Nguhcraft Wiki - User contributions [en-gb]

Halaqhanenasi'ona

2026-08-06T03:26:40Z

MiaKvigan:

== Phonology ==

=== Vowels ===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
! rowspan="2" |closure
! colspan="2" |non-back
! colspan="2" |back
|-
!unrounded
!rounded
!unrounded
!rounded
|-
|high
|ɨ ⟨i⟩
|ʏ ⟨u⟩
|
|
|-
|mid
|
|
|
|o ⟨o⟩
|-
|low
|
|
|ɑ ⟨a⟩
|
|}
Vowels may be elongated

/∅/ ⟨e⟩

=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
! colspan="2" |Placement →
↓ Manner
!Coronal
!Palatal
!Dorsal
!Laryngeal
|-
| colspan="2" |Nasal
|n
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Plosive
|t / d
|
|q
|ʔ ⟨'⟩
|-
| colspan="2" |Sibilant affricate
|t͡ʃ ⟨ts⟩ / d͡ʒ ⟨dz⟩
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Sibilant fricative
|ʃ ⟨s⟩ / ʒ ⟨z⟩
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Non-sibilant fricative
|θ ⟨th⟩ / ð ⟨dh⟩
|ç ⟨c⟩ / ʝ ⟨y⟩
|x ⟨k⟩ / ɣ ⟨g⟩
|ħ ⟨qh⟩ / h
|-
| colspan="2" |Trill
|r̥ ⟨tr⟩ / r
|
|ʀ̥ ⟨trr⟩ / ʀ ⟨rr⟩
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |Lateral affricate
|lateral
|t͡ɬˡ ⟨tcll⟩ / d͡ɮˡ ⟨dyll⟩
|
|
|
|-
|aspirated
|t͡ɬʰ ⟨tcl⟩ / d͡ɮʰ ⟨dyl⟩
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |Lateral fricative
|lateral
|ɬˡ ⟨cll⟩ / ɮˡ ⟨yll⟩
|
|
|
|-
|aspirated
|ɬʰ ⟨cl⟩ / ɮʰ ⟨yl⟩
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Lateral Approximant
|l
|
|
|
|}

=== Phonotactics ===
CV (but ⟨e⟩ /∅/ is an allowed V)

== Morphology ==

=== Pronouns ===

==== Personal pronouns ====
The personal pronouns as they once existed in Halaqhanenasi'ona were pro-drop as a result of grammatical person marking on verbs, but have since been eliminated, replaced by what used to be honorifics which can now also serve as personal pronouns in addition to grammatical person marking on nouns.

==== Honorifics ====
Honorifics may occur before objects as an honorific, or in place of subjects as a pronoun
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Presentation →
! rowspan="2" |Powerful-Fragile
! rowspan="2" |Powerful-Graceful
! rowspan="2" |Graceful-Fragile
|-
!Performance ↓
|-
|Powerful-Fragile
|'uqadho
|dulato
|su'ano
|-
|Powerful-Graceful
|'iqodha
|dilota
|si'ona
|-
|Graceful-Fragile
|'aqadhe
|dalate
|sa'ane
|}

==== Deictic pronouns ====
As with personal pronouns, deictic pronouns have disappeared. Honorifics are used in their place

=== Preverbs ===
Preverbs convey mood. They may be nested indefinitely
# ∅ - I paint/I am paint/I have paint
# qhane - NEC - I need to paint/I need paint
# jotune - DES - I want to paint/I want paint
# qota - IMP.JUSS - I demand, implore to paint/I demand, implore paint
# suthate - DUB/COND - I would paint, I might paint, I consider painting/I would, might, consider have/having paint
# naniiq - PERM - I can paint/I can have paint
# tclate - ABIL - I am able to paint, I am able to have paint
# didaa - MIR - I am fond for paint, I have fondness for paint

=== Volitional particles ===

# daa - volitional, success (affirmative) - I intended to, and did
# noqe - volitional, failed (attemptative) - I intended to, but did not
# luge - nonvolitional, success (negative) - I did not intend to, and did not
# 'acay - nonvolitional, failed (temptative) - I did not intend to, but did

== Forms ==
Forms convey mood, but also the augmentative and diminutive. Consonants are notated as c₁, c₂, etc., while vowels are v₁, v₂, etc.. Examples are based on root n_s_q_, paint (noun or verb, with pattern _a_o_e (V.1.SG.AGT.STD)

# c₁v₁c₂v₂c₃v₃ - nasoqe 'uqadho - I newly apply paint to
# c₁v₁nev₂c₂v₃c₃ - nanesoqe 'uqadho - I fully remove paint from
# dac₁v₁c₂v₂lec₃v₃ - danasoleqe 'uqadho - I alter the paint of
# c₁v₁c₁v₁c₂v₂c₃v₃ - nanasoqe 'uqadho - I supplement the paint of
# c₁v₁c₂ec₃v₂rv₃ - naseqore 'uqadho - I reduce the paint of
# c₁v₁c₃v₂c₂v₃ - noqase 'uqadho - I invert the paint of
# 'v₁c₁v₁c₂v₂c₃v₃ - 'anasoqe 'uqadho - I utilize the paint of
# c₁v₁c₂ec₃v₂c₃v₃ - naseqoqe 'uqadho - I analyze the paint of

== Patterns ==

=== Verbs ===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |Standard
! colspan="2" |Augmentative
! colspan="2" |Diminutive
! rowspan="2" |Reciprocal/Reflexive
|-
|Agent
|Patient
|Agent
|Patient
|Agent
|Patient
|-
| rowspan="4" |1
|SG
|_a_o_e
|_a_ii_e
|_u_o_e
|_u_aa_e
|_o_a_e
|_o_ii_e
|_i_u_e
|-
|DUAL
|_a_o_i
|_a_ii_i
|_u_o_i
|_u_aa_i
|_o_a_i
|_o_ii_i
|_i_u_i
|-
|PAU
|_a_o_ane
|_a_ii_ane
|_u_o_ane
|_u_aa_ane
|_o_a_ane
|_o_ii_ane
|_i_u_ane
|-
|PL
|_a_o_ose
|_a_ii_ose
|_u_o_ose
|_u_aa_ose
|_o_a_ose
|_o_ii_ose
|_i_u_ose
|-
| rowspan="4" |2
|SG
|_ale_o_e
|_ale_ii_e
|_ule_o_e
|_u_aa_e
|_oo_a_e
|_oo_ii_e
|_ile_u_e
|-
|DUAL
|_ale_o_i
|_ale_ii_i
|_ule_o_i
|_ule_aa_i
|_ole_a_i
|_ole_ii_i
|_ile_u_i
|-
|PAU
|_ale_o_ane
|_ale_ii_ane
|_ule_o_ane
|_ule_aa_ane
|_ole_a_ane
|_ole_ii_ane
|_ile_u_ane
|-
|PL
|_ale_o_ose
|_ale_ii_ose
|_ule_o_ose
|_ule_aa_ose
|_ole_a_ose
|_ole_ii_ose
|_ile_u_ose
|-
| rowspan="4" |3
|SG
|_aa_o_e
|_aa_ii_e
|_uu_o_e
|_uu_aa_e
|_oo_a_e
|_oo_ii_e
|_ii_u_e
|-
|DUAL
|_aa_o_i
|_aa_ii_i
|_uu_o_i
|_uu_aa_i
|_oo_a_i
|_oo_ii_i
|_ii_u_i
|-
|PAU
|_aa_o_ane
|_aa_ii_ane
|_uu_o_ane
|_uu_aa_ane
|_oo_a_ane
|_oo_ii_ane
|_ii_u_ane
|-
|PL
|_aa_o_ose
|_aa_ii_ose
|_uu_o_ose
|_uu_aa_ose
|_oo_a_ose
|_oo_ii_ose
|_ii_u_ose
|}

=== Nouns ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |Organic
! rowspan="2" |Inorganic
|-
!Thinking
!Nonthinking
|-
| rowspan="4" |1
|SG
|_a_a_a
|_a_i_a
|_a_u_a
|-
|DUAL
|_a_a_i
|_a_i_i
|_a_u_i
|-
|PAU
|_a_a_u
|_a_i_u
|_a_u_u
|-
|PL
|_a_a_o
|_a_i_o
|_a_u_o
|-
| rowspan="4" |2
|SG
|_u_a_a
|_u_i_a
|_u_u_a
|-
|DUAL
|_u_a_i
|_u_i_i
|_u_u_i
|-
|PAU
|_u_a_u
|_u_i_u
|_u_u_u
|-
|PL
|_u_a_o
|_u_i_o
|_u_u_o
|-
| rowspan="4" |3
|SG
|_i_a_a
|_i_i_a
|_i_u_a
|-
|DUAL
|_i_a_i
|_i_i_i
|_i_u_i
|-
|PAU
|_i_a_u
|_i_i_u
|_i_u_u
|-
|PL
|_i_a_o
|_i_i_o
|_i_u_o
|}Affixation is used to derive the stative, agent, patient, action instrumental, tool instrumental, and assistance instrumental nominalizations of a verb (to fly becomes flight, that which flies, that which is flown, that which can be performed to cause flight (think flapping), that which is used to cause flight directly (wings, lift), and that which is used to help cause flight () , as well as the gnomic and progressive adjectivizations of a verb (to fly becomes flown and flying)

* qhose-: STAT.NMZ
* dzala-: AGT.NMZ
* dyllu-: PAT.NMZ
* raseto-: ACT.INSTR.NMZ
* 'indzo-:TOOL.INSTR.NMZ
* qana-: ASS.INSTR.NMZ
* sothe-: GNO.ADJZ
* yotre-: PROG.ADJZ

When an illegal consonant cluster appears, it is broken up by schwa, still written as ⟨e⟩

Tense goes on the outside as a circumfix, while aspect is a suffix within that

Tenses:
* trru⟩nasoqe⟨la - I painted - PST
* tru⟩nasoqe⟨la - I just painted - PST.IMM
* qeso⟩nasoqe⟨nothe - I paint - PRS
* 'ara⟩nasoqe⟨ti - I'm just about to paint - FUT.IMM
* 'arra⟩nasoqe⟨ti - I will paint - FUT
Aspects:
* qeso⟩nasoqe-noge-...⟨nothe - I paint (the action is true, but not necessarily occurring) - gnomic
* qeso⟩nasoqe-kase-...⟨nothe - I don't paint any more (the action is not true, but has occurred) - elvic (???)
* qeso⟩nasoqe-nasoqe-...⟨nothe - I paint (the action happens regularly, or habitually) - habitual
* qeso⟩nasoqe-yla-...⟨nothe - I have painted (the action is complete) - perfect
* qeso⟩nasoqe-leqe-...⟨nothe - I am painting (the action is ongoing, and has progress) - progressive
*qeso⟩cathotre-tane-...⟨nothe - I know (the action is ongoing, but does not progress) - stative
* qeso⟩nasoqe-hero-...⟨nothe - I begin to paint (the action is initiated) - initiative
* qeso⟩nasoqe-'idhane-...⟨nothe - I continue to paint (the action was happening and has not stopped) - continuative
* qeso⟩nasoqe-dhile-...⟨nothe - I finish painting (the action is terminated) - terminative

The abstract nominalizer is marked with the 'i⟩⟨nile circumfix

The indefinite article is marked with the 'ile- prefix

alienable possession and inalienable possession are marked separately (e.g. 'my brother' and 'my ball' use a different interfix)

-tu- = action instrumentality (what action was used to accomplish the verb)

-herro- = tool instrumentality (what tool was used to accomplish the verb)

-luga- = assistive instrumentality (what guide was used to accomplish the verb)

-lala- = POSS.AL

-rrile- = POSS.INAL

-na- = ADJZ

-qotclle- = categorical object (what category the object always belongs to)

== Syntax ==

=== Word order ===
VSO word order, where the verb indicates the agency, person, and number of the subject. The subject can be dropped if it is in the first person and not semantically necessary.

Concrete nouns are abstracted by a circumfix.

Halaqhanenasi'ona

2026-08-05T07:57:15Z

MiaKvigan: Added two moods and grammatical number to nouns

== Phonology ==

=== Vowels ===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
! rowspan="2" |closure
! colspan="2" |non-back
! colspan="2" |back
|-
!unrounded
!rounded
!unrounded
!rounded
|-
|high
|ɨ ⟨i⟩
|ʏ ⟨u⟩
|
|
|-
|mid
|
|
|
|o ⟨o⟩
|-
|low
|
|
|ɑ ⟨a⟩
|
|}
Vowels may be elongated

/∅/ ⟨e⟩

=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
! colspan="2" |Placement →
↓ Manner
!Coronal
!Palatal
!Dorsal
!Laryngeal
|-
| colspan="2" |Nasal
|n
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Plosive
|t / d
|
|q
|ʔ ⟨'⟩
|-
| colspan="2" |Sibilant affricate
|t͡ʃ ⟨ts⟩ / d͡ʒ ⟨dz⟩
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Sibilant fricative
|ʃ ⟨s⟩ / ʒ ⟨z⟩
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Non-sibilant fricative
|θ ⟨th⟩ / ð ⟨dh⟩
|ç ⟨c⟩ / ʝ ⟨y⟩
|x ⟨k⟩ / ɣ ⟨g⟩
|ħ ⟨qh⟩ / h
|-
| colspan="2" |Trill
|r̥ ⟨tr⟩ / r
|
|ʀ̥ ⟨trr⟩ / ʀ ⟨rr⟩
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |Lateral affricate
|lateral
|t͡ɬˡ ⟨tcll⟩ / d͡ɮˡ ⟨dyll⟩
|
|
|
|-
|aspirated
|t͡ɬʰ ⟨tcl⟩ / d͡ɮʰ ⟨dyl⟩
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |Lateral fricative
|lateral
|ɬˡ ⟨cll⟩ / ɮˡ ⟨yll⟩
|
|
|
|-
|aspirated
|ɬʰ ⟨cl⟩ / ɮʰ ⟨yl⟩
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Lateral Approximant
|l
|
|
|
|}

=== Phonotactics ===
CV (but ⟨e⟩ /∅/ is an allowed V)

== Morphology ==

=== Pronouns ===

==== Personal pronouns ====
The personal pronouns as they once existed in Halaqhanenasi'ona were pro-drop as a result of grammatical person marking on verbs, but have since been eliminated, replaced by what used to be honorifics which can now also serve as personal pronouns in addition to grammatical person marking on nouns.

==== Honorifics ====
Honorifics may occur before objects as an honorific, or in place of subjects as a pronoun
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Presentation →
! rowspan="2" |Powerful-Fragile
! rowspan="2" |Powerful-Graceful
! rowspan="2" |Graceful-Fragile
|-
!Performance ↓
|-
|Powerful-Fragile
|'uqadho
|dulato
|su'ano
|-
|Powerful-Graceful
|'iqodha
|dilota
|si'ona
|-
|Graceful-Fragile
|'aqadhe
|dalate
|sa'ane
|}

==== Deictic pronouns ====
As with personal pronouns, deictic pronouns have disappeared. Honorifics are used in their place

=== Preverbs ===
Preverbs convey mood. They may be nested indefinitely
# ∅ - I paint/I am paint/I have paint
# qhane - NEC - I need to paint/I need paint
# jotune - DES - I want to paint/I want paint
# qota - IMP.JUSS - I demand, implore to paint/I demand, implore paint
# suthate - DUB/COND - I would paint, I might paint, I consider painting/I would, might, consider have/having paint
# naniiq - PERM - I can paint/I can have paint
# tclate - ABIL - I am able to paint, I am able to have paint
# didaa - MIR - I am fond for paint, I have fondness for paint

=== Volitional particles ===

# daa - volitional, success (affirmative) - I intended to, and did
# noqe - volitional, failed (attemptative) - I intended to, but did not
# luge - nonvolitional, success (negative) - I did not intend to, and did not
# 'acay - nonvolitional, failed (temptative) - I did not intend to, but did

== Forms ==
Forms convey mood, but also the augmentative and diminutive. Consonants are notated as c₁, c₂, etc., while vowels are v₁, v₂, etc.. Examples are based on root n_s_q_, paint (noun or verb, with pattern _a_o_ (V.1.SG.AGT.STD)

# c₁v₁c₂v₂c₃v₃ - nasoqe 'uqadho - I newly apply paint to
# c₁v₁nev₂c₂v₃c₃ - nanesoqe 'uqadho - I fully remove paint from
# dac₁v₁c₂v₂lec₃v₃ - danasoleqe 'uqadho - I alter the paint of
# c₁v₁c₁v₁c₂v₂c₃v₃ - nanasoqe 'uqadho - I supplement the paint of
# c₁v₁c₂ec₃v₂rv₃ - noseqare 'uqadho - I reduce the paint of
# c₁v₁c₃v₂c₂v₃ - noqase 'uqadho - I invert the paint of
# 'v₁c₁v₁c₂v₂c₃v₃ - 'anasoqe 'uqadho - I utilize the paint of
# c₁v₁c₂ec₃v₂c₃v₃ - naseqoqe 'uqadho - I analyze the paint of

== Patterns ==

=== Verbs ===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |Standard
! colspan="2" |Augmentative
! colspan="2" |Diminutive
! rowspan="2" |Reciprocal/Reflexive
|-
|Agent
|Patient
|Agent
|Patient
|Agent
|Patient
|-
| rowspan="4" |1
|SG
|_a_o_e
|_a_ii_e
|_u_o_e
|_u_aa_e
|_o_a_e
|_o_ii_e
|_i_u_e
|-
|DUAL
|_a_o_i
|_a_ii_i
|_u_o_i
|_u_aa_i
|_o_a_i
|_o_ii_i
|_i_u_i
|-
|PAU
|_a_o_ane
|_a_ii_ane
|_u_o_ane
|_u_aa_ane
|_o_a_ane
|_o_ii_ane
|_i_u_ane
|-
|PL
|_a_o_ose
|_a_ii_ose
|_u_o_ose
|_u_aa_ose
|_o_a_ose
|_o_ii_ose
|_i_u_ose
|-
| rowspan="4" |2
|SG
|_ale_o_e
|_ale_ii_e
|_ule_o_e
|_u_aa_e
|_oo_a_e
|_oo_ii_e
|_ile_u_e
|-
|DUAL
|_ale_o_i
|_ale_ii_i
|_ule_o_i
|_ule_aa_i
|_ole_a_i
|_ole_ii_i
|_ile_u_i
|-
|PAU
|_ale_o_ane
|_ale_ii_ane
|_ule_o_ane
|_ule_aa_ane
|_ole_a_ane
|_ole_ii_ane
|_ile_u_ane
|-
|PL
|_ale_o_ose
|_ale_ii_ose
|_ule_o_ose
|_ule_aa_ose
|_ole_a_ose
|_ole_ii_ose
|_ile_u_ose
|-
| rowspan="4" |3
|SG
|_aa_o_e
|_aa_ii_e
|_uu_o_e
|_uu_aa_e
|_oo_a_e
|_oo_ii_e
|_ii_u_e
|-
|DUAL
|_aa_o_i
|_aa_ii_i
|_uu_o_i
|_uu_aa_i
|_oo_a_i
|_oo_ii_i
|_ii_u_i
|-
|PAU
|_aa_o_ane
|_aa_ii_ane
|_uu_o_ane
|_uu_aa_ane
|_oo_a_ane
|_oo_ii_ane
|_ii_u_ane
|-
|PL
|_aa_o_ose
|_aa_ii_ose
|_uu_o_ose
|_uu_aa_ose
|_oo_a_ose
|_oo_ii_ose
|_ii_u_ose
|}

=== Nouns ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |Organic
! rowspan="2" |Inorganic
|-
!Thinking
!Nonthinking
|-
| rowspan="4" |1
|SG
|_a_a_a
|_a_i_a
|_a_u_a
|-
|DUAL
|_a_a_i
|_a_i_i
|_a_u_i
|-
|PAU
|_a_a_u
|_a_i_u
|_a_u_u
|-
|PL
|_a_a_o
|_a_i_o
|_a_u_o
|-
| rowspan="4" |2
|SG
|_u_a_a
|_u_i_a
|_u_u_a
|-
|DUAL
|_u_a_i
|_u_i_i
|_u_u_i
|-
|PAU
|_u_a_u
|_u_i_u
|_u_u_u
|-
|PL
|_u_a_o
|_u_i_o
|_u_u_o
|-
| rowspan="4" |3
|SG
|_i_a_a
|_i_i_a
|_i_u_a
|-
|DUAL
|_i_a_i
|_i_i_i
|_i_u_i
|-
|PAU
|_i_a_u
|_i_i_u
|_i_u_u
|-
|PL
|_i_a_o
|_i_i_o
|_i_u_o
|}Affixation is used to derive the stative, agent, patient, action instrumental, tool instrumental, and assistance instrumental nominalizations of a verb (to fly becomes flight, that which flies, that which is flown, that which can be performed to cause flight (think flapping), that which is used to cause flight directly (wings, lift), and that which is used to help cause flight () , as well as the gnomic and progressive adjectivizations of a verb (to fly becomes flown and flying)

* qhose-: STAT.NMZ
* dzala-: AGT.NMZ
* dyllu-: PAT.NMZ
* raseto-: ACT.INSTR.NMZ
* 'indzo-:TOOL.INSTR.NMZ
* qana-: ASS.INSTR.NMZ
* sothe-: GNO.ADJZ
* yotre-: PROG.ADJZ

When an illegal consonant cluster appears, it is broken up by schwa, still written as ⟨e⟩

Tense goes on the outside as a circumfix, while aspect is a suffix within that

Tenses:
* trru⟩nasoqe⟨la - I painted - PST
* tru⟩nasoqe⟨la - I just painted - PST.IMM
* qeso⟩nasoqe⟨nothe - I paint - PRS
* 'ara⟩nasoqe⟨ti - I'm just about to paint - FUT.IMM
* 'arra⟩nasoqe⟨ti - I will paint - FUT
Aspects:
* qeso⟩nasoqe-noge-...⟨nothe - I paint (the action is true, but not necessarily occurring) - gnomic
* qeso⟩nasoqe-kase-...⟨nothe - I don't paint any more (the action is not true, but has occurred) - elvic (???)
* qeso⟩nasoqe-nasoqe-...⟨nothe - I paint (the action happens regularly, or habitually) - habitual
* qeso⟩nasoqe-yla-...⟨nothe - I have painted (the action is complete) - perfect
* qeso⟩nasoqe-leqe-...⟨nothe - I am painting (the action is ongoing, and has progress) - progressive
*qeso⟩cathotre-tane-...⟨nothe - I know (the action is ongoing, but does not progress) - stative
* qeso⟩nasoqe-hero-...⟨nothe - I begin to paint (the action is initiated) - initiative
* qeso⟩nasoqe-'idhane-...⟨nothe - I continue to paint (the action was happening and has not stopped) - continuative
* qeso⟩nasoqe-dhile-...⟨nothe - I finish painting (the action is terminated) - terminative

The abstract nominalizer is marked with the 'i⟩⟨nile circumfix

The indefinite article is marked with the 'ile- prefix

alienable possession and inalienable possession are marked separately (e.g. 'my brother' and 'my ball' use a different interfix)

-tu- = action instrumentality (what action was used to accomplish the verb)

-herro- = tool instrumentality (what tool was used to accomplish the verb)

-luga- = assistive instrumentality (what guide was used to accomplish the verb)

-lala- = POSS.AL

-rrile- = POSS.INAL

-na- = ADJZ

-qotclle- = categorical object (what category the object always belongs to)

== Syntax ==

=== Word order ===
VSO word order, where the verb indicates the agency, person, and number of the subject. The subject can be dropped if it is in the first person and not semantically necessary.

Concrete nouns are abstracted by a circumfix.

Halaqhanenasi'ona

2026-08-05T02:25:46Z

MiaKvigan:

== Phonology ==

=== Vowels ===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
! rowspan="2" |closure
! colspan="2" |non-back
! colspan="2" |back
|-
!unrounded
!rounded
!unrounded
!rounded
|-
|high
|ɨ ⟨i⟩
|ʏ ⟨u⟩
|
|
|-
|mid
|
|
|
|o ⟨o⟩
|-
|low
|
|
|ɑ ⟨a⟩
|
|}
Vowels may be elongated

/∅/ ⟨e⟩

=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
! colspan="2" |Placement →
↓ Manner
!Coronal
!Palatal
!Dorsal
!Laryngeal
|-
| colspan="2" |Nasal
|n
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Plosive
|t / d
|
|q
|ʔ ⟨'⟩
|-
| colspan="2" |Sibilant affricate
|t͡ʃ ⟨ts⟩ / d͡ʒ ⟨dz⟩
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Sibilant fricative
|ʃ ⟨s⟩ / ʒ ⟨z⟩
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Non-sibilant fricative
|θ ⟨th⟩ / ð ⟨dh⟩
|ç ⟨c⟩ / ʝ ⟨y⟩
|x ⟨k⟩ / ɣ ⟨g⟩
|ħ ⟨qh⟩ / h
|-
| colspan="2" |Trill
|r̥ ⟨tr⟩ / r
|
|ʀ̥ ⟨trr⟩ / ʀ ⟨rr⟩
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |Lateral affricate
|lateral
|t͡ɬˡ ⟨tcll⟩ / d͡ɮˡ ⟨dyll⟩
|
|
|
|-
|aspirated
|t͡ɬʰ ⟨tcl⟩ / d͡ɮʰ ⟨dyl⟩
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |Lateral fricative
|lateral
|ɬˡ ⟨cll⟩ / ɮˡ ⟨yll⟩
|
|
|
|-
|aspirated
|ɬʰ ⟨cl⟩ / ɮʰ ⟨yl⟩
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Lateral Approximant
|l
|
|
|
|}

=== Phonotactics ===
CV (but ⟨e⟩ /∅/ is an allowed V)

== Morphology ==

=== Pronouns ===

==== Personal pronouns ====
The personal pronouns as they once existed in Halaqhanenasi'ona were pro-drop as a result of grammatical person marking on verbs, but have since been eliminated, replaced by what used to be honorifics which can now also serve as personal pronouns in addition to grammatical person marking on nouns.

==== Honorifics ====
Honorifics may occur before objects as an honorific, or in place of subjects as a pronoun
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Presentation →
! rowspan="2" |Powerful-Fragile
! rowspan="2" |Powerful-Graceful
! rowspan="2" |Graceful-Fragile
|-
!Performance ↓
|-
|Powerful-Fragile
|'uqadho
|dulato
|su'ano
|-
|Powerful-Graceful
|'iqodha
|dilota
|si'ona
|-
|Graceful-Fragile
|'aqadhe
|dalate
|sa'ane
|}

==== Deictic pronouns ====
As with

=== Preverbs ===
Preverbs convey mood. They may be nested indefinitely
# ∅ - nasoqe/nisiqate 'uqadho - I paint/I am paint/I have paint
# qhane - qhane nasoqe/nisiqate 'uqadho - I need to paint/I need paint
# jotune - jotune nasoqe/nisiqate 'uqadho - I want to paint/I want paint
# qota - qota nasoqe/nisiqate 'uqadho - I demand, implore to paint/I demand, implore paint
# suthate - suthate nasoqe/nisiqate 'uqadho - I would paint, I might paint, I consider painting/I would, might, consider have/having paint
# naniiq - naniiq nasoqe/nisiqate 'uqadho - I can paint/I can have paint
# tcloyla - tcloyla nasoqe/nisiqate 'uqadho - I am able to paint, I am able to have paint
# didaa - didaa nasoqe/nisiqate 'uqadho - I am fond for paint, I have fondness for paint

=== Volitional particles ===

# daa - volitional, success (affirmative) - I intended to, and did
# noqe - volitional, failed (attemptative) - I intended to, but did not
# luge - nonvolitional, success (negative) - I did not intend to, and did not
# 'acay - nonvolitional, failed (unattemptive) - I did not intend to, but did

== Forms ==
Forms convey mood, but also the augmentative and diminutive. Consonants are notated as c₁, c₂, etc., while vowels are v₁, v₂, etc.. Examples are based on root n_s_q_, paint (noun or verb, with patterns _a_o_ (V.1.SG.AGT.ACT) and _i_i_ate (N.1.ORG.THNK)

# c₁v₁c₂v₂c₃v₃ - nosaqe 'uqadho - I newly apply paint to
# c₁v₁nev₂c₂v₃c₃ - nonesaqe 'uqadho - I fully remove paint from
# c₁v₁c₁v₁c₂v₂c₃v₃ - nonosaqe 'uqadho - I alter the paint of
# dac₁v₁c₂v₂lec₃v₃ - danosaleqe 'uqadho - I supplement the paint of
# c₁v₁c₂ec₃v₂rv₃ - noseqare 'uqadho - I reduce the paint of
# c₁v₁c₃v₂c₂v₃ - noqase 'uqadho - I invert the paint of

== Patterns ==

=== Verbs ===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |Standard
! colspan="2" |Augmentative
! colspan="2" |Diminutive
! rowspan="2" |Reciprocal/Reflexive
|-
|Agent
|Patient
|Agent
|Patient
|Agent
|Patient
|-
| rowspan="4" |1
|SG
|_a_o_e
|_a_ii_e
|_u_a_e
|_u_aa_e
|_o_a_e
|_o_ii_e
|_i_u_e
|-
|DUAL
|_a_o_i
|_a_ii_i
|_u_a_i
|_u_aa_i
|_o_a_i
|_o_ii_i
|_i_u_i
|-
|PAU
|_a_o_ane
|_a_ii_ane
|_u_a_ane
|_u_aa_ane
|_o_a_ane
|_o_ii_ane
|_i_u_ane
|-
|PL
|_a_o_ose
|_a_ii_ose
|_u_a_ose
|_u_aa_ose
|_o_a_ose
|_o_ii_ose
|_i_u_ose
|-
| rowspan="4" |2
|SG
|_ale_o_e
|_ale_ii_e
|_ule_a_e
|_u_aa_e
|_oo_a_e
|_oo_ii_e
|_ile_u_e
|-
|DUAL
|_ale_o_i
|_ale_ii_i
|_ule_a_i
|_ule_aa_i
|_ole_a_i
|_ole_ii_i
|_ile_u_i
|-
|PAU
|_ale_o_ane
|_ale_ii_ane
|_ule_a_ane
|_ule_aa_ane
|_ole_a_ane
|_ole_ii_ane
|_ile_u_ane
|-
|PL
|_ale_o_ose
|_ale_ii_ose
|_ule_a_ose
|_ule_aa_ose
|_ole_a_ose
|_ole_ii_ose
|_ile_u_ose
|-
| rowspan="4" |3
|SG
|_aa_o_e
|_aa_ii_e
|_uu_a_e
|_uu_aa_e
|_oo_a_e
|_oo_ii_e
|_ii_u_e
|-
|DUAL
|_aa_o_i
|_aa_ii_i
|_uu_a_i
|_uu_aa_i
|_oo_a_i
|_oo_ii_i
|_ii_u_i
|-
|PAU
|_aa_o_ane
|_aa_ii_ane
|_uu_a_ane
|_uu_aa_ane
|_oo_a_ane
|_oo_ii_ane
|_ii_u_ane
|-
|PL
|_aa_o_ose
|_aa_ii_ose
|_uu_a_ose
|_uu_aa_ose
|_oo_a_ose
|_oo_ii_ose
|_ii_u_ose
|}

=== Nouns ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |Organic
! rowspan="2" |Inorganic
|-
!Thinking
!Nonthinking
|-
|1
|_i_i_ate
|_o_a_e
|_o_o_ate
|-
|2
|_u_a_a
|_o_i_a
|_a_a_a
|-
|3
|_u_u_ane
|_o_o_o
|_a_a_ane
|}Affixation is used to derive the stative, agent, patient, action instrumental, tool instrumental, and assistance instrumental nominalizations of a verb (to fly becomes flight, that which flies, that which is flown, that which can be performed to cause flight (think flapping), that which is used to cause flight directly (wings, lift), and that which is used to help cause flight () , as well as the gnomic and progressive adjectivizations of a verb (to fly becomes flown and flying)

* qhose-: STAT.NMZ
* dzala-: AGT.NMZ
* dyllu-: PAT.NMZ
* raseto-: ACT.INSTR.NMZ
* 'indzo-:TOOL.INSTR.NMZ
* qana-: BENE.INSTR.NMZ
* sothe-: GNO.ADJZ
* yotre-: PROG.ADJZ

When an illegal consonant cluster appears, it is broken up by schwa, still written as ⟨e⟩

Tense goes on the outside as a circumfix, while aspect is a suffix within that

Tenses:
* trru⟩nasoqe⟨la - I painted - PST
* tru⟩nasoqe⟨la - I just painted - PST.IMM
* qeso⟩nasoqe⟨nothe - I paint - PRS
* 'ara⟩nasoqe⟨ti - I'm just about to paint - FUT.IMM
* 'arra⟩nasoqe⟨ti - I will paint - FUT
Aspects:
* qeso⟩nasoqe-noge-...⟨nothe - I paint (the action is true, but not necessarily occurring) - gnomic
* qeso⟩nasoqe-kase-...⟨nothe - I don't paint any more (the action is not true, but has occurred) - elvic (???)
* qeso⟩nasoqe-nasoqe-...⟨nothe - I paint (the action happens regularly, or habitually) - habitual
* qeso⟩nasoqe-yla-...⟨nothe - I have painted (the action is complete) - perfect
* qeso⟩nasoqe-leqe-...⟨nothe - I am painting (the action is ongoing, and has progress) - progressive
*qeso⟩cathotre-tane-...⟨nothe - I know (the action is ongoing, but does not progress) - stative
* qeso⟩nasoqe-hero-...⟨nothe - I begin to paint (the action is initiated) - initiative
* qeso⟩nasoqe-⟨nothe - I continue to paint (the action was happening and has not stopped) - continuative
* qeso⟩nasoqe-dhile-...⟨nothe - I finish painting (the action is terminated) - terminative

The abstract nominalizer is marked with the 'i⟩⟨nile circumfix

The indefinite article is marked with the 'ile- prefix

alienable possession and inalienable possession are marked separately (e.g. 'my brother' and 'my ball' use a different interfix)

-tu- = action instrumentality (what action was used to accomplish the verb)

-herro- = tool instrumentality (what tool was used to accomplish the verb)

-luga- = assistive instrumentality (what guide was used to accomplish the verb)

-lala- = POSS.AL

-rrile- = POSS.INAL

-na- = ADJZ

-qotclle- = categorical object (what category the object always belongs to)

== Syntax ==

=== Word order ===
VSO word order, where the verb indicates the agency, person, and number of the subject. The subject can be dropped if it is in the first person and not semantically necessary.

Concrete nouns are abstracted by a circumfix.

Halaqhanenasi'ona

2026-08-04T19:46:19Z

MiaKvigan:

== Phonology ==

=== Vowels ===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
! rowspan="2" |closure
! colspan="2" |non-back
! colspan="2" |back
|-
!unrounded
!rounded
!unrounded
!rounded
|-
|high
|ɨ ⟨i⟩
|ʏ ⟨u⟩
|
|
|-
|mid
|
|
|
|o ⟨o⟩
|-
|low
|
|
|ɑ ⟨a⟩
|
|}
Vowels may be elongated

/∅/ ⟨e⟩

=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
! colspan="2" |Placement →
↓ Manner
!Coronal
!Palatal
!Dorsal
!Laryngeal
|-
| colspan="2" |Nasal
|n
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Plosive
|t / d
|
|q
|ʔ ⟨'⟩
|-
| colspan="2" |Sibilant affricate
|t͡ʃ ⟨ts⟩ / d͡ʒ ⟨dz⟩
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Sibilant fricative
|ʃ ⟨s⟩ / ʒ ⟨z⟩
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Non-sibilant fricative
|θ ⟨th⟩ / ð ⟨dh⟩
|ç ⟨c⟩ / ʝ ⟨y⟩
|x ⟨k⟩ / ɣ ⟨g⟩
|ħ ⟨qh⟩ / h
|-
| colspan="2" |Trill
|r̥ ⟨tr⟩ / r
|
|ʀ̥ ⟨trr⟩ / ʀ ⟨rr⟩
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |Lateral affricate
|lateral
|t͡ɬˡ ⟨tcll⟩ / d͡ɮˡ ⟨dyll⟩
|
|
|
|-
|aspirated
|t͡ɬʰ ⟨tcl⟩ / d͡ɮʰ ⟨dyl⟩
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |Lateral fricative
|lateral
|ɬˡ ⟨cll⟩ / ɮˡ ⟨yll⟩
|
|
|
|-
|aspirated
|ɬʰ ⟨cl⟩ / ɮʰ ⟨yl⟩
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Lateral Approximant
|l
|
|
|
|}

=== Phonotactics ===
CV (but ⟨e⟩ /∅/ is an allowed V)

== Morphology ==

=== Pronouns ===

==== Personal pronouns ====
The personal pronouns as they once existed in Halaqhanenasi'ona were pro-drop as a result of grammatical person marking on verbs, but have since been eliminated, replaced by what used to be honorifics which can now also serve as personal pronouns in addition to grammatical person marking on nouns.

==== Honorifics ====
Honorifics may occur before objects as an honorific, or in place of subjects as a pronoun
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Presentation →
! rowspan="2" |Powerful-Fragile
! rowspan="2" |Powerful-Graceful
! rowspan="2" |Graceful-Fragile
|-
!Performance ↓
|-
|Powerful-Fragile
|'uqadho
|dulato
|su'ano
|-
|Powerful-Graceful
|'iqodha
|dilota
|si'ona
|-
|Graceful-Fragile
|'aqadhe
|dalate
|sa'ane
|}

==== Deictic pronouns ====
As with

=== Preverbs ===
Preverbs convey mood. They may be nested indefinitely
# ∅ - nasoqe/nisiqate 'uqadho - I paint/I am paint/I have paint
# qhane - qhane nasoqe/nisiqate 'uqadho - I need to paint/I need paint
# jotune - jotune nasoqe/nisiqate 'uqadho - I want to paint/I want paint
# qota - qota nasoqe/nisiqate 'uqadho - I demand, implore to paint/I demand, implore paint
# suthate - suthate nasoqe/nisiqate 'uqadho - I would paint, I might paint/I would, might have paint
# naniiq - naniiq nasoqe/nisiqate 'uqadho - I can paint/I can have paint
# tcloyla - tcloyla nasoqe/nisiqate 'uqadho - I am able to paint, I am able to have paint
# didaa - didaa nasoqe/nisiqate 'uqadho - I am fond for paint, I have fondness for paint

=== Volitional particles ===

# daa - volitional, success (affirmative) - I intended to, and did
# noqe - volitional, failed (attemptative) - I intended to, but did not
# luge - nonvolitional, success (negative) - I did not intend to, and did not
# 'acay - nonvolitional, failed (unattemptive) - I did not intend to, but did

== Forms ==
Forms convey mood, but also the augmentative and diminutive. Consonants are notated as c₁, c₂, etc., while vowels are v₁, v₂, etc.. Examples are based on root n_s_q_, paint (noun or verb, with patterns _a_o_ (V.1.SG.AGT.ACT) and _i_i_ate (N.1.ORG.THNK)

# c₁v₁c₂v₂c₃v₃ - nosaqe 'uqadho - I newly apply paint to
# c₁v₁nev₂c₂v₃c₃ - nonesaqe 'uqadho - I fully remove paint from
# c₁v₁c₁v₁c₂v₂c₃v₃ - nonosaqe 'uqadho - I alter the paint of
# dac₁v₁c₂v₂lec₃v₃ - danosaleqe 'uqadho - I supplement the paint of
# c₁v₁c₂ec₃v₂rv₃ - noseqare 'uqadho - I reduce the paint of
# c₁v₁c₃v₂c₂v₃ - noqase 'uqadho - I invert the paint of

== Patterns ==

=== Verbs ===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |Standard
! colspan="2" |Augmentative
! colspan="2" |Diminutive
! rowspan="2" |Reciprocal/Reflexive
|-
|Agent
|Patient
|Agent
|Patient
|Agent
|Patient
|-
| rowspan="4" |1
|SG
|_a_o_e
|_a_ii_e
|_u_a_e
|_u_aa_e
|_o_a_e
|_o_ii_e
|_i_u_e
|-
|DUAL
|_a_o_i
|_a_ii_i
|_u_a_i
|_u_aa_i
|_o_a_i
|_o_ii_i
|_i_u_i
|-
|PAU
|_a_o_ane
|_a_ii_ane
|_u_a_ane
|_u_aa_ane
|_o_a_ane
|_o_ii_ane
|_i_u_ane
|-
|PL
|_a_o_ose
|_a_ii_ose
|_u_a_ose
|_u_aa_ose
|_o_a_ose
|_o_ii_ose
|_i_u_ose
|-
| rowspan="4" |2
|SG
|_ale_o_e
|_ale_ii_e
|_ule_a_e
|_u_aa_e
|_oo_a_e
|_oo_ii_e
|_ile_u_e
|-
|DUAL
|_ale_o_i
|_ale_ii_i
|_ule_a_i
|_ule_aa_i
|_ole_a_i
|_ole_ii_i
|_ile_u_i
|-
|PAU
|_ale_o_ane
|_ale_ii_ane
|_ule_a_ane
|_ule_aa_ane
|_ole_a_ane
|_ole_ii_ane
|_ile_u_ane
|-
|PL
|_ale_o_ose
|_ale_ii_ose
|_ule_a_ose
|_ule_aa_ose
|_ole_a_ose
|_ole_ii_ose
|_ile_u_ose
|-
| rowspan="4" |3
|SG
|_aa_o_e
|_aa_ii_e
|_uu_a_e
|_uu_aa_e
|_oo_a_e
|_oo_ii_e
|_ii_u_e
|-
|DUAL
|_aa_o_i
|_aa_ii_i
|_uu_a_i
|_uu_aa_i
|_oo_a_i
|_oo_ii_i
|_ii_u_i
|-
|PAU
|_aa_o_ane
|_aa_ii_ane
|_uu_a_ane
|_uu_aa_ane
|_oo_a_ane
|_oo_ii_ane
|_ii_u_ane
|-
|PL
|_aa_o_ose
|_aa_ii_ose
|_uu_a_ose
|_uu_aa_ose
|_oo_a_ose
|_oo_ii_ose
|_ii_u_ose
|}

=== Nouns ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |Organic
! rowspan="2" |Inorganic
|-
!Thinking
!Nonthinking
|-
|1
|_i_i_ate
|_o_a_e
|_o_o_ate
|-
|2
|_u_a_a
|_o_i_a
|_a_a_a
|-
|3
|_u_u_ane
|_o_o_o
|_a_a_ane
|}Affixation is used to derive the stative, agent, patient, action instrumental, tool instrumental, and assistance instrumental nominalizations of a verb (to fly becomes flight, that which flies, that which is flown, that which can be performed to cause flight (think flapping), that which is used to cause flight directly (wings, lift), and that which is used to help cause flight () , as well as the gnomic and progressive adjectivizations of a verb (to fly becomes flown and flying)

* qhose-: STAT.NMZ
* dzala-: AGT.NMZ
* dyllu-: PAT.NMZ
* raseto-: ACT.INSTR.NMZ
* 'indzo-:TOOL.INSTR.NMZ
* qana-: BENE.INSTR.NMZ
* sothe-: GNO.ADJZ
* yotre-: PROG.ADJZ

When an illegal consonant cluster appears, it is broken up by schwa, still written as ⟨e⟩

Tense goes on the outside as a circumfix, while aspect is a suffix within that

Tenses:
* trru⟩nasoqe⟨la - I painted - PST
* tru⟩nasoqe⟨la - I just painted - PST.IMM
* qeso⟩nasoqe⟨nothe - I paint - PRS
* 'ara⟩nasoqe⟨ti - I'm just about to paint - FUT.IMM
* 'arra⟩nasoqe⟨ti - I will paint - FUT
Aspects:
* qeso⟩nasoqe-noge-...⟨nothe - I paint (the action is true, but not necessarily occurring) - gnomic
* qeso⟩nasoqe-kase-...⟨nothe - I don't paint any more (the action is not true, but has occurred) - elvic (???)
* qeso⟩nasoqe-nasoqe-...⟨nothe - I paint (the action happens regularly, or habitually) - habitual
* qeso⟩nasoqe-yla-...⟨nothe - I have painted (the action is complete) - perfect
* qeso⟩nasoqe-leqe-...⟨nothe - I am painting (the action is ongoing, and has progress) - progressive
*qeso⟩cathotre-tane-...⟨nothe - I know (the action is ongoing, but does not progress) - stative
* qeso⟩nasoqe-hero-...⟨nothe - I begin to paint (the action is initiated) - initiative
* qeso⟩nasoqe-⟨nothe - I continue to paint (the action was happening and has not stopped) - continuative
* qeso⟩nasoqe-dhile-...⟨nothe - I finish painting (the action is terminated) - terminative

The abstract nominalizer is marked with the 'i⟩⟨nile circumfix

The indefinite article is marked with the 'ile- prefix

alienable possession and inalienable possession are marked separately (e.g. 'my brother' and 'my ball' use a different interfix)

-tu- = action instrumentality (what action was used to accomplish the verb)

-herro- = tool instrumentality (what tool was used to accomplish the verb)

-luga- = assistive instrumentality (what guide was used to accomplish the verb)

-lala- = POSS.AL

-rrile- = POSS.INAL

-na- = ADJZ

-qotclle- = categorical object (what category the object always belongs to)

== Syntax ==

=== Word order ===
VSO word order, where the verb indicates the agency, person, and number of the subject. The subject can be dropped if it is in the first person and not semantically necessary.

Concrete nouns are abstracted by a circumfix.

Halaqhanenasi'ona

2026-08-04T19:32:55Z

MiaKvigan: Lots of changing of forms

== Phonology ==

=== Vowels ===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
! rowspan="2" |closure
! colspan="2" |non-back
! colspan="2" |back
|-
!unrounded
!rounded
!unrounded
!rounded
|-
|high
|ɨ ⟨i⟩
|ʏ ⟨u⟩
|
|
|-
|mid
|
|
|
|o ⟨o⟩
|-
|low
|
|
|ɑ ⟨a⟩
|
|}
Vowels may be elongated

/∅/ ⟨e⟩

=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
! colspan="2" |Placement →
↓ Manner
!Coronal
!Palatal
!Dorsal
!Laryngeal
|-
| colspan="2" |Nasal
|n
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Plosive
|t / d
|
|q
|ʔ ⟨'⟩
|-
| colspan="2" |Sibilant affricate
|t͡ʃ ⟨ts⟩ / d͡ʒ ⟨dz⟩
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Sibilant fricative
|ʃ ⟨s⟩ / ʒ ⟨z⟩
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Non-sibilant fricative
|θ ⟨th⟩ / ð ⟨dh⟩
|ç ⟨c⟩ / ʝ ⟨y⟩
|x ⟨k⟩ / ɣ ⟨g⟩
|ħ ⟨qh⟩ / h
|-
| colspan="2" |Trill
|r̥ ⟨tr⟩ / r
|
|ʀ̥ ⟨trr⟩ / ʀ ⟨rr⟩
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |Lateral affricate
|lateral
|t͡ɬˡ ⟨tcll⟩ / d͡ɮˡ ⟨dyll⟩
|
|
|
|-
|aspirated
|t͡ɬʰ ⟨tcl⟩ / d͡ɮʰ ⟨dyl⟩
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |Lateral fricative
|lateral
|ɬˡ ⟨cll⟩ / ɮˡ ⟨yll⟩
|
|
|
|-
|aspirated
|ɬʰ ⟨cl⟩ / ɮʰ ⟨yl⟩
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Lateral Approximant
|l
|
|
|
|}

=== Phonotactics ===
CV (but ⟨e⟩ /∅/ is an allowed V)

== Morphology ==

=== Pronouns ===

==== Personal pronouns ====
The personal pronouns as they once existed in Halaqhanenasi'ona were pro-drop as a result of grammatical person marking on verbs, but have since been eliminated, replaced by what used to be honorifics which can now also serve as personal pronouns in addition to grammatical person marking on nouns.

==== Honorifics ====
Honorifics may occur before objects as an honorific, or in place of subjects as a pronoun
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Presentation →
! rowspan="2" |Powerful-Fragile
! rowspan="2" |Powerful-Graceful
! rowspan="2" |Graceful-Fragile
|-
!Performance ↓
|-
|Powerful-Fragile
|'uqadho
|dulato
|su'ano
|-
|Powerful-Graceful
|'iqodha
|dilota
|si'ona
|-
|Graceful-Fragile
|'aqadhe
|dalate
|sa'ane
|}

==== Deictic pronouns ====
As with

=== Preverbs ===
Preverbs convey mood. They may be nested indefinitely
# ∅ - nasoqe/nisiqate 'uqadho - I paint/I am paint/I have paint
# qhane - qhane nasoqe/nisiqate 'uqadho - I need to paint/I need paint
# jotune - jotune nasoqe/nisiqate 'uqadho - I want to paint/I want paint
# qota - qota nasoqe/nisiqate 'uqadho - I demand, implore to paint/I demand, implore paint
# suthate - suthate nasoqe/nisiqate 'uqadho - I would paint, I might paint/I would, might have paint
# naniiq - naniiq nasoqe/nisiqate 'uqadho - I can paint/I can have paint
# tcloyla - tcloyla nasoqe/nisiqate 'uqadho - I am able to paint, I am able to have paint
# didaa - didaa nasoqe/nisiqate 'uqadho - I am fond for paint, I have fondness for paint

=== Volitional markers ===

# daa - volitional, success (affirmative) - I intended to, and did
# noqe - volitional, failed (attemptative) - I intended to, but did not
# luge - nonvolitional, success (negative) - I did not intend to, and did not
# nonvolitional, failed (unattemptive) - I did not intend to, but did

== Forms ==
Forms convey mood, but also the augmentative and diminutive. Consonants are notated as c₁, c₂, etc., while vowels are v₁, v₂, etc.. Examples are based on root n_s_q_, paint (noun or verb, with patterns _a_o_ (V.1.SG.AGT.ACT) and _i_i_ate (N.1.ORG.THNK)

# c₁v₁c₂v₂c₃v₃ - nosaqe 'uqadho - I newly apply paint to
# c₁v₁nev₂c₂v₃c₃ - nonesaqe 'uqadho - I fully remove paint from
# c₁v₁c₁v₁c₂v₂c₃v₃ - nonosaqe 'uqadho - I alter the paint of
# dac₁v₁c₂v₂lec₃v₃ - danosaleqe 'uqadho - I supplement the paint of
# c₁v₁c₂ec₃v₂rv₃ - noseqare 'uqadho - I reduce the paint of
# c₁v₁c₃v₂c₂v₃ - noqase 'uqadho - I invert the paint of

== Patterns ==

=== Verbs ===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |Standard
! colspan="2" |Augmentative
! colspan="2" |Diminutive
! rowspan="2" |Reciprocal/Reflexive
|-
|Agent
|Patient
|Agent
|Patient
|Agent
|Patient
|-
| rowspan="4" |1
|SG
|_a_o_e
|_a_ii_e
|_u_a_e
|_u_aa_e
|_o_a_e
|_o_ii_e
|_i_u_e
|-
|DUAL
|_a_o_i
|_a_ii_i
|_u_a_i
|_u_aa_i
|_o_a_i
|_o_ii_i
|_i_u_i
|-
|PAU
|_a_o_ane
|_a_ii_ane
|_u_a_ane
|_u_aa_ane
|_o_a_ane
|_o_ii_ane
|_i_u_ane
|-
|PL
|_a_o_ose
|_a_ii_ose
|_u_a_ose
|_u_aa_ose
|_o_a_ose
|_o_ii_ose
|_i_u_ose
|-
| rowspan="4" |2
|SG
|_ale_o_e
|_ale_ii_e
|_ule_a_e
|_u_aa_e
|_oo_a_e
|_oo_ii_e
|_ile_u_e
|-
|DUAL
|_ale_o_i
|_ale_ii_i
|_ule_a_i
|_ule_aa_i
|_ole_a_i
|_ole_ii_i
|_ile_u_i
|-
|PAU
|_ale_o_ane
|_ale_ii_ane
|_ule_a_ane
|_ule_aa_ane
|_ole_a_ane
|_ole_ii_ane
|_ile_u_ane
|-
|PL
|_ale_o_ose
|_ale_ii_ose
|_ule_a_ose
|_ule_aa_ose
|_ole_a_ose
|_ole_ii_ose
|_ile_u_ose
|-
| rowspan="4" |3
|SG
|_aa_o_e
|_aa_ii_e
|_uu_a_e
|_uu_aa_e
|_oo_a_e
|_oo_ii_e
|_ii_u_e
|-
|DUAL
|_aa_o_i
|_aa_ii_i
|_uu_a_i
|_uu_aa_i
|_oo_a_i
|_oo_ii_i
|_ii_u_i
|-
|PAU
|_aa_o_ane
|_aa_ii_ane
|_uu_a_ane
|_uu_aa_ane
|_oo_a_ane
|_oo_ii_ane
|_ii_u_ane
|-
|PL
|_aa_o_ose
|_aa_ii_ose
|_uu_a_ose
|_uu_aa_ose
|_oo_a_ose
|_oo_ii_ose
|_ii_u_ose
|}

=== Nouns ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |Organic
! rowspan="2" |Inorganic
|-
!Thinking
!Nonthinking
|-
|1
|_i_i_ate
|_o_a_e
|_o_o_ate
|-
|2
|_u_a_a
|_o_i_a
|_a_a_a
|-
|3
|_u_u_ane
|_o_o_o
|_a_a_ane
|}Affixation is used to derive the stative, agent, patient, action instrumental, tool instrumental, and assistance instrumental nominalizations of a verb (to fly becomes flight, that which flies, that which is flown, that which can be performed to cause flight (think flapping), that which is used to cause flight directly (wings, lift), and that which is used to help cause flight () , as well as the gnomic and progressive adjectivizations of a verb (to fly becomes flown and flying)

* qhose-: STAT.NMZ
* dzala-: AGT.NMZ
* dyllu-: PAT.NMZ
* raseto-: ACT.INSTR.NMZ
* 'indzo-:TOOL.INSTR.NMZ
* qana-: BENE.INSTR.NMZ
* sothe-: GNO.ADJZ
* yotre-: PROG.ADJZ

When an illegal consonant cluster appears, it is broken up by schwa, still written as ⟨e⟩

Tense goes on the outside as a circumfix, while aspect is a suffix within that

Tenses:
* trru⟩nasoqe⟨la - I painted - PST
* tru⟩nasoqe⟨la - I just painted - PST.IMM
* qeso⟩nasoqe⟨nothe - I paint - PRS
* 'ara⟩nasoqe⟨ti - I'm just about to paint - FUT.IMM
* 'arra⟩nasoqe⟨ti - I will paint - FUT
Aspects:
* qeso⟩nasoqe-noge-...⟨nothe - I paint (the action is true, but not necessarily occurring) - gnomic
* qeso⟩nasoqe-kase-...⟨nothe - I don't paint any more (the action is not true, but has occurred) - elvic (???)
* qeso⟩nasoqe-nasoqe-...⟨nothe - I paint (the action happens regularly, or habitually) - habitual
* qeso⟩nasoqe-yla-...⟨nothe - I have painted (the action is complete) - perfect
* qeso⟩nasoqe-leqe-...⟨nothe - I am painting (the action is ongoing, and has progress) - progressive
*qeso⟩cathotre-tane-...⟨nothe - I know (the action is ongoing, but does not progress) - stative
* qeso⟩nasoqe-hero-...⟨nothe - I begin to paint (the action is initiated) - initiative
* qeso⟩nasoqe-⟨nothe - I continue to paint (the action was happening and has not stopped) - continuative
* qeso⟩nasoqe-dhile-...⟨nothe - I finish painting (the action is terminated) - terminative

The abstract nominalizer is marked with the 'i⟩⟨nile circumfix

The indefinite article is marked with the 'ile- prefix

alienable possession and inalienable possession are marked separately (e.g. 'my brother' and 'my ball' use a different interfix)

-tu- = action instrumentality (what action was used to accomplish the verb)

-herro- = tool instrumentality (what tool was used to accomplish the verb)

-luga- = assistive instrumentality (what guide was used to accomplish the verb)

-lala- = POSS.AL

-rrile- = POSS.INAL

-na- = ADJZ

-qotclle- = categorical object (what category the object always belongs to)

== Syntax ==

=== Word order ===
VSO word order, where the verb indicates the agency, person, and number of the subject. The subject can be dropped if it is in the first person and not semantically necessary.

Concrete nouns are abstracted by a circumfix.

Placeholdernamethingy

2026-08-03T23:36:21Z

MiaKvigan: MiaKvigan moved page Placeholdernamethingy to Halaqhanenasi'ona: Replacing placeholder name

#REDIRECT [[Halaqhanenasi'ona]]

Halaqhanenasi'ona

2026-08-03T23:36:21Z

MiaKvigan: MiaKvigan moved page Placeholdernamethingy to Halaqhanenasi'ona: Replacing placeholder name

== Phonology ==

=== Vowels ===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
! rowspan="2" |closure
! colspan="2" |non-back
! colspan="2" |back
|-
!unrounded
!rounded
!unrounded
!rounded
|-
|high
|ɨ ⟨i⟩
|ʏ ⟨u⟩
|
|
|-
|mid
|
|
|
|o ⟨o⟩
|-
|low
|
|
|ɑ ⟨a⟩
|
|}
Vowels may be elongated

/∅/ ⟨e⟩

=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
! colspan="2" |Placement →
↓ Manner
!Coronal
!Palatal
!Dorsal
!Laryngeal
|-
| colspan="2" |Nasal
|n
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Plosive
|t / d
|
|q
|ʔ ⟨'⟩
|-
| colspan="2" |Sibilant affricate
|t͡ʃ ⟨ts⟩ / d͡ʒ ⟨dz⟩
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Sibilant fricative
|ʃ ⟨s⟩ / ʒ ⟨z⟩
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Non-sibilant fricative
|θ ⟨th⟩ / ð ⟨dh⟩
|ç ⟨c⟩ / ʝ ⟨y⟩
|x ⟨k⟩ / ɣ ⟨g⟩
|ħ ⟨qh⟩ / h
|-
| colspan="2" |Trill
|r̥ ⟨tr⟩ / r
|
|ʀ̥ ⟨trr⟩ / ʀ ⟨rr⟩
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |Lateral affricate
|lateral
|t͡ɬˡ ⟨tcll⟩ / d͡ɮˡ ⟨dyll⟩
|
|
|
|-
|aspirated
|t͡ɬʰ ⟨tcl⟩ / d͡ɮʰ ⟨dyl⟩
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |Lateral fricative
|lateral
|ɬˡ ⟨cll⟩ / ɮˡ ⟨yll⟩
|
|
|
|-
|aspirated
|ɬʰ ⟨cl⟩ / ɮʰ ⟨yl⟩
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Lateral Approximant
|l
|
|
|
|}

=== Phonotactics ===
CV (but ⟨e⟩ /∅/ is an allowed V)

== Morphology ==

=== Pronouns ===

==== Personal pronouns ====
The personal pronouns as they once existed in LANGUAGE-NAME were pro-drop as a result of grammatical person marking on verbs, but have since been eliminated, replaced by what used to be honorifics which can now also serve as personal pronouns in addition to grammatical person marking on nouns.

==== Honorifics ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Presentation →
! rowspan="2" |Powerful-Fragile
! rowspan="2" |Powerful-Graceful
! rowspan="2" |Graceful-Fragile
|-
!Performance ↓
|-
|Powerful-Fragile
|'uqadho
|dulato
|su'ano
|-
|Powerful-Graceful
|'iqodha
|dilota
|si'ona
|-
|Graceful-Fragile
|'aqadhe
|dalate
|sa'ane
|}

==== Deictic pronouns ====
As with

== Forms ==
Forms convey mood, but also the augmentative and diminutive. Consonants are notated as c₁, c₂, etc., while vowels are v₁, v₂, etc.. Examples are based on root n_s_q_, paint (noun or verb, with patterns _a_o_ (V.1.SG.AGT.ACT) and _i_i_ate (N.1.ORG.THNK)

# c₁v₁c₂v₂c₃v₃ - nasoqe/nisiqate 'uqadho - I paint/I am paint/I have paint
# c₁v₁c₂v₁nv₂c₃v₃ - nasanoqe/nisiniqate 'uqadho - I need to paint/I need paint
# c₁v₁c₁v₁c₂v₂c₃v₃ - nanasoqe/ninisiqate 'uqadho - I want to paint/I want paint
# dac₁v₁c₂v₂lec₃v₃ - danasoleqe/danisileqate 'uqadho - I demand, implore to paint/I demand, implore paint
# 'v₁c₁ec₂v₂c₃v₃ - 'anesoqe/'inesiqate 'uqadho - I would paint, I might paint/I would, might have paint
# c₁v₁c₃v₂c₂v₃ - naqose/niqisate 'uqadho - I can paint/I can have paint
# c₁v₁c₂ec₃v₂rv₃ - naseqore/niseqirate'uqadho - I paint (augmentative), I have paint (augmentative)
# c₁v₁nev₂c₂v₃c₃ - nanesoqe/ninesiqate 'uqadho - I paint (diminutive), I have paint (diminutive)

== Patterns ==

=== Verbs ===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |Active voice
! colspan="2" |Passive voice
! colspan="2" |Causative voice
! rowspan="2" |Reciprocal/Reflexive
|-
|Agent
|Patient
|Agent
|Patient
|Agent
|Patient
|-
| rowspan="4" |1
|SG
|_a_o_e
|_a_ii_e
|_u_a_e
|_u_aa_e
|_o_a_e
|_o_ii_e
|_i_u_e
|-
|DUAL
|_a_o_i
|_a_ii_i
|_u_a_i
|_u_aa_i
|_o_a_i
|_o_ii_i
|_i_u_i
|-
|PAU
|_a_o_ane
|_a_ii_ane
|_u_a_ane
|_u_aa_ane
|_o_a_ane
|_o_ii_ane
|_i_u_ane
|-
|PL
|_a_o_ose
|_a_ii_ose
|_u_a_ose
|_u_aa_ose
|_o_a_ose
|_o_ii_ose
|_i_u_ose
|-
| rowspan="4" |2
|SG
|_ale_o_e
|_ale_ii_e
|_ule_a_e
|_u_aa_e
|_oo_a_e
|_oo_ii_e
|_ile_u_e
|-
|DUAL
|_ale_o_i
|_ale_ii_i
|_ule_a_i
|_ule_aa_i
|_ole_a_i
|_ole_ii_i
|_ile_u_i
|-
|PAU
|_ale_o_ane
|_ale_ii_ane
|_ule_a_ane
|_ule_aa_ane
|_ole_a_ane
|_ole_ii_ane
|_ile_u_ane
|-
|PL
|_ale_o_ose
|_ale_ii_ose
|_ule_a_ose
|_ule_aa_ose
|_ole_a_ose
|_ole_ii_ose
|_ile_u_ose
|-
| rowspan="4" |3
|SG
|_aa_o_e
|_aa_ii_e
|_uu_a_e
|_uu_aa_e
|_oo_a_e
|_oo_ii_e
|_ii_u_e
|-
|DUAL
|_aa_o_i
|_aa_ii_i
|_uu_a_i
|_uu_aa_i
|_oo_a_i
|_oo_ii_i
|_ii_u_i
|-
|PAU
|_aa_o_ane
|_aa_ii_ane
|_uu_a_ane
|_uu_aa_ane
|_oo_a_ane
|_oo_ii_ane
|_ii_u_ane
|-
|PL
|_aa_o_ose
|_aa_ii_ose
|_uu_a_ose
|_uu_aa_ose
|_oo_a_ose
|_oo_ii_ose
|_ii_u_ose
|}

=== Nouns ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |Organic
! rowspan="2" |Inorganic
|-
!Thinking
!Nonthinking
|-
|1
|_i_i_ate
|_o_a_e
|_o_o_ate
|-
|2
|_u_a_a
|_o_i_a
|_a_a_a
|-
|3
|_u_u_ane
|_o_o_o
|_a_a_ane
|}Affixation is used to derive the stative, agent, and patient nominalizations of a verb (to fly becomes flight, that which flies, and that which is flown), as well as the past and present participle adjectivizations of a verb (to fly becomes flown and flying)

* qhose-: STAT.NMZ
* dzala-: AGT.NMZ
* dyllu-: PAT.NMZ
* raseto-: INSTR.NMZ
* sothe-: GNO.ADJZ
* yotre-: PROG.ADJZ

When an illegal consonant cluster appears, it is broken up by schwa, still written as ⟨e⟩

Tense goes on the outside as a circumfix, while aspect is a suffix within that

Tenses:
* trru⟩nasoqe⟨la - I painted - PST
* tru⟩nasoqe⟨la - I just painted - PST.IMM
* qeso⟩nasoqe⟨nothe - I paint - PRS
* 'ara⟩nasoqe⟨ti - I'm just about to paint - FUT.IMM
* 'arra⟩nasoqe⟨ti - I will paint - FUT
Aspects:
* qeso⟩nasoqe-noge-...⟨nothe - I paint (the action is true, but not necessarily occurring) - gnomic
* qeso⟩nasoqe-kase-...⟨nothe - I don't paint any more (the action is not true, but has occurred) - elvic (???)
* qeso⟩nasoqe-nasoqe-...⟨nothe - I paint (the action happens regularly, or habitually) - habitual
* qeso⟩nasoqe-yla-...⟨nothe - I have painted (the action is complete) - perfect
* qeso⟩nasoqe-leqe-...⟨nothe - I am painting (the action is ongoing, and has progress) - progressive
*qeso⟩cathotre-tane-...⟨nothe - I know (the action is ongoing, but does not progress) - stative
* qeso⟩nasoqe-hero-...⟨nothe - I begin to paint (the action is initiated) - initiative
* qeso⟩nasoqe-dhile-...⟨nothe - I finish painting (the action is terminated) - terminative

The abstract nominalizer is marked with the 'i⟩⟨nile circumfix

The indefinite article is marked with the 'ile- prefix

alienable possession and inalienable possession are marked separately (e.g. 'my brother' and 'my ball' use a different interfix)

-tu- = action instrumentality (what action was used to accomplish the verb)

-herro- = tool instrumentality (what tool was used to accomplish the verb)

-luga- = assistive instrumentality (what guide was used to accomplish the verb)

-lala- = POSS.AL

-rrile- = POSS.INAL

-na- = ADJ

-qotclle- = categorical object (what category the object always belongs to)

== Syntax ==

=== Word order ===
VSO word order, where the verb indicates the agency, person, and number of the subject. The subject can be dropped if it is in the first person and not semantically necessary.

Concrete nouns are abstracted by a circumfix.

Halaqhanenasi'ona

2026-08-03T18:18:47Z

MiaKvigan:

== Phonology ==

=== Vowels ===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
! rowspan="2" |closure
! colspan="2" |non-back
! colspan="2" |back
|-
!unrounded
!rounded
!unrounded
!rounded
|-
|high
|ɨ ⟨i⟩
|ʏ ⟨u⟩
|
|
|-
|mid
|
|
|
|o ⟨o⟩
|-
|low
|
|
|ɑ ⟨a⟩
|
|}
Vowels may be elongated

/∅/ ⟨e⟩

=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
! colspan="2" |Placement →
↓ Manner
!Coronal
!Palatal
!Dorsal
!Laryngeal
|-
| colspan="2" |Nasal
|n
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Plosive
|t / d
|
|q
|ʔ ⟨'⟩
|-
| colspan="2" |Sibilant affricate
|t͡ʃ ⟨ts⟩ / d͡ʒ ⟨dz⟩
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Sibilant fricative
|ʃ ⟨s⟩ / ʒ ⟨z⟩
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Non-sibilant fricative
|θ ⟨th⟩ / ð ⟨dh⟩
|ç ⟨c⟩ / ʝ ⟨y⟩
|x ⟨k⟩ / ɣ ⟨g⟩
|ħ ⟨qh⟩ / h
|-
| colspan="2" |Trill
|r̥ ⟨tr⟩ / r
|
|ʀ̥ ⟨trr⟩ / ʀ ⟨rr⟩
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |Lateral affricate
|lateral
|t͡ɬˡ ⟨tcll⟩ / d͡ɮˡ ⟨dyll⟩
|
|
|
|-
|aspirated
|t͡ɬʰ ⟨tcl⟩ / d͡ɮʰ ⟨dyl⟩
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |Lateral fricative
|lateral
|ɬˡ ⟨cll⟩ / ɮˡ ⟨yll⟩
|
|
|
|-
|aspirated
|ɬʰ ⟨cl⟩ / ɮʰ ⟨yl⟩
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Lateral Approximant
|l
|
|
|
|}

=== Phonotactics ===
CV (but ⟨e⟩ /∅/ is an allowed V)

== Morphology ==

=== Pronouns ===

==== Personal pronouns ====
The personal pronouns as they once existed in LANGUAGE-NAME were pro-drop as a result of grammatical person marking on verbs, but have since been eliminated, replaced by what used to be honorifics which can now also serve as personal pronouns in addition to grammatical person marking on nouns.

==== Honorifics ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Presentation →
! rowspan="2" |Powerful-Fragile
! rowspan="2" |Powerful-Graceful
! rowspan="2" |Graceful-Fragile
|-
!Performance ↓
|-
|Powerful-Fragile
|'uqadho
|dulato
|su'ano
|-
|Powerful-Graceful
|'iqodha
|dilota
|si'ona
|-
|Graceful-Fragile
|'aqadhe
|dalate
|sa'ane
|}

==== Deictic pronouns ====
As with

== Forms ==
Forms convey mood, but also the augmentative and diminutive. Consonants are notated as c₁, c₂, etc., while vowels are v₁, v₂, etc.. Examples are based on root n_s_q_, paint (noun or verb, with patterns _a_o_ (V.1.SG.AGT.ACT) and _i_i_ate (N.1.ORG.THNK)

# c₁v₁c₂v₂c₃v₃ - nasoqe/nisiqate 'uqadho - I paint/I am paint/I have paint
# c₁v₁c₂v₁nv₂c₃v₃ - nasanoqe/nisiniqate 'uqadho - I need to paint/I need paint
# c₁v₁c₁v₁c₂v₂c₃v₃ - nanasoqe/ninisiqate 'uqadho - I want to paint/I want paint
# dac₁v₁c₂v₂lec₃v₃ - danasoleqe/danisileqate 'uqadho - I demand, implore to paint/I demand, implore paint
# 'v₁c₁ec₂v₂c₃v₃ - 'anesoqe/'inesiqate 'uqadho - I would paint, I might paint/I would, might have paint
# c₁v₁c₃v₂c₂v₃ - naqose/niqisate 'uqadho - I can paint/I can have paint
# c₁v₁c₂ec₃v₂rv₃ - naseqore/niseqirate'uqadho - I paint (augmentative), I have paint (augmentative)
# c₁v₁nev₂c₂v₃c₃ - nanesoqe/ninesiqate 'uqadho - I paint (diminutive), I have paint (diminutive)

== Patterns ==

=== Verbs ===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |Active voice
! colspan="2" |Passive voice
! colspan="2" |Causative voice
! rowspan="2" |Reciprocal/Reflexive
|-
|Agent
|Patient
|Agent
|Patient
|Agent
|Patient
|-
| rowspan="4" |1
|SG
|_a_o_e
|_a_ii_e
|_u_a_e
|_u_aa_e
|_o_a_e
|_o_ii_e
|_i_u_e
|-
|DUAL
|_a_o_i
|_a_ii_i
|_u_a_i
|_u_aa_i
|_o_a_i
|_o_ii_i
|_i_u_i
|-
|PAU
|_a_o_ane
|_a_ii_ane
|_u_a_ane
|_u_aa_ane
|_o_a_ane
|_o_ii_ane
|_i_u_ane
|-
|PL
|_a_o_ose
|_a_ii_ose
|_u_a_ose
|_u_aa_ose
|_o_a_ose
|_o_ii_ose
|_i_u_ose
|-
| rowspan="4" |2
|SG
|_ale_o_e
|_ale_ii_e
|_ule_a_e
|_u_aa_e
|_oo_a_e
|_oo_ii_e
|_ile_u_e
|-
|DUAL
|_ale_o_i
|_ale_ii_i
|_ule_a_i
|_ule_aa_i
|_ole_a_i
|_ole_ii_i
|_ile_u_i
|-
|PAU
|_ale_o_ane
|_ale_ii_ane
|_ule_a_ane
|_ule_aa_ane
|_ole_a_ane
|_ole_ii_ane
|_ile_u_ane
|-
|PL
|_ale_o_ose
|_ale_ii_ose
|_ule_a_ose
|_ule_aa_ose
|_ole_a_ose
|_ole_ii_ose
|_ile_u_ose
|-
| rowspan="4" |3
|SG
|_aa_o_e
|_aa_ii_e
|_uu_a_e
|_uu_aa_e
|_oo_a_e
|_oo_ii_e
|_ii_u_e
|-
|DUAL
|_aa_o_i
|_aa_ii_i
|_uu_a_i
|_uu_aa_i
|_oo_a_i
|_oo_ii_i
|_ii_u_i
|-
|PAU
|_aa_o_ane
|_aa_ii_ane
|_uu_a_ane
|_uu_aa_ane
|_oo_a_ane
|_oo_ii_ane
|_ii_u_ane
|-
|PL
|_aa_o_ose
|_aa_ii_ose
|_uu_a_ose
|_uu_aa_ose
|_oo_a_ose
|_oo_ii_ose
|_ii_u_ose
|}

=== Nouns ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |Organic
! rowspan="2" |Inorganic
|-
!Thinking
!Nonthinking
|-
|1
|_i_i_ate
|_o_a_e
|_o_o_ate
|-
|2
|_u_a_a
|_o_i_a
|_a_a_a
|-
|3
|_u_u_ane
|_o_o_o
|_a_a_ane
|}Affixation is used to derive the stative, agent, and patient nominalizations of a verb (to fly becomes flight, that which flies, and that which is flown), as well as the past and present participle adjectivizations of a verb (to fly becomes flown and flying)

* qhose-: STAT.NMZ
* dzala-: AGT.NMZ
* dyllu-: PAT.NMZ
* raseto-: INSTR.NMZ
* sothe-: GNO.ADJZ
* yotre-: PROG.ADJZ

When an illegal consonant cluster appears, it is broken up by schwa, still written as ⟨e⟩

Tense goes on the outside as a circumfix, while aspect is a suffix within that

Tenses:
* trru⟩nasoqe⟨la - I painted - PST
* tru⟩nasoqe⟨la - I just painted - PST.IMM
* qeso⟩nasoqe⟨nothe - I paint - PRS
* 'ara⟩nasoqe⟨ti - I'm just about to paint - FUT.IMM
* 'arra⟩nasoqe⟨ti - I will paint - FUT
Aspects:
* qeso⟩nasoqe-noge-...⟨nothe - I paint (the action is true, but not necessarily occurring) - gnomic
* qeso⟩nasoqe-kase-...⟨nothe - I don't paint any more (the action is not true, but has occurred) - elvic (???)
* qeso⟩nasoqe-nasoqe-...⟨nothe - I paint (the action happens regularly, or habitually) - habitual
* qeso⟩nasoqe-yla-...⟨nothe - I have painted (the action is complete) - perfect
* qeso⟩nasoqe-leqe-...⟨nothe - I am painting (the action is ongoing, and has progress) - progressive
*qeso⟩cathotre-tane-...⟨nothe - I know (the action is ongoing, but does not progress) - stative
* qeso⟩nasoqe-hero-...⟨nothe - I begin to paint (the action is initiated) - initiative
* qeso⟩nasoqe-dhile-...⟨nothe - I finish painting (the action is terminated) - terminative

The abstract nominalizer is marked with the 'i⟩⟨nile circumfix

The indefinite article is marked with the 'ile- prefix

alienable possession and inalienable possession are marked separately (e.g. 'my brother' and 'my ball' use a different interfix)

-tu- = action instrumentality (what action was used to accomplish the verb)

-herro- = tool instrumentality (what tool was used to accomplish the verb)

-luga- = assistive instrumentality (what guide was used to accomplish the verb)

-lala- = POSS.AL

-rrile- = POSS.INAL

-na- = ADJ

-qotclle- = categorical object (what category the object always belongs to)

== Syntax ==

=== Word order ===
VSO word order, where the verb indicates the agency, person, and number of the subject. The subject can be dropped if it is in the first person and not semantically necessary.

Concrete nouns are abstracted by a circumfix.

Halaqhanenasi'ona

2026-08-03T05:43:41Z

MiaKvigan:

== Phonology ==

=== Vowels ===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
! rowspan="2" |closure
! colspan="2" |non-back
! colspan="2" |back
|-
!unrounded
!rounded
!unrounded
!rounded
|-
|high
|ɨ ⟨i⟩
|ʏ ⟨u⟩
|
|
|-
|mid
|
|
|
|o ⟨o⟩
|-
|low
|
|
|ɑ ⟨a⟩
|
|}
Vowels may be elongated

/∅/ ⟨e⟩

=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
! colspan="2" |Placement →
↓ Manner
!Coronal
!Palatal
!Dorsal
!Laryngeal
|-
| colspan="2" |Nasal
|n
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Plosive
|t / d
|
|q
|ʔ ⟨'⟩
|-
| colspan="2" |Sibilant affricate
|t͡ʃ ⟨ts⟩ / d͡ʒ ⟨dz⟩
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Sibilant fricative
|ʃ ⟨s⟩ / ʒ ⟨z⟩
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Non-sibilant fricative
|θ ⟨th⟩ / ð ⟨dh⟩
|ç ⟨c⟩ / ʝ ⟨y⟩
|x ⟨k⟩ / ɣ ⟨g⟩
|ħ ⟨qh⟩ / h
|-
| colspan="2" |Trill
|r̥ ⟨tr⟩ / r
|
|ʀ̥ ⟨trr⟩ / ʀ ⟨rr⟩
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |Lateral affricate
|lateral
|t͡ɬˡ ⟨tcll⟩ / d͡ɮˡ ⟨dyll⟩
|
|
|
|-
|aspirated
|t͡ɬʰ ⟨tcl⟩ / d͡ɮʰ ⟨dyl⟩
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |Lateral fricative
|lateral
|ɬˡ ⟨cll⟩ / ɮˡ ⟨yll⟩
|
|
|
|-
|aspirated
|ɬʰ ⟨cl⟩ / ɮʰ ⟨yl⟩
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Lateral Approximant
|l
|
|
|
|}

=== Phonotactics ===
CV (but ⟨e⟩ /∅/ is an allowed V)

== Morphology ==

=== Pronouns ===
The pronouns as they once existed in LANGUAGE-NAME were pro-drop as a result of grammatical person marking on verbs, but have since been eliminated, replaced by what used to be honorifics which can now also serve as pronouns in addition to grammatical person marking on nouns.

=== Honorifics ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Presentation →
! rowspan="2" |Powerful-Fragile
! rowspan="2" |Powerful-Graceful
! rowspan="2" |Graceful-Fragile
|-
!Performance ↓
|-
|Powerful-Fragile
|'uqadho
|dulato
|su'ano
|-
|Powerful-Graceful
|'iqodha
|dilota
|si'ona
|-
|Graceful-Fragile
|'aqadhe
|dalate
|sa'ane
|}
== Forms ==
Forms convey mood, but also the augmentative and diminutive. Consonants are notated as c₁, c₂, etc., while vowels are v₁, v₂, etc.. Examples are based on root n_s_q_, paint (noun or verb, with patterns _a_o_ (V.1.SG.AGT.ACT) and _i_i_ate (N.1.ORG.THNK)

# c₁v₁c₂v₂c₃v₃ - nasoqe/nisiqate 'uqadho - I paint/I am paint/I have paint
# c₁v₁c₂v₁nv₂c₃v₃ - nasanoqe/nisiniqate 'uqadho - I need to paint/I need paint
# c₁v₁c₁v₁c₂v₂c₃v₃ - nanasoqe/ninisiqate 'uqadho - I want to paint/I want paint
# dac₁v₁c₂v₂lec₃v₃ - danasoleqe/danisileqate 'uqadho - I demand, implore to paint/I demand, implore paint
# 'v₁c₁ec₂v₂c₃v₃ - 'anesoqe/'inesiqate 'uqadho - I would paint, I might paint/I would, might have paint
# c₁v₁c₃v₂c₂v₃ - naqose/niqisate 'uqadho - I can paint/I can have paint
# c₁v₁c₂ec₃v₂rv₃ - naseqore/niseqirate'uqadho - I paint (augmentative), I have paint (augmentative)
# c₁v₁nev₂c₂v₃c₃ - nanesoqe/ninesiqate 'uqadho - I paint (diminutive), I have paint (diminutive)

== Patterns ==

=== Verbs ===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |Active voice
! colspan="2" |Passive voice
! colspan="2" |Causative voice
! rowspan="2" |Reciprocal/Reflexive
|-
|Agent
|Patient
|Agent
|Patient
|Agent
|Patient
|-
| rowspan="4" |1
|SG
|_a_o_e
|_a_ii_e
|_u_a_e
|_u_aa_e
|_o_a_e
|_o_ii_e
|_i_u_e
|-
|DUAL
|_a_o_i
|_a_ii_i
|_u_a_i
|_u_aa_i
|_o_a_i
|_o_ii_i
|_i_u_i
|-
|PAU
|_a_o_ane
|_a_ii_ane
|_u_a_ane
|_u_aa_ane
|_o_a_ane
|_o_ii_ane
|_i_u_ane
|-
|PL
|_a_o_ose
|_a_ii_ose
|_u_a_ose
|_u_aa_ose
|_o_a_ose
|_o_ii_ose
|_i_u_ose
|-
| rowspan="4" |2
|SG
|_ale_o_e
|_ale_ii_e
|_ule_a_e
|_u_aa_e
|_oo_a_e
|_oo_ii_e
|_ile_u_e
|-
|DUAL
|_ale_o_i
|_ale_ii_i
|_ule_a_i
|_ule_aa_i
|_ole_a_i
|_ole_ii_i
|_ile_u_i
|-
|PAU
|_ale_o_ane
|_ale_ii_ane
|_ule_a_ane
|_ule_aa_ane
|_ole_a_ane
|_ole_ii_ane
|_ile_u_ane
|-
|PL
|_ale_o_ose
|_ale_ii_ose
|_ule_a_ose
|_ule_aa_ose
|_ole_a_ose
|_ole_ii_ose
|_ile_u_ose
|-
| rowspan="4" |3
|SG
|_aa_o_e
|_aa_ii_e
|_uu_a_e
|_uu_aa_e
|_oo_a_e
|_oo_ii_e
|_ii_u_e
|-
|DUAL
|_aa_o_i
|_aa_ii_i
|_uu_a_i
|_uu_aa_i
|_oo_a_i
|_oo_ii_i
|_ii_u_i
|-
|PAU
|_aa_o_ane
|_aa_ii_ane
|_uu_a_ane
|_uu_aa_ane
|_oo_a_ane
|_oo_ii_ane
|_ii_u_ane
|-
|PL
|_aa_o_ose
|_aa_ii_ose
|_uu_a_ose
|_uu_aa_ose
|_oo_a_ose
|_oo_ii_ose
|_ii_u_ose
|}

=== Nouns ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |Organic
! rowspan="2" |Inorganic
|-
!Thinking
!Nonthinking
|-
|1
|_i_i_ate
|_o_a_e
|_o_o_ate
|-
|2
|_u_a_a
|_o_i_a
|_a_a_a
|-
|3
|_u_u_ane
|_o_o_o
|_a_a_ane
|}Affixation is used to derive the stative, agent, and patient nominalizations of a verb (to fly becomes flight, that which flies, and that which is flown), as well as the past and present participle adjectivizations of a verb (to fly becomes flown and flying)

* qhose-: STAT.NMZ
* dzala-: AGT.NMZ
* dyllu-: PAT.NMZ
* raseto-: INSTR.NMZ
* sothe-: GNO.ADJZ
* yotre-: PROG.ADJZ

When an illegal consonant cluster appears, it is broken up by schwa, still written as ⟨e⟩

Tense goes on the outside as a circumfix, while aspect is a suffix within that

Tenses:
* trru⟩nasoqe⟨la - I painted - PST
* tru⟩nasoqe⟨la - I just painted - PST.IMM
* qeso⟩nasoqe⟨nothe - I paint - PRS
* 'ara⟩nasoqe⟨ti - I'm just about to paint - FUT.IMM
* 'arra⟩nasoqe⟨ti - I will paint - FUT
Aspects:
* qeso⟩nasoqe-noge-...⟨nothe - I paint (the action is true, but not necessarily occurring) - gnomic
* qeso⟩nasoqe-kase-...⟨nothe - I don't paint any more (the action is not true, but has occurred) - elvic (???)
* qeso⟩nasoqe-nasoqe-...⟨nothe - I paint (the action happens regularly, or habitually) - habitual
* qeso⟩nasoqe-yla-...⟨nothe - I have painted (the action is complete) - perfect
* qeso⟩nasoqe-leqe-...⟨nothe - I am painting (the action is ongoing, and has progress) - progressive
*qeso⟩cathotre-tane-...⟨nothe - I know (the action is ongoing, but does not progress) - stative
* qeso⟩nasoqe-hero-...⟨nothe - I begin to paint (the action is initiated) - initiative
* qeso⟩nasoqe-dhile-...⟨nothe - I finish painting (the action is terminated) - terminative

The abstract nominalizer is marked with the 'i⟩⟨nile circumfix

The indefinite article is marked with the 'ile- prefix

alienable possession and inalienable possession are marked separately (e.g. 'my brother' and 'my ball' use a different interfix)

-tu- = action instrumentality (what action was used to accomplish the verb)

-herro- = object instrumentality (what object was used to accomplish the verb)

-lala- = POSS.AL

-rrile- = POSS.INAL

-na- = ADJ

-qotclle- = categorical object (what category the object always belongs to)

== Syntax ==

=== Word order ===
VSO word order, where the verb indicates the agency, person, and number of the subject. The subject can be dropped if it is in the first person and not semantically necessary.

Concrete nouns are abstracted by a circumfix.

Halaqhanenasi'ona

2026-08-03T04:16:06Z

MiaKvigan: /* Nouns */

== Phonology ==

=== Vowels ===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
! rowspan="2" |closure
! colspan="2" |non-back
! colspan="2" |back
|-
!unrounded
!rounded
!unrounded
!rounded
|-
|high
|ɨ ⟨i⟩
|ʏ ⟨u⟩
|
|
|-
|mid
|
|
|
|o ⟨o⟩
|-
|low
|
|
|ɑ ⟨a⟩
|
|}
Vowels may be elongated

/∅/ ⟨e⟩

=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
! colspan="2" |Placement →
↓ Manner
!Coronal
!Palatal
!Dorsal
!Laryngeal
|-
| colspan="2" |Nasal
|n
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Plosive
|t / d
|
|q
|ʔ ⟨'⟩
|-
| colspan="2" |Sibilant affricate
|t͡ʃ ⟨ts⟩ / d͡ʒ ⟨dz⟩
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Sibilant fricative
|ʃ ⟨s⟩ / ʒ ⟨z⟩
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Non-sibilant fricative
|θ ⟨th⟩ / ð ⟨dh⟩
|ç ⟨c⟩ / ʝ ⟨y⟩
|x ⟨k⟩ / ɣ ⟨g⟩
|ħ ⟨qh⟩ / h
|-
| colspan="2" |Trill
|r̥ ⟨tr⟩ / r
|
|ʀ̥ ⟨trr⟩ / ʀ ⟨rr⟩
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |Lateral affricate
|lateral
|t͡ɬˡ ⟨tcll⟩ / d͡ɮˡ ⟨dyll⟩
|
|
|
|-
|aspirated
|t͡ɬʰ ⟨tcl⟩ / d͡ɮʰ ⟨dyl⟩
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |Lateral fricative
|lateral
|ɬˡ ⟨cll⟩ / ɮˡ ⟨yll⟩
|
|
|
|-
|aspirated
|ɬʰ ⟨cl⟩ / ɮʰ ⟨yl⟩
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Lateral Approximant
|l
|
|
|
|}

=== Phonotactics ===

== Forms ==
Forms convey mood, but also the augmentative and diminutive. Consonants are notated as c₁, c₂, etc., while vowels are v₁, v₂, etc.. Examples are based on root n_s_q_, paint (noun or verb, with patterns _a_o_ (V.1.SG.AGT.ACT) and _i_i_ate (N.1.ORG.THNK)

# c₁v₁c₂v₂c₃v₃ - nasoqe/nisiqate 'uqadho - I paint/I am paint/I have paint
# c₁v₁c₂c₂v₂c₃v₃ - nassoqe/nissiqate 'uqadho - I need to paint/I need paint
# c₁v₁c₁v₁c₂v₂c₃v₃ - nanasoqe/ninisiqate 'uqadho - I want to paint/I want paint
# dac₁v₁c₂v₂lec₃v₃ - danasoleqe/danisileqate 'uqadho - I demand, implore to paint/I demand, implore paint
# 'v₁c₁ec₂v₂c₃v₃ - 'anesoqe/'inesiqate 'uqadho - I would paint, I might paint/I would, might have paint
# c₁v₁c₃v₂c₂v₃ - naqose/niqisate 'uqadho - I can paint/I can have paint
# c₁v₁c₂ec₃v₂rv₃ - naseqore/niseqirate'uqadho - I paint (augmentative), I have paint (augmentative)
# c₁v₁nev₂c₂v₃c₃ - nanesoqe/ninesiqate 'uqadho - I paint (diminutive), I have paint (diminutive)

== Patterns ==

=== Verbs ===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |Active voice
! colspan="2" |Passive voice
! colspan="2" |Causative voice
! rowspan="2" |Reciprocal/Reflexive
|-
|Agent
|Patient
|Agent
|Patient
|Agent
|Patient
|-
| rowspan="4" |1
|SG
|_a_o_e
|_a_ii_e
|_u_a_e
|_u_aa_e
|_o_a_e
|_o_ii_e
|_i_u_e
|-
|DUAL
|_a_o_i
|_a_ii_i
|_u_a_i
|_u_aa_i
|_o_a_i
|_o_ii_i
|_i_u_i
|-
|PAU
|_a_o_ane
|_a_ii_ane
|_u_a_ane
|_u_aa_ane
|_o_a_ane
|_o_ii_ane
|_i_u_ane
|-
|PL
|_a_o_ose
|_a_ii_ose
|_u_a_ose
|_u_aa_ose
|_o_a_ose
|_o_ii_ose
|_i_u_ose
|-
| rowspan="4" |2
|SG
|_ale_o_e
|_ale_ii_e
|_ule_a_e
|_u_aa_e
|_oo_a_e
|_oo_ii_e
|_ile_u_e
|-
|DUAL
|_ale_o_i
|_ale_ii_i
|_ule_a_i
|_ule_aa_i
|_ole_a_i
|_ole_ii_i
|_ile_u_i
|-
|PAU
|_ale_o_ane
|_ale_ii_ane
|_ule_a_ane
|_ule_aa_ane
|_ole_a_ane
|_ole_ii_ane
|_ile_u_ane
|-
|PL
|_ale_o_ose
|_ale_ii_ose
|_ule_a_ose
|_ule_aa_ose
|_ole_a_ose
|_ole_ii_ose
|_ile_u_ose
|-
| rowspan="4" |3
|SG
|_aa_o_e
|_aa_ii_e
|_uu_a_e
|_uu_aa_e
|_oo_a_e
|_oo_ii_e
|_ii_u_e
|-
|DUAL
|_aa_o_i
|_aa_ii_i
|_uu_a_i
|_uu_aa_i
|_oo_a_i
|_oo_ii_i
|_ii_u_i
|-
|PAU
|_aa_o_ane
|_aa_ii_ane
|_uu_a_ane
|_uu_aa_ane
|_oo_a_ane
|_oo_ii_ane
|_ii_u_ane
|-
|PL
|_aa_o_ose
|_aa_ii_ose
|_uu_a_ose
|_uu_aa_ose
|_oo_a_ose
|_oo_ii_ose
|_ii_u_ose
|}

=== Nouns ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |Organic
! rowspan="2" |Inorganic
|-
!Thinking
!Nonthinking
|-
|1
|_i_i_ate
|_o_a_e
|_o_o_ate
|-
|2
|_u_a_a
|_o_i_a
|_a_a_a
|-
|3
|_u_u_ane
|_o_o_o
|_a_a_ane
|}

=== Honorifics ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Presentation →
! rowspan="2" |Powerful-Fragile
! rowspan="2" |Powerful-Graceful
! rowspan="2" |Graceful-Fragile
|-
!Performance ↓
|-
|Powerful-fragile
|'uqadho
|dulatto
|su'ano
|-
|Powerful-Graceful
|'iqodha
|dilotta
|si'ona
|-
|Graceful-Fragile
|'aqadhe
|dalatte
|sa'ane
|}
Affixation is used to derive the stative, agent, and patient nominalizations of a verb (to fly becomes flight, that which flies, and that which is flown), as well as the past and present participle adjectivizations of a verb (to fly becomes flown and flying)

* qhose-: STAT.NMZ
* dzala-: AGT.NMZ
* dyllu-: PAT.NMZ
* raseto-: INSTR.NMZ
* sothe-: GNO.ADJZ
* yotre-: PROG.ADJZ

When an illegal consonant cluster appears, it is broken up by schwa, still written as ⟨e⟩

Tense goes on the outside as a circumfix, while aspect is a suffix within that

Tenses:
* trru⟩nasoqe⟨la - I painted - PST
* tru⟩nasoqe⟨la - I just painted - PST.IMM
* qeso⟩nasoqe⟨nothe - I paint - PRS
* 'ara⟩nasoqe⟨ti - I'm just about to paint - FUT.IMM
* 'arra⟩nasoqe⟨ti - I will paint - FUT
Aspects:
* qeso⟩nasoqe-noge-...⟨nothe - I paint (the action is true, but not necessarily occurring) - gnomic
* qeso⟩nasoqe-kase-...⟨nothe - I don't paint any more (the action is not true, but has occurred) - elvic (???)
* qeso⟩nasoqe-nasoqe-...⟨nothe - I paint (the action happens regularly, or habitually) - habitual
* qeso⟩nasoqe-yla-...⟨nothe - I have painted (the action is complete) - perfect
* qeso⟩nasoqe-leqe-...⟨nothe - I am painting (the action is ongoing, and has progress) - progressive
*qeso⟩cathotre-tane-...⟨nothe - I know (the action is ongoing, but does not progress) - stative
* qeso⟩nasoqe-hero-...⟨nothe - I begin to paint (the action is initiated) - initiative
* qeso⟩nasoqe-dhile-...⟨nothe - I finish painting (the action is terminated) - terminative

The abstract nominalizer is marked with the 'i⟩⟨nile circumfix

The indefinite article is marked with the 'ile- prefix

alienable possession and inalienable possession are marked separately (e.g. 'my brother' and 'my ball' use a different interfix)

== Syntax ==

=== Word order ===
VSO word order, where the verb indicates the agency, person, and number of the subject. The subject can be dropped if it is in the first person and not semantically necessary.

Concrete nouns are abstracted by a circumfix.

Halaqhanenasi'ona

2026-08-02T21:33:25Z

MiaKvigan: /* Syntax */

== Phonology ==

=== Vowels ===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
! rowspan="2" |closure
! colspan="2" |non-back
! colspan="2" |back
|-
!unrounded
!rounded
!unrounded
!rounded
|-
|high
|ɨ ⟨i⟩
|ʏ ⟨u⟩
|
|
|-
|mid
|
|
|
|o ⟨o⟩
|-
|low
|
|
|ɑ ⟨a⟩
|
|}
Vowels may be elongated

/∅/ ⟨e⟩

=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
! colspan="2" |Placement →
↓ Manner
!Coronal
!Palatal
!Dorsal
!Laryngeal
|-
| colspan="2" |Nasal
|n
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Plosive
|t / d
|
|q
|ʔ ⟨'⟩
|-
| colspan="2" |Sibilant affricate
|t͡ʃ ⟨ts⟩ / d͡ʒ ⟨dz⟩
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Sibilant fricative
|ʃ ⟨s⟩ / ʒ ⟨z⟩
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Non-sibilant fricative
|θ ⟨th⟩ / ð ⟨dh⟩
|ç ⟨c⟩ / ʝ ⟨y⟩
|x ⟨k⟩ / ɣ ⟨g⟩
|ħ ⟨qh⟩ / h
|-
| colspan="2" |Trill
|r̥ ⟨tr⟩ / r
|
|ʀ̥ ⟨trr⟩ / ʀ ⟨rr⟩
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |Lateral affricate
|lateral
|t͡ɬˡ ⟨tcll⟩ / d͡ɮˡ ⟨dyll⟩
|
|
|
|-
|aspirated
|t͡ɬʰ ⟨tcl⟩ / d͡ɮʰ ⟨dyl⟩
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |Lateral fricative
|lateral
|ɬˡ ⟨cll⟩ / ɮˡ ⟨yll⟩
|
|
|
|-
|aspirated
|ɬʰ ⟨cl⟩ / ɮʰ ⟨yl⟩
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Lateral Approximant
|l
|
|
|
|}

=== Phonotactics ===

== Forms ==
Forms convey mood, but also the augmentative and diminutive. Consonants are notated as c₁, c₂, etc., while vowels are v₁, v₂, etc.. Examples are based on root n_s_q_, paint (noun or verb, with patterns _a_o_ (V.1.SG.AGT.ACT) and _i_i_ate (N.1.ORG.THNK)

# c₁v₁c₂v₂c₃v₃ - nasoqe/nisiqate 'uqadho - I paint/I am paint/I have paint
# c₁v₁c₂c₂v₂c₃v₃ - nassoqe/nissiqate 'uqadho - I need to paint/I need paint
# c₁v₁c₁v₁c₂v₂c₃v₃ - nanasoqe/ninisiqate 'uqadho - I want to paint/I want paint
# dac₁v₁c₂v₂lec₃v₃ - danasoleqe/danisileqate 'uqadho - I demand, implore to paint/I demand, implore paint
# 'v₁c₁ec₂v₂c₃v₃ - 'anesoqe/'inesiqate 'uqadho - I would paint, I might paint/I would, might have paint
# c₁v₁c₃v₂c₂v₃ - naqose/niqisate 'uqadho - I can paint/I can have paint
# c₁v₁c₂ec₃v₂rv₃ - naseqore/niseqirate'uqadho - I paint (augmentative), I have paint (augmentative)
# c₁v₁nev₂c₂v₃c₃ - nanesoqe/ninesiqate 'uqadho - I paint (diminutive), I have paint (diminutive)

== Patterns ==

=== Verbs ===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |Active voice
! colspan="2" |Passive voice
! colspan="2" |Causative voice
! rowspan="2" |Reciprocal/Reflexive
|-
|Agent
|Patient
|Agent
|Patient
|Agent
|Patient
|-
| rowspan="4" |1
|SG
|_a_o_e
|_a_ii_e
|_u_a_e
|_u_aa_e
|_o_a_e
|_o_ii_e
|_i_u_e
|-
|DUAL
|_a_o_i
|_a_ii_i
|_u_a_i
|_u_aa_i
|_o_a_i
|_o_ii_i
|_i_u_i
|-
|PAU
|_a_o_ane
|_a_ii_ane
|_u_a_ane
|_u_aa_ane
|_o_a_ane
|_o_ii_ane
|_i_u_ane
|-
|PL
|_a_o_ose
|_a_ii_ose
|_u_a_ose
|_u_aa_ose
|_o_a_ose
|_o_ii_ose
|_i_u_ose
|-
| rowspan="4" |2
|SG
|_ale_o_e
|_ale_ii_e
|_ule_a_e
|_u_aa_e
|_oo_a_e
|_oo_ii_e
|_ile_u_e
|-
|DUAL
|_ale_o_i
|_ale_ii_i
|_ule_a_i
|_ule_aa_i
|_ole_a_i
|_ole_ii_i
|_ile_u_i
|-
|PAU
|_ale_o_ane
|_ale_ii_ane
|_ule_a_ane
|_ule_aa_ane
|_ole_a_ane
|_ole_ii_ane
|_ile_u_ane
|-
|PL
|_ale_o_ose
|_ale_ii_ose
|_ule_a_ose
|_ule_aa_ose
|_ole_a_ose
|_ole_ii_ose
|_ile_u_ose
|-
| rowspan="4" |3
|SG
|_aa_o_e
|_aa_ii_e
|_uu_a_e
|_uu_aa_e
|_oo_a_e
|_oo_ii_e
|_ii_u_e
|-
|DUAL
|_aa_o_i
|_aa_ii_i
|_uu_a_i
|_uu_aa_i
|_oo_a_i
|_oo_ii_i
|_ii_u_i
|-
|PAU
|_aa_o_ane
|_aa_ii_ane
|_uu_a_ane
|_uu_aa_ane
|_oo_a_ane
|_oo_ii_ane
|_ii_u_ane
|-
|PL
|_aa_o_ose
|_aa_ii_ose
|_uu_a_ose
|_uu_aa_ose
|_oo_a_ose
|_oo_ii_ose
|_ii_u_ose
|}

=== Nouns ===
All nouns are concrete, and are abstracted by a circumfix. Nonexistent concrete nouns always take a circumfix
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |Organic
! rowspan="2" |Inorganic
|-
!Thinking
!Nonthinking
|-
|1
|_i_i_ate
|_o_a_e
|_o_o_ate
|-
|2
|_u_a_a
|_o_i_a
|_a_a_a
|-
|3
|_u_u_ane
|_o_o_o
|_a_a_ane
|}

=== Honorifics ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Presentation →
! rowspan="2" |Powerful-Fragile
! rowspan="2" |Powerful-Graceful
! rowspan="2" |Graceful-Fragile
|-
!Performance ↓
|-
|Powerful-fragile
|'uqadho
|dulatto
|su'ano
|-
|Powerful-Graceful
|'iqodha
|dilotta
|si'ona
|-
|Graceful-Fragile
|'aqadhe
|dalatte
|sa'ane
|}
Affixation is used to derive the stative, agent, and patient nominalizations of a verb (to fly becomes flight, that which flies, and that which is flown), as well as the past and present participle adjectivizations of a verb (to fly becomes flown and flying)

* qhose-: STAT.NMZ
* dzala-: AGT.NMZ
* dyllu-: PAT.NMZ
* raseto-: INSTR.NMZ
* sothe-: PPRT
* yotre-: PRPRT

When an illegal consonant cluster appears, it is broken up by schwa, still written as ⟨e⟩

Tense goes on the outside as a circumfix, while aspect is a suffix within that

Tenses:
* trru⟩nasoqe⟨la - I painted - PST
* tru⟩nasoqe⟨la - I just painted - PST.IMM
* qeso⟩nasoqe⟨nothe - I paint - PRS
* 'ara⟩nasoqe⟨ti - I'm just about to paint - FUT.IMM
* 'arra⟩nasoqe⟨ti - I will paint - FUT
Aspects:
* qeso⟩nasoqe-noge-...⟨nothe - I paint (the action is true, but not necessarily occurring) - gnomic
* qeso⟩nasoqe-kase-...⟨nothe - I don't paint any more (the action is not true, but has occurred) - antignomic(???)
* qeso⟩nasoqe-nasoqe-...⟨nothe - I paint (the action happens regularly, or habitually) - habitual
* qeso⟩nasoqe-yla-...⟨nothe - I have painted (the action is complete) - perfect
* qeso⟩nasoqe-leqe-...⟨nothe - I am painting (the action is ongoing, and has progress) - progressive
*qeso⟩cathotre-tane⟨nothe - I know (the action is ongoing, but does not progress) - stative
* qeso⟩nasoqe-hero-...⟨nothe - I begin to paint (the action is initiated) - initiative
* qeso⟩nasoqe-dhile-...⟨nothe - I finish painting (the action is terminated) - terminative

The abstract nominalizer is marked with the 'i⟩⟨nile circumfix

The indefinite article is marked with the 'ile- prefix

alienable possession and inalienable possession are marked separately (e.g. 'my brother' and 'my ball' use a different interfix)

== Syntax ==

=== Word order ===
VSO word order, where the verb indicates the agency, person, and number of the subject. The subject can be dropped if it is in the first person and not semantically necessary

Halaqhanenasi'ona

2026-08-02T20:47:09Z

MiaKvigan:

== Phonology ==

=== Vowels ===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
! rowspan="2" |closure
! colspan="2" |non-back
! colspan="2" |back
|-
!unrounded
!rounded
!unrounded
!rounded
|-
|high
|ɨ ⟨i⟩
|ʏ ⟨u⟩
|
|
|-
|mid
|
|
|
|o ⟨o⟩
|-
|low
|
|
|ɑ ⟨a⟩
|
|}
Vowels may be elongated

/∅/ ⟨e⟩

=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
! colspan="2" |Placement →
↓ Manner
!Coronal
!Palatal
!Dorsal
!Laryngeal
|-
| colspan="2" |Nasal
|n
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Plosive
|t / d
|
|q
|ʔ ⟨'⟩
|-
| colspan="2" |Sibilant affricate
|t͡ʃ ⟨ts⟩ / d͡ʒ ⟨dz⟩
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Sibilant fricative
|ʃ ⟨s⟩ / ʒ ⟨z⟩
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Non-sibilant fricative
|θ ⟨th⟩ / ð ⟨dh⟩
|ç ⟨c⟩ / ʝ ⟨y⟩
|x ⟨k⟩ / ɣ ⟨g⟩
|ħ ⟨qh⟩ / h
|-
| colspan="2" |Trill
|r̥ ⟨tr⟩ / r
|
|ʀ̥ ⟨trr⟩ / ʀ ⟨rr⟩
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |Lateral affricate
|lateral
|t͡ɬˡ ⟨tcll⟩ / d͡ɮˡ ⟨dyll⟩
|
|
|
|-
|aspirated
|t͡ɬʰ ⟨tcl⟩ / d͡ɮʰ ⟨dyl⟩
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |Lateral fricative
|lateral
|ɬˡ ⟨cll⟩ / ɮˡ ⟨yll⟩
|
|
|
|-
|aspirated
|ɬʰ ⟨cl⟩ / ɮʰ ⟨yl⟩
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Lateral Approximant
|l
|
|
|
|}

=== Phonotactics ===

== Forms ==
Forms convey mood, but also the augmentative and diminutive. Consonants are notated as c₁, c₂, etc., while vowels are v₁, v₂, etc.. Examples are based on root n_s_q_, paint (noun or verb, with patterns _a_o_ (V.1.SG.AGT.ACT) and _i_i_ate (N.1.ORG.THNK)

# c₁v₁c₂v₂c₃v₃ - nasoqe/nisiqate 'uqadho - I paint/I am paint/I have paint
# c₁v₁c₂c₂v₂c₃v₃ - nassoqe/nissiqate 'uqadho - I need to paint/I need paint
# c₁v₁c₁v₁c₂v₂c₃v₃ - nanasoqe/ninisiqate 'uqadho - I want to paint/I want paint
# dac₁v₁c₂v₂lec₃v₃ - danasoleqe/danisileqate 'uqadho - I demand, implore to paint/I demand, implore paint
# 'v₁c₁ec₂v₂c₃v₃ - 'anesoqe/'inesiqate 'uqadho - I would paint, I might paint/I would, might have paint
# c₁v₁c₃v₂c₂v₃ - naqose/niqisate 'uqadho - I can paint/I can have paint
# c₁v₁c₂ec₃v₂rv₃ - naseqore/niseqirate'uqadho - I paint (augmentative), I have paint (augmentative)
# c₁v₁nev₂c₂v₃c₃ - nanesoqe/ninesiqate 'uqadho - I paint (diminutive), I have paint (diminutive)

== Patterns ==

=== Verbs ===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |Active voice
! colspan="2" |Passive voice
! colspan="2" |Causative voice
! rowspan="2" |Reciprocal/Reflexive
|-
|Agent
|Patient
|Agent
|Patient
|Agent
|Patient
|-
| rowspan="4" |1
|SG
|_a_o_e
|_a_ii_e
|_u_a_e
|_u_aa_e
|_o_a_e
|_o_ii_e
|_i_u_e
|-
|DUAL
|_a_o_i
|_a_ii_i
|_u_a_i
|_u_aa_i
|_o_a_i
|_o_ii_i
|_i_u_i
|-
|PAU
|_a_o_ane
|_a_ii_ane
|_u_a_ane
|_u_aa_ane
|_o_a_ane
|_o_ii_ane
|_i_u_ane
|-
|PL
|_a_o_ose
|_a_ii_ose
|_u_a_ose
|_u_aa_ose
|_o_a_ose
|_o_ii_ose
|_i_u_ose
|-
| rowspan="4" |2
|SG
|_ale_o_e
|_ale_ii_e
|_ule_a_e
|_u_aa_e
|_oo_a_e
|_oo_ii_e
|_ile_u_e
|-
|DUAL
|_ale_o_i
|_ale_ii_i
|_ule_a_i
|_ule_aa_i
|_ole_a_i
|_ole_ii_i
|_ile_u_i
|-
|PAU
|_ale_o_ane
|_ale_ii_ane
|_ule_a_ane
|_ule_aa_ane
|_ole_a_ane
|_ole_ii_ane
|_ile_u_ane
|-
|PL
|_ale_o_ose
|_ale_ii_ose
|_ule_a_ose
|_ule_aa_ose
|_ole_a_ose
|_ole_ii_ose
|_ile_u_ose
|-
| rowspan="4" |3
|SG
|_aa_o_e
|_aa_ii_e
|_uu_a_e
|_uu_aa_e
|_oo_a_e
|_oo_ii_e
|_ii_u_e
|-
|DUAL
|_aa_o_i
|_aa_ii_i
|_uu_a_i
|_uu_aa_i
|_oo_a_i
|_oo_ii_i
|_ii_u_i
|-
|PAU
|_aa_o_ane
|_aa_ii_ane
|_uu_a_ane
|_uu_aa_ane
|_oo_a_ane
|_oo_ii_ane
|_ii_u_ane
|-
|PL
|_aa_o_ose
|_aa_ii_ose
|_uu_a_ose
|_uu_aa_ose
|_oo_a_ose
|_oo_ii_ose
|_ii_u_ose
|}

=== Nouns ===
All nouns are concrete, and are abstracted by a circumfix. Nonexistent concrete nouns always take a circumfix
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |Organic
! rowspan="2" |Inorganic
|-
!Thinking
!Nonthinking
|-
|1
|_i_i_ate
|_o_a_e
|_o_o_ate
|-
|2
|_u_a_a
|_o_i_a
|_a_a_a
|-
|3
|_u_u_ane
|_o_o_o
|_a_a_ane
|}

=== Honorifics ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Presentation →
! rowspan="2" |Powerful-Fragile
! rowspan="2" |Powerful-Graceful
! rowspan="2" |Graceful-Fragile
|-
!Performance ↓
|-
|Powerful-fragile
|'uqadho
|dulatto
|su'ano
|-
|Powerful-Graceful
|'iqodha
|dilotta
|si'ona
|-
|Graceful-Fragile
|'aqadhe
|dalatte
|sa'ane
|}
Affixation is used to derive the stative, agent, and patient nominalizations of a verb (to fly becomes flight, that which flies, and that which is flown), as well as the past and present participle adjectivizations of a verb (to fly becomes flown and flying)

* qhose-: STAT.NMZ
* dzala-: AGT.NMZ
* dyllu-: PAT.NMZ
* raseto-: INSTR.NMZ
* sothe-: PPRT
* yotre-: PRPRT

When an illegal consonant cluster appears, it is broken up by schwa, still written as ⟨e⟩

Tense goes on the outside as a circumfix, while aspect is a suffix within that

Tenses:
* trru⟩nasoqe⟨la - I painted - PST
* tru⟩nasoqe⟨la - I just painted - PST.IMM
* qeso⟩nasoqe⟨nothe - I paint - PRS
* 'ara⟩nasoqe⟨ti - I'm just about to paint - FUT.IMM
* 'arra⟩nasoqe⟨ti - I will paint - FUT
Aspects:
* qeso⟩nasoqe-noge-...⟨nothe - I paint (the action is true, but not necessarily occurring) - gnomic
* qeso⟩nasoqe-kase-...⟨nothe - I don't paint any more (the action is not true, but has occurred) - antignomic(???)
* qeso⟩nasoqe-nasoqe-...⟨nothe - I paint (the action happens regularly, or habitually) - habitual
* qeso⟩nasoqe-yla-...⟨nothe - I have painted (the action is complete) - perfect
* qeso⟩nasoqe-leqe-...⟨nothe - I am painting (the action is ongoing, and has progress) - progressive
*qeso⟩cathotre-tane⟨nothe - I know (the action is ongoing, but does not progress) - stative
* qeso⟩nasoqe-hero-...⟨nothe - I begin to paint (the action is initiated) - initiative
* qeso⟩nasoqe-dhile-...⟨nothe - I finish painting (the action is terminated) - terminative

The abstract nominalizer is marked with the 'i⟩⟨nile circumfix

The indefinite article is marked with the 'ile- prefix

alienable possession and inalienable possession are marked separately (e.g. 'my brother' and 'my ball' use a different interfix)

== Syntax ==

=== Word order ===
VSO word order, where the verb indicates the agency, person, and number of the subject. The subject can be dropped if it is in the first person and not semantically necessary

r_tcl_n_ - to trick

ratclone qhucutrrane - I trick the mouse (The mouse is the object because the other argument was dropped, meaning it was the subject)

ratclone yitrinate qhucutrrane - trick.I⟨V.1.SG.AGT.ACT⟩ person.I⟨N.1.ORG.THNK⟩ mouse.I⟨⟩ - I trick the mouse (The mouse is the object because of noun hierarchy, and also the verb information)

ratclone cllootha qhucutrrane - The mouse tricks me (The mouse is the subject because of the particle)

ratcliine yitrinate qhucutrrane - The mouse tricks me (The mouse

Halaqhanenasi'ona

2026-08-02T02:24:16Z

MiaKvigan: Added tense and aspect

== Phonology ==

=== Vowels ===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
! rowspan="2" |closure
! colspan="2" |non-back
! colspan="2" |back
|-
!unrounded
!rounded
!unrounded
!rounded
|-
|high
|ɨ ⟨i⟩
|ʏ ⟨u⟩
|
|
|-
|mid
|
|
|
|o ⟨o⟩
|-
|low
|
|
|ɑ ⟨a⟩
|
|}
Vowels may be elongated

/∅/ ⟨e⟩

=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
! colspan="2" |Placement →
↓ Manner
!Coronal
!Palatal
!Dorsal
!Laryngeal
|-
| colspan="2" |Nasal
|n
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Plosive
|t / d
|
|q
|ʔ ⟨'⟩
|-
| colspan="2" |Sibilant affricate
|t͡ʃ ⟨ts⟩ / d͡ʒ ⟨dz⟩
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Sibilant fricative
|ʃ ⟨s⟩ / ʒ ⟨z⟩
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Non-sibilant fricative
|θ ⟨th⟩ / ð ⟨dh⟩
|ç ⟨c⟩ / ʝ ⟨y⟩
|x ⟨k⟩ / ɣ ⟨g⟩
|ħ ⟨qh⟩ / h
|-
| colspan="2" |Trill
|r̥ ⟨tr⟩ / r
|
|ʀ̥ ⟨trr⟩ / ʀ ⟨rr⟩
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |Lateral affricate
|lateral
|t͡ɬˡ ⟨tcll⟩ / d͡ɮˡ ⟨dyll⟩
|
|
|
|-
|aspirated
|t͡ɬʰ ⟨tcl⟩ / d͡ɮʰ ⟨dyl⟩
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |Lateral fricative
|lateral
|ɬˡ ⟨cll⟩ / ɮˡ ⟨yll⟩
|
|
|
|-
|aspirated
|ɬʰ ⟨cl⟩ / ɮʰ ⟨yl⟩
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Lateral Approximant
|l
|
|
|
|}

=== Phonotactics ===

== Forms ==
Consonants are notated as c₁, c₂, etc., while vowels are v₁, v₂, etc.. Examples are based on root n_s_q_, paint (noun or verb, with patterns _a_o_ (V.1SG.AGT.ACT) and _i_i_ate (N.1.AN.RAT)

# c₁v₁c₂v₂c₃v₃ - dane 'uqadho nasoqe/nisiqate - I paint/I am paint
# c₁v₁c₂c₂v₂c₃v₃ - dane 'uqadho nassoqe/nissiqate - I need to paint/I need paint
# c₁v₁c₁v₁c₂v₂c₃v₃ - dane 'uqadho nanasoqe/ninisiqate - I want to paint/I want paint
# dac₁v₁c₂v₂lec₃v₃ - dane 'uqadho danasoleqe/danisileqate - I demand, implore to paint/I demand, implore paint
# 'v₁c₁ec₂v₂c₃v₃ - dane 'uqadho 'anesoqe/'inesiqate - I would paint, I might paint/I would, might have paint
# c₁v₁c₃v₂c₂v₃ - dane 'uqado naqose/niqisate - I can paint/I can have paint
# c₁v₁c₂ec₃v₂rv₃ - dane 'uqadho naseqore/niseqirate - I paint (augmentative), I have paint (augmentative)
# c₁v₁nev₂c₂v₃c₃ - dane 'uqadho nanesoqe/ninesiqate - I paint (diminutive), I have paint (diminutive)

== Patterns ==

=== Verbs ===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |Active voice
! colspan="2" |Passive voice
! colspan="2" |Causative voice
! rowspan="2" |Reciprocal/Reflexive
|-
|Agent
|Patient
|Agent
|Patient
|Agent
|Patient
|-
| rowspan="4" |1
|SG
|_a_o_e
|_a_ii_e
|_u_a_e
|_u_aa_e
|_o_a_e
|_o_ii_e
|_i_u_e
|-
|DUAL
|_a_o_i
|_a_ii_i
|_u_a_i
|_u_aa_i
|_o_a_i
|_o_ii_i
|_i_u_i
|-
|PAU
|_a_o_ane
|_a_ii_ane
|_u_a_ane
|_u_aa_ane
|_o_a_ane
|_o_ii_ane
|_i_u_ane
|-
|PL
|_a_o_ose
|_a_ii_ose
|_u_a_ose
|_u_aa_ose
|_o_a_ose
|_o_ii_ose
|_i_u_ose
|-
| rowspan="4" |2
|SG
|_ale_o_e
|_ale_ii_e
|_ule_a_e
|_u_aa_e
|_oo_a_e
|_oo_ii_e
|_ile_u_e
|-
|DUAL
|_ale_o_i
|_ale_ii_i
|_ule_a_i
|_ule_aa_i
|_ole_a_i
|_ole_ii_i
|_ile_u_i
|-
|PAU
|_ale_o_ane
|_ale_ii_ane
|_ule_a_ane
|_ule_aa_ane
|_ole_a_ane
|_ole_ii_ane
|_ile_u_ane
|-
|PL
|_ale_o_ose
|_ale_ii_ose
|_ule_a_ose
|_ule_aa_ose
|_ole_a_ose
|_ole_ii_ose
|_ile_u_ose
|-
| rowspan="4" |3
|SG
|_aa_o_e
|_aa_ii_e
|_uu_a_e
|_uu_aa_e
|_oo_a_e
|_oo_ii_e
|_ii_u_e
|-
|DUAL
|_aa_o_i
|_aa_ii_i
|_uu_a_i
|_uu_aa_i
|_oo_a_i
|_oo_ii_i
|_ii_u_i
|-
|PAU
|_aa_o_ane
|_aa_ii_ane
|_uu_a_ane
|_uu_aa_ane
|_oo_a_ane
|_oo_ii_ane
|_ii_u_ane
|-
|PL
|_aa_o_ose
|_aa_ii_ose
|_uu_a_ose
|_uu_aa_ose
|_oo_a_ose
|_oo_ii_ose
|_ii_u_ose
|}

=== Nouns ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |Animate
! rowspan="2" |Inanimate
|-
!Rational
!Irrational
|-
|1
|_i_i_ate
|_o_a_e
|_o_o_ate
|-
|2
|_u_a_a
|_o_i_a
|_a_a_a
|-
|3
|_u_u_ane
|_o_o_o
|_a_a_ane
|}

=== Honorifics ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Presentation →
! rowspan="2" |Powerful-Fragile
! rowspan="2" |Powerful-Graceful
! rowspan="2" |Graceful-Fragile
|-
!Performance ↓
|-
|Powerful-fragile
|'uqadho
|dulatto
|su'ano
|-
|Powerful-Graceful
|'iqodha
|dilotta
|si'ona
|-
|Graceful-Fragile
|'aqadhe
|dalatte
|sa'ane
|}
Affixation is used to derive the stative, agent, and patient nominalizations of a verb (to fly becomes flight, that which flies, and that which is flown), as well as the past and present participle adjectivizations of a verb (to fly becomes flown and flying)

* qhose-: STAT.NMZ
* dzala-: AGT.NMZ
* dyllu-: PAT.NMZ
* raseto-: INSTR.NMZ
* sothe-: PPRT
* yotre-: PRPRT

When an illegal consonant cluster appears, it is broken up by schwa, still written as ⟨e⟩

Tense goes on the outside as a circumfix, while aspect is a suffix within that

Tenses:
* trru⟩nasoqe⟨la - I painted - PST
* tru⟩nasoqe⟨la - I just painted - PST.IMM
* qeso⟩nasoqe⟨nothe - I paint - PRS
* 'ara⟩nasoqe⟨ti - I'm just about to paint - FUT.IMM
* 'arra⟩nasoqe⟨ti - I will paint - FUT
Aspects:
* qeso⟩nasoqe-noge-...⟨nothe - I paint (the action is true, but not necessarily occurring) - gnomic
* qeso⟩nasoqe-'ase-...⟨nothe - I have painted (the action is not true, but has occurred) - ??? (antignomic)
* qeso⟩nasoqe-nasoqe-...⟨nothe - I paint (the action happens regularly, or habitually) - habitual
* qeso⟩nasoqe-yla-...⟨nothe - I have painted (the action is complete) - perfect
* qeso⟩nasoqe-leqe-...⟨nothe - I am painting (the action is ongoing, and has progress) - progressive
*qeso⟩cathotre-tane⟨nothe - I know (the action is ongoing, but does not progress) - stative
* qeso⟩nasoqe-hero-...⟨nothe - I begin to paint (the action is initiated) - initiative
* qeso⟩nasoqe-dhile-...⟨nothe - I finish painting (the action is terminated) - terminative

The conceptual nominalizer is marked with the 'i⟩⟨nile circumfix

The indefinite article is marked with the 'ile- prefix

alienable possession and inalienable possession are marked separately (e.g. 'my brother' and 'my ball' use a different interfix)

Sentences begin with the nominative word. A particle ('abun) is used to mark topic.

== Syntax ==

=== Word order ===
VSO word order, where the verb indicates the agency, person, and number of the subject, and stress indicates the topic

Halaqhanenasi'ona

2026-08-01T21:45:18Z

MiaKvigan: idfk

Halaqhanenasi'ona

2026-08-01T20:52:15Z

MiaKvigan: Fixed list

Halaqhanenasi'ona

2026-08-01T20:46:51Z

MiaKvigan: Tons of stuff

Halaqhanenasi'ona

2026-08-01T17:42:45Z

MiaKvigan: redid roots

== Phonology ==

=== Vowels ===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
! rowspan="2" |closure
! colspan="2" |central
! colspan="2" |back
|-
!unrounded
!rounded
!unrounded
!rounded
|-
|unrounded
|ʏ ⟨u⟩
|ɨ ⟨i⟩
|
|
|-
|rounded
|
|
|
|o ⟨o⟩
|-
|open
|
|
|ɑ ⟨a⟩
|
|}
Vowels may be elongated

/∅/ ⟨e⟩

=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
! colspan="2" |Placement →
↓ Manner
!Coronal
!Palatal
!Dorsal
!Laryngeal
|-
| colspan="2" |Nasal
|n
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Plosive
|t / d
|
|q
|ʔ ⟨'⟩
|-
| colspan="2" |Sibilant affricate
|t͡ʃ ⟨ts⟩ / d͡ʒ ⟨dz⟩
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Sibilant fricative
|ʃ ⟨s⟩ / ʒ ⟨z⟩
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Non-sibilant fricative
|θ ⟨th⟩ / ð ⟨dh⟩
|ç ⟨c⟩ / ʝ ⟨y⟩
|x ⟨k⟩ / ɣ ⟨g⟩
|ħ ⟨qh⟩ / h
|-
| colspan="2" |Trill
|r̥ ⟨tr⟩ / r
|
|ʀ̥ ⟨trr⟩ / ʀ ⟨rr⟩
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |Lateral affricate
|released
|t͡ɬˡ ⟨tcll⟩ / d͡ɮˡ ⟨dyll⟩
|
|
|
|-
|unreleased
|t͡ɬˡ ⟨tcl⟩ / d͡ɮˡ ⟨dyl⟩
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |Lateral fricative
|released
|ɬˡ ⟨cll⟩ / ɮˡ ⟨yll⟩
|
|
|
|-
|unreleased
|ɬ ⟨cl⟩ / ɮ ⟨yl⟩
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Lateral Approximant
|l
|
|
|
|}

=== Phonotactics ===

== Forms ==
Consonants are notated as c₁, c₂, etc., while vowels are v₁, v₂, etc.. Examples are based on root n_s_q_, painting (in the gnomic sense), with pattern _a_o_ (1SG.AGT.ACT)

# c₁v₁c₂v₂c₃v₃ - dane 'ukadho nasoq - I paint
# c₁v₁c₂c₂v₂c₃v₃ - dane 'ukadho nassoq - I need to paint
# c₁v₁c₁v₁c₂v₂c₃v₃ - dane 'ukadho nanasoq - I want to paint
# dac₁v₁c₂v₂lec₃v₃ - dane 'ukadho danasoleq - I demand to paint, I implore to paint
# 'v₁c₁ec₂v₂c₃v₃ - dane 'ukadho 'anesoq - I would paint, I might paint
# c₁v₁c₂ec₃v₂rv₃ - dane 'ukadho naseqor - I paint (augmentative)
# c₁v₁nev₂c₂v₃c₃ - dane 'ukadho nanesoq - I paint (diminutive)
# c₁v₁c₃v₂c₂v₃ - dane 'ukado naqos - I love to paint

== Patterns ==

=== Verbs ===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |Active voice
! colspan="2" |Passive voice
! colspan="2" |Causative voice
! rowspan="2" |Reciprocal/Reflexive
|-
|Agent
|Patient
|Agent
|Patient
|Agent
|Patient
|-
| rowspan="4" |1
|SG
|_a_o_
|_a_ii_
|_u_a_
|_u_aa_
|_o_a_
|_o_ii_
|_i_u_
|-
|DUAL
|_a_o_i
|_a_ii_i
|_u_a_i
|_u_aa_i
|_o_a_i
|_o_ii_i
|_i_u_i
|-
|PAU
|_a_o_an
|_a_ii_an
|_u_a_an
|_u_aa_an
|_o_a_an
|_o_ii_an
|_i_u_an
|-
|PL
|_a_o_os
|_a_ii_os
|_u_a_os
|_u_aa_os
|_o_a_os
|_o_ii_os
|_i_u_os
|-
| rowspan="4" |2
|SG
|_ale_o_
|_ale_ii_
|_ule_a_
|_u_aa_
|_oo_a_
|_oo_ii_
|_ile_u_
|-
|DUAL
|_ale_o_i
|_ale_ii_i
|_ule_a_i
|_ule_aa_i
|_ole_a_i
|_ole_ii_i
|_ile_u_i
|-
|PAU
|_ale_o_an
|_ale_ii_an
|_ule_a_an
|_ule_aa_an
|_ole_a_an
|_ole_ii_an
|_ile_u_an
|-
|PL
|_ale_o_os
|_ale_ii_os
|_ule_a_os
|_ule_aa_os
|_ole_a_os
|_ole_ii_os
|_ile_u_os
|-
| rowspan="4" |3
|SG
|_aa_o_
|_aa_ii_
|_uu_a_
|_uu_aa_
|_oo_a_
|_oo_ii_
|_ii_u_
|-
|DUAL
|_aa_o_i
|_aa_ii_i
|_uu_a_i
|_uu_aa_i
|_oo_a_i
|_oo_ii_i
|_ii_u_i
|-
|PAU
|_aa_o_an
|_aa_ii_an
|_uu_a_an
|_uu_aa_an
|_oo_a_an
|_oo_ii_an
|_ii_u_an
|-
|PL
|_aa_o_os
|_aa_ii_os
|_uu_a_os
|_uu_aa_os
|_oo_a_os
|_oo_ii_os
|_ii_u_os
|}

=== Nouns ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |Animate
! rowspan="2" |Inanimate
|-
!Rational
!Irrational
|-
|Powerful-Fragile
|_i_i_ate
|_o_a_e
|_o_o_ate
|-
|Powerful-Graceful
|_u_a_a
|_o_i_a
|_a_a_a
|-
|Graceful-Fragile
|_u_u_ane
|_o_o_o
|_a_a_ane
|}

=== Pronouns ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Presentation →
! rowspan="2" |Powerful-Fragile
! rowspan="2" |Powerful-Graceful
! rowspan="2" |Graceful-Fragile
|-
!Performance ↓
|-
|Powerful-fragile
|'ukadho
|dulatto
|su'ano
|-
|Powerful-Graceful
|'ikodha
|dilotta
|si'ona
|-
|Graceful-Fragile
|'akadhe
|dalatte
|sa'ane
|}
Affixation is used to derive the stative, agent, and patient nominalizations of a verb (to fly becomes flight, that which flies, and that which is flown), as well as the past and present participle adjectivizations of a verb (to fly becomes flown and flying)

When an illegal consonant cluster appears, it is broken up by schwa, still written as ⟨e⟩

Tense goes on the outside as a circumfix, while aspect is a postposition

The conceptual nominalizer is marked with the 'i⟩⟨nile circumfix

alienable possession and inalienable possession are marked separately (e.g. 'my brother' and 'my ball' use a different interfix)

== Roots ==
Sentences begin with the nominative word. A particle ('abun) is used to mark topic.

Halaqhanenasi'ona

2026-08-01T17:35:13Z

MiaKvigan: Adjusted verb patterns

== Phonology ==

=== Vowels ===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
! rowspan="2" |closure
! colspan="2" |central
! colspan="2" |back
|-
!unrounded
!rounded
!unrounded
!rounded
|-
|unrounded
|ʏ ⟨u⟩
|ɨ ⟨i⟩
|
|
|-
|rounded
|
|
|
|o ⟨o⟩
|-
|open
|
|
|ɑ ⟨a⟩
|
|}
Vowels may be elongated

/∅/ ⟨e⟩

=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
! colspan="2" |Placement →
↓ Manner
!Coronal
!Palatal
!Dorsal
!Laryngeal
|-
| colspan="2" |Nasal
|n
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Plosive
|t / d
|
|q
|ʔ ⟨'⟩
|-
| colspan="2" |Sibilant affricate
|t͡ʃ ⟨ts⟩ / d͡ʒ ⟨dz⟩
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Sibilant fricative
|ʃ ⟨s⟩ / ʒ ⟨z⟩
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Non-sibilant fricative
|θ ⟨th⟩ / ð ⟨dh⟩
|ç ⟨c⟩ / ʝ ⟨y⟩
|x ⟨k⟩ / ɣ ⟨g⟩
|ħ ⟨qh⟩ / h
|-
| colspan="2" |Trill
|r̥ ⟨tr⟩ / r
|
|ʀ̥ ⟨trr⟩ / ʀ ⟨rr⟩
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |Lateral affricate
|released
|t͡ɬˡ ⟨tcll⟩ / d͡ɮˡ ⟨dyll⟩
|
|
|
|-
|unreleased
|t͡ɬˡ ⟨tcl⟩ / d͡ɮˡ ⟨dyl⟩
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |Lateral fricative
|released
|ɬˡ ⟨cll⟩ / ɮˡ ⟨yll⟩
|
|
|
|-
|unreleased
|ɬ ⟨cl⟩ / ɮ ⟨yl⟩
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Lateral Approximant
|l
|
|
|
|}

=== Phonotactics ===

== Forms ==
Consonants are notated as c₁, c₂, etc., while vowels are v₁, v₂, etc.. Examples are based on root n_s_q_, painting (in the gnomic sense), in 1SG.AGT.ACT pattern

# c₁v₁c₂v₂c₃v₃ - dane 'ukadho nasaqa - I paint
# c₁v₁c₂c₂v₂c₃v₃ - dane 'ukadho nassaqa - I need to paint
# c₁v₁c₁v₁c₂v₂c₃v₃ - dane 'ukadho nanasaqa - I want to paint
# dac₁v₁c₂v₂lec₃v₃ - dane 'ukadho danasaleqa - I demand to paint, I implore to paint
# 'v₁c₁ec₂v₂c₃v₃ - dane 'ukadho 'anesaqa - I would paint, I might paint
# c₁v₁c₂ec₃v₂rv₃ - dane 'ukadho naseqara - I paint (augmentative)
# c₁v₁nev₂c₂v₃c₃ - dane 'ukadho nanasaq - I paint (diminutive)
# c₁v₁c₃v₂c₂v₃ - dane 'ukado naqasa - I love to paint

== Patterns ==

=== Verbs ===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |Active voice
! colspan="2" |Passive voice
! colspan="2" |Causative voice
! rowspan="2" |Reciprocal/Reflexive
|-
|Agent
|Patient
|Agent
|Patient
|Agent
|Patient
|-
| rowspan="4" |1
|SG
|_a_o_
|_a_ii_
|_u_a_
|_u_aa_
|_o_a_
|_o_ii_
|_i_u_
|-
|DUAL
|_a_o_i
|_a_ii_i
|_u_a_i
|_u_aa_i
|_o_a_i
|_o_ii_i
|_i_u_i
|-
|PAU
|_a_o_an
|_a_ii_an
|_u_a_an
|_u_aa_an
|_o_a_an
|_o_ii_an
|_i_u_an
|-
|PL
|_a_o_os
|_a_ii_os
|_u_a_os
|_u_aa_os
|_o_a_os
|_o_ii_os
|_i_u_os
|-
| rowspan="4" |2
|SG
|_ale_o_
|_ale_ii_
|_ule_a_
|_u_aa_
|_oo_a_
|_oo_ii_
|_ile_u_
|-
|DUAL
|_ale_o_i
|_ale_ii_i
|_ule_a_i
|_ule_aa_i
|_ole_a_i
|_ole_ii_i
|_ile_u_i
|-
|PAU
|_ale_o_an
|_ale_ii_an
|_ule_a_an
|_ule_aa_an
|_ole_a_an
|_ole_ii_an
|_ile_u_an
|-
|PL
|_ale_o_os
|_ale_ii_os
|_ule_a_os
|_ule_aa_os
|_ole_a_os
|_ole_ii_os
|_ile_u_os
|-
| rowspan="4" |3
|SG
|_aa_o_
|_aa_ii_
|_uu_a_
|_uu_aa_
|_oo_a_
|_oo_ii_
|_ii_u_
|-
|DUAL
|_aa_o_i
|_aa_ii_i
|_uu_a_i
|_uu_aa_i
|_oo_a_i
|_oo_ii_i
|_ii_u_i
|-
|PAU
|_aa_o_an
|_aa_ii_an
|_uu_a_an
|_uu_aa_an
|_oo_a_an
|_oo_ii_an
|_ii_u_an
|-
|PL
|_aa_o_os
|_aa_ii_os
|_uu_a_os
|_uu_aa_os
|_oo_a_os
|_oo_ii_os
|_ii_u_os
|}

=== Nouns ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |Animate
! rowspan="2" |Inanimate
|-
!Rational
!Irrational
|-
|Powerful-Fragile
|_i_i_ate
|_o_a_e
|_o_o_ate
|-
|Powerful-Graceful
|_u_a_a
|_o_i_a
|_a_a_a
|-
|Graceful-Fragile
|_u_u_ane
|_o_o_o
|_a_a_ane
|}

=== Pronouns ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Presentation →
! rowspan="2" |Powerful-Fragile
! rowspan="2" |Powerful-Graceful
! rowspan="2" |Graceful-Fragile
|-
!Performance ↓
|-
|Powerful-fragile
|'ukadho
|dulatto
|su'ano
|-
|Powerful-Graceful
|'ikodha
|dilotta
|si'ona
|-
|Graceful-Fragile
|'akadhe
|dalatte
|sa'ane
|}
Affixation is used to derive the stative, agent, and patient nominalizations of a verb (to fly becomes flight, that which flies, and that which is flown), as well as the past and present participle adjectivizations of a verb (to fly becomes flown and flying)

When an illegal consonant cluster appears, it is broken up by schwa, still written as ⟨e⟩

Tense goes on the outside as a circumfix, while aspect is a postposition

The conceptual nominalizer is marked with the 'i⟩⟨nile circumfix

alienable possession and inalienable possession are marked separately (e.g. 'my brother' and 'my ball' use a different interfix)

== Roots ==
Sentences begin with the nominative word. A particle ('abun) is used to mark topic.

Halaqhanenasi'ona

2026-08-01T10:48:09Z

MiaKvigan: Made quite a few things

== Phonology ==

=== Vowels ===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
! rowspan="2" |closure
! colspan="2" |central
! colspan="2" |back
|-
!unrounded
!rounded
!unrounded
!rounded
|-
|unrounded
|ʏ ⟨u⟩
|ɨ ⟨i⟩
|
|
|-
|rounded
|
|
|
|o ⟨o⟩
|-
|open
|
|
|ɑ ⟨a⟩
|
|}
Vowels may be elongated

/∅/ ⟨e⟩

=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
! colspan="2" |Placement →
↓ Manner
!Coronal
!Palatal
!Dorsal
!Laryngeal
|-
| colspan="2" |Nasal
|n
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Plosive
|t / d
|
|q
|ʔ ⟨'⟩
|-
| colspan="2" |Sibilant affricate
|t͡ʃ ⟨ts⟩ / d͡ʒ ⟨dz⟩
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Sibilant fricative
|ʃ ⟨s⟩ / ʒ ⟨z⟩
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Non-sibilant fricative
|θ ⟨th⟩ / ð ⟨dh⟩
|ç ⟨c⟩ / ʝ ⟨y⟩
|x ⟨k⟩ / ɣ ⟨g⟩
|ħ ⟨qh⟩ / h
|-
| colspan="2" |Trill
|r̥ ⟨tr⟩ / r
|
|ʀ̥ ⟨trr⟩ / ʀ ⟨rr⟩
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |Lateral affricate
|syllabic
|t͡ɬ̩͡l ⟨tcll⟩ / d͡ɮ̩͡l ⟨dyll⟩
|
|
|
|-
|asyllabic
|t͡ɬ ⟨tcl⟩ / d͡ɮ ⟨dyl⟩
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |Lateral fricative
|syllabic
|ɬ̩͡l ⟨cll⟩ / ɮ̩͡l ⟨yll⟩
|
|
|
|-
|asyllabic
|ɬ ⟨cl⟩ / ɮ ⟨yl⟩
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Lateral Approximant
|l
|
|
|
|}

=== Phonotactics ===

== Forms ==
Consonants are notated as c₁, c₂, etc., while vowels are v₁, v₂, etc.. Examples are based on root n_s_q_, painting (in the gnomic sense), in 1SG.AGT.ACT pattern

# c₁v₁c₂v₂c₃v₃ - dane 'ukadho nasaqa - I paint
# c₁v₁c₂c₂v₂c₃v₃ - dane 'ukadho nassaqa - I need to paint
# c₁v₁c₁v₁c₂v₂c₃v₃ - dane 'ukadho nanasaqa - I want to paint
# dac₁v₁c₂v₂lec₃v₃ - dane 'ukadho danasaleqa - I demand to paint, I implore to paint
# 'v₁c₁ec₂v₂c₃v₃ - dane 'ukadho 'anesaqa - I would paint, I might paint
# c₁v₁c₂ec₃v₂rv₃ - dane 'ukadho naseqara - I paint (augmentative)
# c₁v₁nev₂c₂v₃c₃ - dane 'ukadho nanasaq - I paint (diminutive)
# c₁v₁c₃v₂c₂v₃ - dane 'ukado naqasa - I love to paint

== Patterns ==

=== Verbs ===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |Active voice
! colspan="2" |Passive voice
! colspan="2" |Causative voice
! rowspan="2" |Reciprocal/Reflexive
|-
|Agent
|Patient
|Agent
|Patient
|Agent
|Patient
|-
| rowspan="4" |1
|SG
|_a_a_a
|_a_ii_a
|_u_a_a
|_u_ii_a
|_o_a_a
|_o_ii_a
|_i_u_a
|-
|DUAL
|_a_a_i
|_a_ii_i
|_u_a_i
|_u_ii_i
|_o_a_i
|_o_ii_i
|_i_u_i
|-
|PAU
|_a_a_an
|_a_ii_an
|_u_a_an
|_u_ii_an
|_o_a_an
|_o_ii_an
|_i_u_an
|-
|PL
|_a_a_os
|_a_ii_os
|_u_a_os
|_u_ii_os
|_o_a_os
|_o_ii_os
|_i_u_os
|-
| rowspan="4" |2
|SG
|_ale_a_a
|_ale_ii_a
|_ule_a_a
|_u_ii_a
|_oo_a_a
|_oo_ii_a
|_ile_u_a
|-
|DUAL
|_ale_a_i
|_ale_ii_i
|_ule_a_i
|_ule_ii_i
|_ole_a_i
|_ole_ii_i
|_ile_u_i
|-
|PAU
|_ale_a_an
|_ale_ii_an
|_ule_a_an
|_ule_ii_an
|_ole_a_an
|_ole_ii_an
|_ile_u_an
|-
|PL
|_ale_a_os
|_ale_ii_os
|_ule_a_os
|_ule_ii_os
|_ole_a_os
|_ole_ii_os
|_ile_u_os
|-
| rowspan="4" |3
|SG
|_aa_a_a
|_aa_ii_a
|_uu_a_a
|_uu_ii_a
|_oo_a_a
|_oo_ii_a
|_ii_u_a
|-
|DUAL
|_aa_a_i
|_aa_ii_i
|_uu_a_i
|_uu_ii_i
|_oo_a_i
|_oo_ii_i
|_ii_u_i
|-
|PAU
|_aa_a_an
|_aa_ii_an
|_uu_a_an
|_uu_ii_an
|_oo_a_an
|_oo_ii_an
|_ii_u_an
|-
|PL
|_aa_a_os
|_aa_ii_os
|_uu_a_os
|_uu_ii_os
|_oo_a_os
|_oo_ii_os
|_ii_u_os
|}

=== Nouns ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |Animate
! rowspan="2" |Inanimate
|-
!Rational
!Irrational
|-
|Powerful-Fragile
|_i_i_ate
|_o_a_e
|_o_o_ate
|-
|Powerful-Graceful
|_u_a_a
|_o_i_a
|_a_a_a
|-
|Graceful-Fragile
|_u_u_ane
|_o_o_o
|_a_a_ane
|}

=== Pronouns ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Presentation →
! rowspan="2" |Powerful-Fragile
! rowspan="2" |Powerful-Graceful
! rowspan="2" |Graceful-Fragile
|-
!Performance ↓
|-
|Powerful-fragile
|'ukadho
|dulatto
|su'ano
|-
|Powerful-Graceful
|'ikodha
|dilotta
|si'ona
|-
|Graceful-Fragile
|'akadhe
|dalatte
|sa'ane
|}
Affixation is used to derive the stative, agent, and patient nominalizations of a verb (to fly becomes flight, that which flies, and that which is flown), as well as the past and present participle adjectivizations of a verb (to fly becomes flown and flying)

When an illegal consonant cluster appears, it is broken up by schwa, still written as ⟨e⟩

Tense goes on the outside as a circumfix, while aspect is a postposition

The conceptual nominalizer is marked with the 'i⟩⟨nile circumfix

alienable possession and inalienable possession are marked separately (e.g. 'my brother' and 'my ball' use a different interfix)

== Roots ==
Sentences begin with the nominative word. A particle ('abun) is used to mark topic.

Halaqhanenasi'ona

2026-08-01T06:56:35Z

MiaKvigan: There's some flaws, I can't help but notice

Halaqhanenasi'ona

2026-08-01T06:00:41Z

MiaKvigan: Don't remember, maybe nothing

Halaqhanenasi'ona

2026-08-01T05:27:55Z

MiaKvigan: Most of chart finished

Halaqhanenasi'ona

2026-08-01T04:22:48Z

MiaKvigan: Partway through the chart

=== Vowels ===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
! rowspan="2" |closure
! colspan="2" |central
! colspan="2" |back
|-
!unrounded
!rounded
!unrounded
!rounded
|-
|close
|
|ɨ ⟨i⟩
|
|
|-
|mid
|ʏ ⟨u⟩
|
|o ⟨o⟩
|
|-
|open
|
|
|ɑ ⟨a⟩
|
|}
Vowels may be elongated

/∅/ ⟨e⟩

=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
!Placement →
↓ Manner
!Coronal
!Palatal
!Dorsal
!Laryngeal
|-
|Nasal
|n
|
|
|
|-
|Plosive
|t / d
|
|q
|ʔ ⟨'⟩
|-
|Sibilant affricate
|t͡ʃ ⟨ts⟩ / d͡ʒ ⟨dz⟩
|
|
|
|-
|Sibilant fricative
|ʃ ⟨s⟩ / ʒ ⟨z⟩
|
|
|
|-
|Non-sibilant fricative
|θ ⟨th⟩ / ð ⟨dh⟩
|ç ⟨c⟩ / ʝ ⟨y⟩
|x ⟨k⟩ / ɣ ⟨g⟩
|ħ ⟨qh⟩ / h
|-
|Trill
|r̥ ⟨tr⟩ / r
|
|ʀ̥ ⟨trr⟩ / ʀ ⟨rr⟩
|
|-
|Lateral fricative
|ɬ ⟨cl⟩ / ɮ ⟨yl⟩
|
|
|
|-
|Lateral syllabic
|ɬ̩͡l ⟨cll⟩ / ɮ̩͡l ⟨yll⟩
|
|
|
|-
|Lateral Approximant
|l
|
|
|
|}

q_qh_t /qVħVtV/ - black

nitrre-sut /nɨʀ̥.ʃʏt/ - mud-

== Forms ==
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
!
! colspan="7" |Verbs
!Derived nouns
! colspan="2" |Derived adjectives
!Examples
!Notes
|-
!
! colspan="2" |Active voice
! colspan="2" |Passive voice
! colspan="2" |Causative voice
! rowspan="2" |Reciprocal/Reflexive
!Stative
!Past participle
!Present participle
!
!
|-
|
|Agent
|Patient
|Agent
|Patient
|Agent
|Patient
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}
Tense and aspect go on the outside as circumfixes

Halaqhanenasi'ona

2026-08-01T03:29:20Z

MiaKvigan: added silent e

Halaqhanenasi'ona

2026-08-01T03:28:31Z

MiaKvigan: added glottal stop <3

Halaqhanenasi'ona

2026-08-01T03:17:21Z

MiaKvigan: Adding some stuff

Halaqhanenasi'ona

2026-07-31T10:51:08Z

MiaKvigan: Completed vowel chart, fixed consonant discrepancy

Halaqhanenasi'ona

2026-07-31T10:39:23Z

MiaKvigan: Added vowel chart

=== Vowels ===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
! rowspan="2" |closure
! colspan="2" |front
! colspan="2" |central
! colspan="2" |back
|-
!lax
!tense
!lax
!tense
!lax
!tense
|-
|close
|ɪ ⟨i⟩
|i ⟨í⟩
|
|ɨ ⟨ú⟩
|
|u ⟨ó⟩
|-
|mid
|ɛ ⟨e⟩
|e ⟨é⟩
|ə ⟨u⟩
|
|o ⟨o⟩
|
|-
|open
|æ ⟨á⟩
|a ⟨a⟩
|
|
|
|
|}Vowels may be nasalized or elongated

=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
!Placement →
↓ Manner
!Coronal
!Dorsal
!Laryngeal
|-
|Nasal
|n
|
|
|-
|Plosive
|t / d
|q
|
|-
|Sibilant affricate
|t͡ʃ ⟨ts⟩ / d͡ʒ ⟨dz⟩
|
|
|-
|Sibilant fricative
|ʃ ⟨s⟩ / ʒ ⟨z⟩
|x ⟨k⟩ / ɣ ⟨g⟩
|
|-
|Non-sibilant fricative
|θ ⟨th⟩ / ð ⟨dh⟩
|ç ⟨c⟩ / ʝ ⟨y⟩
|ħ ⟨qh⟩ / h
|-
|Trill
|r̥ ⟨tr⟩ / r
|ʀ̥ ⟨trr⟩ / ʀ ⟨rr⟩
|
|-
|Lateral fricative
|ɬ ⟨kl⟩ / ɮ ⟨gl⟩
|
|
|-
|Lateral
|ɬ̩͡l ⟨kll⟩ / ɮ̩͡l ⟨gll⟩
|
|
|-
|Lateral Approximant
|l
|
|
|}

Halaqhanenasi'ona

2026-07-31T10:38:36Z

MiaKvigan: Decided on graphemy

=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
!Placement →
↓ Manner
!Coronal
!Dorsal
!Laryngeal
|-
|Nasal
|n
|
|
|-
|Plosive
|t / d
|q
|
|-
|Sibilant affricate
|t͡ʃ ⟨ts⟩ / d͡ʒ ⟨dz⟩
|
|
|-
|Sibilant fricative
|ʃ ⟨s⟩ / ʒ ⟨z⟩
|x ⟨k⟩ / ɣ ⟨g⟩
|
|-
|Non-sibilant fricative
|θ ⟨th⟩ / ð ⟨dh⟩
|ç ⟨c⟩ / ʝ ⟨y⟩
|ħ ⟨qh⟩ / h
|-
|Trill
|r̥ ⟨tr⟩ / r
|ʀ̥ ⟨trr⟩ / ʀ ⟨rr⟩
|
|-
|Lateral fricative
|ɬ ⟨kl⟩ / ɮ ⟨gl⟩
|
|
|-
|Lateral
|ɬ̩͡l ⟨kll⟩ / ɮ̩͡l ⟨gll⟩
|
|
|-
|Lateral Approximant
|l
|
|
|}

Halaqhanenasi'ona

2026-07-31T09:47:09Z

MiaKvigan: Indecisive on graphemy

=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
!Placement →
↓ Manner
!Dental
!Alveolar
!Post-alveolar
!Palatal
!Velar
!Uvular
!Laryngeal
|-
|Nasal
|
|n
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Plosive
|
|t / d
|
|
|k
|q
|
|-
|Sibilant affricate
|
|
|t͡ʃ ⟨ts⟩ / d͡ʒ ⟨dj⟩
|
|
|
|
|-
|Sibilant fricative
|
|
|ʃ ⟨s⟩ / ʒ ⟨z⟩
|
|x / ɣ
|
|
|-
|Non-sibilant fricative
|θ ⟨þ⟩ / ð
|
|
|ç ⟨c⟩ / ʝ ⟨y⟩
|
|
|ħ / h
|-
|Trill
|
|r̥ ⟨tr⟩ / r
|
|
|
|ʀ̥ ⟨tqr⟩ / ʀ ⟨qr⟩
|
|-
|Lateral fricative
|
|ɬ / ɮ
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Lateral Approximant
|
|l
|
|
|
|
|
|}

Halaqhanenasi'ona

2026-07-31T09:40:45Z

MiaKvigan: Made the damn thing

=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
!Placement →
↓ Manner
!Dental
!Alveolar
!Post-alveolar
!Palatal
!Velar
!Uvular
!Laryngeal
|-
|Nasal
|
|n
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Plosive
|
|t / d
|
|
|k
|q
|
|-
|Sibilant affricate
|
|
|t͡ʃ ⟨ts⟩ / d͡ʒ ⟨dj⟩
|
|
|
|
|-
|Sibilant fricative
|
|
|ʃ ⟨s⟩ / ʒ ⟨z⟩
|
|x / ɣ
|
|
|-
|Non-sibilant fricative
|θ ⟨þ⟩ / ð
|
|
|ç ⟨c⟩ / ʝ ⟨y⟩
|
|
|ħ / h
|-
|Trill
|
|r̥ ⟨tr⟩ / r
|
|
|
|ʀ̥ ⟨tqr⟩ / ʀ ⟨qr⟩
|
|-
|Lateral fricative
|
|ɬ ⟨xhl⟩ / ɮ ⟨ɣl⟩
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Lateral Approximant
|
|l̥ ⟨hl⟩ / l
|
|
|
|
|
|}

Tandí

2026-07-30T20:41:08Z

MiaKvigan: Got rid of inaccurate information and clarified adjective verbalization

== Introduction ==
'obala yábalí wantandí is the native language of the ŋation of [[Yókóz|'o'aben yálekki wanyókóz]] on order of [[User:MiaKvigan|lappi Miya]] on the 3rd of May, 2026, at 12:06 P.M. CST

== Phonology ==

=== Vowels ===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
! rowspan="2" |closure
! colspan="2" |front
! colspan="2" |central
! colspan="2" |back
|-
!lax
!tense
!lax
!tense
!lax
!tense
|-
|close
|ɪ ⟨i⟩
|i ⟨í⟩
|
|ɨ ⟨ú⟩
|
|u ⟨ó⟩
|-
|mid
|ɛ ⟨e⟩
|e ⟨é⟩
|ə ⟨u⟩
|
|o ⟨o⟩
|
|-
|open
|æ ⟨á⟩
|a ⟨a⟩
|
|
|
|
|}Vowels may be nasalized or elongated

=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
!Placement →
↓ Manner
!Labial
!Dental
!Alveolar
!Post-alveolar
!Palatal
!Velar
!Laryngeal
|-
|Nasal
|m
|
|n
|
|
|
|
|-
|Plosive
|p / b
|
|t / d
|
|
|k / g
|ʔ ⟨'⟩
|-
|Sibilant affricate
|
|
|
|t͡ʃ ⟨ts⟩ / d͡ʒ ⟨dj⟩
|
|
|
|-
|Sibilant fricative
|
|
|s ⟨c⟩ / z
|ʃ ⟨s⟩ / ʒ ⟨j⟩
|
|
|
|-
|Non-sibilant fricative
|f / v
|ð
|
|
|ʝ ⟨y⟩
|
|h
|-
|Approximant
|
|
|ɹ ⟨r⟩
|
|
|w
|
|-
|Lateral Approximant
|
|
|l
|
|
|
|
|}
==== Consonant cluster reduction rules ====
Consonants can be 'absorbed' or 'deleted', where absorbed consonants become their absorber (dk > dd) and deleted consonants disappear (dn > n)

* n absorbs neighboring m
* m deletes preceding p and b
* n deletes preceding t and d
* g absorbs all other neighboring plosives, k absorbs all but g, d all but k and g, etc. (' is considered weak)
* dj absorbs neighboring ts
* dj and ts delete preceding j and s
* j absorbs all other neighboring sibilant fricatives, s absorbs all but j, etc.
* y absorbs all other neighboring non-sibilant fricatives, ð absorbs all but y, etc. (h is considered weak)
* w absorbs all other neighboring approximants, and r absorbs l (regular and lateral approximants are blended)

Examples:

* lad-gíla-món-'an → laggílamónan (d-g → gg, n-' → n)
* lad-púkan-món → laddúkannón (d-p → dd, n-m → nn)
* yá-damack-dé'an → yádamacké'an (ck-d → ck)
* bí-daad-ní → bídaaní (d-n → n)

=== Phonotactics ===
C(S)V(C)(C) or (C)CV(S)(C) ,where C is any consonant, S is any oral sonorant, and V is any vowel

V can be lengthened, which is represented as 2 vowels in the romanization but counts as 1

C can be geminated, which is represented as 2(3<ref>digraphs geminate their first letter only</ref>) consonants in the romanization but counts as one for phonotactics

There is no set tense patterning, and tense is instead considered a part of intonation

==== Allophones ====

* <f> /f/ → /fʰ/ | _N
* <g> /g/ → /ɣ/ | L(G)_V
* <k> /k/ → /kʰ/ | _N
* <k> /k/ → /x/ | L(G)_V
* <k> /x/ → /xʰ/ | _N
* <l> /l/ → /l̃/ | N_
* <nowiki> /p/ → /pʰ/ | _N</nowiki>
* <r> /ɹ/ → /ɾ/ | C!n_
* <r> /ɹ/ → /ɹ̃/ | N_
* <r> /ɹ/ → /ʢ̞/ | #_
* <t> /t/ → /tʰ/ | _N
* <y> /ʝ/ → /ʝ̃/ | N_
* <w> /w/ → /w̃/ | N_
where C is any consonant, V is any vowel, L is any lax vowel, N is any nasal vowel, G is any oral sonorant, and #_ means word-initial

==== Rhyme scheme ====
In poetic meter, geminated vowels are twice as long, and geminated consonants and stretched rhymes<ref>A stretched rhyme is a rhyme which has no gemination but is lengthened to accommodate for mismatch with the meter.</ref> are one and a half times as long.

== Morphology ==

=== Pronouns ===

==== Personal pronouns ====
bín - 1.AN

mam - 1.INAN

poka - 2.AN

tóó - 2.INAN

dããd - 3.AN

ken - 3.INAN

==== Deictic pronouns ====
mitta - this

lotta - that

'this' is used for anything within two steps and arm's reach. 'that' is anything outside of that range.

==== Interrogative pronouns ====
koko - what

conna - when

mosí - who

(other interrogatives are phrasal, e.g. 'lewa koko' [in_order_to what] meaning 'why')

==== Indefinite pronouns ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Case→
! rowspan="2" |Negative
! rowspan="2" |Universal
! rowspan="2" |Assertive existential
! rowspan="2" |Dubitative existential
|-
!Type↓
|-
|Person
|habunko
|habunbaa
|habunlin
|habunẽn
|-
|Thing
|lenko
|lenbaa
|lenlin
|lenẽn
|-
|Place
|ranko
|ranbaa
|ranlin
|ranẽn
|-
|Time
|cónko
|cónbaa
|cónlin
|cónẽn
|}

=== Nouns ===

==== Role assignment ====
subject (Nominative case): 'al-

direct object/subject complement (Accusative case): bí-

indirect object (Dative case): tú-

noun complement (Genitive case): wan-

other (Oblique case): 'o-<ref>oblique case is not required on personal pronouns</ref>

==== Number ====
singular default, plus dual, paucal, and plural marked by suffix on a stem which goes before tense and aspect

dual: -dí

paucal: -ve

plural: -na

==== Gender ====
There is no grammatical gender in Tandí

==== Possession ====
POSD na POSR: 'obaan na 'obákúún - the room of the house (DEF-OBL-room POSS DEF-OBL-house)

=== Determiners ===

==== Demonstratives ====
_ wannitta - this _

_ wanlotta - that _

==== Articles ====
Tandí does not use articles

==== Possessive Determiners ====
_ na _: doro na bín - my ball (ball POSS 1.AN); doro na poka - your ball (ball POSS 2.AN); etc.

_ na koko bac - whose _ (POSS what AN)

==== Quantifiers ====
Quantifiers go before the nouns they quantify (see Sentence Order)

=== Conjunctions ===
Conjunctions go in between semantic elements they connect, which can include things like nouns, noun phrases, relative clauses, verb argument lists<ref>The list of a verb's subject, direct object, and indirect object, in the case that a verb is applied to multiple sets of arguments</ref>, etc.

=== Numerals ===

==== Cardinals ====
cardinal "'amend" noun - ní 'amend doro - two CARD ball - ball number two (of a collection)

==== Ordinals ====
ordinal tokan noun - ordinal ORD noun, e.g. ní tokan doro - two ORD ball - second ball<ref group="Example references">e.g. ní tokan 'aban nana jelí | two ORD day PRT year | second day of the year</ref>

==== Nominals ====
root-cardinal - doroní - ball-two - two balls<ref group="Example references">e.g. baddaa 'aldaadukcí bídããní | hit-PRS NOM-3.AN-one ACC-3.AN-two | he hit him (of two people)</ref>

nũm - zero

'ókcí - one

ní - two

ta'í - three

sín - four

kílan - five

jaal - six

kitten - seven

bón - eight

nítta - nine

lan - ten

cen - hundred

tõn - thousand

=== Adjectives ===

==== Placement ====
directly after the noun<ref group="Example references">e.g. 'okína yálekkena wakakííta | OBL-seed-PL ADJ-green GEN-pepper | green pepper seeds</ref>

Adjectives may or may not match the number of the noun, as there is a semantic difference<ref>e.g. "Her muscles were like steel cables" implies her muscles were strong, where "Her muscles were like a steel cable" implies they are arranged in a line</ref>

==== Comparison ====
yá-adjective-degree-PRS<ref>Note here that the adjective is used as a verb, and is placed as the head of a verb phrase</ref> subject: subject is degree adjective than object<ref group="Example references">e.g. yábannúda 'albín 'an bípoka | ADJ-good-COMP-PRS NOM-1SG.AN than ACC-1SG.AN | I am better than you (lit. am_better I than you)</ref>

=== Finite Verbs ===

==== Tense ====
attaches to verb

* -da: PRS
* -'ãn: PST
* -lí: FUT

==== Aspect ====
goes after tense:

* -bó: PROG.CONT
* -len: PERF
* -món: GNO
* -dada: HAB
goes before verb:
* kon-: INF

=== Verb Postpositions ===

==== Mood ====

* 'akaa-: MIR
* 'anõõl-: CONC/HYP
* 'ila-: OPT/BEND
* 'íyye-: HORT/JUSS
* luke-: DUB/COND
* me-: ABIL
* tene-: PERM/PRESCR

==== Evidentiality ====

* -ce'í: RPT
* -mánna: INFR
* -nobã: NEV
* -tócí: SENS
Negation
* 'eeya: NEG

==== Agreement ====
The 'present' tense is the present by default, and otherwise the tense of the last verb.<ref>ADD THIS REFERENCE AND DELETE THE OTHER ONE</ref><ref group="Example references">e.g. lagað'ãn 'albín tandralí 'albín | say-PST NOM-1.AN run-FUT NOM-1.AN | I said I was going to run</ref>

==== Voice ====

* mẽna- : CAUS
* lad- : PASS
* 'õm- : REV

=== Auxiliary Verbs ===
'ayí (AFF) conveys confirmation of an action, and is verbalized to 'ayída (AFF-PRS) to convey confirmation of a state or truth, or of an object's existence, across the past, present, or future, with tense agreement

'cirette laan ma/im' conveys that the subject has knowingly or unknowingly caused the direct object to be unintentionally involved in the indirect object (a state or event), where if the direct object and subject are the same the direct object may be omitted, or included for emphasis

=== Copula ===
There is no copula in Tandí

=== Adpositions ===

==== Agreement ====
No agreement between adposition and complement is necessary

== Syntax ==

=== Sentence Order ===
VSO word order

Particles go before the words they attach to, and prepositions after

Adjectives may attach to any words except conjunctions and postpositions. They go directly after the word they attach to (except verbs, where they go after the postposition)

Adjectives can also be placed at the head of a verb phrase with tense marking to convey 'SBJ is ADJ'

Verb complements may be placed before the verb phrase's prepositional phrases and connected clauses, but still after the postposition and adjectives, if they are only one word long<ref group="Example references">e.g. "balda yábããntoge laan 'imaan 'omarkã́z 'albello" -> "balda yátandratoge 'albello laan ..." | "go-PRS ADJ-race-property to INE OBL-store NOM-bear" -> "go-PRS ADJ-race-property NOM-bear to ..." | "The bear goes quickly to the store"</ref>

Words modify nouns according to the following hierarchy:

* PREP(QUANT(((HNR(N))ADJ)GEN))

==== Auxiliary Verb Constructions ====
Nouns cannot be advanded forward within auxiliary verb phrases

'ayí can be either a verb or a particle, as mentioned in Auxiliary Verbs

Auxiliary verbs follow a regular form:

* V PREP Oi S (Od)

where V PREP is the auxiliary verb (a finite verb with a preposition), S is the subject and is NOT part of a prepositional phrase, Od is the direct object, and Oi is the noun phrase completing the prepositional phrase of the auxiliary verb

==== Adverb Placement ====
Adverbs are a derivative of adjectives, and follow adjective rules

=== Coordination and subordination ===
Conjunctions go between anything but postpositions and cannot be omitted. Coordinate and subordinate clauses are separated by conjunctions. There is no distinction made between coordination and subordination on a grammatical level

=== Relative Clauses ===
Relative clauses follow a regular form:

* HEAD REL VP

where HEAD is 3.INAN if the relative clause is free and the bound matrix clause if the relative clause is bound, REL is a preposition (kaka /kaxa/), and VP is a verb phrase, and the head is the verb phrase's implied direct object

=== Questions ===

==== Polar Questions ====

* hal ('eeya) _: is _ (un)true?

==== WH-Questions ====
There are three interrogative pronouns, which can form more specific interrogatives through genitives, prepositions, and conjunctions:
* koko - what
* conna - when
* mosí - who
* koko wacón - when (what time), pronoun (emphatic)
* koko wanhabun - who (what person), pronoun (emphatic)
* koko waran - where (what place), pronoun (generic)
* lewa koko - why (to what end), prepositional phrase
* konto koko - why (because of what reasoning), subordinate clause
* lak koko - how (by doing what), prepositional phrase
* no koko - about what, prepositional phrase
* 'im koko - where (near what), prepositional phrase
* 'im conna - when (near when), prepositional phrase
* 'imaan conna - for what time frame (inside when), prepositional phrase
* do koko - from what, prepositional phrase
* laan koko - to what, prepositional phrase
* etc...
questions are asked in the same intonation and word order as statements are declared<ref group="Example references">e.g. ga'ãn 'almosí bíkoko 'im conna, dú 'imaan conna, dú 'im koko, dú no koko, dú lewa koko, dú lak koko, dú kepen koko, dú do koko, dú laan koko, ..., dú kit mosí túkoko? | do-PST NOM-who ACC-what near when, CON inside when, CON near what, CON about what, CON by_doing what, CON INSTR what, CON from what, CON to what, ..., CON BEN who DAT-what | "who did what when, in what time frame, where, about what, why, how, using what, from what, ... , and to what (indirect) to what (direct)?"</ref>

=== Existential Clause ===
uses the auxiliary verb construction of 'ayí

== Miscellaneous ==
The subject, and sometimes the object, direct or indirect, of a verb phrase can be move up in the sentence in a select set of cases:

# A quote is being given. Since the quote is a prepositional phrase, it would normally occur before the arguments of the verb. However, because this could result in poorer understanding of the quote itself, the arguments go before SPECIFICALLY the quote, and after any other prepositions or particles, and the quote prepositional phrase always goes last.<ref group="Example references">e.g. lagaðan 'alheman naní no tatammaa tene 'alpoka, 'al'afanafta, bílagað na 'obín túheman 'ejanacír. | laɣaðan ʔalhɛman nani no tatamːaː tɛnɛ ʔalpoxa, ʔalʔafanafta, bilaɣað na ʔobin tyhɛman ʔɛʝanasiɹ. | say-PST NOM-HNR Nanni that repeat-PRS PERM.PRESCR NOM-2.AN NOM-ACTOR-courier ACC-speech POSS OBL-1.AN DAT-HNR Ea-Naṣir | "You, my courier, will repeat my message to Ea-Naṣir," said Nanni.</ref>
# The subject or object is only one word long. In order to promote faster delivery of important information, the word may be placed before all prepositions and particles, at the 'front' of the verb phrase (behind the verb, postposition, and adverbs)

== Examples ==
<references group="Example references" />

== Notes ==
<references />

Tandí

2026-07-30T20:28:38Z

MiaKvigan: used the wrong word for something

== Introduction ==
'obala yábalí wantandí is the native language of the ŋation of [[Yókóz|'o'aben yálekki wanyókóz]] on order of [[User:MiaKvigan|lappi Miya]] on the 3rd of May, 2026, at 12:06 P.M. CST

== Phonology ==

=== Vowels ===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
! rowspan="2" |closure
! colspan="2" |front
! colspan="2" |central
! colspan="2" |back
|-
!lax
!tense
!lax
!tense
!lax
!tense
|-
|close
|ɪ ⟨i⟩
|i ⟨í⟩
|
|ɨ ⟨ú⟩
|
|u ⟨ó⟩
|-
|mid
|ɛ ⟨e⟩
|e ⟨é⟩
|ə ⟨u⟩
|
|o ⟨o⟩
|
|-
|open
|æ ⟨á⟩
|a ⟨a⟩
|
|
|
|
|}Vowels may be nasalized or elongated

=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
!Placement →
↓ Manner
!Labial
!Dental
!Alveolar
!Post-alveolar
!Palatal
!Velar
!Laryngeal
|-
|Nasal
|m
|
|n
|
|
|
|
|-
|Plosive
|p / b
|
|t / d
|
|
|k / g
|ʔ ⟨'⟩
|-
|Sibilant affricate
|
|
|
|t͡ʃ ⟨ts⟩ / d͡ʒ ⟨dj⟩
|
|
|
|-
|Sibilant fricative
|
|
|s ⟨c⟩ / z
|ʃ ⟨s⟩ / ʒ ⟨j⟩
|
|
|
|-
|Non-sibilant fricative
|f / v
|ð
|
|
|ʝ ⟨y⟩
|
|h
|-
|Approximant
|
|
|ɹ ⟨r⟩
|
|
|w
|
|-
|Lateral Approximant
|
|
|l
|
|
|
|
|}
==== Consonant cluster reduction rules ====
Consonants can be 'absorbed' or 'deleted', where absorbed consonants become their absorber (dk > dd) and deleted consonants disappear (dn > n)

* n absorbs neighboring m
* m deletes preceding p and b
* n deletes preceding t and d
* g absorbs all other neighboring plosives, k absorbs all but g, d all but k and g, etc. (' is considered weak)
* dj absorbs neighboring ts
* dj and ts delete preceding j and s
* j absorbs all other neighboring sibilant fricatives, s absorbs all but j, etc.
* y absorbs all other neighboring non-sibilant fricatives, ð absorbs all but y, etc. (h is considered weak)
* w absorbs all other neighboring approximants, and r absorbs l (regular and lateral approximants are blended)

Examples:

* lad-gíla-món-'an → laggílamónan (d-g → gg, n-' → n)
* lad-púkan-món → laddúkannón (d-p → dd, n-m → nn)
* yá-damack-dé'an → yádamacké'an (ck-d → ck)
* bí-daad-ní → bídaaní (d-n → n)

=== Phonotactics ===
C(S)V(C)(C) or (C)CV(S)(C) ,where C is any consonant, S is any oral sonorant, and V is any vowel

V can be lengthened, which is represented as 2 vowels in the romanization but counts as 1

C can be geminated, which is represented as 2(3<ref>digraphs geminate their first letter only</ref>) consonants in the romanization but counts as one for phonotactics

There is no set tense patterning, and tense is instead considered a part of intonation

==== Allophones ====

* <f> /f/ → /fʰ/ | _N
* <g> /g/ → /ɣ/ | L(G)_V
* <k> /k/ → /kʰ/ | _N
* <k> /k/ → /x/ | L(G)_V
* <k> /x/ → /xʰ/ | _N
* <l> /l/ → /l̃/ | N_
* <nowiki> /p/ → /pʰ/ | _N</nowiki>
* <r> /ɹ/ → /ɾ/ | C!n_
* <r> /ɹ/ → /ɹ̃/ | N_
* <r> /ɹ/ → /ʢ̞/ | #_
* <t> /t/ → /tʰ/ | _N
* <y> /ʝ/ → /ʝ̃/ | N_
* <w> /w/ → /w̃/ | N_
where C is any consonant, V is any vowel, L is any lax vowel, N is any nasal vowel, G is any oral sonorant, and #_ means word-initial

==== Rhyme scheme ====
In poetic meter, geminated vowels are twice as long, and geminated consonants and stretched rhymes<ref>A stretched rhyme is a rhyme which has no gemination but is lengthened to accommodate for mismatch with the meter.</ref> are one and a half times as long.

== Morphology ==

=== Pronouns ===

==== Personal pronouns ====
bín - 1.AN

mam - 1.INAN

poka - 2.AN

tóó - 2.INAN

dããd - 3.AN

ken - 3.INAN

==== Deictic pronouns ====
mitta - this

lotta - that

'this' is used for anything within two steps and arm's reach. 'that' is anything outside of that range.

==== Interrogative pronouns ====
koko - what

conna - when

mosí - who

(other interrogatives are phrasal, e.g. 'lewa koko' [in_order_to what] meaning 'why')

==== Indefinite pronouns ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Case→
! rowspan="2" |Negative
! rowspan="2" |Universal
! rowspan="2" |Assertive existential
! rowspan="2" |Dubitative existential
|-
!Type↓
|-
|Person
|habunko
|habunbaa
|habunlin
|habunẽn
|-
|Thing
|lenko
|lenbaa
|lenlin
|lenẽn
|-
|Place
|ranko
|ranbaa
|ranlin
|ranẽn
|-
|Time
|cónko
|cónbaa
|cónlin
|cónẽn
|}

=== Nouns ===

==== Role assignment ====
subject (Nominative case): 'al-

direct object/subject complement (Accusative case): bí-

indirect object (Dative case): tú-

noun complement (Genitive case): wan-

other (Oblique case): 'o-<ref>oblique case is not required on personal pronouns</ref>

==== Number ====
singular default, plus dual, paucal, and plural marked by suffix on a stem which goes before tense and aspect

dual: -dí

paucal: -ve

plural: -na

==== Gender ====
There is no grammatical gender in Tandí

==== Possession ====
POSD na POSR: 'obaan na 'obákúún - the room of the house (DEF-OBL-room POSS DEF-OBL-house)

=== Determiners ===

==== Demonstratives ====
_ wannitta - this _

_ wanlotta - that _

==== Articles ====
Tandí does not use articles

==== Possessive Determiners ====
_ na _: doro na bín - my ball (ball POSS 1.AN); doro na poka - your ball (ball POSS 2.AN); etc.

_ na koko bac - whose _ (POSS what AN)

==== Quantifiers ====
Quantifiers go before the nouns they quantify (see Sentence Order)

=== Conjunctions ===
Conjunctions go in between semantic elements they connect, which can include things like nouns, noun phrases, relative clauses, verb argument lists<ref>The list of a verb's subject, direct object, and indirect object, in the case that a verb is applied to multiple sets of arguments</ref>, etc.

=== Numerals ===

==== Cardinals ====
cardinal "'amend" noun - ní 'amend doro - two CARD ball - ball number two (of a collection)

==== Ordinals ====
ordinal tokan noun - ordinal ORD noun, e.g. ní tokan doro - two ORD ball - second ball<ref group="Example references">e.g. ní tokan 'aban nana jelí | two ORD day PRT year | second day of the year</ref>

==== Nominals ====
root-cardinal - doroní - ball-two - two balls<ref group="Example references">e.g. baddaa 'aldaadukcí bídããní | hit-PRS NOM-3.AN-one ACC-3.AN-two | he hit him (of two people)</ref>

nũm - zero

'ókcí - one

ní - two

ta'í - three

sín - four

kílan - five

jaal - six

kitten - seven

bón - eight

nítta - nine

lan - ten

cen - hundred

tõn - thousand

=== Adjectives ===

==== Placement ====
directly after the noun<ref group="Example references">e.g. 'okína yálekkena wakakííta | OBL-seed-PL ADJ-green GEN-pepper | green pepper seeds</ref>

Adjectives may or may not match the number of the noun, as there is a semantic difference<ref>e.g. "Her muscles were like steel cables" implies her muscles were strong, where "Her muscles were like a steel cable" implies they are arranged in a line</ref>

==== Comparison ====
yá-adjective-degree-PRS<ref>Note here that the adjective is used as a verb, and is placed as the head of a verb phrase</ref> subject: subject is degree adjective than object<ref group="Example references">e.g. yábannúda 'albín 'an bípoka | ADJ-good-COMP-PRS NOM-1SG.AN than ACC-1SG.AN | I am better than you (lit. am_better I than you)</ref>

=== Finite Verbs ===

==== Tense ====
attaches to verb

* -da: PRS
* -'ãn: PST
* -lí: FUT

==== Aspect ====
goes after tense:

* -bó: PROG.CONT
* -len: PERF
* -món: GNO
* -dada: HAB
goes before verb:
* kon-: INF

=== Verb Postpositions ===

==== Mood ====

* 'akaa-: MIR
* 'anõõl-: CONC/HYP
* 'ila-: OPT/BEND
* 'íyye-: HORT/JUSS
* luke-: DUB/COND
* me-: ABIL
* tene-: PERM/PRESCR

==== Evidentiality ====

* -ce'í: RPT
* -mánna: INFR
* -nobã: NEV
* -tócí: SENS
Negation
* 'eeya: NEG

==== Agreement ====
The 'present' tense is the present by default, and otherwise the tense of the last verb.<ref>ADD THIS REFERENCE AND DELETE THE OTHER ONE</ref><ref group="Example references">e.g. lagað'ãn 'albín tandralí 'albín | say-PST NOM-1.AN run-FUT NOM-1.AN | I said I was going to run</ref>

==== Voice ====

* mẽna- : CAUS
* lad- : PASS
* 'õm- : REV

=== Auxiliary Verbs ===
'ayí (AFF) conveys confirmation of an action, and is verbalized to 'ayída (AFF-PRS) to convey confirmation of a state or truth, or of an object's existence, across the past, present, or future, with tense agreement

'cirette laan ma/im' conveys that the subject has knowingly or unknowingly caused the direct object to be unintentionally involved in the indirect object (a state or event), where if the direct object and subject are the same the direct object may be omitted, or included for emphasis

=== Copula ===
There is no copula in Tandí

=== Adpositions ===

==== Agreement ====
No agreement between adposition and complement is necessary

== Syntax ==

=== Sentence Order ===
VSO word order

Particles go before the words they attach to, and prepositions after

Adjectives may attach to any words except conjunctions and postpositions. They go directly after the word they attach to (except verbs, where they go after the postposition)

Adjectives can also be placed at the head of a verb phrase to convey 'SBJ is ADJ', just as nouns may do the same to convey 'SBJ is N'

Verb complements may be placed before the verb phrase's prepositional phrases and connected clauses, but still after the postposition and adjectives, if they are only one word long<ref group="Example references">e.g. "balda yábããntoge laan 'imaan 'omarkã́z 'albello" -> "balda yátandratoge 'albello laan ..." | "go-PRS ADJ-race-property to INE OBL-store NOM-bear" -> "go-PRS ADJ-race-property NOM-bear to ..." | "The bear goes quickly to the store"</ref>

Words modify nouns according to the following hierarchy:

* PREP(QUANT(((HNR(N))ADJ)GEN))

==== Auxiliary Verb Constructions ====
Nouns cannot be advanded forward within auxiliary verb phrases

'ayí can be either a verb or a particle, as mentioned in Auxiliary Verbs

Auxiliary verbs follow a regular form:

* V PREP Oi S (Od)

where V PREP is the auxiliary verb (a finite verb with a preposition), S is the subject and is NOT part of a prepositional phrase, Od is the direct object, and Oi is the noun phrase completing the prepositional phrase of the auxiliary verb

==== Adverb Placement ====
Adverbs are a derivative of adjectives, and follow adjective rules

=== Coordination and subordination ===
Conjunctions go between anything but postpositions and cannot be omitted. Coordinate and subordinate clauses are separated by conjunctions. There is no distinction made between coordination and subordination on a grammatical level

=== Relative Clauses ===
Relative clauses follow a regular form:

* HEAD REL VP

where HEAD is 3.INAN if the relative clause is free and the bound matrix clause if the relative clause is bound, REL is a preposition (kaka /kaxa/), and VP is a verb phrase, and the head is the verb phrase's implied direct object

=== Questions ===

==== Polar Questions ====

* hal ('eeya) _: is _ (un)true?

==== WH-Questions ====
There are three interrogative pronouns, which can form more specific interrogatives through genitives, prepositions, and conjunctions:
* koko - what
* conna - when
* mosí - who
* koko wacón - when (what time), pronoun (emphatic)
* koko wanhabun - who (what person), pronoun (emphatic)
* koko waran - where (what place), pronoun (generic)
* lewa koko - why (to what end), prepositional phrase
* konto koko - why (because of what reasoning), subordinate clause
* lak koko - how (by doing what), prepositional phrase
* no koko - about what, prepositional phrase
* 'im koko - where (near what), prepositional phrase
* 'im conna - when (near when), prepositional phrase
* 'imaan conna - for what time frame (inside when), prepositional phrase
* do koko - from what, prepositional phrase
* laan koko - to what, prepositional phrase
* etc...
questions are asked in the same intonation and word order as statements are declared<ref group="Example references">e.g. ga'ãn 'almosí bíkoko 'im conna, dú 'imaan conna, dú 'im koko, dú no koko, dú lewa koko, dú lak koko, dú kepen koko, dú do koko, dú laan koko, ..., dú kit mosí túkoko? | do-PST NOM-who ACC-what near when, CON inside when, CON near what, CON about what, CON by_doing what, CON INSTR what, CON from what, CON to what, ..., CON BEN who DAT-what | "who did what when, in what time frame, where, about what, why, how, using what, from what, ... , and to what (indirect) to what (direct)?"</ref>

=== Existential Clause ===
uses the auxiliary verb construction of 'ayí

== Miscellaneous ==
The subject, and sometimes the object, direct or indirect, of a verb phrase can be move up in the sentence in a select set of cases:

# A quote is being given. Since the quote is a prepositional phrase, it would normally occur before the arguments of the verb. However, because this could result in poorer understanding of the quote itself, the arguments go before SPECIFICALLY the quote, and after any other prepositions or particles, and the quote prepositional phrase always goes last.<ref group="Example references">e.g. lagaðan 'alheman naní no tatammaa tene 'alpoka, 'al'afanafta, bílagað na 'obín túheman 'ejanacír. | laɣaðan ʔalhɛman nani no tatamːaː tɛnɛ ʔalpoxa, ʔalʔafanafta, bilaɣað na ʔobin tyhɛman ʔɛʝanasiɹ. | say-PST NOM-HNR Nanni that repeat-PRS PERM.PRESCR NOM-2.AN NOM-ACTOR-courier ACC-speech POSS OBL-1.AN DAT-HNR Ea-Naṣir | "You, my courier, will repeat my message to Ea-Naṣir," said Nanni.</ref>
# The subject or object is only one word long. In order to promote faster delivery of important information, the word may be placed before all prepositions and particles, at the 'front' of the verb phrase (behind the verb, postposition, and adverbs)

== Examples ==
<references group="Example references" />

== Notes ==
<references />

Tandí

2026-07-30T20:17:28Z

MiaKvigan: <> becomes ⟨⟩

== Introduction ==
'obala yábalí wantandí is the native language of the ŋation of [[Yókóz|'o'aben yálekki wanyókóz]] on order of [[User:MiaKvigan|lappi Miya]] on the 3rd of May, 2026, at 12:06 P.M. CST

== Phonology ==

=== Vowels ===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
! rowspan="2" |closure
! colspan="2" |front
! colspan="2" |central
! colspan="2" |back
|-
!lax
!tense
!lax
!tense
!lax
!tense
|-
|close
|ɪ ⟨i⟩
|i ⟨í⟩
|
|ɨ ⟨ú⟩
|
|u ⟨ó⟩
|-
|mid
|ɛ ⟨e⟩
|e ⟨é⟩
|ə ⟨u⟩
|
|o ⟨o⟩
|
|-
|open
|æ ⟨á⟩
|a ⟨a⟩
|
|
|
|
|}Vowels may be nasalized or elongated

=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
!Placement →
↓ Manner
!Labial
!Dental
!Alveolar
!Post-alveolar
!Palatal
!Velar
!Laryngeal
|-
|Nasal
|m
|
|n
|
|
|
|
|-
|Plosive
|p / b
|
|t / d
|
|
|k / g
|ʔ ⟨'⟩
|-
|Sibilant affricate
|
|
|
|t͡ʃ ⟨ts⟩ / d͡ʒ ⟨dj⟩
|
|
|
|-
|Sibilant fricative
|
|
|s ⟨c⟩ / z
|ʃ ⟨s⟩ / ʒ ⟨j⟩
|
|
|
|-
|Non-sibilant fricative
|f / v
|ð
|
|
|ʝ ⟨y⟩
|
|h
|-
|Approximant
|
|
|ɹ ⟨r⟩
|
|
|w
|
|-
|Lateral Approximant
|
|
|l
|
|
|
|
|}
==== Consonant cluster reduction rules ====
Consonants can be 'absorbed' or 'deleted', where absorbed consonants become their absorber (dk > dd) and deleted consonants disappear (dn > n)

* n absorbs neighboring m
* m deletes preceding p and b
* n deletes preceding t and d
* g absorbs all other neighboring plosives, k absorbs all but g, d all but k and g, etc. (' is considered weak)
* dj absorbs neighboring ts
* dj and ts delete preceding j and s
* j absorbs all other neighboring sibilant fricatives, s absorbs all but j, etc.
* y absorbs all other neighboring non-sibilant fricatives, ð absorbs all but y, etc. (h is considered weak)
* w absorbs all other neighboring approximants, and r absorbs l (regular and lateral approximants are blended)

Examples:

* lad-gíla-món-'an → laggílamónan (d-g → gg, n-' → n)
* lad-púkan-món → laddúkannón (d-p → dd, n-m → nn)
* yá-damack-dé'an → yádamacké'an (ck-d → ck)
* bí-daad-ní → bídaaní (d-n → n)

=== Phonotactics ===
C(S)V(C)(C) or (C)CV(S)(C) ,where C is any consonant, S is any oral sonorant, and V is any vowel

V can be lengthened, which is represented as 2 vowels in the romanization but counts as 1

C can be geminated, which is represented as 2(3<ref>digraphs geminate their first letter only</ref>) consonants in the romanization but counts as one for phonotactics

There is no set tense patterning, and tense is instead considered a part of intonation

==== Allophones ====

* <f> /f/ → /fʰ/ | _N
* <g> /g/ → /ɣ/ | L(G)_V
* <k> /k/ → /kʰ/ | _N
* <k> /k/ → /x/ | L(G)_V
* <k> /x/ → /xʰ/ | _N
* <l> /l/ → /l̃/ | N_
* <nowiki> /p/ → /pʰ/ | _N</nowiki>
* <r> /ɹ/ → /ɾ/ | C!n_
* <r> /ɹ/ → /ɹ̃/ | N_
* <r> /ɹ/ → /ʢ̞/ | #_
* <t> /t/ → /tʰ/ | _N
* <y> /ʝ/ → /ʝ̃/ | N_
* <w> /w/ → /w̃/ | N_
where C is any consonant, V is any vowel, L is any lax vowel, N is any nasal vowel, G is any oral sonorant, and #_ means word-initial

==== Rhyme scheme ====
In poetic meter, geminated vowels are twice as long, and geminated consonants and stretched rhymes<ref>A stretched rhyme is a rhyme which has no gemination but is lengthened to accommodate for mismatch with the meter.</ref> are one and a half times as long.

== Morphology ==

=== Pronouns ===

==== Personal pronouns ====
bín - 1.AN

mam - 1.INAN

poka - 2.AN

tóó - 2.INAN

dããd - 3.AN

ken - 3.INAN

==== Deictic pronouns ====
mitta - this

lotta - that

'this' is used for anything within two steps and arm's reach. 'that' is anything outside of that range.

==== Interrogative pronouns ====
koko - what

conna - when

mosí - who

(other interrogatives are phrasal, e.g. 'lewa koko' [in_order_to what] meaning 'why')

==== Indefinite pronouns ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Case→
! rowspan="2" |Negative
! rowspan="2" |Universal
! rowspan="2" |Assertive existential
! rowspan="2" |Dubitative existential
|-
!Type↓
|-
|Person
|habunko
|habunbaa
|habunlin
|habunẽn
|-
|Thing
|lenko
|lenbaa
|lenlin
|lenẽn
|-
|Place
|ranko
|ranbaa
|ranlin
|ranẽn
|-
|Time
|cónko
|cónbaa
|cónlin
|cónẽn
|}

=== Nouns ===

==== Role assignment ====
subject (Nominative case): 'al-

direct object/subject complement (Accusative case): bí-

indirect object (Dative case): tú-

noun complement (Genitive case): wan-

other (Oblique case): 'o-<ref>oblique case is not required on personal pronouns</ref>

==== Number ====
singular default, plus dual, paucal, and plural marked by suffix on a stem which goes before tense and aspect

dual: -dí

paucal: -ve

plural: -na

==== Gender ====
There is no grammatical gender in Tandí

==== Possession ====
POSD na POSR: 'obaan na 'obákúún - the room of the house (DEF-OBL-room POSS DEF-OBL-house)

=== Determiners ===

==== Demonstratives ====
_ wannitta - this _

_ wanlotta - that _

==== Articles ====
Tandí does not use articles

==== Possessive Determiners ====
_ na _: doro na bín - my ball (ball POSS 1.AN); doro na poka - your ball (ball POSS 2.AN); etc.

_ na koko bac - whose _ (POSS what AN)

==== Quantifiers ====
Quantifiers go before the nouns they quantify (see Sentence Order)

=== Conjunctions ===
Conjunctions go in between semantic elements they connect, which can include things like nouns, noun phrases, relative clauses, verb argument lists<ref>The list of a verb's subject, direct object, and indirect object, in the case that a verb is applied to multiple sets of arguments</ref>, etc.

=== Numerals ===

==== Cardinals ====
cardinal "'amend" noun - ní 'amend doro - two CARD ball - ball number two (of a collection)

==== Ordinals ====
ordinal tokan noun - ordinal ORD noun, e.g. ní tokan doro - two ORD ball - second ball<ref group="Example references">e.g. ní tokan 'aban nana jelí | two ORD day PRT year | second day of the year</ref>

==== Nominals ====
root-cardinal - doroní - ball-two - two balls<ref group="Example references">e.g. baddaa 'aldaadukcí bídããní | hit-PRS NOM-3.AN-one ACC-3.AN-two | he hit him (of two people)</ref>

nũm - zero

'ókcí - one

ní - two

ta'í - three

sín - four

kílan - five

jaal - six

kitten - seven

bón - eight

nítta - nine

lan - ten

cen - hundred

tõn - thousand

=== Adjectives ===

==== Placement ====
directly after the noun<ref group="Example references">e.g. 'okína yálekkena wakakííta | OBL-seed-PL ADJ-green GEN-pepper | green pepper seeds</ref>

Adjectives may or may not match the number of the noun, as there is a semantic difference<ref>e.g. "Her muscles were like steel cables" implies her muscles were strong, where "Her muscles were like a steel cable" implies they are arranged in a line</ref>

==== Comparison ====
yá-adjective-degree-PRS<ref>Note here that the adjective is used as a verb, and is placed as the head of a verb phrase</ref> subject: subject is degree adjective than object<ref group="Example references">e.g. yábannúda 'albín 'an bípoka | ADJ-good-COMP-PRS NOM-1SG.AN than ACC-1SG.AN | I am better than you (lit. am_better I than you)</ref>

=== Finite Verbs ===

==== Tense ====
attaches to verb

* -da: PRS
* -'ãn: PST
* -lí: FUT

==== Aspect ====
goes after tense:

* -bó: PROG.CONT
* -len: PERF
* -món: GNO
* -dada: HAB
goes before verb:
* kon-: INF

=== Verb Postpositions ===

==== Mood ====

* 'akaa-: MIR
* 'anõõl-: CONC/HYP
* 'ila-: OPT/BEND
* 'íyye-: HORT/JUSS
* luke-: DUB/COND
* me-: ABIL
* tene-: PERM/PRESCR

==== Evidentiality ====

* -ce'í: RPT
* -mánna: INFR
* -nobã: NEV
* -tócí: SENS
Negation
* 'eeya: NEG

==== Agreement ====
The 'present' tense is the present by default, and otherwise the tense of the last verb.<ref>ADD THIS REFERENCE AND DELETE THE OTHER ONE</ref><ref group="Example references">e.g. lagað'ãn 'albín tandralí 'albín | say-PST NOM-1.AN run-FUT NOM-1.AN | I said I was going to run</ref>

==== Voice ====

* mẽna- : CAUS
* lad- : PASS
* 'õm- : REV

=== Auxiliary Verbs ===
'ayí (AFF) conveys confirmation of an action, and is verbalized to 'ayída (AFF-PRS) to convey confirmation of a state or truth, or of an object's existence, across the past, present, or future, with tense agreement

'cirette laan ma/im' conveys that the subject has knowingly or unknowingly caused the direct object to be unintentionally involved in the indirect object (a state or event), where if the direct object and subject are the same the direct object may be omitted, or included for emphasis

=== Copula ===
There is no copula in Tandí

=== Adpositions ===

==== Agreement ====
No agreement between adposition and complement is necessary

== Syntax ==

=== Sentence Order ===
VSO word order

Particles go before the words they attach to, and prepositions after

Adjectives may attach to any words except conjunctions and postpositions. They go directly after the word they attach to (except verbs, where they go after the postposition)

Adjectives can also be placed at the head of a verb phrase to convey 'SBJ is ADJ', just as nouns may do the same to convey 'SBJ is N'

Verb complements may be placed before the verb phrase's prepositional phrases and connected clauses, but still after the postposition and adjectives, if they are only one word long<ref group="Example references">e.g. "balda yábããntoge laan 'imaan 'omarkã́z 'albello" -> "balda yátandratoge 'albello laan ..." | "go-PRS ADJ-race-property to INE OBL-store NOM-bear" -> "go-PRS ADJ-race-property NOM-bear to ..." | "The bear goes quickly to the store"</ref>

Words modify nouns according to the following hierarchy:

* PREP(QUANT(((HNR(N))ADJ)GEN))

==== Auxiliary Verb Constructions ====
Nouns cannot be advanded forward within auxiliary verb phrases

'ayí can be either a verb or a particle, as mentioned in Auxiliary Verbs

Auxiliary verbs follow a regular form:

* V PREP Oi S (Od)

where V PREP is the auxiliary verb (a finite verb with a preposition), S is the subject and is NOT part of a prepositional phrase, Od is the direct object, and Oi is the noun phrase completing the prepositional phrase of the auxiliary verb

==== Adverb Placement ====
Adverbs are a derivative of adjectives, and follow adjective rules

=== Coordination and subordination ===
Conjunctions go between anything but postpositions and cannot be omitted. Coordinate and subordinate clauses are separated by conjunctions. There is no distinction made between coordination and subordination on a grammatical level

=== Relative Clauses ===
Relative clauses follow a regular form:

* HEAD REL VP

where HEAD is 3.INAN if the relative clause is free and the bound matrix clause if the relative clause is bound, REL is a grammatical particle (kaka /kaxa/), and VP is a verb phrase, and the head is the verb phrase's implied direct object

=== Questions ===

==== Polar Questions ====

* hal ('eeya) _: is _ (un)true?

==== WH-Questions ====
There are three interrogative pronouns, which can form more specific interrogatives through genitives, prepositions, and conjunctions:
* koko - what
* conna - when
* mosí - who
* koko wacón - when (what time), pronoun (emphatic)
* koko wanhabun - who (what person), pronoun (emphatic)
* koko waran - where (what place), pronoun (generic)
* lewa koko - why (to what end), prepositional phrase
* konto koko - why (because of what reasoning), subordinate clause
* lak koko - how (by doing what), prepositional phrase
* no koko - about what, prepositional phrase
* 'im koko - where (near what), prepositional phrase
* 'im conna - when (near when), prepositional phrase
* 'imaan conna - for what time frame (inside when), prepositional phrase
* do koko - from what, prepositional phrase
* laan koko - to what, prepositional phrase
* etc...
questions are asked in the same intonation and word order as statements are declared<ref group="Example references">e.g. ga'ãn 'almosí bíkoko 'im conna, dú 'imaan conna, dú 'im koko, dú no koko, dú lewa koko, dú lak koko, dú kepen koko, dú do koko, dú laan koko, ..., dú kit mosí túkoko? | do-PST NOM-who ACC-what near when, CON inside when, CON near what, CON about what, CON by_doing what, CON INSTR what, CON from what, CON to what, ..., CON BEN who DAT-what | "who did what when, in what time frame, where, about what, why, how, using what, from what, ... , and to what (indirect) to what (direct)?"</ref>

=== Existential Clause ===
uses the auxiliary verb construction of 'ayí

== Miscellaneous ==
The subject, and sometimes the object, direct or indirect, of a verb phrase can be move up in the sentence in a select set of cases:

# A quote is being given. Since the quote is a prepositional phrase, it would normally occur before the arguments of the verb. However, because this could result in poorer understanding of the quote itself, the arguments go before SPECIFICALLY the quote, and after any other prepositions or particles, and the quote prepositional phrase always goes last.<ref group="Example references">e.g. lagaðan 'alheman naní no tatammaa tene 'alpoka, 'al'afanafta, bílagað na 'obín túheman 'ejanacír. | laɣaðan ʔalhɛman nani no tatamːaː tɛnɛ ʔalpoxa, ʔalʔafanafta, bilaɣað na ʔobin tyhɛman ʔɛʝanasiɹ. | say-PST NOM-HNR Nanni that repeat-PRS PERM.PRESCR NOM-2.AN NOM-ACTOR-courier ACC-speech POSS OBL-1.AN DAT-HNR Ea-Naṣir | "You, my courier, will repeat my message to Ea-Naṣir," said Nanni.</ref>
# The subject or object is only one word long. In order to promote faster delivery of important information, the word may be placed before all prepositions and particles, at the 'front' of the verb phrase (behind the verb, postposition, and adverbs)

== Examples ==
<references group="Example references" />

== Notes ==
<references />

Tandí

2026-07-30T20:02:44Z

MiaKvigan: /* Evidentiality */

== Introduction ==
'obala yábalí wantandí is the native language of the ŋation of [[Yókóz|'o'aben yálekki wanyókóz]] on order of [[User:MiaKvigan|lappi Miya]] on the 3rd of May, 2026, at 12:06 P.M. CST

== Phonology ==

=== Vowels ===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
! rowspan="2" |closure
! colspan="2" |front
! colspan="2" |central
! colspan="2" |back
|-
!lax
!tense
!lax
!tense
!lax
!tense
|-
|close
|ɪ <nowiki></nowiki>
|i <í>
|
|ɨ <ú>
|
|u <ó>
|-
|mid
|ɛ <e>
|e <é>
|ə <nowiki></nowiki>
|
|o <o>
|
|-
|open
|æ <á>
|a <a>
|
|
|
|
|}Vowels may be nasalized or elongated

=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
!Placement →
↓ Manner
!Labial
!Dental
!Alveolar
!Post-alveolar
!Palatal
!Velar
!Laryngeal
|-
|Nasal
|m
|
|n
|
|
|
|
|-
|Plosive
|<nowiki>p | b</nowiki>
|
|<nowiki>t | d</nowiki>
|
|
|<nowiki>k | g</nowiki>
|ʔ <'>
|-
|Sibilant affricate
|
|
|
|<nowiki>t͡ʃ <ts> | d͡ʒ <dj></nowiki>
|
|
|
|-
|Sibilant fricative
|
|
|<nowiki>s <c> | z</nowiki>
|<nowiki>ʃ <s> | ʒ <j></nowiki>
|
|
|
|-
|Non-sibilant fricative
|<nowiki>f | v</nowiki>
|ð
|
|
|ʝ <y>
|
|h
|-
|Approximant
|
|
|ɹ <r>
|
|
|w
|
|-
|Lateral Approximant
|
|
|l
|
|
|
|
|}
==== Consonant cluster reduction rules ====
Consonants can be 'absorbed' or 'deleted', where absorbed consonants become their absorber (dk > dd) and deleted consonants disappear (dn > n)

* n absorbs neighboring m
* m deletes preceding p and b
* n deletes preceding t and d
* g absorbs all other neighboring plosives, k absorbs all but g, d all but k and g, etc. (' is considered weak)
* dj absorbs neighboring ts
* dj and ts delete preceding j and s
* j absorbs all other neighboring sibilant fricatives, s absorbs all but j, etc.
* y absorbs all other neighboring non-sibilant fricatives, ð absorbs all but y, etc. (h is considered weak)
* w absorbs all other neighboring approximants, and r absorbs l (regular and lateral approximants are blended)

Examples:

* lad-gíla-món-'an → laggílamónan (d-g → gg, n-' → n)
* lad-púkan-món → laddúkannón (d-p → dd, n-m → nn)
* yá-damack-dé'an → yádamacké'an (ck-d → ck)
* bí-daad-ní → bídaaní (d-n → n)

=== Phonotactics ===
C(S)V(C)(C) or (C)CV(S)(C) ,where C is any consonant, S is any oral sonorant, and V is any vowel

V can be lengthened, which is represented as 2 vowels in the romanization but counts as 1

C can be geminated, which is represented as 2(3<ref>digraphs geminate their first letter only</ref>) consonants in the romanization but counts as one for phonotactics

There is no set tense patterning, and tense is instead considered a part of intonation

==== Allophones ====

* <f> /f/ → /fʰ/ | _N
* <g> /g/ → /ɣ/ | L(G)_V
* <k> /k/ → /kʰ/ | _N
* <k> /k/ → /x/ | L(G)_V
* <k> /x/ → /xʰ/ | _N
* <l> /l/ → /l̃/ | N_
* <nowiki> /p/ → /pʰ/ | _N</nowiki>
* <r> /ɹ/ → /ɾ/ | C!n_
* <r> /ɹ/ → /ɹ̃/ | N_
* <r> /ɹ/ → /ʢ̞/ | #_
* <t> /t/ → /tʰ/ | _N
* <y> /ʝ/ → /ʝ̃/ | N_
* <w> /w/ → /w̃/ | N_
where C is any consonant, V is any vowel, L is any lax vowel, N is any nasal vowel, G is any oral sonorant, and #_ means word-initial

==== Rhyme scheme ====
In poetic meter, geminated vowels are twice as long, and geminated consonants and stretched rhymes<ref>A stretched rhyme is a rhyme which has no gemination but is lengthened to accommodate for mismatch with the meter.</ref> are one and a half times as long.

== Morphology ==

=== Pronouns ===

==== Personal pronouns ====
bín - 1.AN

mam - 1.INAN

poka - 2.AN

tóó - 2.INAN

dããd - 3.AN

ken - 3.INAN

==== Deictic pronouns ====
mitta - this

lotta - that

'this' is used for anything within two steps and arm's reach. 'that' is anything outside of that range.

==== Interrogative pronouns ====
koko - what

conna - when

mosí - who

(other interrogatives are phrasal, e.g. 'lewa koko' [in_order_to what] meaning 'why')

==== Indefinite pronouns ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Case→
! rowspan="2" |Negative
! rowspan="2" |Universal
! rowspan="2" |Assertive existential
! rowspan="2" |Dubitative existential
|-
!Type↓
|-
|Person
|habunko
|habunbaa
|habunlin
|habunẽn
|-
|Thing
|lenko
|lenbaa
|lenlin
|lenẽn
|-
|Place
|ranko
|ranbaa
|ranlin
|ranẽn
|-
|Time
|cónko
|cónbaa
|cónlin
|cónẽn
|}

=== Nouns ===

==== Role assignment ====
subject (Nominative case): 'al-

direct object/subject complement (Accusative case): bí-

indirect object (Dative case): tú-

noun complement (Genitive case): wan-

other (Oblique case): 'o-<ref>oblique case is not required on personal pronouns</ref>

==== Number ====
singular default, plus dual, paucal, and plural marked by suffix on a stem which goes before tense and aspect

dual: -dí

paucal: -ve

plural: -na

==== Gender ====
There is no grammatical gender in Tandí

==== Possession ====
POSD na POSR: 'obaan na 'obákúún - the room of the house (DEF-OBL-room POSS DEF-OBL-house)

=== Determiners ===

==== Demonstratives ====
_ wannitta - this _

_ wanlotta - that _

==== Articles ====
Tandí does not use articles

==== Possessive Determiners ====
_ na _: doro na bín - my ball (ball POSS 1.AN); doro na poka - your ball (ball POSS 2.AN); etc.

_ na koko bac - whose _ (POSS what AN)

==== Quantifiers ====
Quantifiers go before the nouns they quantify (see Sentence Order)

=== Conjunctions ===
Conjunctions go in between semantic elements they connect, which can include things like nouns, noun phrases, relative clauses, verb argument lists<ref>The list of a verb's subject, direct object, and indirect object, in the case that a verb is applied to multiple sets of arguments</ref>, etc.

=== Numerals ===

==== Cardinals ====
cardinal "'amend" noun - ní 'amend doro - two CARD ball - ball number two (of a collection)

==== Ordinals ====
ordinal tokan noun - ordinal ORD noun, e.g. ní tokan doro - two ORD ball - second ball<ref group="Example references">e.g. ní tokan 'aban nana jelí | two ORD day PRT year | second day of the year</ref>

==== Nominals ====
root-cardinal - doroní - ball-two - two balls<ref group="Example references">e.g. baddaa 'aldaadukcí bídããní | hit-PRS NOM-3.AN-one ACC-3.AN-two | he hit him (of two people)</ref>

nũm - zero

'ókcí - one

ní - two

ta'í - three

sín - four

kílan - five

jaal - six

kitten - seven

bón - eight

nítta - nine

lan - ten

cen - hundred

tõn - thousand

=== Adjectives ===

==== Placement ====
directly after the noun<ref group="Example references">e.g. 'okína yálekkena wakakííta | OBL-seed-PL ADJ-green GEN-pepper | green pepper seeds</ref>

Adjectives may or may not match the number of the noun, as there is a semantic difference<ref>e.g. "Her muscles were like steel cables" implies her muscles were strong, where "Her muscles were like a steel cable" implies they are arranged in a line</ref>

==== Comparison ====
yá-adjective-degree-PRS<ref>Note here that the adjective is used as a verb, and is placed as the head of a verb phrase</ref> subject: subject is degree adjective than object<ref group="Example references">e.g. yábannúda 'albín 'an bípoka | ADJ-good-COMP-PRS NOM-1SG.AN than ACC-1SG.AN | I am better than you (lit. am_better I than you)</ref>

=== Finite Verbs ===

==== Tense ====
attaches to verb

* -da: PRS
* -'ãn: PST
* -lí: FUT

==== Aspect ====
goes after tense:

* -bó: PROG.CONT
* -len: PERF
* -món: GNO
* -dada: HAB
goes before verb:
* kon-: INF

=== Verb Postpositions ===

==== Mood ====

* 'akaa-: MIR
* 'anõõl-: CONC/HYP
* 'ila-: OPT/BEND
* 'íyye-: HORT/JUSS
* luke-: DUB/COND
* me-: ABIL
* tene-: PERM/PRESCR

==== Evidentiality ====

* -ce'í: RPT
* -mánna: INFR
* -nobã: NEV
* -tócí: SENS
Negation
* 'eeya: NEG

==== Agreement ====
The 'present' tense is the present by default, and otherwise the tense of the last verb.<ref>ADD THIS REFERENCE AND DELETE THE OTHER ONE</ref><ref group="Example references">e.g. lagað'ãn 'albín tandralí 'albín | say-PST NOM-1.AN run-FUT NOM-1.AN | I said I was going to run</ref>

==== Voice ====

* mẽna- : CAUS
* lad- : PASS
* 'õm- : REV

=== Auxiliary Verbs ===
'ayí (AFF) conveys confirmation of an action, and is verbalized to 'ayída (AFF-PRS) to convey confirmation of a state or truth, or of an object's existence, across the past, present, or future, with tense agreement

'cirette laan ma/im' conveys that the subject has knowingly or unknowingly caused the direct object to be unintentionally involved in the indirect object (a state or event), where if the direct object and subject are the same the direct object may be omitted, or included for emphasis

=== Copula ===
There is no copula in Tandí

=== Adpositions ===

==== Agreement ====
No agreement between adposition and complement is necessary

== Syntax ==

=== Sentence Order ===
VSO word order

Particles go before the words they attach to, and prepositions after

Adjectives may attach to any words except conjunctions and postpositions. They go directly after the word they attach to (except verbs, where they go after the postposition)

Adjectives can also be placed at the head of a verb phrase to convey 'SBJ is ADJ', just as nouns may do the same to convey 'SBJ is N'

Verb complements may be placed before the verb phrase's prepositional phrases and connected clauses, but still after the postposition and adjectives, if they are only one word long<ref group="Example references">e.g. "balda yábããntoge laan 'imaan 'omarkã́z 'albello" -> "balda yátandratoge 'albello laan ..." | "go-PRS ADJ-race-property to INE OBL-store NOM-bear" -> "go-PRS ADJ-race-property NOM-bear to ..." | "The bear goes quickly to the store"</ref>

Words modify nouns according to the following hierarchy:

* PREP(QUANT(((HNR(N))ADJ)GEN))

==== Auxiliary Verb Constructions ====
Nouns cannot be advanded forward within auxiliary verb phrases

'ayí can be either a verb or a particle, as mentioned in Auxiliary Verbs

Auxiliary verbs follow a regular form:

* V PREP Oi S (Od)

where V PREP is the auxiliary verb (a finite verb with a preposition), S is the subject and is NOT part of a prepositional phrase, Od is the direct object, and Oi is the noun phrase completing the prepositional phrase of the auxiliary verb

==== Adverb Placement ====
Adverbs are a derivative of adjectives, and follow adjective rules

=== Coordination and subordination ===
Conjunctions go between anything but postpositions and cannot be omitted. Coordinate and subordinate clauses are separated by conjunctions. There is no distinction made between coordination and subordination on a grammatical level

=== Relative Clauses ===
Relative clauses follow a regular form:

* HEAD REL VP

where HEAD is 3.INAN if the relative clause is free and the bound matrix clause if the relative clause is bound, REL is a grammatical particle (kaka /kaxa/), and VP is a verb phrase, and the head is the verb phrase's implied direct object

=== Questions ===

==== Polar Questions ====

* hal ('eeya) _: is _ (un)true?

==== WH-Questions ====
There are three interrogative pronouns, which can form more specific interrogatives through genitives, prepositions, and conjunctions:
* koko - what
* conna - when
* mosí - who
* koko wacón - when (what time), pronoun (emphatic)
* koko wanhabun - who (what person), pronoun (emphatic)
* koko waran - where (what place), pronoun (generic)
* lewa koko - why (to what end), prepositional phrase
* konto koko - why (because of what reasoning), subordinate clause
* lak koko - how (by doing what), prepositional phrase
* no koko - about what, prepositional phrase
* 'im koko - where (near what), prepositional phrase
* 'im conna - when (near when), prepositional phrase
* 'imaan conna - for what time frame (inside when), prepositional phrase
* do koko - from what, prepositional phrase
* laan koko - to what, prepositional phrase
* etc...
questions are asked in the same intonation and word order as statements are declared<ref group="Example references">e.g. ga'ãn 'almosí bíkoko 'im conna, dú 'imaan conna, dú 'im koko, dú no koko, dú lewa koko, dú lak koko, dú kepen koko, dú do koko, dú laan koko, ..., dú kit mosí túkoko? | do-PST NOM-who ACC-what near when, CON inside when, CON near what, CON about what, CON by_doing what, CON INSTR what, CON from what, CON to what, ..., CON BEN who DAT-what | "who did what when, in what time frame, where, about what, why, how, using what, from what, ... , and to what (indirect) to what (direct)?"</ref>

=== Existential Clause ===
uses the auxiliary verb construction of 'ayí

== Miscellaneous ==
The subject, and sometimes the object, direct or indirect, of a verb phrase can be move up in the sentence in a select set of cases:

# A quote is being given. Since the quote is a prepositional phrase, it would normally occur before the arguments of the verb. However, because this could result in poorer understanding of the quote itself, the arguments go before SPECIFICALLY the quote, and after any other prepositions or particles, and the quote prepositional phrase always goes last.<ref group="Example references">e.g. lagaðan 'alheman naní no tatammaa tene 'alpoka, 'al'afanafta, bílagað na 'obín túheman 'ejanacír. | laɣaðan ʔalhɛman nani no tatamːaː tɛnɛ ʔalpoxa, ʔalʔafanafta, bilaɣað na ʔobin tyhɛman ʔɛʝanasiɹ. | say-PST NOM-HNR Nanni that repeat-PRS PERM.PRESCR NOM-2.AN NOM-ACTOR-courier ACC-speech POSS OBL-1.AN DAT-HNR Ea-Naṣir | "You, my courier, will repeat my message to Ea-Naṣir," said Nanni.</ref>
# The subject or object is only one word long. In order to promote faster delivery of important information, the word may be placed before all prepositions and particles, at the 'front' of the verb phrase (behind the verb, postposition, and adverbs)

== Examples ==
<references group="Example references" />

== Notes ==
<references />

Tandí

2026-07-30T20:01:36Z

MiaKvigan: /* Mood */

== Introduction ==
'obala yábalí wantandí is the native language of the ŋation of [[Yókóz|'o'aben yálekki wanyókóz]] on order of [[User:MiaKvigan|lappi Miya]] on the 3rd of May, 2026, at 12:06 P.M. CST

== Phonology ==

=== Vowels ===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
! rowspan="2" |closure
! colspan="2" |front
! colspan="2" |central
! colspan="2" |back
|-
!lax
!tense
!lax
!tense
!lax
!tense
|-
|close
|ɪ <nowiki></nowiki>
|i <í>
|
|ɨ <ú>
|
|u <ó>
|-
|mid
|ɛ <e>
|e <é>
|ə <nowiki></nowiki>
|
|o <o>
|
|-
|open
|æ <á>
|a <a>
|
|
|
|
|}Vowels may be nasalized or elongated

=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
!Placement →
↓ Manner
!Labial
!Dental
!Alveolar
!Post-alveolar
!Palatal
!Velar
!Laryngeal
|-
|Nasal
|m
|
|n
|
|
|
|
|-
|Plosive
|<nowiki>p | b</nowiki>
|
|<nowiki>t | d</nowiki>
|
|
|<nowiki>k | g</nowiki>
|ʔ <'>
|-
|Sibilant affricate
|
|
|
|<nowiki>t͡ʃ <ts> | d͡ʒ <dj></nowiki>
|
|
|
|-
|Sibilant fricative
|
|
|<nowiki>s <c> | z</nowiki>
|<nowiki>ʃ <s> | ʒ <j></nowiki>
|
|
|
|-
|Non-sibilant fricative
|<nowiki>f | v</nowiki>
|ð
|
|
|ʝ <y>
|
|h
|-
|Approximant
|
|
|ɹ <r>
|
|
|w
|
|-
|Lateral Approximant
|
|
|l
|
|
|
|
|}
==== Consonant cluster reduction rules ====
Consonants can be 'absorbed' or 'deleted', where absorbed consonants become their absorber (dk > dd) and deleted consonants disappear (dn > n)

* n absorbs neighboring m
* m deletes preceding p and b
* n deletes preceding t and d
* g absorbs all other neighboring plosives, k absorbs all but g, d all but k and g, etc. (' is considered weak)
* dj absorbs neighboring ts
* dj and ts delete preceding j and s
* j absorbs all other neighboring sibilant fricatives, s absorbs all but j, etc.
* y absorbs all other neighboring non-sibilant fricatives, ð absorbs all but y, etc. (h is considered weak)
* w absorbs all other neighboring approximants, and r absorbs l (regular and lateral approximants are blended)

Examples:

* lad-gíla-món-'an → laggílamónan (d-g → gg, n-' → n)
* lad-púkan-món → laddúkannón (d-p → dd, n-m → nn)
* yá-damack-dé'an → yádamacké'an (ck-d → ck)
* bí-daad-ní → bídaaní (d-n → n)

=== Phonotactics ===
C(S)V(C)(C) or (C)CV(S)(C) ,where C is any consonant, S is any oral sonorant, and V is any vowel

V can be lengthened, which is represented as 2 vowels in the romanization but counts as 1

C can be geminated, which is represented as 2(3<ref>digraphs geminate their first letter only</ref>) consonants in the romanization but counts as one for phonotactics

There is no set tense patterning, and tense is instead considered a part of intonation

==== Allophones ====

* <f> /f/ → /fʰ/ | _N
* <g> /g/ → /ɣ/ | L(G)_V
* <k> /k/ → /kʰ/ | _N
* <k> /k/ → /x/ | L(G)_V
* <k> /x/ → /xʰ/ | _N
* <l> /l/ → /l̃/ | N_
* <nowiki> /p/ → /pʰ/ | _N</nowiki>
* <r> /ɹ/ → /ɾ/ | C!n_
* <r> /ɹ/ → /ɹ̃/ | N_
* <r> /ɹ/ → /ʢ̞/ | #_
* <t> /t/ → /tʰ/ | _N
* <y> /ʝ/ → /ʝ̃/ | N_
* <w> /w/ → /w̃/ | N_
where C is any consonant, V is any vowel, L is any lax vowel, N is any nasal vowel, G is any oral sonorant, and #_ means word-initial

==== Rhyme scheme ====
In poetic meter, geminated vowels are twice as long, and geminated consonants and stretched rhymes<ref>A stretched rhyme is a rhyme which has no gemination but is lengthened to accommodate for mismatch with the meter.</ref> are one and a half times as long.

== Morphology ==

=== Pronouns ===

==== Personal pronouns ====
bín - 1.AN

mam - 1.INAN

poka - 2.AN

tóó - 2.INAN

dããd - 3.AN

ken - 3.INAN

==== Deictic pronouns ====
mitta - this

lotta - that

'this' is used for anything within two steps and arm's reach. 'that' is anything outside of that range.

==== Interrogative pronouns ====
koko - what

conna - when

mosí - who

(other interrogatives are phrasal, e.g. 'lewa koko' [in_order_to what] meaning 'why')

==== Indefinite pronouns ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Case→
! rowspan="2" |Negative
! rowspan="2" |Universal
! rowspan="2" |Assertive existential
! rowspan="2" |Dubitative existential
|-
!Type↓
|-
|Person
|habunko
|habunbaa
|habunlin
|habunẽn
|-
|Thing
|lenko
|lenbaa
|lenlin
|lenẽn
|-
|Place
|ranko
|ranbaa
|ranlin
|ranẽn
|-
|Time
|cónko
|cónbaa
|cónlin
|cónẽn
|}

=== Nouns ===

==== Role assignment ====
subject (Nominative case): 'al-

direct object/subject complement (Accusative case): bí-

indirect object (Dative case): tú-

noun complement (Genitive case): wan-

other (Oblique case): 'o-<ref>oblique case is not required on personal pronouns</ref>

==== Number ====
singular default, plus dual, paucal, and plural marked by suffix on a stem which goes before tense and aspect

dual: -dí

paucal: -ve

plural: -na

==== Gender ====
There is no grammatical gender in Tandí

==== Possession ====
POSD na POSR: 'obaan na 'obákúún - the room of the house (DEF-OBL-room POSS DEF-OBL-house)

=== Determiners ===

==== Demonstratives ====
_ wannitta - this _

_ wanlotta - that _

==== Articles ====
Tandí does not use articles

==== Possessive Determiners ====
_ na _: doro na bín - my ball (ball POSS 1.AN); doro na poka - your ball (ball POSS 2.AN); etc.

_ na koko bac - whose _ (POSS what AN)

==== Quantifiers ====
Quantifiers go before the nouns they quantify (see Sentence Order)

=== Conjunctions ===
Conjunctions go in between semantic elements they connect, which can include things like nouns, noun phrases, relative clauses, verb argument lists<ref>The list of a verb's subject, direct object, and indirect object, in the case that a verb is applied to multiple sets of arguments</ref>, etc.

=== Numerals ===

==== Cardinals ====
cardinal "'amend" noun - ní 'amend doro - two CARD ball - ball number two (of a collection)

==== Ordinals ====
ordinal tokan noun - ordinal ORD noun, e.g. ní tokan doro - two ORD ball - second ball<ref group="Example references">e.g. ní tokan 'aban nana jelí | two ORD day PRT year | second day of the year</ref>

==== Nominals ====
root-cardinal - doroní - ball-two - two balls<ref group="Example references">e.g. baddaa 'aldaadukcí bídããní | hit-PRS NOM-3.AN-one ACC-3.AN-two | he hit him (of two people)</ref>

nũm - zero

'ókcí - one

ní - two

ta'í - three

sín - four

kílan - five

jaal - six

kitten - seven

bón - eight

nítta - nine

lan - ten

cen - hundred

tõn - thousand

=== Adjectives ===

==== Placement ====
directly after the noun<ref group="Example references">e.g. 'okína yálekkena wakakííta | OBL-seed-PL ADJ-green GEN-pepper | green pepper seeds</ref>

Adjectives may or may not match the number of the noun, as there is a semantic difference<ref>e.g. "Her muscles were like steel cables" implies her muscles were strong, where "Her muscles were like a steel cable" implies they are arranged in a line</ref>

==== Comparison ====
yá-adjective-degree-PRS<ref>Note here that the adjective is used as a verb, and is placed as the head of a verb phrase</ref> subject: subject is degree adjective than object<ref group="Example references">e.g. yábannúda 'albín 'an bípoka | ADJ-good-COMP-PRS NOM-1SG.AN than ACC-1SG.AN | I am better than you (lit. am_better I than you)</ref>

=== Finite Verbs ===

==== Tense ====
attaches to verb

* -da: PRS
* -'ãn: PST
* -lí: FUT

==== Aspect ====
goes after tense:

* -bó: PROG.CONT
* -len: PERF
* -món: GNO
* -dada: HAB
goes before verb:
* kon-: INF

=== Verb Postpositions ===

==== Mood ====

* 'akaa-: MIR
* 'anõõl-: CONC/HYP
* 'ila-: OPT/BEND
* 'íyye-: HORT/JUSS
* luke-: DUB/COND
* me-: ABIL
* tene-: PERM/PRESCR

==== Evidentiality ====

* -ce'í : RPT
* -mánna : INFR
* -nobã : NEV
* -tócí : SENS
Negation
* 'eeya - NEG

==== Agreement ====
The 'present' tense is the present by default, and otherwise the tense of the last verb.<ref>ADD THIS REFERENCE AND DELETE THE OTHER ONE</ref><ref group="Example references">e.g. lagað'ãn 'albín tandralí 'albín | say-PST NOM-1.AN run-FUT NOM-1.AN | I said I was going to run</ref>

==== Voice ====

* mẽna- : CAUS
* lad- : PASS
* 'õm- : REV

=== Auxiliary Verbs ===
'ayí (AFF) conveys confirmation of an action, and is verbalized to 'ayída (AFF-PRS) to convey confirmation of a state or truth, or of an object's existence, across the past, present, or future, with tense agreement

'cirette laan ma/im' conveys that the subject has knowingly or unknowingly caused the direct object to be unintentionally involved in the indirect object (a state or event), where if the direct object and subject are the same the direct object may be omitted, or included for emphasis

=== Copula ===
There is no copula in Tandí

=== Adpositions ===

==== Agreement ====
No agreement between adposition and complement is necessary

== Syntax ==

=== Sentence Order ===
VSO word order

Particles go before the words they attach to, and prepositions after

Adjectives may attach to any words except conjunctions and postpositions. They go directly after the word they attach to (except verbs, where they go after the postposition)

Adjectives can also be placed at the head of a verb phrase to convey 'SBJ is ADJ', just as nouns may do the same to convey 'SBJ is N'

Verb complements may be placed before the verb phrase's prepositional phrases and connected clauses, but still after the postposition and adjectives, if they are only one word long<ref group="Example references">e.g. "balda yábããntoge laan 'imaan 'omarkã́z 'albello" -> "balda yátandratoge 'albello laan ..." | "go-PRS ADJ-race-property to INE OBL-store NOM-bear" -> "go-PRS ADJ-race-property NOM-bear to ..." | "The bear goes quickly to the store"</ref>

Words modify nouns according to the following hierarchy:

* PREP(QUANT(((HNR(N))ADJ)GEN))

==== Auxiliary Verb Constructions ====
Nouns cannot be advanded forward within auxiliary verb phrases

'ayí can be either a verb or a particle, as mentioned in Auxiliary Verbs

Auxiliary verbs follow a regular form:

* V PREP Oi S (Od)

where V PREP is the auxiliary verb (a finite verb with a preposition), S is the subject and is NOT part of a prepositional phrase, Od is the direct object, and Oi is the noun phrase completing the prepositional phrase of the auxiliary verb

==== Adverb Placement ====
Adverbs are a derivative of adjectives, and follow adjective rules

=== Coordination and subordination ===
Conjunctions go between anything but postpositions and cannot be omitted. Coordinate and subordinate clauses are separated by conjunctions. There is no distinction made between coordination and subordination on a grammatical level

=== Relative Clauses ===
Relative clauses follow a regular form:

* HEAD REL VP

where HEAD is 3.INAN if the relative clause is free and the bound matrix clause if the relative clause is bound, REL is a grammatical particle (kaka /kaxa/), and VP is a verb phrase, and the head is the verb phrase's implied direct object

=== Questions ===

==== Polar Questions ====

* hal ('eeya) _: is _ (un)true?

==== WH-Questions ====
There are three interrogative pronouns, which can form more specific interrogatives through genitives, prepositions, and conjunctions:
* koko - what
* conna - when
* mosí - who
* koko wacón - when (what time), pronoun (emphatic)
* koko wanhabun - who (what person), pronoun (emphatic)
* koko waran - where (what place), pronoun (generic)
* lewa koko - why (to what end), prepositional phrase
* konto koko - why (because of what reasoning), subordinate clause
* lak koko - how (by doing what), prepositional phrase
* no koko - about what, prepositional phrase
* 'im koko - where (near what), prepositional phrase
* 'im conna - when (near when), prepositional phrase
* 'imaan conna - for what time frame (inside when), prepositional phrase
* do koko - from what, prepositional phrase
* laan koko - to what, prepositional phrase
* etc...
questions are asked in the same intonation and word order as statements are declared<ref group="Example references">e.g. ga'ãn 'almosí bíkoko 'im conna, dú 'imaan conna, dú 'im koko, dú no koko, dú lewa koko, dú lak koko, dú kepen koko, dú do koko, dú laan koko, ..., dú kit mosí túkoko? | do-PST NOM-who ACC-what near when, CON inside when, CON near what, CON about what, CON by_doing what, CON INSTR what, CON from what, CON to what, ..., CON BEN who DAT-what | "who did what when, in what time frame, where, about what, why, how, using what, from what, ... , and to what (indirect) to what (direct)?"</ref>

=== Existential Clause ===
uses the auxiliary verb construction of 'ayí

== Miscellaneous ==
The subject, and sometimes the object, direct or indirect, of a verb phrase can be move up in the sentence in a select set of cases:

# A quote is being given. Since the quote is a prepositional phrase, it would normally occur before the arguments of the verb. However, because this could result in poorer understanding of the quote itself, the arguments go before SPECIFICALLY the quote, and after any other prepositions or particles, and the quote prepositional phrase always goes last.<ref group="Example references">e.g. lagaðan 'alheman naní no tatammaa tene 'alpoka, 'al'afanafta, bílagað na 'obín túheman 'ejanacír. | laɣaðan ʔalhɛman nani no tatamːaː tɛnɛ ʔalpoxa, ʔalʔafanafta, bilaɣað na ʔobin tyhɛman ʔɛʝanasiɹ. | say-PST NOM-HNR Nanni that repeat-PRS PERM.PRESCR NOM-2.AN NOM-ACTOR-courier ACC-speech POSS OBL-1.AN DAT-HNR Ea-Naṣir | "You, my courier, will repeat my message to Ea-Naṣir," said Nanni.</ref>
# The subject or object is only one word long. In order to promote faster delivery of important information, the word may be placed before all prepositions and particles, at the 'front' of the verb phrase (behind the verb, postposition, and adverbs)

== Examples ==
<references group="Example references" />

== Notes ==
<references />

Tandí

2026-07-30T19:59:57Z

MiaKvigan: trying to fix the non-breaking space thing

== Introduction ==
'obala yábalí wantandí is the native language of the ŋation of [[Yókóz|'o'aben yálekki wanyókóz]] on order of [[User:MiaKvigan|lappi Miya]] on the 3rd of May, 2026, at 12:06 P.M. CST

== Phonology ==

=== Vowels ===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
! rowspan="2" |closure
! colspan="2" |front
! colspan="2" |central
! colspan="2" |back
|-
!lax
!tense
!lax
!tense
!lax
!tense
|-
|close
|ɪ <nowiki></nowiki>
|i <í>
|
|ɨ <ú>
|
|u <ó>
|-
|mid
|ɛ <e>
|e <é>
|ə <nowiki></nowiki>
|
|o <o>
|
|-
|open
|æ <á>
|a <a>
|
|
|
|
|}Vowels may be nasalized or elongated

=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
!Placement →
↓ Manner
!Labial
!Dental
!Alveolar
!Post-alveolar
!Palatal
!Velar
!Laryngeal
|-
|Nasal
|m
|
|n
|
|
|
|
|-
|Plosive
|<nowiki>p | b</nowiki>
|
|<nowiki>t | d</nowiki>
|
|
|<nowiki>k | g</nowiki>
|ʔ <'>
|-
|Sibilant affricate
|
|
|
|<nowiki>t͡ʃ <ts> | d͡ʒ <dj></nowiki>
|
|
|
|-
|Sibilant fricative
|
|
|<nowiki>s <c> | z</nowiki>
|<nowiki>ʃ <s> | ʒ <j></nowiki>
|
|
|
|-
|Non-sibilant fricative
|<nowiki>f | v</nowiki>
|ð
|
|
|ʝ <y>
|
|h
|-
|Approximant
|
|
|ɹ <r>
|
|
|w
|
|-
|Lateral Approximant
|
|
|l
|
|
|
|
|}
==== Consonant cluster reduction rules ====
Consonants can be 'absorbed' or 'deleted', where absorbed consonants become their absorber (dk > dd) and deleted consonants disappear (dn > n)

* n absorbs neighboring m
* m deletes preceding p and b
* n deletes preceding t and d
* g absorbs all other neighboring plosives, k absorbs all but g, d all but k and g, etc. (' is considered weak)
* dj absorbs neighboring ts
* dj and ts delete preceding j and s
* j absorbs all other neighboring sibilant fricatives, s absorbs all but j, etc.
* y absorbs all other neighboring non-sibilant fricatives, ð absorbs all but y, etc. (h is considered weak)
* w absorbs all other neighboring approximants, and r absorbs l (regular and lateral approximants are blended)

Examples:

* lad-gíla-món-'an → laggílamónan (d-g → gg, n-' → n)
* lad-púkan-món → laddúkannón (d-p → dd, n-m → nn)
* yá-damack-dé'an → yádamacké'an (ck-d → ck)
* bí-daad-ní → bídaaní (d-n → n)

=== Phonotactics ===
C(S)V(C)(C) or (C)CV(S)(C) ,where C is any consonant, S is any oral sonorant, and V is any vowel

V can be lengthened, which is represented as 2 vowels in the romanization but counts as 1

C can be geminated, which is represented as 2(3<ref>digraphs geminate their first letter only</ref>) consonants in the romanization but counts as one for phonotactics

There is no set tense patterning, and tense is instead considered a part of intonation

==== Allophones ====

* <f> /f/ → /fʰ/ | _N
* <g> /g/ → /ɣ/ | L(G)_V
* <k> /k/ → /kʰ/ | _N
* <k> /k/ → /x/ | L(G)_V
* <k> /x/ → /xʰ/ | _N
* <l> /l/ → /l̃/ | N_
* <nowiki> /p/ → /pʰ/ | _N</nowiki>
* <r> /ɹ/ → /ɾ/ | C!n_
* <r> /ɹ/ → /ɹ̃/ | N_
* <r> /ɹ/ → /ʢ̞/ | #_
* <t> /t/ → /tʰ/ | _N
* <y> /ʝ/ → /ʝ̃/ | N_
* <w> /w/ → /w̃/ | N_
where C is any consonant, V is any vowel, L is any lax vowel, N is any nasal vowel, G is any oral sonorant, and #_ means word-initial

==== Rhyme scheme ====
In poetic meter, geminated vowels are twice as long, and geminated consonants and stretched rhymes<ref>A stretched rhyme is a rhyme which has no gemination but is lengthened to accommodate for mismatch with the meter.</ref> are one and a half times as long.

== Morphology ==

=== Pronouns ===

==== Personal pronouns ====
bín - 1.AN

mam - 1.INAN

poka - 2.AN

tóó - 2.INAN

dããd - 3.AN

ken - 3.INAN

==== Deictic pronouns ====
mitta - this

lotta - that

'this' is used for anything within two steps and arm's reach. 'that' is anything outside of that range.

==== Interrogative pronouns ====
koko - what

conna - when

mosí - who

(other interrogatives are phrasal, e.g. 'lewa koko' [in_order_to what] meaning 'why')

==== Indefinite pronouns ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Case→
! rowspan="2" |Negative
! rowspan="2" |Universal
! rowspan="2" |Assertive existential
! rowspan="2" |Dubitative existential
|-
!Type↓
|-
|Person
|habunko
|habunbaa
|habunlin
|habunẽn
|-
|Thing
|lenko
|lenbaa
|lenlin
|lenẽn
|-
|Place
|ranko
|ranbaa
|ranlin
|ranẽn
|-
|Time
|cónko
|cónbaa
|cónlin
|cónẽn
|}

=== Nouns ===

==== Role assignment ====
subject (Nominative case): 'al-

direct object/subject complement (Accusative case): bí-

indirect object (Dative case): tú-

noun complement (Genitive case): wan-

other (Oblique case): 'o-<ref>oblique case is not required on personal pronouns</ref>

==== Number ====
singular default, plus dual, paucal, and plural marked by suffix on a stem which goes before tense and aspect

dual: -dí

paucal: -ve

plural: -na

==== Gender ====
There is no grammatical gender in Tandí

==== Possession ====
POSD na POSR: 'obaan na 'obákúún - the room of the house (DEF-OBL-room POSS DEF-OBL-house)

=== Determiners ===

==== Demonstratives ====
_ wannitta - this _

_ wanlotta - that _

==== Articles ====
Tandí does not use articles

==== Possessive Determiners ====
_ na _: doro na bín - my ball (ball POSS 1.AN); doro na poka - your ball (ball POSS 2.AN); etc.

_ na koko bac - whose _ (POSS what AN)

==== Quantifiers ====
Quantifiers go before the nouns they quantify (see Sentence Order)

=== Conjunctions ===
Conjunctions go in between semantic elements they connect, which can include things like nouns, noun phrases, relative clauses, verb argument lists<ref>The list of a verb's subject, direct object, and indirect object, in the case that a verb is applied to multiple sets of arguments</ref>, etc.

=== Numerals ===

==== Cardinals ====
cardinal "'amend" noun - ní 'amend doro - two CARD ball - ball number two (of a collection)

==== Ordinals ====
ordinal tokan noun - ordinal ORD noun, e.g. ní tokan doro - two ORD ball - second ball<ref group="Example references">e.g. ní tokan 'aban nana jelí | two ORD day PRT year | second day of the year</ref>

==== Nominals ====
root-cardinal - doroní - ball-two - two balls<ref group="Example references">e.g. baddaa 'aldaadukcí bídããní | hit-PRS NOM-3.AN-one ACC-3.AN-two | he hit him (of two people)</ref>

nũm - zero

'ókcí - one

ní - two

ta'í - three

sín - four

kílan - five

jaal - six

kitten - seven

bón - eight

nítta - nine

lan - ten

cen - hundred

tõn - thousand

=== Adjectives ===

==== Placement ====
directly after the noun<ref group="Example references">e.g. 'okína yálekkena wakakííta | OBL-seed-PL ADJ-green GEN-pepper | green pepper seeds</ref>

Adjectives may or may not match the number of the noun, as there is a semantic difference<ref>e.g. "Her muscles were like steel cables" implies her muscles were strong, where "Her muscles were like a steel cable" implies they are arranged in a line</ref>

==== Comparison ====
yá-adjective-degree-PRS<ref>Note here that the adjective is used as a verb, and is placed as the head of a verb phrase</ref> subject: subject is degree adjective than object<ref group="Example references">e.g. yábannúda 'albín 'an bípoka | ADJ-good-COMP-PRS NOM-1SG.AN than ACC-1SG.AN | I am better than you (lit. am_better I than you)</ref>

=== Finite Verbs ===

==== Tense ====
attaches to verb

* -da: PRS
* -'ãn: PST
* -lí: FUT

==== Aspect ====
goes after tense:

* -bó: PROG.CONT
* -len: PERF
* -món: GNO
* -dada: HAB
goes before verb:
* kon-: INF

=== Verb Postpositions ===

==== Mood ====

* 'akaa- : MIR
* 'anõõl- : CONC/HYP
* 'ila- : OPT/BEND
* 'íyye- : HORT/JUSS
* luke- : DUB/COND
* me- : ABIL
* tene- : PERM/PRESCR

==== Evidentiality ====

* -ce'í : RPT
* -mánna : INFR
* -nobã : NEV
* -tócí : SENS
Negation
* 'eeya - NEG

==== Agreement ====
The 'present' tense is the present by default, and otherwise the tense of the last verb.<ref>ADD THIS REFERENCE AND DELETE THE OTHER ONE</ref><ref group="Example references">e.g. lagað'ãn 'albín tandralí 'albín | say-PST NOM-1.AN run-FUT NOM-1.AN | I said I was going to run</ref>

==== Voice ====

* mẽna- : CAUS
* lad- : PASS
* 'õm- : REV

=== Auxiliary Verbs ===
'ayí (AFF) conveys confirmation of an action, and is verbalized to 'ayída (AFF-PRS) to convey confirmation of a state or truth, or of an object's existence, across the past, present, or future, with tense agreement

'cirette laan ma/im' conveys that the subject has knowingly or unknowingly caused the direct object to be unintentionally involved in the indirect object (a state or event), where if the direct object and subject are the same the direct object may be omitted, or included for emphasis

=== Copula ===
There is no copula in Tandí

=== Adpositions ===

==== Agreement ====
No agreement between adposition and complement is necessary

== Syntax ==

=== Sentence Order ===
VSO word order

Particles go before the words they attach to, and prepositions after

Adjectives may attach to any words except conjunctions and postpositions. They go directly after the word they attach to (except verbs, where they go after the postposition)

Adjectives can also be placed at the head of a verb phrase to convey 'SBJ is ADJ', just as nouns may do the same to convey 'SBJ is N'

Verb complements may be placed before the verb phrase's prepositional phrases and connected clauses, but still after the postposition and adjectives, if they are only one word long<ref group="Example references">e.g. "balda yábããntoge laan 'imaan 'omarkã́z 'albello" -> "balda yátandratoge 'albello laan ..." | "go-PRS ADJ-race-property to INE OBL-store NOM-bear" -> "go-PRS ADJ-race-property NOM-bear to ..." | "The bear goes quickly to the store"</ref>

Words modify nouns according to the following hierarchy:

* PREP(QUANT(((HNR(N))ADJ)GEN))

==== Auxiliary Verb Constructions ====
Nouns cannot be advanded forward within auxiliary verb phrases

'ayí can be either a verb or a particle, as mentioned in Auxiliary Verbs

Auxiliary verbs follow a regular form:

* V PREP Oi S (Od)

where V PREP is the auxiliary verb (a finite verb with a preposition), S is the subject and is NOT part of a prepositional phrase, Od is the direct object, and Oi is the noun phrase completing the prepositional phrase of the auxiliary verb

==== Adverb Placement ====
Adverbs are a derivative of adjectives, and follow adjective rules

=== Coordination and subordination ===
Conjunctions go between anything but postpositions and cannot be omitted. Coordinate and subordinate clauses are separated by conjunctions. There is no distinction made between coordination and subordination on a grammatical level

=== Relative Clauses ===
Relative clauses follow a regular form:

* HEAD REL VP

where HEAD is 3.INAN if the relative clause is free and the bound matrix clause if the relative clause is bound, REL is a grammatical particle (kaka /kaxa/), and VP is a verb phrase, and the head is the verb phrase's implied direct object

=== Questions ===

==== Polar Questions ====

* hal ('eeya) _: is _ (un)true?

==== WH-Questions ====
There are three interrogative pronouns, which can form more specific interrogatives through genitives, prepositions, and conjunctions:
* koko - what
* conna - when
* mosí - who
* koko wacón - when (what time), pronoun (emphatic)
* koko wanhabun - who (what person), pronoun (emphatic)
* koko waran - where (what place), pronoun (generic)
* lewa koko - why (to what end), prepositional phrase
* konto koko - why (because of what reasoning), subordinate clause
* lak koko - how (by doing what), prepositional phrase
* no koko - about what, prepositional phrase
* 'im koko - where (near what), prepositional phrase
* 'im conna - when (near when), prepositional phrase
* 'imaan conna - for what time frame (inside when), prepositional phrase
* do koko - from what, prepositional phrase
* laan koko - to what, prepositional phrase
* etc...
questions are asked in the same intonation and word order as statements are declared<ref group="Example references">e.g. ga'ãn 'almosí bíkoko 'im conna, dú 'imaan conna, dú 'im koko, dú no koko, dú lewa koko, dú lak koko, dú kepen koko, dú do koko, dú laan koko, ..., dú kit mosí túkoko? | do-PST NOM-who ACC-what near when, CON inside when, CON near what, CON about what, CON by_doing what, CON INSTR what, CON from what, CON to what, ..., CON BEN who DAT-what | "who did what when, in what time frame, where, about what, why, how, using what, from what, ... , and to what (indirect) to what (direct)?"</ref>

=== Existential Clause ===
uses the auxiliary verb construction of 'ayí

== Miscellaneous ==
The subject, and sometimes the object, direct or indirect, of a verb phrase can be move up in the sentence in a select set of cases:

# A quote is being given. Since the quote is a prepositional phrase, it would normally occur before the arguments of the verb. However, because this could result in poorer understanding of the quote itself, the arguments go before SPECIFICALLY the quote, and after any other prepositions or particles, and the quote prepositional phrase always goes last.<ref group="Example references">e.g. lagaðan 'alheman naní no tatammaa tene 'alpoka, 'al'afanafta, bílagað na 'obín túheman 'ejanacír. | laɣaðan ʔalhɛman nani no tatamːaː tɛnɛ ʔalpoxa, ʔalʔafanafta, bilaɣað na ʔobin tyhɛman ʔɛʝanasiɹ. | say-PST NOM-HNR Nanni that repeat-PRS PERM.PRESCR NOM-2.AN NOM-ACTOR-courier ACC-speech POSS OBL-1.AN DAT-HNR Ea-Naṣir | "You, my courier, will repeat my message to Ea-Naṣir," said Nanni.</ref>
# The subject or object is only one word long. In order to promote faster delivery of important information, the word may be placed before all prepositions and particles, at the 'front' of the verb phrase (behind the verb, postposition, and adverbs)

== Examples ==
<references group="Example references" />

== Notes ==
<references />

Tandí

2026-07-30T19:49:34Z

MiaKvigan: Revised vowel table again

== Introduction ==
'obala yábalí wantandí is the native language of the ŋation of [[Yókóz|'o'aben yálekki wanyókóz]] on order of [[User:MiaKvigan|lappi Miya]] on the 3rd of May, 2026, at 12:06 P.M. CST

== Phonology ==

=== Vowels ===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
! rowspan="2" |closure
! colspan="2" |front
! colspan="2" |central
! colspan="2" |back
|-
!lax
!tense
!lax
!tense
!lax
!tense
|-
|close
|ɪ <nowiki></nowiki>
|i <í>
|
|ɨ <ú>
|
|u <ó>
|-
|mid
|ɛ <e>
|e <é>
|ə <nowiki></nowiki>
|
|o <o>
|
|-
|open
|æ <á>
|a <a>
|
|
|
|
|}Vowels may be nasalized or elongated

=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
!Placement →
↓ Manner
!Labial
!Dental
!Alveolar
!Post-alveolar
!Palatal
!Velar
!Laryngeal
|-
|Nasal
|m
|
|n
|
|
|
|
|-
|Plosive
|<nowiki>p | b</nowiki>
|
|<nowiki>t | d</nowiki>
|
|
|<nowiki>k | g</nowiki>
|ʔ <'>
|-
|Sibilant affricate
|
|
|
|<nowiki>t͡ʃ <ts> | d͡ʒ <dj></nowiki>
|
|
|
|-
|Sibilant fricative
|
|
|<nowiki>s <c> | z</nowiki>
|<nowiki>ʃ <s> | ʒ <j></nowiki>
|
|
|
|-
|Non-sibilant fricative
|<nowiki>f | v</nowiki>
|ð
|
|
|ʝ <y>
|
|h
|-
|Approximant
|
|
|ɹ <r>
|
|
|w
|
|-
|Lateral Approximant
|
|
|l
|
|
|
|
|}
==== Consonant cluster reduction rules ====
Consonants can be 'absorbed' or 'deleted', where absorbed consonants become their absorber (dk > dd) and deleted consonants disappear (dn > n)

* n absorbs neighboring m
* m deletes preceding p and b
* n deletes preceding t and d
* g absorbs all other neighboring plosives, k absorbs all but g, d all but k and g, etc. (' is considered weak)
* dj absorbs neighboring ts
* dj and ts delete preceding j and s
* j absorbs all other neighboring sibilant fricatives, s absorbs all but j, etc.
* y absorbs all other neighboring non-sibilant fricatives, ð absorbs all but y, etc. (h is considered weak)
* w absorbs all other neighboring approximants, and r absorbs l (regular and lateral approximants are blended)

Examples:

* lad-gíla-món-'an → laggílamónan (d-g → gg, n-' → n)
* lad-púkan-món → laddúkannón (d-p → dd, n-m → nn)
* yá-damack-dé'an → yádamacké'an (ck-d → ck)
* bí-daad-ní → bídaaní (d-n → n)

=== Phonotactics ===
C(S)V(C)(C) or (C)CV(S)(C) ,where C is any consonant, S is any oral sonorant, and V is any vowel

V can be lengthened, which is represented as 2 vowels in the romanization but counts as 1

C can be geminated, which is represented as 2(3<ref>digraphs geminate their first letter only</ref>) consonants in the romanization but counts as one for phonotactics

There is no set tense patterning, and tense is instead considered a part of intonation

==== Allophones ====

* <f> /f/ → /fʰ/ | _N
* <g> /g/ → /ɣ/ | L(G)_V
* <k> /k/ → /kʰ/ | _N
* <k> /k/ → /x/ | V!A(G)_V
* <k> /x/ → /xʰ/ | _N
* <l> /l/ → /l̃/ | N_
* <nowiki> /p/ → /pʰ/ | _N</nowiki>
* <r> /ɹ/ → /ɾ/ | C!n_
* <r> /ɹ/ → /ɹ̃/ | N_
* <r> /ɹ/ → /ʢ̞/ | #_
* <t> /t/ → /tʰ/ | _N
* <y> /ʝ/ → /ʝ̃/ | N_
* <w> /w/ → /w̃/ | N_
where C is any consonant, V is any vowel, L is any lax vowel, N is any nasal vowel, G is any oral sonorant, and #_ means word-initial

==== Rhyme scheme ====
In poetic meter, geminated vowels are twice as long, and geminated consonants and stretched rhymes<ref>A stretched rhyme is a rhyme which has no gemination but is lengthened to accommodate for mismatch with the meter.</ref> are one and a half times as long.

== Morphology ==

=== Pronouns ===

==== Personal pronouns ====
bín - 1.AN

mam - 1.INAN

poka - 2.AN

tóó - 2.INAN

dããd - 3.AN

ken - 3.INAN

==== Deictic pronouns ====
mitta - this

lotta - that

'this' is used for anything within two steps and arm's reach. 'that' is anything outside of that range.

==== Interrogative pronouns ====
koko - what

conna - when

mosí - who

(other interrogatives are phrasal, e.g. 'lewa koko' [in_order_to what] meaning 'why')

==== Indefinite pronouns ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Type
!Negative
!Universal
!Assertive existential
!Dubitative existential
|-
|Person
|habunko
|habunbaa
|habunlin
|habunẽn
|-
|Thing
|lenko
|lenbaa
|lenlin
|lenẽn
|-
|Place
|ranko
|ranbaa
|ranlin
|ranẽn
|-
|Time
|cónko
|cónbaa
|cónlin
|cónẽn
|}

=== Nouns ===

==== Role assignment ====
subject (Nominative case): 'al-

direct object/subject complement (Accusative case): bí-

indirect object (Dative case): tú-

noun complement (Genitive case): wan-

other (Oblique case): 'o-<ref>oblique case is not required on personal pronouns</ref>

==== Number ====
singular default, plus dual, paucal, and plural marked by suffix on a stem which goes before tense and aspect

dual: -dí

paucal: -ve

plural: -na

==== Gender ====
There is no grammatical gender in Tandí

==== Possession ====
POSD na POSR: 'obaan na 'obákúún - the room of the house (DEF-OBL-room POSS DEF-OBL-house)

=== Determiners ===

==== Demonstratives ====
_ wannitta - this _

_ wanlotta - that _

==== Articles ====
Tandí does not use articles

==== Possessive Determiners ====
_ na _: doro na bín - my ball (ball POSS 1.AN); doro na poka - your ball (ball POSS 2.AN); etc.

_ na koko bac - whose _ (POSS what AN)

==== Quantifiers ====
Quantifiers go before the nouns they quantify (see Sentence Order)

=== Conjunctions ===
Conjunctions go in between semantic elements they connect, which can include things like nouns, noun phrases, relative clauses, verb argument lists<ref>The list of a verb's subject, direct object, and indirect object, in the case that a verb is applied to multiple sets of arguments</ref>, etc.

=== Numerals ===

==== Cardinals ====
cardinal "'amend" noun - ní 'amend doro - two CARD ball - ball number two (of a collection)

==== Ordinals ====
ordinal tokan noun - ordinal ORD noun, e.g. ní tokan doro - two ORD ball - second ball<ref group="Example references">e.g. ní tokan 'aban nana jelí | two ORD day PRT year | second day of the year</ref>

==== Nominals ====
root-cardinal - doroní - ball-two - two balls<ref group="Example references">e.g. baddaa 'aldaadukcí bídããní | hit-PRS NOM-3.AN-one ACC-3.AN-two | he hit him (of two people)</ref>

nũm - zero

'ókcí - one

ní - two

ta'í - three

sín - four

kílan - five

jaal - six

kitten - seven

bón - eight

nítta - nine

lan - ten

cen - hundred

tõn - thousand

=== Adjectives ===

==== Placement ====
directly after the noun<ref group="Example references">e.g. 'okína yálekkena wakakííta | OBL-seed-PL ADJ-green GEN-pepper | green pepper seeds</ref>

Adjectives may or may not match the number of the noun, as there is a semantic difference<ref>e.g. "Her muscles were like steel cables" implies her muscles were strong, where "Her muscles were like a steel cable" implies they are arranged in a line</ref>

==== Comparison ====
yá-adjective-degree-PRS<ref>Note here that the adjective is used as a verb, and is placed as the head of a verb phrase</ref> subject: subject is degree adjective than object<ref group="Example references">e.g. yábannúda 'albín 'an bípoka | ADJ-good-COMP-PRS NOM-1SG.AN than ACC-1SG.AN | I am better than you (lit. am_better I than you)</ref>

=== Finite Verbs ===

==== Tense ====
attaches to verb

* -da: PRS
* -'ãn: PST
* -lí: FUT

==== Aspect ====
goes after tense:

* -bó: PROG.CONT
* -len: PERF
* -món: GNO
* -dada: HAB
goes before verb:
* kon-: INF

=== Verb Postpositions ===

==== Mood ====

* 'akaa- : MIR
* 'anõõl- : CONC/HYP
* 'ila- : OPT/BEND
* 'íyye- : HORT/JUSS
* luke- : DUB/COND
* me- : ABIL
* tene- : PERM/PRESCR

==== Evidentiality ====

* -ce'í : RPT
* -mánna : INFR
* -nobã : NEV
* -tócí : SENS
Negation
* 'eeya - NEG

==== Agreement ====
The 'present' tense is the present by default, and otherwise the tense of the last verb.<ref>ADD THIS REFERENCE AND DELETE THE OTHER ONE</ref><ref group="Example references">e.g. lagað'ãn 'albín tandralí 'albín | say-PST NOM-1.AN run-FUT NOM-1.AN | I said I was going to run</ref>

==== Voice ====

* mẽna- : CAUS
* lad- : PASS
* 'õm- : REV

=== Auxiliary Verbs ===
'ayí (AFF) conveys confirmation of an action, and is verbalized to 'ayída (AFF-PRS) to convey confirmation of a state or truth, or of an object's existence, across the past, present, or future, with tense agreement

'cirette laan ma/im' conveys that the subject has knowingly or unknowingly caused the direct object to be unintentionally involved in the indirect object (a state or event), where if the direct object and subject are the same the direct object may be omitted, or included for emphasis

=== Copula ===
There is no copula in Tandí

=== Adpositions ===

==== Agreement ====
No agreement between adposition and complement is necessary

== Syntax ==

=== Sentence Order ===
VSO word order

Particles go before the words they attach to, and prepositions after

Adjectives may attach to any words except conjunctions and postpositions. They go directly after the word they attach to (except verbs, where they go after the postposition)

Adjectives can also be placed at the head of a verb phrase to convey 'SBJ is ADJ', just as nouns may do the same to convey 'SBJ is N'

Verb complements may be placed before the verb phrase's prepositional phrases and connected clauses, but still after the postposition and adjectives, if they are only one word long<ref group="Example references">e.g. "balda yábããntoge laan 'imaan 'omarkã́z 'albello" -> "balda yátandratoge 'albello laan ..." | "go-PRS ADJ-race-property to INE OBL-store NOM-bear" -> "go-PRS ADJ-race-property NOM-bear to ..." | "The bear goes quickly to the store"</ref>

Words modify nouns according to the following hierarchy:

* PREP(QUANT(((HNR(N))ADJ)GEN))

==== Auxiliary Verb Constructions ====
Nouns cannot be advanded forward within auxiliary verb phrases

'ayí can be either a verb or a particle, as mentioned in Auxiliary Verbs

Auxiliary verbs follow a regular form:

* V PREP Oi S (Od)

where V PREP is the auxiliary verb (a finite verb with a preposition), S is the subject and is NOT part of a prepositional phrase, Od is the direct object, and Oi is the noun phrase completing the prepositional phrase of the auxiliary verb

==== Adverb Placement ====
Adverbs are a derivative of adjectives, and follow adjective rules

=== Coordination and subordination ===
Conjunctions go between anything but postpositions and cannot be omitted. Coordinate and subordinate clauses are separated by conjunctions. There is no distinction made between coordination and subordination on a grammatical level

=== Relative Clauses ===
Relative clauses follow a regular form:

* HEAD REL VP

where HEAD is 3.INAN if the relative clause is free and the bound matrix clause if the relative clause is bound, REL is a grammatical particle (kaka /kaxa/), and VP is a verb phrase, and the head is the verb phrase's implied direct object

=== Questions ===

==== Polar Questions ====

* hal ('eeya) _: is _ (un)true?

==== WH-Questions ====
There are three interrogative pronouns, which can form more specific interrogatives through genitives, prepositions, and conjunctions:
* koko - what
* conna - when
* mosí - who
* koko wacón - when (what time), pronoun (emphatic)
* koko wanhabun - who (what person), pronoun (emphatic)
* koko waran - where (what place), pronoun (generic)
* lewa koko - why (to what end), prepositional phrase
* konto koko - why (because of what reasoning), subordinate clause
* lak koko - how (by doing what), prepositional phrase
* no koko - about what, prepositional phrase
* 'im koko - where (near what), prepositional phrase
* 'im conna - when (near when), prepositional phrase
* 'imaan conna - for what time frame (inside when), prepositional phrase
* do koko - from what, prepositional phrase
* laan koko - to what, prepositional phrase
* etc...
questions are asked in the same intonation and word order as statements are declared<ref group="Example references">e.g. ga'ãn 'almosí bíkoko 'im conna, dú 'imaan conna, dú 'im koko, dú no koko, dú lewa koko, dú lak koko, dú kepen koko, dú do koko, dú laan koko, ..., dú kit mosí túkoko? | do-PST NOM-who ACC-what near when, CON inside when, CON near what, CON about what, CON by_doing what, CON INSTR what, CON from what, CON to what, ..., CON BEN who DAT-what | "who did what when, in what time frame, where, about what, why, how, using what, from what, ... , and to what (indirect) to what (direct)?"</ref>

=== Existential Clause ===
uses the auxiliary verb construction of 'ayí

== Miscellaneous ==
The subject, and sometimes the object, direct or indirect, of a verb phrase can be move up in the sentence in a select set of cases:

# A quote is being given. Since the quote is a prepositional phrase, it would normally occur before the arguments of the verb. However, because this could result in poorer understanding of the quote itself, the arguments go before SPECIFICALLY the quote, and after any other prepositions or particles, and the quote prepositional phrase always goes last.<ref group="Example references">e.g. lagaðan 'alheman naní no tatammaa tene 'alpoka, 'al'afanafta, bílagað na 'obín túheman 'ejanacír. | laɣaðan ʔalhɛman nani no tatamːaː tɛnɛ ʔalpoxa, ʔalʔafanafta, bilaɣað na ʔobin tyhɛman ʔɛʝanasiɹ. | say-PST NOM-HNR Nanni that repeat-PRS PERM.PRESCR NOM-2.AN NOM-ACTOR-courier ACC-speech POSS OBL-1.AN DAT-HNR Ea-Naṣir | "You, my courier, will repeat my message to Ea-Naṣir," said Nanni.</ref>
# The subject or object is only one word long. In order to promote faster delivery of important information, the word may be placed before all prepositions and particles, at the 'front' of the verb phrase (behind the verb, postposition, and adverbs)

== Examples ==
<references group="Example references" />

== Notes ==
<references />

Tandí

2026-07-30T19:37:27Z

MiaKvigan: Overhaul of consonant and vowel chart styles

== Introduction ==
'obala yábalí wantandí is the native language of the ŋation of [[Yókóz|'o'aben yálekki wanyókóz]] on order of [[User:MiaKvigan|lappi Miya]] on the 3rd of May, 2026, at 12:06 P.M. CST

== Phonology ==

=== Vowels ===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
!closure
!front
!central
!back
|-
|close
|i <í>
|u <ú>
|o <ó>
|-
|near-close
|ɪ <nowiki></nowiki>
|
|
|-
|close-mid
|e <é>
|
|o <o>
|-
|mid
|
|ə <nowiki></nowiki>
|
|-
|open-mid
|ɛ <e>
|
|
|-
|near-open
|æ <á>
|
|
|-
|open
|a <a>
|
|
|}Vowels may be nasalized or elongated

=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
!Placement →
↓ Manner
!Labial
!Dental
!Alveolar
!Post-alveolar
!Palatal
!Velar
!Laryngeal
|-
|Nasal
|m
|
|n
|
|
|
|
|-
|Plosive
|<nowiki>p | b</nowiki>
|
|<nowiki>t | d</nowiki>
|
|
|<nowiki>k | g</nowiki>
|ʔ <'>
|-
|Sibilant affricate
|
|
|
|<nowiki>t͡ʃ <ts> | d͡ʒ <dj></nowiki>
|
|
|
|-
|Sibilant fricative
|
|
|<nowiki>s <c> | z</nowiki>
|<nowiki>ʃ <s> | ʒ <j></nowiki>
|
|
|
|-
|Non-sibilant fricative
|<nowiki>f | v</nowiki>
|ð
|
|
|ʝ <y>
|
|h
|-
|Approximant
|
|
|ɹ <r>
|
|
|w
|
|-
|Lateral Approximant
|
|
|l
|
|
|
|
|}
==== Consonant cluster reduction rules ====
Consonants can be 'absorbed' or 'deleted', where absorbed consonants become their absorber (dk > dd) and deleted consonants disappear (dn > n)

* n absorbs neighboring m
* m deletes preceding p and b
* n deletes preceding t and d
* g absorbs all other neighboring plosives, k absorbs all but g, d all but k and g, etc. (' is considered weak)
* dj absorbs neighboring ts
* dj and ts delete preceding j and s
* j absorbs all other neighboring sibilant fricatives, s absorbs all but j, etc.
* y absorbs all other neighboring non-sibilant fricatives, ð absorbs all but y, etc. (h is considered weak)
* w absorbs all other neighboring approximants, and r absorbs l (regular and lateral approximants are blended)

Examples:

* lad-gíla-món-'an → laggílamónan (d-g → gg, n-' → n)
* lad-púkan-món → laddúkannón (d-p → dd, n-m → nn)
* yá-damack-dé'an → yádamacké'an (ck-d → ck)
* bí-daad-ní → bídaaní (d-n → n)

=== Phonotactics ===
C(S)V(C)(C) or (C)CV(S)(C) ,where C is any consonant, S is any oral sonorant, and V is any vowel

V can be lengthened, which is represented as 2 vowels in the romanization but counts as 1

C can be geminated, which is represented as 2(3<ref>digraphs geminate their first letter only</ref>) consonants in the romanization but counts as one for phonotactics

There is no set tense patterning, and tense is instead considered a part of intonation

==== Allophones ====

* <f> /f/ → /fʰ/ | _N
* <g> /g/ → /ɣ/ | V!A(S)_V
* <k> /k/ → /kʰ/ | _N
* <k> /k/ → /x/ | V!A(S)_V
* <k> /x/ → /xʰ/ | _N
* <l> /l/ → /l̃/ | N_
* <nowiki> /p/ → /pʰ/ | _N</nowiki>
* <r> /ɹ/ → /ɾ/ | C!n_
* <r> /ɹ/ → /ɹ̃/ | N_
* <r> /ɹ/ → /ʢ̞/ | #_
* <t> /t/ → /tʰ/ | _N
* <y> /ʝ/ → /ʝ̃/ | N_
* <w> /w/ → /w̃/ | N_
where C is any consonant, V is any vowel, V!A is any non-acute vowel, N is any nasal vowel, S is any oral sonorant, and #_ means word-initial

==== Rhyme scheme ====
In poetic meter, geminated vowels are twice as long, and geminated consonants and stretched rhymes<ref>A stretched rhyme is a rhyme which has no gemination but is lengthened to accommodate for mismatch with the meter.</ref> are one and a half times as long.

== Morphology ==

=== Pronouns ===

==== Personal pronouns ====
bín - 1.AN

mam - 1.INAN

poka - 2.AN

tóó - 2.INAN

dããd - 3.AN

ken - 3.INAN

==== Deictic pronouns ====
mitta - this

lotta - that

'this' is used for anything within two steps and arm's reach. 'that' is anything outside of that range.

==== Interrogative pronouns ====
koko - what

conna - when

mosí - who

(other interrogatives are phrasal, e.g. 'lewa koko' [in_order_to what] meaning 'why')

==== Indefinite pronouns ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Type
!Negative
!Universal
!Assertive existential
!Dubitative existential
|-
|Person
|habunko
|habunbaa
|habunlin
|habunẽn
|-
|Thing
|lenko
|lenbaa
|lenlin
|lenẽn
|-
|Place
|ranko
|ranbaa
|ranlin
|ranẽn
|-
|Time
|cónko
|cónbaa
|cónlin
|cónẽn
|}

=== Nouns ===

==== Role assignment ====
subject (Nominative case): 'al-

direct object/subject complement (Accusative case): bí-

indirect object (Dative case): tú-

noun complement (Genitive case): wan-

other (Oblique case): 'o-<ref>oblique case is not required on personal pronouns</ref>

==== Number ====
singular default, plus dual, paucal, and plural marked by suffix on a stem which goes before tense and aspect

dual: -dí

paucal: -ve

plural: -na

==== Gender ====
There is no grammatical gender in Tandí

==== Possession ====
POSD na POSR: 'obaan na 'obákúún - the room of the house (DEF-OBL-room POSS DEF-OBL-house)

=== Determiners ===

==== Demonstratives ====
_ wannitta - this _

_ wanlotta - that _

==== Articles ====
Tandí does not use articles

==== Possessive Determiners ====
_ na _: doro na bín - my ball (ball POSS 1.AN); doro na poka - your ball (ball POSS 2.AN); etc.

_ na koko bac - whose _ (POSS what AN)

==== Quantifiers ====
Quantifiers go before the nouns they quantify (see Sentence Order)

=== Conjunctions ===
Conjunctions go in between semantic elements they connect, which can include things like nouns, noun phrases, relative clauses, verb argument lists<ref>The list of a verb's subject, direct object, and indirect object, in the case that a verb is applied to multiple sets of arguments</ref>, etc.

=== Numerals ===

==== Cardinals ====
cardinal "'amend" noun - ní 'amend doro - two CARD ball - ball number two (of a collection)

==== Ordinals ====
ordinal tokan noun - ordinal ORD noun, e.g. ní tokan doro - two ORD ball - second ball<ref group="Example references">e.g. ní tokan 'aban nana jelí | two ORD day PRT year | second day of the year</ref>

==== Nominals ====
root-cardinal - doroní - ball-two - two balls<ref group="Example references">e.g. baddaa 'aldaadukcí bídããní | hit-PRS NOM-3.AN-one ACC-3.AN-two | he hit him (of two people)</ref>

nũm - zero

'ókcí - one

ní - two

ta'í - three

sín - four

kílan - five

jaal - six

kitten - seven

bón - eight

nítta - nine

lan - ten

cen - hundred

tõn - thousand

=== Adjectives ===

==== Placement ====
directly after the noun<ref group="Example references">e.g. 'okína yálekkena wakakííta | OBL-seed-PL ADJ-green GEN-pepper | green pepper seeds</ref>

Adjectives may or may not match the number of the noun, as there is a semantic difference<ref>e.g. "Her muscles were like steel cables" implies her muscles were strong, where "Her muscles were like a steel cable" implies they are arranged in a line</ref>

==== Comparison ====
yá-adjective-degree-PRS<ref>Note here that the adjective is used as a verb, and is placed as the head of a verb phrase</ref> subject: subject is degree adjective than object<ref group="Example references">e.g. yábannúda 'albín 'an bípoka | ADJ-good-COMP-PRS NOM-1SG.AN than ACC-1SG.AN | I am better than you (lit. am_better I than you)</ref>

=== Finite Verbs ===

==== Tense ====
attaches to verb

* -da: PRS
* -'ãn: PST
* -lí: FUT

==== Aspect ====
goes after tense:

* -bó: PROG.CONT
* -len: PERF
* -món: GNO
* -dada: HAB
goes before verb:
* kon-: INF

=== Verb Postpositions ===

==== Mood ====

* 'akaa- : MIR
* 'anõõl- : CONC/HYP
* 'ila- : OPT/BEND
* 'íyye- : HORT/JUSS
* luke- : DUB/COND
* me- : ABIL
* tene- : PERM/PRESCR

==== Evidentiality ====

* -ce'í : RPT
* -mánna : INFR
* -nobã : NEV
* -tócí : SENS
Negation
* 'eeya - NEG

==== Agreement ====
The 'present' tense is the present by default, and otherwise the tense of the last verb.<ref>ADD THIS REFERENCE AND DELETE THE OTHER ONE</ref><ref group="Example references">e.g. lagað'ãn 'albín tandralí 'albín | say-PST NOM-1.AN run-FUT NOM-1.AN | I said I was going to run</ref>

==== Voice ====

* mẽna- : CAUS
* lad- : PASS
* 'õm- : REV

=== Auxiliary Verbs ===
'ayí (AFF) conveys confirmation of an action, and is verbalized to 'ayída (AFF-PRS) to convey confirmation of a state or truth, or of an object's existence, across the past, present, or future, with tense agreement

'cirette laan ma/im' conveys that the subject has knowingly or unknowingly caused the direct object to be unintentionally involved in the indirect object (a state or event), where if the direct object and subject are the same the direct object may be omitted, or included for emphasis

=== Copula ===
There is no copula in Tandí

=== Adpositions ===

==== Agreement ====
No agreement between adposition and complement is necessary

== Syntax ==

=== Sentence Order ===
VSO word order

Particles go before the words they attach to, and prepositions after

Adjectives may attach to any words except conjunctions and postpositions. They go directly after the word they attach to (except verbs, where they go after the postposition)

Adjectives can also be placed at the head of a verb phrase to convey 'SBJ is ADJ', just as nouns may do the same to convey 'SBJ is N'

Verb complements may be placed before the verb phrase's prepositional phrases and connected clauses, but still after the postposition and adjectives, if they are only one word long<ref group="Example references">e.g. "balda yábããntoge laan 'imaan 'omarkã́z 'albello" -> "balda yátandratoge 'albello laan ..." | "go-PRS ADJ-race-property to INE OBL-store NOM-bear" -> "go-PRS ADJ-race-property NOM-bear to ..." | "The bear goes quickly to the store"</ref>

Words modify nouns according to the following hierarchy:

* PREP(QUANT(((HNR(N))ADJ)GEN))

==== Auxiliary Verb Constructions ====
Nouns cannot be advanded forward within auxiliary verb phrases

'ayí can be either a verb or a particle, as mentioned in Auxiliary Verbs

Auxiliary verbs follow a regular form:

* V PREP Oi S (Od)

where V PREP is the auxiliary verb (a finite verb with a preposition), S is the subject and is NOT part of a prepositional phrase, Od is the direct object, and Oi is the noun phrase completing the prepositional phrase of the auxiliary verb

==== Adverb Placement ====
Adverbs are a derivative of adjectives, and follow adjective rules

=== Coordination and subordination ===
Conjunctions go between anything but postpositions and cannot be omitted. Coordinate and subordinate clauses are separated by conjunctions. There is no distinction made between coordination and subordination on a grammatical level

=== Relative Clauses ===
Relative clauses follow a regular form:

* HEAD REL VP

where HEAD is 3.INAN if the relative clause is free and the bound matrix clause if the relative clause is bound, REL is a grammatical particle (kaka /kaxa/), and VP is a verb phrase, and the head is the verb phrase's implied direct object

=== Questions ===

==== Polar Questions ====

* hal ('eeya) _: is _ (un)true?

==== WH-Questions ====
There are three interrogative pronouns, which can form more specific interrogatives through genitives, prepositions, and conjunctions:
* koko - what
* conna - when
* mosí - who
* koko wacón - when (what time), pronoun (emphatic)
* koko wanhabun - who (what person), pronoun (emphatic)
* koko waran - where (what place), pronoun (generic)
* lewa koko - why (to what end), prepositional phrase
* konto koko - why (because of what reasoning), subordinate clause
* lak koko - how (by doing what), prepositional phrase
* no koko - about what, prepositional phrase
* 'im koko - where (near what), prepositional phrase
* 'im conna - when (near when), prepositional phrase
* 'imaan conna - for what time frame (inside when), prepositional phrase
* do koko - from what, prepositional phrase
* laan koko - to what, prepositional phrase
* etc...
questions are asked in the same intonation and word order as statements are declared<ref group="Example references">e.g. ga'ãn 'almosí bíkoko 'im conna, dú 'imaan conna, dú 'im koko, dú no koko, dú lewa koko, dú lak koko, dú kepen koko, dú do koko, dú laan koko, ..., dú kit mosí túkoko? | do-PST NOM-who ACC-what near when, CON inside when, CON near what, CON about what, CON by_doing what, CON INSTR what, CON from what, CON to what, ..., CON BEN who DAT-what | "who did what when, in what time frame, where, about what, why, how, using what, from what, ... , and to what (indirect) to what (direct)?"</ref>

=== Existential Clause ===
uses the auxiliary verb construction of 'ayí

== Miscellaneous ==
The subject, and sometimes the object, direct or indirect, of a verb phrase can be move up in the sentence in a select set of cases:

# A quote is being given. Since the quote is a prepositional phrase, it would normally occur before the arguments of the verb. However, because this could result in poorer understanding of the quote itself, the arguments go before SPECIFICALLY the quote, and after any other prepositions or particles, and the quote prepositional phrase always goes last.<ref group="Example references">e.g. lagaðan 'alheman naní no tatammaa tene 'alpoka, 'al'afanafta, bílagað na 'obín túheman 'ejanacír. | laɣaðan ʔalhɛman nani no tatamːaː tɛnɛ ʔalpoxa, ʔalʔafanafta, bilaɣað na ʔobin tyhɛman ʔɛʝanasiɹ. | say-PST NOM-HNR Nanni that repeat-PRS PERM.PRESCR NOM-2.AN NOM-ACTOR-courier ACC-speech POSS OBL-1.AN DAT-HNR Ea-Naṣir | "You, my courier, will repeat my message to Ea-Naṣir," said Nanni.</ref>
# The subject or object is only one word long. In order to promote faster delivery of important information, the word may be placed before all prepositions and particles, at the 'front' of the verb phrase (behind the verb, postposition, and adverbs)

== Examples ==
<references group="Example references" />

== Notes ==
<references />

Tandí

2026-07-30T19:02:28Z

MiaKvigan: Removed listed words

== Introduction ==
'obala yábalí wantandí is the native language of the ŋation of [[Yókóz|'o'aben yálekki wanyókóz]] on order of [[User:MiaKvigan|lappi Miya]] on the 3rd of May, 2026, at 12:06 P.M. CST

== Phonology ==

=== Vowels ===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
!closure
!front
!central
!back
|-
|close
|í/
|ú/
|/ó
|-
|near-close
|i/
|
|
|-
|close-mid
|é/
|
|/o
|-
|mid
|
|u/
|
|-
|open-mid
|e/
|
|
|-
|near-open
|á/
|
|
|-
|open
|a/
|
|
|}
slash represents the rounding boundary; unrounded before, rounded after

Vowels may be nasalized or elongated

=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
!Placement →
↓ Manner
!BIlabial
!Labiodental
!Dental
!Alveolar
!Post-alveolar
!Palatal
!Velar
!Glottal
|-
|Nasal
|/m
|
|
|/n
|
|
|
|
|-
|Plosive
|p/b
|
|
|t/d
|
|
|k/g
|'
|-
|Non-sibilant affricate
|
|
|
|
|ts/dj
|
|
|
|-
|Sibilant fricative
|
|
|
|c/z
|s/j
|
|
|
|-
|Non-sibilant fricative
|
|f/v
|/ð
|
|
|/y
|k/g
|h
|-
|Approximant
|
|
|
|/r
|
|
|/w (/w/)
|/r (/ʢ̞/)
|-
|Tap/Flap
|
|
|
|/r
|
|
|
|
|-
|Lateral Approximant
|
|
|
|/l
|
|
|
|
|}
slash represents the voicing boundary; unvoiced before, voiced after

==== Consonant cluster reduction rules ====
Consonants replace neighboring same-manner consonants of more forward placement, and delete preceding same-placement consonants of the manner below. In addition, plosives and nasals delete following 'ʔ'. Finally, consonants do not become geminated if in a cluster larger than two consonants.

* lad-gíla-món-'an → laggílamónan (d-g → gg, n-' → n)
* lad-púkan-món → laddúkannón (d-p → dd, n-m → nn)
* yá-damack-dé'an → yádamacké'an (ck-d → ck)
* bí-daad-ní → bídaaní (d-n → n)

=== Phonotactics ===
C(S)V(C)(C) or (C)CV(S)(C) ,where C is any consonant, S is any oral sonorant, and V is any vowel

V can be lengthened, which is represented as 2 vowels in the romanization but counts as 1

C can be geminated, which is represented as 2(3<ref>digraphs geminate their first letter only</ref>) consonants in the romanization but counts as one for phonotactics

There is no set tense patterning, and tense is instead considered a part of intonation

==== Allophones ====

* <f> /f/ → /fʰ/ | _N
* <g> /g/ → /ɣ/ | V!A(S)_V
* <k> /k/ → /kʰ/ | _N
* <k> /k/ → /x/ | V!A(S)_V
* <k> /x/ → /xʰ/ | _N
* <l> /l/ → /l̃/ | N_
* <nowiki> /p/ → /pʰ/ | _N</nowiki>
* <r> /ɹ/ → /ɾ/ | C!n_
* <r> /ɹ/ → /ɹ̃/ | N_
* <r> /ɹ/ → /ʢ̞/ | #_
* <t> /t/ → /tʰ/ | _N
* <y> /ʝ/ → /ʝ̃/ | N_
* <w> /w/ → /w̃/ | N_
where C is any consonant, V is any vowel, V!A is any non-acute vowel, N is any nasal vowel, S is any oral sonorant, and #_ means word-initial

==== Rhyme scheme ====
In poetic meter, geminated vowels are twice as long, and geminated consonants and stretched rhymes<ref>A stretched rhyme is a rhyme which has no gemination but is lengthened to accommodate for mismatch with the meter.</ref> are one and a half times as long.

== Morphology ==

=== Pronouns ===

==== Personal pronouns ====
bín - 1.AN

mam - 1.INAN

poka - 2.AN

tóó - 2.INAN

dããd - 3.AN

ken - 3.INAN

==== Deictic pronouns ====
mitta - this

lotta - that

'this' is used for anything within two steps and arm's reach. 'that' is anything outside of that range.

==== Interrogative pronouns ====
koko - what

conna - when

mosí - who

(other interrogatives are phrasal, e.g. 'lewa koko' [in_order_to what] meaning 'why')

==== Indefinite pronouns ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Type
!Negative
!Universal
!Assertive existential
!Dubitative existential
|-
|Person
|habunko
|habunbaa
|habunlin
|habunẽn
|-
|Thing
|lenko
|lenbaa
|lenlin
|lenẽn
|-
|Place
|ranko
|ranbaa
|ranlin
|ranẽn
|-
|Time
|cónko
|cónbaa
|cónlin
|cónẽn
|}

=== Nouns ===

==== Role assignment ====
subject (Nominative case): 'al-

direct object/subject complement (Accusative case): bí-

indirect object (Dative case): tú-

noun complement (Genitive case): wan-

other (Oblique case): 'o-<ref>oblique case is not required on personal pronouns</ref>

==== Number ====
singular default, plus dual, paucal, and plural marked by suffix on a stem which goes before tense and aspect

dual: -dí

paucal: -ve

plural: -na

==== Gender ====
There is no grammatical gender in Tandí

==== Possession ====
POSD na POSR: 'obaan na 'obákúún - the room of the house (DEF-OBL-room POSS DEF-OBL-house)

=== Determiners ===

==== Demonstratives ====
_ wannitta - this _

_ wanlotta - that _

==== Articles ====
Tandí does not use articles

==== Possessive Determiners ====
_ na _: doro na bín - my ball (ball POSS 1.AN); doro na poka - your ball (ball POSS 2.AN); etc.

_ na koko bac - whose _ (POSS what AN)

==== Quantifiers ====
Quantifiers go before the nouns they quantify (see Sentence Order)

=== Conjunctions ===
Conjunctions go in between semantic elements they connect, which can include things like nouns, noun phrases, relative clauses, verb argument lists<ref>The list of a verb's subject, direct object, and indirect object, in the case that a verb is applied to multiple sets of arguments</ref>, etc.

=== Numerals ===

==== Cardinals ====
cardinal "'amend" noun - ní 'amend doro - two CARD ball - ball number two (of a collection)

==== Ordinals ====
ordinal tokan noun - ordinal ORD noun, e.g. ní tokan doro - two ORD ball - second ball<ref group="Example references">e.g. ní tokan 'aban nana jelí | two ORD day PRT year | second day of the year</ref>

==== Nominals ====
root-cardinal - doroní - ball-two - two balls<ref group="Example references">e.g. baddaa 'aldaadukcí bídããní | hit-PRS NOM-3.AN-one ACC-3.AN-two | he hit him (of two people)</ref>

nũm - zero

'ókcí - one

ní - two

ta'í - three

sín - four

kílan - five

jaal - six

kitten - seven

bón - eight

nítta - nine

lan - ten

cen - hundred

tõn - thousand

=== Adjectives ===

==== Placement ====
directly after the noun<ref group="Example references">e.g. 'okína yálekkena wakakííta | OBL-seed-PL ADJ-green GEN-pepper | green pepper seeds</ref>

Adjectives may or may not match the number of the noun, as there is a semantic difference<ref>e.g. "Her muscles were like steel cables" implies her muscles were strong, where "Her muscles were like a steel cable" implies they are arranged in a line</ref>

==== Comparison ====
yá-adjective-degree-PRS<ref>Note here that the adjective is used as a verb, and is placed as the head of a verb phrase</ref> subject: subject is degree adjective than object<ref group="Example references">e.g. yábannúda 'albín 'an bípoka | ADJ-good-COMP-PRS NOM-1SG.AN than ACC-1SG.AN | I am better than you (lit. am_better I than you)</ref>

=== Finite Verbs ===

==== Tense ====
attaches to verb

* -da: PRS
* -'ãn: PST
* -lí: FUT

==== Aspect ====
goes after tense:

* -bó: PROG.CONT
* -len: PERF
* -món: GNO
* -dada: HAB
goes before verb:
* kon-: INF

=== Verb Postpositions ===

==== Mood ====

* 'akaa- : MIR
* 'anõõl- : CONC/HYP
* 'ila- : OPT/BEND
* 'íyye- : HORT/JUSS
* luke- : DUB/COND
* me- : ABIL
* tene- : PERM/PRESCR

==== Evidentiality ====

* -ce'í : RPT
* -mánna : INFR
* -nobã : NEV
* -tócí : SENS
Negation
* 'eeya - NEG

==== Agreement ====
The 'present' tense is the present by default, and otherwise the tense of the last verb.<ref>ADD THIS REFERENCE AND DELETE THE OTHER ONE</ref><ref group="Example references">e.g. lagað'ãn 'albín tandralí 'albín | say-PST NOM-1.AN run-FUT NOM-1.AN | I said I was going to run</ref>

==== Voice ====

* mẽna- : CAUS
* lad- : PASS
* 'õm- : REV

=== Auxiliary Verbs ===
'ayí (AFF) conveys confirmation of an action, and is verbalized to 'ayída (AFF-PRS) to convey confirmation of a state or truth, or of an object's existence, across the past, present, or future, with tense agreement

'cirette laan ma/im' conveys that the subject has knowingly or unknowingly caused the direct object to be unintentionally involved in the indirect object (a state or event), where if the direct object and subject are the same the direct object may be omitted, or included for emphasis

=== Copula ===
There is no copula in Tandí

=== Adpositions ===

==== Agreement ====
No agreement between adposition and complement is necessary

== Syntax ==

=== Sentence Order ===
VSO word order

Particles go before the words they attach to, and prepositions after

Adjectives may attach to any words except conjunctions and postpositions. They go directly after the word they attach to (except verbs, where they go after the postposition)

Adjectives can also be placed at the head of a verb phrase to convey 'SBJ is ADJ', just as nouns may do the same to convey 'SBJ is N'

Verb complements may be placed before the verb phrase's prepositional phrases and connected clauses, but still after the postposition and adjectives, if they are only one word long<ref group="Example references">e.g. "balda yábããntoge laan 'imaan 'omarkã́z 'albello" -> "balda yátandratoge 'albello laan ..." | "go-PRS ADJ-race-property to INE OBL-store NOM-bear" -> "go-PRS ADJ-race-property NOM-bear to ..." | "The bear goes quickly to the store"</ref>

Words modify nouns according to the following hierarchy:

* PREP(QUANT(((HNR(N))ADJ)GEN))

==== Auxiliary Verb Constructions ====
Nouns cannot be advanded forward within auxiliary verb phrases

'ayí can be either a verb or a particle, as mentioned in Auxiliary Verbs

Auxiliary verbs follow a regular form:

* V PREP Oi S (Od)

where V PREP is the auxiliary verb (a finite verb with a preposition), S is the subject and is NOT part of a prepositional phrase, Od is the direct object, and Oi is the noun phrase completing the prepositional phrase of the auxiliary verb

==== Adverb Placement ====
Adverbs are a derivative of adjectives, and follow adjective rules

=== Coordination and subordination ===
Conjunctions go between anything but postpositions and cannot be omitted. Coordinate and subordinate clauses are separated by conjunctions. There is no distinction made between coordination and subordination on a grammatical level

=== Relative Clauses ===
Relative clauses follow a regular form:

* HEAD REL VP

where HEAD is 3.INAN if the relative clause is free and the bound matrix clause if the relative clause is bound, REL is a grammatical particle (kaka /kaxa/), and VP is a verb phrase, and the head is the verb phrase's implied direct object

=== Questions ===

==== Polar Questions ====

* hal ('eeya) _: is _ (un)true?

==== WH-Questions ====
There are three interrogative pronouns, which can form more specific interrogatives through genitives, prepositions, and conjunctions:
* koko - what
* conna - when
* mosí - who
* koko wacón - when (what time), pronoun (emphatic)
* koko wanhabun - who (what person), pronoun (emphatic)
* koko waran - where (what place), pronoun (generic)
* lewa koko - why (to what end), prepositional phrase
* konto koko - why (because of what reasoning), subordinate clause
* lak koko - how (by doing what), prepositional phrase
* no koko - about what, prepositional phrase
* 'im koko - where (near what), prepositional phrase
* 'im conna - when (near when), prepositional phrase
* 'imaan conna - for what time frame (inside when), prepositional phrase
* do koko - from what, prepositional phrase
* laan koko - to what, prepositional phrase
* etc...
questions are asked in the same intonation and word order as statements are declared<ref group="Example references">e.g. ga'ãn 'almosí bíkoko 'im conna, dú 'imaan conna, dú 'im koko, dú no koko, dú lewa koko, dú lak koko, dú kepen koko, dú do koko, dú laan koko, ..., dú kit mosí túkoko? | do-PST NOM-who ACC-what near when, CON inside when, CON near what, CON about what, CON by_doing what, CON INSTR what, CON from what, CON to what, ..., CON BEN who DAT-what | "who did what when, in what time frame, where, about what, why, how, using what, from what, ... , and to what (indirect) to what (direct)?"</ref>

=== Existential Clause ===
uses the auxiliary verb construction of 'ayí

== Miscellaneous ==
The subject, and sometimes the object, direct or indirect, of a verb phrase can be move up in the sentence in a select set of cases:

# A quote is being given. Since the quote is a prepositional phrase, it would normally occur before the arguments of the verb. However, because this could result in poorer understanding of the quote itself, the arguments go before SPECIFICALLY the quote, and after any other prepositions or particles, and the quote prepositional phrase always goes last.<ref group="Example references">e.g. lagaðan 'alheman naní no tatammaa tene 'alpoka, 'al'afanafta, bílagað na 'obín túheman 'ejanacír. | laɣaðan ʔalhɛman nani no tatamːaː tɛnɛ ʔalpoxa, ʔalʔafanafta, bilaɣað na ʔobin tyhɛman ʔɛʝanasiɹ. | say-PST NOM-HNR Nanni that repeat-PRS PERM.PRESCR NOM-2.AN NOM-ACTOR-courier ACC-speech POSS OBL-1.AN DAT-HNR Ea-Naṣir | "You, my courier, will repeat my message to Ea-Naṣir," said Nanni.</ref>
# The subject or object is only one word long. In order to promote faster delivery of important information, the word may be placed before all prepositions and particles, at the 'front' of the verb phrase (behind the verb, postposition, and adverbs)

== Examples ==
<references group="Example references" />

== Notes ==
<references />

Tandí

2026-07-30T19:00:01Z

MiaKvigan: Split up wh-questions more logically

== Introduction ==
'obala yábalí wantandí is the native language of the ŋation of [[Yókóz|'o'aben yálekki wanyókóz]] on order of [[User:MiaKvigan|lappi Miya]] on the 3rd of May, 2026, at 12:06 P.M. CST

== Phonology ==

=== Vowels ===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
!closure
!front
!central
!back
|-
|close
|í/
|ú/
|/ó
|-
|near-close
|i/
|
|
|-
|close-mid
|é/
|
|/o
|-
|mid
|
|u/
|
|-
|open-mid
|e/
|
|
|-
|near-open
|á/
|
|
|-
|open
|a/
|
|
|}
slash represents the rounding boundary; unrounded before, rounded after

Vowels may be nasalized or elongated

=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
!Placement →
↓ Manner
!BIlabial
!Labiodental
!Dental
!Alveolar
!Post-alveolar
!Palatal
!Velar
!Glottal
|-
|Nasal
|/m
|
|
|/n
|
|
|
|
|-
|Plosive
|p/b
|
|
|t/d
|
|
|k/g
|'
|-
|Non-sibilant affricate
|
|
|
|
|ts/dj
|
|
|
|-
|Sibilant fricative
|
|
|
|c/z
|s/j
|
|
|
|-
|Non-sibilant fricative
|
|f/v
|/ð
|
|
|/y
|k/g
|h
|-
|Approximant
|
|
|
|/r
|
|
|/w (/w/)
|/r (/ʢ̞/)
|-
|Tap/Flap
|
|
|
|/r
|
|
|
|
|-
|Lateral Approximant
|
|
|
|/l
|
|
|
|
|}
slash represents the voicing boundary; unvoiced before, voiced after

==== Consonant cluster reduction rules ====
Consonants replace neighboring same-manner consonants of more forward placement, and delete preceding same-placement consonants of the manner below. In addition, plosives and nasals delete following 'ʔ'. Finally, consonants do not become geminated if in a cluster larger than two consonants.

* lad-gíla-món-'an → laggílamónan (d-g → gg, n-' → n)
* lad-púkan-món → laddúkannón (d-p → dd, n-m → nn)
* yá-damack-dé'an → yádamacké'an (ck-d → ck)
* bí-daad-ní → bídaaní (d-n → n)

=== Phonotactics ===
C(S)V(C)(C) or (C)CV(S)(C) ,where C is any consonant, S is any oral sonorant, and V is any vowel

V can be lengthened, which is represented as 2 vowels in the romanization but counts as 1

C can be geminated, which is represented as 2(3<ref>digraphs geminate their first letter only</ref>) consonants in the romanization but counts as one for phonotactics

There is no set tense patterning, and tense is instead considered a part of intonation

==== Allophones ====

* <f> /f/ → /fʰ/ | _N
* <g> /g/ → /ɣ/ | V!A(S)_V
* <k> /k/ → /kʰ/ | _N
* <k> /k/ → /x/ | V!A(S)_V
* <k> /x/ → /xʰ/ | _N
* <l> /l/ → /l̃/ | N_
* <nowiki> /p/ → /pʰ/ | _N</nowiki>
* <r> /ɹ/ → /ɾ/ | C!n_
* <r> /ɹ/ → /ɹ̃/ | N_
* <r> /ɹ/ → /ʢ̞/ | #_
* <t> /t/ → /tʰ/ | _N
* <y> /ʝ/ → /ʝ̃/ | N_
* <w> /w/ → /w̃/ | N_
where C is any consonant, V is any vowel, V!A is any non-acute vowel, N is any nasal vowel, S is any oral sonorant, and #_ means word-initial

==== Rhyme scheme ====
In poetic meter, geminated vowels are twice as long, and geminated consonants and stretched rhymes<ref>A stretched rhyme is a rhyme which has no gemination but is lengthened to accommodate for mismatch with the meter.</ref> are one and a half times as long.

== Morphology ==

=== Pronouns ===

==== Personal pronouns ====
bín - 1.AN

mam - 1.INAN

poka - 2.AN

tóó - 2.INAN

dããd - 3.AN

ken - 3.INAN

==== Deictic pronouns ====
mitta - this

lotta - that

'this' is used for anything within two steps and arm's reach. 'that' is anything outside of that range.

==== Interrogative pronouns ====
koko - what

conna - when

mosí - who

(other interrogatives are phrasal, e.g. 'lewa koko' [in_order_to what] meaning 'why')

==== Indefinite pronouns ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Type
!Negative
!Universal
!Assertive existential
!Dubitative existential
|-
|Person
|habunko
|habunbaa
|habunlin
|habunẽn
|-
|Thing
|lenko
|lenbaa
|lenlin
|lenẽn
|-
|Place
|ranko
|ranbaa
|ranlin
|ranẽn
|-
|Time
|cónko
|cónbaa
|cónlin
|cónẽn
|}

=== Nouns ===

==== Role assignment ====
subject (Nominative case): 'al-

direct object/subject complement (Accusative case): bí-

indirect object (Dative case): tú-

noun complement (Genitive case): wan-

other (Oblique case): 'o-<ref>oblique case is not required on personal pronouns</ref>

==== Number ====
singular default, plus dual, paucal, and plural marked by suffix on a stem which goes before tense and aspect

dual: -dí

paucal: -ve

plural: -na

==== Gender ====
There is no grammatical gender in Tandí

==== Possession ====
POSD na POSR: 'obaan na 'obákúún - the room of the house (DEF-OBL-room POSS DEF-OBL-house)

=== Determiners ===

==== Demonstratives ====
_ wannitta - this _

_ wanlotta - that _

==== Articles ====
Tandí does not use articles

==== Possessive Determiners ====
_ na _: doro na bín - my ball (ball POSS 1.AN); doro na poka - your ball (ball POSS 2.AN); etc.

_ na koko bac - whose _ (POSS what AN)

==== Quantifiers ====
Quantifiers go before the nouns they quantify (see Sentence Order)

=== Conjunctions ===
Conjunctions go in between semantic elements they connect, which can include things like nouns, noun phrases, relative clauses, verb argument lists<ref>The list of a verb's subject, direct object, and indirect object, in the case that a verb is applied to multiple sets of arguments</ref>, etc.

dú - CON

'ano - DIS

=== Numerals ===

==== Cardinals ====
cardinal "'amend" noun - ní 'amend doro - two CARD ball - ball number two (of a collection)

==== Ordinals ====
ordinal tokan noun - ordinal ORD noun, e.g. ní tokan doro - two ORD ball - second ball<ref group="Example references">e.g. ní tokan 'aban nana jelí | two ORD day PRT year | second day of the year</ref>

==== Nominals ====
root-cardinal - doroní - ball-two - two balls<ref group="Example references">e.g. baddaa 'aldaadukcí bídããní | hit-PRS NOM-3.AN-one ACC-3.AN-two | he hit him (of two people)</ref>

nũm - zero

'ókcí - one

ní - two

ta'í - three

sín - four

kílan - five

jaal - six

kitten - seven

bón - eight

nítta - nine

lan - ten

cen - hundred

tõn - thousand

=== Adjectives ===

==== Placement ====
directly after the noun<ref group="Example references">e.g. 'okína yálekkena wakakííta | OBL-seed-PL ADJ-green GEN-pepper | green pepper seeds</ref>

Adjectives may or may not match the number of the noun, as there is a semantic difference<ref>e.g. "Her muscles were like steel cables" implies her muscles were strong, where "Her muscles were like a steel cable" implies they are arranged in a line</ref>

==== Comparison ====
yá-adjective-degree-PRS<ref>Note here that the adjective is used as a verb, and is placed as the head of a verb phrase</ref> subject: subject is degree adjective than object<ref group="Example references">e.g. yábannúda 'albín 'an bípoka | ADJ-good-COMP-PRS NOM-1SG.AN than ACC-1SG.AN | I am better than you (lit. am_better I than you)</ref>

=== Finite Verbs ===

==== Tense ====
attaches to verb

* -da: PRS
* -'ãn: PST
* -lí: FUT

==== Aspect ====
goes after tense:

* -bó: PROG.CONT
* -len: PERF
* -món: GNO
* -dada: HAB
goes before verb:
* kon-: INF

=== Verb Postpositions ===

==== Mood ====

* 'akaa- : MIR
* 'anõõl- : CONC/HYP
* 'ila- : OPT/BEND
* 'íyye- : HORT/JUSS
* luke- : DUB/COND
* me- : ABIL
* tene- : PERM/PRESCR

==== Evidentiality ====

* -ce'í : RPT
* -mánna : INFR
* -nobã : NEV
* -tócí : SENS
Negation
* 'eeya - NEG

==== Agreement ====
The 'present' tense is the present by default, and otherwise the tense of the last verb.<ref>ADD THIS REFERENCE AND DELETE THE OTHER ONE</ref><ref group="Example references">e.g. lagað'ãn 'albín tandralí 'albín | say-PST NOM-1.AN run-FUT NOM-1.AN | I said I was going to run</ref>

==== Voice ====

* mẽna- : CAUS
* lad- : PASS
* 'õm- : REV

=== Auxiliary Verbs ===
'ayí (AFF) conveys confirmation of an action, and is verbalized to 'ayída (AFF-PRS) to convey confirmation of a state or truth, or of an object's existence, across the past, present, or future, with tense agreement

'cirette laan ma/im' conveys that the subject has knowingly or unknowingly caused the direct object to be unintentionally involved in the indirect object (a state or event), where if the direct object and subject are the same the direct object may be omitted, or included for emphasis

=== Copula ===
There is no copula in Tandí

=== Adpositions ===

==== Agreement ====
No agreement between adposition and complement is necessary

== Syntax ==

=== Sentence Order ===
VSO word order

Particles go before the words they attach to, and prepositions after

Adjectives may attach to any words except conjunctions and postpositions. They go directly after the word they attach to (except verbs, where they go after the postposition)

Adjectives can also be placed at the head of a verb phrase to convey 'SBJ is ADJ', just as nouns may do the same to convey 'SBJ is N'

Verb complements may be placed before the verb phrase's prepositional phrases and connected clauses, but still after the postposition and adjectives, if they are only one word long<ref group="Example references">e.g. "balda yábããntoge laan 'imaan 'omarkã́z 'albello" -> "balda yátandratoge 'albello laan ..." | "go-PRS ADJ-race-property to INE OBL-store NOM-bear" -> "go-PRS ADJ-race-property NOM-bear to ..." | "The bear goes quickly to the store"</ref>

Words modify nouns according to the following hierarchy:

* PREP(QUANT(((HNR(N))ADJ)GEN))

==== Auxiliary Verb Constructions ====
Nouns cannot be advanded forward within auxiliary verb phrases

'ayí can be either a verb or a particle, as mentioned in Auxiliary Verbs

Auxiliary verbs follow a regular form:

* V PREP Oi S (Od)

where V PREP is the auxiliary verb (a finite verb with a preposition), S is the subject and is NOT part of a prepositional phrase, Od is the direct object, and Oi is the noun phrase completing the prepositional phrase of the auxiliary verb

==== Adverb Placement ====
Adverbs are a derivative of adjectives, and follow adjective rules

=== Coordination and subordination ===
Conjunctions go between anything but postpositions and cannot be omitted. Coordinate and subordinate clauses are separated by conjunctions. There is no distinction made between coordination and subordination on a grammatical level

=== Relative Clauses ===
Relative clauses follow a regular form:

* HEAD REL VP

where HEAD is 3.INAN if the relative clause is free and the bound matrix clause if the relative clause is bound, REL is a grammatical particle (kaka /kaxa/), and VP is a verb phrase, and the head is the verb phrase's implied direct object

=== Questions ===

==== Polar Questions ====

* hal ('eeya) _: is _ (un)true?

==== WH-Questions ====
There are three interrogative pronouns, which can form more specific interrogatives through genitives, prepositions, and conjunctions:
* koko - what
* conna - when
* mosí - who
* koko wacón - when (what time), pronoun (emphatic)
* koko wanhabun - who (what person), pronoun (emphatic)
* koko waran - where (what place), pronoun (generic)
* lewa koko - why (to what end), prepositional phrase
* konto koko - why (because of what reasoning), subordinate clause
* lak koko - how (by doing what), prepositional phrase
* no koko - about what, prepositional phrase
* 'im koko - where (near what), prepositional phrase
* 'im conna - when (near when), prepositional phrase
* 'imaan conna - for what time frame (inside when), prepositional phrase
* do koko - from what, prepositional phrase
* laan koko - to what, prepositional phrase
* etc...
questions are asked in the same intonation and word order as statements are declared<ref group="Example references">e.g. ga'ãn 'almosí bíkoko 'im conna, dú 'imaan conna, dú 'im koko, dú no koko, dú lewa koko, dú lak koko, dú kepen koko, dú do koko, dú laan koko, ..., dú kit mosí túkoko? | do-PST NOM-who ACC-what near when, CON inside when, CON near what, CON about what, CON by_doing what, CON INSTR what, CON from what, CON to what, ..., CON BEN who DAT-what | "who did what when, in what time frame, where, about what, why, how, using what, from what, ... , and to what (indirect) to what (direct)?"</ref>

=== Existential Clause ===
uses the auxiliary verb construction of 'ayí

== Miscellaneous ==
The subject, and sometimes the object, direct or indirect, of a verb phrase can be move up in the sentence in a select set of cases:

# A quote is being given. Since the quote is a prepositional phrase, it would normally occur before the arguments of the verb. However, because this could result in poorer understanding of the quote itself, the arguments go before SPECIFICALLY the quote, and after any other prepositions or particles, and the quote prepositional phrase always goes last.<ref group="Example references">e.g. lagaðan 'alheman naní no tatammaa tene 'alpoka, 'al'afanafta, bílagað na 'obín túheman 'ejanacír. | laɣaðan ʔalhɛman nani no tatamːaː tɛnɛ ʔalpoxa, ʔalʔafanafta, bilaɣað na ʔobin tyhɛman ʔɛʝanasiɹ. | say-PST NOM-HNR Nanni that repeat-PRS PERM.PRESCR NOM-2.AN NOM-ACTOR-courier ACC-speech POSS OBL-1.AN DAT-HNR Ea-Naṣir | "You, my courier, will repeat my message to Ea-Naṣir," said Nanni.</ref>
# The subject or object is only one word long. In order to promote faster delivery of important information, the word may be placed before all prepositions and particles, at the 'front' of the verb phrase (behind the verb, postposition, and adverbs)

== Examples ==
<references group="Example references" />

== Notes ==
<references />

Tandí

2026-07-30T18:52:25Z

MiaKvigan: Coordination and subordination are now the same

== Introduction ==
'obala yábalí wantandí is the native language of the ŋation of [[Yókóz|'o'aben yálekki wanyókóz]] on order of [[User:MiaKvigan|lappi Miya]] on the 3rd of May, 2026, at 12:06 P.M. CST

== Phonology ==

=== Vowels ===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
!closure
!front
!central
!back
|-
|close
|í/
|ú/
|/ó
|-
|near-close
|i/
|
|
|-
|close-mid
|é/
|
|/o
|-
|mid
|
|u/
|
|-
|open-mid
|e/
|
|
|-
|near-open
|á/
|
|
|-
|open
|a/
|
|
|}
slash represents the rounding boundary; unrounded before, rounded after

Vowels may be nasalized or elongated

=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
!Placement →
↓ Manner
!BIlabial
!Labiodental
!Dental
!Alveolar
!Post-alveolar
!Palatal
!Velar
!Glottal
|-
|Nasal
|/m
|
|
|/n
|
|
|
|
|-
|Plosive
|p/b
|
|
|t/d
|
|
|k/g
|'
|-
|Non-sibilant affricate
|
|
|
|
|ts/dj
|
|
|
|-
|Sibilant fricative
|
|
|
|c/z
|s/j
|
|
|
|-
|Non-sibilant fricative
|
|f/v
|/ð
|
|
|/y
|k/g
|h
|-
|Approximant
|
|
|
|/r
|
|
|/w (/w/)
|/r (/ʢ̞/)
|-
|Tap/Flap
|
|
|
|/r
|
|
|
|
|-
|Lateral Approximant
|
|
|
|/l
|
|
|
|
|}
slash represents the voicing boundary; unvoiced before, voiced after

==== Consonant cluster reduction rules ====
Consonants replace neighboring same-manner consonants of more forward placement, and delete preceding same-placement consonants of the manner below. In addition, plosives and nasals delete following 'ʔ'. Finally, consonants do not become geminated if in a cluster larger than two consonants.

* lad-gíla-món-'an → laggílamónan (d-g → gg, n-' → n)
* lad-púkan-món → laddúkannón (d-p → dd, n-m → nn)
* yá-damack-dé'an → yádamacké'an (ck-d → ck)
* bí-daad-ní → bídaaní (d-n → n)

=== Phonotactics ===
C(S)V(C)(C) or (C)CV(S)(C) ,where C is any consonant, S is any oral sonorant, and V is any vowel

V can be lengthened, which is represented as 2 vowels in the romanization but counts as 1

C can be geminated, which is represented as 2(3<ref>digraphs geminate their first letter only</ref>) consonants in the romanization but counts as one for phonotactics

There is no set tense patterning, and tense is instead considered a part of intonation

==== Allophones ====

* <f> /f/ → /fʰ/ | _N
* <g> /g/ → /ɣ/ | V!A(S)_V
* <k> /k/ → /kʰ/ | _N
* <k> /k/ → /x/ | V!A(S)_V
* <k> /x/ → /xʰ/ | _N
* <l> /l/ → /l̃/ | N_
* <nowiki> /p/ → /pʰ/ | _N</nowiki>
* <r> /ɹ/ → /ɾ/ | C!n_
* <r> /ɹ/ → /ɹ̃/ | N_
* <r> /ɹ/ → /ʢ̞/ | #_
* <t> /t/ → /tʰ/ | _N
* <y> /ʝ/ → /ʝ̃/ | N_
* <w> /w/ → /w̃/ | N_
where C is any consonant, V is any vowel, V!A is any non-acute vowel, N is any nasal vowel, S is any oral sonorant, and #_ means word-initial

==== Rhyme scheme ====
In poetic meter, geminated vowels are twice as long, and geminated consonants and stretched rhymes<ref>A stretched rhyme is a rhyme which has no gemination but is lengthened to accommodate for mismatch with the meter.</ref> are one and a half times as long.

== Morphology ==

=== Pronouns ===

==== Personal pronouns ====
bín - 1.AN

mam - 1.INAN

poka - 2.AN

tóó - 2.INAN

dããd - 3.AN

ken - 3.INAN

==== Deictic pronouns ====
mitta - this

lotta - that

'this' is used for anything within two steps and arm's reach. 'that' is anything outside of that range.

==== Interrogative pronouns ====
koko - what

conna - when

mosí - who

(other interrogatives are phrasal, e.g. 'lewa koko' [in_order_to what] meaning 'why')

==== Indefinite pronouns ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Type
!Negative
!Universal
!Assertive existential
!Dubitative existential
|-
|Person
|habunko
|habunbaa
|habunlin
|habunẽn
|-
|Thing
|lenko
|lenbaa
|lenlin
|lenẽn
|-
|Place
|ranko
|ranbaa
|ranlin
|ranẽn
|-
|Time
|cónko
|cónbaa
|cónlin
|cónẽn
|}

=== Nouns ===

==== Role assignment ====
subject (Nominative case): 'al-

direct object/subject complement (Accusative case): bí-

indirect object (Dative case): tú-

noun complement (Genitive case): wan-

other (Oblique case): 'o-<ref>oblique case is not required on personal pronouns</ref>

==== Number ====
singular default, plus dual, paucal, and plural marked by suffix on a stem which goes before tense and aspect

dual: -dí

paucal: -ve

plural: -na

==== Gender ====
There is no grammatical gender in Tandí

==== Possession ====
POSD na POSR: 'obaan na 'obákúún - the room of the house (DEF-OBL-room POSS DEF-OBL-house)

=== Determiners ===

==== Demonstratives ====
_ wannitta - this _

_ wanlotta - that _

==== Articles ====
Tandí does not use articles

==== Possessive Determiners ====
_ na _: doro na bín - my ball (ball POSS 1.AN); doro na poka - your ball (ball POSS 2.AN); etc.

_ na koko bac - whose _ (POSS what AN)

==== Quantifiers ====
Quantifiers go before the nouns they quantify (see Sentence Order)

=== Conjunctions ===
Conjunctions go in between semantic elements they connect, which can include things like nouns, noun phrases, relative clauses, verb argument lists<ref>The list of a verb's subject, direct object, and indirect object, in the case that a verb is applied to multiple sets of arguments</ref>, etc.

dú - CON

'ano - DIS

=== Numerals ===

==== Cardinals ====
cardinal "'amend" noun - ní 'amend doro - two CARD ball - ball number two (of a collection)

==== Ordinals ====
ordinal tokan noun - ordinal ORD noun, e.g. ní tokan doro - two ORD ball - second ball<ref group="Example references">e.g. ní tokan 'aban nana jelí | two ORD day PRT year | second day of the year</ref>

==== Nominals ====
root-cardinal - doroní - ball-two - two balls<ref group="Example references">e.g. baddaa 'aldaadukcí bídããní | hit-PRS NOM-3.AN-one ACC-3.AN-two | he hit him (of two people)</ref>

nũm - zero

'ókcí - one

ní - two

ta'í - three

sín - four

kílan - five

jaal - six

kitten - seven

bón - eight

nítta - nine

lan - ten

cen - hundred

tõn - thousand

=== Adjectives ===

==== Placement ====
directly after the noun<ref group="Example references">e.g. 'okína yálekkena wakakííta | OBL-seed-PL ADJ-green GEN-pepper | green pepper seeds</ref>

Adjectives may or may not match the number of the noun, as there is a semantic difference<ref>e.g. "Her muscles were like steel cables" implies her muscles were strong, where "Her muscles were like a steel cable" implies they are arranged in a line</ref>

==== Comparison ====
yá-adjective-degree-PRS<ref>Note here that the adjective is used as a verb, and is placed as the head of a verb phrase</ref> subject: subject is degree adjective than object<ref group="Example references">e.g. yábannúda 'albín 'an bípoka | ADJ-good-COMP-PRS NOM-1SG.AN than ACC-1SG.AN | I am better than you (lit. am_better I than you)</ref>

=== Finite Verbs ===

==== Tense ====
attaches to verb

* -da: PRS
* -'ãn: PST
* -lí: FUT

==== Aspect ====
goes after tense:

* -bó: PROG.CONT
* -len: PERF
* -món: GNO
* -dada: HAB
goes before verb:
* kon-: INF

=== Verb Postpositions ===

==== Mood ====

* 'akaa- : MIR
* 'anõõl- : CONC/HYP
* 'ila- : OPT/BEND
* 'íyye- : HORT/JUSS
* luke- : DUB/COND
* me- : ABIL
* tene- : PERM/PRESCR

==== Evidentiality ====

* -ce'í : RPT
* -mánna : INFR
* -nobã : NEV
* -tócí : SENS
Negation
* 'eeya - NEG

==== Agreement ====
The 'present' tense is the present by default, and otherwise the tense of the last verb.<ref>ADD THIS REFERENCE AND DELETE THE OTHER ONE</ref><ref group="Example references">e.g. lagað'ãn 'albín tandralí 'albín | say-PST NOM-1.AN run-FUT NOM-1.AN | I said I was going to run</ref>

==== Voice ====

* mẽna- : CAUS
* lad- : PASS
* 'õm- : REV

=== Auxiliary Verbs ===
'ayí (AFF) conveys confirmation of an action, and is verbalized to 'ayída (AFF-PRS) to convey confirmation of a state or truth, or of an object's existence, across the past, present, or future, with tense agreement

'cirette laan ma/im' conveys that the subject has knowingly or unknowingly caused the direct object to be unintentionally involved in the indirect object (a state or event), where if the direct object and subject are the same the direct object may be omitted, or included for emphasis

=== Copula ===
There is no copula in Tandí

=== Adpositions ===

==== Agreement ====
No agreement between adposition and complement is necessary

== Syntax ==

=== Sentence Order ===
VSO word order

Particles go before the words they attach to, and prepositions after

Adjectives may attach to any words except conjunctions and postpositions. They go directly after the word they attach to (except verbs, where they go after the postposition)

Adjectives can also be placed at the head of a verb phrase to convey 'SBJ is ADJ', just as nouns may do the same to convey 'SBJ is N'

Verb complements may be placed before the verb phrase's prepositional phrases and connected clauses, but still after the postposition and adjectives, if they are only one word long<ref group="Example references">e.g. "balda yábããntoge laan 'imaan 'omarkã́z 'albello" -> "balda yátandratoge 'albello laan ..." | "go-PRS ADJ-race-property to INE OBL-store NOM-bear" -> "go-PRS ADJ-race-property NOM-bear to ..." | "The bear goes quickly to the store"</ref>

Words modify nouns according to the following hierarchy:

* PREP(QUANT(((HNR(N))ADJ)GEN))

==== Auxiliary Verb Constructions ====
Nouns cannot be advanded forward within auxiliary verb phrases

'ayí can be either a verb or a particle, as mentioned in Auxiliary Verbs

Auxiliary verbs follow a regular form:

* V PREP Oi S (Od)

where V PREP is the auxiliary verb (a finite verb with a preposition), S is the subject and is NOT part of a prepositional phrase, Od is the direct object, and Oi is the noun phrase completing the prepositional phrase of the auxiliary verb

==== Adverb Placement ====
Adverbs are a derivative of adjectives, and follow adjective rules

=== Coordination and subordination ===
Conjunctions go between anything but postpositions and cannot be omitted. Coordinate and subordinate clauses are separated by conjunctions. There is no distinction made between coordination and subordination on a grammatical level

=== Relative Clauses ===
Relative clauses follow a regular form:

* HEAD REL VP

where HEAD is 3.INAN if the relative clause is free and the bound matrix clause if the relative clause is bound, REL is a grammatical particle (kaka /kaxa/), and VP is a verb phrase, and the head is the verb phrase's implied direct object

=== Questions ===

==== Polar Questions ====

* hal ('eeya) _: is _ (un)true?

==== WH-Questions ====

* koko - what, noun
* conna - when, noun
* mosí - who, noun
* koko wacón - when (what time), noun (very specific)
* koko wanhabun - who (what person), noun (very specific)
* koko waran - where (what place), noun (very specific)
* lewa koko - why (to what end), prepositional phrase
* - why (because of what reasoning), subordinate clause
* lak koko - how (by doing what), prepositional phrase
* no koko - about what, prepositional phrase
* 'im koko - where (near what), prepositional phrase
* 'im conna - when (near when), prepositional phrase
* 'imaan conna - for what time frame (inside when), prepositional phrase
* do koko - from what, prepositional phrase
* laan koko - to what, prepositional phrase
* etc...
questions are asked in the same intonation and word order as statements are declared<ref group="Example references">e.g. ga'ãn 'almosí bíkoko 'im conna, dú 'imaan conna, dú 'im koko, dú no koko, dú lewa koko, dú lak koko, dú kepen koko, dú do koko, dú laan koko, ..., dú kit mosí túkoko? | do-PST NOM-who ACC-what near when, CON inside when, CON near what, CON about what, CON by_doing what, CON INSTR what, CON from what, CON to what, ..., CON BEN who DAT-what | "who did what when, in what time frame, where, about what, why, how, using what, from what, ... , and to what (indirect) to what (direct)?"</ref>

=== Existential Clause ===
uses the auxiliary verb construction of 'ayí

== Miscellaneous ==
The subject, and sometimes the object, direct or indirect, of a verb phrase can be move up in the sentence in a select set of cases:

# A quote is being given. Since the quote is a prepositional phrase, it would normally occur before the arguments of the verb. However, because this could result in poorer understanding of the quote itself, the arguments go before SPECIFICALLY the quote, and after any other prepositions or particles, and the quote prepositional phrase always goes last.<ref group="Example references">e.g. lagaðan 'alheman naní no tatammaa tene 'alpoka, 'al'afanafta, bílagað na 'obín túheman 'ejanacír. | laɣaðan ʔalhɛman nani no tatamːaː tɛnɛ ʔalpoxa, ʔalʔafanafta, bilaɣað na ʔobin tyhɛman ʔɛʝanasiɹ. | say-PST NOM-HNR Nanni that repeat-PRS PERM.PRESCR NOM-2.AN NOM-ACTOR-courier ACC-speech POSS OBL-1.AN DAT-HNR Ea-Naṣir | "You, my courier, will repeat my message to Ea-Naṣir," said Nanni.</ref>
# The subject or object is only one word long. In order to promote faster delivery of important information, the word may be placed before all prepositions and particles, at the 'front' of the verb phrase (behind the verb, postposition, and adverbs)

== Examples ==
<references group="Example references" />

== Notes ==
<references />

Tandí

2026-07-30T18:34:12Z

MiaKvigan: Determines are no more, and have become interjections and quantifiers

== Introduction ==
'obala yábalí wantandí is the native language of the ŋation of [[Yókóz|'o'aben yálekki wanyókóz]] on order of [[User:MiaKvigan|lappi Miya]] on the 3rd of May, 2026, at 12:06 P.M. CST

== Phonology ==

=== Vowels ===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
!closure
!front
!central
!back
|-
|close
|í/
|ú/
|/ó
|-
|near-close
|i/
|
|
|-
|close-mid
|é/
|
|/o
|-
|mid
|
|u/
|
|-
|open-mid
|e/
|
|
|-
|near-open
|á/
|
|
|-
|open
|a/
|
|
|}
slash represents the rounding boundary; unrounded before, rounded after

Vowels may be nasalized or elongated

=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
!Placement →
↓ Manner
!BIlabial
!Labiodental
!Dental
!Alveolar
!Post-alveolar
!Palatal
!Velar
!Glottal
|-
|Nasal
|/m
|
|
|/n
|
|
|
|
|-
|Plosive
|p/b
|
|
|t/d
|
|
|k/g
|'
|-
|Non-sibilant affricate
|
|
|
|
|ts/dj
|
|
|
|-
|Sibilant fricative
|
|
|
|c/z
|s/j
|
|
|
|-
|Non-sibilant fricative
|
|f/v
|/ð
|
|
|/y
|k/g
|h
|-
|Approximant
|
|
|
|/r
|
|
|/w (/w/)
|/r (/ʢ̞/)
|-
|Tap/Flap
|
|
|
|/r
|
|
|
|
|-
|Lateral Approximant
|
|
|
|/l
|
|
|
|
|}
slash represents the voicing boundary; unvoiced before, voiced after

==== Consonant cluster reduction rules ====
Consonants replace neighboring same-manner consonants of more forward placement, and delete preceding same-placement consonants of the manner below. In addition, plosives and nasals delete following 'ʔ'. Finally, consonants do not become geminated if in a cluster larger than two consonants.

* lad-gíla-món-'an → laggílamónan (d-g → gg, n-' → n)
* lad-púkan-món → laddúkannón (d-p → dd, n-m → nn)
* yá-damack-dé'an → yádamacké'an (ck-d → ck)
* bí-daad-ní → bídaaní (d-n → n)

=== Phonotactics ===
C(S)V(C)(C) or (C)CV(S)(C) ,where C is any consonant, S is any oral sonorant, and V is any vowel

V can be lengthened, which is represented as 2 vowels in the romanization but counts as 1

C can be geminated, which is represented as 2(3<ref>digraphs geminate their first letter only</ref>) consonants in the romanization but counts as one for phonotactics

There is no set tense patterning, and tense is instead considered a part of intonation

==== Allophones ====

* <f> /f/ → /fʰ/ | _N
* <g> /g/ → /ɣ/ | V!A(S)_V
* <k> /k/ → /kʰ/ | _N
* <k> /k/ → /x/ | V!A(S)_V
* <k> /x/ → /xʰ/ | _N
* <l> /l/ → /l̃/ | N_
* <nowiki> /p/ → /pʰ/ | _N</nowiki>
* <r> /ɹ/ → /ɾ/ | C!n_
* <r> /ɹ/ → /ɹ̃/ | N_
* <r> /ɹ/ → /ʢ̞/ | #_
* <t> /t/ → /tʰ/ | _N
* <y> /ʝ/ → /ʝ̃/ | N_
* <w> /w/ → /w̃/ | N_
where C is any consonant, V is any vowel, V!A is any non-acute vowel, N is any nasal vowel, S is any oral sonorant, and #_ means word-initial

==== Rhyme scheme ====
In poetic meter, geminated vowels are twice as long, and geminated consonants and stretched rhymes<ref>A stretched rhyme is a rhyme which has no gemination but is lengthened to accommodate for mismatch with the meter.</ref> are one and a half times as long.

== Morphology ==

=== Pronouns ===

==== Personal pronouns ====
bín - 1.AN

mam - 1.INAN

poka - 2.AN

tóó - 2.INAN

dããd - 3.AN

ken - 3.INAN

==== Deictic pronouns ====
mitta - this

lotta - that

'this' is used for anything within two steps and arm's reach. 'that' is anything outside of that range.

==== Interrogative pronouns ====
koko - what

conna - when

mosí - who

(other interrogatives are phrasal, e.g. 'lewa koko' [in_order_to what] meaning 'why')

==== Indefinite pronouns ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Type
!Negative
!Universal
!Assertive existential
!Dubitative existential
|-
|Person
|habunko
|habunbaa
|habunlin
|habunẽn
|-
|Thing
|lenko
|lenbaa
|lenlin
|lenẽn
|-
|Place
|ranko
|ranbaa
|ranlin
|ranẽn
|-
|Time
|cónko
|cónbaa
|cónlin
|cónẽn
|}

=== Nouns ===

==== Role assignment ====
subject (Nominative case): 'al-

direct object/subject complement (Accusative case): bí-

indirect object (Dative case): tú-

noun complement (Genitive case): wan-

other (Oblique case): 'o-<ref>oblique case is not required on personal pronouns</ref>

==== Number ====
singular default, plus dual, paucal, and plural marked by suffix on a stem which goes before tense and aspect

dual: -dí

paucal: -ve

plural: -na

==== Gender ====
There is no grammatical gender in Tandí

==== Possession ====
POSD na POSR: 'obaan na 'obákúún - the room of the house (DEF-OBL-room POSS DEF-OBL-house)

=== Determiners ===

==== Demonstratives ====
_ wannitta - this _

_ wanlotta - that _

==== Articles ====
Tandí does not use articles

==== Possessive Determiners ====
_ na _: doro na bín - my ball (ball POSS 1.AN); doro na poka - your ball (ball POSS 2.AN); etc.

_ na koko bac - whose _ (POSS what AN)

==== Quantifiers ====
Quantifiers go before the nouns they quantify (see Sentence Order)

=== Conjunctions ===
Conjunctions go in between semantic elements they connect, which can include things like nouns, noun phrases, relative clauses, verb argument lists<ref>The list of a verb's subject, direct object, and indirect object, in the case that a verb is applied to multiple sets of arguments</ref>, etc.

dú - CON

'ano - DIS

=== Numerals ===

==== Cardinals ====
cardinal "'amend" noun - ní 'amend doro - two CARD ball - ball number two (of a collection)

==== Ordinals ====
ordinal tokan noun - ordinal ORD noun, e.g. ní tokan doro - two ORD ball - second ball<ref group="Example references">e.g. ní tokan 'aban nana jelí | two ORD day PRT year | second day of the year</ref>

==== Nominals ====
root-cardinal - doroní - ball-two - two balls<ref group="Example references">e.g. baddaa 'aldaadukcí bídããní | hit-PRS NOM-3.AN-one ACC-3.AN-two | he hit him (of two people)</ref>

nũm - zero

'ókcí - one

ní - two

ta'í - three

sín - four

kílan - five

jaal - six

kitten - seven

bón - eight

nítta - nine

lan - ten

cen - hundred

tõn - thousand

=== Adjectives ===

==== Placement ====
directly after the noun<ref group="Example references">e.g. 'okína yálekkena wakakííta | OBL-seed-PL ADJ-green GEN-pepper | green pepper seeds</ref>

Adjectives may or may not match the number of the noun, as there is a semantic difference<ref>e.g. "Her muscles were like steel cables" implies her muscles were strong, where "Her muscles were like a steel cable" implies they are arranged in a line</ref>

==== Comparison ====
yá-adjective-degree-PRS<ref>Note here that the adjective is used as a verb, and is placed as the head of a verb phrase</ref> subject: subject is degree adjective than object<ref group="Example references">e.g. yábannúda 'albín 'an bípoka | ADJ-good-COMP-PRS NOM-1SG.AN than ACC-1SG.AN | I am better than you (lit. am_better I than you)</ref>

=== Finite Verbs ===

==== Tense ====
attaches to verb

* -da: PRS
* -'ãn: PST
* -lí: FUT

==== Aspect ====
goes after tense:

* -bó: PROG.CONT
* -len: PERF
* -món: GNO
* -dada: HAB
goes before verb:
* kon-: INF

=== Verb Postpositions ===

==== Mood ====

* 'akaa- : MIR
* 'anõõl- : CONC/HYP
* 'ila- : OPT/BEND
* 'íyye- : HORT/JUSS
* luke- : DUB/COND
* me- : ABIL
* tene- : PERM/PRESCR

==== Evidentiality ====

* -ce'í : RPT
* -mánna : INFR
* -nobã : NEV
* -tócí : SENS
Negation
* 'eeya - NEG

==== Agreement ====
The 'present' tense is the present by default, and otherwise the tense of the last verb.<ref>ADD THIS REFERENCE AND DELETE THE OTHER ONE</ref><ref group="Example references">e.g. lagað'ãn 'albín tandralí 'albín | say-PST NOM-1.AN run-FUT NOM-1.AN | I said I was going to run</ref>

==== Voice ====

* mẽna- : CAUS
* lad- : PASS
* 'õm- : REV

=== Auxiliary Verbs ===
'ayí (AFF) conveys confirmation of an action, and is verbalized to 'ayída (AFF-PRS) to convey confirmation of a state or truth, or of an object's existence, across the past, present, or future, with tense agreement

'cirette laan ma/im' conveys that the subject has knowingly or unknowingly caused the direct object to be unintentionally involved in the indirect object (a state or event), where if the direct object and subject are the same the direct object may be omitted, or included for emphasis

=== Copula ===
There is no copula in Tandí

=== Adpositions ===

==== Agreement ====
No agreement between adposition and complement is necessary

== Syntax ==

=== Sentence Order ===
VSO word order

Particles go before the words they attach to, and prepositions after

Adjectives may attach to any words except conjunctions and postpositions. They go directly after the word they attach to (except verbs, where they go after the postposition)

Adjectives can also be placed at the head of a verb phrase to convey 'SBJ is ADJ', just as nouns may do the same to convey 'SBJ is N'

Verb complements may be placed before the verb phrase's prepositional phrases and connected clauses, but still after the postposition and adjectives, if they are only one word long<ref group="Example references">e.g. "balda yábããntoge laan 'imaan 'omarkã́z 'albello" -> "balda yátandratoge 'albello laan ..." | "go-PRS ADJ-race-property to INE OBL-store NOM-bear" -> "go-PRS ADJ-race-property NOM-bear to ..." | "The bear goes quickly to the store"</ref>

Words modify nouns according to the following hierarchy:

* PREP(QUANT(((HNR(N))ADJ)GEN))

==== Auxiliary Verb Constructions ====
Nouns cannot be advanded forward within auxiliary verb phrases

'ayí can be either a verb or a particle, as mentioned in Auxiliary Verbs

Auxiliary verbs follow a regular form:

* V PREP Oi S (Od)

where V PREP is the auxiliary verb (a finite verb with a preposition), S is the subject and is NOT part of a prepositional phrase, Od is the direct object, and Oi is the noun phrase completing the prepositional phrase of the auxiliary verb

==== Adverb Placement ====
Adverbs are a derivative of adjectives, and follow adjective rules

=== Coordination ===
Coordinating conjunctions go between anything but postpositions and particles and cannot be omitted

=== Subordination ===
Subordinate clauses are treated as prepositional phrases, and subordinating conjunctions are functionally prepositions

=== Relative Clauses ===
Relative clauses follow a regular form:

* HEAD REL VP

where HEAD is 3.INAN if the relative clause is free and the bound matrix clause if the relative clause is bound, REL is a grammatical particle (kaka /kaxa/), and VP is a verb phrase, and the head is the verb phrase's implied direct object

=== Questions ===

==== Polar Questions ====

* hal ('eeya) _: is _ (un)true?

==== WH-Questions ====

* koko - what, noun
* conna - when, noun
* mosí - who, noun
* koko wacón - when (what time), noun (very specific)
* koko wanhabun - who (what person), noun (very specific)
* koko waran - where (what place), noun (very specific)
* lewa koko - why (to what end), prepositional phrase
* lak koko - how (by doing what), prepositional phrase
* no koko - about what, prepositional phrase
* 'im koko - where (near what), prepositional phrase
* 'im conna - when (near when), prepositional phrase
* 'imaan conna - for what time frame (inside when), prepositional phrase
* do koko - from what, prepositional phrase
* laan koko - to what, prepositional phrase
* etc...
questions are asked in the same intonation and word order as statements are declared<ref group="Example references">e.g. ga'ãn 'almosí bíkoko 'im conna, dú 'imaan conna, dú 'im koko, dú no koko, dú lewa koko, dú lak koko, dú kepen koko, dú do koko, dú laan koko, ..., dú kit mosí túkoko? | do-PST NOM-who ACC-what near when, CON inside when, CON near what, CON about what, CON by_doing what, CON INSTR what, CON from what, CON to what, ..., CON BEN who DAT-what | "who did what when, in what time frame, where, about what, why, how, using what, from what, ... , and to what (indirect) to what (direct)?"</ref>

=== Existential Clause ===
uses the auxiliary verb construction of 'ayí

== Miscellaneous ==
The subject, and sometimes the object, direct or indirect, of a verb phrase can be move up in the sentence in a select set of cases:

# A quote is being given. Since the quote is a prepositional phrase, it would normally occur before the arguments of the verb. However, because this could result in poorer understanding of the quote itself, the arguments go before SPECIFICALLY the quote, and after any other prepositions or particles, and the quote prepositional phrase always goes last.<ref group="Example references">e.g. lagaðan 'alheman naní no tatammaa tene 'alpoka, 'al'afanafta, bílagað na 'obín túheman 'ejanacír. | laɣaðan ʔalhɛman nani no tatamːaː tɛnɛ ʔalpoxa, ʔalʔafanafta, bilaɣað na ʔobin tyhɛman ʔɛʝanasiɹ. | say-PST NOM-HNR Nanni that repeat-PRS PERM.PRESCR NOM-2.AN NOM-ACTOR-courier ACC-speech POSS OBL-1.AN DAT-HNR Ea-Naṣir | "You, my courier, will repeat my message to Ea-Naṣir," said Nanni.</ref>
# The subject or object is only one word long. In order to promote faster delivery of important information, the word may be placed before all prepositions and particles, at the 'front' of the verb phrase (behind the verb, postposition, and adverbs)

== Examples ==
<references group="Example references" />

== Notes ==
<references />

Tandí

2026-07-30T17:32:04Z

MiaKvigan: Particles are now prepositions or determiners

== Introduction ==
'obala yábalí wantandí is the native language of the ŋation of [[Yókóz|'o'aben yálekki wanyókóz]] on order of [[User:MiaKvigan|lappi Miya]] on the 3rd of May, 2026, at 12:06 P.M. CST

== Phonology ==

=== Vowels ===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
!closure
!front
!central
!back
|-
|close
|í/
|ú/
|/ó
|-
|near-close
|i/
|
|
|-
|close-mid
|é/
|
|/o
|-
|mid
|
|u/
|
|-
|open-mid
|e/
|
|
|-
|near-open
|á/
|
|
|-
|open
|a/
|
|
|}
slash represents the rounding boundary; unrounded before, rounded after

Vowels may be nasalized or elongated

=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
!Placement →
↓ Manner
!BIlabial
!Labiodental
!Dental
!Alveolar
!Post-alveolar
!Palatal
!Velar
!Glottal
|-
|Nasal
|/m
|
|
|/n
|
|
|
|
|-
|Plosive
|p/b
|
|
|t/d
|
|
|k/g
|'
|-
|Non-sibilant affricate
|
|
|
|
|ts/dj
|
|
|
|-
|Sibilant fricative
|
|
|
|c/z
|s/j
|
|
|
|-
|Non-sibilant fricative
|
|f/v
|/ð
|
|
|/y
|k/g
|h
|-
|Approximant
|
|
|
|/r
|
|
|/w (/w/)
|/r (/ʢ̞/)
|-
|Tap/Flap
|
|
|
|/r
|
|
|
|
|-
|Lateral Approximant
|
|
|
|/l
|
|
|
|
|}
slash represents the voicing boundary; unvoiced before, voiced after

==== Consonant cluster reduction rules ====
Consonants replace neighboring same-manner consonants of more forward placement, and delete preceding same-placement consonants of the manner below. In addition, plosives and nasals delete following 'ʔ'. Finally, consonants do not become geminated if in a cluster larger than two consonants.

* lad-gíla-món-'an → laggílamónan (d-g → gg, n-' → n)
* lad-púkan-món → laddúkannón (d-p → dd, n-m → nn)
* yá-damack-dé'an → yádamacké'an (ck-d → ck)
* bí-daad-ní → bídaaní (d-n → n)

=== Phonotactics ===
C(S)V(C)(C) or (C)CV(S)(C) ,where C is any consonant, S is any oral sonorant, and V is any vowel

V can be lengthened, which is represented as 2 vowels in the romanization but counts as 1

C can be geminated, which is represented as 2(3<ref>digraphs geminate their first letter only</ref>) consonants in the romanization but counts as one for phonotactics

There is no set tense patterning, and tense is instead considered a part of intonation

==== Allophones ====

* <f> /f/ → /fʰ/ | _N
* <g> /g/ → /ɣ/ | V!A(S)_V
* <k> /k/ → /kʰ/ | _N
* <k> /k/ → /x/ | V!A(S)_V
* <k> /x/ → /xʰ/ | _N
* <l> /l/ → /l̃/ | N_
* <nowiki> /p/ → /pʰ/ | _N</nowiki>
* <r> /ɹ/ → /ɾ/ | C!n_
* <r> /ɹ/ → /ɹ̃/ | N_
* <r> /ɹ/ → /ʢ̞/ | #_
* <t> /t/ → /tʰ/ | _N
* <y> /ʝ/ → /ʝ̃/ | N_
* <w> /w/ → /w̃/ | N_
where C is any consonant, V is any vowel, V!A is any non-acute vowel, N is any nasal vowel, S is any oral sonorant, and #_ means word-initial

==== Rhyme scheme ====
In poetic meter, geminated vowels are twice as long, and geminated consonants and stretched rhymes<ref>A stretched rhyme is a rhyme which has no gemination but is lengthened to accommodate for mismatch with the meter.</ref> are one and a half times as long.

== Morphology ==

=== Pronouns ===

==== Personal pronouns ====
bín - 1.AN

mam - 1.INAN

poka - 2.AN

tóó - 2.INAN

dããd - 3.AN

ken - 3.INAN

==== Deictic pronouns ====
mitta - this

lotta - that

'this' is used for anything within two steps and arm's reach. 'that' is anything outside of that range.

==== Interrogative pronouns ====
koko - what

conna - when

mosí - who

(other interrogatives are phrasal, e.g. 'lewa koko' [in_order_to what] meaning 'why')

==== Indefinite pronouns ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Type
!Negative
!Universal
!Assertive existential
!Dubitative existential
|-
|Person
|habunko
|habunbaa
|habunlin
|habunẽn
|-
|Thing
|lenko
|lenbaa
|lenlin
|lenẽn
|-
|Place
|ranko
|ranbaa
|ranlin
|ranẽn
|-
|Time
|cónko
|cónbaa
|cónlin
|cónẽn
|}

=== Nouns ===

==== Role assignment ====
subject (Nominative case): 'al-

direct object/subject complement (Accusative case): bí-

indirect object (Dative case): tú-

noun complement (Genitive case): wan-

other (Oblique case): 'o-<ref>oblique case is not required on personal pronouns</ref>

==== Number ====
singular default, plus dual, paucal, and plural marked by suffix on a stem which goes before tense and aspect

dual: -dí

paucal: -ve

plural: -na

==== Gender ====
There is no grammatical gender in Tandí

==== Possession ====
POSD na POSR: 'obaan na 'obákúún - the room of the house (DEF-OBL-room POSS DEF-OBL-house)

=== Determiners ===

==== Demonstratives ====
_ wannitta - this _

_ wanlotta - that _

==== Articles ====
Tandí does not use articles

==== Possessive Determiners ====
_ na _: doro na bín - my ball (ball POSS 1.AN); doro na poka - your ball (ball POSS 2.AN); etc.

_ na koko bac - whose _ (POSS what AN)

==== Quantifiers ====
Quantifiers go before the nouns they quantify (see Sentence Order)

=== Conjunctions ===
Conjunctions go in between semantic elements they connect, which can include things like nouns, noun phrases, relative clauses, verb argument lists<ref>The list of a verb's subject, direct object, and indirect object, in the case that a verb is applied to multiple sets of arguments</ref>, etc.

dú - CON

'ano - DIS

=== Numerals ===

==== Cardinals ====
cardinal "'amend" noun - ní 'amend doro - two CARD ball - ball number two (of a collection)

==== Ordinals ====
ordinal tokan noun - ordinal ORD noun, e.g. ní tokan doro - two ORD ball - second ball<ref group="Example references">e.g. ní tokan 'aban nana jelí | two ORD day PRT year | second day of the year</ref>

==== Nominals ====
root-cardinal - doroní - ball-two - two balls<ref group="Example references">e.g. baddaa 'aldaadukcí bídããní | hit-PRS NOM-3.AN-one ACC-3.AN-two | he hit him (of two people)</ref>

nũm - zero

'ókcí - one

ní - two

ta'í - three

sín - four

kílan - five

jaal - six

kitten - seven

bón - eight

nítta - nine

lan - ten

cen - hundred

tõn - thousand

=== Adjectives ===

==== Placement ====
directly after the noun<ref group="Example references">e.g. 'okína yálekkena wakakííta | OBL-seed-PL ADJ-green GEN-pepper | green pepper seeds</ref>

Adjectives may or may not match the number of the noun, as there is a semantic difference<ref>e.g. "Her muscles were like steel cables" implies her muscles were strong, where "Her muscles were like a steel cable" implies they are arranged in a line</ref>

==== Comparison ====
yá-adjective-degree-PRS<ref>Note here that the adjective is used as a verb, and is placed as the head of a verb phrase</ref> subject: subject is degree adjective than object<ref group="Example references">e.g. yábannúda 'albín 'an bípoka | ADJ-good-COMP-PRS NOM-1SG.AN than ACC-1SG.AN | I am better than you (lit. am_better I than you)</ref>

=== Finite Verbs ===

==== Tense ====
attaches to verb

* -da: PRS
* -'ãn: PST
* -lí: FUT

==== Aspect ====
goes after tense:

* -bó: PROG.CONT
* -len: PERF
* -món: GNO
* -dada: HAB
goes before verb:
* kon-: INF

=== Verb Postpositions ===

==== Mood ====

* 'akaa- : MIR
* 'anõõl- : CONC/HYP
* 'ila- : OPT/BEND
* 'íyye- : HORT/JUSS
* luke- : DUB/COND
* me- : ABIL
* tene- : PERM/PRESCR

==== Evidentiality ====

* -ce'í : RPT
* -mánna : INFR
* -nobã : NEV
* -tócí : SENS
Negation
* 'eeya - NEG

==== Agreement ====
The 'present' tense is the present by default, and otherwise the tense of the last verb.<ref>ADD THIS REFERENCE AND DELETE THE OTHER ONE</ref><ref group="Example references">e.g. lagað'ãn 'albín tandralí 'albín | say-PST NOM-1.AN run-FUT NOM-1.AN | I said I was going to run</ref>

==== Voice ====

* mẽna- : CAUS
* lad- : PASS
* 'õm- : REV

=== Auxiliary Verbs ===
'ayí (AFF) conveys confirmation of an action, and is verbalized to 'ayída (AFF-PRS) to convey confirmation of a state or truth, or of an object's existence, across the past, present, or future, with tense agreement

'cirette laan ma/im' conveys that the subject has knowingly or unknowingly caused the direct object to be unintentionally involved in the indirect object (a state or event), where if the direct object and subject are the same the direct object may be omitted, or included for emphasis

=== Copula ===
There is no copula in Tandí

=== Adpositions ===

==== Agreement ====
No agreement between adposition and complement is necessary

== Syntax ==

=== Sentence Order ===
VSO word order

Particles go before the words they attach to, and prepositions after

Adjectives may attach to any words except conjunctions and postpositions. They go directly after the word they attach to (except verbs, where they go after the postposition)

Adjectives can also be placed at the head of a verb phrase to convey 'SBJ is ADJ', just as nouns may do the same to convey 'SBJ is N'

Verb complements may be placed before the verb phrase's prepositional phrases and connected clauses, but still after the postposition and adjectives, if they are only one word long<ref group="Example references">e.g. "balda yábããntoge laan 'imaan 'omarkã́z 'albello" -> "balda yátandratoge 'albello laan ..." | "go-PRS ADJ-race-property to INE OBL-store NOM-bear" -> "go-PRS ADJ-race-property NOM-bear to ..." | "The bear goes quickly to the store"</ref>

Words modify nouns according to the following hierarchy:

* PREP(DET(QUANT(((HNR(N))ADJ)GEN)))

==== Auxiliary Verb Constructions ====
Nouns cannot be advanded forward within auxiliary verb phrases

'ayí can be either a verb or a particle, as mentioned in Auxiliary Verbs

Auxiliary verbs follow a regular form:

* V PREP Oi S (Od)

where V PREP is the auxiliary verb (a finite verb with a preposition), S is the subject and is NOT part of a prepositional phrase, Od is the direct object, and Oi is the noun phrase completing the prepositional phrase of the auxiliary verb

==== Adverb Placement ====
Adverbs are a derivative of adjectives, and follow adjective rules

=== Coordination ===
Coordinating conjunctions go between anything but postpositions and particles and cannot be omitted

=== Subordination ===
Subordinate clauses are treated as prepositional phrases, and subordinating conjunctions are functionally prepositions

=== Relative Clauses ===
Relative clauses follow a regular form:

* HEAD REL VP

where HEAD is 3.INAN if the relative clause is free and the bound matrix clause if the relative clause is bound, REL is a grammatical particle (kaka /kaxa/), and VP is a verb phrase, and the head is the verb phrase's implied direct object

=== Questions ===

==== Polar Questions ====

* hal ('eeya) _: is _ (un)true?

==== WH-Questions ====

* koko - what, noun
* conna - when, noun
* mosí - who, noun
* koko wacón - when (what time), noun (very specific)
* koko wanhabun - who (what person), noun (very specific)
* koko waran - where (what place), noun (very specific)
* lewa koko - why (to what end), prepositional phrase
* lak koko - how (by doing what), prepositional phrase
* no koko - about what, prepositional phrase
* 'im koko - where (near what), prepositional phrase
* 'im conna - when (near when), prepositional phrase
* 'imaan conna - for what time frame (inside when), prepositional phrase
* do koko - from what, prepositional phrase
* laan koko - to what, prepositional phrase
* etc...
questions are asked in the same intonation and word order as statements are declared<ref group="Example references">e.g. ga'ãn 'almosí bíkoko 'im conna, dú 'imaan conna, dú 'im koko, dú no koko, dú lewa koko, dú lak koko, dú kepen koko, dú do koko, dú laan koko, ..., dú kit mosí túkoko? | do-PST NOM-who ACC-what near when, CON inside when, CON near what, CON about what, CON by_doing what, CON INSTR what, CON from what, CON to what, ..., CON BEN who DAT-what | "who did what when, in what time frame, where, about what, why, how, using what, from what, ... , and to what (indirect) to what (direct)?"</ref>

=== Existential Clause ===
uses the auxiliary verb construction of 'ayí

== Miscellaneous ==
The subject, and sometimes the object, direct or indirect, of a verb phrase can be move up in the sentence in a select set of cases:

# A quote is being given. Since the quote is a prepositional phrase, it would normally occur before the arguments of the verb. However, because this could result in poorer understanding of the quote itself, the arguments go before SPECIFICALLY the quote, and after any other prepositions or particles, and the quote prepositional phrase always goes last.<ref group="Example references">e.g. lagaðan 'alheman naní no tatammaa tene 'alpoka, 'al'afanafta, bílagað na 'obín túheman 'ejanacír. | laɣaðan ʔalhɛman nani no tatamːaː tɛnɛ ʔalpoxa, ʔalʔafanafta, bilaɣað na ʔobin tyhɛman ʔɛʝanasiɹ. | say-PST NOM-HNR Nanni that repeat-PRS PERM.PRESCR NOM-2.AN NOM-ACTOR-courier ACC-speech POSS OBL-1.AN DAT-HNR Ea-Naṣir | "You, my courier, will repeat my message to Ea-Naṣir," said Nanni.</ref>
# The subject or object is only one word long. In order to promote faster delivery of important information, the word may be placed before all prepositions and particles, at the 'front' of the verb phrase (behind the verb, postposition, and adverbs)

== Examples ==
<references group="Example references" />

== Notes ==
<references />

Tandí

2026-07-29T23:14:45Z

MiaKvigan: clarified slashes

== Introduction ==
'obala yábalí wantandí is the native language of the ŋation of [[Yókóz|'o'aben yálekki wanyókóz]] on order of [[User:MiaKvigan|lappi Miya]] on the 3rd of May, 2026, at 12:06 P.M. CST

== Phonology ==

=== Vowels ===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
!closure
!front
!central
!back
|-
|close
|í/
|ú/
|/ó
|-
|near-close
|i/
|
|
|-
|close-mid
|é/
|
|/o
|-
|mid
|
|u/
|
|-
|open-mid
|e/
|
|
|-
|near-open
|á/
|
|
|-
|open
|a/
|
|
|}
slash represents the rounding boundary; unrounded before, rounded after

Vowels may be nasalized or elongated

=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
!Placement →
↓ Manner
!BIlabial
!Labiodental
!Dental
!Alveolar
!Post-alveolar
!Palatal
!Velar
!Glottal
|-
|Nasal
|/m
|
|
|/n
|
|
|
|
|-
|Plosive
|p/b
|
|
|t/d
|
|
|k/g
|'
|-
|Non-sibilant affricate
|
|
|
|
|ts/dj
|
|
|
|-
|Sibilant fricative
|
|
|
|c/z
|s/j
|
|
|
|-
|Non-sibilant fricative
|
|f/v
|/ð
|
|
|/y
|k/g
|h
|-
|Approximant
|
|
|
|/r
|
|
|/w (/w/)
|/r (/ʢ̞/)
|-
|Tap/Flap
|
|
|
|/r
|
|
|
|
|-
|Lateral Approximant
|
|
|
|/l
|
|
|
|
|}
slash represents the voicing boundary; unvoiced before, voiced after

==== Consonant cluster reduction rules ====
Consonants replace neighboring same-manner consonants of more forward placement, and delete preceding same-placement consonants of the manner below. In addition, plosives and nasals delete following 'ʔ'. Finally, consonants do not become geminated if in a cluster larger than two consonants.

* lad-gíla-món-'an → laggílamónan (d-g → gg, n-' → n)
* lad-púkan-món → laddúkannón (d-p → dd, n-m → nn)
* yá-damack-dé'an → yádamacké'an (ck-d → ck)
* bí-daad-ní → bídaaní (d-n → n)

=== Phonotactics ===
C(S)V(C)(C) or (C)CV(S)(C) ,where C is any consonant, S is any oral sonorant, and V is any vowel

V can be lengthened, which is represented as 2 vowels in the romanization but counts as 1

C can be geminated, which is represented as 2(3<ref>digraphs geminate their first letter only</ref>) consonants in the romanization but counts as one for phonotactics

There is no set tense patterning, and tense is instead considered a part of intonation

==== Allophones ====

* <f> /f/ → /fʰ/ | _N
* <g> /g/ → /ɣ/ | V!A(S)_V
* <k> /k/ → /kʰ/ | _N
* <k> /k/ → /x/ | V!A(S)_V
* <k> /x/ → /xʰ/ | _N
* <l> /l/ → /l̃/ | N_
* <nowiki> /p/ → /pʰ/ | _N</nowiki>
* <r> /ɹ/ → /ɾ/ | C!n_
* <r> /ɹ/ → /ɹ̃/ | N_
* <r> /ɹ/ → /ʢ̞/ | #_
* <t> /t/ → /tʰ/ | _N
* <y> /ʝ/ → /ʝ̃/ | N_
* <w> /w/ → /w̃/ | N_
where C is any consonant, V is any vowel, V!A is any non-acute vowel, N is any nasal vowel, S is any oral sonorant, and #_ means word-initial

==== Rhyme scheme ====
In poetic meter, geminated vowels are twice as long, and geminated consonants and stretched rhymes<ref>A stretched rhyme is a rhyme which has no gemination but is lengthened to accommodate for mismatch with the meter.</ref> are one and a half times as long.

== Morphology ==

=== Pronouns ===

==== Personal pronouns ====
bín - 1.AN

mam - 1.INAN

poka - 2.AN

tóó - 2.INAN

dããd - 3.AN

ken - 3.INAN

==== Deictic pronouns ====
mitta - this

lotta - that

'this' is used for anything within two steps and arm's reach. 'that' is anything outside of that range.

==== Interrogative pronouns ====
koko - what

conna - when

mosí - who

(other interrogatives are phrasal, e.g. 'lewa koko' [in_order_to what] meaning 'why')

==== Indefinite pronouns ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Type
!Negative
!Universal
!Assertive existential
!Dubitative existential
|-
|Person
|habunko
|habunbaa
|habunlin
|habunẽn
|-
|Thing
|lenko
|lenbaa
|lenlin
|lenẽn
|-
|Place
|ranko
|ranbaa
|ranlin
|ranẽn
|-
|Time
|cónko
|cónbaa
|cónlin
|cónẽn
|}

=== Nouns ===

==== Role assignment ====
subject (Nominative case): 'al-

direct object/subject complement (Accusative case): bí-

indirect object (Dative case): tú-

noun complement (Genitive case): wan-

other (Oblique case): 'o-<ref>oblique case is not required on personal pronouns</ref>

==== Number ====
singular default, plus dual, paucal, and plural marked by suffix on a stem which goes before tense and aspect

dual: -dí

paucal: -ve

plural: -na

==== Gender ====
There is no grammatical gender in Tandí

==== Possession ====
POSD na POSR: 'obaan na 'obákúún - the room of the house (DEF-OBL-room POSS DEF-OBL-house)

=== Determiners ===

==== Demonstratives ====
_ wannitta - this _

_ wanlotta - that _

==== Articles ====
Tandí does not use articles

==== Possessive Determiners ====
_ na _: doro na bín - my ball (ball POSS 1.AN); doro na poka - your ball (ball POSS 2.AN); etc.

_ na koko bac - whose _ (POSS what AN)

==== Quantifiers ====
Quantifiers go before the nouns they quantify (see Sentence Order)

=== Conjunctions ===
Conjunctions go in between semantic elements they connect, which can include things like nouns, noun phrases, relative clauses, verb argument lists<ref>The list of a verb's subject, direct object, and indirect object, in the case that a verb is applied to multiple sets of arguments</ref>, etc.

dú - CON

'ano - DIS

=== Numerals ===

==== Cardinals ====
cardinal "'amend" noun - ní 'amend doro - two CARD ball - ball number two (of a collection)

==== Ordinals ====
ordinal tokan noun - ordinal ORD noun, e.g. ní tokan doro - two ORD ball - second ball<ref group="Example references">e.g. ní tokan 'aban nana jelí | two ORD day PRT year | second day of the year</ref>

==== Nominals ====
root-cardinal - doroní - ball-two - two balls<ref group="Example references">e.g. baddaa 'aldaadukcí bídããní | hit-PRS NOM-3.AN-one ACC-3.AN-two | he hit him (of two people)</ref>

nũm - zero

'ókcí - one

ní - two

ta'í - three

sín - four

kílan - five

jaal - six

kitten - seven

bón - eight

nítta - nine

lan - ten

cen - hundred

tõn - thousand

=== Adjectives ===

==== Placement ====
directly after the noun<ref group="Example references">e.g. 'okína yálekkena wakakííta | OBL-seed-PL ADJ-green GEN-pepper | green pepper seeds</ref>

Adjectives may or may not match the number of the noun, as there is a semantic difference<ref>e.g. "Her muscles were like steel cables" implies her muscles were strong, where "Her muscles were like a steel cable" implies they are arranged in a line</ref>

==== Comparison ====
yá-adjective-degree-PRS<ref>Note here that the adjective is used as a verb, and is placed as the head of a verb phrase</ref> subject: subject is degree adjective than object<ref group="Example references">e.g. yábannúda 'albín 'an bípoka | ADJ-good-COMP-PRS NOM-1SG.AN than ACC-1SG.AN | I am better than you (lit. am_better I than you)</ref>

=== Finite Verbs ===

==== Tense ====
attaches to verb

* -da: PRS
* -'ãn: PST
* -lí: FUT

==== Aspect ====
goes after tense:

* -bó: PROG.CONT
* -len: PERF
* -món: GNO
* -dada: HAB
goes before verb:
* kon-: INF

=== Verb Postpositions ===

==== Mood ====

* 'akaa- : MIR
* 'anõõl- : CONC/HYP
* 'ila- : OPT/BEND
* 'íyye- : HORT/JUSS
* luke- : DUB/COND
* me- : ABIL
* tene- : PERM/PRESCR

==== Evidentiality ====

* -ce'í : RPT
* -mánna : INFR
* -nobã : NEV
* -tócí : SENS
Negation
* 'eeya - NEG

==== Agreement ====
The 'present' tense is the present by default, and otherwise the tense of the last verb.<ref>ADD THIS REFERENCE AND DELETE THE OTHER ONE</ref><ref group="Example references">e.g. lagað'ãn 'albín tandralí 'albín | say-PST NOM-1.AN run-FUT NOM-1.AN | I said I was going to run</ref>

==== Voice ====

* mẽna- : CAUS
* lad- : PASS
* 'õm- : REV

=== Auxiliary Verbs ===
'ayí (AFF) conveys confirmation of an action, and is verbalized to 'ayída (AFF-PRS) to convey confirmation of a state or truth, or of an object's existence, across the past, present, or future, with tense agreement

'cirette laan ma/im' conveys that the subject has knowingly or unknowingly caused the direct object to be unintentionally involved in the indirect object (a state or event), where if the direct object and subject are the same the direct object may be omitted, or included for emphasis

=== Copula ===
There is no copula in Tandí

=== Adpositions ===

==== Agreement ====
No agreement between adposition and complement is necessary

== Syntax ==

=== Sentence Order ===
VSO word order

Particles go before the words they attach to, and prepositions after

Adjectives may attach to any words except conjunctions and postpositions. They go directly after the word they attach to (except verbs, where they go after the postposition)

Adjectives can also be placed at the head of a verb phrase to convey 'SBJ is ADJ', just as nouns may do the same to convey 'SBJ is N'

Verb complements may be placed before the verb phrase's prepositional phrases and connected clauses, but still after the postposition and adjectives, if they are only one word long<ref group="Example references">e.g. "balda yábããntoge laan 'imaan 'omarkã́z 'albello" -> "balda yátandratoge 'albello laan ..." | "go-PRS ADJ-race-property to INE OBL-store NOM-bear" -> "go-PRS ADJ-race-property NOM-bear to ..." | "The bear goes quickly to the store"</ref>

Words modify nouns according to the following hierarchy:

* PART(QUANT((((HNR(N))ADJ)GEN)PREP))

==== Auxiliary Verb Constructions ====
Nouns cannot be advanded forward within auxiliary verb phrases

'ayí can be either a verb or a particle, as mentioned in Auxiliary Verbs

Auxiliary verbs follow a regular form:

* V PREP Oi S (Od)

where V PREP is the auxiliary verb (a finite verb with a preposition), S is the subject and is NOT part of a prepositional phrase, Od is the direct object, and Oi is the noun phrase completing the prepositional phrase of the auxiliary verb

==== Adverb Placement ====
Adverbs are a derivative of adjectives, and follow adjective rules

=== Coordination ===
Coordinating conjunctions go between anything but postpositions and particles and cannot be omitted

=== Subordination ===
Subordinate clauses are treated as prepositional phrases, and subordinating conjunctions are functionally prepositions

=== Relative Clauses ===
Relative clauses follow a regular form:

* HEAD REL VP

where HEAD is 3.INAN if the relative clause is free and the bound matrix clause if the relative clause is bound, REL is a grammatical particle (kaka /kaxa/), and VP is a verb phrase, and the head is the verb phrase's implied direct object

=== Questions ===

==== Polar Questions ====

* hal ('eeya) _: is _ (un)true?

==== WH-Questions ====

* koko - what, noun
* conna - when, noun
* mosí - who, noun
* koko wacón - when (what time), noun (very specific)
* koko wanhabun - who (what person), noun (very specific)
* koko waran - where (what place), noun (very specific)
* lewa koko - why (to what end), prepositional phrase
* lak koko - how (by doing what), prepositional phrase
* no koko - about what, prepositional phrase
* 'im koko - where (near what), prepositional phrase
* 'im conna - when (near when), prepositional phrase
* 'imaan conna - for what time frame (inside when), prepositional phrase
* do koko - from what, prepositional phrase
* laan koko - to what, prepositional phrase
* etc...
questions are asked in the same intonation and word order as statements are declared<ref group="Example references">e.g. ga'ãn 'almosí bíkoko 'im conna, dú 'imaan conna, dú 'im koko, dú no koko, dú lewa koko, dú lak koko, dú kepen koko, dú do koko, dú laan koko, ..., dú kit mosí túkoko? | do-PST NOM-who ACC-what near when, CON inside when, CON near what, CON about what, CON by_doing what, CON INSTR what, CON from what, CON to what, ..., CON BEN who DAT-what | "who did what when, in what time frame, where, about what, why, how, using what, from what, ... , and to what (indirect) to what (direct)?"</ref>

=== Existential Clause ===
uses the auxiliary verb construction of 'ayí

== Miscellaneous ==
The subject, and sometimes the object, direct or indirect, of a verb phrase can be move up in the sentence in a select set of cases:

# A quote is being given. Since the quote is a prepositional phrase, it would normally occur before the arguments of the verb. However, because this could result in poorer understanding of the quote itself, the arguments go before SPECIFICALLY the quote, and after any other prepositions or particles, and the quote prepositional phrase always goes last.<ref group="Example references">e.g. lagaðan 'alheman naní no tatammaa tene 'alpoka, 'al'afanafta, bílagað na 'obín túheman 'ejanacír. | laɣaðan ʔalhɛman nani no tatamːaː tɛnɛ ʔalpoxa, ʔalʔafanafta, bilaɣað na ʔobin tyhɛman ʔɛʝanasiɹ. | say-PST NOM-HNR Nanni that repeat-PRS PERM.PRESCR NOM-2.AN NOM-ACTOR-courier ACC-speech POSS OBL-1.AN DAT-HNR Ea-Naṣir | "You, my courier, will repeat my message to Ea-Naṣir," said Nanni.</ref>
# The subject or object is only one word long. In order to promote faster delivery of important information, the word may be placed before all prepositions and particles, at the 'front' of the verb phrase (behind the verb, postposition, and adverbs)

== Examples ==
<references group="Example references" />

== Notes ==
<references />

Tandí

2026-07-29T23:10:03Z

MiaKvigan: explained the quote thing better

== Introduction ==
'obala yábalí wantandí is the native language of the ŋation of [[Yókóz|'o'aben yálekki wanyókóz]] on order of [[User:MiaKvigan|lappi Miya]] on the 3rd of May, 2026, at 12:06 P.M. CST

== Phonology ==

=== Vowels ===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
!closure
!front
!central
!back
|-
|close
|í/
|ú/
|/ó
|-
|near-close
|i/
|
|
|-
|close-mid
|é/
|
|/o
|-
|mid
|
|u/
|
|-
|open-mid
|e/
|
|
|-
|near-open
|á/
|
|
|-
|open
|a/
|
|
|}
Vowels may be nasalized or elongated

=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
!Placement →
↓ Manner
!BIlabial
!Labiodental
!Dental
!Alveolar
!Post-alveolar
!Palatal
!Velar
!Glottal
|-
|Nasal
|/m
|
|
|/n
|
|
|
|
|-
|Plosive
|p/b
|
|
|t/d
|
|
|k/g
|'
|-
|Non-sibilant affricate
|
|
|
|
|ts/dj
|
|
|
|-
|Sibilant fricative
|
|
|
|c/z
|s/j
|
|
|
|-
|Non-sibilant fricative
|
|f/v
|/ð
|
|
|/y
|k/g
|h
|-
|Approximant
|
|
|
|/r
|
|
|/w (/w/)
|/r (/ʢ̞/)
|-
|Tap/Flap
|
|
|
|/r
|
|
|
|
|-
|Lateral Approximant
|
|
|
|/l
|
|
|
|
|}

==== Consonant cluster reduction rules ====
Consonants replace neighboring same-manner consonants of more forward placement, and delete preceding same-placement consonants of the manner below. In addition, plosives and nasals delete following 'ʔ'. Finally, consonants do not become geminated if in a cluster larger than two consonants.

* lad-gíla-món-'an → laggílamónan (d-g → gg, n-' → n)
* lad-púkan-món → laddúkannón (d-p → dd, n-m → nn)
* yá-damack-dé'an → yádamacké'an (ck-d → ck)
* bí-daad-ní → bídaaní (d-n → n)

=== Phonotactics ===
C(S)V(C)(C) or (C)CV(S)(C) ,where C is any consonant, S is any oral sonorant, and V is any vowel

V can be lengthened, which is represented as 2 vowels in the romanization but counts as 1

C can be geminated, which is represented as 2(3<ref>digraphs geminate their first letter only</ref>) consonants in the romanization but counts as one for phonotactics

There is no set tense patterning, and tense is instead considered a part of intonation

==== Allophones ====

* <f> /f/ → /fʰ/ | _N
* <g> /g/ → /ɣ/ | V!A(S)_V
* <k> /k/ → /kʰ/ | _N
* <k> /k/ → /x/ | V!A(S)_V
* <k> /x/ → /xʰ/ | _N
* <l> /l/ → /l̃/ | N_
* <nowiki> /p/ → /pʰ/ | _N</nowiki>
* <r> /ɹ/ → /ɾ/ | C!n_
* <r> /ɹ/ → /ɹ̃/ | N_
* <r> /ɹ/ → /ʢ̞/ | #_
* <t> /t/ → /tʰ/ | _N
* <y> /ʝ/ → /ʝ̃/ | N_
* <w> /w/ → /w̃/ | N_
where C is any consonant, V is any vowel, V!A is any non-acute vowel, N is any nasal vowel, S is any oral sonorant, and #_ means word-initial

==== Rhyme scheme ====
In poetic meter, geminated vowels are twice as long, and geminated consonants and stretched rhymes<ref>A stretched rhyme is a rhyme which has no gemination but is lengthened to accommodate for mismatch with the meter.</ref> are one and a half times as long.

== Morphology ==

=== Pronouns ===

==== Personal pronouns ====
bín - 1.AN

mam - 1.INAN

poka - 2.AN

tóó - 2.INAN

dããd - 3.AN

ken - 3.INAN

==== Deictic pronouns ====
mitta - this

lotta - that

'this' is used for anything within two steps and arm's reach. 'that' is anything outside of that range.

==== Interrogative pronouns ====
koko - what

conna - when

mosí - who

(other interrogatives are phrasal, e.g. 'lewa koko' [in_order_to what] meaning 'why')

==== Indefinite pronouns ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Type
!Negative
!Universal
!Assertive existential
!Dubitative existential
|-
|Person
|habunko
|habunbaa
|habunlin
|habunẽn
|-
|Thing
|lenko
|lenbaa
|lenlin
|lenẽn
|-
|Place
|ranko
|ranbaa
|ranlin
|ranẽn
|-
|Time
|cónko
|cónbaa
|cónlin
|cónẽn
|}

=== Nouns ===

==== Role assignment ====
subject (Nominative case): 'al-

direct object/subject complement (Accusative case): bí-

indirect object (Dative case): tú-

noun complement (Genitive case): wan-

other (Oblique case): 'o-<ref>oblique case is not required on personal pronouns</ref>

==== Number ====
singular default, plus dual, paucal, and plural marked by suffix on a stem which goes before tense and aspect

dual: -dí

paucal: -ve

plural: -na

==== Gender ====
There is no grammatical gender in Tandí

==== Possession ====
POSD na POSR: 'obaan na 'obákúún - the room of the house (DEF-OBL-room POSS DEF-OBL-house)

=== Determiners ===

==== Demonstratives ====
_ wannitta - this _

_ wanlotta - that _

==== Articles ====
Tandí does not use articles

==== Possessive Determiners ====
_ na _: doro na bín - my ball (ball POSS 1.AN); doro na poka - your ball (ball POSS 2.AN); etc.

_ na koko bac - whose _ (POSS what AN)

==== Quantifiers ====
Quantifiers go before the nouns they quantify (see Sentence Order)

=== Conjunctions ===
Conjunctions go in between semantic elements they connect, which can include things like nouns, noun phrases, relative clauses, verb argument lists<ref>The list of a verb's subject, direct object, and indirect object, in the case that a verb is applied to multiple sets of arguments</ref>, etc.

dú - CON

'ano - DIS

=== Numerals ===

==== Cardinals ====
cardinal "'amend" noun - ní 'amend doro - two CARD ball - ball number two (of a collection)

==== Ordinals ====
ordinal tokan noun - ordinal ORD noun, e.g. ní tokan doro - two ORD ball - second ball<ref group="Example references">e.g. ní tokan 'aban nana jelí | two ORD day PRT year | second day of the year</ref>

==== Nominals ====
root-cardinal - doroní - ball-two - two balls<ref group="Example references">e.g. baddaa 'aldaadukcí bídããní | hit-PRS NOM-3.AN-one ACC-3.AN-two | he hit him (of two people)</ref>

nũm - zero

'ókcí - one

ní - two

ta'í - three

sín - four

kílan - five

jaal - six

kitten - seven

bón - eight

nítta - nine

lan - ten

cen - hundred

tõn - thousand

=== Adjectives ===

==== Placement ====
directly after the noun<ref group="Example references">e.g. 'okína yálekkena wakakííta | OBL-seed-PL ADJ-green GEN-pepper | green pepper seeds</ref>

Adjectives may or may not match the number of the noun, as there is a semantic difference<ref>e.g. "Her muscles were like steel cables" implies her muscles were strong, where "Her muscles were like a steel cable" implies they are arranged in a line</ref>

==== Comparison ====
yá-adjective-degree-PRS<ref>Note here that the adjective is used as a verb, and is placed as the head of a verb phrase</ref> subject: subject is degree adjective than object<ref group="Example references">e.g. yábannúda 'albín 'an bípoka | ADJ-good-COMP-PRS NOM-1SG.AN than ACC-1SG.AN | I am better than you (lit. am_better I than you)</ref>

=== Finite Verbs ===

==== Tense ====
attaches to verb

* -da: PRS
* -'ãn: PST
* -lí: FUT

==== Aspect ====
goes after tense:

* -bó: PROG.CONT
* -len: PERF
* -món: GNO
* -dada: HAB
goes before verb:
* kon-: INF

=== Verb Postpositions ===

==== Mood ====

* 'akaa- : MIR
* 'anõõl- : CONC/HYP
* 'ila- : OPT/BEND
* 'íyye- : HORT/JUSS
* luke- : DUB/COND
* me- : ABIL
* tene- : PERM/PRESCR

==== Evidentiality ====

* -ce'í : RPT
* -mánna : INFR
* -nobã : NEV
* -tócí : SENS
Negation
* 'eeya - NEG

==== Agreement ====
The 'present' tense is the present by default, and otherwise the tense of the last verb.<ref>ADD THIS REFERENCE AND DELETE THE OTHER ONE</ref><ref group="Example references">e.g. lagað'ãn 'albín tandralí 'albín | say-PST NOM-1.AN run-FUT NOM-1.AN | I said I was going to run</ref>

==== Voice ====

* mẽna- : CAUS
* lad- : PASS
* 'õm- : REV

=== Auxiliary Verbs ===
'ayí (AFF) conveys confirmation of an action, and is verbalized to 'ayída (AFF-PRS) to convey confirmation of a state or truth, or of an object's existence, across the past, present, or future, with tense agreement

'cirette laan ma/im' conveys that the subject has knowingly or unknowingly caused the direct object to be unintentionally involved in the indirect object (a state or event), where if the direct object and subject are the same the direct object may be omitted, or included for emphasis

=== Copula ===
There is no copula in Tandí

=== Adpositions ===

==== Agreement ====
No agreement between adposition and complement is necessary

== Syntax ==

=== Sentence Order ===
VSO word order

Particles go before the words they attach to, and prepositions after

Adjectives may attach to any words except conjunctions and postpositions. They go directly after the word they attach to (except verbs, where they go after the postposition)

Adjectives can also be placed at the head of a verb phrase to convey 'SBJ is ADJ', just as nouns may do the same to convey 'SBJ is N'

Verb complements may be placed before the verb phrase's prepositional phrases and connected clauses, but still after the postposition and adjectives, if they are only one word long<ref group="Example references">e.g. "balda yábããntoge laan 'imaan 'omarkã́z 'albello" -> "balda yátandratoge 'albello laan ..." | "go-PRS ADJ-race-property to INE OBL-store NOM-bear" -> "go-PRS ADJ-race-property NOM-bear to ..." | "The bear goes quickly to the store"</ref>

Words modify nouns according to the following hierarchy:

* PART(QUANT((((HNR(N))ADJ)GEN)PREP))

==== Auxiliary Verb Constructions ====
Nouns cannot be advanded forward within auxiliary verb phrases

'ayí can be either a verb or a particle, as mentioned in Auxiliary Verbs

Auxiliary verbs follow a regular form:

* V PREP Oi S (Od)

where V PREP is the auxiliary verb (a finite verb with a preposition), S is the subject and is NOT part of a prepositional phrase, Od is the direct object, and Oi is the noun phrase completing the prepositional phrase of the auxiliary verb

==== Adverb Placement ====
Adverbs are a derivative of adjectives, and follow adjective rules

=== Coordination ===
Coordinating conjunctions go between anything but postpositions and particles and cannot be omitted

=== Subordination ===
Subordinate clauses are treated as prepositional phrases, and subordinating conjunctions are functionally prepositions

=== Relative Clauses ===
Relative clauses follow a regular form:

* HEAD REL VP

where HEAD is 3.INAN if the relative clause is free and the bound matrix clause if the relative clause is bound, REL is a grammatical particle (kaka /kaxa/), and VP is a verb phrase, and the head is the verb phrase's implied direct object

=== Questions ===

==== Polar Questions ====

* hal ('eeya) _: is _ (un)true?

==== WH-Questions ====

* koko - what, noun
* conna - when, noun
* mosí - who, noun
* koko wacón - when (what time), noun (very specific)
* koko wanhabun - who (what person), noun (very specific)
* koko waran - where (what place), noun (very specific)
* lewa koko - why (to what end), prepositional phrase
* lak koko - how (by doing what), prepositional phrase
* no koko - about what, prepositional phrase
* 'im koko - where (near what), prepositional phrase
* 'im conna - when (near when), prepositional phrase
* 'imaan conna - for what time frame (inside when), prepositional phrase
* do koko - from what, prepositional phrase
* laan koko - to what, prepositional phrase
* etc...
questions are asked in the same intonation and word order as statements are declared<ref group="Example references">e.g. ga'ãn 'almosí bíkoko 'im conna, dú 'imaan conna, dú 'im koko, dú no koko, dú lewa koko, dú lak koko, dú kepen koko, dú do koko, dú laan koko, ..., dú kit mosí túkoko? | do-PST NOM-who ACC-what near when, CON inside when, CON near what, CON about what, CON by_doing what, CON INSTR what, CON from what, CON to what, ..., CON BEN who DAT-what | "who did what when, in what time frame, where, about what, why, how, using what, from what, ... , and to what (indirect) to what (direct)?"</ref>

=== Existential Clause ===
uses the auxiliary verb construction of 'ayí

== Miscellaneous ==
The subject, and sometimes the object, direct or indirect, of a verb phrase can be move up in the sentence in a select set of cases:

# A quote is being given. Since the quote is a prepositional phrase, it would normally occur before the arguments of the verb. However, because this could result in poorer understanding of the quote itself, the arguments go before SPECIFICALLY the quote, and after any other prepositions or particles, and the quote prepositional phrase always goes last.<ref group="Example references">e.g. lagaðan 'alheman naní no tatammaa tene 'alpoka, 'al'afanafta, bílagað na 'obín túheman 'ejanacír. | laɣaðan ʔalhɛman nani no tatamːaː tɛnɛ ʔalpoxa, ʔalʔafanafta, bilaɣað na ʔobin tyhɛman ʔɛʝanasiɹ. | say-PST NOM-HNR Nanni that repeat-PRS PERM.PRESCR NOM-2.AN NOM-ACTOR-courier ACC-speech POSS OBL-1.AN DAT-HNR Ea-Naṣir | "You, my courier, will repeat my message to Ea-Naṣir," said Nanni.</ref>
# The subject or object is only one word long. In order to promote faster delivery of important information, the word may be placed before all prepositions and particles, at the 'front' of the verb phrase (behind the verb, postposition, and adverbs)

== Examples ==
<references group="Example references" />

== Notes ==
<references />

Tandí

2026-07-29T22:59:09Z

MiaKvigan: Explained relative clauses better

== Introduction ==
'obala yábalí wantandí is the native language of the ŋation of [[Yókóz|'o'aben yálekki wanyókóz]] on order of [[User:MiaKvigan|lappi Miya]] on the 3rd of May, 2026, at 12:06 P.M. CST

== Phonology ==

=== Vowels ===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
!closure
!front
!central
!back
|-
|close
|í/
|ú/
|/ó
|-
|near-close
|i/
|
|
|-
|close-mid
|é/
|
|/o
|-
|mid
|
|u/
|
|-
|open-mid
|e/
|
|
|-
|near-open
|á/
|
|
|-
|open
|a/
|
|
|}
Vowels may be nasalized or elongated

=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
!Placement →
↓ Manner
!BIlabial
!Labiodental
!Dental
!Alveolar
!Post-alveolar
!Palatal
!Velar
!Glottal
|-
|Nasal
|/m
|
|
|/n
|
|
|
|
|-
|Plosive
|p/b
|
|
|t/d
|
|
|k/g
|'
|-
|Non-sibilant affricate
|
|
|
|
|ts/dj
|
|
|
|-
|Sibilant fricative
|
|
|
|c/z
|s/j
|
|
|
|-
|Non-sibilant fricative
|
|f/v
|/ð
|
|
|/y
|k/g
|h
|-
|Approximant
|
|
|
|/r
|
|
|/w (/w/)
|/r (/ʢ̞/)
|-
|Tap/Flap
|
|
|
|/r
|
|
|
|
|-
|Lateral Approximant
|
|
|
|/l
|
|
|
|
|}

==== Consonant cluster reduction rules ====
Consonants replace neighboring same-manner consonants of more forward placement, and delete preceding same-placement consonants of the manner below. In addition, plosives and nasals delete following 'ʔ'. Finally, consonants do not become geminated if in a cluster larger than two consonants.

* lad-gíla-món-'an → laggílamónan (d-g → gg, n-' → n)
* lad-púkan-món → laddúkannón (d-p → dd, n-m → nn)
* yá-damack-dé'an → yádamacké'an (ck-d → ck)
* bí-daad-ní → bídaaní (d-n → n)

=== Phonotactics ===
C(S)V(C)(C) or (C)CV(S)(C) ,where C is any consonant, S is any oral sonorant, and V is any vowel

V can be lengthened, which is represented as 2 vowels in the romanization but counts as 1

C can be geminated, which is represented as 2(3<ref>digraphs geminate their first letter only</ref>) consonants in the romanization but counts as one for phonotactics

There is no set tense patterning, and tense is instead considered a part of intonation

==== Allophones ====

* <f> /f/ → /fʰ/ | _N
* <g> /g/ → /ɣ/ | V!A(S)_V
* <k> /k/ → /kʰ/ | _N
* <k> /k/ → /x/ | V!A(S)_V
* <k> /x/ → /xʰ/ | _N
* <l> /l/ → /l̃/ | N_
* <nowiki> /p/ → /pʰ/ | _N</nowiki>
* <r> /ɹ/ → /ɾ/ | C!n_
* <r> /ɹ/ → /ɹ̃/ | N_
* <r> /ɹ/ → /ʢ̞/ | #_
* <t> /t/ → /tʰ/ | _N
* <y> /ʝ/ → /ʝ̃/ | N_
* <w> /w/ → /w̃/ | N_
where C is any consonant, V is any vowel, V!A is any non-acute vowel, N is any nasal vowel, S is any oral sonorant, and #_ means word-initial

==== Rhyme scheme ====
In poetic meter, geminated vowels are twice as long, and geminated consonants and stretched rhymes<ref>A stretched rhyme is a rhyme which has no gemination but is lengthened to accommodate for mismatch with the meter.</ref> are one and a half times as long.

== Morphology ==

=== Pronouns ===

==== Personal pronouns ====
bín - 1.AN

mam - 1.INAN

poka - 2.AN

tóó - 2.INAN

dããd - 3.AN

ken - 3.INAN

==== Deictic pronouns ====
mitta - this

lotta - that

'this' is used for anything within two steps and arm's reach. 'that' is anything outside of that range.

==== Interrogative pronouns ====
koko - what

conna - when

mosí - who

(other interrogatives are phrasal, e.g. 'lewa koko' [in_order_to what] meaning 'why')

==== Indefinite pronouns ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Type
!Negative
!Universal
!Assertive existential
!Dubitative existential
|-
|Person
|habunko
|habunbaa
|habunlin
|habunẽn
|-
|Thing
|lenko
|lenbaa
|lenlin
|lenẽn
|-
|Place
|ranko
|ranbaa
|ranlin
|ranẽn
|-
|Time
|cónko
|cónbaa
|cónlin
|cónẽn
|}

=== Nouns ===

==== Role assignment ====
subject (Nominative case): 'al-

direct object/subject complement (Accusative case): bí-

indirect object (Dative case): tú-

noun complement (Genitive case): wan-

other (Oblique case): 'o-<ref>oblique case is not required on personal pronouns</ref>

==== Number ====
singular default, plus dual, paucal, and plural marked by suffix on a stem which goes before tense and aspect

dual: -dí

paucal: -ve

plural: -na

==== Gender ====
There is no grammatical gender in Tandí

==== Possession ====
POSD na POSR: 'obaan na 'obákúún - the room of the house (DEF-OBL-room POSS DEF-OBL-house)

=== Determiners ===

==== Demonstratives ====
_ wannitta - this _

_ wanlotta - that _

==== Articles ====
Tandí does not use articles

==== Possessive Determiners ====
_ na _: doro na bín - my ball (ball POSS 1.AN); doro na poka - your ball (ball POSS 2.AN); etc.

_ na koko bac - whose _ (POSS what AN)

==== Quantifiers ====
Quantifiers go before the nouns they quantify (see Sentence Order)

=== Conjunctions ===
Conjunctions go in between semantic elements they connect, which can include things like nouns, noun phrases, relative clauses, verb argument lists<ref>The list of a verb's subject, direct object, and indirect object, in the case that a verb is applied to multiple sets of arguments</ref>, etc.

dú - CON

'ano - DIS

=== Numerals ===

==== Cardinals ====
cardinal "'amend" noun - ní 'amend doro - two CARD ball - ball number two (of a collection)

==== Ordinals ====
ordinal tokan noun - ordinal ORD noun, e.g. ní tokan doro - two ORD ball - second ball<ref group="Example references">e.g. ní tokan 'aban nana jelí | two ORD day PRT year | second day of the year</ref>

==== Nominals ====
root-cardinal - doroní - ball-two - two balls<ref group="Example references">e.g. baddaa 'aldaadukcí bídããní | hit-PRS NOM-3.AN-one ACC-3.AN-two | he hit him (of two people)</ref>

nũm - zero

'ókcí - one

ní - two

ta'í - three

sín - four

kílan - five

jaal - six

kitten - seven

bón - eight

nítta - nine

lan - ten

cen - hundred

tõn - thousand

=== Adjectives ===

==== Placement ====
directly after the noun<ref group="Example references">e.g. 'okína yálekkena wakakííta | OBL-seed-PL ADJ-green GEN-pepper | green pepper seeds</ref>

Adjectives may or may not match the number of the noun, as there is a semantic difference<ref>e.g. "Her muscles were like steel cables" implies her muscles were strong, where "Her muscles were like a steel cable" implies they are arranged in a line</ref>

==== Comparison ====
yá-adjective-degree-PRS<ref>Note here that the adjective is used as a verb, and is placed as the head of a verb phrase</ref> subject: subject is degree adjective than object<ref group="Example references">e.g. yábannúda 'albín 'an bípoka | ADJ-good-COMP-PRS NOM-1SG.AN than ACC-1SG.AN | I am better than you (lit. am_better I than you)</ref>

=== Finite Verbs ===

==== Tense ====
attaches to verb

* -da: PRS
* -'ãn: PST
* -lí: FUT

==== Aspect ====
goes after tense:

* -bó: PROG.CONT
* -len: PERF
* -món: GNO
* -dada: HAB
goes before verb:
* kon-: INF

=== Verb Postpositions ===

==== Mood ====

* 'akaa- : MIR
* 'anõõl- : CONC/HYP
* 'ila- : OPT/BEND
* 'íyye- : HORT/JUSS
* luke- : DUB/COND
* me- : ABIL
* tene- : PERM/PRESCR

==== Evidentiality ====

* -ce'í : RPT
* -mánna : INFR
* -nobã : NEV
* -tócí : SENS
Negation
* 'eeya - NEG

==== Agreement ====
The 'present' tense is the present by default, and otherwise the tense of the last verb.<ref>ADD THIS REFERENCE AND DELETE THE OTHER ONE</ref><ref group="Example references">e.g. lagað'ãn 'albín tandralí 'albín | say-PST NOM-1.AN run-FUT NOM-1.AN | I said I was going to run</ref>

==== Voice ====

* mẽna- : CAUS
* lad- : PASS
* 'õm- : REV

=== Auxiliary Verbs ===
'ayí (AFF) conveys confirmation of an action, and is verbalized to 'ayída (AFF-PRS) to convey confirmation of a state or truth, or of an object's existence, across the past, present, or future, with tense agreement

'cirette laan ma/im' conveys that the subject has knowingly or unknowingly caused the direct object to be unintentionally involved in the indirect object (a state or event), where if the direct object and subject are the same the direct object may be omitted, or included for emphasis

=== Copula ===
There is no copula in Tandí

=== Adpositions ===

==== Agreement ====
No agreement between adposition and complement is necessary

== Syntax ==

=== Sentence Order ===
VSO word order

Particles go before the words they attach to, and prepositions after

Adjectives may attach to any words except conjunctions and postpositions. They go directly after the word they attach to (except verbs, where they go after the postposition)

Adjectives can also be placed at the head of a verb phrase to convey 'SBJ is ADJ', just as nouns may do the same to convey 'SBJ is N'

Verb complements may be placed before the verb phrase's prepositional phrases and connected clauses, but still after the postposition and adjectives, if they are only one word long<ref group="Example references">e.g. "balda yábããntoge laan 'imaan 'omarkã́z 'albello" -> "balda yátandratoge 'albello laan ..." | "go-PRS ADJ-race-property to INE OBL-store NOM-bear" -> "go-PRS ADJ-race-property NOM-bear to ..." | "The bear goes quickly to the store"</ref>

Words modify nouns according to the following hierarchy:

* PART(QUANT((((HNR(N))ADJ)GEN)PREP))

==== Auxiliary Verb Constructions ====
Nouns cannot be advanded forward within auxiliary verb phrases

'ayí can be either a verb or a particle, as mentioned in Auxiliary Verbs

Auxiliary verbs follow a regular form:

* V PREP Oi S (Od)

where V PREP is the auxiliary verb (a finite verb with a preposition), S is the subject and is NOT part of a prepositional phrase, Od is the direct object, and Oi is the noun phrase completing the prepositional phrase of the auxiliary verb

==== Adverb Placement ====
Adverbs are a derivative of adjectives, and follow adjective rules

=== Coordination ===
Coordinating conjunctions go between anything but postpositions and particles and cannot be omitted

=== Subordination ===
Subordinate clauses are treated as prepositional phrases, and subordinating conjunctions are functionally prepositions

=== Relative Clauses ===
Relative clauses follow a regular form:

* HEAD REL VP

where HEAD is 3.INAN if the relative clause is free and the bound matrix clause if the relative clause is bound, REL is a grammatical particle (kaka /kaxa/), and VP is a verb phrase, and the head is the verb phrase's implied direct object

=== Questions ===

==== Polar Questions ====

* hal ('eeya) _: is _ (un)true?

==== WH-Questions ====

* koko - what, noun
* conna - when, noun
* mosí - who, noun
* koko walen - when (what time), noun (very specific)
* koko wanhabun - who (what person), noun (very specific)
* koko waran - where (what place), noun (very specific)
* lewa koko - why (to what end), prepositional phrase
* lak koko - how (by doing what), prepositional phrase
* no koko - about what, prepositional phrase
* 'im koko - where (near what), prepositional phrase
* 'im conna - when (near when), prepositional phrase
* 'imaan conna - for what time frame (inside when), prepositional phrase
* do koko - from what, prepositional phrase
* laan koko - to what, prepositional phrase
* etc...
questions are asked in the same intonation and word order as statements are declared<ref group="Example references">e.g. ga'ãn 'almosí bíkoko 'im conna, dú 'imaan conna, dú 'im koko, dú no koko, dú lewa koko, dú lak koko, dú kepen koko, dú do koko, dú laan koko, ..., dú kit mosí túkoko? | do-PST NOM-who ACC-what near when, CON inside when, CON near what, CON about what, CON by_doing what, CON INSTR what, CON from what, CON to what, ..., CON BEN who DAT-what | "who did what when, in what time frame, where, about what, why, how, using what, from what, ... , and to what (indirect) to what (direct)?"</ref>

=== Existential Clause ===
uses the auxiliary verb construction of 'ayí

== Miscellaneous ==
The subject, and sometimes the object, direct or indirect, of a verb phrase can be move up in the sentence in a select set of cases:

# A quote is being given. Since the quote is a prepositional phrase, it would normally occur before the arguments of the verb. However, because this could result in poorer understanding of the quote itself, the arguments go before SPECIFICALLY the quote, and after any other prepositions or particles, and the quote prepositional phrase goes last.<ref group="Example references">e.g. lagaðan 'alheman naní no tatammaa tene 'alpoka, 'al'afanafta, bílagað na 'obín túheman 'ejanacír. | laɣaðan ʔalhɛman nani no tatamːaː tɛnɛ ʔalpoxa, ʔalʔafanafta, bilaɣað na ʔobin tyhɛman ʔɛʝanasiɹ. | say-PST NOM-HNR Nanni that repeat-PRS PERM.PRESCR NOM-2.AN NOM-ACTOR-courier ACC-speech POSS OBL-1.AN DAT-HNR Ea-Naṣir | "You, my courier, will repeat my message to Ea-Naṣir," said Nanni.</ref>
# The subject or object is only one word long. In order to promote faster delivery of important information, the word may be placed before all prepositions and particles, at the 'front' of the verb phrase (behind the verb and postposition and adverbs)

== Examples ==
<references group="Example references" />

== Notes ==
<references />

Tandí

2026-07-29T22:52:04Z

MiaKvigan: Made 'matrix clause' less astounding

== Introduction ==
'obala yábalí wantandí is the native language of the ŋation of [[Yókóz|'o'aben yálekki wanyókóz]] on order of [[User:MiaKvigan|lappi Miya]] on the 3rd of May, 2026, at 12:06 P.M. CST

== Phonology ==

=== Vowels ===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
!closure
!front
!central
!back
|-
|close
|í/
|ú/
|/ó
|-
|near-close
|i/
|
|
|-
|close-mid
|é/
|
|/o
|-
|mid
|
|u/
|
|-
|open-mid
|e/
|
|
|-
|near-open
|á/
|
|
|-
|open
|a/
|
|
|}
Vowels may be nasalized or elongated

=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
!Placement →
↓ Manner
!BIlabial
!Labiodental
!Dental
!Alveolar
!Post-alveolar
!Palatal
!Velar
!Glottal
|-
|Nasal
|/m
|
|
|/n
|
|
|
|
|-
|Plosive
|p/b
|
|
|t/d
|
|
|k/g
|'
|-
|Non-sibilant affricate
|
|
|
|
|ts/dj
|
|
|
|-
|Sibilant fricative
|
|
|
|c/z
|s/j
|
|
|
|-
|Non-sibilant fricative
|
|f/v
|/ð
|
|
|/y
|k/g
|h
|-
|Approximant
|
|
|
|/r
|
|
|/w (/w/)
|/r (/ʢ̞/)
|-
|Tap/Flap
|
|
|
|/r
|
|
|
|
|-
|Lateral Approximant
|
|
|
|/l
|
|
|
|
|}

==== Consonant cluster reduction rules ====
Consonants replace neighboring same-manner consonants of more forward placement, and delete preceding same-placement consonants of the manner below. In addition, plosives and nasals delete following 'ʔ'. Finally, consonants do not become geminated if in a cluster larger than two consonants.

* lad-gíla-món-'an → laggílamónan (d-g → gg, n-' → n)
* lad-púkan-món → laddúkannón (d-p → dd, n-m → nn)
* yá-damack-dé'an → yádamacké'an (ck-d → ck)
* bí-daad-ní → bídaaní (d-n → n)

=== Phonotactics ===
C(S)V(C)(C) or (C)CV(S)(C) ,where C is any consonant, S is any oral sonorant, and V is any vowel

V can be lengthened, which is represented as 2 vowels in the romanization but counts as 1

C can be geminated, which is represented as 2(3<ref>digraphs geminate their first letter only</ref>) consonants in the romanization but counts as one for phonotactics

There is no set tense patterning, and tense is instead considered a part of intonation

==== Allophones ====

* <f> /f/ → /fʰ/ | _N
* <g> /g/ → /ɣ/ | V!A(S)_V
* <k> /k/ → /kʰ/ | _N
* <k> /k/ → /x/ | V!A(S)_V
* <k> /x/ → /xʰ/ | _N
* <l> /l/ → /l̃/ | N_
* <nowiki> /p/ → /pʰ/ | _N</nowiki>
* <r> /ɹ/ → /ɾ/ | C!n_
* <r> /ɹ/ → /ɹ̃/ | N_
* <r> /ɹ/ → /ʢ̞/ | #_
* <t> /t/ → /tʰ/ | _N
* <y> /ʝ/ → /ʝ̃/ | N_
* <w> /w/ → /w̃/ | N_
where C is any consonant, V is any vowel, V!A is any non-acute vowel, N is any nasal vowel, S is any oral sonorant, and #_ means word-initial

==== Rhyme scheme ====
In poetic meter, geminated vowels are twice as long, and geminated consonants and stretched rhymes<ref>A stretched rhyme is a rhyme which has no gemination but is lengthened to accommodate for mismatch with the meter.</ref> are one and a half times as long.

== Morphology ==

=== Pronouns ===

==== Personal pronouns ====
bín - 1.AN

mam - 1.INAN

poka - 2.AN

tóó - 2.INAN

dããd - 3.AN

ken - 3.INAN

==== Deictic pronouns ====
mitta - this

lotta - that

'this' is used for anything within two steps and arm's reach. 'that' is anything outside of that range.

==== Interrogative pronouns ====
koko - what

conna - when

mosí - who

(other interrogatives are phrasal, e.g. 'lewa koko' [in_order_to what] meaning 'why')

==== Indefinite pronouns ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Type
!Negative
!Universal
!Assertive existential
!Dubitative existential
|-
|Person
|habunko
|habunbaa
|habunlin
|habunẽn
|-
|Thing
|lenko
|lenbaa
|lenlin
|lenẽn
|-
|Place
|ranko
|ranbaa
|ranlin
|ranẽn
|-
|Time
|cónko
|cónbaa
|cónlin
|cónẽn
|}

=== Nouns ===

==== Role assignment ====
subject (Nominative case): 'al-

direct object/subject complement (Accusative case): bí-

indirect object (Dative case): tú-

noun complement (Genitive case): wan-

other (Oblique case): 'o-<ref>oblique case is not required on personal pronouns</ref>

==== Number ====
singular default, plus dual, paucal, and plural marked by suffix on a stem which goes before tense and aspect

dual: -dí

paucal: -ve

plural: -na

==== Gender ====
There is no grammatical gender in Tandí

==== Possession ====
POSD na POSR: 'obaan na 'obákúún - the room of the house (DEF-OBL-room POSS DEF-OBL-house)

=== Determiners ===

==== Demonstratives ====
_ wannitta - this _

_ wanlotta - that _

==== Articles ====
Tandí does not use articles

==== Possessive Determiners ====
_ na _: doro na bín - my ball (ball POSS 1.AN); doro na poka - your ball (ball POSS 2.AN); etc.

_ na koko bac - whose _ (POSS what AN)

==== Quantifiers ====
Quantifiers go before the nouns they quantify (see Sentence Order)

=== Conjunctions ===
Conjunctions go in between semantic elements they connect, which can include things like nouns, noun phrases, relative clauses, verb argument lists<ref>The list of a verb's subject, direct object, and indirect object, in the case that a verb is applied to multiple sets of arguments</ref>, etc.

dú - CON

'ano - DIS

=== Numerals ===

==== Cardinals ====
cardinal "'amend" noun - ní 'amend doro - two CARD ball - ball number two (of a collection)

==== Ordinals ====
ordinal tokan noun - ordinal ORD noun, e.g. ní tokan doro - two ORD ball - second ball<ref group="Example references">e.g. ní tokan 'aban nana jelí | two ORD day PRT year | second day of the year</ref>

==== Nominals ====
root-cardinal - doroní - ball-two - two balls<ref group="Example references">e.g. baddaa 'aldaadukcí bídããní | hit-PRS NOM-3.AN-one ACC-3.AN-two | he hit him (of two people)</ref>

nũm - zero

'ókcí - one

ní - two

ta'í - three

sín - four

kílan - five

jaal - six

kitten - seven

bón - eight

nítta - nine

lan - ten

cen - hundred

tõn - thousand

=== Adjectives ===

==== Placement ====
directly after the noun<ref group="Example references">e.g. 'okína yálekkena wakakííta | OBL-seed-PL ADJ-green GEN-pepper | green pepper seeds</ref>

Adjectives may or may not match the number of the noun, as there is a semantic difference<ref>e.g. "Her muscles were like steel cables" implies her muscles were strong, where "Her muscles were like a steel cable" implies they are arranged in a line</ref>

==== Comparison ====
yá-adjective-degree-PRS<ref>Note here that the adjective is used as a verb, and is placed as the head of a verb phrase</ref> subject: subject is degree adjective than object<ref group="Example references">e.g. yábannúda 'albín 'an bípoka | ADJ-good-COMP-PRS NOM-1SG.AN than ACC-1SG.AN | I am better than you (lit. am_better I than you)</ref>

=== Finite Verbs ===

==== Tense ====
attaches to verb

* -da: PRS
* -'ãn: PST
* -lí: FUT

==== Aspect ====
goes after tense:

* -bó: PROG.CONT
* -len: PERF
* -món: GNO
* -dada: HAB
goes before verb:
* kon-: INF

=== Verb Postpositions ===

==== Mood ====

* 'akaa- : MIR
* 'anõõl- : CONC/HYP
* 'ila- : OPT/BEND
* 'íyye- : HORT/JUSS
* luke- : DUB/COND
* me- : ABIL
* tene- : PERM/PRESCR

==== Evidentiality ====

* -ce'í : RPT
* -mánna : INFR
* -nobã : NEV
* -tócí : SENS
Negation
* 'eeya - NEG

==== Agreement ====
The 'present' tense is the present by default, and otherwise the tense of the last verb.<ref>ADD THIS REFERENCE AND DELETE THE OTHER ONE</ref><ref group="Example references">e.g. lagað'ãn 'albín tandralí 'albín | say-PST NOM-1.AN run-FUT NOM-1.AN | I said I was going to run</ref>

==== Voice ====

* mẽna- : CAUS
* lad- : PASS
* 'õm- : REV

=== Auxiliary Verbs ===
'ayí (AFF) conveys confirmation of an action, and is verbalized to 'ayída (AFF-PRS) to convey confirmation of a state or truth, or of an object's existence, across the past, present, or future, with tense agreement

'cirette laan ma/im' conveys that the subject has knowingly or unknowingly caused the direct object to be unintentionally involved in the indirect object (a state or event), where if the direct object and subject are the same the direct object may be omitted, or included for emphasis

=== Copula ===
There is no copula in Tandí

=== Adpositions ===

==== Agreement ====
No agreement between adposition and complement is necessary

== Syntax ==

=== Sentence Order ===
VSO word order

Particles go before the words they attach to, and prepositions after

Adjectives may attach to any words except conjunctions and postpositions. They go directly after the word they attach to (except verbs, where they go after the postposition)

Adjectives can also be placed at the head of a verb phrase to convey 'SBJ is ADJ', just as nouns may do the same to convey 'SBJ is N'

Verb complements may be placed before the verb phrase's prepositional phrases and connected clauses, but still after the postposition and adjectives, if they are only one word long<ref group="Example references">e.g. "balda yábããntoge laan 'imaan 'omarkã́z 'albello" -> "balda yátandratoge 'albello laan ..." | "go-PRS ADJ-race-property to INE OBL-store NOM-bear" -> "go-PRS ADJ-race-property NOM-bear to ..." | "The bear goes quickly to the store"</ref>

Words modify nouns according to the following hierarchy:

* PART(QUANT((((HNR(N))ADJ)GEN)PREP))

==== Auxiliary Verb Constructions ====
Nouns cannot be advanded forward within auxiliary verb phrases

'ayí can be either a verb or a particle, as mentioned in Auxiliary Verbs

Auxiliary verbs follow a regular form:

* V PREP Oi S (Od)

where V PREP is the auxiliary verb (a finite verb with a preposition), S is the subject and is NOT part of a prepositional phrase, Od is the direct object, and Oi is the noun phrase completing the prepositional phrase of the auxiliary verb

==== Adverb Placement ====
Adverbs are a derivative of adjectives, and follow adjective rules

=== Coordination ===
Coordinating conjunctions go between anything but postpositions and particles and cannot be omitted

=== Subordination ===
Subordinate clauses are treated as prepositional phrases, and subordinating conjunctions are functionally prepositions

=== Relative Clauses ===
Relative clauses follow a regular form:

* HEAD REL VP

where HEAD is 3.INAN if the relative clause is free and the bound matrix clause if the relative clause is bound, REL is a grammatical particle (kaka /kaxa/), and VP is a verb phrase

=== Questions ===

==== Polar Questions ====

* hal ('eeya) _: is _ (un)true?

==== WH-Questions ====

* koko - what, noun
* conna - when, noun
* mosí - who, noun
* koko walen - when (what time), noun (very specific)
* koko wanhabun - who (what person), noun (very specific)
* koko waran - where (what place), noun (very specific)
* lewa koko - why (to what end), prepositional phrase
* lak koko - how (by doing what), prepositional phrase
* no koko - about what, prepositional phrase
* 'im koko - where (near what), prepositional phrase
* 'im conna - when (near when), prepositional phrase
* 'imaan conna - for what time frame (inside when), prepositional phrase
* do koko - from what, prepositional phrase
* laan koko - to what, prepositional phrase
* etc...
questions are asked in the same intonation and word order as statements are declared<ref group="Example references">e.g. ga'ãn 'almosí bíkoko 'im conna, dú 'imaan conna, dú 'im koko, dú no koko, dú lewa koko, dú lak koko, dú kepen koko, dú do koko, dú laan koko, ..., dú kit mosí túkoko? | do-PST NOM-who ACC-what near when, CON inside when, CON near what, CON about what, CON by_doing what, CON INSTR what, CON from what, CON to what, ..., CON BEN who DAT-what | "who did what when, in what time frame, where, about what, why, how, using what, from what, ... , and to what (indirect) to what (direct)?"</ref>

=== Existential Clause ===
uses the auxiliary verb construction of 'ayí

== Miscellaneous ==
The subject, and sometimes the object, direct or indirect, of a verb phrase can be move up in the sentence in a select set of cases:

# A quote is being given. Since the quote is a prepositional phrase, it would normally occur before the arguments of the verb. However, because this could result in poorer understanding of the quote itself, the arguments go before SPECIFICALLY the quote, and after any other prepositions or particles, and the quote prepositional phrase goes last.<ref group="Example references">e.g. lagaðan 'alheman naní no tatammaa tene 'alpoka, 'al'afanafta, bílagað na 'obín túheman 'ejanacír. | laɣaðan ʔalhɛman nani no tatamːaː tɛnɛ ʔalpoxa, ʔalʔafanafta, bilaɣað na ʔobin tyhɛman ʔɛʝanasiɹ. | say-PST NOM-HNR Nanni that repeat-PRS PERM.PRESCR NOM-2.AN NOM-ACTOR-courier ACC-speech POSS OBL-1.AN DAT-HNR Ea-Naṣir | "You, my courier, will repeat my message to Ea-Naṣir," said Nanni.</ref>
# The subject or object is only one word long. In order to promote faster delivery of important information, the word may be placed before all prepositions and particles, at the 'front' of the verb phrase (behind the verb and postposition and adverbs)

== Examples ==
<references group="Example references" />

== Notes ==
<references />

Tandí

2026-07-29T22:40:03Z

MiaKvigan: I'm a dumbass and don't know what a particle is

== Introduction ==
'obala yábalí wantandí is the native language of the ŋation of [[Yókóz|'o'aben yálekki wanyókóz]] on order of [[User:MiaKvigan|lappi Miya]] on the 3rd of May, 2026, at 12:06 P.M. CST

== Phonology ==

=== Vowels ===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
!closure
!front
!central
!back
|-
|close
|í/
|ú/
|/ó
|-
|near-close
|i/
|
|
|-
|close-mid
|é/
|
|/o
|-
|mid
|
|u/
|
|-
|open-mid
|e/
|
|
|-
|near-open
|á/
|
|
|-
|open
|a/
|
|
|}
Vowels may be nasalized or elongated

=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
!Placement →
↓ Manner
!BIlabial
!Labiodental
!Dental
!Alveolar
!Post-alveolar
!Palatal
!Velar
!Glottal
|-
|Nasal
|/m
|
|
|/n
|
|
|
|
|-
|Plosive
|p/b
|
|
|t/d
|
|
|k/g
|'
|-
|Non-sibilant affricate
|
|
|
|
|ts/dj
|
|
|
|-
|Sibilant fricative
|
|
|
|c/z
|s/j
|
|
|
|-
|Non-sibilant fricative
|
|f/v
|/ð
|
|
|/y
|k/g
|h
|-
|Approximant
|
|
|
|/r
|
|
|/w (/w/)
|/r (/ʢ̞/)
|-
|Tap/Flap
|
|
|
|/r
|
|
|
|
|-
|Lateral Approximant
|
|
|
|/l
|
|
|
|
|}

==== Consonant cluster reduction rules ====
Consonants replace neighboring same-manner consonants of more forward placement, and delete preceding same-placement consonants of the manner below. In addition, plosives and nasals delete following 'ʔ'. Finally, consonants do not become geminated if in a cluster larger than two consonants.

* lad-gíla-món-'an → laggílamónan (d-g → gg, n-' → n)
* lad-púkan-món → laddúkannón (d-p → dd, n-m → nn)
* yá-damack-dé'an → yádamacké'an (ck-d → ck)
* bí-daad-ní → bídaaní (d-n → n)

=== Phonotactics ===
C(S)V(C)(C) or (C)CV(S)(C) ,where C is any consonant, S is any oral sonorant, and V is any vowel

V can be lengthened, which is represented as 2 vowels in the romanization but counts as 1

C can be geminated, which is represented as 2(3<ref>digraphs geminate their first letter only</ref>) consonants in the romanization but counts as one for phonotactics

There is no set tense patterning, and tense is instead considered a part of intonation

==== Allophones ====

* <f> /f/ → /fʰ/ | _N
* <g> /g/ → /ɣ/ | V!A(S)_V
* <k> /k/ → /kʰ/ | _N
* <k> /k/ → /x/ | V!A(S)_V
* <k> /x/ → /xʰ/ | _N
* <l> /l/ → /l̃/ | N_
* <nowiki> /p/ → /pʰ/ | _N</nowiki>
* <r> /ɹ/ → /ɾ/ | C!n_
* <r> /ɹ/ → /ɹ̃/ | N_
* <r> /ɹ/ → /ʢ̞/ | #_
* <t> /t/ → /tʰ/ | _N
* <y> /ʝ/ → /ʝ̃/ | N_
* <w> /w/ → /w̃/ | N_
where C is any consonant, V is any vowel, V!A is any non-acute vowel, N is any nasal vowel, S is any oral sonorant, and #_ means word-initial

==== Rhyme scheme ====
In poetic meter, geminated vowels are twice as long, and geminated consonants and stretched rhymes<ref>A stretched rhyme is a rhyme which has no gemination but is lengthened to accommodate for mismatch with the meter.</ref> are one and a half times as long.

== Morphology ==

=== Pronouns ===

==== Personal pronouns ====
bín - 1.AN

mam - 1.INAN

poka - 2.AN

tóó - 2.INAN

dããd - 3.AN

ken - 3.INAN

==== Deictic pronouns ====
mitta - this

lotta - that

'this' is used for anything within two steps and arm's reach. 'that' is anything outside of that range.

==== Interrogative pronouns ====
koko - what

conna - when

mosí - who

(other interrogatives are phrasal, e.g. 'lewa koko' [in_order_to what] meaning 'why')

==== Indefinite pronouns ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Type
!Negative
!Universal
!Assertive existential
!Dubitative existential
|-
|Person
|habunko
|habunbaa
|habunlin
|habunẽn
|-
|Thing
|lenko
|lenbaa
|lenlin
|lenẽn
|-
|Place
|ranko
|ranbaa
|ranlin
|ranẽn
|-
|Time
|cónko
|cónbaa
|cónlin
|cónẽn
|}

=== Nouns ===

==== Role assignment ====
subject (Nominative case): 'al-

direct object/subject complement (Accusative case): bí-

indirect object (Dative case): tú-

noun complement (Genitive case): wan-

other (Oblique case): 'o-<ref>oblique case is not required on personal pronouns</ref>

==== Number ====
singular default, plus dual, paucal, and plural marked by suffix on a stem which goes before tense and aspect

dual: -dí

paucal: -ve

plural: -na

==== Gender ====
There is no grammatical gender in Tandí

==== Possession ====
POSD na POSR: 'obaan na 'obákúún - the room of the house (DEF-OBL-room POSS DEF-OBL-house)

=== Determiners ===

==== Demonstratives ====
_ wannitta - this _

_ wanlotta - that _

==== Articles ====
Tandí does not use articles

==== Possessive Determiners ====
_ na _: doro na bín - my ball (ball POSS 1.AN); doro na poka - your ball (ball POSS 2.AN); etc.

_ na koko bac - whose _ (POSS what AN)

==== Quantifiers ====
Quantifiers go before the nouns they quantify (see Sentence Order)

=== Conjunctions ===
Conjunctions go in between semantic elements they connect, which can include things like nouns, noun phrases, relative clauses, verb argument lists<ref>The list of a verb's subject, direct object, and indirect object, in the case that a verb is applied to multiple sets of arguments</ref>, etc.

dú - CON

'ano - DIS

=== Numerals ===

==== Cardinals ====
cardinal "'amend" noun - ní 'amend doro - two CARD ball - ball number two (of a collection)

==== Ordinals ====
ordinal tokan noun - ordinal ORD noun, e.g. ní tokan doro - two ORD ball - second ball<ref group="Example references">e.g. ní tokan 'aban nana jelí | two ORD day PRT year | second day of the year</ref>

==== Nominals ====
root-cardinal - doroní - ball-two - two balls<ref group="Example references">e.g. baddaa 'aldaadukcí bídããní | hit-PRS NOM-3.AN-one ACC-3.AN-two | he hit him (of two people)</ref>

nũm - zero

'ókcí - one

ní - two

ta'í - three

sín - four

kílan - five

jaal - six

kitten - seven

bón - eight

nítta - nine

lan - ten

cen - hundred

tõn - thousand

=== Adjectives ===

==== Placement ====
directly after the noun<ref group="Example references">e.g. 'okína yálekkena wakakííta | OBL-seed-PL ADJ-green GEN-pepper | green pepper seeds</ref>

Adjectives may or may not match the number of the noun, as there is a semantic difference<ref>e.g. "Her muscles were like steel cables" implies her muscles were strong, where "Her muscles were like a steel cable" implies they are arranged in a line</ref>

==== Comparison ====
yá-adjective-degree-PRS<ref>Note here that the adjective is used as a verb, and is placed as the head of a verb phrase</ref> subject: subject is degree adjective than object<ref group="Example references">e.g. yábannúda 'albín 'an bípoka | ADJ-good-COMP-PRS NOM-1SG.AN than ACC-1SG.AN | I am better than you (lit. am_better I than you)</ref>

=== Finite Verbs ===

==== Tense ====
attaches to verb

* -da: PRS
* -'ãn: PST
* -lí: FUT

==== Aspect ====
goes after tense:

* -bó: PROG.CONT
* -len: PERF
* -món: GNO
* -dada: HAB
goes before verb:
* kon-: INF

=== Verb Postpositions ===

==== Mood ====

* 'akaa- : MIR
* 'anõõl- : CONC/HYP
* 'ila- : OPT/BEND
* 'íyye- : HORT/JUSS
* luke- : DUB/COND
* me- : ABIL
* tene- : PERM/PRESCR

==== Evidentiality ====

* -ce'í : RPT
* -mánna : INFR
* -nobã : NEV
* -tócí : SENS
Negation
* 'eeya - NEG

==== Agreement ====
The 'present' tense is the present by default, and otherwise the tense of the last verb.<ref>ADD THIS REFERENCE AND DELETE THE OTHER ONE</ref><ref group="Example references">e.g. lagað'ãn 'albín tandralí 'albín | say-PST NOM-1.AN run-FUT NOM-1.AN | I said I was going to run</ref>

==== Voice ====

* mẽna- : CAUS
* lad- : PASS
* 'õm- : REV

=== Auxiliary Verbs ===
'ayí (AFF) conveys confirmation of an action, and is verbalized to 'ayída (AFF-PRS) to convey confirmation of a state or truth, or of an object's existence, across the past, present, or future, with tense agreement

'cirette laan ma/im' conveys that the subject has knowingly or unknowingly caused the direct object to be unintentionally involved in the indirect object (a state or event), where if the direct object and subject are the same the direct object may be omitted, or included for emphasis

=== Copula ===
There is no copula in Tandí

=== Adpositions ===

==== Agreement ====
No agreement between adposition and complement is necessary

== Syntax ==

=== Sentence Order ===
VSO word order

Particles go before the words they attach to, and prepositions after

Adjectives may attach to any words except conjunctions and postpositions. They go directly after the word they attach to (except verbs, where they go after the postposition)

Adjectives can also be placed at the head of a verb phrase to convey 'SBJ is ADJ', just as nouns may do the same to convey 'SBJ is N'

Verb complements may be placed before the verb phrase's prepositional phrases and connected clauses, but still after the postposition and adjectives, if they are only one word long<ref group="Example references">e.g. "balda yábããntoge laan 'imaan 'omarkã́z 'albello" -> "balda yátandratoge 'albello laan ..." | "go-PRS ADJ-race-property to INE OBL-store NOM-bear" -> "go-PRS ADJ-race-property NOM-bear to ..." | "The bear goes quickly to the store"</ref>

Words modify nouns according to the following hierarchy:

* PART(QUANT((((HNR(N))ADJ)GEN)PREP))

==== Auxiliary Verb Constructions ====
Nouns cannot be advanded forward within auxiliary verb phrases

'ayí can be either a verb or a particle, as mentioned in Auxiliary Verbs

Auxiliary verbs follow a regular form:

* V PREP Oi S (Od)

where V PREP is the auxiliary verb (a finite verb with a preposition), S is the subject and is NOT part of a prepositional phrase, Od is the direct object, and Oi is the noun phrase completing the prepositional phrase of the auxiliary verb

==== Adverb Placement ====
Adverbs are a derivative of adjectives, and follow adjective rules

=== Coordination ===
Coordinating conjunctions go between all matrix clauses and cannot be omitted

=== Subordination ===
Subordinate clauses are treated as prepositional phrases, and subordinating conjunctions are functionally prepositions

=== Relative Clauses ===
Relative clauses follow a regular form:

* HEAD REL VP

where HEAD is 3.INAN if the relative clause is free and the bound matrix clause if the relative clause is bound, REL is a grammatical particle (kaka /kaxa/), and VP is a verb phrase

=== Questions ===

==== Polar Questions ====

* hal ('eeya) _: is _ (un)true?

==== WH-Questions ====

* koko - what, noun
* conna - when, noun
* mosí - who, noun
* koko walen - when (what time), noun (very specific)
* koko wanhabun - who (what person), noun (very specific)
* koko waran - where (what place), noun (very specific)
* lewa koko - why (to what end), prepositional phrase
* lak koko - how (by doing what), prepositional phrase
* no koko - about what, prepositional phrase
* 'im koko - where (near what), prepositional phrase
* 'im conna - when (near when), prepositional phrase
* 'imaan conna - for what time frame (inside when), prepositional phrase
* do koko - from what, prepositional phrase
* laan koko - to what, prepositional phrase
* etc...
questions are asked in the same intonation and word order as statements are declared<ref group="Example references">e.g. ga'ãn 'almosí bíkoko 'im conna, dú 'imaan conna, dú 'im koko, dú no koko, dú lewa koko, dú lak koko, dú kepen koko, dú do koko, dú laan koko, ..., dú kit mosí túkoko? | do-PST NOM-who ACC-what near when, CON inside when, CON near what, CON about what, CON by_doing what, CON INSTR what, CON from what, CON to what, ..., CON BEN who DAT-what | "who did what when, in what time frame, where, about what, why, how, using what, from what, ... , and to what (indirect) to what (direct)?"</ref>

=== Existential Clause ===
uses the auxiliary verb construction of 'ayí

== Miscellaneous ==
The subject, and sometimes the object, direct or indirect, of a verb phrase can be move up in the sentence in a select set of cases:

# A quote is being given. Since the quote is a prepositional phrase, it would normally occur before the arguments of the verb. However, because this could result in poorer understanding of the quote itself, the arguments go before SPECIFICALLY the quote, and after any other prepositions or particles, and the quote prepositional phrase goes last.<ref group="Example references">e.g. lagaðan 'alheman naní no tatammaa tene 'alpoka, 'al'afanafta, bílagað na 'obín túheman 'ejanacír. | laɣaðan ʔalhɛman nani no tatamːaː tɛnɛ ʔalpoxa, ʔalʔafanafta, bilaɣað na ʔobin tyhɛman ʔɛʝanasiɹ. | say-PST NOM-HNR Nanni that repeat-PRS PERM.PRESCR NOM-2.AN NOM-ACTOR-courier ACC-speech POSS OBL-1.AN DAT-HNR Ea-Naṣir | "You, my courier, will repeat my message to Ea-Naṣir," said Nanni.</ref>
# The subject or object is only one word long. In order to promote faster delivery of important information, the word may be placed before all prepositions and particles, at the 'front' of the verb phrase (behind the verb and postposition and adverbs)

== Examples ==
<references group="Example references" />

== Notes ==
<references />

Tandí

2026-07-29T22:36:53Z

MiaKvigan: idek I forgot already

== Introduction ==
'obala yábalí wantandí is the native language of the ŋation of [[Yókóz|'o'aben yálekki wanyókóz]] on order of [[User:MiaKvigan|lappi Miya]] on the 3rd of May, 2026, at 12:06 P.M. CST

== Phonology ==

=== Vowels ===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
!closure
!front
!central
!back
|-
|close
|í/
|ú/
|/ó
|-
|near-close
|i/
|
|
|-
|close-mid
|é/
|
|/o
|-
|mid
|
|u/
|
|-
|open-mid
|e/
|
|
|-
|near-open
|á/
|
|
|-
|open
|a/
|
|
|}
Vowels may be nasalized or elongated

=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
!Placement →
↓ Manner
!BIlabial
!Labiodental
!Dental
!Alveolar
!Post-alveolar
!Palatal
!Velar
!Glottal
|-
|Nasal
|/m
|
|
|/n
|
|
|
|
|-
|Plosive
|p/b
|
|
|t/d
|
|
|k/g
|'
|-
|Non-sibilant affricate
|
|
|
|
|ts/dj
|
|
|
|-
|Sibilant fricative
|
|
|
|c/z
|s/j
|
|
|
|-
|Non-sibilant fricative
|
|f/v
|/ð
|
|
|/y
|k/g
|h
|-
|Approximant
|
|
|
|/r
|
|
|/w (/w/)
|/r (/ʢ̞/)
|-
|Tap/Flap
|
|
|
|/r
|
|
|
|
|-
|Lateral Approximant
|
|
|
|/l
|
|
|
|
|}

==== Consonant cluster reduction rules ====
Consonants replace neighboring same-manner consonants of more forward placement, and delete preceding same-placement consonants of the manner below. In addition, plosives and nasals delete following 'ʔ'. Finally, consonants do not become geminated if in a cluster larger than two consonants.

* lad-gíla-món-'an → laggílamónan (d-g → gg, n-' → n)
* lad-púkan-món → laddúkannón (d-p → dd, n-m → nn)
* yá-damack-dé'an → yádamacké'an (ck-d → ck)
* bí-daad-ní → bídaaní (d-n → n)

=== Phonotactics ===
C(S)V(C)(C) or (C)CV(S)(C) ,where C is any consonant, S is any oral sonorant, and V is any vowel

V can be lengthened, which is represented as 2 vowels in the romanization but counts as 1

C can be geminated, which is represented as 2(3<ref>digraphs geminate their first letter only</ref>) consonants in the romanization but counts as one for phonotactics

There is no set tense patterning, and tense is instead considered a part of intonation

==== Allophones ====

* <f> /f/ → /fʰ/ | _N
* <g> /g/ → /ɣ/ | V!A(S)_V
* <k> /k/ → /kʰ/ | _N
* <k> /k/ → /x/ | V!A(S)_V
* <k> /x/ → /xʰ/ | _N
* <l> /l/ → /l̃/ | N_
* <nowiki> /p/ → /pʰ/ | _N</nowiki>
* <r> /ɹ/ → /ɾ/ | C!n_
* <r> /ɹ/ → /ɹ̃/ | N_
* <r> /ɹ/ → /ʢ̞/ | #_
* <t> /t/ → /tʰ/ | _N
* <y> /ʝ/ → /ʝ̃/ | N_
* <w> /w/ → /w̃/ | N_
where C is any consonant, V is any vowel, V!A is any non-acute vowel, N is any nasal vowel, S is any oral sonorant, and #_ means word-initial

==== Rhyme scheme ====
In poetic meter, geminated vowels are twice as long, and geminated consonants and stretched rhymes<ref>A stretched rhyme is a rhyme which has no gemination but is lengthened to accommodate for mismatch with the meter.</ref> are one and a half times as long.

== Morphology ==

=== Pronouns ===

==== Personal pronouns ====
bín - 1.AN

mam - 1.INAN

poka - 2.AN

tóó - 2.INAN

dããd - 3.AN

ken - 3.INAN

==== Deictic pronouns ====
mitta - this

lotta - that

'this' is used for anything within two steps and arm's reach. 'that' is anything outside of that range.

==== Interrogative pronouns ====
koko - what

conna - when

mosí - who

(other interrogatives are phrasal, e.g. 'lewa koko' [in_order_to what] meaning 'why')

==== Indefinite pronouns ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Type
!Negative
!Universal
!Assertive existential
!Dubitative existential
|-
|Person
|habunko
|habunbaa
|habunlin
|habunẽn
|-
|Thing
|lenko
|lenbaa
|lenlin
|lenẽn
|-
|Place
|ranko
|ranbaa
|ranlin
|ranẽn
|-
|Time
|cónko
|cónbaa
|cónlin
|cónẽn
|}

=== Nouns ===

==== Role assignment ====
subject (Nominative case): 'al-

direct object/subject complement (Accusative case): bí-

indirect object (Dative case): tú-

noun complement (Genitive case): wan-

other (Oblique case): 'o-<ref>oblique case is not required on personal pronouns</ref>

==== Number ====
singular default, plus dual, paucal, and plural marked by suffix on a stem which goes before tense and aspect

dual: -dí

paucal: -ve

plural: -na

==== Gender ====
There is no grammatical gender in Tandí

==== Possession ====
POSD na POSR: 'obaan na 'obákúún - the room of the house (DEF-OBL-room POSS DEF-OBL-house)

=== Determiners ===

==== Demonstratives ====
_ wannitta - this _

_ wanlotta - that _

==== Articles ====
Tandí does not use articles

==== Possessive Determiners ====
_ na _: doro na bín - my ball (ball POSS 1.AN); doro na poka - your ball (ball POSS 2.AN); etc.

_ na koko bac - whose _ (POSS what AN)

==== Quantifiers ====
Quantifiers go before the nouns they quantify (see Sentence Order)

=== Conjunctions ===
Conjunctions go in between semantic elements they connect, which can include things like nouns, noun phrases, relative clauses, verb argument lists<ref>The list of a verb's subject, direct object, and indirect object, in the case that a verb is applied to multiple sets of arguments</ref>, etc.

dú - CON

'ano - DIS

=== Numerals ===

==== Cardinals ====
cardinal "'amend" noun - ní 'amend doro - two CARD ball - ball number two (of a collection)

==== Ordinals ====
ordinal tokan noun - ordinal ORD noun, e.g. ní tokan doro - two ORD ball - second ball<ref group="Example references">e.g. ní tokan 'aban nana jelí | two ORD day PRT year | second day of the year</ref>

==== Nominals ====
root-cardinal - doroní - ball-two - two balls<ref group="Example references">e.g. baddaa 'aldaadukcí bídããní | hit-PRS NOM-3.AN-one ACC-3.AN-two | he hit him (of two people)</ref>

nũm - zero

'ókcí - one

ní - two

ta'í - three

sín - four

kílan - five

jaal - six

kitten - seven

bón - eight

nítta - nine

lan - ten

cen - hundred

tõn - thousand

=== Adjectives ===

==== Placement ====
directly after the noun<ref group="Example references">e.g. 'okína yálekkena wakakííta | OBL-seed-PL ADJ-green GEN-pepper | green pepper seeds</ref>

Adjectives may or may not match the number of the noun, as there is a semantic difference<ref>e.g. "Her muscles were like steel cables" implies her muscles were strong, where "Her muscles were like a steel cable" implies they are arranged in a line</ref>

==== Comparison ====
yá-adjective-degree-PRS<ref>Note here that the adjective is used as a verb, and is placed as the head of a verb phrase</ref> subject: subject is degree adjective than object<ref group="Example references">e.g. yábannúda 'albín 'an bípoka | ADJ-good-COMP-PRS NOM-1SG.AN than ACC-1SG.AN | I am better than you (lit. am_better I than you)</ref>

=== Finite Verbs ===

==== Tense ====
attaches to verb

* -da: PRS
* -'ãn: PST
* -lí: FUT

==== Aspect ====
goes after tense:

* -bó: PROG.CONT
* -len: PERF
* -món: GNO
* -dada: HAB
goes before verb:
* kon-: INF

=== Verb Postpositions ===

==== Mood ====

* 'akaa- : MIR
* 'anõõl- : CONC/HYP
* 'ila- : OPT/BEND
* 'íyye- : HORT/JUSS
* luke- : DUB/COND
* me- : ABIL
* tene- : PERM/PRESCR

==== Evidentiality ====

* -ce'í : RPT
* -mánna : INFR
* -nobã : NEV
* -tócí : SENS
Negation
* 'eeya - NEG

==== Agreement ====
The 'present' tense is the present by default, and otherwise the tense of the last verb.<ref>ADD THIS REFERENCE AND DELETE THE OTHER ONE</ref><ref group="Example references">e.g. lagað'ãn 'albín tandralí 'albín | say-PST NOM-1.AN run-FUT NOM-1.AN | I said I was going to run</ref>

==== Voice ====

* mẽna- : CAUS
* lad- : PASS
* 'õm- : REV

=== Auxiliary Verbs ===
'ayí (AFF) conveys confirmation of an action, and is verbalized to 'ayída (AFF-PRS) to convey confirmation of a state or truth, or of an object's existence, across the past, present, or future, with tense agreement

'cirette laan ma/im' conveys that the subject has knowingly or unknowingly caused the direct object to be unintentionally involved in the indirect object (a state or event), where if the direct object and subject are the same the direct object may be omitted, or included for emphasis

=== Copula ===
There is no copula in Tandí

=== Adpositions ===

==== Agreement ====
No agreement between adposition and complement is necessary

== Syntax ==

=== Sentence Order ===
VSO word order

Particles go before the words they attach to, and prepositions after

Adjectives may attach to any words except conjunctions and postpositions. They go directly after the word they attach to (except verbs, where they go after the postposition)

Adjectives can also be placed at the head of a verb phrase to convey 'SBJ is ADJ', just as nouns may do the same to convey 'SBJ is N'

Verb complements may be placed before the verb phrase's prepositional phrases and connected clauses, but still after the postposition and adjectives, if they are only one word long<ref group="Example references">e.g. "balda yábããntoge laan 'imaan 'omarkã́z 'albello" -> "balda yátandratoge 'albello laan ..." | "go-PRS ADJ-race-property to INE OBL-store NOM-bear" -> "go-PRS ADJ-race-property NOM-bear to ..." | "The bear goes quickly to the store"</ref>

Words modify nouns according to the following hierarchy:

* PART(QUANT((((HNR(N))ADJ)GEN)PREP))

==== Auxiliary Verb Constructions ====
Nouns cannot be advanded forward within auxiliary verb phrases

'ayí can be either a verb or a preposition, as mentioned in Auxiliary Verbs

Auxiliary verbs follow a regular form:

* V PREP Oi S (Od)

where V PREP is the auxiliary verb (a finite verb with a preposition), S is the subject and is NOT part of a prepositional phrase, Od is the direct object, and Oi is both the indirect object and the noun phrase completing the prepositional phrase of the auxiliary verb

==== Adverb Placement ====
Adverbs are a derivative of adjectives, and follow adjective rules

=== Coordination ===
Coordinating conjunctions go between all matrix clauses and cannot be omitted

=== Subordination ===
Subordinate clauses are treated as prepositional phrases, and subordinating conjunctions are functionally prepositions

=== Relative Clauses ===
Relative clauses follow a regular form:

* HEAD REL VP

where HEAD is 3.INAN if the relative clause is free and the bound matrix clause if the relative clause is bound, REL is a grammatical particle (kaka /kaxa/), and VP is a verb phrase

=== Questions ===

==== Polar Questions ====

* hal ('eeya) _: is _ (un)true?

==== WH-Questions ====

* koko - what, noun
* conna - when, noun
* mosí - who, noun
* koko walen - when (what time), noun (very specific)
* koko wanhabun - who (what person), noun (very specific)
* koko waran - where (what place), noun (very specific)
* lewa koko - why (to what end), prepositional phrase
* lak koko - how (by doing what), prepositional phrase
* no koko - about what, prepositional phrase
* 'im koko - where (near what), prepositional phrase
* 'im conna - when (near when), prepositional phrase
* 'imaan conna - for what time frame (inside when), prepositional phrase
* do koko - from what, prepositional phrase
* laan koko - to what, prepositional phrase
* etc...
questions are asked in the same intonation and word order as statements are declared<ref group="Example references">e.g. ga'ãn 'almosí bíkoko 'im conna, dú 'imaan conna, dú 'im koko, dú no koko, dú lewa koko, dú lak koko, dú kepen koko, dú do koko, dú laan koko, ..., dú kit mosí túkoko? | do-PST NOM-who ACC-what near when, CON inside when, CON near what, CON about what, CON by_doing what, CON INSTR what, CON from what, CON to what, ..., CON BEN who DAT-what | "who did what when, in what time frame, where, about what, why, how, using what, from what, ... , and to what (indirect) to what (direct)?"</ref>

=== Existential Clause ===
uses the auxiliary verb construction of 'ayí

== Miscellaneous ==
The subject, and sometimes the object, direct or indirect, of a verb phrase can be move up in the sentence in a select set of cases:

# A quote is being given. Since the quote is a prepositional phrase, it would normally occur before the arguments of the verb. However, because this could result in poorer understanding of the quote itself, the arguments go before SPECIFICALLY the quote, and after any other prepositions or particles, and the quote prepositional phrase goes last.<ref group="Example references">e.g. lagaðan 'alheman naní no tatammaa tene 'alpoka, 'al'afanafta, bílagað na 'obín túheman 'ejanacír. | laɣaðan ʔalhɛman nani no tatamːaː tɛnɛ ʔalpoxa, ʔalʔafanafta, bilaɣað na ʔobin tyhɛman ʔɛʝanasiɹ. | say-PST NOM-HNR Nanni that repeat-PRS PERM.PRESCR NOM-2.AN NOM-ACTOR-courier ACC-speech POSS OBL-1.AN DAT-HNR Ea-Naṣir | "You, my courier, will repeat my message to Ea-Naṣir," said Nanni.</ref>
# The subject or object is only one word long. In order to promote faster delivery of important information, the word may be placed before all prepositions and particles, at the 'front' of the verb phrase (behind the verb and postposition and adverbs)

== Examples ==
<references group="Example references" />

== Notes ==
<references />