler": "Dominic",<br />
"ruler_link": "Gagma_A",<br />
"ruler_title": "President",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2024,<br />
5,<br />
14<br />
],<br />
"date_dissolved": [<br />
2024,<br />
7,<br />
11<br />
],<br />
"reason_dissolved": "Doxxed their friend during the UŊ meeting when they were admitted",<br />
"capital": "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz",<br />
"banner": "Bramusia-banner.png",<br />
"ung": "member",<br />
"ung_joined": [<br />
2024,<br />
7,<br />
11<br />
]<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "CB",<br />
"code3": "COB",<br />
"common_name": "Coldba (Cuba)",<br />
"name": "Empire of Coldba (Cuba)",<br />
"ruler": "Suqi",<br />
"ruler_title": "Emperess",<br />
"capital": "City of Cuba",<br />
"banner": "Banner of Coldba (Cuba).png",<br />
"ung": "member",<br />
"ung_joined": [<br />
2024,<br />
6,<br />
11<br />
]<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "CF",<br />
"code3": "CFD",<br />
"common_name": "CMCic Federation",<br />
"ruler": "CMC",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2025,<br />
1,<br />
13<br />
],<br />
"date_dissolved": [<br />
2025,<br />
2,<br />
7<br />
],<br />
"reason_dissolved": "Dissolved mere hours before the [[CMCxplosion]]. A portion was preserved as a UŊ mandate before being given to [[Dróstsiśtsi]]. A portion of that was a brief condominium between [[Dróstsiśtsi]] and [[Bootland|a later Amujan state]].",<br />
"capital": "Ruxese",<br />
"banner": "CMCic Federation banner.png"<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "CH",<br />
"code3": "CHI",<br />
"common_name": "Chielbary",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2025,<br />
10,<br />
2<br />
],<br />
"date_dissolved": [<br />
2025,<br />
12,<br />
23<br />
],<br />
"reason_dissolved": "Merged with [[Vilantnen]] to form [[Vilant]].",<br />
"banner": "Chielbary_banner.png"<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "CL",<br />
"code3": "CLT",<br />
"common_name": "Caluta",<br />
"name": "Caluta, Incorporated",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2025,<br />
10,<br />
30<br />
],<br />
"ruler": "Yusur",<br />
"ruler_title": "Chief Executive Officer",<br />
"banner": "CalutaE.png",<br />
"ung": "member",<br />
"ung_joined": [<br />
2026,<br />
3,<br />
15<br />
]<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "CP",<br />
"code3": "CPL",<br />
"common_name": "The Complex",<br />
"ruler": "Zipsegv",<br />
"ruler_title": "Archon",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2024,<br />
10,<br />
1<br />
],<br />
"banner": "Complex-banner.png"<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "CR",<br />
"code3": "COR",<br />
"common_name": "Corneria",<br />
"name": "Anarchist Workers’ Republic of Corneria",<br />
"ruler": "мока",<br />
"ruler_title": "Councilperson",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2024,<br />
4,<br />
27<br />
],<br />
"capital": "Mijavu Javhlikja",<br />
"banner": "CornerianBanner.png",<br />
"ung": "former",<br />
"ung_joined": [<br />
2024,<br />
9,<br />
7<br />
],<br />
"ung_left": [<br />
2025,<br />
1,<br />
25<br />
]<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "CV",<br />
"code3": "CIV",<br />
"common_name": "Civuyiscajrn",<br />
"name": "Province of Civuyiscajrn",<br />
"ruler": "ʡeter",<br />
"ruler_title": "Gùjrnik",<br />
"ruler_link": "User:Dillon",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2024,<br />
4,<br />
10<br />
],<br />
"date_dissolved": [<br />
2026,<br />
2,<br />
7<br />
],<br />
"banner": "Civuyiscajrn Banner.png",<br />
"ung": "observer",<br />
"ung_joined": [<br />
2024,<br />
4,<br />
10<br />
],<br />
"ung_demoted": [<br />
2024,<br />
10,<br />
19<br />
]<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "CW",<br />
"code3": "CTW",<br />
"common_name": "Cataw",<br />
"name": "Faerie City of Cataw",<br />
"ruler": "Lady Sagura san Sagura",<br />
"ruler_title": "King",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2025,<br />
11,<br />
24<br />
],<br />
"capital": "Cataw",<br />
"banner": "Cataw_Banner.png"<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "CX",<br />
"code3": "CXI",<br />
"common_name": "Appalliŋesia",<br />
"ruler": "Entity",<br />
"capital": "Sikktaalxoga",<br />
"banner": "Appalliŋesia banner.png",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2025,<br />
8,<br />
22<br />
]<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "DH",<br />
"code3": "DHR",<br />
"common_name": "Dhourigkàn",<br />
"name": "United Republic of Dhourigkàn",<br />
"ruler": "Umbra",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2024,<br />
4,<br />
12<br />
],<br />
"capital": "Rintìh",<br />
"banner": "Dhrkn banner.png",<br />
"ung": "observer",<br />
"ung_joined": [<br />
2024,<br />
4,<br />
27<br />
],<br />
"ung_demoted": [<br />
2025,<br />
1,<br />
25<br />
]<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "",<br />
"code3": "",<br />
"common_name": "Doggerland",<br />
"condominium": [<br />
"AA",<br />
"CB",<br />
"HA",<br />
"KA"<br />
],<br />
"ruler": [<br />
"Adnagaporp",<br />
"Jay",<br />
"Omaatje",<br />
"Suqi"<br />
],<br />
"ruler_title": "",<br />
"banner": false,<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2026,<br />
1,<br />
6<br />
],<br />
"not_ngation": "true"<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "old:Dägälunt",<br />
"code3": "old:Dägälunt",<br />
"common_name": "Dägälunt",<br />
"ruler": "Felix I",<br />
"ruler_link": "Nostalgiabricks",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2025,<br />
3,<br />
12<br />
],<br />
"date_dissolved": [<br />
2025,<br />
3,<br />
14<br />
],<br />
"reason_dissolved": "See [The Great Chest Locking]",<br />
"banner": false,<br />
"notes": "Often stylised as Dagalunt due to [[Xhesas]] stealing the umlauts of Dagalunt."<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "DT",<br />
"code3": "DTT",<br />
"common_name": "Dróstsiśtsi",<br />
"name": "Peoples’ Republic of Dróstsiśtsi",<br />
"ruler": "accruenewblue",<br />
"ruler_title": "President",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2025,<br />
4,<br />
7<br />
],<br />
"capital": "Vuttteźmak",<br />
"banner": "DTTBanner.png",<br />
"ung": "member",<br />
"ung_joined": [<br />
2025,<br />
4,<br />
19<br />
]<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "EC",<br />
"code3": "ECC",<br />
"common_name": "Evil Scamming Country (Condominium of Chaos)",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2025,<br />
4,<br />
27<br />
],<br />
"banner": "ESC_banner.png"<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "ED",<br />
"code3": "EDF",<br />
"common_name": "Ettêre Ðiffyt",<br />
"name": "Priesthood of Ettêre Ðiffyt",<br />
"ruler": "Sven",<br />
"ruler_title": "Divine Priest",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2024,<br />
4,<br />
17<br />
],<br />
"banner": "EDF banner.png",<br />
"ung": "observer",<br />
"ung_joined": [<br />
2024,<br />
4,<br />
20<br />
],<br />
"ung_demoted": [<br />
2026,<br />
3,<br />
22<br />
]<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "EK",<br />
"code3": "EKV",<br />
"common_name": "Enkavak",<br />
"ruler": [<br />
"Namnak Xhesas",<br />
"Taugnix"<br />
],<br />
"ruler_title": "Magistrate",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2022,<br />
8,<br />
30<br />
],<br />
"capital": "Alnaŋaemak",<br />
"banner": "Enkavak-banner.png",<br />
"ung": "member",<br />
"ung_joined": [<br />
2024,<br />
2,<br />
6<br />
],<br />
"notes": "Founding date is disputed, Enkavak was first founded outside of Ŋəcraft, first gaming only occured on 2023-12-05"<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "EL",<br />
"code3": "EML",<br />
"common_name": "Emberland",<br />
"name": "Democratic State of Emberland",<br />
"ruler": "probablynotacriminal",<br />
"ruler_title": "Sovereign",<br />
"ruler_link": "[[Probablynotacriminal (Character)]]",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2025,<br />
4,<br />
30<br />
],<br />
"date_dissolved": [<br />
2025,<br />
10,<br />
25<br />
],<br />
"reason_dissolved": "Turned into FERRA EET",<br />
"capital": "Flamepoint",<br />
"banner": "EmberlandBanner.png"<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "EM",<br />
"code3": "EPM",<br />
"common_name": "i Êpcêm Mûn-nan",<br />
"name": "i Kimôd Êpcêmin Mûn-nan",<br />
"ruler": "Maple",<br />
"ruler_title": "Kimôdihu",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2024,<br />
4,<br />
22<br />
],<br />
"banner": "I Êpcêm Mûn nan banner.png",<br />
"ung": "member",<br />
"ung_joined": [<br />
2024,<br />
4,<br />
27<br />
]<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "ES",<br />
"code3": "ESC",<br />
"common_name": "Evil Scamming Country",<br />
"ruler": "Chronos",<br />
"ruler_title": "Humble Scammer",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2024,<br />
4,<br />
22<br />
],<br />
"banner": "Evil-banner.png",<br />
"notes": "Not recognized by [[Aylongam]], [[B’hiy’aj Dchâjâ]] (which basically doesn’t recognise anyone anyway), [[Corneria]], [[Dróstsiśtsi]], [[Enkavak]], [[Hummland]], [[Imerchal]], the [[Kingdom of Kyaw Cen]], [[Pua]] and [[Pihi]]. Note that the Evil Scamming Country does not recognize any of these Ŋations in return. The [[Realm of Madness]] once decuple recognized the Evil Scamming Country to nullify the unrecognition of all the above ŋations, but this is invalid since it dissolved."<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "EW",<br />
"code3": "ESW",<br />
"common_name": "Eistówú",<br />
"name": "Polis of Eistówú",<br />
"ruler": "Fīl",<br />
"ruler_title": "Architect",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2024,<br />
5,<br />
14<br />
],<br />
"capital": "[[Ríkízműis]]",<br />
"banner": "Waighin-banner.png",<br />
"ung": "member",<br />
"ung_joined": [<br />
2024,<br />
5,<br />
17<br />
]<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "FE",<br />
"code3": "FER",<br />
"common_name": "FERRA",<br />
"name": "Far-East Rail and Road Association",<br />
"banner": "CompromiseLogo2.png",<br />
"not_ngation": true<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "FI",<br />
"code3": "FIW",<br />
"reserved": "Pyuwa (see KC-PUA)"<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "FL",<br />
"code3": "FSL",<br />
"common_name": "Fishland",<br />
"name": "Fishdom of Fishland",<br />
"ruler": "Elisa",<br />
"ruler_title": "The Fishbowl",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2024,<br />
4,<br />
24<br />
],<br />
"date_dissolved": [<br />
2025,<br />
1,<br />
25<br />
],<br />
"reason_dissolved": "See [[Ŋeicide]]",<br />
"capital": "Tarpoenstad",<br />
"banner": "Fishland_banner.png",<br />
"ung": "member",<br />
"ung_joined": [<br />
2024,<br />
4,<br />
24<br />
]<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "FO",<br />
"code3": "FOR",<br />
"common_name": "Fortsanaphat",<br />
"ruler": "Kween K. Auce",<br />
"ruler_title": "Wyŋk",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2025,<br />
8,<br />
13<br />
],<br />
"capital": "Kilvana",<br />
"banner": "Fortsanaphat_banner.png"<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "FR",<br />
"code3": "FRV",<br />
"common_name": "Frossantiquervrâssonne, sousprésenval",<br />
"name": "Trévandroumélisse-Frossantiquervrâssonne-d’Prévallondurévrenne-en-Mijonnâ-Tourvléssourinde-pralondure-Méllontrévresse-Vrassédrinourde",<br />
"ruler": "Tright",<br />
"ruler_title": "Prime Minister",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2025,<br />
5,<br />
29<br />
],<br />
"banner": "Frv-banner.png"<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "FZ",<br />
"code3": "FNZ",<br />
"common_name": "Fenizuela",<br />
"name": "Heavenly Empire of Fenizuela",<br />
"ruler_title": "Emperatriz",<br />
"ruler": "Charlotte",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2025,<br />
11,<br />
4<br />
],<br />
"capital": "Nueva Sidón",<br />
"banner": "FenizuelaBanner.webp"<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "GB",<br />
"code3": "GBL",<br />
"common_name": "Gubynlynd",<br />
"name": "Gubynlynd",<br />
"ruler": "Mia Kvigan",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2026,<br />
3,<br />
14<br />
],<br />
"banner": "Gubynlynd_banner.png"<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "GN",<br />
"code3": "GNI",<br />
"common_name": "Gdaƨihr Ni̦xlo",<br />
"ruler": "Ma̦z Ylahra̦míe",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2024,<br />
10,<br />
13<br />
],<br />
"banner": "Gdashihr Ni-xlo-banner.png"<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "GS",<br />
"code3": "GSK",<br />
"common_name": "Gevsaksavli",<br />
"name": "gvak gevasahk ksavlivmeg",<br />
"ruler": "sil gvag gobanag",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2025,<br />
2,<br />
14<br />
],<br />
"banner": "Gevsaksavli_banner.png"<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "GU",<br />
"code3": "GUL",<br />
"common_name": "Gulf Union",<br />
"banner": "Gulf-banner.png",<br />
"not_ngation": true<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "HA",<br />
"code3": "MNI",<br />
"common_name": "Hárǝsi",<br />
"name": "Míhóchihko Ngweskó Ikwonngóghoma",<br />
"ruler": "Omaatje",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2026,<br />
1,<br />
6<br />
],<br />
"banner": "Haresi-banner.png"<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "HD",<br />
"code3": "HDL",<br />
"common_name": "Hajdislant",<br />
"name": "Hajdislant",<br />
"ruler": "Her Unholiness apollyon",<br />
"ruler_title": "Senate",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2025,<br />
7,<br />
23<br />
],<br />
"capital": "Hajdispoli",<br />
"banner": "Hajdislant Banner.png",<br />
"ung": "member",<br />
"ung_joined": [<br />
2025,<br />
9,<br />
20<br />
]<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "HE!old:Hentzo",<br />
"code3": "HEN",<br />
"common_name": "Hentzo",<br />
"name": "Pirate Republic of Hentzo",<br />
"ruler": "Rutinde I",<br />
"ruler_title": "Pirate Lord",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2024,<br />
2,<br />
8<br />
],<br />
"date_dissolved": [<br />
2025,<br />
9,<br />
3<br />
],<br />
"reason_dissolved": "Inactivity from the successor player to Lutrinae",<br />
"capital": "Pirate Lair",<br />
"banner": "HentzoBanner.png",<br />
"ung": "former",<br />
"ung_joined": [<br />
2024,<br />
2,<br />
8<br />
],<br />
"ung_demoted": [<br />
2024,<br />
10,<br />
20<br />
],<br />
"__comment": "originally admitted as Entzo for one day"<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "HE",<br />
"code3": "HED",<br />
"common_name": "Hedamata",<br />
"name": "Fungal Democracy of Hedamata",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2025,<br />
11,<br />
13<br />
],<br />
"ruler": "Nakimushi",<br />
"ruler_title": "Sapoora",<br />
"banner": "Hedamata-banner.webp"<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "HL",<br />
"code3": "HML",<br />
"common_name": "Hummland",<br />
"name": "Kingdom of Hummland",<br />
"ruler": "Hummus",<br />
"ruler_title": "Quing",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2024,<br />
3,<br />
10<br />
],<br />
"capital": "Mitthumm City",<br />
"banner": "Kingdom-Hummland-banner.png",<br />
"ung": "former",<br />
"ung_joined": [<br />
2024,<br />
3,<br />
29<br />
],<br />
"ung_left": [<br />
2026,<br />
3,<br />
16<br />
]<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "",<br />
"code3": "",<br />
"name": "House Territory",<br />
"common_name": "House (Territory)|House",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2025,<br />
7,<br />
26<br />
],<br />
"not_ngation": true<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "HO",<br />
"code3": "HOP",<br />
"common_name": "Hiop Nation"<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "HR",<br />
"code3": "HRK",<br />
"common_name": "Hertskomestat",<br />
"name": "The Hertskomestat Syndicate",<br />
"ruler": "BE",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2025,<br />
4,<br />
23<br />
],<br />
"banner": "zh-banner.jpg"<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "IG",<br />
"code3": "IGE",<br />
"common_name": "Igeþa",<br />
"ruler": "Alice",<br />
"ruler_title": "Qhiruther",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2024,<br />
10,<br />
7<br />
],<br />
"date_dissolved": [<br />
2024,<br />
10,<br />
8<br />
],<br />
"reason_dissolved": "See [[Amujxplosion]]",<br />
"banner": "Igetha Banner.png"<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "IM",<br />
"code3": "IMR",<br />
"common_name": "Imerchal",<br />
"name": "Free City of Yetch Bay",<br />
"ruler": "The Directorate",<br />
"ruler_link": "Free_City_of_Yetch_Bay#Executive",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2023,<br />
12,<br />
31<br />
],<br />
"capital": "Vila Nauta, Chalmosique",<br />
"banner": "Imersial-banner.png",<br />
"ung": "member",<br />
"ung_joined": [<br />
2024,<br />
2,<br />
5<br />
]<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "IR",<br />
"code3": "IRN",<br />
"common_name": "The Iron Empire",<br />
"ruler": "Foobar111",<br />
"ruler_title": "Supreme Leader",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2025,<br />
2,<br />
16<br />
],<br />
"date_dissolved": [<br />
2025,<br />
7,<br />
22<br />
],<br />
"reason_dissolved": "Absorbed into Sq‘s territories as the Autonomous Region of Nieuw Antwerpen.",<br />
"banner": "Ironian_mc_banner.png",<br />
"__comment": "Formerly known as Smalland, then GIS The Golden Isles"<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "JC",<br />
"code3": "JIC",<br />
"common_name": "Ovvú Jičeiñŋā",<br />
"ruler": "spook_bag",<br />
"ruler_title": "Ceref",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2024,<br />
10,<br />
19<br />
],<br />
"date_dissolved": [<br />
2025,<br />
6,<br />
3<br />
],<br />
"reason_dissolved": "Converted into two FERRA EETs",<br />
"banner": "Ovvy-banner.png"<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "JG",<br />
"code3": "JGW",<br />
"common_name": "Juya Gwaña",<br />
"ruler": "Suqi",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2022,<br />
1,<br />
8<br />
],<br />
"not_ngation": true<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "JL",<br />
"code3": "JTL",<br />
"common_name": "Jotlond",<br />
"name": "Kingdom of Jotlond",<br />
"ruler": "Seo",<br />
"ruler_title": "Queen",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2025,<br />
5,<br />
26<br />
],<br />
"capital": "Dornwík",<br />
"banner": "Jotlond_banner.png",<br />
"ung": "observer",<br />
"ung_joined": [<br />
2025,<br />
5,<br />
28<br />
],<br />
"ung_demoted": [<br />
2026,<br />
3,<br />
22<br />
]<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "JT",<br />
"code3": "JUT",<br />
"common_name": "Jutland",<br />
"ruler": "Jutomi",<br />
"ruler_title": "Great Adjudicator",<br />
"capital": "Witherport",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2025,<br />
10,<br />
20<br />
],<br />
"banner": "JutlandBanner.png"<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "KA",<br />
"code3": "KAI",<br />
"common_name": "Kaipa",<br />
"name": "Republic of Kaipa",<br />
"ruler": [<br />
"Jay Okamiyu",<br />
"Rika Bayooka"<br />
],<br />
"ruler_title": [<br />
"Prime Minister",<br />
"Vice Minister"<br />
],<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2025,<br />
5,<br />
4<br />
],<br />
"banner": "Republic_of_Kaipa_Banner.png",<br />
"ung": "member"<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "KC",<br />
"code3": "KKC",<br />
"common_name": "Kyaw Cen",<br />
"name": "Kingdom of Kyaw Cen",<br />
"ruler": "Marcy I",<br />
"ruler_title": "Quing",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2023,<br />
12,<br />
28<br />
],<br />
"banner": "Kyaw-cen-flag.png",<br />
"ung": "member",<br />
"__comment": "Settlement by Marcy existed starting in late October 2023, but was not formalised until December."<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "KE",<br />
"code3": "KEL",<br />
"common_name": "Keltechra",<br />
"name": "Odumate of Keltechra",<br />
"ruler": "Sintar Naldumi",<br />
"ruler_title": "Odum",<br />
"ruler_link": "User:Cinthyr",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2025,<br />
9,<br />
3<br />
],<br />
"capital": "Raln",<br />
"banner": "Keltechra_banner.png",<br />
"ung": "member",<br />
"ung_joined": [<br />
2025,<br />
9,<br />
21<br />
]<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "old:KSA",<br />
"code3": "old:KSA",<br />
"common_name": "Keis-Spucke Administration",<br />
"name": "Keis-Spucke Administration",<br />
"ruler": "KsãndraArkonn",<br />
"ruler_title": "Administrator",<br />
"banner": false,<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2025,<br />
4,<br />
21<br />
],<br />
"date_dissolved": [<br />
2025,<br />
4,<br />
30<br />
],<br />
"reason_dissolved": "Transitioned into [[Aprux Mexyrhat]]",<br />
"capital": "Rainsten"<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "old:Kivengo",<br />
"code3": "old:Kivengo",<br />
"common_name": "Kīvengṓ",<br />
"name": "Lesbian Empire of Kīvengṓ",<br />
"ruler": "April",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2024,<br />
2,<br />
8<br />
],<br />
"date_dissolved": [<br />
2024,<br />
4,<br />
15<br />
],<br />
"reason_dissolved": "lack of interest",<br />
"banner": "Kivengo-flag-unofficial.png",<br />
"ung": "observer",<br />
"ung_joined": [<br />
2024,<br />
2,<br />
8<br />
],<br />
"ung_demoted": [<br />
2024,<br />
4,<br />
15<br />
]<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "KI",<br />
"code3": "KIL",<br />
"common_name": "Kiltmo",<br />
"banner": "Kiłtmo_Banner.png",<br />
"ruler": "Suqi",<br />
"ruler_title": "Prime Minister",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2025,<br />
9,<br />
5<br />
],<br />
"date_dissolved": [<br />
2026,<br />
2,<br />
8<br />
]<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "KL",<br />
"code3": "KTL",<br />
"common_name": "Kotland",<br />
"name": "Socialist Democratic Republic of Katland",<br />
"ruler": "nyghte",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2024,<br />
7,<br />
9<br />
],<br />
"date_dissolved": [<br />
2025,<br />
9,<br />
7<br />
],<br />
"capital": "Byalaya Tepe",<br />
"banner": "Kotland-flag.png"<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "KR",<br />
"code3": "KRI",<br />
"common_name": "Krīpetēpla",<br />
"name": "High Kingdom of Krīpetēpla",<br />
"ruler": "Sehrti'sa I",<br />
"ruler_title": "High King",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2025,<br />
4,<br />
25<br />
],<br />
"capital": "Krīpahra",<br />
"banner": "Krīpetēpla_banner.png",<br />
"ung": "member",<br />
"ung_joined": [<br />
2025,<br />
5,<br />
5<br />
]<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "KT",<br />
"code3": "KTY",<br />
"common_name": "Kathyria",<br />
"name": "Anarchic Queendom of Kathyria",<br />
"ruler": "katherine T. Awesome",<br />
"ruler_title": "Queen",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2024,<br />
10,<br />
8<br />
],<br />
"date_dissolved": [<br />
2025,<br />
3,<br />
23<br />
],<br />
"capital": "Mekathyr",<br />
"reason_dissolved": true,<br />
"banner": "Asoghade faiul.png",<br />
"ung": "member",<br />
"ung_joined": [<br />
2024,<br />
10,<br />
19<br />
]<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "KZ",<br />
"code3": "KOZ",<br />
"common_name": "Kozdenen",<br />
"name": "Republic of Kozdenen",<br />
"ruler": "Peleṽa Thoa-Saevakki",<br />
"ruler_title": "Doge",<br />
"ruler_link": "User:Total_pleb",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2024,<br />
1,<br />
18<br />
],<br />
"banner": "Banner of Kozdenen.png",<br />
"ung": "member",<br />
"ung_joined": [<br />
2024,<br />
2,<br />
5<br />
]<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "LC",<br />
"code3": "LOC",<br />
"common_name": "LoCATE",<br />
"not_ngation": true<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "LH",<br />
"code3": "LHU",<br />
"common_name": "Lúy Huà",<br />
"name": "Dì Khu kụ Lúy Huà",<br />
"ruler": "Fió Iụt Lit Kạn kụ Māy",<br />
"ruler_title": "King",<br />
"ruler_link": "JJ",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2025,<br />
7,<br />
30<br />
],<br />
"banner": "Luyhuabanner.png"<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "LJ",<br />
"code3": "LJI",<br />
"common_name": "Lewıne qapp Ȝısın qog ħèr",<br />
"name": "Lewıne qapp Ȝısin qog ħèr qapp Naqòo lar Nerıȝar qapp kkò ȝarın lòol lar qooqakk qapp resin lòol",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2026,<br />
3,<br />
17<br />
],<br />
"ruler": "Yelaȝ Linore qapp Ȝısın",<br />
"ruler_title": "Lieutenant Clan Patriarch by Field Appointment"<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "LK",<br />
"code3": "LVK",<br />
"common_name": "Lavvakcesaa",<br />
"ruler": "Rija",<br />
"ruler_title": "Consul",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2025,<br />
3,<br />
19<br />
],<br />
"date_dissolved": [<br />
2026,<br />
2,<br />
6<br />
],<br />
"reason_dissolved": "Owner banned",<br />
"capital": "Lautseq Kceuua",<br />
"banner": "Lavvakcesaa_Banner.png",<br />
"ung": "member",<br />
"ung_joined": [<br />
2025,<br />
4,<br />
19<br />
]<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "LL",<br />
"code3": "LKL",<br />
"common_name": "LukaLand",<br />
"ruler": "Diax",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2025,<br />
4,<br />
23<br />
],<br />
"date_dissolved": [<br />
2025,<br />
11,<br />
3<br />
],<br />
"reason_dissolved": "See [[The Great Tantrum]] for its initial annexation, then inactivity under AKC.",<br />
"banner": "Lukaland-banner.png"<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "LR",<br />
"code3": "LAR",<br />
"common_name": "Regnate Latium",<br />
"name": "Reborn Nguhcordial Empire of Latium",<br />
"ruler": "Idanicus Caesar",<br />
"ruler_title": "Princeps",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2024,<br />
7,<br />
1<br />
],<br />
"capital": "Idanopolis",<br />
"banner": "Latium-Regnātum-banner.png",<br />
"ung": "member",<br />
"ung_joined": [<br />
2024,<br />
12,<br />
20<br />
]<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "LX",<br />
"code3": "LEG",<br />
"common_name": "Legwa Rrina",<br />
"ruler": "Ten Shadows",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2024,<br />
12,<br />
16<br />
],<br />
"date_dissolved": [<br />
2025,<br />
5,<br />
4<br />
],<br />
"reason_dissolved": true,<br />
"not_ngation": true,<br />
"banner": "Banner of Legwa Rina.png"<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "MA",<br />
"code3": "MAZ",<br />
"common_name": "Maize",<br />
"ruler": "popping_corn",<br />
"capital": "Popcorn",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2025,<br />
4,<br />
18<br />
],<br />
"banner": "Banner maize.png",<br />
"ung": "member",<br />
"ung_joined": [<br />
2025,<br />
4,<br />
20<br />
]<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "MC",<br />
"code3": "MIC",<br />
"common_name": "Minaro-Cohasia",<br />
"name": "Republic of Minaro-Cohasia",<br />
"ruler_title": "Thuna",<br />
"ruler": [<br />
"“Cass” Cassandra Watkins",<br />
"“Tx̄hmtēm” Thames Pruxa",<br />
"“Annie” Rae Dious"<br />
],<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2026,<br />
3,<br />
20<br />
],<br />
"notes": "Gained independence from the [[Free City of Yetch Bay]]",<br />
"banner": "Banner_of_Sirenguard.png"<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "MD",<br />
"code3": "MAD",<br />
"common_name": "Madlands",<br />
"banner": "Madlands_Banner.png",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2025,<br />
5,<br />
4<br />
],<br />
"not_ngation": true,<br />
"__comment": "Acts as a non-ŋation continuation of Suqi‘s presence in the [[Realm of Madness]]."<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "ML",<br />
"code3": "MRL",<br />
"common_name": "Maryland",<br />
"ruler": "Mary",<br />
"ruler_title": "Lunar Queen",<br />
"capital": "Grětoměsto",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2024,<br />
5,<br />
11<br />
],<br />
"date_dissolved": [<br />
2025,<br />
10,<br />
27<br />
],<br />
"reason_dissolved": "Inactivity",<br />
"banner": "Marylandbanner.png"<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "MP",<br />
"code3": "MPB",<br />
"common_name": "MápabaL",<br />
"ruler": "Lily",<br />
"ruler_title": "Overseer General",<br />
"capital": "BaLbeL",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2025,<br />
1,<br />
7<br />
],<br />
"banner": "Mapabal-banner.png"<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "MR",<br />
"code3": "MAR",<br />
"common_name": "Ḿaro",<br />
"name": "Composite Monarchy of Ḿaro",<br />
"ruler": "Dragonfly",<br />
"capital": "Ḿaro-Heki",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2025,<br />
4,<br />
21<br />
],<br />
"banner": "Ḿaro banner.png"<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "MS",<br />
"code3": "MRS",<br />
"common_name": "Maraśa",<br />
"name": "Three Councils of Maraśa",<br />
"ruler": "The Ńiśereá",<br />
"ruler_link": "Maraśa#Government",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2025,<br />
5,<br />
26<br />
],<br />
"capital": "Śaracþáw",<br />
"banner": "Maraśa-banner.png",<br />
"ung": "member",<br />
"ung_joined": [<br />
2025,<br />
6,<br />
8<br />
]<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "MT",<br />
"code3": "MAT",<br />
"common_name": "Martinus's Territories",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2024,<br />
5,<br />
6<br />
],<br />
"not_ngation": true<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "MZ",<br />
"code3": "MZR",<br />
"common_name": "Myžariky",<br />
"ruler": "Ruzyždy Nivnova",<br />
"ruler_title": "High Princess",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2024,<br />
2,<br />
2<br />
],<br />
"banner": "Myzhariky-banner.png",<br />
"ung": "member",<br />
"ung_joined": [<br />
2024,<br />
2,<br />
5<br />
]<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "NA",<br />
"code3": "NAR",<br />
"common_name": "Nāroňpār",<br />
"name": "Quingdom of Nāroňpār",<br />
"ruler": "ẞlanty",<br />
"ruler_title": "Quing*",<br />
"ruler_link": "Szlanty",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2024,<br />
1,<br />
19<br />
],<br />
"capital": "Nārospiňt",<br />
"banner": "Naringpar-banner.png",<br />
"ung": "member",<br />
"ung_joined": [<br />
2024,<br />
2,<br />
18<br />
]<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "NB",<br />
"code3": "NBT",<br />
"common_name": "Ŋibraltar",<br />
"banner": "Ngibraltar-banner.png",<br />
"ruler": [<br />
"Marcy Sheikah",<br />
"Agma Schwa"<br />
],<br />
"ruler_title": [<br />
"Governors"<br />
],<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2024,<br />
7,<br />
1<br />
],<br />
"condominium": [<br />
"AR",<br />
"KC"<br />
]<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "NH",<br />
"code3": "NHK",<br />
"common_name": "Nan Hsüeh Kung Ssu",<br />
"ruler": "FuLing",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2025,<br />
5,<br />
29<br />
],<br />
"date_dissolved": [<br />
2025,<br />
11,<br />
6<br />
],<br />
"reason_dissolved": "Inactivity",<br />
"banner": "NHKS_Banner.png"<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "NI",<br />
"code3": "NIA",<br />
"common_name": "Nieuw Antwerpen",<br />
"ruler": "Foobar111",<br />
"ruler_title": "Governor",<br />
"not_ngation": true,<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2025,<br />
7,<br />
22<br />
],<br />
"date_dissolved": [<br />
2025,<br />
10,<br />
20<br />
],<br />
"reason_dissolved": "Absorbed into Kıltmo."<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "NK",<br />
"code3": "NRK",<br />
"common_name": "Ŋərkey",<br />
"ruler": [<br />
"Viklo",<br />
"Vÿl"<br />
],<br />
"capital": "Aŋkəra",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2025,<br />
4,<br />
20<br />
],<br />
"banner": "Nguhrkey-banner.png"<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "NM",<br />
"code3": "NMS",<br />
"common_name": "New Maeksikeo",<br />
"name": "Kardonian Outpost of New Maeksikeo",<br />
"ruler": "Reolko Maqekaema",<br />
"ruler_title": "Captain",<br />
"banner": "New_maeksikao_banner.png",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2025,<br />
8,<br />
13<br />
]<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "NT!old:Nošaterçe",<br />
"code3": "NST",<br />
"common_name": "Nošaterçe",<br />
"name": "Rěč Pollica e Divinna Nošaterçe",<br />
"ruler": "Diviněç Titoslav Julěšnū",<br />
"capital": "Nolegiona",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2024,<br />
9,<br />
8<br />
],<br />
"banner": "RPD-banner.png",<br />
"reason_dissolved": "Inactivity"<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "NT",<br />
"code3": "NAT",<br />
"common_name": "ŊATO",<br />
"name": "Ŋibraltar Army Treaty Organisation",<br />
"banner": "ŊATO_Banner.png",<br />
"not_ngation": true<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "NU",<br />
"code3": "NGU",<br />
"common_name": "Ŋafrican Union",<br />
"banner": "Ŋafrican_Union_flag.png",<br />
"not_ngation": true<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "OK",<br />
"code3": "OKD",<br />
"common_name": "Old Kingdom",<br />
"capital": "Slab Exchange",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2024,<br />
6,<br />
14<br />
],<br />
"banner": "Old kingdom banner.png",<br />
"not_ngation": true<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "OP",<br />
"code3": "ONP",<br />
"common_name": "Onparu \u0026 Koaru|Onparu",<br />
"name": "Quingdom of Onparu",<br />
"ruler": "?",<br />
"ruler_title": "Quing",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2026,<br />
1,<br />
27<br />
],<br />
"capital": "Castle Yoshi",<br />
"banner": "Onparu-banner.png",<br />
"notes": "not a separate ngation on the map but a part of the [[Onparu \u0026 Koaru]] region"<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "OR",<br />
"code3": "ORE",<br />
"common_name": "Oressia",<br />
"name": "Hetmanate of Oressia",<br />
"ruler": "Orest",<br />
"ruler_title": "Hetman",<br />
"capital": "Todoian",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2024,<br />
6,<br />
30<br />
],<br />
"banner": "Oressia-banner.png",<br />
"ung": "member",<br />
"ung_joined": [<br />
2024,<br />
7,<br />
1<br />
]<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "OT",<br />
"code3": "OTS",<br />
"common_name": "Otslahue",<br />
"ruler": "β595",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2025,<br />
3,<br />
9<br />
],<br />
"date_dissolved": [<br />
2025,<br />
12,<br />
15<br />
],<br />
"reason_dissolved": "Repeated theft and subsequent ban",<br />
"banner": "Banner otslahue.png"<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "OW",<br />
"code3": "OBW",<br />
"common_name": "Oblane Wybrzeże",<br />
"ruler": "Madzia",<br />
"ruler_title": "President",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2024,<br />
4,<br />
2<br />
],<br />
"date_dissolved": [<br />
2025,<br />
10,<br />
17<br />
],<br />
"reason_dissolved": "Annexed by [[Keltechra]]",<br />
"banner": "Slpashedcoastbanner.png"<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "PF",<br />
"code3": "HPF",<br />
"common_name": "West Pua",<br />
"name": "Holy Puan Florocracy",<br />
"ruler": "Skrungk",<br />
"ruler_title": "Pontifex",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2024,<br />
7,<br />
12<br />
],<br />
"date_dissolved": [<br />
2025,<br />
2,<br />
2<br />
],<br />
"reason_dissolved": "[[Pua#End_of_the_Chilled_War]]",<br />
"capital": "Allium",<br />
"banner": "WestPuaBanner.png",<br />
"ung": "member"<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "PI",<br />
"code3": "PIH",<br />
"common_name": "Pihi",<br />
"name": "Autonomous Oblast of Pihi",<br />
"ruler": "Snail",<br />
"ruler_title": "Troutlord",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2024,<br />
7,<br />
12<br />
],<br />
"banner": "Pihi-banner.png",<br />
"ung": "member",<br />
"ung_joined": [<br />
2024,<br />
10,<br />
19<br />
]<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "PE",<br />
"code3": "POE",<br />
"common_name": "Port of Eras",<br />
"reason_dissolved": "Ruler got banned"<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "PK",<br />
"code3": "PKM",<br />
"common_name": "Paz Kiiam",<br />
"ruler": "Rivulé Rainworld",<br />
"ruler_title": "Princeps",<br />
"capital": "Länśapol",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2025,<br />
4,<br />
24<br />
],<br />
"banner": "PazKiiamBanner.png",<br />
"ung": "member",<br />
"ung_joined": [<br />
2025,<br />
5,<br />
4<br />
]<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "PL",<br />
"code3": "PLS",<br />
"common_name": "Pelialis",<br />
"name": "Het Koloniserentje Pelialis",<br />
"ruler": "???",<br />
"ruler_title": "Dukender of Sillies",<br />
"capital": "Eeleg",<br />
"banner": "Pelialis banner.png",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2026,<br />
2,<br />
8<br />
]<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "QO",<br />
"code3": "QOS",<br />
"common_name": "Qosculyn",<br />
"name": "Principality of Qosculyn",<br />
"ruler": "Martucẏs Bqosar",<br />
"ruler_title": "Prince",<br />
"capital": "Muthup",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2025,<br />
5,<br />
17<br />
],<br />
"banner": "Qosysyn flag.png"<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "RA",<br />
"code3": "RTS",<br />
"common_name": "Rauratoshan",<br />
"name": "Rauratoshan Kingdom",<br />
"ruler": "Nozomi Caramella",<br />
"ruler_title": "Quing",<br />
"ruler_link": "Astaryuu/Nozomi",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2024,<br />
11,<br />
25<br />
],<br />
"capital": "Irisela Island",<br />
"banner": "Rauratoshan-banner.png",<br />
"ung": "member",<br />
"ung_joined": [<br />
2024,<br />
12,<br />
20<br />
]<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "RI",<br />
"code3": "RIY",<br />
"common_name": "Riyelum",<br />
"ruler": "Nova",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2024,<br />
6,<br />
16<br />
],<br />
"banner": "Rijelem-banner.png",<br />
"ung": "member"<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "RK",<br />
"code3": "RKT",<br />
"common_name": "Arktsev",<br />
"name": "Empire of the Ř̩ktsðèvsǽmuxō",<br />
"ruler": "nguhcraft photographer",<br />
"ruler_title": "Hat'ulgāt'ném",<br />
"capital": "Zestōspiṓ",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2024,<br />
4,<br />
20<br />
],<br />
"banner": "Rktdabsimo-banner.png"<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "RM",<br />
"code3": "ROM",<br />
"common_name": "Realm of Madness",<br />
"ruler": "Suqi",<br />
"ruler_title": "Obscuror",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2024,<br />
8,<br />
3<br />
],<br />
"date_dissolved": [<br />
2025,<br />
5,<br />
4<br />
],<br />
"reason_dissolved": true,<br />
"banner": "The Flag of the Realm of Madness.png",<br />
"ung": "member",<br />
"ung_joined": [<br />
2024,<br />
8,<br />
9<br />
]<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "RP",<br />
"code3": "FRP",<br />
"common_name": "Pua",<br />
"name": "Florocratic Republic of Pua",<br />
"ruler": "Peaches Ariki-Rino",<br />
"ruler_title": "General Secretary",<br />
"ruler_link": "Peaches",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2024,<br />
7,<br />
12<br />
],<br />
"capital": "Kanga",<br />
"banner": "EastPuaBanner.png",<br />
"ung": "observer",<br />
"ung_joined": [<br />
2024,<br />
9,<br />
7<br />
],<br />
"ung_demoted": [<br />
2026,<br />
3,<br />
22<br />
]<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "SC",<br />
"code3": "SOC",<br />
"common_name": "State of Confusion",<br />
"ruler": "Idealist",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2025,<br />
2,<br />
29<br />
],<br />
"notes": "Self-proclaims the founding date of ''yes''. Existence is paradoxical, not sure if does or even can actually exist"<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "SG",<br />
"code3": "SPG",<br />
"common_name": "Spansos Gaming",<br />
"ruler": "Spans",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2024,<br />
4,<br />
9<br />
],<br />
"banner": "Spansos-Gaming-banner.png",<br />
"ung": "member",<br />
"ung_joined": [<br />
2024,<br />
4,<br />
10<br />
]<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "SH",<br />
"code3": "SHL",<br />
"common_name": "Shroomland",<br />
"capital": "Sporeton",<br />
"banner": "Shroomland-banner.png",<br />
"condominium": [<br />
"TR"<br />
],<br />
"notes": "Used to be in condominium with Fishland and later Þunan Qumreá."<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "SL",<br />
"code3": "SEL",<br />
"common_name": "Seolland",<br />
"ruler": "Lori",<br />
"ruler_title": "Grand Duchess",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2024,<br />
5,<br />
19<br />
],<br />
"banner": "Ngossiya-banner.png"<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "SM",<br />
"code3": "ASM",<br />
"common_name": "Alternate Slumia",<br />
"ruler": "Masela",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2026,<br />
2,<br />
27<br />
],<br />
"capital": "Ljamẽusajy",<br />
"banner": "Alternate Slumia banner.png"<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "ST",<br />
"code3": "SOT",<br />
"common_name": "Sofao Tâsi",<br />
"ruler": "N3",<br />
"capital": "Sajl Sow",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2024,<br />
8,<br />
1<br />
],<br />
"banner": "Sofao.png",<br />
"ung": "member",<br />
"ung_joined": [<br />
2025,<br />
6,<br />
6<br />
]<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "SV",<br />
"code3": "STV",<br />
"common_name": "Stej Ven",<br />
"ruler": "viklo",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2024,<br />
4,<br />
1<br />
],<br />
"capital": "Sta Wejs",<br />
"banner": "Stej ven banner.png",<br />
"ung": "member",<br />
"ung_joined": [<br />
2024,<br />
4,<br />
2<br />
]<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "TA",<br />
"code3": "TAN",<br />
"common_name": "T'anshilebs",<br />
"name": "Grand Archduchy of T'anshilebs",<br />
"ruler": "Lambda",<br />
"ruler_title": "Archduke",<br />
"capital": "Lsotabsi",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2024,<br />
12,<br />
26<br />
],<br />
"banner": "T'anshilebs banner.png",<br />
"ung": "member",<br />
"ung_joined": [<br />
2025,<br />
1,<br />
25<br />
]<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "TH",<br />
"code3": "THE",<br />
"common_name": "The"<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "TP",<br />
"code3": "TPU",<br />
"common_name": "Tauranga Puawai",<br />
"ruler": "Skrungk",<br />
"ruler_title": "Pontifex",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2025,<br />
2,<br />
2<br />
],<br />
"banner": "TaurangaPuawaiBanner.png",<br />
"ung": "observer",<br />
"ung_joined": [<br />
2025,<br />
2,<br />
2<br />
],<br />
"__comment": "Originally founded as a colony of West Pua on 17/9/2024, founding date reflects independence. Admitted automatically with the seat of West Pua.",<br />
"ung_demoted": [<br />
2026,<br />
3,<br />
22<br />
]<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "TQ",<br />
"code3": "TQR",<br />
"common_name": "Þunan Qumreá",<br />
"name": "Plutocracy of Þunan Qumreá",<br />
"ruler": "Śiłja",<br />
"ruler_title": "Rijyc",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2023,<br />
12,<br />
28<br />
],<br />
"date_dissolved": [<br />
2025,<br />
5,<br />
25<br />
],<br />
"reason_dissolved": "[[Þunan_Qumreá#Dissolution_and_successors]]",<br />
"capital": "Þunan Ŋáce",<br />
"banner": "Thunanqumreaa-banner.png",<br />
"ung": "member",<br />
"ung_joined": [<br />
2024,<br />
2,<br />
5<br />
]<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "TR",<br />
"code3": "TRK",<br />
"common_name": "Xtrakva",<br />
"name": "Young Colony of Xtrakva",<br />
"ruler": "Vÿl",<br />
"ruler_title": "Governor",<br />
"capital": "Czägrÿxyx",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2024,<br />
5,<br />
13<br />
],<br />
"banner": "Xtrakva-banner.png",<br />
"ung": "member",<br />
"ung_joined": [<br />
2024,<br />
6,<br />
11<br />
]<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "TS",<br />
"code3": "TSN",<br />
"common_name": "Tocjaǵa Śahan",<br />
"ruler": "Howard",<br />
"ruler_title": "Quing, Prime Minister, President, Dictator, High Priest, Judges (all of them)",<br />
"capital": "Crask Beach",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2025,<br />
4,<br />
14<br />
],<br />
"banner": "Tocjaǵa Śahan banner.webp"<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "old:ÞunanÞár",<br />
"code3": "old:ÞunanÞár",<br />
"common_name": "Þunan Þár",<br />
"banner": false,<br />
"not_ngation": true,<br />
"condominium": [<br />
"MZ",<br />
"TQ"<br />
],<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2024,<br />
2,<br />
16<br />
],<br />
"date_dissolved": [<br />
2025,<br />
5,<br />
25<br />
],<br />
"reason_dissolved": "Returned to sole ownership of Myžariky following the [[Þunan_Qumreá#Dissolution_and_successors|Collapse of Þunan Qumreá]]."<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "old:CrownKing",<br />
"code3": "old:CrownKing",<br />
"common_name": "Crown King Condominium",<br />
"banner": false,<br />
"not_ngation": true,<br />
"condominium": [<br />
"TQ",<br />
"AR"<br />
],<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2024,<br />
11,<br />
1<br />
],<br />
"date_dissolved": [<br />
2025,<br />
5,<br />
25<br />
],<br />
"reason_dissolved": "Returned to sole ownership of Xarslasja following the [[Þunan_Qumreá#Dissolution_and_successors|Collapse of Þunan Qumreá]]."<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "TU",<br />
"code3": "THU",<br />
"common_name": "Thasusan Union",<br />
"banner": false,<br />
"not_ngation": true<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "TY",<br />
"code3": "TNY",<br />
"common_name": "Tanylezi",<br />
"ruler": [<br />
"Carl Cafaceu",<br />
"Fencoh Alecolzon"<br />
],<br />
"ruler_title": [<br />
"Halen",<br />
"Canahalen"<br />
],<br />
"capital": "Neu Tocoselesi",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2024,<br />
7,<br />
14<br />
],<br />
"date_dissolved": [<br />
2025,<br />
9,<br />
1<br />
],<br />
"reason_dissolved": true,<br />
"banner": "Tanylezi Banner.png",<br />
"ung": "member",<br />
"ung_joined": [<br />
2024,<br />
8,<br />
9<br />
]<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "TZ",<br />
"code3": "TZG",<br />
"common_name": "Tanzang",<br />
"name": "Tanzag Tontog",<br />
"ruler": "Māj Osop",<br />
"ruler_title": "Prince",<br />
"ruler_link": "JJ",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2024,<br />
1,<br />
2<br />
],<br />
"capital": "Bōtag",<br />
"banner": "Dangcang-banner.png",<br />
"ung": "member",<br />
"ung_joined": [<br />
2024,<br />
2,<br />
7<br />
]<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "UK",<br />
"code3": "UKO",<br />
"common_name": "Ukoŋia",<br />
"ruler": "Daybreaker",<br />
"ruler_title": "Grand Overseer",<br />
"capital": "Tauzisi",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2025,<br />
10,<br />
24<br />
],<br />
"banner": "Ukoŋiabanner.png"<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "US",<br />
"code3": "UIS",<br />
"common_name": "Ildor",<br />
"name": "United Ildorgear State",<br />
"ruler": [<br />
"Fīl",<br />
"Fīl",<br />
"iopvixens"<br />
],<br />
"ruler_title": [<br />
"Interŋational Representative",<br />
"National Leader",<br />
"Leader of Hmȳ̀n Gwā autonomous region"<br />
],<br />
"capital": "Vgəldərəm",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2025,<br />
6,<br />
8<br />
],<br />
"banner": "Eltear-banner.png"<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "UZ",<br />
"code3": "UZF",<br />
"common_name": "Uzafnic Federation",<br />
"ruler": "Iris",<br />
"ruler_title": "President",<br />
"capital": "Fisete",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2024,<br />
10,<br />
15<br />
],<br />
"date_dissolved": [<br />
2024,<br />
12,<br />
6<br />
],<br />
"reason_dissolved": "Mental health",<br />
"banner": "UzafnicBanner.png"<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "VA",<br />
"code3": "VAN",<br />
"common_name": "Vansterèl",<br />
"capital": "Pòrt d'Avets",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2024,<br />
5,<br />
4<br />
],<br />
"banner": "Vansterel-banners.png",<br />
"condominium": [<br />
"IM",<br />
"KC"<br />
]<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "VD",<br />
"code3": "VDC",<br />
"common_name": "Vallis Draconum",<br />
"ruler": [<br />
"Toby Dorakun",<br />
"Minerva Arenae"<br />
],<br />
"ruler_title": [<br />
"President",<br />
"Prime Minister"<br />
],<br />
"capital": "Vallis Ignium",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2025,<br />
1,<br />
1<br />
],<br />
"banner": "Draconis-banner.jpeg",<br />
"ung": "member",<br />
"ung_joined": [<br />
2025,<br />
5,<br />
13<br />
]<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "VL",<br />
"code3": "VIL",<br />
"common_name": "Vilant",<br />
"name": "Vilant",<br />
"ruler": "sq",<br />
"ruler_title": "Governnor",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2024,<br />
12,<br />
22<br />
],<br />
"date_dissolved": [<br />
2026,<br />
17,<br />
2<br />
],<br />
"reason_dissolved": "Incorporated into Kozdenen",<br />
"ung": "member",<br />
"ung_joined": [<br />
2025,<br />
1,<br />
25<br />
],<br />
"banner": "Banner_vilantnen.png",<br />
"notes": "Originally founded as [[Vilantnen]], but also contains a newer [[Vilantnen]] within its borders. Was “sq’s Territories” for a while."<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "VZ",<br />
"code3": "VZR",<br />
"common_name": "The Vazr",<br />
"name": "The Sublime Realm of the Trinity in the Vazr",<br />
"ruler": "Adeleine V",<br />
"ruler_title": "Vazrmer",<br />
"capital": "Festeburg",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2024,<br />
7,<br />
19<br />
],<br />
"date_dissolved": [<br />
2025,<br />
9,<br />
1<br />
],<br />
"reason_dissolved": "self-nuked",<br />
"banner": "Vazr-banner.png",<br />
"ung": "member",<br />
"ung_joined": [<br />
2025,<br />
1,<br />
25<br />
]<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "WA",<br />
"code3": "WAN",<br />
"common_name": "Wánade",<br />
"name": "Federation of the Morninglands",<br />
"ruler": "Nahia of Kawábade",<br />
"ruler_title": "High Priestess",<br />
"capital": "Yázka",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2025,<br />
4,<br />
10<br />
],<br />
"banner": "Ruwumanko-waanade.png.png",<br />
"ung": "member",<br />
"ung_joined": [<br />
2025,<br />
4,<br />
19<br />
]<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "WS",<br />
"code3": "WSK",<br />
"common_name": "Wekañu-Skefo",<br />
"capital": "Wekañu-Skal",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2025,<br />
4,<br />
19<br />
],<br />
"banner": "Wekañu-skefo.png",<br />
"ung": "member",<br />
"ung_joined": [<br />
2025,<br />
4,<br />
20<br />
]<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "YK",<br />
"code3": "YKM",<br />
"ruler": "Yunashā",<br />
"common_name": "Yunaited Kaingdwm",<br />
"ruler_title": "Kaing",<br />
"capital": "Weister Bay",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2025,<br />
11,<br />
16<br />
],<br />
"banner": "Yunaited Kaingdwm.jpg"<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "YS",<br />
"code3": "YYS",<br />
"common_name": "Yysh",<br />
"name": "Spatiotemporally Confused Province of Yysh",<br />
"ruler": "Mr. Hagfish",<br />
"ruler_title": "Emergency Interim Prime Minister-in-Exile",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2025,<br />
4,<br />
20<br />
],<br />
"date_dissolved": [<br />
2024,<br />
11,<br />
24<br />
],<br />
"reason_dissolved": "Inactivity",<br />
"banner": "Yysh_banner.png",<br />
"__comment": "Formally dissolved 27/7/2024, nearly a year before its founding."<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "ZA",<br />
"code3": "HZA",<br />
"common_name": "Zju'a",<br />
"name": "Hiso Zju'a",<br />
"ruler": [<br />
"Masela",<br />
"EmyFel"<br />
],<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2026,<br />
3,<br />
23<br />
],<br />
"banner": "HZA-banner.png",<br />
"notes": "Co-ran and co-owned by Masela and EmyFel"<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "ZG",<br />
"code3": "ZGW",<br />
"common_name": "Ʒimh Gwynh",<br />
"name": "Islands of Ʒimh Gwynh",<br />
"ruler": "Jweng the Diamondless",<br />
"ruler_title": "Emperor",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2024,<br />
2,<br />
5<br />
],<br />
"date_dissolved": [<br />
2025,<br />
10,<br />
27<br />
],<br />
"reason_dissolved": "Inactivity",<br />
"banner": "Islandsofximhgwynh-banner.png",<br />
"ung": "observer",<br />
"ung_joined": [<br />
2024,<br />
2,<br />
5<br />
],<br />
"ung_demoted": [<br />
2024,<br />
11,<br />
9<br />
]<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "ZT",<br />
"code3": "ZTZ",<br />
"common_name": "Zotazil",<br />
"name": "Second Imperial Colony of Zotazil in Nguhcraft",<br />
"ruler": "Trixie",<br />
"ruler_title": "Delegate to the UŊ",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2024,<br />
4,<br />
18<br />
],<br />
"date_dissolved": [<br />
2025,<br />
10,<br />
27<br />
],<br />
"reason_dissolved": "Inactivity",<br />
"banner": "Majabanner.png",<br />
"ung": "observer",<br />
"ung_joined": [<br />
2024,<br />
4,<br />
27<br />
],<br />
"ung_demoted": [<br />
2025,<br />
1,<br />
25<br />
]<br />
}<br />
]<br />
}</div>Maselahttps://mc.nguh.org/w/index.php?title=Alternate_Slumia&diff=38391Alternate Slumia2026-03-29T00:53:09Z<p>Masela: added line about nolegiona</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox ngation|name=Alternate Slumia<br>Ewislun|banner=alternate_Slumia_banner.png|capital=Ljamẽusajy|demonym=Alternate Slumian<ref>"Slumian" alone is preferred against for a couple reasons, noted in [[Alternate Slumia#Name|the Name section]].</ref><br>Ewisluntə<br>Ewisluntaljən (paucal)<br>Ewisluntaläjun (plural)|languages=[[Alternate Slumian]] (EN name)<br>[[Ewisluma]] (SM name)|two-digit-code=SM|three-digit-code=ASM|religions=note to self: figure this bit out|government=note to self: figure this bit out|currency=[[Slumian Rik|Rik]]|flag=alt_Slumian_flag.png}}<br />
<br />
'''Alternate Slumia''' is a [[Ŋation]] in [[Slabland]]. It exists on land previously under the rule of [[Nošaterçe]], before the Ŋation dissapeared due to [[W.D. Ngaster|mysterious circumstances (?)]]<ref>In reality, it was dissolved due to inactivity, the land was left vacant and [[Masela]] took a part of it.</ref>. [[Nošaterçe]]'s old capital [[Nolegiona]] is currently entirely on Alternate Slumian territory and has been developed by the Alternate Slumians since they arrived. Alternate Slumian borders are defined by rivers and biome boundaries, such that it is contained entirely within an [https://minecraft.wiki/w/Old_Growth_Spruce_Taiga Old Growth Spruce Taiga] and such that it doesn't intersect its neighboring Ŋations.<br />
<br />
== Name ==<br />
Alternate Slumia is named after the country that its inhabitants originate from. Slumia was populated by Slumians and Lanetians, who were transported to the [[Ŋorld]] during the [[Alternate Slumia#Teleportation Event|Teleportation Event]]. The word "alternate" is used in part to indicate the Slumians and Lanetians newly shared identity and to distinguish them from the "real" Slumians who remain back in their home world. Omitting the word "alternate" is usually considered fine, although inaccurate (because then it excludes those with Lanetian heritage), when used in casual speech. In more formal settings, omission of the word is considered disrespectful.<br />
<br />
== Teleportation Event ==<br />
The Teleportation Event is an anomalous event that resulted in about 100,000 people being suddenly transported from Slumia to the [[Ŋorld]]. It took place sometime in the 1860s, the exact date is unknown. Exact reason or mechanism at play is, likewise, unknown. Eventually the people who took part in the Event formed the Alternate Slumian [[Ŋation]].<br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
<references /></div>Maselahttps://mc.nguh.org/w/index.php?title=Alternate_Slumia&diff=38388Alternate Slumia2026-03-28T23:57:16Z<p>Masela: swap order of names</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox ngation|name=Alternate Slumia<br>Ewislun|banner=alternate_Slumia_banner.png|capital=Ljamẽusajy|demonym=Alternate Slumian<ref>"Slumian" alone is preferred against for a couple reasons, noted in [[Alternate Slumia#Name|the Name section]].</ref><br>Ewisluntə<br>Ewisluntaljən (paucal)<br>Ewisluntaläjun (plural)|languages=[[Alternate Slumian]] (EN name)<br>[[Ewisluma]] (SM name)|two-digit-code=SM|three-digit-code=ASM|religions=note to self: figure this bit out|government=note to self: figure this bit out|currency=[[Slumian Rik|Rik]]|flag=alt_Slumian_flag.png}}<br />
<br />
'''Alternate Slumia''' is a [[Ŋation]] in [[Slabland]]. It exists on land previously under the rule of [[Nošaterçe]], before the Ŋation dissapeared due to [[W.D. Ngaster|mysterious circumstances (?)]]<ref>In reality, it was dissolved due to inactivity, the land was left vacant and [[Masela]] took a part of it.</ref>. Alternate Slumian borders are defined by rivers and biome boundaries, such that it is contained entirely within an [https://minecraft.wiki/w/Old_Growth_Spruce_Taiga Old Growth Spruce Taiga] and such that it doesn't intersect its neighboring Ŋations.<br />
<br />
== Name ==<br />
Alternate Slumia is named after the country that its inhabitants originate from. Slumia was populated by Slumians and Lanetians, who were transported to the [[Ŋorld]] during the [[Alternate Slumia#Teleportation Event|Teleportation Event]]. The word "alternate" is used in part to indicate the Slumians and Lanetians newly shared identity and to distinguish them from the "real" Slumians who remain back in their home world. Omitting the word "alternate" is usually considered fine, although inaccurate (because then it excludes those with Lanetian heritage), when used in casual speech. In more formal settings, omission of the word is considered disrespectful.<br />
<br />
== Teleportation Event ==<br />
The Teleportation Event is an anomalous event that resulted in about 100,000 people being suddenly transported from Slumia to the [[Ŋorld]]. It took place sometime in the 1860s, the exact date is unknown. Exact reason or mechanism at play is, likewise, unknown. Eventually the people who took part in the Event formed the Alternate Slumian [[Ŋation]].<br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
<references /></div>Maselahttps://mc.nguh.org/w/index.php?title=Alternate_Slumia&diff=38382Alternate Slumia2026-03-28T23:02:15Z<p>Masela: added flag to the infobox</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox ngation|name=Ewislun<br>Alternate Slumia|banner=alternate_Slumia_banner.png|capital=Ljamẽusajy|demonym=Alternate Slumian<ref>"Slumian" alone is preferred against for a couple reasons, noted in [[Alternate Slumia#Name|the Name section]].</ref><br>Ewisluntə<br>Ewisluntaljən (paucal)<br>Ewisluntaläjun (plural)|languages=[[Alternate Slumian]] (EN name)<br>[[Ewisluma]] (SM name)|two-digit-code=SM|three-digit-code=ASM|religions=note to self: figure this bit out|government=note to self: figure this bit out|currency=[[Slumian Rik|Rik]]|flag=alt_Slumian_flag.png}}<br />
<br />
'''Alternate Slumia''' is a [[Ŋation]] in [[Slabland]]. It exists on land previously under the rule of [[Nošaterçe]], before the Ŋation dissapeared due to [[W.D. Ngaster|mysterious circumstances (?)]]<ref>In reality, it was dissolved due to inactivity, the land was left vacant and [[Masela]] took a part of it.</ref>. Alternate Slumian borders are defined by rivers and biome boundaries, such that it is contained entirely within an [https://minecraft.wiki/w/Old_Growth_Spruce_Taiga Old Growth Spruce Taiga] and such that it doesn't intersect its neighboring Ŋations.<br />
<br />
== Name ==<br />
Alternate Slumia is named after the country that its inhabitants originate from. Slumia was populated by Slumians and Lanetians, who were transported to the [[Ŋorld]] during the [[Alternate Slumia#Teleportation Event|Teleportation Event]]. The word "alternate" is used in part to indicate the Slumians and Lanetians newly shared identity and to distinguish them from the "real" Slumians who remain back in their home world. Omitting the word "alternate" is usually considered fine, although inaccurate (because then it excludes those with Lanetian heritage), when used in casual speech. In more formal settings, omission of the word is considered disrespectful.<br />
<br />
== Teleportation Event ==<br />
The Teleportation Event is an anomalous event that resulted in about 100,000 people being suddenly transported from Slumia to the [[Ŋorld]]. It took place sometime in the 1860s, the exact date is unknown. Exact reason or mechanism at play is, likewise, unknown. Eventually the people who took part in the Event formed the Alternate Slumian [[Ŋation]].<br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
<references /></div>Maselahttps://mc.nguh.org/w/index.php?title=File:Alt_Slumian_flag.png&diff=38380File:Alt Slumian flag.png2026-03-28T23:00:52Z<p>Masela: flag of alternate slumia</p>
<hr />
<div>== Summary ==<br />
flag of alternate slumia</div>Maselahttps://mc.nguh.org/w/index.php?title=Data:Places&diff=38366Data:Places2026-03-28T14:59:05Z<p>Masela: added hiso zju'a</p>
<hr />
<div>{<br />
"__schema": {<br />
"__comment": "Omit any field not relevant to the place described",<br />
"code2": "string; 2 letter code",<br />
"code3": "string; 3 letter code",<br />
"common_name": "string; Short name, should be, or redirect to, the wiki page for the country",<br />
"name": "string; Full name of the country",<br />
"ruler": "string|list of string; In-lore ruler of the country",<br />
"ruler_title": "string; Title of the ruler",<br />
"ruler_link": "string; If the name ruler of the country doesn’t redirect to the correct wiki page, put the link here",<br />
"date_founded": "list of 3 numbers: [year, month, day] as of the gregorian calendar",<br />
"date_dissolved": "list of 3 numbers: [year, month, day] as of the gregorian calendar",<br />
"reason_dissolved": "string|bool; the reason the nation was dissolved, or the bolean true if it was dissolved without any known reason",<br />
"capital": "string; Name of the official \"Capital Subdivision\"",<br />
"banner": "string; pagename of the file containing the banner, File: namespace implied",<br />
"ung": "\"member\"|\"observer\"|\"former\"; current membership status in the United Ŋations",<br />
"ung_joined": "list of 3 numbers: [year, month, day] as of the gregorian calendar",<br />
"ung_demoted": "list of 3 numbers: [year, month, day] as of the gregorian calendar; date on which the country became an observer",<br />
"ung_left": "list of 3 numbers: [year, month, day] as of the gregorian calendar; date on which the country has left the United Ŋations",<br />
"not_ngation": "bool; This place isn’t a sovereign nation",<br />
"condominium": "list of string; This place is a condominium, list of all the `code2`s of all the places having a stake here. Use a single member list for territories who are dependent on some other place, but otherwise have their own code. Implies not_ngation: true.",<br />
"notes": "string; extra notes on recognition, special status or anything else",<br />
"reserved": "string; if this field is present, only include `code2` and `code3`. Indicates a code reserved a place that could use a top level code but currently doesn't "<br />
},<br />
"places": [<br />
{<br />
"code2": "AA",<br />
"code3": "ADN",<br />
"common_name": "Adnar",<br />
"name": "Communist Empire of Adnar",<br />
"ruler": "Adnagaporp",<br />
"ruler_title": "Supreme Leader",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2025,<br />
8,<br />
15<br />
],<br />
"capital": "Ðoòng Sơn Cavern",<br />
"banner": "Adnar-banner.png"<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "AB",<br />
"code3": "ARB",<br />
"common_name": "Arbustivum",<br />
"condominium": [<br />
"LR",<br />
"TA"<br />
],<br />
"ruler": [<br />
"theidealist",<br />
"lambda"<br />
],<br />
"ruler_title": "Regent",<br />
"banner": "Saifeg_banner.png",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2024,<br />
10,<br />
24<br />
],<br />
"notes": "Previously known as Saifeg, a condominium between [[Latium Regnatum]] and [[Shrudrow]]."<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "AC",<br />
"code3": "ACA",<br />
"common_name": "Araçana",<br />
"name": "Principality of Araçana and Ŋasegak",<br />
"ruler": "Outlaw Sly",<br />
"ruler_title": "Princess",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2025,<br />
4,<br />
20<br />
],<br />
"capital": "Çana City",<br />
"banner": "City of Araçana Banner.png",<br />
"ung": "member",<br />
"ung_joined": [<br />
2025,<br />
5,<br />
27<br />
],<br />
"ung_demoted": [<br />
2025,<br />
10,<br />
12<br />
],<br />
"notes": "United Ŋations observer from October 12, 2025 to November 21, 2025"<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "AD",<br />
"code3": "ADA",<br />
"common_name": "Adaria",<br />
"name": "Republic of Adaria",<br />
"ruler": "Martinawa",<br />
"ruler_title": "Supreme Leader",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2025,<br />
3,<br />
19<br />
],<br />
"banner": "Adaria_banner.png",<br />
"ung": "member",<br />
"ung_joined": [<br />
2024,<br />
4,<br />
28<br />
]<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "AE",<br />
"code3": "AVE",<br />
"common_name": "Avenyam",<br />
"name": "Principality of Avenyam",<br />
"ruler": "Agenciak",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2026,<br />
2,<br />
9<br />
],<br />
"banner": "Avenyam banner.png",<br />
"ung": "member",<br />
"ung_joined": [<br />
2026,<br />
3,<br />
12<br />
]<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "AK",<br />
"code3": "AKV",<br />
"common_name": "Aomoī-Kaervaenan Commonwealth",<br />
"ruler": "Diax",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2025,<br />
5,<br />
3<br />
],<br />
"date_dissolved": [<br />
2025,<br />
11,<br />
3<br />
],<br />
"reason_dissolved": "Inactivity",<br />
"capital": "Kāoranga",<br />
"banner": "AKC-banner.jpeg"<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "AM",<br />
"code3": "AMJ",<br />
"common_name": "Amuj",<br />
"name": "City-State of Amuj",<br />
"ruler": "CMC",<br />
"ruler_title": "Kachbuches",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2024,<br />
4,<br />
2<br />
],<br />
"date_dissolved": [<br />
2024,<br />
10,<br />
8<br />
],<br />
"reason_dissolved": "Absorbed into multiple Ŋations. See [[Amujxplosion]]",<br />
"capital": "Drebzha",<br />
"banner": "Amuj banner.png",<br />
"ung": "member",<br />
"ung_joined": [<br />
2024,<br />
4,<br />
2<br />
]<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "AO",<br />
"code3": "AMR",<br />
"common_name": "Amoria",<br />
"name": "Amorian Colonies",<br />
"ruler": "Layaw",<br />
"ruler_title": "Queen",<br />
"ruler_link": "User:BoubaWiki1102",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2025,<br />
12,<br />
23<br />
],<br />
"capital": "Tulanahea",<br />
"banner": "Colonial Amorian Banner.png"<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "AP",<br />
"code3": "APX",<br />
"common_name": "Aprux Mexyrhat",<br />
"ruler": "Aleksanetra of Perhyh",<br />
"ruler_title": "Mexyrfax",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2024,<br />
4,<br />
21<br />
],<br />
"capital": "Perhyh",<br />
"banner": "APXNewBanner.png"<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "AR",<br />
"code3": "ARS",<br />
"common_name": "Xarslasja",<br />
"name": "Bezuvate of Xarslasja",<br />
"ruler": "Agamashuya I",<br />
"ruler_title": "Bezuv",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2024,<br />
3,<br />
11<br />
],<br />
"capital": "Yuɱa",<br />
"banner": "Xarslasja-flag.png",<br />
"ung": "member",<br />
"ung_joined": [<br />
2024,<br />
4,<br />
2<br />
]<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "AS",<br />
"code3": "ASW",<br />
"common_name": "Aswnga",<br />
"ruler": "AxolotlCraft",<br />
"capital": "Purasta",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2026,<br />
1,<br />
6<br />
],<br />
"banner": "Aswnga_banner.png",<br />
"ung": "member",<br />
"ung_joined": [<br />
2026,<br />
3,<br />
20<br />
]<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "AT",<br />
"code3": "ANT",<br />
"common_name": "Antilvakia",<br />
"name": "Socialist Republic of Antilvakia",<br />
"ruler": "Darthinian",<br />
"ruler_title": "Tsaa",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2025,<br />
6,<br />
20<br />
],<br />
"capital": "Krakistok",<br />
"banner": "Banner_1-mitchell.png",<br />
"ung": "observer",<br />
"ung_joined": [<br />
2025,<br />
9,<br />
8<br />
],<br />
"ung_demoted": [<br />
2026,<br />
3,<br />
22<br />
]<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "AV",<br />
"code3": "AVZ",<br />
"common_name": "Avazistan",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2024,<br />
10,<br />
20<br />
],<br />
"date_dissolved": [<br />
2025,<br />
9,<br />
25<br />
],<br />
"reason_dissolved": "Dissolution of Oberia",<br />
"banner": "Avazistan-banner.png",<br />
"condominium": [<br />
"HL"<br />
]<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "AY",<br />
"code3": "AYG",<br />
"common_name": "Aylongam",<br />
"name": "Great Kingdom of Aylongam",<br />
"ruler": "Zendrid",<br />
"ruler_title": "Quing",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2024,<br />
3,<br />
2<br />
],<br />
"capital": "Khaath Tran",<br />
"banner": "Aylongam-banner.png",<br />
"ung": "former",<br />
"ung_joined": [<br />
2024,<br />
3,<br />
6<br />
],<br />
"ung_left": [<br />
2025,<br />
1,<br />
25<br />
]<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "BD",<br />
"code3": "BDC",<br />
"common_name": "B’hiy’aj Dchâjâ",<br />
"ruler": "Šœ́hag",<br />
"ruler_title": "Leader",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2024,<br />
9,<br />
25<br />
],<br />
"capital": "B’hiy’aj Dchâjâ",<br />
"banner": "Bhiyaj-banner.png"<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "BE",<br />
"code3": "BED",<br />
"common_name": "'bed"<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "BL",<br />
"code3": "BTL",<br />
"common_name": "Bootland",<br />
"name": "Duchy of Bootland",<br />
"ruler": "Lux Moniridia",<br />
"ruler_title": "Duchess",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2025,<br />
4,<br />
22<br />
],<br />
"date_dissolved": [<br />
2025,<br />
5,<br />
6<br />
],<br />
"reason_dissolved": "Dissolved",<br />
"capital": "Auchentraeth",<br />
"banner": "Bootland-banner.webp"<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "old:Bramusia",<br />
"code3": "old:Bramusia",<br />
"common_name": "Bramusia",<br />
"name": "Communist Empire of Bramusia",<br />
"ruler": "Dominic",<br />
"ruler_link": "Gagma_A",<br />
"ruler_title": "President",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2024,<br />
5,<br />
14<br />
],<br />
"date_dissolved": [<br />
2024,<br />
7,<br />
11<br />
],<br />
"reason_dissolved": "Doxxed their friend during the UŊ meeting when they were admitted",<br />
"capital": "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz",<br />
"banner": "Bramusia-banner.png",<br />
"ung": "member",<br />
"ung_joined": [<br />
2024,<br />
7,<br />
11<br />
]<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "CB",<br />
"code3": "COB",<br />
"common_name": "Coldba (Cuba)",<br />
"name": "Empire of Coldba (Cuba)",<br />
"ruler": "Suqi",<br />
"ruler_title": "Emperess",<br />
"capital": "City of Cuba",<br />
"banner": "Banner of Coldba (Cuba).png",<br />
"ung": "member",<br />
"ung_joined": [<br />
2024,<br />
6,<br />
11<br />
]<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "CF",<br />
"code3": "CFD",<br />
"common_name": "CMCic Federation",<br />
"ruler": "CMC",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2025,<br />
1,<br />
13<br />
],<br />
"date_dissolved": [<br />
2025,<br />
2,<br />
7<br />
],<br />
"reason_dissolved": "Dissolved mere hours before the [[CMCxplosion]]. A portion was preserved as a UŊ mandate before being given to [[Dróstsiśtsi]]. A portion of that was a brief condominium between [[Dróstsiśtsi]] and [[Bootland|a later Amujan state]].",<br />
"capital": "Ruxese",<br />
"banner": "CMCic Federation banner.png"<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "CH",<br />
"code3": "CHI",<br />
"common_name": "Chielbary",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2025,<br />
10,<br />
2<br />
],<br />
"date_dissolved": [<br />
2025,<br />
12,<br />
23<br />
],<br />
"reason_dissolved": "Merged with [[Vilantnen]] to form [[Vilant]].",<br />
"banner": "Chielbary_banner.png"<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "CL",<br />
"code3": "CLT",<br />
"common_name": "Caluta",<br />
"name": "Caluta, Incorporated",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2025,<br />
10,<br />
30<br />
],<br />
"ruler": "Yusur",<br />
"ruler_title": "Chief Executive Officer",<br />
"banner": "CalutaE.png",<br />
"ung": "member",<br />
"ung_joined": [<br />
2026,<br />
3,<br />
15<br />
]<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "CP",<br />
"code3": "CPL",<br />
"common_name": "The Complex",<br />
"ruler": "Zipsegv",<br />
"ruler_title": "Archon",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2024,<br />
10,<br />
1<br />
],<br />
"banner": "Complex-banner.png"<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "CR",<br />
"code3": "COR",<br />
"common_name": "Corneria",<br />
"name": "Anarchist Workers’ Republic of Corneria",<br />
"ruler": "мока",<br />
"ruler_title": "Councilperson",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2024,<br />
4,<br />
27<br />
],<br />
"capital": "Mijavu Javhlikja",<br />
"banner": "CornerianBanner.png",<br />
"ung": "former",<br />
"ung_joined": [<br />
2024,<br />
9,<br />
7<br />
],<br />
"ung_left": [<br />
2025,<br />
1,<br />
25<br />
]<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "CV",<br />
"code3": "CIV",<br />
"common_name": "Civuyiscajrn",<br />
"name": "Province of Civuyiscajrn",<br />
"ruler": "ʡeter",<br />
"ruler_title": "Gùjrnik",<br />
"ruler_link": "User:Dillon",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2024,<br />
4,<br />
10<br />
],<br />
"date_dissolved": [<br />
2026,<br />
2,<br />
7<br />
],<br />
"banner": "Civuyiscajrn Banner.png",<br />
"ung": "observer",<br />
"ung_joined": [<br />
2024,<br />
4,<br />
10<br />
],<br />
"ung_demoted": [<br />
2024,<br />
10,<br />
19<br />
]<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "CW",<br />
"code3": "CTW",<br />
"common_name": "Cataw",<br />
"name": "Faerie City of Cataw",<br />
"ruler": "Lady Sagura san Sagura",<br />
"ruler_title": "King",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2025,<br />
11,<br />
24<br />
],<br />
"capital": "Cataw",<br />
"banner": "Cataw_Banner.png"<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "CX",<br />
"code3": "CXI",<br />
"common_name": "Appalliŋesia",<br />
"ruler": "Entity",<br />
"capital": "Sikktaalxoga",<br />
"banner": "Appalliŋesia banner.png",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2025,<br />
8,<br />
22<br />
]<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "DH",<br />
"code3": "DHR",<br />
"common_name": "Dhourigkàn",<br />
"name": "United Republic of Dhourigkàn",<br />
"ruler": "Umbra",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2024,<br />
4,<br />
12<br />
],<br />
"capital": "Rintìh",<br />
"banner": "Dhrkn banner.png",<br />
"ung": "observer",<br />
"ung_joined": [<br />
2024,<br />
4,<br />
27<br />
],<br />
"ung_demoted": [<br />
2025,<br />
1,<br />
25<br />
]<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "",<br />
"code3": "",<br />
"common_name": "Doggerland",<br />
"condominium": [<br />
"AA",<br />
"CB",<br />
"HA",<br />
"KA"<br />
],<br />
"ruler": [<br />
"Adnagaporp",<br />
"Jay",<br />
"Omaatje",<br />
"Suqi"<br />
],<br />
"ruler_title": "",<br />
"banner": false,<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2026,<br />
1,<br />
6<br />
],<br />
"not_ngation": "true"<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "old:Dägälunt",<br />
"code3": "old:Dägälunt",<br />
"common_name": "Dägälunt",<br />
"ruler": "Felix I",<br />
"ruler_link": "Nostalgiabricks",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2025,<br />
3,<br />
12<br />
],<br />
"date_dissolved": [<br />
2025,<br />
3,<br />
14<br />
],<br />
"reason_dissolved": "See [The Great Chest Locking]",<br />
"banner": false,<br />
"notes": "Often stylised as Dagalunt due to [[Xhesas]] stealing the umlauts of Dagalunt."<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "DT",<br />
"code3": "DTT",<br />
"common_name": "Dróstsiśtsi",<br />
"name": "Peoples’ Republic of Dróstsiśtsi",<br />
"ruler": "accruenewblue",<br />
"ruler_title": "President",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2025,<br />
4,<br />
7<br />
],<br />
"capital": "Vuttteźmak",<br />
"banner": "DTTBanner.png",<br />
"ung": "member",<br />
"ung_joined": [<br />
2025,<br />
4,<br />
19<br />
]<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "EC",<br />
"code3": "ECC",<br />
"common_name": "Evil Scamming Country (Condominium of Chaos)",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2025,<br />
4,<br />
27<br />
],<br />
"banner": "ESC_banner.png"<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "ED",<br />
"code3": "EDF",<br />
"common_name": "Ettêre Ðiffyt",<br />
"name": "Priesthood of Ettêre Ðiffyt",<br />
"ruler": "Sven",<br />
"ruler_title": "Divine Priest",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2024,<br />
4,<br />
17<br />
],<br />
"banner": "EDF banner.png",<br />
"ung": "observer",<br />
"ung_joined": [<br />
2024,<br />
4,<br />
20<br />
],<br />
"ung_demoted": [<br />
2026,<br />
3,<br />
22<br />
]<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "EK",<br />
"code3": "EKV",<br />
"common_name": "Enkavak",<br />
"ruler": [<br />
"Namnak Xhesas",<br />
"Taugnix"<br />
],<br />
"ruler_title": "Magistrate",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2022,<br />
8,<br />
30<br />
],<br />
"capital": "Alnaŋaemak",<br />
"banner": "Enkavak-banner.png",<br />
"ung": "member",<br />
"ung_joined": [<br />
2024,<br />
2,<br />
6<br />
],<br />
"notes": "Founding date is disputed, Enkavak was first founded outside of Ŋəcraft, first gaming only occured on 2023-12-05"<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "EL",<br />
"code3": "EML",<br />
"common_name": "Emberland",<br />
"name": "Democratic State of Emberland",<br />
"ruler": "probablynotacriminal",<br />
"ruler_title": "Sovereign",<br />
"ruler_link": "[[Probablynotacriminal (Character)]]",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2025,<br />
4,<br />
30<br />
],<br />
"date_dissolved": [<br />
2025,<br />
10,<br />
25<br />
],<br />
"reason_dissolved": "Turned into FERRA EET",<br />
"capital": "Flamepoint",<br />
"banner": "EmberlandBanner.png"<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "EM",<br />
"code3": "EPM",<br />
"common_name": "i Êpcêm Mûn-nan",<br />
"name": "i Kimôd Êpcêmin Mûn-nan",<br />
"ruler": "Maple",<br />
"ruler_title": "Kimôdihu",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2024,<br />
4,<br />
22<br />
],<br />
"banner": "I Êpcêm Mûn nan banner.png",<br />
"ung": "member",<br />
"ung_joined": [<br />
2024,<br />
4,<br />
27<br />
]<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "ES",<br />
"code3": "ESC",<br />
"common_name": "Evil Scamming Country",<br />
"ruler": "Chronos",<br />
"ruler_title": "Humble Scammer",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2024,<br />
4,<br />
22<br />
],<br />
"banner": "Evil-banner.png",<br />
"notes": "Not recognized by [[Aylongam]], [[B’hiy’aj Dchâjâ]] (which basically doesn’t recognise anyone anyway), [[Corneria]], [[Dróstsiśtsi]], [[Enkavak]], [[Hummland]], [[Imerchal]], the [[Kingdom of Kyaw Cen]], [[Pua]] and [[Pihi]]. Note that the Evil Scamming Country does not recognize any of these Ŋations in return. The [[Realm of Madness]] once decuple recognized the Evil Scamming Country to nullify the unrecognition of all the above ŋations, but this is invalid since it dissolved."<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "EW",<br />
"code3": "ESW",<br />
"common_name": "Eistówú",<br />
"name": "Polis of Eistówú",<br />
"ruler": "Fīl",<br />
"ruler_title": "Architect",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2024,<br />
5,<br />
14<br />
],<br />
"capital": "[[Ríkízműis]]",<br />
"banner": "Waighin-banner.png",<br />
"ung": "member",<br />
"ung_joined": [<br />
2024,<br />
5,<br />
17<br />
]<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "FE",<br />
"code3": "FER",<br />
"common_name": "FERRA",<br />
"name": "Far-East Rail and Road Association",<br />
"banner": "CompromiseLogo2.png",<br />
"not_ngation": true<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "FI",<br />
"code3": "FIW",<br />
"reserved": "Pyuwa (see KC-PUA)"<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "FL",<br />
"code3": "FSL",<br />
"common_name": "Fishland",<br />
"name": "Fishdom of Fishland",<br />
"ruler": "Elisa",<br />
"ruler_title": "The Fishbowl",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2024,<br />
4,<br />
24<br />
],<br />
"date_dissolved": [<br />
2025,<br />
1,<br />
25<br />
],<br />
"reason_dissolved": "See [[Ŋeicide]]",<br />
"capital": "Tarpoenstad",<br />
"banner": "Fishland_banner.png",<br />
"ung": "member",<br />
"ung_joined": [<br />
2024,<br />
4,<br />
24<br />
]<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "FO",<br />
"code3": "FOR",<br />
"common_name": "Fortsanaphat",<br />
"ruler": "Kween K. Auce",<br />
"ruler_title": "Wyŋk",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2025,<br />
8,<br />
13<br />
],<br />
"capital": "Kilvana",<br />
"banner": "Fortsanaphat_banner.png"<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "FR",<br />
"code3": "FRV",<br />
"common_name": "Frossantiquervrâssonne, sousprésenval",<br />
"name": "Trévandroumélisse-Frossantiquervrâssonne-d’Prévallondurévrenne-en-Mijonnâ-Tourvléssourinde-pralondure-Méllontrévresse-Vrassédrinourde",<br />
"ruler": "Tright",<br />
"ruler_title": "Prime Minister",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2025,<br />
5,<br />
29<br />
],<br />
"banner": "Frv-banner.png"<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "FZ",<br />
"code3": "FNZ",<br />
"common_name": "Fenizuela",<br />
"name": "Heavenly Empire of Fenizuela",<br />
"ruler_title": "Emperatriz",<br />
"ruler": "Charlotte",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2025,<br />
11,<br />
4<br />
],<br />
"capital": "Nueva Sidón",<br />
"banner": "FenizuelaBanner.webp"<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "GB",<br />
"code3": "GBL",<br />
"common_name": "Gubynlynd",<br />
"name": "Gubynlynd",<br />
"ruler": "Mia Kvigan",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2026,<br />
3,<br />
14<br />
],<br />
"banner": "Gubynlynd_banner.png"<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "GN",<br />
"code3": "GNI",<br />
"common_name": "Gdaƨihr Ni̦xlo",<br />
"ruler": "Ma̦z Ylahra̦míe",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2024,<br />
10,<br />
13<br />
],<br />
"banner": "Gdashihr Ni-xlo-banner.png"<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "GS",<br />
"code3": "GSK",<br />
"common_name": "Gevsaksavli",<br />
"name": "gvak gevasahk ksavlivmeg",<br />
"ruler": "sil gvag gobanag",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2025,<br />
2,<br />
14<br />
],<br />
"banner": "Gevsaksavli_banner.png"<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "GU",<br />
"code3": "GUL",<br />
"common_name": "Gulf Union",<br />
"banner": "Gulf-banner.png",<br />
"not_ngation": true<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "HA",<br />
"code3": "MNI",<br />
"common_name": "Hárǝsi",<br />
"name": "Míhóchihko Ngweskó Ikwonngóghoma",<br />
"ruler": "Omaatje",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2026,<br />
1,<br />
6<br />
],<br />
"banner": "Haresi-banner.png"<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "HD",<br />
"code3": "HDL",<br />
"common_name": "Hajdislant",<br />
"name": "Hajdislant",<br />
"ruler": "Her Unholiness apollyon",<br />
"ruler_title": "Senate",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2025,<br />
7,<br />
23<br />
],<br />
"capital": "Hajdispoli",<br />
"banner": "Hajdislant Banner.png",<br />
"ung": "member",<br />
"ung_joined": [<br />
2025,<br />
9,<br />
20<br />
]<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "HE!old:Hentzo",<br />
"code3": "HEN",<br />
"common_name": "Hentzo",<br />
"name": "Pirate Republic of Hentzo",<br />
"ruler": "Rutinde I",<br />
"ruler_title": "Pirate Lord",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2024,<br />
2,<br />
8<br />
],<br />
"date_dissolved": [<br />
2025,<br />
9,<br />
3<br />
],<br />
"reason_dissolved": "Inactivity from the successor player to Lutrinae",<br />
"capital": "Pirate Lair",<br />
"banner": "HentzoBanner.png",<br />
"ung": "former",<br />
"ung_joined": [<br />
2024,<br />
2,<br />
8<br />
],<br />
"ung_demoted": [<br />
2024,<br />
10,<br />
20<br />
],<br />
"__comment": "originally admitted as Entzo for one day"<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "HE",<br />
"code3": "HED",<br />
"common_name": "Hedamata",<br />
"name": "Fungal Democracy of Hedamata",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2025,<br />
11,<br />
13<br />
],<br />
"ruler": "Nakimushi",<br />
"ruler_title": "Sapoora",<br />
"banner": "Hedamata-banner.webp"<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "HL",<br />
"code3": "HML",<br />
"common_name": "Hummland",<br />
"name": "Kingdom of Hummland",<br />
"ruler": "Hummus",<br />
"ruler_title": "Quing",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2024,<br />
3,<br />
10<br />
],<br />
"capital": "Mitthumm City",<br />
"banner": "Kingdom-Hummland-banner.png",<br />
"ung": "former",<br />
"ung_joined": [<br />
2024,<br />
3,<br />
29<br />
],<br />
"ung_left": [<br />
2026,<br />
3,<br />
16<br />
]<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "",<br />
"code3": "",<br />
"name": "House Territory",<br />
"common_name": "House (Territory)|House",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2025,<br />
7,<br />
26<br />
],<br />
"not_ngation": true<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "HO",<br />
"code3": "HOP",<br />
"common_name": "Hiop Nation"<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "HR",<br />
"code3": "HRK",<br />
"common_name": "Hertskomestat",<br />
"name": "The Hertskomestat Syndicate",<br />
"ruler": "BE",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2025,<br />
4,<br />
23<br />
],<br />
"banner": "zh-banner.jpg"<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "IG",<br />
"code3": "IGE",<br />
"common_name": "Igeþa",<br />
"ruler": "Alice",<br />
"ruler_title": "Qhiruther",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2024,<br />
10,<br />
7<br />
],<br />
"date_dissolved": [<br />
2024,<br />
10,<br />
8<br />
],<br />
"reason_dissolved": "See [[Amujxplosion]]",<br />
"banner": "Igetha Banner.png"<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "IM",<br />
"code3": "IMR",<br />
"common_name": "Imerchal",<br />
"name": "Free City of Yetch Bay",<br />
"ruler": "The Directorate",<br />
"ruler_link": "Free_City_of_Yetch_Bay#Executive",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2023,<br />
12,<br />
31<br />
],<br />
"capital": "Vila Nauta, Chalmosique",<br />
"banner": "Imersial-banner.png",<br />
"ung": "member",<br />
"ung_joined": [<br />
2024,<br />
2,<br />
5<br />
]<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "IR",<br />
"code3": "IRN",<br />
"common_name": "The Iron Empire",<br />
"ruler": "Foobar111",<br />
"ruler_title": "Supreme Leader",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2025,<br />
2,<br />
16<br />
],<br />
"date_dissolved": [<br />
2025,<br />
7,<br />
22<br />
],<br />
"reason_dissolved": "Absorbed into Sq‘s territories as the Autonomous Region of Nieuw Antwerpen.",<br />
"banner": "Ironian_mc_banner.png",<br />
"__comment": "Formerly known as Smalland, then GIS The Golden Isles"<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "JC",<br />
"code3": "JIC",<br />
"common_name": "Ovvú Jičeiñŋā",<br />
"ruler": "spook_bag",<br />
"ruler_title": "Ceref",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2024,<br />
10,<br />
19<br />
],<br />
"date_dissolved": [<br />
2025,<br />
6,<br />
3<br />
],<br />
"reason_dissolved": "Converted into two FERRA EETs",<br />
"banner": "Ovvy-banner.png"<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "JG",<br />
"code3": "JGW",<br />
"common_name": "Juya Gwaña",<br />
"ruler": "Suqi",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2022,<br />
1,<br />
8<br />
],<br />
"not_ngation": true<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "JL",<br />
"code3": "JTL",<br />
"common_name": "Jotlond",<br />
"name": "Kingdom of Jotlond",<br />
"ruler": "Seo",<br />
"ruler_title": "Queen",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2025,<br />
5,<br />
26<br />
],<br />
"capital": "Dornwík",<br />
"banner": "Jotlond_banner.png",<br />
"ung": "observer",<br />
"ung_joined": [<br />
2025,<br />
5,<br />
28<br />
],<br />
"ung_demoted": [<br />
2026,<br />
3,<br />
22<br />
]<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "JT",<br />
"code3": "JUT",<br />
"common_name": "Jutland",<br />
"ruler": "Jutomi",<br />
"ruler_title": "Great Adjudicator",<br />
"capital": "Witherport",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2025,<br />
10,<br />
20<br />
],<br />
"banner": "JutlandBanner.png"<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "KA",<br />
"code3": "KAI",<br />
"common_name": "Kaipa",<br />
"name": "Republic of Kaipa",<br />
"ruler": [<br />
"Jay Okamiyu",<br />
"Rika Bayooka"<br />
],<br />
"ruler_title": [<br />
"Prime Minister",<br />
"Vice Minister"<br />
],<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2025,<br />
5,<br />
4<br />
],<br />
"banner": "Republic_of_Kaipa_Banner.png",<br />
"ung": "member"<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "KC",<br />
"code3": "KKC",<br />
"common_name": "Kyaw Cen",<br />
"name": "Kingdom of Kyaw Cen",<br />
"ruler": "Marcy I",<br />
"ruler_title": "Quing",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2023,<br />
12,<br />
28<br />
],<br />
"banner": "Kyaw-cen-flag.png",<br />
"ung": "member",<br />
"__comment": "Settlement by Marcy existed starting in late October 2023, but was not formalised until December."<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "KE",<br />
"code3": "KEL",<br />
"common_name": "Keltechra",<br />
"name": "Odumate of Keltechra",<br />
"ruler": "Sintar Naldumi",<br />
"ruler_title": "Odum",<br />
"ruler_link": "User:Cinthyr",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2025,<br />
9,<br />
3<br />
],<br />
"capital": "Raln",<br />
"banner": "Keltechra_banner.png",<br />
"ung": "member",<br />
"ung_joined": [<br />
2025,<br />
9,<br />
21<br />
]<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "old:KSA",<br />
"code3": "old:KSA",<br />
"common_name": "Keis-Spucke Administration",<br />
"name": "Keis-Spucke Administration",<br />
"ruler": "KsãndraArkonn",<br />
"ruler_title": "Administrator",<br />
"banner": false,<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2025,<br />
4,<br />
21<br />
],<br />
"date_dissolved": [<br />
2025,<br />
4,<br />
30<br />
],<br />
"reason_dissolved": "Transitioned into [[Aprux Mexyrhat]]",<br />
"capital": "Rainsten"<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "old:Kivengo",<br />
"code3": "old:Kivengo",<br />
"common_name": "Kīvengṓ",<br />
"name": "Lesbian Empire of Kīvengṓ",<br />
"ruler": "April",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2024,<br />
2,<br />
8<br />
],<br />
"date_dissolved": [<br />
2024,<br />
4,<br />
15<br />
],<br />
"reason_dissolved": "lack of interest",<br />
"banner": "Kivengo-flag-unofficial.png",<br />
"ung": "observer",<br />
"ung_joined": [<br />
2024,<br />
2,<br />
8<br />
],<br />
"ung_demoted": [<br />
2024,<br />
4,<br />
15<br />
]<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "KI",<br />
"code3": "KIL",<br />
"common_name": "Kiltmo",<br />
"banner": "Kiłtmo_Banner.png",<br />
"ruler": "Suqi",<br />
"ruler_title": "Prime Minister",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2025,<br />
9,<br />
5<br />
],<br />
"date_dissolved": [<br />
2026,<br />
2,<br />
8<br />
]<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "KL",<br />
"code3": "KTL",<br />
"common_name": "Kotland",<br />
"name": "Socialist Democratic Republic of Katland",<br />
"ruler": "nyghte",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2024,<br />
7,<br />
9<br />
],<br />
"date_dissolved": [<br />
2025,<br />
9,<br />
7<br />
],<br />
"capital": "Byalaya Tepe",<br />
"banner": "Kotland-flag.png"<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "KR",<br />
"code3": "KRI",<br />
"common_name": "Krīpetēpla",<br />
"name": "High Kingdom of Krīpetēpla",<br />
"ruler": "Sehrti'sa I",<br />
"ruler_title": "High King",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2025,<br />
4,<br />
25<br />
],<br />
"capital": "Krīpahra",<br />
"banner": "Krīpetēpla_banner.png",<br />
"ung": "member",<br />
"ung_joined": [<br />
2025,<br />
5,<br />
5<br />
]<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "KT",<br />
"code3": "KTY",<br />
"common_name": "Kathyria",<br />
"name": "Anarchic Queendom of Kathyria",<br />
"ruler": "katherine T. Awesome",<br />
"ruler_title": "Queen",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2024,<br />
10,<br />
8<br />
],<br />
"date_dissolved": [<br />
2025,<br />
3,<br />
23<br />
],<br />
"capital": "Mekathyr",<br />
"reason_dissolved": true,<br />
"banner": "Asoghade faiul.png",<br />
"ung": "member",<br />
"ung_joined": [<br />
2024,<br />
10,<br />
19<br />
]<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "KZ",<br />
"code3": "KOZ",<br />
"common_name": "Kozdenen",<br />
"name": "Republic of Kozdenen",<br />
"ruler": "Peleṽa Thoa-Saevakki",<br />
"ruler_title": "Doge",<br />
"ruler_link": "User:Total_pleb",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2024,<br />
1,<br />
18<br />
],<br />
"banner": "Banner of Kozdenen.png",<br />
"ung": "member",<br />
"ung_joined": [<br />
2024,<br />
2,<br />
5<br />
]<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "LC",<br />
"code3": "LOC",<br />
"common_name": "LoCATE",<br />
"not_ngation": true<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "LH",<br />
"code3": "LHU",<br />
"common_name": "Lúy Huà",<br />
"name": "Dì Khu kụ Lúy Huà",<br />
"ruler": "Fió Iụt Lit Kạn kụ Māy",<br />
"ruler_title": "King",<br />
"ruler_link": "JJ",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2025,<br />
7,<br />
30<br />
],<br />
"banner": "Luyhuabanner.png"<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "LJ",<br />
"code3": "LJI",<br />
"common_name": "Lewıne qapp Ȝısın qog ħèr",<br />
"name": "Lewıne qapp Ȝısin qog ħèr qapp Naqòo lar Nerıȝar qapp kkò ȝarın lòol lar qooqakk qapp resin lòol",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2026,<br />
3,<br />
17<br />
],<br />
"ruler": "Yelaȝ Linore qapp Ȝısın",<br />
"ruler_title": "Capitain"<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "LK",<br />
"code3": "LVK",<br />
"common_name": "Lavvakcesaa",<br />
"ruler": "Rija",<br />
"ruler_title": "Consul",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2025,<br />
3,<br />
19<br />
],<br />
"date_dissolved": [<br />
2026,<br />
2,<br />
6<br />
],<br />
"reason_dissolved": "Owner banned",<br />
"capital": "Lautseq Kceuua",<br />
"banner": "Lavvakcesaa_Banner.png",<br />
"ung": "member",<br />
"ung_joined": [<br />
2025,<br />
4,<br />
19<br />
]<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "LL",<br />
"code3": "LKL",<br />
"common_name": "LukaLand",<br />
"ruler": "Diax",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2025,<br />
4,<br />
23<br />
],<br />
"date_dissolved": [<br />
2025,<br />
11,<br />
3<br />
],<br />
"reason_dissolved": "See [[The Great Tantrum]] for its initial annexation, then inactivity under AKC.",<br />
"banner": "Lukaland-banner.png"<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "LR",<br />
"code3": "LAR",<br />
"common_name": "Regnate Latium",<br />
"name": "Reborn Nguhcordial Empire of Latium",<br />
"ruler": "Idanicus Caesar",<br />
"ruler_title": "Princeps",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2024,<br />
7,<br />
1<br />
],<br />
"capital": "Idanopolis",<br />
"banner": "Latium-Regnātum-banner.png",<br />
"ung": "member",<br />
"ung_joined": [<br />
2024,<br />
12,<br />
20<br />
]<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "LX",<br />
"code3": "LEG",<br />
"common_name": "Legwa Rrina",<br />
"ruler": "Ten Shadows",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2024,<br />
12,<br />
16<br />
],<br />
"date_dissolved": [<br />
2025,<br />
5,<br />
4<br />
],<br />
"reason_dissolved": true,<br />
"not_ngation": true,<br />
"banner": "Banner of Legwa Rina.png"<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "MA",<br />
"code3": "MAZ",<br />
"common_name": "Maize",<br />
"ruler": "popping_corn",<br />
"capital": "Popcorn",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2025,<br />
4,<br />
18<br />
],<br />
"banner": "Banner maize.png",<br />
"ung": "member",<br />
"ung_joined": [<br />
2025,<br />
4,<br />
20<br />
]<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "MC",<br />
"code3": "MIC",<br />
"common_name": "Minaro-Cohasia",<br />
"name": "Republic of Minaro-Cohasia",<br />
"ruler_title": "Thuna",<br />
"ruler": [<br />
"“Cass” Cassandra Watkins",<br />
"“Tx̄hmtēm” Thames Pruxa",<br />
"“Annie” Rae Dious"<br />
],<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2026,<br />
3,<br />
20<br />
],<br />
"notes": "Gained independence from the [[Free City of Yetch Bay]]",<br />
"banner": "Banner_of_Sirenguard.png"<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "MD",<br />
"code3": "MAD",<br />
"common_name": "Madlands",<br />
"banner": "Madlands_Banner.png",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2025,<br />
5,<br />
4<br />
],<br />
"not_ngation": true,<br />
"__comment": "Acts as a non-ŋation continuation of Suqi‘s presence in the [[Realm of Madness]]."<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "ML",<br />
"code3": "MRL",<br />
"common_name": "Maryland",<br />
"ruler": "Mary",<br />
"ruler_title": "Lunar Queen",<br />
"capital": "Grětoměsto",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2024,<br />
5,<br />
11<br />
],<br />
"date_dissolved": [<br />
2025,<br />
10,<br />
27<br />
],<br />
"reason_dissolved": "Inactivity",<br />
"banner": "Marylandbanner.png"<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "MP",<br />
"code3": "MPB",<br />
"common_name": "MápabaL",<br />
"ruler": "Lily",<br />
"ruler_title": "Overseer General",<br />
"capital": "BaLbeL",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2025,<br />
1,<br />
7<br />
],<br />
"banner": "Mapabal-banner.png"<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "MR",<br />
"code3": "MAR",<br />
"common_name": "Ḿaro",<br />
"name": "Composite Monarchy of Ḿaro",<br />
"ruler": "Dragonfly",<br />
"capital": "Ḿaro-Heki",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2025,<br />
4,<br />
21<br />
],<br />
"banner": "Ḿaro banner.png"<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "MS",<br />
"code3": "MRS",<br />
"common_name": "Maraśa",<br />
"name": "Three Councils of Maraśa",<br />
"ruler": "The Ńiśereá",<br />
"ruler_link": "Maraśa#Government",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2025,<br />
5,<br />
26<br />
],<br />
"capital": "Śaracþáw",<br />
"banner": "Maraśa-banner.png",<br />
"ung": "member",<br />
"ung_joined": [<br />
2025,<br />
6,<br />
8<br />
]<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "MT",<br />
"code3": "MAT",<br />
"common_name": "Martinus's Territories",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2024,<br />
5,<br />
6<br />
],<br />
"not_ngation": true<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "MZ",<br />
"code3": "MZR",<br />
"common_name": "Myžariky",<br />
"ruler": "Ruzyždy Nivnova",<br />
"ruler_title": "High Princess",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2024,<br />
2,<br />
2<br />
],<br />
"banner": "Myzhariky-banner.png",<br />
"ung": "member",<br />
"ung_joined": [<br />
2024,<br />
2,<br />
5<br />
]<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "NA",<br />
"code3": "NAR",<br />
"common_name": "Nāroňpār",<br />
"name": "Quingdom of Nāroňpār",<br />
"ruler": "ẞlanty",<br />
"ruler_title": "Quing*",<br />
"ruler_link": "Szlanty",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2024,<br />
1,<br />
19<br />
],<br />
"capital": "Nārospiňt",<br />
"banner": "Naringpar-banner.png",<br />
"ung": "member",<br />
"ung_joined": [<br />
2024,<br />
2,<br />
18<br />
]<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "NB",<br />
"code3": "NBT",<br />
"common_name": "Ŋibraltar",<br />
"banner": "Ngibraltar-banner.png",<br />
"ruler": [<br />
"Marcy Sheikah",<br />
"Agma Schwa"<br />
],<br />
"ruler_title": [<br />
"Governors"<br />
],<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2024,<br />
7,<br />
1<br />
],<br />
"condominium": [<br />
"AR",<br />
"KC"<br />
]<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "NH",<br />
"code3": "NHK",<br />
"common_name": "Nan Hsüeh Kung Ssu",<br />
"ruler": "FuLing",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2025,<br />
5,<br />
29<br />
],<br />
"date_dissolved": [<br />
2025,<br />
11,<br />
6<br />
],<br />
"reason_dissolved": "Inactivity",<br />
"banner": "NHKS_Banner.png"<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "NI",<br />
"code3": "NIA",<br />
"common_name": "Nieuw Antwerpen",<br />
"ruler": "Foobar111",<br />
"ruler_title": "Governor",<br />
"not_ngation": true,<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2025,<br />
7,<br />
22<br />
],<br />
"date_dissolved": [<br />
2025,<br />
10,<br />
20<br />
],<br />
"reason_dissolved": "Absorbed into Kıltmo."<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "NK",<br />
"code3": "NRK",<br />
"common_name": "Ŋərkey",<br />
"ruler": [<br />
"Viklo",<br />
"Vÿl"<br />
],<br />
"capital": "Aŋkəra",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2025,<br />
4,<br />
20<br />
],<br />
"banner": "Nguhrkey-banner.png"<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "NM",<br />
"code3": "NMS",<br />
"common_name": "New Maeksikeo",<br />
"name": "Kardonian Outpost of New Maeksikeo",<br />
"ruler": "Reolko Maqekaema",<br />
"ruler_title": "Captain",<br />
"banner": "New_maeksikao_banner.png",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2025,<br />
8,<br />
13<br />
]<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "NT!old:Nošaterçe",<br />
"code3": "NST",<br />
"common_name": "Nošaterçe",<br />
"name": "Rěč Pollica e Divinna Nošaterçe",<br />
"ruler": "Diviněç Titoslav Julěšnū",<br />
"capital": "Nolegiona",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2024,<br />
9,<br />
8<br />
],<br />
"banner": "RPD-banner.png",<br />
"reason_dissolved": "Inactivity"<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "NT",<br />
"code3": "NAT",<br />
"common_name": "ŊATO",<br />
"name": "Ŋibraltar Army Treaty Organisation",<br />
"banner": "ŊATO_Banner.png",<br />
"not_ngation": true<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "NU",<br />
"code3": "NGU",<br />
"common_name": "Ŋafrican Union",<br />
"banner": "Ŋafrican_Union_flag.png",<br />
"not_ngation": true<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "OK",<br />
"code3": "OKD",<br />
"common_name": "Old Kingdom",<br />
"capital": "Slab Exchange",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2024,<br />
6,<br />
14<br />
],<br />
"banner": "Old kingdom banner.png",<br />
"not_ngation": true<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "OP",<br />
"code3": "ONP",<br />
"common_name": "Onparu \u0026 Koaru|Onparu",<br />
"name": "Quingdom of Onparu",<br />
"ruler": "?",<br />
"ruler_title": "Quing",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2026,<br />
1,<br />
27<br />
],<br />
"capital": "Castle Yoshi",<br />
"banner": "Onparu-banner.png",<br />
"notes": "not a separate ngation on the map but a part of the [[Onparu \u0026 Koaru]] region"<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "OR",<br />
"code3": "ORE",<br />
"common_name": "Oressia",<br />
"name": "Hetmanate of Oressia",<br />
"ruler": "Orest",<br />
"ruler_title": "Hetman",<br />
"capital": "Todoian",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2024,<br />
6,<br />
30<br />
],<br />
"banner": "Oressia-banner.png",<br />
"ung": "member",<br />
"ung_joined": [<br />
2024,<br />
7,<br />
1<br />
]<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "OT",<br />
"code3": "OTS",<br />
"common_name": "Otslahue",<br />
"ruler": "β595",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2025,<br />
3,<br />
9<br />
],<br />
"date_dissolved": [<br />
2025,<br />
12,<br />
15<br />
],<br />
"reason_dissolved": "Repeated theft and subsequent ban",<br />
"banner": "Banner otslahue.png"<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "OW",<br />
"code3": "OBW",<br />
"common_name": "Oblane Wybrzeże",<br />
"ruler": "Madzia",<br />
"ruler_title": "President",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2024,<br />
4,<br />
2<br />
],<br />
"date_dissolved": [<br />
2025,<br />
10,<br />
17<br />
],<br />
"reason_dissolved": "Annexed by [[Keltechra]]",<br />
"banner": "Slpashedcoastbanner.png"<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "PF",<br />
"code3": "HPF",<br />
"common_name": "West Pua",<br />
"name": "Holy Puan Florocracy",<br />
"ruler": "Skrungk",<br />
"ruler_title": "Pontifex",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2024,<br />
7,<br />
12<br />
],<br />
"date_dissolved": [<br />
2025,<br />
2,<br />
2<br />
],<br />
"reason_dissolved": "[[Pua#End_of_the_Chilled_War]]",<br />
"capital": "Allium",<br />
"banner": "WestPuaBanner.png",<br />
"ung": "member"<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "PI",<br />
"code3": "PIH",<br />
"common_name": "Pihi",<br />
"name": "Autonomous Oblast of Pihi",<br />
"ruler": "Snail",<br />
"ruler_title": "Troutlord",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2024,<br />
7,<br />
12<br />
],<br />
"banner": "Pihi-banner.png",<br />
"ung": "member",<br />
"ung_joined": [<br />
2024,<br />
10,<br />
19<br />
]<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "PE",<br />
"code3": "POE",<br />
"common_name": "Port of Eras",<br />
"reason_dissolved": "Ruler got banned"<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "PK",<br />
"code3": "PKM",<br />
"common_name": "Paz Kiiam",<br />
"ruler": "Rivulé Rainworld",<br />
"ruler_title": "Princeps",<br />
"capital": "Länśapol",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2025,<br />
4,<br />
24<br />
],<br />
"banner": "PazKiiamBanner.png",<br />
"ung": "member",<br />
"ung_joined": [<br />
2025,<br />
5,<br />
4<br />
]<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "PL",<br />
"code3": "PLS",<br />
"common_name": "Pelialis",<br />
"name": "Het Koloniserentje Pelialis",<br />
"ruler": "???",<br />
"ruler_title": "Dukender of Sillies",<br />
"capital": "Eeleg",<br />
"banner": "Pelialis banner.png",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2026,<br />
2,<br />
8<br />
]<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "QO",<br />
"code3": "QOS",<br />
"common_name": "Qosculyn",<br />
"name": "Principality of Qosculyn",<br />
"ruler": "Martucẏs Bqosar",<br />
"ruler_title": "Prince",<br />
"capital": "Muthup",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2025,<br />
5,<br />
17<br />
],<br />
"banner": "Qosysyn flag.png"<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "RA",<br />
"code3": "RTS",<br />
"common_name": "Rauratoshan",<br />
"name": "Rauratoshan Kingdom",<br />
"ruler": "Nozomi Caramella",<br />
"ruler_title": "Quing",<br />
"ruler_link": "Astaryuu/Nozomi",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2024,<br />
11,<br />
25<br />
],<br />
"capital": "Irisela Island",<br />
"banner": "Rauratoshan-banner.png",<br />
"ung": "member",<br />
"ung_joined": [<br />
2024,<br />
12,<br />
20<br />
]<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "RI",<br />
"code3": "RIY",<br />
"common_name": "Riyelum",<br />
"ruler": "Nova",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2024,<br />
6,<br />
16<br />
],<br />
"banner": "Rijelem-banner.png",<br />
"ung": "member"<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "RK",<br />
"code3": "RKT",<br />
"common_name": "Arktsev",<br />
"name": "Empire of the Ř̩ktsðèvsǽmuxō",<br />
"ruler": "nguhcraft photographer",<br />
"ruler_title": "Hat'ulgāt'ném",<br />
"capital": "Zestōspiṓ",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2024,<br />
4,<br />
20<br />
],<br />
"banner": "Rktdabsimo-banner.png"<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "RM",<br />
"code3": "ROM",<br />
"common_name": "Realm of Madness",<br />
"ruler": "Suqi",<br />
"ruler_title": "Obscuror",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2024,<br />
8,<br />
3<br />
],<br />
"date_dissolved": [<br />
2025,<br />
5,<br />
4<br />
],<br />
"reason_dissolved": true,<br />
"banner": "The Flag of the Realm of Madness.png",<br />
"ung": "member",<br />
"ung_joined": [<br />
2024,<br />
8,<br />
9<br />
]<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "RP",<br />
"code3": "FRP",<br />
"common_name": "Pua",<br />
"name": "Florocratic Republic of Pua",<br />
"ruler": "Peaches Ariki-Rino",<br />
"ruler_title": "General Secretary",<br />
"ruler_link": "Peaches",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2024,<br />
7,<br />
12<br />
],<br />
"capital": "Kanga",<br />
"banner": "EastPuaBanner.png",<br />
"ung": "observer",<br />
"ung_joined": [<br />
2024,<br />
9,<br />
7<br />
],<br />
"ung_demoted": [<br />
2026,<br />
3,<br />
22<br />
]<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "SC",<br />
"code3": "SOC",<br />
"common_name": "State of Confusion",<br />
"ruler": "Idealist",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2025,<br />
2,<br />
29<br />
],<br />
"notes": "Self-proclaims the founding date of ''yes''. Existence is paradoxical, not sure if does or even can actually exist"<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "SG",<br />
"code3": "SPG",<br />
"common_name": "Spansos Gaming",<br />
"ruler": "Spans",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2024,<br />
4,<br />
9<br />
],<br />
"banner": "Spansos-Gaming-banner.png",<br />
"ung": "member",<br />
"ung_joined": [<br />
2024,<br />
4,<br />
10<br />
]<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "SH",<br />
"code3": "SHL",<br />
"common_name": "Shroomland",<br />
"capital": "Sporeton",<br />
"banner": "Shroomland-banner.png",<br />
"condominium": [<br />
"TR"<br />
],<br />
"notes": "Used to be in condominium with Fishland and later Þunan Qumreá."<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "SL",<br />
"code3": "SEL",<br />
"common_name": "Seolland",<br />
"ruler": "Lori",<br />
"ruler_title": "Grand Duchess",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2024,<br />
5,<br />
19<br />
],<br />
"banner": "Ngossiya-banner.png"<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "SM",<br />
"code3": "ASM",<br />
"common_name": "Alternate Slumia",<br />
"ruler": "Masela",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2026,<br />
2,<br />
27<br />
],<br />
"banner": "Alternate Slumia banner.png"<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "ST",<br />
"code3": "SOT",<br />
"common_name": "Sofao Tâsi",<br />
"ruler": "N3",<br />
"capital": "Sajl Sow",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2024,<br />
8,<br />
1<br />
],<br />
"banner": "Sofao.png",<br />
"ung": "member",<br />
"ung_joined": [<br />
2025,<br />
6,<br />
6<br />
]<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "SV",<br />
"code3": "STV",<br />
"common_name": "Stej Ven",<br />
"ruler": "viklo",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2024,<br />
4,<br />
1<br />
],<br />
"capital": "Sta Wejs",<br />
"banner": "Stej ven banner.png",<br />
"ung": "member",<br />
"ung_joined": [<br />
2024,<br />
4,<br />
2<br />
]<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "TA",<br />
"code3": "TAN",<br />
"common_name": "T'anshilebs",<br />
"name": "Grand Archduchy of T'anshilebs",<br />
"ruler": "Lambda",<br />
"ruler_title": "Archduke",<br />
"capital": "Lsotabsi",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2024,<br />
12,<br />
26<br />
],<br />
"banner": "T'anshilebs banner.png",<br />
"ung": "member",<br />
"ung_joined": [<br />
2025,<br />
1,<br />
25<br />
]<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "TH",<br />
"code3": "THE",<br />
"common_name": "The"<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "TP",<br />
"code3": "TPU",<br />
"common_name": "Tauranga Puawai",<br />
"ruler": "Skrungk",<br />
"ruler_title": "Pontifex",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2025,<br />
2,<br />
2<br />
],<br />
"banner": "TaurangaPuawaiBanner.png",<br />
"ung": "observer",<br />
"ung_joined": [<br />
2025,<br />
2,<br />
2<br />
],<br />
"__comment": "Originally founded as a colony of West Pua on 17/9/2024, founding date reflects independence. Admitted automatically with the seat of West Pua.",<br />
"ung_demoted": [<br />
2026,<br />
3,<br />
22<br />
]<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "TQ",<br />
"code3": "TQR",<br />
"common_name": "Þunan Qumreá",<br />
"name": "Plutocracy of Þunan Qumreá",<br />
"ruler": "Śiłja",<br />
"ruler_title": "Rijyc",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2023,<br />
12,<br />
28<br />
],<br />
"date_dissolved": [<br />
2025,<br />
5,<br />
25<br />
],<br />
"reason_dissolved": "[[Þunan_Qumreá#Dissolution_and_successors]]",<br />
"capital": "Þunan Ŋáce",<br />
"banner": "Thunanqumreaa-banner.png",<br />
"ung": "member",<br />
"ung_joined": [<br />
2024,<br />
2,<br />
5<br />
]<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "TR",<br />
"code3": "TRK",<br />
"common_name": "Xtrakva",<br />
"name": "Young Colony of Xtrakva",<br />
"ruler": "Vÿl",<br />
"ruler_title": "Governor",<br />
"capital": "Czägrÿxyx",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2024,<br />
5,<br />
13<br />
],<br />
"banner": "Xtrakva-banner.png",<br />
"ung": "member",<br />
"ung_joined": [<br />
2024,<br />
6,<br />
11<br />
]<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "TS",<br />
"code3": "TSN",<br />
"common_name": "Tocjaǵa Śahan",<br />
"ruler": "Howard",<br />
"ruler_title": "Quing, Prime Minister, President, Dictator, High Priest, Judges (all of them)",<br />
"capital": "Crask Beach",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2025,<br />
4,<br />
14<br />
],<br />
"banner": "Tocjaǵa Śahan banner.webp"<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "old:ÞunanÞár",<br />
"code3": "old:ÞunanÞár",<br />
"common_name": "Þunan Þár",<br />
"banner": false,<br />
"not_ngation": true,<br />
"condominium": [<br />
"MZ",<br />
"TQ"<br />
],<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2024,<br />
2,<br />
16<br />
],<br />
"date_dissolved": [<br />
2025,<br />
5,<br />
25<br />
],<br />
"reason_dissolved": "Returned to sole ownership of Myžariky following the [[Þunan_Qumreá#Dissolution_and_successors|Collapse of Þunan Qumreá]]."<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "old:CrownKing",<br />
"code3": "old:CrownKing",<br />
"common_name": "Crown King Condominium",<br />
"banner": false,<br />
"not_ngation": true,<br />
"condominium": [<br />
"TQ",<br />
"AR"<br />
],<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2024,<br />
11,<br />
1<br />
],<br />
"date_dissolved": [<br />
2025,<br />
5,<br />
25<br />
],<br />
"reason_dissolved": "Returned to sole ownership of Xarslasja following the [[Þunan_Qumreá#Dissolution_and_successors|Collapse of Þunan Qumreá]]."<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "TU",<br />
"code3": "THU",<br />
"common_name": "Thasusan Union",<br />
"banner": false,<br />
"not_ngation": true<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "TY",<br />
"code3": "TNY",<br />
"common_name": "Tanylezi",<br />
"ruler": [<br />
"Carl Cafaceu",<br />
"Fencoh Alecolzon"<br />
],<br />
"ruler_title": [<br />
"Halen",<br />
"Canahalen"<br />
],<br />
"capital": "Neu Tocoselesi",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2024,<br />
7,<br />
14<br />
],<br />
"date_dissolved": [<br />
2025,<br />
9,<br />
1<br />
],<br />
"reason_dissolved": true,<br />
"banner": "Tanylezi Banner.png",<br />
"ung": "member",<br />
"ung_joined": [<br />
2024,<br />
8,<br />
9<br />
]<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "TZ",<br />
"code3": "TZG",<br />
"common_name": "Tanzang",<br />
"name": "Tanzag Tontog",<br />
"ruler": "Māj Osop",<br />
"ruler_title": "Prince",<br />
"ruler_link": "JJ",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2024,<br />
1,<br />
2<br />
],<br />
"capital": "Bōtag",<br />
"banner": "Dangcang-banner.png",<br />
"ung": "member",<br />
"ung_joined": [<br />
2024,<br />
2,<br />
7<br />
]<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "UK",<br />
"code3": "UKO",<br />
"common_name": "Ukoŋia",<br />
"ruler": "Daybreaker",<br />
"ruler_title": "Grand Overseer",<br />
"capital": "Tauzisi",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2025,<br />
10,<br />
24<br />
],<br />
"banner": "Ukoŋiabanner.png"<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "US",<br />
"code3": "UIS",<br />
"common_name": "Ildor",<br />
"name": "United Ildorgear State",<br />
"ruler": [<br />
"Fīl",<br />
"Fīl",<br />
"iopvixens"<br />
],<br />
"ruler_title": [<br />
"Interŋational Representative",<br />
"National Leader",<br />
"Leader of Hmȳ̀n Gwā autonomous region"<br />
],<br />
"capital": "Vgəldərəm",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2025,<br />
6,<br />
8<br />
],<br />
"banner": "Eltear-banner.png"<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "UZ",<br />
"code3": "UZF",<br />
"common_name": "Uzafnic Federation",<br />
"ruler": "Iris",<br />
"ruler_title": "President",<br />
"capital": "Fisete",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2024,<br />
10,<br />
15<br />
],<br />
"date_dissolved": [<br />
2024,<br />
12,<br />
6<br />
],<br />
"reason_dissolved": "Mental health",<br />
"banner": "UzafnicBanner.png"<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "VA",<br />
"code3": "VAN",<br />
"common_name": "Vansterèl",<br />
"capital": "Pòrt d'Avets",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2024,<br />
5,<br />
4<br />
],<br />
"banner": "Vansterel-banners.png",<br />
"condominium": [<br />
"IM",<br />
"KC"<br />
]<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "VD",<br />
"code3": "VDC",<br />
"common_name": "Vallis Draconum",<br />
"ruler": [<br />
"Toby Dorakun",<br />
"Minerva Arenae"<br />
],<br />
"ruler_title": [<br />
"President",<br />
"Prime Minister"<br />
],<br />
"capital": "Vallis Ignium",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2025,<br />
1,<br />
1<br />
],<br />
"banner": "Draconis-banner.jpeg",<br />
"ung": "member",<br />
"ung_joined": [<br />
2025,<br />
5,<br />
13<br />
]<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "VL",<br />
"code3": "VIL",<br />
"common_name": "Vilant",<br />
"name": "Vilant",<br />
"ruler": "sq",<br />
"ruler_title": "Governnor",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2024,<br />
12,<br />
22<br />
],<br />
"date_dissolved": [<br />
2026,<br />
17,<br />
2<br />
],<br />
"reason_dissolved": "Incorporated into Kozdenen",<br />
"ung": "member",<br />
"ung_joined": [<br />
2025,<br />
1,<br />
25<br />
],<br />
"banner": "Banner_vilantnen.png",<br />
"notes": "Originally founded as [[Vilantnen]], but also contains a newer [[Vilantnen]] within its borders. Was “sq’s Territories” for a while."<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "VZ",<br />
"code3": "VZR",<br />
"common_name": "The Vazr",<br />
"name": "The Sublime Realm of the Trinity in the Vazr",<br />
"ruler": "Adeleine V",<br />
"ruler_title": "Vazrmer",<br />
"capital": "Festeburg",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2024,<br />
7,<br />
19<br />
],<br />
"date_dissolved": [<br />
2025,<br />
9,<br />
1<br />
],<br />
"reason_dissolved": "self-nuked",<br />
"banner": "Vazr-banner.png",<br />
"ung": "member",<br />
"ung_joined": [<br />
2025,<br />
1,<br />
25<br />
]<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "WA",<br />
"code3": "WAN",<br />
"common_name": "Wánade",<br />
"name": "Federation of the Morninglands",<br />
"ruler": "Nahia of Kawábade",<br />
"ruler_title": "High Priestess",<br />
"capital": "Yázka",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2025,<br />
4,<br />
10<br />
],<br />
"banner": "Ruwumanko-waanade.png.png",<br />
"ung": "member",<br />
"ung_joined": [<br />
2025,<br />
4,<br />
19<br />
]<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "WS",<br />
"code3": "WSK",<br />
"common_name": "Wekañu-Skefo",<br />
"capital": "Wekañu-Skal",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2025,<br />
4,<br />
19<br />
],<br />
"banner": "Wekañu-skefo.png",<br />
"ung": "member",<br />
"ung_joined": [<br />
2025,<br />
4,<br />
20<br />
]<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "YK",<br />
"code3": "YKM",<br />
"ruler": "Yunashā",<br />
"common_name": "Yunaited Kaingdwm",<br />
"ruler_title": "Kaing",<br />
"capital": "Weister Bay",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2025,<br />
11,<br />
16<br />
],<br />
"banner": "Yunaited Kaingdwm.jpg"<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "YS",<br />
"code3": "YYS",<br />
"common_name": "Yysh",<br />
"name": "Spatiotemporally Confused Province of Yysh",<br />
"ruler": "Mr. Hagfish",<br />
"ruler_title": "Emergency Interim Prime Minister-in-Exile",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2025,<br />
4,<br />
20<br />
],<br />
"date_dissolved": [<br />
2024,<br />
11,<br />
24<br />
],<br />
"reason_dissolved": "Inactivity",<br />
"banner": "Yysh_banner.png",<br />
"__comment": "Formally dissolved 27/7/2024, nearly a year before its founding."<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "ZA",<br />
"code3": "HZA",<br />
"common_name": "Zju'a",<br />
"name": "Hiso Zju'a",<br />
"ruler": [<br />
"Masela",<br />
"EmyFel"<br />
],<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2026,<br />
3,<br />
23<br />
],<br />
"banner": "HZA-banner.png",<br />
"notes": "Co-ran and co-owned by Masela and EmyFel"<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "ZG",<br />
"code3": "ZGW",<br />
"common_name": "Ʒimh Gwynh",<br />
"name": "Islands of Ʒimh Gwynh",<br />
"ruler": "Jweng the Diamondless",<br />
"ruler_title": "Emperor",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2024,<br />
2,<br />
5<br />
],<br />
"date_dissolved": [<br />
2025,<br />
10,<br />
27<br />
],<br />
"reason_dissolved": "Inactivity",<br />
"banner": "Islandsofximhgwynh-banner.png",<br />
"ung": "observer",<br />
"ung_joined": [<br />
2024,<br />
2,<br />
5<br />
],<br />
"ung_demoted": [<br />
2024,<br />
11,<br />
9<br />
]<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"code2": "ZT",<br />
"code3": "ZTZ",<br />
"common_name": "Zotazil",<br />
"name": "Second Imperial Colony of Zotazil in Nguhcraft",<br />
"ruler": "Trixie",<br />
"ruler_title": "Delegate to the UŊ",<br />
"date_founded": [<br />
2024,<br />
4,<br />
18<br />
],<br />
"date_dissolved": [<br />
2025,<br />
10,<br />
27<br />
],<br />
"reason_dissolved": "Inactivity",<br />
"banner": "Majabanner.png",<br />
"ung": "observer",<br />
"ung_joined": [<br />
2024,<br />
4,<br />
27<br />
],<br />
"ung_demoted": [<br />
2025,<br />
1,<br />
25<br />
]<br />
}<br />
]<br />
}</div>Masela