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Tandí

2026-09-20T14:15:33Z

MiaKvigan: /* Verb nominalization */

== Introduction ==
'obala yábalí wantandí is the native language of the ŋation of [[Yókóz|'o'aben yálekki wanyókóz]] on order of [[User:MiaKvigan|lappi Miya]] on the 3rd of May, 2026, at 12:06 P.M. CST

== Phonology ==

=== Vowels ===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
! rowspan="2" |closure
! colspan="2" |front
! colspan="2" |central
! colspan="2" |back
|-
!lax
!tense
!lax
!tense
!lax
!tense
|-
|close
|ɪ ⟨i⟩
|i ⟨í⟩
|
|ɨ ⟨ú⟩
|
|u ⟨ó⟩
|-
|mid
|ɛ ⟨e⟩
|e ⟨é⟩
|ə ⟨u⟩
|
|o ⟨o⟩
|
|-
|open
|a ⟨a⟩
|æ ⟨á⟩
|
|
|
|
|}Vowels may be nasalized or elongated with a tilde and reduplication respectively

=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
!Placement →
↓ Manner
!Labial
!Dental
!Alveolar
!Post-alveolar
!Palatal
!Velar
!Laryngeal
|-
|Nasal
|m
|
|n
|
|
|
|
|-
|Plosive
|p / b
|
|t / d
|
|
|k / g
|ʔ ⟨'⟩
|-
|Sibilant affricate
|
|
|
|t͡ʃ ⟨ts⟩ / d͡ʒ ⟨dj⟩
|
|
|
|-
|Sibilant fricative
|
|
|s ⟨c⟩ / z
|ʃ ⟨s⟩ / ʒ ⟨j⟩
|
|
|
|-
|Non-sibilant fricative
|f / v
|ð
|
|
|ʝ ⟨y⟩
|
|h
|-
|Approximant
|
|
|ɹ ⟨r⟩
|
|
|w
|
|-
|Lateral Approximant
|
|
|l
|
|
|
|
|}
==== Consonant cluster reduction rules ====
Consonants can be 'absorbed' or 'deleted', where absorbed consonants become their absorber (dk/kd > dd) and deleted consonants disappear (dn > n, nd > nd). If a geminated consonant is deleted, the deleter becomes geminated

* n absorbs neighboring m
* m deletes preceding p and b
* n deletes preceding t and d
* g absorbs all other neighboring plosives, k absorbs all but g, d all but k and g, etc. (' is considered weak)
* dj absorbs neighboring ts
* dj and ts delete preceding j and s
* j absorbs all other neighboring sibilant fricatives, s absorbs all but j, etc.
* y absorbs all other neighboring non-sibilant fricatives, ð absorbs all but y, etc. (h is considered weak)
* w absorbs all other neighboring approximants, and r absorbs l (regular and lateral approximants are blended)

Examples:

* lad-gíla-món-'an → laggílamón'an (d-g → gg, n-' → n')
* lad-púkan-món → laddúkannón (d-p → dd, n-m → nn)
* yá-damack-dé'an → yádamacdé'an (ck-d → cd)
* bí-dããd-ní → bídããní (d-n → n)

=== Phonotactics ===
C(S)V(C)(C) or (C)CV(S)(C) ,where C is any consonant, S is any oral sonorant, and V is any vowel

V can be lengthened, which is represented as 2 vowels in the romanization but counts as 1

C can be geminated, which is represented as 2(3<ref>digraphs geminate their first letter only</ref>) consonants in the romanization but counts as one for phonotactics

There is no set tense patterning, and tense is instead considered a part of intonation

==== Allophones ====

* <f> /f/ → /fʰ/ | _N
* <g> /g/ → /ɣ/ | L(G)_V
* <k> /k/ → /kʰ/ | _N
* <k> /k/ → /x/ | L(G)_V
* <k> /x/ → /xʰ/ | _N
* <l> /l/ → /l̃/ | N_
* <nowiki> /p/ → /pʰ/ | _N</nowiki>
* <r> /ɹ/ → /ɾ/ | C!n_
* <r> /ɹ/ → /ɹ̃/ | N_
* <r> /ɹ/ → /ʢ̞/ | #_
* <t> /t/ → /tʰ/ | _N
* <y> /ʝ/ → /ʝ̃/ | N_
* <w> /w/ → /w̃/ | N_
where C is any consonant, V is any vowel, L is any lax vowel, N is any nasal vowel, G is any oral sonorant, and #_ means word-initial

==== Rhyme scheme ====
In poetic meter, geminated vowels are twice as long, and geminated consonants and stretched rhymes<ref>A stretched rhyme is a rhyme which has no gemination but is lengthened to accommodate for mismatch with the meter.</ref> are one and a half times as long.

== Morphology ==

=== Pronouns ===

==== Personal pronouns ====
People may use any pronoun from any of the sets, but animals and objects take specifically their respective pronouns according to grammatical gender rules

===== Habun (rational) pronouns =====

* bín - 1.NFEM.R
* la - 1.FEM.R
* poka - 2.NFEM.R
* tóó - 2.FEM.R
* dããd - 3.NFEM.R
* ken - 3.FEM.R

===== Balan (animal) pronouns =====

* ket - 1.NFEM.ZO
* mó - 1.FEM.ZO
* hilel - 2.NFEM.ZO
* baa - 2.FEM.ZO
* 'agam - 3.NFEM.ZO
* cabaa - 3.FEM.ZO

===== 'aduy (thing) pronouns =====

* 'ict - 1.NFEM.INAN
* kid - 1.FEM.INAN
* dal - 2.NFEM.INAN
* pól - 2.FEM.INAN
* teto - 3.NFEM.INAN
* lóna - 3.FEM.INAN

==== Deictic pronouns ====
mitta - this

lotta - that

'this' is used for anything within two steps and arm's reach. 'that' is anything outside of that range.

==== Interrogative pronouns ====
koko - what

conna - when

mosí - who

(other interrogatives are phrasal, e.g. 'lewa koko' [in_order_to what] meaning 'why')

==== Indefinite pronouns ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Case→
! rowspan="2" |Negative
! rowspan="2" |Universal
! rowspan="2" |Assertive existential
! rowspan="2" |Dubitative existential
|-
!Type↓
|-
|Person
|habunko
|habunbaa
|habunlin
|habunẽn
|-
|Thing
|lenko
|lenbaa
|lenlin
|lenẽn
|-
|Place
|ranko
|ranbaa
|ranlin
|ranẽn
|-
|Time
|cónko
|cónbaa
|cónlin
|cónẽn
|}

=== Nouns ===
Most nouns are nominalizations of verbs, though the names of species are often an exception

==== Verb nominalization ====
Verbs can be nominalized in one of six manners, which can further be adjectivized or adverbialized. Intransitive verbs have only one of the participles depending on their alignment.

The following are four example tables of varying roots
{| class="wikitable"
|+Example table with root "labak" (to eat)
!Patientive
!Agentive
!Instrumental
!Perfective
!Active Participle
!Passive Participle
|-
|no change
|<nowiki> VC -> V[-gemination]CV[+gemination]n | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki> VC -> VCVC[back] | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki> VC -> VCV[back]m | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki> VC -> isVC | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki> C -> Cka | _#</nowiki>
|-
|labak
|labakaan
|labakag
|labakum
|labisak
|labakka
|-
|food
|consumer
|utensil
|consumption
|eating
|being eaten
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+Example table with root "sepes" (to cleanse)
!Patientive
!Agentive
!Instrumental
!Perfective
!Active Participle
!Passive Participle
|-
|no change
|<nowiki> VC -> V[-gemination]CV[+gemination]n | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki> VC -> VCVC[back] | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki> VC -> VCV[back]m | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki> VC -> isVC | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki>CC -> CCika | _#</nowiki>
else
C -> Cka | _#
|-
|sepes
|sepeseen
|sepesej
|sepesum
|sepises
|sepeska
|-
|the unclean
|cleaner
|soap
|cleanse
|cleaning
|being cleaned
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+Example table with root "'empa" (to preserve (of food))
!Patientive
!Agentive
!Instrumental
!Perfective
!Active Participle
!Passive Participle
|-
|no change
|<nowiki> V -> V[-gemination]tVn | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki> CV -> CVC[back]V | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki> V -> VvV[back]m | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki> CV -> esCV | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki> V -> Vkka | _#</nowiki>
|-
|'empa
|'empatan
|'empaga
|'empavum
|'emespa
|'empakka
|-
|preserves
|preserver
|preservative
|preservation
|preserving
|being preserved
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+Example table with root "molíí" (to steal)
!Patientive
!Agentive
!Instrumental
!Perfective
!Active Participle
!Passive Participle
|-
|no change
|<nowiki> V -> V[-gemination]tVn | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki> CV -> CVC[back]V | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki> V -> VvV[back][-gemination]m | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki> CV -> esCV | C_#</nowiki>
else

CV -> CesV | _#
|<nowiki> V -> Vkka | _#</nowiki>
|-
|molíí
|molítíín
|molííwíí
|molíívúm
|molesíí
|molííkka
|-
|stolen goods
|thief
|thief's tools
|theft
|stealing
|being stolen
|}

==== Role assignment ====
A noun's semantic role in a sentence is indicated by a case prefix

subject (Agentive case): 'al-

direct object/subject complement (Patientive case): bí-

indirect object (Dative case): tú-

noun complement (Genitive case): wan-

other (Oblique case): 'o-<ref>oblique case is not required on personal pronouns</ref>

==== Number ====
Nouns can be countable (unmarked), mass, or collective.

mass: -dena

collective: -male

Further, all three kinds of nouns may be singular (unmarked), dual, paucal, or plural, marked by suffix on the stem which goes before tense and aspect

dual: -dí

paucal: -ve

plural: -na

==== Gender ====
Tandí has unmarked grammatical gender on nouns, where nouns derived from progressive verbs are nonfeminine and nouns derived from stative verbs are feminine.

==== Possession ====
POSD na POSR: 'obaan na 'obákúún - the room of the house (OBL-room POSS OBL-house)

=== Determiners ===

==== Demonstratives ====
_ wannitta - this _

_ wanlotta - that _

==== Articles ====
Tandí does not use articles

==== Possessive Determiners ====
_ na _: doro na bín - my ball (ball POSS 1.AN); doro na poka - your ball (ball POSS 2.AN); etc.

_ na mosí - whose _ (POSS who)

==== Quantifiers ====
Quantifiers go before the nouns they quantify (see Sentence Order)

=== Conjunctions ===
Conjunctions go in between semantic elements they connect, which can include things like nouns, noun phrases, relative clauses, verb argument lists<ref>The list of a verb's subject, direct object, and indirect object, in the case that a verb is applied to multiple sets of arguments</ref>, etc.

CON - "dú"

or - "'ano"

=== Numerals ===

==== Cardinals ====
cardinal "'amend" noun - ní 'amend doro - two CARD ball - ball number two (of a collection)

==== Ordinals ====
ordinal tokan noun - ordinal ORD noun, e.g. ní tokan doro - two ORD ball - second ball<ref group="Example references">e.g. ní tokan 'aban nana jelí | two ORD day PRT year | second day of the year</ref>

==== Nominals ====
root-cardinal - doroní - ball-two - two balls<ref group="Example references">e.g. baddaa 'aldaadukcí bídããní | hit-PRS NOM-3.AN-one ACC-3.AN-two | he hit him (of two people)</ref>

nũm - zero

'ókcí - one

ní - two

ta'í - three

sín - four

kílan - five

jaal - six

kitten - seven

bón - eight

nítta - nine

lan - ten

cen - hundred

tõn - thousand

=== Adjectives ===
Adjectives are marked with the "yá-" prefix and one of the following suffixes.
{| class="wikitable"
|+Example with root "tãng" (metal, to smelt)
!Visual
!Compositional
!Applicational
!Behavioral
|-
| -déyan
| -lam
| -naak
| -toge
|-
|tãnggéyan
|tãnglam
|tãngnaak
|tãnggoge
|-
|appearing metal
|composed of metal
|having similar uses to something metal
|behaving like metal
|}

==== Placement ====
directly after the noun<ref group="Example references">e.g. 'okína yálekkena wakakííta | OBL-seed-PL ADJ-green GEN-pepper | green pepper seeds</ref>

Adjectives may or may not match the number of the noun, as there is a semantic difference<ref>e.g. "Her muscles were like steel cables" implies her muscles were strong, where "Her muscles were like a steel cable" implies they are arranged in a line</ref>

==== Comparison ====
yá-adjective-degree-tense<ref>Note here that the adjective is used as a verb, and is placed as the head of a verb phrase</ref> subject: subject is/was/will be degree adjective than object<ref group="Example references">e.g. yábannúda 'albín 'an bípoka | ADJ-good-COMP-PRS NOM-1SG.AN than ACC-1SG.AN | I am better than you (lit. am_better I than you)</ref>

=== Finite Verbs ===

==== Tense ====
Tense can be attached to verbs and their nominalizations, and indicates the temporal relationship between the verb and its nominalization, or the temporal state of the verb itself.

* -da: PRS
* -'ãn: PST
* -lí: FUT

==== Aspect ====
goes after tense:

* -bó: CONT
* -len: PERF
* -món: GNO
* -dada: HAB
goes before verb:
* kon-: INF

=== Verb Postpositions ===

==== Mood ====

* 'akaa-: MIR
* 'anõõl-: CONC/HYP
* 'ila-: OPT/BEND
* 'íyye-: HORT/JUSS
* luke-: DUB/COND
* me-: ABIL
* tene-: PERM/PRESCR

==== Evidentiality ====

* -ce'í: RPT
* -mánna: INFR
* -nobã: NEV
* -tócí: SENS
Negation

Negation goes before the verb
* 'eeya: NEG

==== Agreement ====
The 'present' tense is the present by default, and otherwise the tense of the last verb.<ref>ADD THIS REFERENCE AND DELETE THE OTHER ONE</ref><ref group="Example references">e.g. lagað'ãn 'albín tandralí 'albín | say-PST NOM-1.AN run-FUT NOM-1.AN | I said I was going to run</ref>

==== Voice ====

* mẽna- : CAUS
* lad- : PASS
* 'õm- : REV

=== Auxiliary Verbs ===
'ayí (AFF) conveys confirmation of an action, and is verbalized to 'ayída (AFF-PRS) to convey confirmation of a state or truth, or of an object's existence, across the past, present, or future, with tense agreement

'cirette laan ma/im' conveys that the subject has knowingly or unknowingly caused the direct object to be unintentionally involved in the indirect object (a state or event), where if the direct object and subject are the same the direct object may be omitted, or included for emphasis

=== Copula ===
There is no copula in Tandí

=== Adpositions ===

==== Agreement ====
No agreement between adposition and complement is necessary

=== Interjections ===
Interjections may be placed before any word to deliver extra mood or other miscellaneous information.

== Syntax ==

=== Morphosyntactic alignment ===
Tandí is an Active-Stative Split-S alignment language, where the case for the subject of an intransitive clause is split by aspect; progressive verbs use the agentive case, and stative verbs the patientive case.

=== Sentence Order ===
VSO word order

Particles go before the words they attach to, and prepositions after

Adjectives may attach to any words except conjunctions and postpositions. They go directly after the word they attach to (except verbs, where they go after the postposition)

Adjectives can also be placed at the head of a verb phrase with tense marking to convey 'SBJ is ADJ'

Verb complements may be placed before the verb phrase's prepositional phrases and connected clauses, but still after the postposition and adjectives, if they are only one word long<ref group="Example references">e.g. "balda yábããntoge laan 'imaan 'omarkã́z 'albello" -> "balda yátandratoge 'albello laan ..." | "go-PRS ADJ-race-property to INE OBL-store NOM-bear" -> "go-PRS ADJ-race-property NOM-bear to ..." | "The bear goes quickly to the store"</ref>

Words modify nouns according to the following hierarchy:

* PREP(QUANT(((HNR(N))ADJ)GEN))

==== Auxiliary Verb Constructions ====
Nouns cannot be advanded forward within auxiliary verb phrases

'ayí can be either a verb or a particle, as mentioned in Auxiliary Verbs

Auxiliary verbs follow a regular form:

* V PREP Oi S (Od)

where V PREP is the auxiliary verb (a finite verb with a preposition), S is the subject and is NOT part of a prepositional phrase, Od is the direct object, and Oi is the noun phrase completing the prepositional phrase of the auxiliary verb

==== Adverb Placement ====
Adverbs are to verbs exactly as adjectives are to nouns. They follow verbs, and behave the same way to verbs and themselves that adjectives behave to nouns and ''them''selves.

=== Coordination and subordination ===
Conjunctions go between anything but postpositions and cannot be omitted. Coordinate and subordinate clauses are separated by conjunctions. There is no distinction made between coordination and subordination on a grammatical level

=== Relative Clauses ===
Relative clauses follow a regular form:

* HEAD REL VP

where HEAD is 3.INAN if the relative clause is free and the bound matrix clause if the relative clause is bound, REL is a preposition (kaka /kaxa/), and VP is a verb phrase, and the head is the verb phrase's implied direct object

=== Questions ===

==== Polar Questions ====

* hal ('eeya) _: is _ (un)true?

==== WH-Questions ====
There are three interrogative pronouns, which can form more specific interrogatives through genitives, prepositions, and conjunctions:
* koko - what
* conna - when
* mosí - who
* koko wacón - when (what time), pronoun (emphatic)
* koko wanhabun - who (what person), pronoun (emphatic)
* koko waran - where (what place), pronoun (generic)
* lewa koko - why (to what end), prepositional phrase
* konto koko - why (because of what reasoning), subordinate clause
* lak koko - how (by doing what), prepositional phrase
* no koko - about what, prepositional phrase
* 'im koko - where (near what), prepositional phrase
* 'im conna - when (near when), prepositional phrase
* 'imaan conna - for what time frame (inside when), prepositional phrase
* do koko - from what, prepositional phrase
* laan koko - to what, prepositional phrase
* etc...
questions are asked in the same intonation and word order as statements are declared<ref group="Example references">e.g. ga'ãn 'almosí bíkoko 'im conna, dú 'imaan conna, dú 'im koko, dú no koko, dú lewa koko, dú lak koko, dú kepen koko, dú do koko, dú laan koko, ..., dú kit mosí túkoko? | do-PST NOM-who ACC-what near when, CON inside when, CON near what, CON about what, CON by_doing what, CON INSTR what, CON from what, CON to what, ..., CON BEN who DAT-what | "who did what when, in what time frame, where, about what, why, how, using what, from what, ... , and to what (indirect) to what (direct)?"</ref>

=== Existential Clause ===
uses the auxiliary verb construction of 'ayí

== Miscellaneous ==
The subject, and sometimes the object, direct or indirect, of a verb phrase can be move up in the sentence in a select set of cases:

# A quote is being given. Since the quote is a prepositional phrase, it would normally occur before the arguments of the verb. However, because this could result in poorer understanding of the quote itself, the arguments go before SPECIFICALLY the quote, and after any other prepositions or particles, and the quote prepositional phrase always goes last.<ref group="Example references">e.g. lagaðan 'alheman naní no tatammaa tene 'alpoka, 'al'afanafta, bílagað na 'obín túheman 'ejanacír. | laɣaðan ʔalhɛman nani no tatamːaː tɛnɛ ʔalpoxa, ʔalʔafanafta, bilaɣað na ʔobin tyhɛman ʔɛʝanasiɹ. | say-PST NOM-HNR Nanni that repeat-PRS PERM.PRESCR NOM-2.AN NOM-ACTOR-courier ACC-speech POSS OBL-1.AN DAT-HNR Ea-Naṣir | "You, my courier, will repeat my message to Ea-Naṣir," said Nanni.</ref>
# The subject or object is only one word long. In order to promote faster delivery of important information, the word may be placed before all prepositions and particles, at the 'front' of the verb phrase (behind the verb, postposition, and adverbs)

== Examples ==
<references group="Example references" />

== Notes ==
<references />

Tandí

2026-09-20T13:52:53Z

MiaKvigan: /* Tense */

== Introduction ==
'obala yábalí wantandí is the native language of the ŋation of [[Yókóz|'o'aben yálekki wanyókóz]] on order of [[User:MiaKvigan|lappi Miya]] on the 3rd of May, 2026, at 12:06 P.M. CST

== Phonology ==

=== Vowels ===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
! rowspan="2" |closure
! colspan="2" |front
! colspan="2" |central
! colspan="2" |back
|-
!lax
!tense
!lax
!tense
!lax
!tense
|-
|close
|ɪ ⟨i⟩
|i ⟨í⟩
|
|ɨ ⟨ú⟩
|
|u ⟨ó⟩
|-
|mid
|ɛ ⟨e⟩
|e ⟨é⟩
|ə ⟨u⟩
|
|o ⟨o⟩
|
|-
|open
|a ⟨a⟩
|æ ⟨á⟩
|
|
|
|
|}Vowels may be nasalized or elongated with a tilde and reduplication respectively

=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
!Placement →
↓ Manner
!Labial
!Dental
!Alveolar
!Post-alveolar
!Palatal
!Velar
!Laryngeal
|-
|Nasal
|m
|
|n
|
|
|
|
|-
|Plosive
|p / b
|
|t / d
|
|
|k / g
|ʔ ⟨'⟩
|-
|Sibilant affricate
|
|
|
|t͡ʃ ⟨ts⟩ / d͡ʒ ⟨dj⟩
|
|
|
|-
|Sibilant fricative
|
|
|s ⟨c⟩ / z
|ʃ ⟨s⟩ / ʒ ⟨j⟩
|
|
|
|-
|Non-sibilant fricative
|f / v
|ð
|
|
|ʝ ⟨y⟩
|
|h
|-
|Approximant
|
|
|ɹ ⟨r⟩
|
|
|w
|
|-
|Lateral Approximant
|
|
|l
|
|
|
|
|}
==== Consonant cluster reduction rules ====
Consonants can be 'absorbed' or 'deleted', where absorbed consonants become their absorber (dk/kd > dd) and deleted consonants disappear (dn > n, nd > nd). If a geminated consonant is deleted, the deleter becomes geminated

* n absorbs neighboring m
* m deletes preceding p and b
* n deletes preceding t and d
* g absorbs all other neighboring plosives, k absorbs all but g, d all but k and g, etc. (' is considered weak)
* dj absorbs neighboring ts
* dj and ts delete preceding j and s
* j absorbs all other neighboring sibilant fricatives, s absorbs all but j, etc.
* y absorbs all other neighboring non-sibilant fricatives, ð absorbs all but y, etc. (h is considered weak)
* w absorbs all other neighboring approximants, and r absorbs l (regular and lateral approximants are blended)

Examples:

* lad-gíla-món-'an → laggílamón'an (d-g → gg, n-' → n')
* lad-púkan-món → laddúkannón (d-p → dd, n-m → nn)
* yá-damack-dé'an → yádamacdé'an (ck-d → cd)
* bí-dããd-ní → bídããní (d-n → n)

=== Phonotactics ===
C(S)V(C)(C) or (C)CV(S)(C) ,where C is any consonant, S is any oral sonorant, and V is any vowel

V can be lengthened, which is represented as 2 vowels in the romanization but counts as 1

C can be geminated, which is represented as 2(3<ref>digraphs geminate their first letter only</ref>) consonants in the romanization but counts as one for phonotactics

There is no set tense patterning, and tense is instead considered a part of intonation

==== Allophones ====

* <f> /f/ → /fʰ/ | _N
* <g> /g/ → /ɣ/ | L(G)_V
* <k> /k/ → /kʰ/ | _N
* <k> /k/ → /x/ | L(G)_V
* <k> /x/ → /xʰ/ | _N
* <l> /l/ → /l̃/ | N_
* <nowiki> /p/ → /pʰ/ | _N</nowiki>
* <r> /ɹ/ → /ɾ/ | C!n_
* <r> /ɹ/ → /ɹ̃/ | N_
* <r> /ɹ/ → /ʢ̞/ | #_
* <t> /t/ → /tʰ/ | _N
* <y> /ʝ/ → /ʝ̃/ | N_
* <w> /w/ → /w̃/ | N_
where C is any consonant, V is any vowel, L is any lax vowel, N is any nasal vowel, G is any oral sonorant, and #_ means word-initial

==== Rhyme scheme ====
In poetic meter, geminated vowels are twice as long, and geminated consonants and stretched rhymes<ref>A stretched rhyme is a rhyme which has no gemination but is lengthened to accommodate for mismatch with the meter.</ref> are one and a half times as long.

== Morphology ==

=== Pronouns ===

==== Personal pronouns ====
People may use any pronoun from any of the sets, but animals and objects take specifically their respective pronouns according to grammatical gender rules

===== Habun (rational) pronouns =====

* bín - 1.NFEM.R
* la - 1.FEM.R
* poka - 2.NFEM.R
* tóó - 2.FEM.R
* dããd - 3.NFEM.R
* ken - 3.FEM.R

===== Balan (animal) pronouns =====

* ket - 1.NFEM.ZO
* mó - 1.FEM.ZO
* hilel - 2.NFEM.ZO
* baa - 2.FEM.ZO
* 'agam - 3.NFEM.ZO
* cabaa - 3.FEM.ZO

===== 'aduy (thing) pronouns =====

* 'ict - 1.NFEM.INAN
* kid - 1.FEM.INAN
* dal - 2.NFEM.INAN
* pól - 2.FEM.INAN
* teto - 3.NFEM.INAN
* lóna - 3.FEM.INAN

==== Deictic pronouns ====
mitta - this

lotta - that

'this' is used for anything within two steps and arm's reach. 'that' is anything outside of that range.

==== Interrogative pronouns ====
koko - what

conna - when

mosí - who

(other interrogatives are phrasal, e.g. 'lewa koko' [in_order_to what] meaning 'why')

==== Indefinite pronouns ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Case→
! rowspan="2" |Negative
! rowspan="2" |Universal
! rowspan="2" |Assertive existential
! rowspan="2" |Dubitative existential
|-
!Type↓
|-
|Person
|habunko
|habunbaa
|habunlin
|habunẽn
|-
|Thing
|lenko
|lenbaa
|lenlin
|lenẽn
|-
|Place
|ranko
|ranbaa
|ranlin
|ranẽn
|-
|Time
|cónko
|cónbaa
|cónlin
|cónẽn
|}

=== Nouns ===
Most nouns are nominalizations of verbs, though the names of species are often an exception

==== Verb nominalization ====
Verbs can be nominalized in one of six manners, which can further be adjectivized or adverbialized. Intransitive verbs have only one of the participles depending on their alignment.

The following are four example tables of varying roots
{| class="wikitable"
|+Example table with root "labak" (to eat)
!Patientive
!Agentive
!Instrumental
!Perfective
!Active Participle
!Passive Participle
|-
|no change
|<nowiki> VC -> V[-gemination]CV[+gemination]n | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki> VC -> VCVC[back] | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki> VC -> VCV[back]m | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki> VC -> isVC | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki> C -> Cka | _#</nowiki>
|-
|labak
|labakaan
|labakag
|labakum
|labisak
|labakka
|-
|food
|consumer
|utensil
|consumption
|eating
|being eaten
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+Example table with root "sepes" (to cleanse)
!Patientive
!Agentive
!Instrumental
!Perfective
!Active Participle
!Passive Participle
|-
|no change
|<nowiki> VC -> V[-gemination]CV[+gemination]n | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki> VC -> VCVC[back] | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki> VC -> VCV[back]m | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki> VC -> isVC | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki>CC -> CCikka | _#</nowiki>
else
C -> Cka | _#
|-
|sepes
|sepeseen
|sepesej
|sepesum
|sepises
|sepeska
|-
|the unclean
|cleaner
|soap
|cleanse
|cleaning
|being cleaned
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+Example table with root "'empa" (to preserve (of food))
!Patientive
!Agentive
!Instrumental
!Perfective
!Active Participle
!Passive Participle
|-
|no change
|<nowiki> V -> V[-gemination]tVn | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki> CV -> CVC[back]V | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki> V -> VvV[back]m | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki> CV -> esCV | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki> V -> Vkka | _#</nowiki>
|-
|'empa
|'empatan
|'empaga
|'empavum
|'emespa
|'empakka
|-
|preserves
|preserver
|preservative
|preservation
|preserving
|being preserved
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+Example table with root "molíí" (to steal)
!Patientive
!Agentive
!Instrumental
!Perfective
!Active Participle
!Passive Participle
|-
|no change
|<nowiki> V -> V[-gemination]tVn | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki> CV -> CVC[back]V | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki> V -> VvV[back][-gemination]m | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki> CV -> esCV | C_#</nowiki>
else

CV -> CesV | _#
|<nowiki> V -> Vkka | _#</nowiki>
|-
|molíí
|molítíín
|molííwíí
|molíívúm
|molesíí
|molííkka
|-
|stolen goods
|thief
|thief's tools
|theft
|stealing
|being stolen
|}

==== Role assignment ====
A noun's semantic role in a sentence is indicated by a case prefix

subject (Agentive case): 'al-

direct object/subject complement (Patientive case): bí-

indirect object (Dative case): tú-

noun complement (Genitive case): wan-

other (Oblique case): 'o-<ref>oblique case is not required on personal pronouns</ref>

==== Number ====
Nouns can be countable (unmarked), mass, or collective.

mass: -dena

collective: -male

Further, all three kinds of nouns may be singular (unmarked), dual, paucal, or plural, marked by suffix on the stem which goes before tense and aspect

dual: -dí

paucal: -ve

plural: -na

==== Gender ====
Tandí has unmarked grammatical gender on nouns, where nouns derived from progressive verbs are nonfeminine and nouns derived from stative verbs are feminine.

==== Possession ====
POSD na POSR: 'obaan na 'obákúún - the room of the house (OBL-room POSS OBL-house)

=== Determiners ===

==== Demonstratives ====
_ wannitta - this _

_ wanlotta - that _

==== Articles ====
Tandí does not use articles

==== Possessive Determiners ====
_ na _: doro na bín - my ball (ball POSS 1.AN); doro na poka - your ball (ball POSS 2.AN); etc.

_ na mosí - whose _ (POSS who)

==== Quantifiers ====
Quantifiers go before the nouns they quantify (see Sentence Order)

=== Conjunctions ===
Conjunctions go in between semantic elements they connect, which can include things like nouns, noun phrases, relative clauses, verb argument lists<ref>The list of a verb's subject, direct object, and indirect object, in the case that a verb is applied to multiple sets of arguments</ref>, etc.

CON - "dú"

or - "'ano"

=== Numerals ===

==== Cardinals ====
cardinal "'amend" noun - ní 'amend doro - two CARD ball - ball number two (of a collection)

==== Ordinals ====
ordinal tokan noun - ordinal ORD noun, e.g. ní tokan doro - two ORD ball - second ball<ref group="Example references">e.g. ní tokan 'aban nana jelí | two ORD day PRT year | second day of the year</ref>

==== Nominals ====
root-cardinal - doroní - ball-two - two balls<ref group="Example references">e.g. baddaa 'aldaadukcí bídããní | hit-PRS NOM-3.AN-one ACC-3.AN-two | he hit him (of two people)</ref>

nũm - zero

'ókcí - one

ní - two

ta'í - three

sín - four

kílan - five

jaal - six

kitten - seven

bón - eight

nítta - nine

lan - ten

cen - hundred

tõn - thousand

=== Adjectives ===
Adjectives are marked with the "yá-" prefix and one of the following suffixes.
{| class="wikitable"
|+Example with root "tãng" (metal, to smelt)
!Visual
!Compositional
!Applicational
!Behavioral
|-
| -déyan
| -lam
| -naak
| -toge
|-
|tãnggéyan
|tãnglam
|tãngnaak
|tãnggoge
|-
|appearing metal
|composed of metal
|having similar uses to something metal
|behaving like metal
|}

==== Placement ====
directly after the noun<ref group="Example references">e.g. 'okína yálekkena wakakííta | OBL-seed-PL ADJ-green GEN-pepper | green pepper seeds</ref>

Adjectives may or may not match the number of the noun, as there is a semantic difference<ref>e.g. "Her muscles were like steel cables" implies her muscles were strong, where "Her muscles were like a steel cable" implies they are arranged in a line</ref>

==== Comparison ====
yá-adjective-degree-tense<ref>Note here that the adjective is used as a verb, and is placed as the head of a verb phrase</ref> subject: subject is/was/will be degree adjective than object<ref group="Example references">e.g. yábannúda 'albín 'an bípoka | ADJ-good-COMP-PRS NOM-1SG.AN than ACC-1SG.AN | I am better than you (lit. am_better I than you)</ref>

=== Finite Verbs ===

==== Tense ====
Tense can be attached to verbs and their nominalizations, and indicates the temporal relationship between the verb and its nominalization, or the temporal state of the verb itself.

* -da: PRS
* -'ãn: PST
* -lí: FUT

==== Aspect ====
goes after tense:

* -bó: CONT
* -len: PERF
* -món: GNO
* -dada: HAB
goes before verb:
* kon-: INF

=== Verb Postpositions ===

==== Mood ====

* 'akaa-: MIR
* 'anõõl-: CONC/HYP
* 'ila-: OPT/BEND
* 'íyye-: HORT/JUSS
* luke-: DUB/COND
* me-: ABIL
* tene-: PERM/PRESCR

==== Evidentiality ====

* -ce'í: RPT
* -mánna: INFR
* -nobã: NEV
* -tócí: SENS
Negation

Negation goes before the verb
* 'eeya: NEG

==== Agreement ====
The 'present' tense is the present by default, and otherwise the tense of the last verb.<ref>ADD THIS REFERENCE AND DELETE THE OTHER ONE</ref><ref group="Example references">e.g. lagað'ãn 'albín tandralí 'albín | say-PST NOM-1.AN run-FUT NOM-1.AN | I said I was going to run</ref>

==== Voice ====

* mẽna- : CAUS
* lad- : PASS
* 'õm- : REV

=== Auxiliary Verbs ===
'ayí (AFF) conveys confirmation of an action, and is verbalized to 'ayída (AFF-PRS) to convey confirmation of a state or truth, or of an object's existence, across the past, present, or future, with tense agreement

'cirette laan ma/im' conveys that the subject has knowingly or unknowingly caused the direct object to be unintentionally involved in the indirect object (a state or event), where if the direct object and subject are the same the direct object may be omitted, or included for emphasis

=== Copula ===
There is no copula in Tandí

=== Adpositions ===

==== Agreement ====
No agreement between adposition and complement is necessary

=== Interjections ===
Interjections may be placed before any word to deliver extra mood or other miscellaneous information.

== Syntax ==

=== Morphosyntactic alignment ===
Tandí is an Active-Stative Split-S alignment language, where the case for the subject of an intransitive clause is split by aspect; progressive verbs use the agentive case, and stative verbs the patientive case.

=== Sentence Order ===
VSO word order

Particles go before the words they attach to, and prepositions after

Adjectives may attach to any words except conjunctions and postpositions. They go directly after the word they attach to (except verbs, where they go after the postposition)

Adjectives can also be placed at the head of a verb phrase with tense marking to convey 'SBJ is ADJ'

Verb complements may be placed before the verb phrase's prepositional phrases and connected clauses, but still after the postposition and adjectives, if they are only one word long<ref group="Example references">e.g. "balda yábããntoge laan 'imaan 'omarkã́z 'albello" -> "balda yátandratoge 'albello laan ..." | "go-PRS ADJ-race-property to INE OBL-store NOM-bear" -> "go-PRS ADJ-race-property NOM-bear to ..." | "The bear goes quickly to the store"</ref>

Words modify nouns according to the following hierarchy:

* PREP(QUANT(((HNR(N))ADJ)GEN))

==== Auxiliary Verb Constructions ====
Nouns cannot be advanded forward within auxiliary verb phrases

'ayí can be either a verb or a particle, as mentioned in Auxiliary Verbs

Auxiliary verbs follow a regular form:

* V PREP Oi S (Od)

where V PREP is the auxiliary verb (a finite verb with a preposition), S is the subject and is NOT part of a prepositional phrase, Od is the direct object, and Oi is the noun phrase completing the prepositional phrase of the auxiliary verb

==== Adverb Placement ====
Adverbs are to verbs exactly as adjectives are to nouns. They follow verbs, and behave the same way to verbs and themselves that adjectives behave to nouns and ''them''selves.

=== Coordination and subordination ===
Conjunctions go between anything but postpositions and cannot be omitted. Coordinate and subordinate clauses are separated by conjunctions. There is no distinction made between coordination and subordination on a grammatical level

=== Relative Clauses ===
Relative clauses follow a regular form:

* HEAD REL VP

where HEAD is 3.INAN if the relative clause is free and the bound matrix clause if the relative clause is bound, REL is a preposition (kaka /kaxa/), and VP is a verb phrase, and the head is the verb phrase's implied direct object

=== Questions ===

==== Polar Questions ====

* hal ('eeya) _: is _ (un)true?

==== WH-Questions ====
There are three interrogative pronouns, which can form more specific interrogatives through genitives, prepositions, and conjunctions:
* koko - what
* conna - when
* mosí - who
* koko wacón - when (what time), pronoun (emphatic)
* koko wanhabun - who (what person), pronoun (emphatic)
* koko waran - where (what place), pronoun (generic)
* lewa koko - why (to what end), prepositional phrase
* konto koko - why (because of what reasoning), subordinate clause
* lak koko - how (by doing what), prepositional phrase
* no koko - about what, prepositional phrase
* 'im koko - where (near what), prepositional phrase
* 'im conna - when (near when), prepositional phrase
* 'imaan conna - for what time frame (inside when), prepositional phrase
* do koko - from what, prepositional phrase
* laan koko - to what, prepositional phrase
* etc...
questions are asked in the same intonation and word order as statements are declared<ref group="Example references">e.g. ga'ãn 'almosí bíkoko 'im conna, dú 'imaan conna, dú 'im koko, dú no koko, dú lewa koko, dú lak koko, dú kepen koko, dú do koko, dú laan koko, ..., dú kit mosí túkoko? | do-PST NOM-who ACC-what near when, CON inside when, CON near what, CON about what, CON by_doing what, CON INSTR what, CON from what, CON to what, ..., CON BEN who DAT-what | "who did what when, in what time frame, where, about what, why, how, using what, from what, ... , and to what (indirect) to what (direct)?"</ref>

=== Existential Clause ===
uses the auxiliary verb construction of 'ayí

== Miscellaneous ==
The subject, and sometimes the object, direct or indirect, of a verb phrase can be move up in the sentence in a select set of cases:

# A quote is being given. Since the quote is a prepositional phrase, it would normally occur before the arguments of the verb. However, because this could result in poorer understanding of the quote itself, the arguments go before SPECIFICALLY the quote, and after any other prepositions or particles, and the quote prepositional phrase always goes last.<ref group="Example references">e.g. lagaðan 'alheman naní no tatammaa tene 'alpoka, 'al'afanafta, bílagað na 'obín túheman 'ejanacír. | laɣaðan ʔalhɛman nani no tatamːaː tɛnɛ ʔalpoxa, ʔalʔafanafta, bilaɣað na ʔobin tyhɛman ʔɛʝanasiɹ. | say-PST NOM-HNR Nanni that repeat-PRS PERM.PRESCR NOM-2.AN NOM-ACTOR-courier ACC-speech POSS OBL-1.AN DAT-HNR Ea-Naṣir | "You, my courier, will repeat my message to Ea-Naṣir," said Nanni.</ref>
# The subject or object is only one word long. In order to promote faster delivery of important information, the word may be placed before all prepositions and particles, at the 'front' of the verb phrase (behind the verb, postposition, and adverbs)

== Examples ==
<references group="Example references" />

== Notes ==
<references />

Tandí

2026-09-17T23:56:41Z

MiaKvigan: /* Gender */

== Introduction ==
'obala yábalí wantandí is the native language of the ŋation of [[Yókóz|'o'aben yálekki wanyókóz]] on order of [[User:MiaKvigan|lappi Miya]] on the 3rd of May, 2026, at 12:06 P.M. CST

== Phonology ==

=== Vowels ===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
! rowspan="2" |closure
! colspan="2" |front
! colspan="2" |central
! colspan="2" |back
|-
!lax
!tense
!lax
!tense
!lax
!tense
|-
|close
|ɪ ⟨i⟩
|i ⟨í⟩
|
|ɨ ⟨ú⟩
|
|u ⟨ó⟩
|-
|mid
|ɛ ⟨e⟩
|e ⟨é⟩
|ə ⟨u⟩
|
|o ⟨o⟩
|
|-
|open
|a ⟨a⟩
|æ ⟨á⟩
|
|
|
|
|}Vowels may be nasalized or elongated with a tilde and reduplication respectively

=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
!Placement →
↓ Manner
!Labial
!Dental
!Alveolar
!Post-alveolar
!Palatal
!Velar
!Laryngeal
|-
|Nasal
|m
|
|n
|
|
|
|
|-
|Plosive
|p / b
|
|t / d
|
|
|k / g
|ʔ ⟨'⟩
|-
|Sibilant affricate
|
|
|
|t͡ʃ ⟨ts⟩ / d͡ʒ ⟨dj⟩
|
|
|
|-
|Sibilant fricative
|
|
|s ⟨c⟩ / z
|ʃ ⟨s⟩ / ʒ ⟨j⟩
|
|
|
|-
|Non-sibilant fricative
|f / v
|ð
|
|
|ʝ ⟨y⟩
|
|h
|-
|Approximant
|
|
|ɹ ⟨r⟩
|
|
|w
|
|-
|Lateral Approximant
|
|
|l
|
|
|
|
|}
==== Consonant cluster reduction rules ====
Consonants can be 'absorbed' or 'deleted', where absorbed consonants become their absorber (dk/kd > dd) and deleted consonants disappear (dn > n, nd > nd). If a geminated consonant is deleted, the deleter becomes geminated

* n absorbs neighboring m
* m deletes preceding p and b
* n deletes preceding t and d
* g absorbs all other neighboring plosives, k absorbs all but g, d all but k and g, etc. (' is considered weak)
* dj absorbs neighboring ts
* dj and ts delete preceding j and s
* j absorbs all other neighboring sibilant fricatives, s absorbs all but j, etc.
* y absorbs all other neighboring non-sibilant fricatives, ð absorbs all but y, etc. (h is considered weak)
* w absorbs all other neighboring approximants, and r absorbs l (regular and lateral approximants are blended)

Examples:

* lad-gíla-món-'an → laggílamón'an (d-g → gg, n-' → n')
* lad-púkan-món → laddúkannón (d-p → dd, n-m → nn)
* yá-damack-dé'an → yádamacdé'an (ck-d → cd)
* bí-dããd-ní → bídããní (d-n → n)

=== Phonotactics ===
C(S)V(C)(C) or (C)CV(S)(C) ,where C is any consonant, S is any oral sonorant, and V is any vowel

V can be lengthened, which is represented as 2 vowels in the romanization but counts as 1

C can be geminated, which is represented as 2(3<ref>digraphs geminate their first letter only</ref>) consonants in the romanization but counts as one for phonotactics

There is no set tense patterning, and tense is instead considered a part of intonation

==== Allophones ====

* <f> /f/ → /fʰ/ | _N
* <g> /g/ → /ɣ/ | L(G)_V
* <k> /k/ → /kʰ/ | _N
* <k> /k/ → /x/ | L(G)_V
* <k> /x/ → /xʰ/ | _N
* <l> /l/ → /l̃/ | N_
* <nowiki> /p/ → /pʰ/ | _N</nowiki>
* <r> /ɹ/ → /ɾ/ | C!n_
* <r> /ɹ/ → /ɹ̃/ | N_
* <r> /ɹ/ → /ʢ̞/ | #_
* <t> /t/ → /tʰ/ | _N
* <y> /ʝ/ → /ʝ̃/ | N_
* <w> /w/ → /w̃/ | N_
where C is any consonant, V is any vowel, L is any lax vowel, N is any nasal vowel, G is any oral sonorant, and #_ means word-initial

==== Rhyme scheme ====
In poetic meter, geminated vowels are twice as long, and geminated consonants and stretched rhymes<ref>A stretched rhyme is a rhyme which has no gemination but is lengthened to accommodate for mismatch with the meter.</ref> are one and a half times as long.

== Morphology ==

=== Pronouns ===

==== Personal pronouns ====
People may use any pronoun from any of the sets, but animals and objects take specifically their respective pronouns according to grammatical gender rules

===== Habun (rational) pronouns =====

* bín - 1.NFEM.R
* la - 1.FEM.R
* poka - 2.NFEM.R
* tóó - 2.FEM.R
* dããd - 3.NFEM.R
* ken - 3.FEM.R

===== Balan (animal) pronouns =====

* ket - 1.NFEM.ZO
* mó - 1.FEM.ZO
* hilel - 2.NFEM.ZO
* baa - 2.FEM.ZO
* 'agam - 3.NFEM.ZO
* cabaa - 3.FEM.ZO

===== 'aduy (thing) pronouns =====

* 'ict - 1.NFEM.INAN
* kid - 1.FEM.INAN
* dal - 2.NFEM.INAN
* pól - 2.FEM.INAN
* teto - 3.NFEM.INAN
* lóna - 3.FEM.INAN

==== Deictic pronouns ====
mitta - this

lotta - that

'this' is used for anything within two steps and arm's reach. 'that' is anything outside of that range.

==== Interrogative pronouns ====
koko - what

conna - when

mosí - who

(other interrogatives are phrasal, e.g. 'lewa koko' [in_order_to what] meaning 'why')

==== Indefinite pronouns ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Case→
! rowspan="2" |Negative
! rowspan="2" |Universal
! rowspan="2" |Assertive existential
! rowspan="2" |Dubitative existential
|-
!Type↓
|-
|Person
|habunko
|habunbaa
|habunlin
|habunẽn
|-
|Thing
|lenko
|lenbaa
|lenlin
|lenẽn
|-
|Place
|ranko
|ranbaa
|ranlin
|ranẽn
|-
|Time
|cónko
|cónbaa
|cónlin
|cónẽn
|}

=== Nouns ===
Most nouns are nominalizations of verbs, though the names of species are often an exception

==== Verb nominalization ====
Verbs can be nominalized in one of six manners, which can further be adjectivized or adverbialized. Intransitive verbs have only one of the participles depending on their alignment.

The following are four example tables of varying roots
{| class="wikitable"
|+Example table with root "labak" (to eat)
!Patientive
!Agentive
!Instrumental
!Perfective
!Active Participle
!Passive Participle
|-
|no change
|<nowiki> VC -> V[-gemination]CV[+gemination]n | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki> VC -> VCVC[back] | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki> VC -> VCV[back]m | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki> VC -> isVC | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki> C -> Cka | _#</nowiki>
|-
|labak
|labakaan
|labakag
|labakum
|labisak
|labakka
|-
|food
|consumer
|utensil
|consumption
|eating
|being eaten
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+Example table with root "sepes" (to cleanse)
!Patientive
!Agentive
!Instrumental
!Perfective
!Active Participle
!Passive Participle
|-
|no change
|<nowiki> VC -> V[-gemination]CV[+gemination]n | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki> VC -> VCVC[back] | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki> VC -> VCV[back]m | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki> VC -> isVC | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki>CC -> CCikka | _#</nowiki>
else
C -> Cka | _#
|-
|sepes
|sepeseen
|sepesej
|sepesum
|sepises
|sepeska
|-
|the unclean
|cleaner
|soap
|cleanse
|cleaning
|being cleaned
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+Example table with root "'empa" (to preserve (of food))
!Patientive
!Agentive
!Instrumental
!Perfective
!Active Participle
!Passive Participle
|-
|no change
|<nowiki> V -> V[-gemination]tVn | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki> CV -> CVC[back]V | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki> V -> VvV[back]m | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki> CV -> esCV | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki> ∅ -> kka | _#</nowiki>
|-
|'empa
|'empatan
|'empaga
|'empavum
|'emespa
|'empakka
|-
|preserves
|preserver
|preservative
|preservation
|preserving
|being preserved
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+Example table with root "molíí" (to steal)
!Patientive
!Agentive
!Instrumental
!Perfective
!Active Participle
!Passive Participle
|-
|no change
|<nowiki> V -> V[-gemination]tVn | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki> CV -> CVC[back]V | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki> V -> VvV[back][-gemination]m | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki> CV -> esCV | C_#</nowiki>
else

CV -> CesV | _#
|<nowiki> ∅ -> kka | _#</nowiki>
|-
|molíí
|molítíín
|molííwíí
|molíívúm
|molesíí
|molííkka
|-
|stolen goods
|thief
|thief's tools
|theft
|stealing
|being stolen
|}

==== Role assignment ====
A noun's semantic role in a sentence is indicated by a case prefix

subject (Agentive case): 'al-

direct object/subject complement (Patientive case): bí-

indirect object (Dative case): tú-

noun complement (Genitive case): wan-

other (Oblique case): 'o-<ref>oblique case is not required on personal pronouns</ref>

==== Number ====
Nouns can be countable (unmarked), mass, or collective.

mass: -dena

collective: -male

Further, all three kinds of nouns may be singular (unmarked), dual, paucal, or plural, marked by suffix on the stem which goes before tense and aspect

dual: -dí

paucal: -ve

plural: -na

==== Gender ====
Tandí has unmarked grammatical gender on nouns, where nouns derived from progressive verbs are nonfeminine and nouns derived from stative verbs are feminine.

==== Possession ====
POSD na POSR: 'obaan na 'obákúún - the room of the house (OBL-room POSS OBL-house)

=== Determiners ===

==== Demonstratives ====
_ wannitta - this _

_ wanlotta - that _

==== Articles ====
Tandí does not use articles

==== Possessive Determiners ====
_ na _: doro na bín - my ball (ball POSS 1.AN); doro na poka - your ball (ball POSS 2.AN); etc.

_ na mosí - whose _ (POSS who)

==== Quantifiers ====
Quantifiers go before the nouns they quantify (see Sentence Order)

=== Conjunctions ===
Conjunctions go in between semantic elements they connect, which can include things like nouns, noun phrases, relative clauses, verb argument lists<ref>The list of a verb's subject, direct object, and indirect object, in the case that a verb is applied to multiple sets of arguments</ref>, etc.

CON - "dú"

or - "'ano"

=== Numerals ===

==== Cardinals ====
cardinal "'amend" noun - ní 'amend doro - two CARD ball - ball number two (of a collection)

==== Ordinals ====
ordinal tokan noun - ordinal ORD noun, e.g. ní tokan doro - two ORD ball - second ball<ref group="Example references">e.g. ní tokan 'aban nana jelí | two ORD day PRT year | second day of the year</ref>

==== Nominals ====
root-cardinal - doroní - ball-two - two balls<ref group="Example references">e.g. baddaa 'aldaadukcí bídããní | hit-PRS NOM-3.AN-one ACC-3.AN-two | he hit him (of two people)</ref>

nũm - zero

'ókcí - one

ní - two

ta'í - three

sín - four

kílan - five

jaal - six

kitten - seven

bón - eight

nítta - nine

lan - ten

cen - hundred

tõn - thousand

=== Adjectives ===
Adjectives are marked with the "yá-" prefix and one of the following suffixes.
{| class="wikitable"
|+Example with root "tãng" (metal, to smelt)
!Visual
!Compositional
!Applicational
!Behavioral
|-
| -déyan
| -lam
| -naak
| -toge
|-
|tãnggéyan
|tãnglam
|tãngnaak
|tãnggoge
|-
|appearing metal
|composed of metal
|having similar uses to something metal
|behaving like metal
|}

==== Placement ====
directly after the noun<ref group="Example references">e.g. 'okína yálekkena wakakííta | OBL-seed-PL ADJ-green GEN-pepper | green pepper seeds</ref>

Adjectives may or may not match the number of the noun, as there is a semantic difference<ref>e.g. "Her muscles were like steel cables" implies her muscles were strong, where "Her muscles were like a steel cable" implies they are arranged in a line</ref>

==== Comparison ====
yá-adjective-degree-tense<ref>Note here that the adjective is used as a verb, and is placed as the head of a verb phrase</ref> subject: subject is/was/will be degree adjective than object<ref group="Example references">e.g. yábannúda 'albín 'an bípoka | ADJ-good-COMP-PRS NOM-1SG.AN than ACC-1SG.AN | I am better than you (lit. am_better I than you)</ref>

=== Finite Verbs ===

==== Tense ====
attaches to verb

* -da: PRS
* -'ãn: PST
* -lí: FUT

==== Aspect ====
goes after tense:

* -bó: CONT
* -len: PERF
* -món: GNO
* -dada: HAB
goes before verb:
* kon-: INF

=== Verb Postpositions ===

==== Mood ====

* 'akaa-: MIR
* 'anõõl-: CONC/HYP
* 'ila-: OPT/BEND
* 'íyye-: HORT/JUSS
* luke-: DUB/COND
* me-: ABIL
* tene-: PERM/PRESCR

==== Evidentiality ====

* -ce'í: RPT
* -mánna: INFR
* -nobã: NEV
* -tócí: SENS
Negation

Negation goes before the verb
* 'eeya: NEG

==== Agreement ====
The 'present' tense is the present by default, and otherwise the tense of the last verb.<ref>ADD THIS REFERENCE AND DELETE THE OTHER ONE</ref><ref group="Example references">e.g. lagað'ãn 'albín tandralí 'albín | say-PST NOM-1.AN run-FUT NOM-1.AN | I said I was going to run</ref>

==== Voice ====

* mẽna- : CAUS
* lad- : PASS
* 'õm- : REV

=== Auxiliary Verbs ===
'ayí (AFF) conveys confirmation of an action, and is verbalized to 'ayída (AFF-PRS) to convey confirmation of a state or truth, or of an object's existence, across the past, present, or future, with tense agreement

'cirette laan ma/im' conveys that the subject has knowingly or unknowingly caused the direct object to be unintentionally involved in the indirect object (a state or event), where if the direct object and subject are the same the direct object may be omitted, or included for emphasis

=== Copula ===
There is no copula in Tandí

=== Adpositions ===

==== Agreement ====
No agreement between adposition and complement is necessary

=== Interjections ===
Interjections may be placed before any word to deliver extra mood or other miscellaneous information.

== Syntax ==

=== Morphosyntactic alignment ===
Tandí is an Active-Stative Split-S alignment language, where the case for the subject of an intransitive clause is split by aspect; progressive verbs use the agentive case, and stative verbs the patientive case.

=== Sentence Order ===
VSO word order

Particles go before the words they attach to, and prepositions after

Adjectives may attach to any words except conjunctions and postpositions. They go directly after the word they attach to (except verbs, where they go after the postposition)

Adjectives can also be placed at the head of a verb phrase with tense marking to convey 'SBJ is ADJ'

Verb complements may be placed before the verb phrase's prepositional phrases and connected clauses, but still after the postposition and adjectives, if they are only one word long<ref group="Example references">e.g. "balda yábããntoge laan 'imaan 'omarkã́z 'albello" -> "balda yátandratoge 'albello laan ..." | "go-PRS ADJ-race-property to INE OBL-store NOM-bear" -> "go-PRS ADJ-race-property NOM-bear to ..." | "The bear goes quickly to the store"</ref>

Words modify nouns according to the following hierarchy:

* PREP(QUANT(((HNR(N))ADJ)GEN))

==== Auxiliary Verb Constructions ====
Nouns cannot be advanded forward within auxiliary verb phrases

'ayí can be either a verb or a particle, as mentioned in Auxiliary Verbs

Auxiliary verbs follow a regular form:

* V PREP Oi S (Od)

where V PREP is the auxiliary verb (a finite verb with a preposition), S is the subject and is NOT part of a prepositional phrase, Od is the direct object, and Oi is the noun phrase completing the prepositional phrase of the auxiliary verb

==== Adverb Placement ====
Adverbs are to verbs exactly as adjectives are to nouns. They follow verbs, and behave the same way to verbs and themselves that adjectives behave to nouns and ''them''selves.

=== Coordination and subordination ===
Conjunctions go between anything but postpositions and cannot be omitted. Coordinate and subordinate clauses are separated by conjunctions. There is no distinction made between coordination and subordination on a grammatical level

=== Relative Clauses ===
Relative clauses follow a regular form:

* HEAD REL VP

where HEAD is 3.INAN if the relative clause is free and the bound matrix clause if the relative clause is bound, REL is a preposition (kaka /kaxa/), and VP is a verb phrase, and the head is the verb phrase's implied direct object

=== Questions ===

==== Polar Questions ====

* hal ('eeya) _: is _ (un)true?

==== WH-Questions ====
There are three interrogative pronouns, which can form more specific interrogatives through genitives, prepositions, and conjunctions:
* koko - what
* conna - when
* mosí - who
* koko wacón - when (what time), pronoun (emphatic)
* koko wanhabun - who (what person), pronoun (emphatic)
* koko waran - where (what place), pronoun (generic)
* lewa koko - why (to what end), prepositional phrase
* konto koko - why (because of what reasoning), subordinate clause
* lak koko - how (by doing what), prepositional phrase
* no koko - about what, prepositional phrase
* 'im koko - where (near what), prepositional phrase
* 'im conna - when (near when), prepositional phrase
* 'imaan conna - for what time frame (inside when), prepositional phrase
* do koko - from what, prepositional phrase
* laan koko - to what, prepositional phrase
* etc...
questions are asked in the same intonation and word order as statements are declared<ref group="Example references">e.g. ga'ãn 'almosí bíkoko 'im conna, dú 'imaan conna, dú 'im koko, dú no koko, dú lewa koko, dú lak koko, dú kepen koko, dú do koko, dú laan koko, ..., dú kit mosí túkoko? | do-PST NOM-who ACC-what near when, CON inside when, CON near what, CON about what, CON by_doing what, CON INSTR what, CON from what, CON to what, ..., CON BEN who DAT-what | "who did what when, in what time frame, where, about what, why, how, using what, from what, ... , and to what (indirect) to what (direct)?"</ref>

=== Existential Clause ===
uses the auxiliary verb construction of 'ayí

== Miscellaneous ==
The subject, and sometimes the object, direct or indirect, of a verb phrase can be move up in the sentence in a select set of cases:

# A quote is being given. Since the quote is a prepositional phrase, it would normally occur before the arguments of the verb. However, because this could result in poorer understanding of the quote itself, the arguments go before SPECIFICALLY the quote, and after any other prepositions or particles, and the quote prepositional phrase always goes last.<ref group="Example references">e.g. lagaðan 'alheman naní no tatammaa tene 'alpoka, 'al'afanafta, bílagað na 'obín túheman 'ejanacír. | laɣaðan ʔalhɛman nani no tatamːaː tɛnɛ ʔalpoxa, ʔalʔafanafta, bilaɣað na ʔobin tyhɛman ʔɛʝanasiɹ. | say-PST NOM-HNR Nanni that repeat-PRS PERM.PRESCR NOM-2.AN NOM-ACTOR-courier ACC-speech POSS OBL-1.AN DAT-HNR Ea-Naṣir | "You, my courier, will repeat my message to Ea-Naṣir," said Nanni.</ref>
# The subject or object is only one word long. In order to promote faster delivery of important information, the word may be placed before all prepositions and particles, at the 'front' of the verb phrase (behind the verb, postposition, and adverbs)

== Examples ==
<references group="Example references" />

== Notes ==
<references />

Tandí

2026-09-16T04:27:27Z

MiaKvigan: /* Verb nominalization */

== Introduction ==
'obala yábalí wantandí is the native language of the ŋation of [[Yókóz|'o'aben yálekki wanyókóz]] on order of [[User:MiaKvigan|lappi Miya]] on the 3rd of May, 2026, at 12:06 P.M. CST

== Phonology ==

=== Vowels ===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
! rowspan="2" |closure
! colspan="2" |front
! colspan="2" |central
! colspan="2" |back
|-
!lax
!tense
!lax
!tense
!lax
!tense
|-
|close
|ɪ ⟨i⟩
|i ⟨í⟩
|
|ɨ ⟨ú⟩
|
|u ⟨ó⟩
|-
|mid
|ɛ ⟨e⟩
|e ⟨é⟩
|ə ⟨u⟩
|
|o ⟨o⟩
|
|-
|open
|a ⟨a⟩
|æ ⟨á⟩
|
|
|
|
|}Vowels may be nasalized or elongated

=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
!Placement →
↓ Manner
!Labial
!Dental
!Alveolar
!Post-alveolar
!Palatal
!Velar
!Laryngeal
|-
|Nasal
|m
|
|n
|
|
|
|
|-
|Plosive
|p / b
|
|t / d
|
|
|k / g
|ʔ ⟨'⟩
|-
|Sibilant affricate
|
|
|
|t͡ʃ ⟨ts⟩ / d͡ʒ ⟨dj⟩
|
|
|
|-
|Sibilant fricative
|
|
|s ⟨c⟩ / z
|ʃ ⟨s⟩ / ʒ ⟨j⟩
|
|
|
|-
|Non-sibilant fricative
|f / v
|ð
|
|
|ʝ ⟨y⟩
|
|h
|-
|Approximant
|
|
|ɹ ⟨r⟩
|
|
|w
|
|-
|Lateral Approximant
|
|
|l
|
|
|
|
|}
==== Consonant cluster reduction rules ====
Consonants can be 'absorbed' or 'deleted', where absorbed consonants become their absorber (dk/kd > dd) and deleted consonants disappear (dn > n, nd > nd). If a geminated consonant is deleted, the deleter becomes geminated

* n absorbs neighboring m
* m deletes preceding p and b
* n deletes preceding t and d
* g absorbs all other neighboring plosives, k absorbs all but g, d all but k and g, etc. (' is considered weak)
* dj absorbs neighboring ts
* dj and ts delete preceding j and s
* j absorbs all other neighboring sibilant fricatives, s absorbs all but j, etc.
* y absorbs all other neighboring non-sibilant fricatives, ð absorbs all but y, etc. (h is considered weak)
* w absorbs all other neighboring approximants, and r absorbs l (regular and lateral approximants are blended)

Examples:

* lad-gíla-món-'an → laggílamón'an (d-g → gg, n-' → n')
* lad-púkan-món → laddúkannón (d-p → dd, n-m → nn)
* yá-damack-dé'an → yádamacké'an (ck-d → ck)
* bí-daad-ní → bídaaní (d-n → n)

=== Phonotactics ===
C(S)V(C)(C) or (C)CV(S)(C) ,where C is any consonant, S is any oral sonorant, and V is any vowel

V can be lengthened, which is represented as 2 vowels in the romanization but counts as 1

C can be geminated, which is represented as 2(3<ref>digraphs geminate their first letter only</ref>) consonants in the romanization but counts as one for phonotactics

There is no set tense patterning, and tense is instead considered a part of intonation

==== Allophones ====

* <f> /f/ → /fʰ/ | _N
* <g> /g/ → /ɣ/ | L(G)_V
* <k> /k/ → /kʰ/ | _N
* <k> /k/ → /x/ | L(G)_V
* <k> /x/ → /xʰ/ | _N
* <l> /l/ → /l̃/ | N_
* <nowiki> /p/ → /pʰ/ | _N</nowiki>
* <r> /ɹ/ → /ɾ/ | C!n_
* <r> /ɹ/ → /ɹ̃/ | N_
* <r> /ɹ/ → /ʢ̞/ | #_
* <t> /t/ → /tʰ/ | _N
* <y> /ʝ/ → /ʝ̃/ | N_
* <w> /w/ → /w̃/ | N_
where C is any consonant, V is any vowel, L is any lax vowel, N is any nasal vowel, G is any oral sonorant, and #_ means word-initial

==== Rhyme scheme ====
In poetic meter, geminated vowels are twice as long, and geminated consonants and stretched rhymes<ref>A stretched rhyme is a rhyme which has no gemination but is lengthened to accommodate for mismatch with the meter.</ref> are one and a half times as long.

== Morphology ==

=== Pronouns ===

==== Personal pronouns ====

===== Habun (rational) pronouns =====

* bín - 1.NFEM.R
* la - 1.FEM.R
* poka - 2.NFEM.R
* tóó - 2.FEM.R
* dããd - 3.NFEM.R
* ken - 3.FEM.R

===== Balan (animal) pronouns =====

* ket - 1.NFEM.ZO
* mó - 1.FEM.ZO
* hilel - 2.NFEM.ZO
* baa - 2.FEM.ZO
* 'agam - 3.NFEM.ZO
* cabaa - 3.FEM.ZO

===== 'aduy (thing) pronouns =====

* 'ict - 1.NFEM.INAN
* kid - 1.FEM.INAN
* dal - 2.NFEM.INAN
* pól - 2.FEM.INAN
* teto - 3.NFEM.INAN
* lóna - 3.FEM.INAN

==== Deictic pronouns ====
mitta - this

lotta - that

'this' is used for anything within two steps and arm's reach. 'that' is anything outside of that range.

==== Interrogative pronouns ====
koko - what

conna - when

mosí - who

(other interrogatives are phrasal, e.g. 'lewa koko' [in_order_to what] meaning 'why')

==== Indefinite pronouns ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Case→
! rowspan="2" |Negative
! rowspan="2" |Universal
! rowspan="2" |Assertive existential
! rowspan="2" |Dubitative existential
|-
!Type↓
|-
|Person
|habunko
|habunbaa
|habunlin
|habunẽn
|-
|Thing
|lenko
|lenbaa
|lenlin
|lenẽn
|-
|Place
|ranko
|ranbaa
|ranlin
|ranẽn
|-
|Time
|cónko
|cónbaa
|cónlin
|cónẽn
|}

=== Nouns ===
Most nouns are nominalizations of verbs, though the names of species are often an exception

==== Verb nominalization ====
Verbs can be nominalized in one of six manners, which can further be adjectivized or adverbialized. Intransitive verbs have only one of the participles depending on their alignment.

The following are four example tables of varying roots
{| class="wikitable"
|+Example table with root "labak" (to eat)
!Patientive
!Agentive
!Instrumental
!Perfective
!Active Participle
!Passive Participle
|-
|no change
|<nowiki> VC -> V[-gemination]CV[+gemination]n | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki> VC -> VCVC[back] | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki> VC -> VCV[back]m | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki> VC -> isVC | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki> C -> Cka | _#</nowiki>
|-
|labak
|labakaan
|labakag
|labakum
|labisak
|labakka
|-
|food
|consumer
|utensil
|consumption
|eating
|being eaten
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+Example table with root "sepes" (to cleanse)
!Patientive
!Agentive
!Instrumental
!Perfective
!Active Participle
!Passive Participle
|-
|no change
|<nowiki> VC -> V[-gemination]CV[+gemination]n | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki> VC -> VCVC[back] | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki> VC -> VCV[back]m | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki> VC -> isVC | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki>CC -> CCikka | _#</nowiki>
else
C -> Cka | _#
|-
|sepes
|sepeseen
|sepesej
|sepesum
|sepises
|sepeska
|-
|the unclean
|cleaner
|soap
|cleanse
|cleaning
|being cleaned
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+Example table with root "'empa" (to preserve (of food))
!Patientive
!Agentive
!Instrumental
!Perfective
!Active Participle
!Passive Participle
|-
|no change
|<nowiki> V -> V[-gemination]tVn | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki> CV -> CVC[back]V | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki> V -> VvV[back]m | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki> CV -> esCV | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki> ∅ -> kka | _#</nowiki>
|-
|'empa
|'empatan
|'empaga
|'empavum
|'emespa
|'empakka
|-
|preserves
|preserver
|preservative
|preservation
|preserving
|being preserved
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+Example table with root "molíí" (to steal)
!Patientive
!Agentive
!Instrumental
!Perfective
!Active Participle
!Passive Participle
|-
|no change
|<nowiki> V -> V[-gemination]tVn | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki> CV -> CVC[back]V | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki> V -> VvV[back][-gemination]m | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki> CV -> esCV | C_#</nowiki>
else
CV -> CesV | _#
|<nowiki> ∅ -> kka | _#</nowiki>
|-
|molíí
|molítíín
|molííwíí
|molíívúm
|molesíí
|molííkka
|-
|stolen goods
|thief
|thief's tools
|theft
|stealing
|being stolen
|}

==== Role assignment ====
A noun's semantic role in a sentence is indicated by a case prefix

subject (Agentive case): 'al-

direct object/subject complement (Patientive case): bí-

indirect object (Dative case): tú-

noun complement (Genitive case): wan-

other (Oblique case): 'o-<ref>oblique case is not required on personal pronouns</ref>

==== Number ====
Nouns can be countable (unmarked), mass, or collective.

mass: -dena

collective: -male

Further, all three kinds of nouns may be singular (unmarked), dual, paucal, or plural, marked by suffix on the stem which goes before tense and aspect

dual: -dí

paucal: -ve

plural: -na

==== Gender ====
There is no grammatical gender in Tandí

==== Possession ====
POSD na POSR: 'obaan na 'obákúún - the room of the house (OBL-room POSS OBL-house)

=== Determiners ===

==== Demonstratives ====
_ wannitta - this _

_ wanlotta - that _

==== Articles ====
Tandí does not use articles

==== Possessive Determiners ====
_ na _: doro na bín - my ball (ball POSS 1.AN); doro na poka - your ball (ball POSS 2.AN); etc.

_ na mosí - whose _ (POSS who)

==== Quantifiers ====
Quantifiers go before the nouns they quantify (see Sentence Order)

=== Conjunctions ===
Conjunctions go in between semantic elements they connect, which can include things like nouns, noun phrases, relative clauses, verb argument lists<ref>The list of a verb's subject, direct object, and indirect object, in the case that a verb is applied to multiple sets of arguments</ref>, etc.

=== Numerals ===

==== Cardinals ====
cardinal "'amend" noun - ní 'amend doro - two CARD ball - ball number two (of a collection)

==== Ordinals ====
ordinal tokan noun - ordinal ORD noun, e.g. ní tokan doro - two ORD ball - second ball<ref group="Example references">e.g. ní tokan 'aban nana jelí | two ORD day PRT year | second day of the year</ref>

==== Nominals ====
root-cardinal - doroní - ball-two - two balls<ref group="Example references">e.g. baddaa 'aldaadukcí bídããní | hit-PRS NOM-3.AN-one ACC-3.AN-two | he hit him (of two people)</ref>

nũm - zero

'ókcí - one

ní - two

ta'í - three

sín - four

kílan - five

jaal - six

kitten - seven

bón - eight

nítta - nine

lan - ten

cen - hundred

tõn - thousand

=== Adjectives ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+Example with root "tãng" (metal, to smelt)
!Visual
!Compositional
!Applicational
!Behavioral
|-
| -déyan
| -lam
| -naak
| -toge
|-
|tãnggéyan
|tãnglam
|tãngnaak
|tãnggoge
|-
|appearing metal
|composed of metal
|having similar uses to something metal
|behaving like metal
|}

==== Placement ====
directly after the noun<ref group="Example references">e.g. 'okína yálekkena wakakííta | OBL-seed-PL ADJ-green GEN-pepper | green pepper seeds</ref>

Adjectives may or may not match the number of the noun, as there is a semantic difference<ref>e.g. "Her muscles were like steel cables" implies her muscles were strong, where "Her muscles were like a steel cable" implies they are arranged in a line</ref>

==== Comparison ====
yá-adjective-degree-tense<ref>Note here that the adjective is used as a verb, and is placed as the head of a verb phrase</ref> subject: subject is/was/will be degree adjective than object<ref group="Example references">e.g. yábannúda 'albín 'an bípoka | ADJ-good-COMP-PRS NOM-1SG.AN than ACC-1SG.AN | I am better than you (lit. am_better I than you)</ref>

=== Finite Verbs ===

==== Tense ====
attaches to verb

* -da: PRS
* -'ãn: PST
* -lí: FUT

==== Aspect ====
goes after tense:

* -bó: CONT
* -len: PERF
* -món: GNO
* -dada: HAB
goes before verb:
* kon-: INF

=== Verb Postpositions ===

==== Mood ====

* 'akaa-: MIR
* 'anõõl-: CONC/HYP
* 'ila-: OPT/BEND
* 'íyye-: HORT/JUSS
* luke-: DUB/COND
* me-: ABIL
* tene-: PERM/PRESCR

==== Evidentiality ====

* -ce'í: RPT
* -mánna: INFR
* -nobã: NEV
* -tócí: SENS
Negation

Negation goes before the verb
* 'eeya: NEG

==== Agreement ====
The 'present' tense is the present by default, and otherwise the tense of the last verb.<ref>ADD THIS REFERENCE AND DELETE THE OTHER ONE</ref><ref group="Example references">e.g. lagað'ãn 'albín tandralí 'albín | say-PST NOM-1.AN run-FUT NOM-1.AN | I said I was going to run</ref>

==== Voice ====

* mẽna- : CAUS
* lad- : PASS
* 'õm- : REV

=== Auxiliary Verbs ===
'ayí (AFF) conveys confirmation of an action, and is verbalized to 'ayída (AFF-PRS) to convey confirmation of a state or truth, or of an object's existence, across the past, present, or future, with tense agreement

'cirette laan ma/im' conveys that the subject has knowingly or unknowingly caused the direct object to be unintentionally involved in the indirect object (a state or event), where if the direct object and subject are the same the direct object may be omitted, or included for emphasis

=== Copula ===
There is no copula in Tandí

=== Adpositions ===

==== Agreement ====
No agreement between adposition and complement is necessary

=== Interjections ===
Interjections may be placed before any word to deliver extra mood or other miscellaneous information.

== Syntax ==

=== Morphosyntactic alignment ===
Tandí is an Active-Stative Split-S alignment language, where the case for the subject of an intransitive clause is split by aspect; progressive verbs use the agentive case, and stative verbs the patientive case.

=== Sentence Order ===
VSO word order

Particles go before the words they attach to, and prepositions after

Adjectives may attach to any words except conjunctions and postpositions. They go directly after the word they attach to (except verbs, where they go after the postposition)

Adjectives can also be placed at the head of a verb phrase with tense marking to convey 'SBJ is ADJ'

Verb complements may be placed before the verb phrase's prepositional phrases and connected clauses, but still after the postposition and adjectives, if they are only one word long<ref group="Example references">e.g. "balda yábããntoge laan 'imaan 'omarkã́z 'albello" -> "balda yátandratoge 'albello laan ..." | "go-PRS ADJ-race-property to INE OBL-store NOM-bear" -> "go-PRS ADJ-race-property NOM-bear to ..." | "The bear goes quickly to the store"</ref>

Words modify nouns according to the following hierarchy:

* PREP(QUANT(((HNR(N))ADJ)GEN))

==== Auxiliary Verb Constructions ====
Nouns cannot be advanded forward within auxiliary verb phrases

'ayí can be either a verb or a particle, as mentioned in Auxiliary Verbs

Auxiliary verbs follow a regular form:

* V PREP Oi S (Od)

where V PREP is the auxiliary verb (a finite verb with a preposition), S is the subject and is NOT part of a prepositional phrase, Od is the direct object, and Oi is the noun phrase completing the prepositional phrase of the auxiliary verb

==== Adverb Placement ====
Adverbs are to verbs exactly as adjectives are to nouns. They follow verbs, and behave the same way to verbs and themselves that adjectives behave to nouns and ''them''selves.

=== Coordination and subordination ===
Conjunctions go between anything but postpositions and cannot be omitted. Coordinate and subordinate clauses are separated by conjunctions. There is no distinction made between coordination and subordination on a grammatical level

=== Relative Clauses ===
Relative clauses follow a regular form:

* HEAD REL VP

where HEAD is 3.INAN if the relative clause is free and the bound matrix clause if the relative clause is bound, REL is a preposition (kaka /kaxa/), and VP is a verb phrase, and the head is the verb phrase's implied direct object

=== Questions ===

==== Polar Questions ====

* hal ('eeya) _: is _ (un)true?

==== WH-Questions ====
There are three interrogative pronouns, which can form more specific interrogatives through genitives, prepositions, and conjunctions:
* koko - what
* conna - when
* mosí - who
* koko wacón - when (what time), pronoun (emphatic)
* koko wanhabun - who (what person), pronoun (emphatic)
* koko waran - where (what place), pronoun (generic)
* lewa koko - why (to what end), prepositional phrase
* konto koko - why (because of what reasoning), subordinate clause
* lak koko - how (by doing what), prepositional phrase
* no koko - about what, prepositional phrase
* 'im koko - where (near what), prepositional phrase
* 'im conna - when (near when), prepositional phrase
* 'imaan conna - for what time frame (inside when), prepositional phrase
* do koko - from what, prepositional phrase
* laan koko - to what, prepositional phrase
* etc...
questions are asked in the same intonation and word order as statements are declared<ref group="Example references">e.g. ga'ãn 'almosí bíkoko 'im conna, dú 'imaan conna, dú 'im koko, dú no koko, dú lewa koko, dú lak koko, dú kepen koko, dú do koko, dú laan koko, ..., dú kit mosí túkoko? | do-PST NOM-who ACC-what near when, CON inside when, CON near what, CON about what, CON by_doing what, CON INSTR what, CON from what, CON to what, ..., CON BEN who DAT-what | "who did what when, in what time frame, where, about what, why, how, using what, from what, ... , and to what (indirect) to what (direct)?"</ref>

=== Existential Clause ===
uses the auxiliary verb construction of 'ayí

== Miscellaneous ==
The subject, and sometimes the object, direct or indirect, of a verb phrase can be move up in the sentence in a select set of cases:

# A quote is being given. Since the quote is a prepositional phrase, it would normally occur before the arguments of the verb. However, because this could result in poorer understanding of the quote itself, the arguments go before SPECIFICALLY the quote, and after any other prepositions or particles, and the quote prepositional phrase always goes last.<ref group="Example references">e.g. lagaðan 'alheman naní no tatammaa tene 'alpoka, 'al'afanafta, bílagað na 'obín túheman 'ejanacír. | laɣaðan ʔalhɛman nani no tatamːaː tɛnɛ ʔalpoxa, ʔalʔafanafta, bilaɣað na ʔobin tyhɛman ʔɛʝanasiɹ. | say-PST NOM-HNR Nanni that repeat-PRS PERM.PRESCR NOM-2.AN NOM-ACTOR-courier ACC-speech POSS OBL-1.AN DAT-HNR Ea-Naṣir | "You, my courier, will repeat my message to Ea-Naṣir," said Nanni.</ref>
# The subject or object is only one word long. In order to promote faster delivery of important information, the word may be placed before all prepositions and particles, at the 'front' of the verb phrase (behind the verb, postposition, and adverbs)

== Examples ==
<references group="Example references" />

== Notes ==
<references />

Tandí

2026-09-16T04:06:26Z

MiaKvigan: /* Personal pronouns */

== Introduction ==
'obala yábalí wantandí is the native language of the ŋation of [[Yókóz|'o'aben yálekki wanyókóz]] on order of [[User:MiaKvigan|lappi Miya]] on the 3rd of May, 2026, at 12:06 P.M. CST

== Phonology ==

=== Vowels ===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
! rowspan="2" |closure
! colspan="2" |front
! colspan="2" |central
! colspan="2" |back
|-
!lax
!tense
!lax
!tense
!lax
!tense
|-
|close
|ɪ ⟨i⟩
|i ⟨í⟩
|
|ɨ ⟨ú⟩
|
|u ⟨ó⟩
|-
|mid
|ɛ ⟨e⟩
|e ⟨é⟩
|ə ⟨u⟩
|
|o ⟨o⟩
|
|-
|open
|a ⟨a⟩
|æ ⟨á⟩
|
|
|
|
|}Vowels may be nasalized or elongated

=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
!Placement →
↓ Manner
!Labial
!Dental
!Alveolar
!Post-alveolar
!Palatal
!Velar
!Laryngeal
|-
|Nasal
|m
|
|n
|
|
|
|
|-
|Plosive
|p / b
|
|t / d
|
|
|k / g
|ʔ ⟨'⟩
|-
|Sibilant affricate
|
|
|
|t͡ʃ ⟨ts⟩ / d͡ʒ ⟨dj⟩
|
|
|
|-
|Sibilant fricative
|
|
|s ⟨c⟩ / z
|ʃ ⟨s⟩ / ʒ ⟨j⟩
|
|
|
|-
|Non-sibilant fricative
|f / v
|ð
|
|
|ʝ ⟨y⟩
|
|h
|-
|Approximant
|
|
|ɹ ⟨r⟩
|
|
|w
|
|-
|Lateral Approximant
|
|
|l
|
|
|
|
|}
==== Consonant cluster reduction rules ====
Consonants can be 'absorbed' or 'deleted', where absorbed consonants become their absorber (dk/kd > dd) and deleted consonants disappear (dn > n, nd > nd). If a geminated consonant is deleted, the deleter becomes geminated

* n absorbs neighboring m
* m deletes preceding p and b
* n deletes preceding t and d
* g absorbs all other neighboring plosives, k absorbs all but g, d all but k and g, etc. (' is considered weak)
* dj absorbs neighboring ts
* dj and ts delete preceding j and s
* j absorbs all other neighboring sibilant fricatives, s absorbs all but j, etc.
* y absorbs all other neighboring non-sibilant fricatives, ð absorbs all but y, etc. (h is considered weak)
* w absorbs all other neighboring approximants, and r absorbs l (regular and lateral approximants are blended)

Examples:

* lad-gíla-món-'an → laggílamón'an (d-g → gg, n-' → n')
* lad-púkan-món → laddúkannón (d-p → dd, n-m → nn)
* yá-damack-dé'an → yádamacké'an (ck-d → ck)
* bí-daad-ní → bídaaní (d-n → n)

=== Phonotactics ===
C(S)V(C)(C) or (C)CV(S)(C) ,where C is any consonant, S is any oral sonorant, and V is any vowel

V can be lengthened, which is represented as 2 vowels in the romanization but counts as 1

C can be geminated, which is represented as 2(3<ref>digraphs geminate their first letter only</ref>) consonants in the romanization but counts as one for phonotactics

There is no set tense patterning, and tense is instead considered a part of intonation

==== Allophones ====

* <f> /f/ → /fʰ/ | _N
* <g> /g/ → /ɣ/ | L(G)_V
* <k> /k/ → /kʰ/ | _N
* <k> /k/ → /x/ | L(G)_V
* <k> /x/ → /xʰ/ | _N
* <l> /l/ → /l̃/ | N_
* <nowiki> /p/ → /pʰ/ | _N</nowiki>
* <r> /ɹ/ → /ɾ/ | C!n_
* <r> /ɹ/ → /ɹ̃/ | N_
* <r> /ɹ/ → /ʢ̞/ | #_
* <t> /t/ → /tʰ/ | _N
* <y> /ʝ/ → /ʝ̃/ | N_
* <w> /w/ → /w̃/ | N_
where C is any consonant, V is any vowel, L is any lax vowel, N is any nasal vowel, G is any oral sonorant, and #_ means word-initial

==== Rhyme scheme ====
In poetic meter, geminated vowels are twice as long, and geminated consonants and stretched rhymes<ref>A stretched rhyme is a rhyme which has no gemination but is lengthened to accommodate for mismatch with the meter.</ref> are one and a half times as long.

== Morphology ==

=== Pronouns ===

==== Personal pronouns ====

===== Habun (rational) pronouns =====

* bín - 1.NFEM.R
* la - 1.FEM.R
* poka - 2.NFEM.R
* tóó - 2.FEM.R
* dããd - 3.NFEM.R
* ken - 3.FEM.R

===== Balan (animal) pronouns =====

* ket - 1.NFEM.ZO
* mó - 1.FEM.ZO
* hilel - 2.NFEM.ZO
* baa - 2.FEM.ZO
* 'agam - 3.NFEM.ZO
* cabaa - 3.FEM.ZO

===== 'aduy (thing) pronouns =====

* 'ict - 1.NFEM.INAN
* kid - 1.FEM.INAN
* dal - 2.NFEM.INAN
* pól - 2.FEM.INAN
* teto - 3.NFEM.INAN
* lóna - 3.FEM.INAN

==== Deictic pronouns ====
mitta - this

lotta - that

'this' is used for anything within two steps and arm's reach. 'that' is anything outside of that range.

==== Interrogative pronouns ====
koko - what

conna - when

mosí - who

(other interrogatives are phrasal, e.g. 'lewa koko' [in_order_to what] meaning 'why')

==== Indefinite pronouns ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Case→
! rowspan="2" |Negative
! rowspan="2" |Universal
! rowspan="2" |Assertive existential
! rowspan="2" |Dubitative existential
|-
!Type↓
|-
|Person
|habunko
|habunbaa
|habunlin
|habunẽn
|-
|Thing
|lenko
|lenbaa
|lenlin
|lenẽn
|-
|Place
|ranko
|ranbaa
|ranlin
|ranẽn
|-
|Time
|cónko
|cónbaa
|cónlin
|cónẽn
|}

=== Nouns ===
Most nouns are nominalizations of verbs, though the names of species are often an exception

==== Verb nominalization ====
Verbs can be nominalized in one of six manners, which can further be adjectivized or adverbialized

The following are four example tables of varying roots
{| class="wikitable"
|+Example table with root "labak" (to eat)
!Patientive
!Agentive
!Instrumental
!Perfective
!Active Participle
!Passive Participle
|-
|no change
|<nowiki> VC -> V[-gemination]CV[+gemination]n | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki> VC -> VCVC[back] | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki> VC -> VCV[back]m | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki> VC -> isVC | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki> C -> Cka | _#</nowiki>
|-
|labak
|labakaan
|labakag
|labakum
|labisak
|labakka
|-
|food
|consumer
|utensil
|consumption
|eating
|being eaten
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+Example table with root "sepes" (to cleanse)
!Patientive
!Agentive
!Instrumental
!Perfective
!Active Participle
!Passive Participle
|-
|no change
|<nowiki> VC -> V[-gemination]CV[+gemination]n | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki> VC -> VCVC[back] | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki> VC -> VCV[back]m | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki> VC -> isVC | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki>CC -> CCikka | _#</nowiki>
else
C -> Cka | _#
|-
|sepes
|sepeseen
|sepesej
|sepesum
|sepises
|sepeska
|-
|the unclean
|cleaner
|soap
|cleanse
|cleaning
|being cleaned
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+Example table with root "'empa" (to preserve (of food))
!Patientive
!Agentive
!Instrumental
!Perfective
!Active Participle
!Passive Participle
|-
|no change
|<nowiki> V -> V[-gemination]tVn | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki> CV -> CVC[back]V | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki> V -> VvV[back]m | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki> CV -> esCV | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki> ∅ -> kka | _#</nowiki>
|-
|'empa
|'empatan
|'empaga
|'empavum
|'emespa
|'empakka
|-
|preserves
|preserver
|preservative
|preservation
|preserving
|being preserved
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+Example table with root "molíí" (to steal)
!Patientive
!Agentive
!Instrumental
!Perfective
!Active Participle
!Passive Participle
|-
|no change
|<nowiki> V -> V[-gemination]tVn | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki> CV -> CVC[back]V | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki> V -> VvV[back][-gemination]m | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki> CV -> esCV | C_#</nowiki>
else
CV -> CesV | _#
|<nowiki> ∅ -> kka | _#</nowiki>
|-
|molíí
|molítíín
|molííwíí
|molíívúm
|molesíí
|molííkka
|-
|stolen goods
|thief
|thief's tools
|theft
|stealing
|being stolen
|}

==== Role assignment ====
A noun's semantic role in a sentence is indicated by a case prefix

subject (Agentive case): 'al-

direct object/subject complement (Patientive case): bí-

indirect object (Dative case): tú-

noun complement (Genitive case): wan-

other (Oblique case): 'o-<ref>oblique case is not required on personal pronouns</ref>

==== Number ====
Nouns can be countable (unmarked), mass, or collective.

mass: -dena

collective: -male

Further, all three kinds of nouns may be singular (unmarked), dual, paucal, or plural, marked by suffix on the stem which goes before tense and aspect

dual: -dí

paucal: -ve

plural: -na

==== Gender ====
There is no grammatical gender in Tandí

==== Possession ====
POSD na POSR: 'obaan na 'obákúún - the room of the house (OBL-room POSS OBL-house)

=== Determiners ===

==== Demonstratives ====
_ wannitta - this _

_ wanlotta - that _

==== Articles ====
Tandí does not use articles

==== Possessive Determiners ====
_ na _: doro na bín - my ball (ball POSS 1.AN); doro na poka - your ball (ball POSS 2.AN); etc.

_ na mosí - whose _ (POSS who)

==== Quantifiers ====
Quantifiers go before the nouns they quantify (see Sentence Order)

=== Conjunctions ===
Conjunctions go in between semantic elements they connect, which can include things like nouns, noun phrases, relative clauses, verb argument lists<ref>The list of a verb's subject, direct object, and indirect object, in the case that a verb is applied to multiple sets of arguments</ref>, etc.

=== Numerals ===

==== Cardinals ====
cardinal "'amend" noun - ní 'amend doro - two CARD ball - ball number two (of a collection)

==== Ordinals ====
ordinal tokan noun - ordinal ORD noun, e.g. ní tokan doro - two ORD ball - second ball<ref group="Example references">e.g. ní tokan 'aban nana jelí | two ORD day PRT year | second day of the year</ref>

==== Nominals ====
root-cardinal - doroní - ball-two - two balls<ref group="Example references">e.g. baddaa 'aldaadukcí bídããní | hit-PRS NOM-3.AN-one ACC-3.AN-two | he hit him (of two people)</ref>

nũm - zero

'ókcí - one

ní - two

ta'í - three

sín - four

kílan - five

jaal - six

kitten - seven

bón - eight

nítta - nine

lan - ten

cen - hundred

tõn - thousand

=== Adjectives ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+Example with root "tãng" (metal, to smelt)
!Visual
!Compositional
!Applicational
!Behavioral
|-
| -déyan
| -lam
| -naak
| -toge
|-
|tãnggéyan
|tãnglam
|tãngnaak
|tãnggoge
|-
|appearing metal
|composed of metal
|having similar uses to something metal
|behaving like metal
|}

==== Placement ====
directly after the noun<ref group="Example references">e.g. 'okína yálekkena wakakííta | OBL-seed-PL ADJ-green GEN-pepper | green pepper seeds</ref>

Adjectives may or may not match the number of the noun, as there is a semantic difference<ref>e.g. "Her muscles were like steel cables" implies her muscles were strong, where "Her muscles were like a steel cable" implies they are arranged in a line</ref>

==== Comparison ====
yá-adjective-degree-tense<ref>Note here that the adjective is used as a verb, and is placed as the head of a verb phrase</ref> subject: subject is/was/will be degree adjective than object<ref group="Example references">e.g. yábannúda 'albín 'an bípoka | ADJ-good-COMP-PRS NOM-1SG.AN than ACC-1SG.AN | I am better than you (lit. am_better I than you)</ref>

=== Finite Verbs ===

==== Tense ====
attaches to verb

* -da: PRS
* -'ãn: PST
* -lí: FUT

==== Aspect ====
goes after tense:

* -bó: CONT
* -len: PERF
* -món: GNO
* -dada: HAB
goes before verb:
* kon-: INF

=== Verb Postpositions ===

==== Mood ====

* 'akaa-: MIR
* 'anõõl-: CONC/HYP
* 'ila-: OPT/BEND
* 'íyye-: HORT/JUSS
* luke-: DUB/COND
* me-: ABIL
* tene-: PERM/PRESCR

==== Evidentiality ====

* -ce'í: RPT
* -mánna: INFR
* -nobã: NEV
* -tócí: SENS
Negation

Negation goes before the verb
* 'eeya: NEG

==== Agreement ====
The 'present' tense is the present by default, and otherwise the tense of the last verb.<ref>ADD THIS REFERENCE AND DELETE THE OTHER ONE</ref><ref group="Example references">e.g. lagað'ãn 'albín tandralí 'albín | say-PST NOM-1.AN run-FUT NOM-1.AN | I said I was going to run</ref>

==== Voice ====

* mẽna- : CAUS
* lad- : PASS
* 'õm- : REV

=== Auxiliary Verbs ===
'ayí (AFF) conveys confirmation of an action, and is verbalized to 'ayída (AFF-PRS) to convey confirmation of a state or truth, or of an object's existence, across the past, present, or future, with tense agreement

'cirette laan ma/im' conveys that the subject has knowingly or unknowingly caused the direct object to be unintentionally involved in the indirect object (a state or event), where if the direct object and subject are the same the direct object may be omitted, or included for emphasis

=== Copula ===
There is no copula in Tandí

=== Adpositions ===

==== Agreement ====
No agreement between adposition and complement is necessary

=== Interjections ===
Interjections may be placed before any word to deliver extra mood or other miscellaneous information.

== Syntax ==

=== Morphosyntactic alignment ===
Tandí is an Active-Stative Split-S alignment language, where the case for the subject of an intransitive clause is split by aspect; progressive verbs use the agentive case, and stative verbs the patientive case.

=== Sentence Order ===
VSO word order

Particles go before the words they attach to, and prepositions after

Adjectives may attach to any words except conjunctions and postpositions. They go directly after the word they attach to (except verbs, where they go after the postposition)

Adjectives can also be placed at the head of a verb phrase with tense marking to convey 'SBJ is ADJ'

Verb complements may be placed before the verb phrase's prepositional phrases and connected clauses, but still after the postposition and adjectives, if they are only one word long<ref group="Example references">e.g. "balda yábããntoge laan 'imaan 'omarkã́z 'albello" -> "balda yátandratoge 'albello laan ..." | "go-PRS ADJ-race-property to INE OBL-store NOM-bear" -> "go-PRS ADJ-race-property NOM-bear to ..." | "The bear goes quickly to the store"</ref>

Words modify nouns according to the following hierarchy:

* PREP(QUANT(((HNR(N))ADJ)GEN))

==== Auxiliary Verb Constructions ====
Nouns cannot be advanded forward within auxiliary verb phrases

'ayí can be either a verb or a particle, as mentioned in Auxiliary Verbs

Auxiliary verbs follow a regular form:

* V PREP Oi S (Od)

where V PREP is the auxiliary verb (a finite verb with a preposition), S is the subject and is NOT part of a prepositional phrase, Od is the direct object, and Oi is the noun phrase completing the prepositional phrase of the auxiliary verb

==== Adverb Placement ====
Adverbs are to verbs exactly as adjectives are to nouns. They follow verbs, and behave the same way to verbs and themselves that adjectives behave to nouns and ''them''selves.

=== Coordination and subordination ===
Conjunctions go between anything but postpositions and cannot be omitted. Coordinate and subordinate clauses are separated by conjunctions. There is no distinction made between coordination and subordination on a grammatical level

=== Relative Clauses ===
Relative clauses follow a regular form:

* HEAD REL VP

where HEAD is 3.INAN if the relative clause is free and the bound matrix clause if the relative clause is bound, REL is a preposition (kaka /kaxa/), and VP is a verb phrase, and the head is the verb phrase's implied direct object

=== Questions ===

==== Polar Questions ====

* hal ('eeya) _: is _ (un)true?

==== WH-Questions ====
There are three interrogative pronouns, which can form more specific interrogatives through genitives, prepositions, and conjunctions:
* koko - what
* conna - when
* mosí - who
* koko wacón - when (what time), pronoun (emphatic)
* koko wanhabun - who (what person), pronoun (emphatic)
* koko waran - where (what place), pronoun (generic)
* lewa koko - why (to what end), prepositional phrase
* konto koko - why (because of what reasoning), subordinate clause
* lak koko - how (by doing what), prepositional phrase
* no koko - about what, prepositional phrase
* 'im koko - where (near what), prepositional phrase
* 'im conna - when (near when), prepositional phrase
* 'imaan conna - for what time frame (inside when), prepositional phrase
* do koko - from what, prepositional phrase
* laan koko - to what, prepositional phrase
* etc...
questions are asked in the same intonation and word order as statements are declared<ref group="Example references">e.g. ga'ãn 'almosí bíkoko 'im conna, dú 'imaan conna, dú 'im koko, dú no koko, dú lewa koko, dú lak koko, dú kepen koko, dú do koko, dú laan koko, ..., dú kit mosí túkoko? | do-PST NOM-who ACC-what near when, CON inside when, CON near what, CON about what, CON by_doing what, CON INSTR what, CON from what, CON to what, ..., CON BEN who DAT-what | "who did what when, in what time frame, where, about what, why, how, using what, from what, ... , and to what (indirect) to what (direct)?"</ref>

=== Existential Clause ===
uses the auxiliary verb construction of 'ayí

== Miscellaneous ==
The subject, and sometimes the object, direct or indirect, of a verb phrase can be move up in the sentence in a select set of cases:

# A quote is being given. Since the quote is a prepositional phrase, it would normally occur before the arguments of the verb. However, because this could result in poorer understanding of the quote itself, the arguments go before SPECIFICALLY the quote, and after any other prepositions or particles, and the quote prepositional phrase always goes last.<ref group="Example references">e.g. lagaðan 'alheman naní no tatammaa tene 'alpoka, 'al'afanafta, bílagað na 'obín túheman 'ejanacír. | laɣaðan ʔalhɛman nani no tatamːaː tɛnɛ ʔalpoxa, ʔalʔafanafta, bilaɣað na ʔobin tyhɛman ʔɛʝanasiɹ. | say-PST NOM-HNR Nanni that repeat-PRS PERM.PRESCR NOM-2.AN NOM-ACTOR-courier ACC-speech POSS OBL-1.AN DAT-HNR Ea-Naṣir | "You, my courier, will repeat my message to Ea-Naṣir," said Nanni.</ref>
# The subject or object is only one word long. In order to promote faster delivery of important information, the word may be placed before all prepositions and particles, at the 'front' of the verb phrase (behind the verb, postposition, and adverbs)

== Examples ==
<references group="Example references" />

== Notes ==
<references />

Tandí

2026-09-15T22:12:33Z

MiaKvigan: /* Balan (animal) pronouns */

== Introduction ==
'obala yábalí wantandí is the native language of the ŋation of [[Yókóz|'o'aben yálekki wanyókóz]] on order of [[User:MiaKvigan|lappi Miya]] on the 3rd of May, 2026, at 12:06 P.M. CST

== Phonology ==

=== Vowels ===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
! rowspan="2" |closure
! colspan="2" |front
! colspan="2" |central
! colspan="2" |back
|-
!lax
!tense
!lax
!tense
!lax
!tense
|-
|close
|ɪ ⟨i⟩
|i ⟨í⟩
|
|ɨ ⟨ú⟩
|
|u ⟨ó⟩
|-
|mid
|ɛ ⟨e⟩
|e ⟨é⟩
|ə ⟨u⟩
|
|o ⟨o⟩
|
|-
|open
|a ⟨a⟩
|æ ⟨á⟩
|
|
|
|
|}Vowels may be nasalized or elongated

=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
!Placement →
↓ Manner
!Labial
!Dental
!Alveolar
!Post-alveolar
!Palatal
!Velar
!Laryngeal
|-
|Nasal
|m
|
|n
|
|
|
|
|-
|Plosive
|p / b
|
|t / d
|
|
|k / g
|ʔ ⟨'⟩
|-
|Sibilant affricate
|
|
|
|t͡ʃ ⟨ts⟩ / d͡ʒ ⟨dj⟩
|
|
|
|-
|Sibilant fricative
|
|
|s ⟨c⟩ / z
|ʃ ⟨s⟩ / ʒ ⟨j⟩
|
|
|
|-
|Non-sibilant fricative
|f / v
|ð
|
|
|ʝ ⟨y⟩
|
|h
|-
|Approximant
|
|
|ɹ ⟨r⟩
|
|
|w
|
|-
|Lateral Approximant
|
|
|l
|
|
|
|
|}
==== Consonant cluster reduction rules ====
Consonants can be 'absorbed' or 'deleted', where absorbed consonants become their absorber (dk/kd > dd) and deleted consonants disappear (dn > n, nd > nd). If a geminated consonant is deleted, the deleter becomes geminated

* n absorbs neighboring m
* m deletes preceding p and b
* n deletes preceding t and d
* g absorbs all other neighboring plosives, k absorbs all but g, d all but k and g, etc. (' is considered weak)
* dj absorbs neighboring ts
* dj and ts delete preceding j and s
* j absorbs all other neighboring sibilant fricatives, s absorbs all but j, etc.
* y absorbs all other neighboring non-sibilant fricatives, ð absorbs all but y, etc. (h is considered weak)
* w absorbs all other neighboring approximants, and r absorbs l (regular and lateral approximants are blended)

Examples:

* lad-gíla-món-'an → laggílamón'an (d-g → gg, n-' → n')
* lad-púkan-món → laddúkannón (d-p → dd, n-m → nn)
* yá-damack-dé'an → yádamacké'an (ck-d → ck)
* bí-daad-ní → bídaaní (d-n → n)

=== Phonotactics ===
C(S)V(C)(C) or (C)CV(S)(C) ,where C is any consonant, S is any oral sonorant, and V is any vowel

V can be lengthened, which is represented as 2 vowels in the romanization but counts as 1

C can be geminated, which is represented as 2(3<ref>digraphs geminate their first letter only</ref>) consonants in the romanization but counts as one for phonotactics

There is no set tense patterning, and tense is instead considered a part of intonation

==== Allophones ====

* <f> /f/ → /fʰ/ | _N
* <g> /g/ → /ɣ/ | L(G)_V
* <k> /k/ → /kʰ/ | _N
* <k> /k/ → /x/ | L(G)_V
* <k> /x/ → /xʰ/ | _N
* <l> /l/ → /l̃/ | N_
* <nowiki> /p/ → /pʰ/ | _N</nowiki>
* <r> /ɹ/ → /ɾ/ | C!n_
* <r> /ɹ/ → /ɹ̃/ | N_
* <r> /ɹ/ → /ʢ̞/ | #_
* <t> /t/ → /tʰ/ | _N
* <y> /ʝ/ → /ʝ̃/ | N_
* <w> /w/ → /w̃/ | N_
where C is any consonant, V is any vowel, L is any lax vowel, N is any nasal vowel, G is any oral sonorant, and #_ means word-initial

==== Rhyme scheme ====
In poetic meter, geminated vowels are twice as long, and geminated consonants and stretched rhymes<ref>A stretched rhyme is a rhyme which has no gemination but is lengthened to accommodate for mismatch with the meter.</ref> are one and a half times as long.

== Morphology ==

=== Pronouns ===

==== Personal pronouns ====

===== Habun (sapient) pronouns =====

* bín - 1.NFEM.R
* la - 1.FEM.R
* poka - 2.NFEM.R
* tóó - 2.FEM.R
* dããd - 3.NFEM.R
* ken - 3.FEM.R

===== Balan (animal) pronouns =====

* ket - 1.NFEM.ZO
* mó - 1.FEM.ZO
* hilel - 2.NFEM.ZO
* baa - 2.FEM.ZO
* 'agam - 3.NFEM.ZO
* cabaa - 3.FEM.ZO

===== 'aduy (thing) pronouns =====

* 'ict - 1.NFEM.INAN
* kid - 1.FEM.INAN
* dal - 2.NFEM.INAN
* pól - 2.FEM.INAN
* teto - 3.NFEM.INAN
* lóna - 3.FEM.INAN

==== Deictic pronouns ====
mitta - this

lotta - that

'this' is used for anything within two steps and arm's reach. 'that' is anything outside of that range.

==== Interrogative pronouns ====
koko - what

conna - when

mosí - who

(other interrogatives are phrasal, e.g. 'lewa koko' [in_order_to what] meaning 'why')

==== Indefinite pronouns ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Case→
! rowspan="2" |Negative
! rowspan="2" |Universal
! rowspan="2" |Assertive existential
! rowspan="2" |Dubitative existential
|-
!Type↓
|-
|Person
|habunko
|habunbaa
|habunlin
|habunẽn
|-
|Thing
|lenko
|lenbaa
|lenlin
|lenẽn
|-
|Place
|ranko
|ranbaa
|ranlin
|ranẽn
|-
|Time
|cónko
|cónbaa
|cónlin
|cónẽn
|}

=== Nouns ===
Most nouns are nominalizations of verbs, though the names of species are often an exception

==== Verb nominalization ====
Verbs can be nominalized in one of six manners, which can further be adjectivized or adverbialized

The following are four example tables of varying roots
{| class="wikitable"
|+Example table with root "labak" (to eat)
!Patientive
!Agentive
!Instrumental
!Perfective
!Active Participle
!Passive Participle
|-
|no change
|<nowiki> VC -> V[-gemination]CV[+gemination]n | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki> VC -> VCVC[back] | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki> VC -> VCV[back]m | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki> VC -> isVC | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki> C -> Cka | _#</nowiki>
|-
|labak
|labakaan
|labakag
|labakum
|labisak
|labakka
|-
|food
|consumer
|utensil
|consumption
|eating
|being eaten
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+Example table with root "sepes" (to cleanse)
!Patientive
!Agentive
!Instrumental
!Perfective
!Active Participle
!Passive Participle
|-
|no change
|<nowiki> VC -> V[-gemination]CV[+gemination]n | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki> VC -> VCVC[back] | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki> VC -> VCV[back]m | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki> VC -> isVC | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki>CC -> CCikka | _#</nowiki>
else
C -> Cka | _#
|-
|sepes
|sepeseen
|sepesej
|sepesum
|sepises
|sepeska
|-
|the unclean
|cleaner
|soap
|cleanse
|cleaning
|being cleaned
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+Example table with root "'empa" (to preserve (of food))
!Patientive
!Agentive
!Instrumental
!Perfective
!Active Participle
!Passive Participle
|-
|no change
|<nowiki> V -> V[-gemination]tVn | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki> CV -> CVC[back]V | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki> V -> VvV[back]m | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki> CV -> esCV | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki> ∅ -> kka | _#</nowiki>
|-
|'empa
|'empatan
|'empaga
|'empavum
|'emespa
|'empakka
|-
|preserves
|preserver
|preservative
|preservation
|preserving
|being preserved
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+Example table with root "molíí" (to steal)
!Patientive
!Agentive
!Instrumental
!Perfective
!Active Participle
!Passive Participle
|-
|no change
|<nowiki> V -> V[-gemination]tVn | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki> CV -> CVC[back]V | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki> V -> VvV[back][-gemination]m | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki> CV -> esCV | C_#</nowiki>
else
CV -> CesV | _#
|<nowiki> ∅ -> kka | _#</nowiki>
|-
|molíí
|molítíín
|molííwíí
|molíívúm
|molesíí
|molííkka
|-
|stolen goods
|thief
|thief's tools
|theft
|stealing
|being stolen
|}

==== Role assignment ====
A noun's semantic role in a sentence is indicated by a case prefix

subject (Agentive case): 'al-

direct object/subject complement (Patientive case): bí-

indirect object (Dative case): tú-

noun complement (Genitive case): wan-

other (Oblique case): 'o-<ref>oblique case is not required on personal pronouns</ref>

==== Number ====
Nouns can be countable (unmarked), mass, or collective.

mass: -dena

collective: -male

Further, all three kinds of nouns may be singular (unmarked), dual, paucal, or plural, marked by suffix on the stem which goes before tense and aspect

dual: -dí

paucal: -ve

plural: -na

==== Gender ====
There is no grammatical gender in Tandí

==== Possession ====
POSD na POSR: 'obaan na 'obákúún - the room of the house (OBL-room POSS OBL-house)

=== Determiners ===

==== Demonstratives ====
_ wannitta - this _

_ wanlotta - that _

==== Articles ====
Tandí does not use articles

==== Possessive Determiners ====
_ na _: doro na bín - my ball (ball POSS 1.AN); doro na poka - your ball (ball POSS 2.AN); etc.

_ na mosí - whose _ (POSS who)

==== Quantifiers ====
Quantifiers go before the nouns they quantify (see Sentence Order)

=== Conjunctions ===
Conjunctions go in between semantic elements they connect, which can include things like nouns, noun phrases, relative clauses, verb argument lists<ref>The list of a verb's subject, direct object, and indirect object, in the case that a verb is applied to multiple sets of arguments</ref>, etc.

=== Numerals ===

==== Cardinals ====
cardinal "'amend" noun - ní 'amend doro - two CARD ball - ball number two (of a collection)

==== Ordinals ====
ordinal tokan noun - ordinal ORD noun, e.g. ní tokan doro - two ORD ball - second ball<ref group="Example references">e.g. ní tokan 'aban nana jelí | two ORD day PRT year | second day of the year</ref>

==== Nominals ====
root-cardinal - doroní - ball-two - two balls<ref group="Example references">e.g. baddaa 'aldaadukcí bídããní | hit-PRS NOM-3.AN-one ACC-3.AN-two | he hit him (of two people)</ref>

nũm - zero

'ókcí - one

ní - two

ta'í - three

sín - four

kílan - five

jaal - six

kitten - seven

bón - eight

nítta - nine

lan - ten

cen - hundred

tõn - thousand

=== Adjectives ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+Example with root "tãng" (metal, to smelt)
!Visual
!Compositional
!Applicational
!Behavioral
|-
| -déyan
| -lam
| -naak
| -toge
|-
|tãnggéyan
|tãnglam
|tãngnaak
|tãnggoge
|-
|appearing metal
|composed of metal
|having similar uses to something metal
|behaving like metal
|}

==== Placement ====
directly after the noun<ref group="Example references">e.g. 'okína yálekkena wakakííta | OBL-seed-PL ADJ-green GEN-pepper | green pepper seeds</ref>

Adjectives may or may not match the number of the noun, as there is a semantic difference<ref>e.g. "Her muscles were like steel cables" implies her muscles were strong, where "Her muscles were like a steel cable" implies they are arranged in a line</ref>

==== Comparison ====
yá-adjective-degree-tense<ref>Note here that the adjective is used as a verb, and is placed as the head of a verb phrase</ref> subject: subject is/was/will be degree adjective than object<ref group="Example references">e.g. yábannúda 'albín 'an bípoka | ADJ-good-COMP-PRS NOM-1SG.AN than ACC-1SG.AN | I am better than you (lit. am_better I than you)</ref>

=== Finite Verbs ===

==== Tense ====
attaches to verb

* -da: PRS
* -'ãn: PST
* -lí: FUT

==== Aspect ====
goes after tense:

* -bó: CONT
* -len: PERF
* -món: GNO
* -dada: HAB
goes before verb:
* kon-: INF

=== Verb Postpositions ===

==== Mood ====

* 'akaa-: MIR
* 'anõõl-: CONC/HYP
* 'ila-: OPT/BEND
* 'íyye-: HORT/JUSS
* luke-: DUB/COND
* me-: ABIL
* tene-: PERM/PRESCR

==== Evidentiality ====

* -ce'í: RPT
* -mánna: INFR
* -nobã: NEV
* -tócí: SENS
Negation

Negation goes before the verb
* 'eeya: NEG

==== Agreement ====
The 'present' tense is the present by default, and otherwise the tense of the last verb.<ref>ADD THIS REFERENCE AND DELETE THE OTHER ONE</ref><ref group="Example references">e.g. lagað'ãn 'albín tandralí 'albín | say-PST NOM-1.AN run-FUT NOM-1.AN | I said I was going to run</ref>

==== Voice ====

* mẽna- : CAUS
* lad- : PASS
* 'õm- : REV

=== Auxiliary Verbs ===
'ayí (AFF) conveys confirmation of an action, and is verbalized to 'ayída (AFF-PRS) to convey confirmation of a state or truth, or of an object's existence, across the past, present, or future, with tense agreement

'cirette laan ma/im' conveys that the subject has knowingly or unknowingly caused the direct object to be unintentionally involved in the indirect object (a state or event), where if the direct object and subject are the same the direct object may be omitted, or included for emphasis

=== Copula ===
There is no copula in Tandí

=== Adpositions ===

==== Agreement ====
No agreement between adposition and complement is necessary

=== Interjections ===
Interjections may be placed before any word to deliver extra mood or other miscellaneous information.

== Syntax ==

=== Morphosyntactic alignment ===
Tandí is an Active-Stative Split-S alignment language, where the case for the subject of an intransitive clause is split by aspect; progressive verbs use the agentive case, and stative verbs the patientive case.

=== Sentence Order ===
VSO word order

Particles go before the words they attach to, and prepositions after

Adjectives may attach to any words except conjunctions and postpositions. They go directly after the word they attach to (except verbs, where they go after the postposition)

Adjectives can also be placed at the head of a verb phrase with tense marking to convey 'SBJ is ADJ'

Verb complements may be placed before the verb phrase's prepositional phrases and connected clauses, but still after the postposition and adjectives, if they are only one word long<ref group="Example references">e.g. "balda yábããntoge laan 'imaan 'omarkã́z 'albello" -> "balda yátandratoge 'albello laan ..." | "go-PRS ADJ-race-property to INE OBL-store NOM-bear" -> "go-PRS ADJ-race-property NOM-bear to ..." | "The bear goes quickly to the store"</ref>

Words modify nouns according to the following hierarchy:

* PREP(QUANT(((HNR(N))ADJ)GEN))

==== Auxiliary Verb Constructions ====
Nouns cannot be advanded forward within auxiliary verb phrases

'ayí can be either a verb or a particle, as mentioned in Auxiliary Verbs

Auxiliary verbs follow a regular form:

* V PREP Oi S (Od)

where V PREP is the auxiliary verb (a finite verb with a preposition), S is the subject and is NOT part of a prepositional phrase, Od is the direct object, and Oi is the noun phrase completing the prepositional phrase of the auxiliary verb

==== Adverb Placement ====
Adverbs are to verbs exactly as adjectives are to nouns. They follow verbs, and behave the same way to verbs and themselves that adjectives behave to nouns and ''them''selves.

=== Coordination and subordination ===
Conjunctions go between anything but postpositions and cannot be omitted. Coordinate and subordinate clauses are separated by conjunctions. There is no distinction made between coordination and subordination on a grammatical level

=== Relative Clauses ===
Relative clauses follow a regular form:

* HEAD REL VP

where HEAD is 3.INAN if the relative clause is free and the bound matrix clause if the relative clause is bound, REL is a preposition (kaka /kaxa/), and VP is a verb phrase, and the head is the verb phrase's implied direct object

=== Questions ===

==== Polar Questions ====

* hal ('eeya) _: is _ (un)true?

==== WH-Questions ====
There are three interrogative pronouns, which can form more specific interrogatives through genitives, prepositions, and conjunctions:
* koko - what
* conna - when
* mosí - who
* koko wacón - when (what time), pronoun (emphatic)
* koko wanhabun - who (what person), pronoun (emphatic)
* koko waran - where (what place), pronoun (generic)
* lewa koko - why (to what end), prepositional phrase
* konto koko - why (because of what reasoning), subordinate clause
* lak koko - how (by doing what), prepositional phrase
* no koko - about what, prepositional phrase
* 'im koko - where (near what), prepositional phrase
* 'im conna - when (near when), prepositional phrase
* 'imaan conna - for what time frame (inside when), prepositional phrase
* do koko - from what, prepositional phrase
* laan koko - to what, prepositional phrase
* etc...
questions are asked in the same intonation and word order as statements are declared<ref group="Example references">e.g. ga'ãn 'almosí bíkoko 'im conna, dú 'imaan conna, dú 'im koko, dú no koko, dú lewa koko, dú lak koko, dú kepen koko, dú do koko, dú laan koko, ..., dú kit mosí túkoko? | do-PST NOM-who ACC-what near when, CON inside when, CON near what, CON about what, CON by_doing what, CON INSTR what, CON from what, CON to what, ..., CON BEN who DAT-what | "who did what when, in what time frame, where, about what, why, how, using what, from what, ... , and to what (indirect) to what (direct)?"</ref>

=== Existential Clause ===
uses the auxiliary verb construction of 'ayí

== Miscellaneous ==
The subject, and sometimes the object, direct or indirect, of a verb phrase can be move up in the sentence in a select set of cases:

# A quote is being given. Since the quote is a prepositional phrase, it would normally occur before the arguments of the verb. However, because this could result in poorer understanding of the quote itself, the arguments go before SPECIFICALLY the quote, and after any other prepositions or particles, and the quote prepositional phrase always goes last.<ref group="Example references">e.g. lagaðan 'alheman naní no tatammaa tene 'alpoka, 'al'afanafta, bílagað na 'obín túheman 'ejanacír. | laɣaðan ʔalhɛman nani no tatamːaː tɛnɛ ʔalpoxa, ʔalʔafanafta, bilaɣað na ʔobin tyhɛman ʔɛʝanasiɹ. | say-PST NOM-HNR Nanni that repeat-PRS PERM.PRESCR NOM-2.AN NOM-ACTOR-courier ACC-speech POSS OBL-1.AN DAT-HNR Ea-Naṣir | "You, my courier, will repeat my message to Ea-Naṣir," said Nanni.</ref>
# The subject or object is only one word long. In order to promote faster delivery of important information, the word may be placed before all prepositions and particles, at the 'front' of the verb phrase (behind the verb, postposition, and adverbs)

== Examples ==
<references group="Example references" />

== Notes ==
<references />

Tandí

2026-09-15T22:01:02Z

MiaKvigan: /* Verb nominalization */

== Introduction ==
'obala yábalí wantandí is the native language of the ŋation of [[Yókóz|'o'aben yálekki wanyókóz]] on order of [[User:MiaKvigan|lappi Miya]] on the 3rd of May, 2026, at 12:06 P.M. CST

== Phonology ==

=== Vowels ===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
! rowspan="2" |closure
! colspan="2" |front
! colspan="2" |central
! colspan="2" |back
|-
!lax
!tense
!lax
!tense
!lax
!tense
|-
|close
|ɪ ⟨i⟩
|i ⟨í⟩
|
|ɨ ⟨ú⟩
|
|u ⟨ó⟩
|-
|mid
|ɛ ⟨e⟩
|e ⟨é⟩
|ə ⟨u⟩
|
|o ⟨o⟩
|
|-
|open
|a ⟨a⟩
|æ ⟨á⟩
|
|
|
|
|}Vowels may be nasalized or elongated

=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
!Placement →
↓ Manner
!Labial
!Dental
!Alveolar
!Post-alveolar
!Palatal
!Velar
!Laryngeal
|-
|Nasal
|m
|
|n
|
|
|
|
|-
|Plosive
|p / b
|
|t / d
|
|
|k / g
|ʔ ⟨'⟩
|-
|Sibilant affricate
|
|
|
|t͡ʃ ⟨ts⟩ / d͡ʒ ⟨dj⟩
|
|
|
|-
|Sibilant fricative
|
|
|s ⟨c⟩ / z
|ʃ ⟨s⟩ / ʒ ⟨j⟩
|
|
|
|-
|Non-sibilant fricative
|f / v
|ð
|
|
|ʝ ⟨y⟩
|
|h
|-
|Approximant
|
|
|ɹ ⟨r⟩
|
|
|w
|
|-
|Lateral Approximant
|
|
|l
|
|
|
|
|}
==== Consonant cluster reduction rules ====
Consonants can be 'absorbed' or 'deleted', where absorbed consonants become their absorber (dk/kd > dd) and deleted consonants disappear (dn > n, nd > nd). If a geminated consonant is deleted, the deleter becomes geminated

* n absorbs neighboring m
* m deletes preceding p and b
* n deletes preceding t and d
* g absorbs all other neighboring plosives, k absorbs all but g, d all but k and g, etc. (' is considered weak)
* dj absorbs neighboring ts
* dj and ts delete preceding j and s
* j absorbs all other neighboring sibilant fricatives, s absorbs all but j, etc.
* y absorbs all other neighboring non-sibilant fricatives, ð absorbs all but y, etc. (h is considered weak)
* w absorbs all other neighboring approximants, and r absorbs l (regular and lateral approximants are blended)

Examples:

* lad-gíla-món-'an → laggílamón'an (d-g → gg, n-' → n')
* lad-púkan-món → laddúkannón (d-p → dd, n-m → nn)
* yá-damack-dé'an → yádamacké'an (ck-d → ck)
* bí-daad-ní → bídaaní (d-n → n)

=== Phonotactics ===
C(S)V(C)(C) or (C)CV(S)(C) ,where C is any consonant, S is any oral sonorant, and V is any vowel

V can be lengthened, which is represented as 2 vowels in the romanization but counts as 1

C can be geminated, which is represented as 2(3<ref>digraphs geminate their first letter only</ref>) consonants in the romanization but counts as one for phonotactics

There is no set tense patterning, and tense is instead considered a part of intonation

==== Allophones ====

* <f> /f/ → /fʰ/ | _N
* <g> /g/ → /ɣ/ | L(G)_V
* <k> /k/ → /kʰ/ | _N
* <k> /k/ → /x/ | L(G)_V
* <k> /x/ → /xʰ/ | _N
* <l> /l/ → /l̃/ | N_
* <nowiki> /p/ → /pʰ/ | _N</nowiki>
* <r> /ɹ/ → /ɾ/ | C!n_
* <r> /ɹ/ → /ɹ̃/ | N_
* <r> /ɹ/ → /ʢ̞/ | #_
* <t> /t/ → /tʰ/ | _N
* <y> /ʝ/ → /ʝ̃/ | N_
* <w> /w/ → /w̃/ | N_
where C is any consonant, V is any vowel, L is any lax vowel, N is any nasal vowel, G is any oral sonorant, and #_ means word-initial

==== Rhyme scheme ====
In poetic meter, geminated vowels are twice as long, and geminated consonants and stretched rhymes<ref>A stretched rhyme is a rhyme which has no gemination but is lengthened to accommodate for mismatch with the meter.</ref> are one and a half times as long.

== Morphology ==

=== Pronouns ===

==== Personal pronouns ====

===== Habun (sapient) pronouns =====

* bín - 1.NFEM.R
* la - 1.FEM.R
* poka - 2.NFEM.R
* tóó - 2.FEM.R
* dããd - 3.NFEM.R
* ken - 3.FEM.R

===== Balan (animal) pronouns =====

* ket - 1.NFEM.ZO
* mú - 1.FEM.ZO
* hilel - 2.NFEM.ZO
* baa - 2.FEM.ZO
* 'agam - 3.NFEM.ZO
* cabaa - 3.FEM.ZO

===== 'aduy (thing) pronouns =====

* 'ict - 1.NFEM.INAN
* kid - 1.FEM.INAN
* dal - 2.NFEM.INAN
* pól - 2.FEM.INAN
* teto - 3.NFEM.INAN
* lóna - 3.FEM.INAN

==== Deictic pronouns ====
mitta - this

lotta - that

'this' is used for anything within two steps and arm's reach. 'that' is anything outside of that range.

==== Interrogative pronouns ====
koko - what

conna - when

mosí - who

(other interrogatives are phrasal, e.g. 'lewa koko' [in_order_to what] meaning 'why')

==== Indefinite pronouns ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Case→
! rowspan="2" |Negative
! rowspan="2" |Universal
! rowspan="2" |Assertive existential
! rowspan="2" |Dubitative existential
|-
!Type↓
|-
|Person
|habunko
|habunbaa
|habunlin
|habunẽn
|-
|Thing
|lenko
|lenbaa
|lenlin
|lenẽn
|-
|Place
|ranko
|ranbaa
|ranlin
|ranẽn
|-
|Time
|cónko
|cónbaa
|cónlin
|cónẽn
|}

=== Nouns ===
Most nouns are nominalizations of verbs, though the names of species are often an exception

==== Verb nominalization ====
Verbs can be nominalized in one of six manners, which can further be adjectivized or adverbialized

The following are four example tables of varying roots
{| class="wikitable"
|+Example table with root "labak" (to eat)
!Patientive
!Agentive
!Instrumental
!Perfective
!Active Participle
!Passive Participle
|-
|no change
|<nowiki> VC -> V[-gemination]CV[+gemination]n | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki> VC -> VCVC[back] | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki> VC -> VCV[back]m | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki> VC -> isVC | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki> C -> Cka | _#</nowiki>
|-
|labak
|labakaan
|labakag
|labakum
|labisak
|labakka
|-
|food
|consumer
|utensil
|consumption
|eating
|being eaten
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+Example table with root "sepes" (to cleanse)
!Patientive
!Agentive
!Instrumental
!Perfective
!Active Participle
!Passive Participle
|-
|no change
|<nowiki> VC -> V[-gemination]CV[+gemination]n | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki> VC -> VCVC[back] | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki> VC -> VCV[back]m | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki> VC -> isVC | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki>CC -> CCikka | _#</nowiki>
else
C -> Cka | _#
|-
|sepes
|sepeseen
|sepesej
|sepesum
|sepises
|sepeska
|-
|the unclean
|cleaner
|soap
|cleanse
|cleaning
|being cleaned
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+Example table with root "'empa" (to preserve (of food))
!Patientive
!Agentive
!Instrumental
!Perfective
!Active Participle
!Passive Participle
|-
|no change
|<nowiki> V -> V[-gemination]tVn | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki> CV -> CVC[back]V | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki> V -> VvV[back]m | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki> CV -> esCV | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki> ∅ -> kka | _#</nowiki>
|-
|'empa
|'empatan
|'empaga
|'empavum
|'emespa
|'empakka
|-
|preserves
|preserver
|preservative
|preservation
|preserving
|being preserved
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+Example table with root "molíí" (to steal)
!Patientive
!Agentive
!Instrumental
!Perfective
!Active Participle
!Passive Participle
|-
|no change
|<nowiki> V -> V[-gemination]tVn | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki> CV -> CVC[back]V | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki> V -> VvV[back][-gemination]m | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki> CV -> esCV | C_#</nowiki>
else
CV -> CesV | _#
|<nowiki> ∅ -> kka | _#</nowiki>
|-
|molíí
|molítíín
|molííwíí
|molíívúm
|molesíí
|molííkka
|-
|stolen goods
|thief
|thief's tools
|theft
|stealing
|being stolen
|}

==== Role assignment ====
A noun's semantic role in a sentence is indicated by a case prefix

subject (Agentive case): 'al-

direct object/subject complement (Patientive case): bí-

indirect object (Dative case): tú-

noun complement (Genitive case): wan-

other (Oblique case): 'o-<ref>oblique case is not required on personal pronouns</ref>

==== Number ====
Nouns can be countable (unmarked), mass, or collective.

mass: -dena

collective: -male

Further, all three kinds of nouns may be singular (unmarked), dual, paucal, or plural, marked by suffix on the stem which goes before tense and aspect

dual: -dí

paucal: -ve

plural: -na

==== Gender ====
There is no grammatical gender in Tandí

==== Possession ====
POSD na POSR: 'obaan na 'obákúún - the room of the house (OBL-room POSS OBL-house)

=== Determiners ===

==== Demonstratives ====
_ wannitta - this _

_ wanlotta - that _

==== Articles ====
Tandí does not use articles

==== Possessive Determiners ====
_ na _: doro na bín - my ball (ball POSS 1.AN); doro na poka - your ball (ball POSS 2.AN); etc.

_ na mosí - whose _ (POSS who)

==== Quantifiers ====
Quantifiers go before the nouns they quantify (see Sentence Order)

=== Conjunctions ===
Conjunctions go in between semantic elements they connect, which can include things like nouns, noun phrases, relative clauses, verb argument lists<ref>The list of a verb's subject, direct object, and indirect object, in the case that a verb is applied to multiple sets of arguments</ref>, etc.

=== Numerals ===

==== Cardinals ====
cardinal "'amend" noun - ní 'amend doro - two CARD ball - ball number two (of a collection)

==== Ordinals ====
ordinal tokan noun - ordinal ORD noun, e.g. ní tokan doro - two ORD ball - second ball<ref group="Example references">e.g. ní tokan 'aban nana jelí | two ORD day PRT year | second day of the year</ref>

==== Nominals ====
root-cardinal - doroní - ball-two - two balls<ref group="Example references">e.g. baddaa 'aldaadukcí bídããní | hit-PRS NOM-3.AN-one ACC-3.AN-two | he hit him (of two people)</ref>

nũm - zero

'ókcí - one

ní - two

ta'í - three

sín - four

kílan - five

jaal - six

kitten - seven

bón - eight

nítta - nine

lan - ten

cen - hundred

tõn - thousand

=== Adjectives ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+Example with root "tãng" (metal, to smelt)
!Visual
!Compositional
!Applicational
!Behavioral
|-
| -déyan
| -lam
| -naak
| -toge
|-
|tãnggéyan
|tãnglam
|tãngnaak
|tãnggoge
|-
|appearing metal
|composed of metal
|having similar uses to something metal
|behaving like metal
|}

==== Placement ====
directly after the noun<ref group="Example references">e.g. 'okína yálekkena wakakííta | OBL-seed-PL ADJ-green GEN-pepper | green pepper seeds</ref>

Adjectives may or may not match the number of the noun, as there is a semantic difference<ref>e.g. "Her muscles were like steel cables" implies her muscles were strong, where "Her muscles were like a steel cable" implies they are arranged in a line</ref>

==== Comparison ====
yá-adjective-degree-tense<ref>Note here that the adjective is used as a verb, and is placed as the head of a verb phrase</ref> subject: subject is/was/will be degree adjective than object<ref group="Example references">e.g. yábannúda 'albín 'an bípoka | ADJ-good-COMP-PRS NOM-1SG.AN than ACC-1SG.AN | I am better than you (lit. am_better I than you)</ref>

=== Finite Verbs ===

==== Tense ====
attaches to verb

* -da: PRS
* -'ãn: PST
* -lí: FUT

==== Aspect ====
goes after tense:

* -bó: CONT
* -len: PERF
* -món: GNO
* -dada: HAB
goes before verb:
* kon-: INF

=== Verb Postpositions ===

==== Mood ====

* 'akaa-: MIR
* 'anõõl-: CONC/HYP
* 'ila-: OPT/BEND
* 'íyye-: HORT/JUSS
* luke-: DUB/COND
* me-: ABIL
* tene-: PERM/PRESCR

==== Evidentiality ====

* -ce'í: RPT
* -mánna: INFR
* -nobã: NEV
* -tócí: SENS
Negation

Negation goes before the verb
* 'eeya: NEG

==== Agreement ====
The 'present' tense is the present by default, and otherwise the tense of the last verb.<ref>ADD THIS REFERENCE AND DELETE THE OTHER ONE</ref><ref group="Example references">e.g. lagað'ãn 'albín tandralí 'albín | say-PST NOM-1.AN run-FUT NOM-1.AN | I said I was going to run</ref>

==== Voice ====

* mẽna- : CAUS
* lad- : PASS
* 'õm- : REV

=== Auxiliary Verbs ===
'ayí (AFF) conveys confirmation of an action, and is verbalized to 'ayída (AFF-PRS) to convey confirmation of a state or truth, or of an object's existence, across the past, present, or future, with tense agreement

'cirette laan ma/im' conveys that the subject has knowingly or unknowingly caused the direct object to be unintentionally involved in the indirect object (a state or event), where if the direct object and subject are the same the direct object may be omitted, or included for emphasis

=== Copula ===
There is no copula in Tandí

=== Adpositions ===

==== Agreement ====
No agreement between adposition and complement is necessary

=== Interjections ===
Interjections may be placed before any word to deliver extra mood or other miscellaneous information.

== Syntax ==

=== Morphosyntactic alignment ===
Tandí is an Active-Stative Split-S alignment language, where the case for the subject of an intransitive clause is split by aspect; progressive verbs use the agentive case, and stative verbs the patientive case.

=== Sentence Order ===
VSO word order

Particles go before the words they attach to, and prepositions after

Adjectives may attach to any words except conjunctions and postpositions. They go directly after the word they attach to (except verbs, where they go after the postposition)

Adjectives can also be placed at the head of a verb phrase with tense marking to convey 'SBJ is ADJ'

Verb complements may be placed before the verb phrase's prepositional phrases and connected clauses, but still after the postposition and adjectives, if they are only one word long<ref group="Example references">e.g. "balda yábããntoge laan 'imaan 'omarkã́z 'albello" -> "balda yátandratoge 'albello laan ..." | "go-PRS ADJ-race-property to INE OBL-store NOM-bear" -> "go-PRS ADJ-race-property NOM-bear to ..." | "The bear goes quickly to the store"</ref>

Words modify nouns according to the following hierarchy:

* PREP(QUANT(((HNR(N))ADJ)GEN))

==== Auxiliary Verb Constructions ====
Nouns cannot be advanded forward within auxiliary verb phrases

'ayí can be either a verb or a particle, as mentioned in Auxiliary Verbs

Auxiliary verbs follow a regular form:

* V PREP Oi S (Od)

where V PREP is the auxiliary verb (a finite verb with a preposition), S is the subject and is NOT part of a prepositional phrase, Od is the direct object, and Oi is the noun phrase completing the prepositional phrase of the auxiliary verb

==== Adverb Placement ====
Adverbs are to verbs exactly as adjectives are to nouns. They follow verbs, and behave the same way to verbs and themselves that adjectives behave to nouns and ''them''selves.

=== Coordination and subordination ===
Conjunctions go between anything but postpositions and cannot be omitted. Coordinate and subordinate clauses are separated by conjunctions. There is no distinction made between coordination and subordination on a grammatical level

=== Relative Clauses ===
Relative clauses follow a regular form:

* HEAD REL VP

where HEAD is 3.INAN if the relative clause is free and the bound matrix clause if the relative clause is bound, REL is a preposition (kaka /kaxa/), and VP is a verb phrase, and the head is the verb phrase's implied direct object

=== Questions ===

==== Polar Questions ====

* hal ('eeya) _: is _ (un)true?

==== WH-Questions ====
There are three interrogative pronouns, which can form more specific interrogatives through genitives, prepositions, and conjunctions:
* koko - what
* conna - when
* mosí - who
* koko wacón - when (what time), pronoun (emphatic)
* koko wanhabun - who (what person), pronoun (emphatic)
* koko waran - where (what place), pronoun (generic)
* lewa koko - why (to what end), prepositional phrase
* konto koko - why (because of what reasoning), subordinate clause
* lak koko - how (by doing what), prepositional phrase
* no koko - about what, prepositional phrase
* 'im koko - where (near what), prepositional phrase
* 'im conna - when (near when), prepositional phrase
* 'imaan conna - for what time frame (inside when), prepositional phrase
* do koko - from what, prepositional phrase
* laan koko - to what, prepositional phrase
* etc...
questions are asked in the same intonation and word order as statements are declared<ref group="Example references">e.g. ga'ãn 'almosí bíkoko 'im conna, dú 'imaan conna, dú 'im koko, dú no koko, dú lewa koko, dú lak koko, dú kepen koko, dú do koko, dú laan koko, ..., dú kit mosí túkoko? | do-PST NOM-who ACC-what near when, CON inside when, CON near what, CON about what, CON by_doing what, CON INSTR what, CON from what, CON to what, ..., CON BEN who DAT-what | "who did what when, in what time frame, where, about what, why, how, using what, from what, ... , and to what (indirect) to what (direct)?"</ref>

=== Existential Clause ===
uses the auxiliary verb construction of 'ayí

== Miscellaneous ==
The subject, and sometimes the object, direct or indirect, of a verb phrase can be move up in the sentence in a select set of cases:

# A quote is being given. Since the quote is a prepositional phrase, it would normally occur before the arguments of the verb. However, because this could result in poorer understanding of the quote itself, the arguments go before SPECIFICALLY the quote, and after any other prepositions or particles, and the quote prepositional phrase always goes last.<ref group="Example references">e.g. lagaðan 'alheman naní no tatammaa tene 'alpoka, 'al'afanafta, bílagað na 'obín túheman 'ejanacír. | laɣaðan ʔalhɛman nani no tatamːaː tɛnɛ ʔalpoxa, ʔalʔafanafta, bilaɣað na ʔobin tyhɛman ʔɛʝanasiɹ. | say-PST NOM-HNR Nanni that repeat-PRS PERM.PRESCR NOM-2.AN NOM-ACTOR-courier ACC-speech POSS OBL-1.AN DAT-HNR Ea-Naṣir | "You, my courier, will repeat my message to Ea-Naṣir," said Nanni.</ref>
# The subject or object is only one word long. In order to promote faster delivery of important information, the word may be placed before all prepositions and particles, at the 'front' of the verb phrase (behind the verb, postposition, and adverbs)

== Examples ==
<references group="Example references" />

== Notes ==
<references />

Tandí

2026-09-15T17:22:13Z

MiaKvigan: /* Morphology */

== Introduction ==
'obala yábalí wantandí is the native language of the ŋation of [[Yókóz|'o'aben yálekki wanyókóz]] on order of [[User:MiaKvigan|lappi Miya]] on the 3rd of May, 2026, at 12:06 P.M. CST

== Phonology ==

=== Vowels ===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
! rowspan="2" |closure
! colspan="2" |front
! colspan="2" |central
! colspan="2" |back
|-
!lax
!tense
!lax
!tense
!lax
!tense
|-
|close
|ɪ ⟨i⟩
|i ⟨í⟩
|
|ɨ ⟨ú⟩
|
|u ⟨ó⟩
|-
|mid
|ɛ ⟨e⟩
|e ⟨é⟩
|ə ⟨u⟩
|
|o ⟨o⟩
|
|-
|open
|a ⟨a⟩
|æ ⟨á⟩
|
|
|
|
|}Vowels may be nasalized or elongated

=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
!Placement →
↓ Manner
!Labial
!Dental
!Alveolar
!Post-alveolar
!Palatal
!Velar
!Laryngeal
|-
|Nasal
|m
|
|n
|
|
|
|
|-
|Plosive
|p / b
|
|t / d
|
|
|k / g
|ʔ ⟨'⟩
|-
|Sibilant affricate
|
|
|
|t͡ʃ ⟨ts⟩ / d͡ʒ ⟨dj⟩
|
|
|
|-
|Sibilant fricative
|
|
|s ⟨c⟩ / z
|ʃ ⟨s⟩ / ʒ ⟨j⟩
|
|
|
|-
|Non-sibilant fricative
|f / v
|ð
|
|
|ʝ ⟨y⟩
|
|h
|-
|Approximant
|
|
|ɹ ⟨r⟩
|
|
|w
|
|-
|Lateral Approximant
|
|
|l
|
|
|
|
|}
==== Consonant cluster reduction rules ====
Consonants can be 'absorbed' or 'deleted', where absorbed consonants become their absorber (dk/kd > dd) and deleted consonants disappear (dn > n, nd > nd). If a geminated consonant is deleted, the deleter becomes geminated

* n absorbs neighboring m
* m deletes preceding p and b
* n deletes preceding t and d
* g absorbs all other neighboring plosives, k absorbs all but g, d all but k and g, etc. (' is considered weak)
* dj absorbs neighboring ts
* dj and ts delete preceding j and s
* j absorbs all other neighboring sibilant fricatives, s absorbs all but j, etc.
* y absorbs all other neighboring non-sibilant fricatives, ð absorbs all but y, etc. (h is considered weak)
* w absorbs all other neighboring approximants, and r absorbs l (regular and lateral approximants are blended)

Examples:

* lad-gíla-món-'an → laggílamón'an (d-g → gg, n-' → n')
* lad-púkan-món → laddúkannón (d-p → dd, n-m → nn)
* yá-damack-dé'an → yádamacké'an (ck-d → ck)
* bí-daad-ní → bídaaní (d-n → n)

=== Phonotactics ===
C(S)V(C)(C) or (C)CV(S)(C) ,where C is any consonant, S is any oral sonorant, and V is any vowel

V can be lengthened, which is represented as 2 vowels in the romanization but counts as 1

C can be geminated, which is represented as 2(3<ref>digraphs geminate their first letter only</ref>) consonants in the romanization but counts as one for phonotactics

There is no set tense patterning, and tense is instead considered a part of intonation

==== Allophones ====

* <f> /f/ → /fʰ/ | _N
* <g> /g/ → /ɣ/ | L(G)_V
* <k> /k/ → /kʰ/ | _N
* <k> /k/ → /x/ | L(G)_V
* <k> /x/ → /xʰ/ | _N
* <l> /l/ → /l̃/ | N_
* <nowiki> /p/ → /pʰ/ | _N</nowiki>
* <r> /ɹ/ → /ɾ/ | C!n_
* <r> /ɹ/ → /ɹ̃/ | N_
* <r> /ɹ/ → /ʢ̞/ | #_
* <t> /t/ → /tʰ/ | _N
* <y> /ʝ/ → /ʝ̃/ | N_
* <w> /w/ → /w̃/ | N_
where C is any consonant, V is any vowel, L is any lax vowel, N is any nasal vowel, G is any oral sonorant, and #_ means word-initial

==== Rhyme scheme ====
In poetic meter, geminated vowels are twice as long, and geminated consonants and stretched rhymes<ref>A stretched rhyme is a rhyme which has no gemination but is lengthened to accommodate for mismatch with the meter.</ref> are one and a half times as long.

== Morphology ==

=== Pronouns ===

==== Personal pronouns ====

===== Habun (sapient) pronouns =====

* bín - 1.NFEM.R
* la - 1.FEM.R
* poka - 2.NFEM.R
* tóó - 2.FEM.R
* dããd - 3.NFEM.R
* ken - 3.FEM.R

===== Balan (animal) pronouns =====

* ket - 1.NFEM.ZO
* mú - 1.FEM.ZO
* hilel - 2.NFEM.ZO
* baa - 2.FEM.ZO
* 'agam - 3.NFEM.ZO
* cabaa - 3.FEM.ZO

===== 'aduy (thing) pronouns =====

* 'ict - 1.NFEM.INAN
* kid - 1.FEM.INAN
* dal - 2.NFEM.INAN
* pól - 2.FEM.INAN
* teto - 3.NFEM.INAN
* lóna - 3.FEM.INAN

==== Deictic pronouns ====
mitta - this

lotta - that

'this' is used for anything within two steps and arm's reach. 'that' is anything outside of that range.

==== Interrogative pronouns ====
koko - what

conna - when

mosí - who

(other interrogatives are phrasal, e.g. 'lewa koko' [in_order_to what] meaning 'why')

==== Indefinite pronouns ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Case→
! rowspan="2" |Negative
! rowspan="2" |Universal
! rowspan="2" |Assertive existential
! rowspan="2" |Dubitative existential
|-
!Type↓
|-
|Person
|habunko
|habunbaa
|habunlin
|habunẽn
|-
|Thing
|lenko
|lenbaa
|lenlin
|lenẽn
|-
|Place
|ranko
|ranbaa
|ranlin
|ranẽn
|-
|Time
|cónko
|cónbaa
|cónlin
|cónẽn
|}

=== Nouns ===
Most nouns are nominalizations of verbs, though the names of species are often an exception

==== Verb nominalization ====
Verbs can be nominalized in one of six manners, which can further be adjectivized or adverbialized

The following are four example tables of varying roots
{| class="wikitable"
|+Example table with root "labak" (to eat)
!Patientive
!Agentive
!Instrumental
!Gnomic
!Active Participle
!Passive Participle
|-
|no change
|<nowiki> VC -> VCV[+gemination]n | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki> VC -> VCVC[back] | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki> VC -> VCV[back]m | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki> VC -> isVC | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki> C -> Cka | _#</nowiki>
|-
|labak
|labakaan
|labakag
|labakum
|labisak
|labakka
|-
|food
|consumer
|utensil
|consumption
|eating
|being eaten
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+Example table with root "sepes" (to cleanse)
!Patientive
!Agentive
!Instrumental
!Gnomic
!Active Participle
!Passive Participle
|-
|no change
|<nowiki> VC -> VCV[+gemination]n | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki> VC -> VCVC[back] | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki> VC -> VCV[back]m | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki> VC -> isVC | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki>CC -> CCikka | _#</nowiki>
else
C -> Cka | _#
|-
|sepes
|sepeseen
|sepesej
|sepesum
|sepises
|sepeska
|-
|the unclean
|cleaner
|soap
|cleanse
|cleaning
|being cleaned
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+Example table with root "'empa" (to preserve (of food))
!Patientive
!Agentive
!Instrumental
!Gnomic
!Active Participle
!Passive Participle
|-
|no change
|<nowiki> V -> VtV[+gemination]n | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki> CV -> CVC[back]V | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki> V -> VvV[back]m | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki> CV -> esCV | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki> ∅ -> kka | _#</nowiki>
|-
|'ompa
|'ompataan
|'ompaga
|'ompavum
|'omespa
|'ompakka
|-
|preserves
|preserver
|preservative
|preservation
|preserving
|being preserved
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+Example table with root "molíí" (to steal)
!Patientive
!Agentive
!Instrumental
!Gnomic
!Active Participle
!Passive Participle
|-
|no change
|<nowiki> V -> V[-gemination]tV[+gemination]n | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki> CV -> CVC[back]V | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki> V -> VvV[back]m | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki> CV -> esCV | C_#</nowiki>
else
CV -> CesV | _#
|<nowiki> ∅ -> kka | _#</nowiki>
|-
|molíí
|molítíín
|molííwíí
|molíívúúm
|molesíí
|molííkka
|-
|stolen goods
|thief
|thief's tools
|theft
|stealing
|being stolen
|}

==== Role assignment ====
A noun's semantic role in a sentence is indicated by a case prefix

subject (Agentive case): 'al-

direct object/subject complement (Patientive case): bí-

indirect object (Dative case): tú-

noun complement (Genitive case): wan-

other (Oblique case): 'o-<ref>oblique case is not required on personal pronouns</ref>

==== Number ====
Nouns can be countable (unmarked), mass, or collective.

mass: -dena

collective: -male

Further, all three kinds of nouns may be singular (unmarked), dual, paucal, or plural, marked by suffix on the stem which goes before tense and aspect

dual: -dí

paucal: -ve

plural: -na

==== Gender ====
There is no grammatical gender in Tandí

==== Possession ====
POSD na POSR: 'obaan na 'obákúún - the room of the house (OBL-room POSS OBL-house)

=== Determiners ===

==== Demonstratives ====
_ wannitta - this _

_ wanlotta - that _

==== Articles ====
Tandí does not use articles

==== Possessive Determiners ====
_ na _: doro na bín - my ball (ball POSS 1.AN); doro na poka - your ball (ball POSS 2.AN); etc.

_ na mosí - whose _ (POSS who)

==== Quantifiers ====
Quantifiers go before the nouns they quantify (see Sentence Order)

=== Conjunctions ===
Conjunctions go in between semantic elements they connect, which can include things like nouns, noun phrases, relative clauses, verb argument lists<ref>The list of a verb's subject, direct object, and indirect object, in the case that a verb is applied to multiple sets of arguments</ref>, etc.

=== Numerals ===

==== Cardinals ====
cardinal "'amend" noun - ní 'amend doro - two CARD ball - ball number two (of a collection)

==== Ordinals ====
ordinal tokan noun - ordinal ORD noun, e.g. ní tokan doro - two ORD ball - second ball<ref group="Example references">e.g. ní tokan 'aban nana jelí | two ORD day PRT year | second day of the year</ref>

==== Nominals ====
root-cardinal - doroní - ball-two - two balls<ref group="Example references">e.g. baddaa 'aldaadukcí bídããní | hit-PRS NOM-3.AN-one ACC-3.AN-two | he hit him (of two people)</ref>

nũm - zero

'ókcí - one

ní - two

ta'í - three

sín - four

kílan - five

jaal - six

kitten - seven

bón - eight

nítta - nine

lan - ten

cen - hundred

tõn - thousand

=== Adjectives ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+Example with root "tãng" (metal, to smelt)
!Visual
!Compositional
!Applicational
!Behavioral
|-
| -déyan
| -lam
| -naak
| -toge
|-
|tãnggéyan
|tãnglam
|tãngnaak
|tãnggoge
|-
|appearing metal
|composed of metal
|having similar uses to something metal
|behaving like metal
|}

==== Placement ====
directly after the noun<ref group="Example references">e.g. 'okína yálekkena wakakííta | OBL-seed-PL ADJ-green GEN-pepper | green pepper seeds</ref>

Adjectives may or may not match the number of the noun, as there is a semantic difference<ref>e.g. "Her muscles were like steel cables" implies her muscles were strong, where "Her muscles were like a steel cable" implies they are arranged in a line</ref>

==== Comparison ====
yá-adjective-degree-tense<ref>Note here that the adjective is used as a verb, and is placed as the head of a verb phrase</ref> subject: subject is/was/will be degree adjective than object<ref group="Example references">e.g. yábannúda 'albín 'an bípoka | ADJ-good-COMP-PRS NOM-1SG.AN than ACC-1SG.AN | I am better than you (lit. am_better I than you)</ref>

=== Finite Verbs ===

==== Tense ====
attaches to verb

* -da: PRS
* -'ãn: PST
* -lí: FUT

==== Aspect ====
goes after tense:

* -bó: CONT
* -len: PERF
* -món: GNO
* -dada: HAB
goes before verb:
* kon-: INF

=== Verb Postpositions ===

==== Mood ====

* 'akaa-: MIR
* 'anõõl-: CONC/HYP
* 'ila-: OPT/BEND
* 'íyye-: HORT/JUSS
* luke-: DUB/COND
* me-: ABIL
* tene-: PERM/PRESCR

==== Evidentiality ====

* -ce'í: RPT
* -mánna: INFR
* -nobã: NEV
* -tócí: SENS
Negation

Negation goes before the verb
* 'eeya: NEG

==== Agreement ====
The 'present' tense is the present by default, and otherwise the tense of the last verb.<ref>ADD THIS REFERENCE AND DELETE THE OTHER ONE</ref><ref group="Example references">e.g. lagað'ãn 'albín tandralí 'albín | say-PST NOM-1.AN run-FUT NOM-1.AN | I said I was going to run</ref>

==== Voice ====

* mẽna- : CAUS
* lad- : PASS
* 'õm- : REV

=== Auxiliary Verbs ===
'ayí (AFF) conveys confirmation of an action, and is verbalized to 'ayída (AFF-PRS) to convey confirmation of a state or truth, or of an object's existence, across the past, present, or future, with tense agreement

'cirette laan ma/im' conveys that the subject has knowingly or unknowingly caused the direct object to be unintentionally involved in the indirect object (a state or event), where if the direct object and subject are the same the direct object may be omitted, or included for emphasis

=== Copula ===
There is no copula in Tandí

=== Adpositions ===

==== Agreement ====
No agreement between adposition and complement is necessary

=== Interjections ===
Interjections may be placed before any word to deliver extra mood or other miscellaneous information.

== Syntax ==

=== Morphosyntactic alignment ===
Tandí is an Active-Stative Split-S alignment language, where the case for the subject of an intransitive clause is split by aspect; progressive verbs take the agentive case, and stative verbs the patientive case.

=== Sentence Order ===
VSO word order

Particles go before the words they attach to, and prepositions after

Adjectives may attach to any words except conjunctions and postpositions. They go directly after the word they attach to (except verbs, where they go after the postposition)

Adjectives can also be placed at the head of a verb phrase with tense marking to convey 'SBJ is ADJ'

Verb complements may be placed before the verb phrase's prepositional phrases and connected clauses, but still after the postposition and adjectives, if they are only one word long<ref group="Example references">e.g. "balda yábããntoge laan 'imaan 'omarkã́z 'albello" -> "balda yátandratoge 'albello laan ..." | "go-PRS ADJ-race-property to INE OBL-store NOM-bear" -> "go-PRS ADJ-race-property NOM-bear to ..." | "The bear goes quickly to the store"</ref>

Words modify nouns according to the following hierarchy:

* PREP(QUANT(((HNR(N))ADJ)GEN))

==== Auxiliary Verb Constructions ====
Nouns cannot be advanded forward within auxiliary verb phrases

'ayí can be either a verb or a particle, as mentioned in Auxiliary Verbs

Auxiliary verbs follow a regular form:

* V PREP Oi S (Od)

where V PREP is the auxiliary verb (a finite verb with a preposition), S is the subject and is NOT part of a prepositional phrase, Od is the direct object, and Oi is the noun phrase completing the prepositional phrase of the auxiliary verb

==== Adverb Placement ====
Adverbs are to verbs exactly as adjectives are to nouns. They follow verbs, and behave the same way to verbs and themselves that adjectives behave to nouns and ''them''selves.

=== Coordination and subordination ===
Conjunctions go between anything but postpositions and cannot be omitted. Coordinate and subordinate clauses are separated by conjunctions. There is no distinction made between coordination and subordination on a grammatical level

=== Relative Clauses ===
Relative clauses follow a regular form:

* HEAD REL VP

where HEAD is 3.INAN if the relative clause is free and the bound matrix clause if the relative clause is bound, REL is a preposition (kaka /kaxa/), and VP is a verb phrase, and the head is the verb phrase's implied direct object

=== Questions ===

==== Polar Questions ====

* hal ('eeya) _: is _ (un)true?

==== WH-Questions ====
There are three interrogative pronouns, which can form more specific interrogatives through genitives, prepositions, and conjunctions:
* koko - what
* conna - when
* mosí - who
* koko wacón - when (what time), pronoun (emphatic)
* koko wanhabun - who (what person), pronoun (emphatic)
* koko waran - where (what place), pronoun (generic)
* lewa koko - why (to what end), prepositional phrase
* konto koko - why (because of what reasoning), subordinate clause
* lak koko - how (by doing what), prepositional phrase
* no koko - about what, prepositional phrase
* 'im koko - where (near what), prepositional phrase
* 'im conna - when (near when), prepositional phrase
* 'imaan conna - for what time frame (inside when), prepositional phrase
* do koko - from what, prepositional phrase
* laan koko - to what, prepositional phrase
* etc...
questions are asked in the same intonation and word order as statements are declared<ref group="Example references">e.g. ga'ãn 'almosí bíkoko 'im conna, dú 'imaan conna, dú 'im koko, dú no koko, dú lewa koko, dú lak koko, dú kepen koko, dú do koko, dú laan koko, ..., dú kit mosí túkoko? | do-PST NOM-who ACC-what near when, CON inside when, CON near what, CON about what, CON by_doing what, CON INSTR what, CON from what, CON to what, ..., CON BEN who DAT-what | "who did what when, in what time frame, where, about what, why, how, using what, from what, ... , and to what (indirect) to what (direct)?"</ref>

=== Existential Clause ===
uses the auxiliary verb construction of 'ayí

== Miscellaneous ==
The subject, and sometimes the object, direct or indirect, of a verb phrase can be move up in the sentence in a select set of cases:

# A quote is being given. Since the quote is a prepositional phrase, it would normally occur before the arguments of the verb. However, because this could result in poorer understanding of the quote itself, the arguments go before SPECIFICALLY the quote, and after any other prepositions or particles, and the quote prepositional phrase always goes last.<ref group="Example references">e.g. lagaðan 'alheman naní no tatammaa tene 'alpoka, 'al'afanafta, bílagað na 'obín túheman 'ejanacír. | laɣaðan ʔalhɛman nani no tatamːaː tɛnɛ ʔalpoxa, ʔalʔafanafta, bilaɣað na ʔobin tyhɛman ʔɛʝanasiɹ. | say-PST NOM-HNR Nanni that repeat-PRS PERM.PRESCR NOM-2.AN NOM-ACTOR-courier ACC-speech POSS OBL-1.AN DAT-HNR Ea-Naṣir | "You, my courier, will repeat my message to Ea-Naṣir," said Nanni.</ref>
# The subject or object is only one word long. In order to promote faster delivery of important information, the word may be placed before all prepositions and particles, at the 'front' of the verb phrase (behind the verb, postposition, and adverbs)

== Examples ==
<references group="Example references" />

== Notes ==
<references />

Tandí

2026-09-15T04:21:00Z

MiaKvigan: /* Personal pronouns */

== Introduction ==
'obala yábalí wantandí is the native language of the ŋation of [[Yókóz|'o'aben yálekki wanyókóz]] on order of [[User:MiaKvigan|lappi Miya]] on the 3rd of May, 2026, at 12:06 P.M. CST

== Phonology ==

=== Vowels ===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
! rowspan="2" |closure
! colspan="2" |front
! colspan="2" |central
! colspan="2" |back
|-
!lax
!tense
!lax
!tense
!lax
!tense
|-
|close
|ɪ ⟨i⟩
|i ⟨í⟩
|
|ɨ ⟨ú⟩
|
|u ⟨ó⟩
|-
|mid
|ɛ ⟨e⟩
|e ⟨é⟩
|ə ⟨u⟩
|
|o ⟨o⟩
|
|-
|open
|a ⟨a⟩
|æ ⟨á⟩
|
|
|
|
|}Vowels may be nasalized or elongated

=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
!Placement →
↓ Manner
!Labial
!Dental
!Alveolar
!Post-alveolar
!Palatal
!Velar
!Laryngeal
|-
|Nasal
|m
|
|n
|
|
|
|
|-
|Plosive
|p / b
|
|t / d
|
|
|k / g
|ʔ ⟨'⟩
|-
|Sibilant affricate
|
|
|
|t͡ʃ ⟨ts⟩ / d͡ʒ ⟨dj⟩
|
|
|
|-
|Sibilant fricative
|
|
|s ⟨c⟩ / z
|ʃ ⟨s⟩ / ʒ ⟨j⟩
|
|
|
|-
|Non-sibilant fricative
|f / v
|ð
|
|
|ʝ ⟨y⟩
|
|h
|-
|Approximant
|
|
|ɹ ⟨r⟩
|
|
|w
|
|-
|Lateral Approximant
|
|
|l
|
|
|
|
|}
==== Consonant cluster reduction rules ====
Consonants can be 'absorbed' or 'deleted', where absorbed consonants become their absorber (dk/kd > dd) and deleted consonants disappear (dn > n, nd > nd). If a geminated consonant is deleted, the deleter becomes geminated

* n absorbs neighboring m
* m deletes preceding p and b
* n deletes preceding t and d
* g absorbs all other neighboring plosives, k absorbs all but g, d all but k and g, etc. (' is considered weak)
* dj absorbs neighboring ts
* dj and ts delete preceding j and s
* j absorbs all other neighboring sibilant fricatives, s absorbs all but j, etc.
* y absorbs all other neighboring non-sibilant fricatives, ð absorbs all but y, etc. (h is considered weak)
* w absorbs all other neighboring approximants, and r absorbs l (regular and lateral approximants are blended)

Examples:

* lad-gíla-món-'an → laggílamón'an (d-g → gg, n-' → n')
* lad-púkan-món → laddúkannón (d-p → dd, n-m → nn)
* yá-damack-dé'an → yádamacké'an (ck-d → ck)
* bí-daad-ní → bídaaní (d-n → n)

=== Phonotactics ===
C(S)V(C)(C) or (C)CV(S)(C) ,where C is any consonant, S is any oral sonorant, and V is any vowel

V can be lengthened, which is represented as 2 vowels in the romanization but counts as 1

C can be geminated, which is represented as 2(3<ref>digraphs geminate their first letter only</ref>) consonants in the romanization but counts as one for phonotactics

There is no set tense patterning, and tense is instead considered a part of intonation

==== Allophones ====

* <f> /f/ → /fʰ/ | _N
* <g> /g/ → /ɣ/ | L(G)_V
* <k> /k/ → /kʰ/ | _N
* <k> /k/ → /x/ | L(G)_V
* <k> /x/ → /xʰ/ | _N
* <l> /l/ → /l̃/ | N_
* <nowiki> /p/ → /pʰ/ | _N</nowiki>
* <r> /ɹ/ → /ɾ/ | C!n_
* <r> /ɹ/ → /ɹ̃/ | N_
* <r> /ɹ/ → /ʢ̞/ | #_
* <t> /t/ → /tʰ/ | _N
* <y> /ʝ/ → /ʝ̃/ | N_
* <w> /w/ → /w̃/ | N_
where C is any consonant, V is any vowel, L is any lax vowel, N is any nasal vowel, G is any oral sonorant, and #_ means word-initial

==== Rhyme scheme ====
In poetic meter, geminated vowels are twice as long, and geminated consonants and stretched rhymes<ref>A stretched rhyme is a rhyme which has no gemination but is lengthened to accommodate for mismatch with the meter.</ref> are one and a half times as long.

== Morphology ==

=== Pronouns ===

==== Personal pronouns ====

===== Habun (sapient) pronouns =====

* bín - 1.NFEM.SAP
* la - 1.FEM.SAP
* poka - 2.NFEM.SAP
* tóó - 2.FEM.SAP
* dããd - 3.NFEM.SAP
* ken - 3.FEM.SAP

===== Balan (animal) pronouns =====

* ket - 1.NFEM.NSAP
* mú - 1.FEM.NSAP
* hilel - 2.NFEM.NSAP
* baa - 2.FEM.NSAP
* 'agam - 3.NFEM.NSAP
* cabaa - 3.FEM.NSAP

===== 'aduy (thing) pronouns =====

* 'ict - 1.NFEM.NTHNK
* kid - 1.FEM.NTHNK
* dal - 2.NFEM.NTHNK
* pól - 2.FEM.NTHNK
* teto - 3.NFEM.NTHNK
* lóna - 3.FEM.NTHNK

==== Deictic pronouns ====
mitta - this

lotta - that

'this' is used for anything within two steps and arm's reach. 'that' is anything outside of that range.

==== Interrogative pronouns ====
koko - what

conna - when

mosí - who

(other interrogatives are phrasal, e.g. 'lewa koko' [in_order_to what] meaning 'why')

==== Indefinite pronouns ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Case→
! rowspan="2" |Negative
! rowspan="2" |Universal
! rowspan="2" |Assertive existential
! rowspan="2" |Dubitative existential
|-
!Type↓
|-
|Person
|habunko
|habunbaa
|habunlin
|habunẽn
|-
|Thing
|lenko
|lenbaa
|lenlin
|lenẽn
|-
|Place
|ranko
|ranbaa
|ranlin
|ranẽn
|-
|Time
|cónko
|cónbaa
|cónlin
|cónẽn
|}

=== Nouns ===
Most nouns are nominalizations of verbs, though the names of species are often an exception

==== Verb nominalization ====
Verbs can be nominalized in one of six manners, which can further be adjectivized or adverbialized

The following are four example tables of varying roots
{| class="wikitable"
|+Example table with root "labak" (to eat)
!Patientive
!Agentive
!Instrumental
!Gnomic
!Active Participle
!Passive Participle
|-
|no change
|<nowiki> VC -> VCV[+gemination]n | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki> VC -> VCVC[back] | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki> VC -> VCV[back]m | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki> VC -> isVC | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki> C -> Cka | _#</nowiki>
|-
|labak
|labakaan
|labakag
|labakum
|labisak
|labakka
|-
|food
|consumer
|utensil
|consumption
|eating
|being eaten
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+Example table with root "sepes" (to cleanse)
!Patientive
!Agentive
!Instrumental
!Gnomic
!Active Participle
!Passive Participle
|-
|no change
|<nowiki> VC -> VCV[+gemination]n | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki> VC -> VCVC[back] | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki> VC -> VCV[back]m | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki> VC -> isVC | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki>CC -> CCikka | _#</nowiki>
else
C -> Cka | _#
|-
|sepes
|sepeseen
|sepesej
|sepesum
|sepises
|sepeska
|-
|the unclean
|cleaner
|soap
|cleanse
|cleaning
|being cleaned
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+Example table with root "'ompa" (to preserve (of food))
!Patientive
!Agentive
!Instrumental
!Gnomic
!Active Participle
!Passive Participle
|-
|no change
|<nowiki> V -> VtV[+gemination]n | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki> CV -> CVC[back]V | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki> V -> VvV[back]m | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki> CV -> esCV | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki> ∅ -> kka | _#</nowiki>
|-
|'ompa
|'ompataan
|'ompaga
|'ompavum
|'omespa
|'ompakka
|-
|preserves
|stocker
|pot
|implementation
|implementing
|being implemented
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+Example table with root "molíí" (to steal)
!Patientive
!Agentive
!Instrumental
!Gnomic
!Active Participle
!Passive Participle
|-
|no change
|<nowiki> V -> V[-gemination]tV[+gemination]n | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki> CV -> CVC[back]V | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki> V -> VvV[back]m | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki> CV -> esCV | C_#</nowiki>
else
CV -> CesV | _#
|<nowiki> ∅ -> kka | _#</nowiki>
|-
|molíí
|molítíín
|molííwíí
|molíívúúm
|molesíí
|molííkka
|-
|stolen goods
|thief
|thief's tools
|theft
|stealing
|being stolen
|}

==== Role assignment ====
A noun's semantic role in a sentence is indicated by a case prefix

subject (Agentive case): 'al-

direct object/subject complement (Patientive case): bí-

indirect object (Dative case): tú-

noun complement (Genitive case): wan-

other (Oblique case): 'o-<ref>oblique case is not required on personal pronouns</ref>

==== Number ====
Nouns can be countable (unmarked), mass, or collective.

mass: -dena

collective: -male

Further, all three kinds of nouns may be singular (unmarked), dual, paucal, or plural, marked by suffix on the stem which goes before tense and aspect

dual: -dí

paucal: -ve

plural: -na

==== Gender ====
There is no grammatical gender in Tandí

==== Possession ====
POSD na POSR: 'obaan na 'obákúún - the room of the house (OBL-room POSS OBL-house)

=== Determiners ===

==== Demonstratives ====
_ wannitta - this _

_ wanlotta - that _

==== Articles ====
Tandí does not use articles

==== Possessive Determiners ====
_ na _: doro na bín - my ball (ball POSS 1.AN); doro na poka - your ball (ball POSS 2.AN); etc.

_ na mosí - whose _ (POSS who)

==== Quantifiers ====
Quantifiers go before the nouns they quantify (see Sentence Order)

=== Conjunctions ===
Conjunctions go in between semantic elements they connect, which can include things like nouns, noun phrases, relative clauses, verb argument lists<ref>The list of a verb's subject, direct object, and indirect object, in the case that a verb is applied to multiple sets of arguments</ref>, etc.

=== Numerals ===

==== Cardinals ====
cardinal "'amend" noun - ní 'amend doro - two CARD ball - ball number two (of a collection)

==== Ordinals ====
ordinal tokan noun - ordinal ORD noun, e.g. ní tokan doro - two ORD ball - second ball<ref group="Example references">e.g. ní tokan 'aban nana jelí | two ORD day PRT year | second day of the year</ref>

==== Nominals ====
root-cardinal - doroní - ball-two - two balls<ref group="Example references">e.g. baddaa 'aldaadukcí bídããní | hit-PRS NOM-3.AN-one ACC-3.AN-two | he hit him (of two people)</ref>

nũm - zero

'ókcí - one

ní - two

ta'í - three

sín - four

kílan - five

jaal - six

kitten - seven

bón - eight

nítta - nine

lan - ten

cen - hundred

tõn - thousand

=== Adjectives ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+Example with root "tãng" (metal, to smelt)
!Visual
!Compositional
!Applicational
!Behavioral
|-
| -déyan
| -lam
| -naak
| -toge
|-
|tãnggéyan
|tãnglam
|tãngnaak
|tãnggoge
|-
|appearing metal
|composed of metal
|having similar uses to something metal
|behaving like metal
|}

==== Placement ====
directly after the noun<ref group="Example references">e.g. 'okína yálekkena wakakííta | OBL-seed-PL ADJ-green GEN-pepper | green pepper seeds</ref>

Adjectives may or may not match the number of the noun, as there is a semantic difference<ref>e.g. "Her muscles were like steel cables" implies her muscles were strong, where "Her muscles were like a steel cable" implies they are arranged in a line</ref>

==== Comparison ====
yá-adjective-degree-tense<ref>Note here that the adjective is used as a verb, and is placed as the head of a verb phrase</ref> subject: subject is/was/will be degree adjective than object<ref group="Example references">e.g. yábannúda 'albín 'an bípoka | ADJ-good-COMP-PRS NOM-1SG.AN than ACC-1SG.AN | I am better than you (lit. am_better I than you)</ref>

=== Finite Verbs ===

==== Tense ====
attaches to verb

* -da: PRS
* -'ãn: PST
* -lí: FUT

==== Aspect ====
goes after tense:

* -bó: CONT
* -len: PERF
* -món: GNO
* -dada: HAB
goes before verb:
* kon-: INF

=== Verb Postpositions ===

==== Mood ====

* 'akaa-: MIR
* 'anõõl-: CONC/HYP
* 'ila-: OPT/BEND
* 'íyye-: HORT/JUSS
* luke-: DUB/COND
* me-: ABIL
* tene-: PERM/PRESCR

==== Evidentiality ====

* -ce'í: RPT
* -mánna: INFR
* -nobã: NEV
* -tócí: SENS
Negation

Negation goes before the verb
* 'eeya: NEG

==== Agreement ====
The 'present' tense is the present by default, and otherwise the tense of the last verb.<ref>ADD THIS REFERENCE AND DELETE THE OTHER ONE</ref><ref group="Example references">e.g. lagað'ãn 'albín tandralí 'albín | say-PST NOM-1.AN run-FUT NOM-1.AN | I said I was going to run</ref>

==== Voice ====

* mẽna- : CAUS
* lad- : PASS
* 'õm- : REV

=== Auxiliary Verbs ===
'ayí (AFF) conveys confirmation of an action, and is verbalized to 'ayída (AFF-PRS) to convey confirmation of a state or truth, or of an object's existence, across the past, present, or future, with tense agreement

'cirette laan ma/im' conveys that the subject has knowingly or unknowingly caused the direct object to be unintentionally involved in the indirect object (a state or event), where if the direct object and subject are the same the direct object may be omitted, or included for emphasis

=== Copula ===
There is no copula in Tandí

=== Adpositions ===

==== Agreement ====
No agreement between adposition and complement is necessary

=== Interjections ===
Interjections may be placed before any word to deliver extra mood or other miscellaneous information.

== Syntax ==

=== Morphosyntactic alignment ===
Tandí is an Active-Stative Split-S alignment language, where the case for the subject of an intransitive clause is split by aspect; progressive verbs take the agentive case, and stative verbs the patientive case.

=== Sentence Order ===
VSO word order

Particles go before the words they attach to, and prepositions after

Adjectives may attach to any words except conjunctions and postpositions. They go directly after the word they attach to (except verbs, where they go after the postposition)

Adjectives can also be placed at the head of a verb phrase with tense marking to convey 'SBJ is ADJ'

Verb complements may be placed before the verb phrase's prepositional phrases and connected clauses, but still after the postposition and adjectives, if they are only one word long<ref group="Example references">e.g. "balda yábããntoge laan 'imaan 'omarkã́z 'albello" -> "balda yátandratoge 'albello laan ..." | "go-PRS ADJ-race-property to INE OBL-store NOM-bear" -> "go-PRS ADJ-race-property NOM-bear to ..." | "The bear goes quickly to the store"</ref>

Words modify nouns according to the following hierarchy:

* PREP(QUANT(((HNR(N))ADJ)GEN))

==== Auxiliary Verb Constructions ====
Nouns cannot be advanded forward within auxiliary verb phrases

'ayí can be either a verb or a particle, as mentioned in Auxiliary Verbs

Auxiliary verbs follow a regular form:

* V PREP Oi S (Od)

where V PREP is the auxiliary verb (a finite verb with a preposition), S is the subject and is NOT part of a prepositional phrase, Od is the direct object, and Oi is the noun phrase completing the prepositional phrase of the auxiliary verb

==== Adverb Placement ====
Adverbs are to verbs exactly as adjectives are to nouns. They follow verbs, and behave the same way to verbs and themselves that adjectives behave to nouns and ''them''selves.

=== Coordination and subordination ===
Conjunctions go between anything but postpositions and cannot be omitted. Coordinate and subordinate clauses are separated by conjunctions. There is no distinction made between coordination and subordination on a grammatical level

=== Relative Clauses ===
Relative clauses follow a regular form:

* HEAD REL VP

where HEAD is 3.INAN if the relative clause is free and the bound matrix clause if the relative clause is bound, REL is a preposition (kaka /kaxa/), and VP is a verb phrase, and the head is the verb phrase's implied direct object

=== Questions ===

==== Polar Questions ====

* hal ('eeya) _: is _ (un)true?

==== WH-Questions ====
There are three interrogative pronouns, which can form more specific interrogatives through genitives, prepositions, and conjunctions:
* koko - what
* conna - when
* mosí - who
* koko wacón - when (what time), pronoun (emphatic)
* koko wanhabun - who (what person), pronoun (emphatic)
* koko waran - where (what place), pronoun (generic)
* lewa koko - why (to what end), prepositional phrase
* konto koko - why (because of what reasoning), subordinate clause
* lak koko - how (by doing what), prepositional phrase
* no koko - about what, prepositional phrase
* 'im koko - where (near what), prepositional phrase
* 'im conna - when (near when), prepositional phrase
* 'imaan conna - for what time frame (inside when), prepositional phrase
* do koko - from what, prepositional phrase
* laan koko - to what, prepositional phrase
* etc...
questions are asked in the same intonation and word order as statements are declared<ref group="Example references">e.g. ga'ãn 'almosí bíkoko 'im conna, dú 'imaan conna, dú 'im koko, dú no koko, dú lewa koko, dú lak koko, dú kepen koko, dú do koko, dú laan koko, ..., dú kit mosí túkoko? | do-PST NOM-who ACC-what near when, CON inside when, CON near what, CON about what, CON by_doing what, CON INSTR what, CON from what, CON to what, ..., CON BEN who DAT-what | "who did what when, in what time frame, where, about what, why, how, using what, from what, ... , and to what (indirect) to what (direct)?"</ref>

=== Existential Clause ===
uses the auxiliary verb construction of 'ayí

== Miscellaneous ==
The subject, and sometimes the object, direct or indirect, of a verb phrase can be move up in the sentence in a select set of cases:

# A quote is being given. Since the quote is a prepositional phrase, it would normally occur before the arguments of the verb. However, because this could result in poorer understanding of the quote itself, the arguments go before SPECIFICALLY the quote, and after any other prepositions or particles, and the quote prepositional phrase always goes last.<ref group="Example references">e.g. lagaðan 'alheman naní no tatammaa tene 'alpoka, 'al'afanafta, bílagað na 'obín túheman 'ejanacír. | laɣaðan ʔalhɛman nani no tatamːaː tɛnɛ ʔalpoxa, ʔalʔafanafta, bilaɣað na ʔobin tyhɛman ʔɛʝanasiɹ. | say-PST NOM-HNR Nanni that repeat-PRS PERM.PRESCR NOM-2.AN NOM-ACTOR-courier ACC-speech POSS OBL-1.AN DAT-HNR Ea-Naṣir | "You, my courier, will repeat my message to Ea-Naṣir," said Nanni.</ref>
# The subject or object is only one word long. In order to promote faster delivery of important information, the word may be placed before all prepositions and particles, at the 'front' of the verb phrase (behind the verb, postposition, and adverbs)

== Examples ==
<references group="Example references" />

== Notes ==
<references />

Tandí

2026-09-14T15:56:53Z

MiaKvigan: /* Role assignment */

== Introduction ==
'obala yábalí wantandí is the native language of the ŋation of [[Yókóz|'o'aben yálekki wanyókóz]] on order of [[User:MiaKvigan|lappi Miya]] on the 3rd of May, 2026, at 12:06 P.M. CST

== Phonology ==

=== Vowels ===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
! rowspan="2" |closure
! colspan="2" |front
! colspan="2" |central
! colspan="2" |back
|-
!lax
!tense
!lax
!tense
!lax
!tense
|-
|close
|ɪ ⟨i⟩
|i ⟨í⟩
|
|ɨ ⟨ú⟩
|
|u ⟨ó⟩
|-
|mid
|ɛ ⟨e⟩
|e ⟨é⟩
|ə ⟨u⟩
|
|o ⟨o⟩
|
|-
|open
|a ⟨a⟩
|æ ⟨á⟩
|
|
|
|
|}Vowels may be nasalized or elongated

=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
!Placement →
↓ Manner
!Labial
!Dental
!Alveolar
!Post-alveolar
!Palatal
!Velar
!Laryngeal
|-
|Nasal
|m
|
|n
|
|
|
|
|-
|Plosive
|p / b
|
|t / d
|
|
|k / g
|ʔ ⟨'⟩
|-
|Sibilant affricate
|
|
|
|t͡ʃ ⟨ts⟩ / d͡ʒ ⟨dj⟩
|
|
|
|-
|Sibilant fricative
|
|
|s ⟨c⟩ / z
|ʃ ⟨s⟩ / ʒ ⟨j⟩
|
|
|
|-
|Non-sibilant fricative
|f / v
|ð
|
|
|ʝ ⟨y⟩
|
|h
|-
|Approximant
|
|
|ɹ ⟨r⟩
|
|
|w
|
|-
|Lateral Approximant
|
|
|l
|
|
|
|
|}
==== Consonant cluster reduction rules ====
Consonants can be 'absorbed' or 'deleted', where absorbed consonants become their absorber (dk/kd > dd) and deleted consonants disappear (dn > n, nd > nd). If a geminated consonant is deleted, the deleter becomes geminated

* n absorbs neighboring m
* m deletes preceding p and b
* n deletes preceding t and d
* g absorbs all other neighboring plosives, k absorbs all but g, d all but k and g, etc. (' is considered weak)
* dj absorbs neighboring ts
* dj and ts delete preceding j and s
* j absorbs all other neighboring sibilant fricatives, s absorbs all but j, etc.
* y absorbs all other neighboring non-sibilant fricatives, ð absorbs all but y, etc. (h is considered weak)
* w absorbs all other neighboring approximants, and r absorbs l (regular and lateral approximants are blended)

Examples:

* lad-gíla-món-'an → laggílamón'an (d-g → gg, n-' → n')
* lad-púkan-món → laddúkannón (d-p → dd, n-m → nn)
* yá-damack-dé'an → yádamacké'an (ck-d → ck)
* bí-daad-ní → bídaaní (d-n → n)

=== Phonotactics ===
C(S)V(C)(C) or (C)CV(S)(C) ,where C is any consonant, S is any oral sonorant, and V is any vowel

V can be lengthened, which is represented as 2 vowels in the romanization but counts as 1

C can be geminated, which is represented as 2(3<ref>digraphs geminate their first letter only</ref>) consonants in the romanization but counts as one for phonotactics

There is no set tense patterning, and tense is instead considered a part of intonation

==== Allophones ====

* <f> /f/ → /fʰ/ | _N
* <g> /g/ → /ɣ/ | L(G)_V
* <k> /k/ → /kʰ/ | _N
* <k> /k/ → /x/ | L(G)_V
* <k> /x/ → /xʰ/ | _N
* <l> /l/ → /l̃/ | N_
* <nowiki> /p/ → /pʰ/ | _N</nowiki>
* <r> /ɹ/ → /ɾ/ | C!n_
* <r> /ɹ/ → /ɹ̃/ | N_
* <r> /ɹ/ → /ʢ̞/ | #_
* <t> /t/ → /tʰ/ | _N
* <y> /ʝ/ → /ʝ̃/ | N_
* <w> /w/ → /w̃/ | N_
where C is any consonant, V is any vowel, L is any lax vowel, N is any nasal vowel, G is any oral sonorant, and #_ means word-initial

==== Rhyme scheme ====
In poetic meter, geminated vowels are twice as long, and geminated consonants and stretched rhymes<ref>A stretched rhyme is a rhyme which has no gemination but is lengthened to accommodate for mismatch with the meter.</ref> are one and a half times as long.

== Morphology ==

=== Pronouns ===

==== Personal pronouns ====

===== Habun (sapient) pronouns =====

* bín - 1.AN
* 'ict - 1.INAN
* poka - 2.AN
* tóó - 2.INAN
* dããd - 3.AN
* ken - 3.INAN

===== Balan (animal) pronouns =====

* mú - 1.AN
* ket - 1.INAN
* baa - 2.AN
* hilel - 2.INAN
* 'agam - 3.AN
* cabaa - 3.INAN

==== Deictic pronouns ====
mitta - this

lotta - that

'this' is used for anything within two steps and arm's reach. 'that' is anything outside of that range.

==== Interrogative pronouns ====
koko - what

conna - when

mosí - who

(other interrogatives are phrasal, e.g. 'lewa koko' [in_order_to what] meaning 'why')

==== Indefinite pronouns ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Case→
! rowspan="2" |Negative
! rowspan="2" |Universal
! rowspan="2" |Assertive existential
! rowspan="2" |Dubitative existential
|-
!Type↓
|-
|Person
|habunko
|habunbaa
|habunlin
|habunẽn
|-
|Thing
|lenko
|lenbaa
|lenlin
|lenẽn
|-
|Place
|ranko
|ranbaa
|ranlin
|ranẽn
|-
|Time
|cónko
|cónbaa
|cónlin
|cónẽn
|}

=== Nouns ===
Most nouns are nominalizations of verbs, though the names of species are often an exception

==== Verb nominalization ====
Verbs can be nominalized in one of six manners, which can further be adjectivized or adverbialized

The following are four example tables of varying roots
{| class="wikitable"
|+Example table with root "labak" (to eat)
!Patientive
!Agentive
!Instrumental
!Gnomic
!Active Participle
!Passive Participle
|-
|no change
|<nowiki> VC -> VCV[+gemination]n | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki> VC -> VCVC[back] | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki> VC -> VCV[back]m | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki> VC -> isVC | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki> C -> Cka | _#</nowiki>
|-
|labak
|labakaan
|labakag
|labakum
|labisak
|labakka
|-
|food
|consumer
|utensil
|consumption
|eating
|being eaten
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+Example table with root "sepes" (to cleanse)
!Patientive
!Agentive
!Instrumental
!Gnomic
!Active Participle
!Passive Participle
|-
|no change
|<nowiki> VC -> VCV[+gemination]n | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki> VC -> VCVC[back] | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki> VC -> VCV[back]m | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki> VC -> isVC | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki>CC -> CCikka | _#</nowiki>
else
C -> Cka | _#
|-
|sepes
|sepeseen
|sepesej
|sepesum
|sepises
|sepeska
|-
|the unclean
|cleaner
|soap
|cleanse
|cleaning
|being cleaned
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+Example table with root "'ompa" (to preserve (of food))
!Patientive
!Agentive
!Instrumental
!Gnomic
!Active Participle
!Passive Participle
|-
|no change
|<nowiki> V -> VtV[+gemination]n | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki> CV -> CVC[back]V | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki> V -> VvV[back]m | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki> CV -> esCV | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki> ∅ -> kka | _#</nowiki>
|-
|'ompa
|'ompataan
|'ompaga
|'ompavum
|'omespa
|'ompakka
|-
|preserves
|stocker
|pot
|implementation
|implementing
|being implemented
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+Example table with root "molíí" (to steal)
!Patientive
!Agentive
!Instrumental
!Gnomic
!Active Participle
!Passive Participle
|-
|no change
|<nowiki> V -> V[-gemination]tV[+gemination]n | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki> CV -> CVC[back]V | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki> V -> VvV[back]m | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki> CV -> esCV | C_#</nowiki>
else
CV -> CesV | _#
|<nowiki> ∅ -> kka | _#</nowiki>
|-
|molíí
|molítíín
|molííwíí
|molíívúúm
|molesíí
|molííkka
|-
|stolen goods
|thief
|thief's tools
|theft
|stealing
|being stolen
|}

==== Role assignment ====
A noun's semantic role in a sentence is indicated by a case prefix

subject (Agentive case): 'al-

direct object/subject complement (Patientive case): bí-

indirect object (Dative case): tú-

noun complement (Genitive case): wan-

other (Oblique case): 'o-<ref>oblique case is not required on personal pronouns</ref>

==== Number ====
Nouns can be countable (unmarked), mass, or collective.

mass: -dena

collective: -male

Further, all three kinds of nouns may be singular (unmarked), dual, paucal, or plural, marked by suffix on the stem which goes before tense and aspect

dual: -dí

paucal: -ve

plural: -na

==== Gender ====
There is no grammatical gender in Tandí

==== Possession ====
POSD na POSR: 'obaan na 'obákúún - the room of the house (OBL-room POSS OBL-house)

=== Determiners ===

==== Demonstratives ====
_ wannitta - this _

_ wanlotta - that _

==== Articles ====
Tandí does not use articles

==== Possessive Determiners ====
_ na _: doro na bín - my ball (ball POSS 1.AN); doro na poka - your ball (ball POSS 2.AN); etc.

_ na mosí - whose _ (POSS who)

==== Quantifiers ====
Quantifiers go before the nouns they quantify (see Sentence Order)

=== Conjunctions ===
Conjunctions go in between semantic elements they connect, which can include things like nouns, noun phrases, relative clauses, verb argument lists<ref>The list of a verb's subject, direct object, and indirect object, in the case that a verb is applied to multiple sets of arguments</ref>, etc.

=== Numerals ===

==== Cardinals ====
cardinal "'amend" noun - ní 'amend doro - two CARD ball - ball number two (of a collection)

==== Ordinals ====
ordinal tokan noun - ordinal ORD noun, e.g. ní tokan doro - two ORD ball - second ball<ref group="Example references">e.g. ní tokan 'aban nana jelí | two ORD day PRT year | second day of the year</ref>

==== Nominals ====
root-cardinal - doroní - ball-two - two balls<ref group="Example references">e.g. baddaa 'aldaadukcí bídããní | hit-PRS NOM-3.AN-one ACC-3.AN-two | he hit him (of two people)</ref>

nũm - zero

'ókcí - one

ní - two

ta'í - three

sín - four

kílan - five

jaal - six

kitten - seven

bón - eight

nítta - nine

lan - ten

cen - hundred

tõn - thousand

=== Adjectives ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+Example with root "tãng" (metal, to smelt)
!Visual
!Compositional
!Applicational
!Behavioral
|-
| -déyan
| -lam
| -naak
| -toge
|-
|tãnggéyan
|tãnglam
|tãngnaak
|tãnggoge
|-
|appearing metal
|composed of metal
|having similar uses to something metal
|behaving like metal
|}

==== Placement ====
directly after the noun<ref group="Example references">e.g. 'okína yálekkena wakakííta | OBL-seed-PL ADJ-green GEN-pepper | green pepper seeds</ref>

Adjectives may or may not match the number of the noun, as there is a semantic difference<ref>e.g. "Her muscles were like steel cables" implies her muscles were strong, where "Her muscles were like a steel cable" implies they are arranged in a line</ref>

==== Comparison ====
yá-adjective-degree-tense<ref>Note here that the adjective is used as a verb, and is placed as the head of a verb phrase</ref> subject: subject is/was/will be degree adjective than object<ref group="Example references">e.g. yábannúda 'albín 'an bípoka | ADJ-good-COMP-PRS NOM-1SG.AN than ACC-1SG.AN | I am better than you (lit. am_better I than you)</ref>

=== Finite Verbs ===

==== Tense ====
attaches to verb

* -da: PRS
* -'ãn: PST
* -lí: FUT

==== Aspect ====
goes after tense:

* -bó: CONT
* -len: PERF
* -món: GNO
* -dada: HAB
goes before verb:
* kon-: INF

=== Verb Postpositions ===

==== Mood ====

* 'akaa-: MIR
* 'anõõl-: CONC/HYP
* 'ila-: OPT/BEND
* 'íyye-: HORT/JUSS
* luke-: DUB/COND
* me-: ABIL
* tene-: PERM/PRESCR

==== Evidentiality ====

* -ce'í: RPT
* -mánna: INFR
* -nobã: NEV
* -tócí: SENS
Negation

Negation goes before the verb
* 'eeya: NEG

==== Agreement ====
The 'present' tense is the present by default, and otherwise the tense of the last verb.<ref>ADD THIS REFERENCE AND DELETE THE OTHER ONE</ref><ref group="Example references">e.g. lagað'ãn 'albín tandralí 'albín | say-PST NOM-1.AN run-FUT NOM-1.AN | I said I was going to run</ref>

==== Voice ====

* mẽna- : CAUS
* lad- : PASS
* 'õm- : REV

=== Auxiliary Verbs ===
'ayí (AFF) conveys confirmation of an action, and is verbalized to 'ayída (AFF-PRS) to convey confirmation of a state or truth, or of an object's existence, across the past, present, or future, with tense agreement

'cirette laan ma/im' conveys that the subject has knowingly or unknowingly caused the direct object to be unintentionally involved in the indirect object (a state or event), where if the direct object and subject are the same the direct object may be omitted, or included for emphasis

=== Copula ===
There is no copula in Tandí

=== Adpositions ===

==== Agreement ====
No agreement between adposition and complement is necessary

=== Interjections ===
Interjections may be placed before any word to deliver extra mood or other miscellaneous information.

== Syntax ==

=== Morphosyntactic alignment ===
Tandí is an Active-Stative Split-S alignment language, where the case for the subject of an intransitive clause is split by aspect; progressive verbs take the agentive case, and stative verbs the patientive case.

=== Sentence Order ===
VSO word order

Particles go before the words they attach to, and prepositions after

Adjectives may attach to any words except conjunctions and postpositions. They go directly after the word they attach to (except verbs, where they go after the postposition)

Adjectives can also be placed at the head of a verb phrase with tense marking to convey 'SBJ is ADJ'

Verb complements may be placed before the verb phrase's prepositional phrases and connected clauses, but still after the postposition and adjectives, if they are only one word long<ref group="Example references">e.g. "balda yábããntoge laan 'imaan 'omarkã́z 'albello" -> "balda yátandratoge 'albello laan ..." | "go-PRS ADJ-race-property to INE OBL-store NOM-bear" -> "go-PRS ADJ-race-property NOM-bear to ..." | "The bear goes quickly to the store"</ref>

Words modify nouns according to the following hierarchy:

* PREP(QUANT(((HNR(N))ADJ)GEN))

==== Auxiliary Verb Constructions ====
Nouns cannot be advanded forward within auxiliary verb phrases

'ayí can be either a verb or a particle, as mentioned in Auxiliary Verbs

Auxiliary verbs follow a regular form:

* V PREP Oi S (Od)

where V PREP is the auxiliary verb (a finite verb with a preposition), S is the subject and is NOT part of a prepositional phrase, Od is the direct object, and Oi is the noun phrase completing the prepositional phrase of the auxiliary verb

==== Adverb Placement ====
Adverbs are to verbs exactly as adjectives are to nouns. They follow verbs, and behave the same way to verbs and themselves that adjectives behave to nouns and ''them''selves.

=== Coordination and subordination ===
Conjunctions go between anything but postpositions and cannot be omitted. Coordinate and subordinate clauses are separated by conjunctions. There is no distinction made between coordination and subordination on a grammatical level

=== Relative Clauses ===
Relative clauses follow a regular form:

* HEAD REL VP

where HEAD is 3.INAN if the relative clause is free and the bound matrix clause if the relative clause is bound, REL is a preposition (kaka /kaxa/), and VP is a verb phrase, and the head is the verb phrase's implied direct object

=== Questions ===

==== Polar Questions ====

* hal ('eeya) _: is _ (un)true?

==== WH-Questions ====
There are three interrogative pronouns, which can form more specific interrogatives through genitives, prepositions, and conjunctions:
* koko - what
* conna - when
* mosí - who
* koko wacón - when (what time), pronoun (emphatic)
* koko wanhabun - who (what person), pronoun (emphatic)
* koko waran - where (what place), pronoun (generic)
* lewa koko - why (to what end), prepositional phrase
* konto koko - why (because of what reasoning), subordinate clause
* lak koko - how (by doing what), prepositional phrase
* no koko - about what, prepositional phrase
* 'im koko - where (near what), prepositional phrase
* 'im conna - when (near when), prepositional phrase
* 'imaan conna - for what time frame (inside when), prepositional phrase
* do koko - from what, prepositional phrase
* laan koko - to what, prepositional phrase
* etc...
questions are asked in the same intonation and word order as statements are declared<ref group="Example references">e.g. ga'ãn 'almosí bíkoko 'im conna, dú 'imaan conna, dú 'im koko, dú no koko, dú lewa koko, dú lak koko, dú kepen koko, dú do koko, dú laan koko, ..., dú kit mosí túkoko? | do-PST NOM-who ACC-what near when, CON inside when, CON near what, CON about what, CON by_doing what, CON INSTR what, CON from what, CON to what, ..., CON BEN who DAT-what | "who did what when, in what time frame, where, about what, why, how, using what, from what, ... , and to what (indirect) to what (direct)?"</ref>

=== Existential Clause ===
uses the auxiliary verb construction of 'ayí

== Miscellaneous ==
The subject, and sometimes the object, direct or indirect, of a verb phrase can be move up in the sentence in a select set of cases:

# A quote is being given. Since the quote is a prepositional phrase, it would normally occur before the arguments of the verb. However, because this could result in poorer understanding of the quote itself, the arguments go before SPECIFICALLY the quote, and after any other prepositions or particles, and the quote prepositional phrase always goes last.<ref group="Example references">e.g. lagaðan 'alheman naní no tatammaa tene 'alpoka, 'al'afanafta, bílagað na 'obín túheman 'ejanacír. | laɣaðan ʔalhɛman nani no tatamːaː tɛnɛ ʔalpoxa, ʔalʔafanafta, bilaɣað na ʔobin tyhɛman ʔɛʝanasiɹ. | say-PST NOM-HNR Nanni that repeat-PRS PERM.PRESCR NOM-2.AN NOM-ACTOR-courier ACC-speech POSS OBL-1.AN DAT-HNR Ea-Naṣir | "You, my courier, will repeat my message to Ea-Naṣir," said Nanni.</ref>
# The subject or object is only one word long. In order to promote faster delivery of important information, the word may be placed before all prepositions and particles, at the 'front' of the verb phrase (behind the verb, postposition, and adverbs)

== Examples ==
<references group="Example references" />

== Notes ==
<references />

Tandí

2026-09-14T01:11:35Z

MiaKvigan: /* Nouns */

== Introduction ==
'obala yábalí wantandí is the native language of the ŋation of [[Yókóz|'o'aben yálekki wanyókóz]] on order of [[User:MiaKvigan|lappi Miya]] on the 3rd of May, 2026, at 12:06 P.M. CST

== Phonology ==

=== Vowels ===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
! rowspan="2" |closure
! colspan="2" |front
! colspan="2" |central
! colspan="2" |back
|-
!lax
!tense
!lax
!tense
!lax
!tense
|-
|close
|ɪ ⟨i⟩
|i ⟨í⟩
|
|ɨ ⟨ú⟩
|
|u ⟨ó⟩
|-
|mid
|ɛ ⟨e⟩
|e ⟨é⟩
|ə ⟨u⟩
|
|o ⟨o⟩
|
|-
|open
|a ⟨a⟩
|æ ⟨á⟩
|
|
|
|
|}Vowels may be nasalized or elongated

=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
!Placement →
↓ Manner
!Labial
!Dental
!Alveolar
!Post-alveolar
!Palatal
!Velar
!Laryngeal
|-
|Nasal
|m
|
|n
|
|
|
|
|-
|Plosive
|p / b
|
|t / d
|
|
|k / g
|ʔ ⟨'⟩
|-
|Sibilant affricate
|
|
|
|t͡ʃ ⟨ts⟩ / d͡ʒ ⟨dj⟩
|
|
|
|-
|Sibilant fricative
|
|
|s ⟨c⟩ / z
|ʃ ⟨s⟩ / ʒ ⟨j⟩
|
|
|
|-
|Non-sibilant fricative
|f / v
|ð
|
|
|ʝ ⟨y⟩
|
|h
|-
|Approximant
|
|
|ɹ ⟨r⟩
|
|
|w
|
|-
|Lateral Approximant
|
|
|l
|
|
|
|
|}
==== Consonant cluster reduction rules ====
Consonants can be 'absorbed' or 'deleted', where absorbed consonants become their absorber (dk/kd > dd) and deleted consonants disappear (dn > n, nd > nd). If a geminated consonant is deleted, the deleter becomes geminated

* n absorbs neighboring m
* m deletes preceding p and b
* n deletes preceding t and d
* g absorbs all other neighboring plosives, k absorbs all but g, d all but k and g, etc. (' is considered weak)
* dj absorbs neighboring ts
* dj and ts delete preceding j and s
* j absorbs all other neighboring sibilant fricatives, s absorbs all but j, etc.
* y absorbs all other neighboring non-sibilant fricatives, ð absorbs all but y, etc. (h is considered weak)
* w absorbs all other neighboring approximants, and r absorbs l (regular and lateral approximants are blended)

Examples:

* lad-gíla-món-'an → laggílamón'an (d-g → gg, n-' → n')
* lad-púkan-món → laddúkannón (d-p → dd, n-m → nn)
* yá-damack-dé'an → yádamacké'an (ck-d → ck)
* bí-daad-ní → bídaaní (d-n → n)

=== Phonotactics ===
C(S)V(C)(C) or (C)CV(S)(C) ,where C is any consonant, S is any oral sonorant, and V is any vowel

V can be lengthened, which is represented as 2 vowels in the romanization but counts as 1

C can be geminated, which is represented as 2(3<ref>digraphs geminate their first letter only</ref>) consonants in the romanization but counts as one for phonotactics

There is no set tense patterning, and tense is instead considered a part of intonation

==== Allophones ====

* <f> /f/ → /fʰ/ | _N
* <g> /g/ → /ɣ/ | L(G)_V
* <k> /k/ → /kʰ/ | _N
* <k> /k/ → /x/ | L(G)_V
* <k> /x/ → /xʰ/ | _N
* <l> /l/ → /l̃/ | N_
* <nowiki> /p/ → /pʰ/ | _N</nowiki>
* <r> /ɹ/ → /ɾ/ | C!n_
* <r> /ɹ/ → /ɹ̃/ | N_
* <r> /ɹ/ → /ʢ̞/ | #_
* <t> /t/ → /tʰ/ | _N
* <y> /ʝ/ → /ʝ̃/ | N_
* <w> /w/ → /w̃/ | N_
where C is any consonant, V is any vowel, L is any lax vowel, N is any nasal vowel, G is any oral sonorant, and #_ means word-initial

==== Rhyme scheme ====
In poetic meter, geminated vowels are twice as long, and geminated consonants and stretched rhymes<ref>A stretched rhyme is a rhyme which has no gemination but is lengthened to accommodate for mismatch with the meter.</ref> are one and a half times as long.

== Morphology ==

=== Pronouns ===

==== Personal pronouns ====
bín - 1.AN

mam - 1.INAN

poka - 2.AN

tóó - 2.INAN

dããd - 3.AN

ken - 3.INAN

==== Deictic pronouns ====
mitta - this

lotta - that

'this' is used for anything within two steps and arm's reach. 'that' is anything outside of that range.

==== Interrogative pronouns ====
koko - what

conna - when

mosí - who

(other interrogatives are phrasal, e.g. 'lewa koko' [in_order_to what] meaning 'why')

==== Indefinite pronouns ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Case→
! rowspan="2" |Negative
! rowspan="2" |Universal
! rowspan="2" |Assertive existential
! rowspan="2" |Dubitative existential
|-
!Type↓
|-
|Person
|habunko
|habunbaa
|habunlin
|habunẽn
|-
|Thing
|lenko
|lenbaa
|lenlin
|lenẽn
|-
|Place
|ranko
|ranbaa
|ranlin
|ranẽn
|-
|Time
|cónko
|cónbaa
|cónlin
|cónẽn
|}

=== Nouns ===
Most nouns are nominalizations of verbs, though the names of species are often an exception

==== Verb nominalization ====
Verbs can be nominalized in one of six manners, which can further be adjectivized or adverbialized

The following are four example tables of varying roots
{| class="wikitable"
|+Example table with root "labak" (to eat)
!Patientive
!Agentive
!Instrumental
!Gnomic
!Active Participle
!Passive Participle
|-
|no change
|<nowiki> VC -> VCV[+gemination]n | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki> VC -> VCVC[back] | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki> VC -> VCV[back]m | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki> VC -> isVC | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki> C -> Cka | _#</nowiki>
|-
|labak
|labakaan
|labakag
|labakum
|labisak
|labakka
|-
|food
|consumer
|utensil
|consumption
|eating
|being eaten
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+Example table with root "sepes" (to cleanse)
!Patientive
!Agentive
!Instrumental
!Gnomic
!Active Participle
!Passive Participle
|-
|no change
|<nowiki> VC -> VCV[+gemination]n | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki> VC -> VCVC[back] | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki> VC -> VCV[back]m | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki> VC -> isVC | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki>CC -> CCikka | _#</nowiki>
else
C -> Cka | _#
|-
|sepes
|sepeseen
|sepesej
|sepesum
|sepises
|sepeska
|-
|the unclean
|cleaner
|soap
|cleanse
|cleaning
|being cleaned
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+Example table with root "'ompa" (to preserve (of food))
!Patientive
!Agentive
!Instrumental
!Gnomic
!Active Participle
!Passive Participle
|-
|no change
|<nowiki> V -> VtV[+gemination]n | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki> CV -> CVC[back]V | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki> V -> VvV[back]m | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki> CV -> esCV | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki> ∅ -> kka | _#</nowiki>
|-
|'ompa
|'ompataan
|'ompaga
|'ompavum
|'omespa
|'ompakka
|-
|preserves
|stocker
|pot
|implementation
|implementing
|being implemented
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+Example table with root "molíí" (to steal)
!Patientive
!Agentive
!Instrumental
!Gnomic
!Active Participle
!Passive Participle
|-
|no change
|<nowiki> V -> V[-gemination]tV[+gemination]n | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki> CV -> CVC[back]V | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki> V -> VvV[back]m | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki> CV -> esCV | C_#</nowiki>
else
CV -> CesV | _#
|<nowiki> ∅ -> kka | _#</nowiki>
|-
|molíí
|molítíín
|molííwíí
|molíívúúm
|molesíí
|molííkka
|-
|stolen goods
|thief
|thief's tools
|theft
|stealing
|being stolen
|}

==== Role assignment ====
A noun's semantic role in a sentence is indicated by a case prefix

subject (Nominative case): 'al-

direct object/subject complement (Accusative case): bí-

indirect object (Dative case): tú-

noun complement (Genitive case): wan-

other (Oblique case): 'o-<ref>oblique case is not required on personal pronouns</ref>

==== Number ====
singular default, plus dual, paucal, and plural marked by suffix on a stem which goes before tense and aspect

dual: -dí

paucal: -ve

plural: -na

==== Gender ====
There is no grammatical gender in Tandí

==== Possession ====
POSD na POSR: 'obaan na 'obákúún - the room of the house (OBL-room POSS OBL-house)

=== Determiners ===

==== Demonstratives ====
_ wannitta - this _

_ wanlotta - that _

==== Articles ====
Tandí does not use articles

==== Possessive Determiners ====
_ na _: doro na bín - my ball (ball POSS 1.AN); doro na poka - your ball (ball POSS 2.AN); etc.

_ na mosí - whose _ (POSS who)

==== Quantifiers ====
Quantifiers go before the nouns they quantify (see Sentence Order)

=== Conjunctions ===
Conjunctions go in between semantic elements they connect, which can include things like nouns, noun phrases, relative clauses, verb argument lists<ref>The list of a verb's subject, direct object, and indirect object, in the case that a verb is applied to multiple sets of arguments</ref>, etc.

=== Numerals ===

==== Cardinals ====
cardinal "'amend" noun - ní 'amend doro - two CARD ball - ball number two (of a collection)

==== Ordinals ====
ordinal tokan noun - ordinal ORD noun, e.g. ní tokan doro - two ORD ball - second ball<ref group="Example references">e.g. ní tokan 'aban nana jelí | two ORD day PRT year | second day of the year</ref>

==== Nominals ====
root-cardinal - doroní - ball-two - two balls<ref group="Example references">e.g. baddaa 'aldaadukcí bídããní | hit-PRS NOM-3.AN-one ACC-3.AN-two | he hit him (of two people)</ref>

nũm - zero

'ókcí - one

ní - two

ta'í - three

sín - four

kílan - five

jaal - six

kitten - seven

bón - eight

nítta - nine

lan - ten

cen - hundred

tõn - thousand

=== Adjectives ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+Example with root "tãng" (metal, to smelt)
!Visual
!Compositional
!Applicational
!Behavioral
|-
| -déyan
| -lam
| -naak
| -toge
|-
|tãnggéyan
|tãnglam
|tãngnaak
|tãnggoge
|-
|appearing metal
|composed of metal
|having similar uses to something metal
|behaving like metal
|}

==== Placement ====
directly after the noun<ref group="Example references">e.g. 'okína yálekkena wakakííta | OBL-seed-PL ADJ-green GEN-pepper | green pepper seeds</ref>

Adjectives may or may not match the number of the noun, as there is a semantic difference<ref>e.g. "Her muscles were like steel cables" implies her muscles were strong, where "Her muscles were like a steel cable" implies they are arranged in a line</ref>

==== Comparison ====
yá-adjective-degree-tense<ref>Note here that the adjective is used as a verb, and is placed as the head of a verb phrase</ref> subject: subject is/was/will be degree adjective than object<ref group="Example references">e.g. yábannúda 'albín 'an bípoka | ADJ-good-COMP-PRS NOM-1SG.AN than ACC-1SG.AN | I am better than you (lit. am_better I than you)</ref>

=== Finite Verbs ===

==== Tense ====
attaches to verb

* -da: PRS
* -'ãn: PST
* -lí: FUT

==== Aspect ====
goes after tense:

* -bó: CONT
* -len: PERF
* -món: GNO
* -dada: HAB
goes before verb:
* kon-: INF

=== Verb Postpositions ===

==== Mood ====

* 'akaa-: MIR
* 'anõõl-: CONC/HYP
* 'ila-: OPT/BEND
* 'íyye-: HORT/JUSS
* luke-: DUB/COND
* me-: ABIL
* tene-: PERM/PRESCR

==== Evidentiality ====

* -ce'í: RPT
* -mánna: INFR
* -nobã: NEV
* -tócí: SENS
Negation

Negation goes before the verb
* 'eeya: NEG

==== Agreement ====
The 'present' tense is the present by default, and otherwise the tense of the last verb.<ref>ADD THIS REFERENCE AND DELETE THE OTHER ONE</ref><ref group="Example references">e.g. lagað'ãn 'albín tandralí 'albín | say-PST NOM-1.AN run-FUT NOM-1.AN | I said I was going to run</ref>

==== Voice ====

* mẽna- : CAUS
* lad- : PASS
* 'õm- : REV

=== Auxiliary Verbs ===
'ayí (AFF) conveys confirmation of an action, and is verbalized to 'ayída (AFF-PRS) to convey confirmation of a state or truth, or of an object's existence, across the past, present, or future, with tense agreement

'cirette laan ma/im' conveys that the subject has knowingly or unknowingly caused the direct object to be unintentionally involved in the indirect object (a state or event), where if the direct object and subject are the same the direct object may be omitted, or included for emphasis

=== Copula ===
There is no copula in Tandí

=== Adpositions ===

==== Agreement ====
No agreement between adposition and complement is necessary

=== Interjections ===
Interjections may be placed before any word to deliver extra mood or other miscellaneous information.

== Syntax ==

=== Sentence Order ===
VSO word order

Particles go before the words they attach to, and prepositions after

Adjectives may attach to any words except conjunctions and postpositions. They go directly after the word they attach to (except verbs, where they go after the postposition)

Adjectives can also be placed at the head of a verb phrase with tense marking to convey 'SBJ is ADJ'

Verb complements may be placed before the verb phrase's prepositional phrases and connected clauses, but still after the postposition and adjectives, if they are only one word long<ref group="Example references">e.g. "balda yábããntoge laan 'imaan 'omarkã́z 'albello" -> "balda yátandratoge 'albello laan ..." | "go-PRS ADJ-race-property to INE OBL-store NOM-bear" -> "go-PRS ADJ-race-property NOM-bear to ..." | "The bear goes quickly to the store"</ref>

Words modify nouns according to the following hierarchy:

* PREP(QUANT(((HNR(N))ADJ)GEN))

==== Auxiliary Verb Constructions ====
Nouns cannot be advanded forward within auxiliary verb phrases

'ayí can be either a verb or a particle, as mentioned in Auxiliary Verbs

Auxiliary verbs follow a regular form:

* V PREP Oi S (Od)

where V PREP is the auxiliary verb (a finite verb with a preposition), S is the subject and is NOT part of a prepositional phrase, Od is the direct object, and Oi is the noun phrase completing the prepositional phrase of the auxiliary verb

==== Adverb Placement ====
Adverbs are to verbs exactly as adjectives are to nouns. They follow verbs, and behave the same way to verbs and themselves that adjectives behave to nouns and ''them''selves.

=== Coordination and subordination ===
Conjunctions go between anything but postpositions and cannot be omitted. Coordinate and subordinate clauses are separated by conjunctions. There is no distinction made between coordination and subordination on a grammatical level

=== Relative Clauses ===
Relative clauses follow a regular form:

* HEAD REL VP

where HEAD is 3.INAN if the relative clause is free and the bound matrix clause if the relative clause is bound, REL is a preposition (kaka /kaxa/), and VP is a verb phrase, and the head is the verb phrase's implied direct object

=== Questions ===

==== Polar Questions ====

* hal ('eeya) _: is _ (un)true?

==== WH-Questions ====
There are three interrogative pronouns, which can form more specific interrogatives through genitives, prepositions, and conjunctions:
* koko - what
* conna - when
* mosí - who
* koko wacón - when (what time), pronoun (emphatic)
* koko wanhabun - who (what person), pronoun (emphatic)
* koko waran - where (what place), pronoun (generic)
* lewa koko - why (to what end), prepositional phrase
* konto koko - why (because of what reasoning), subordinate clause
* lak koko - how (by doing what), prepositional phrase
* no koko - about what, prepositional phrase
* 'im koko - where (near what), prepositional phrase
* 'im conna - when (near when), prepositional phrase
* 'imaan conna - for what time frame (inside when), prepositional phrase
* do koko - from what, prepositional phrase
* laan koko - to what, prepositional phrase
* etc...
questions are asked in the same intonation and word order as statements are declared<ref group="Example references">e.g. ga'ãn 'almosí bíkoko 'im conna, dú 'imaan conna, dú 'im koko, dú no koko, dú lewa koko, dú lak koko, dú kepen koko, dú do koko, dú laan koko, ..., dú kit mosí túkoko? | do-PST NOM-who ACC-what near when, CON inside when, CON near what, CON about what, CON by_doing what, CON INSTR what, CON from what, CON to what, ..., CON BEN who DAT-what | "who did what when, in what time frame, where, about what, why, how, using what, from what, ... , and to what (indirect) to what (direct)?"</ref>

=== Existential Clause ===
uses the auxiliary verb construction of 'ayí

== Miscellaneous ==
The subject, and sometimes the object, direct or indirect, of a verb phrase can be move up in the sentence in a select set of cases:

# A quote is being given. Since the quote is a prepositional phrase, it would normally occur before the arguments of the verb. However, because this could result in poorer understanding of the quote itself, the arguments go before SPECIFICALLY the quote, and after any other prepositions or particles, and the quote prepositional phrase always goes last.<ref group="Example references">e.g. lagaðan 'alheman naní no tatammaa tene 'alpoka, 'al'afanafta, bílagað na 'obín túheman 'ejanacír. | laɣaðan ʔalhɛman nani no tatamːaː tɛnɛ ʔalpoxa, ʔalʔafanafta, bilaɣað na ʔobin tyhɛman ʔɛʝanasiɹ. | say-PST NOM-HNR Nanni that repeat-PRS PERM.PRESCR NOM-2.AN NOM-ACTOR-courier ACC-speech POSS OBL-1.AN DAT-HNR Ea-Naṣir | "You, my courier, will repeat my message to Ea-Naṣir," said Nanni.</ref>
# The subject or object is only one word long. In order to promote faster delivery of important information, the word may be placed before all prepositions and particles, at the 'front' of the verb phrase (behind the verb, postposition, and adverbs)

== Examples ==
<references group="Example references" />

== Notes ==
<references />

Tandí

2026-09-14T01:09:57Z

MiaKvigan: /* Verb nominalization */

== Introduction ==
'obala yábalí wantandí is the native language of the ŋation of [[Yókóz|'o'aben yálekki wanyókóz]] on order of [[User:MiaKvigan|lappi Miya]] on the 3rd of May, 2026, at 12:06 P.M. CST

== Phonology ==

=== Vowels ===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
! rowspan="2" |closure
! colspan="2" |front
! colspan="2" |central
! colspan="2" |back
|-
!lax
!tense
!lax
!tense
!lax
!tense
|-
|close
|ɪ ⟨i⟩
|i ⟨í⟩
|
|ɨ ⟨ú⟩
|
|u ⟨ó⟩
|-
|mid
|ɛ ⟨e⟩
|e ⟨é⟩
|ə ⟨u⟩
|
|o ⟨o⟩
|
|-
|open
|a ⟨a⟩
|æ ⟨á⟩
|
|
|
|
|}Vowels may be nasalized or elongated

=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
!Placement →
↓ Manner
!Labial
!Dental
!Alveolar
!Post-alveolar
!Palatal
!Velar
!Laryngeal
|-
|Nasal
|m
|
|n
|
|
|
|
|-
|Plosive
|p / b
|
|t / d
|
|
|k / g
|ʔ ⟨'⟩
|-
|Sibilant affricate
|
|
|
|t͡ʃ ⟨ts⟩ / d͡ʒ ⟨dj⟩
|
|
|
|-
|Sibilant fricative
|
|
|s ⟨c⟩ / z
|ʃ ⟨s⟩ / ʒ ⟨j⟩
|
|
|
|-
|Non-sibilant fricative
|f / v
|ð
|
|
|ʝ ⟨y⟩
|
|h
|-
|Approximant
|
|
|ɹ ⟨r⟩
|
|
|w
|
|-
|Lateral Approximant
|
|
|l
|
|
|
|
|}
==== Consonant cluster reduction rules ====
Consonants can be 'absorbed' or 'deleted', where absorbed consonants become their absorber (dk/kd > dd) and deleted consonants disappear (dn > n, nd > nd). If a geminated consonant is deleted, the deleter becomes geminated

* n absorbs neighboring m
* m deletes preceding p and b
* n deletes preceding t and d
* g absorbs all other neighboring plosives, k absorbs all but g, d all but k and g, etc. (' is considered weak)
* dj absorbs neighboring ts
* dj and ts delete preceding j and s
* j absorbs all other neighboring sibilant fricatives, s absorbs all but j, etc.
* y absorbs all other neighboring non-sibilant fricatives, ð absorbs all but y, etc. (h is considered weak)
* w absorbs all other neighboring approximants, and r absorbs l (regular and lateral approximants are blended)

Examples:

* lad-gíla-món-'an → laggílamón'an (d-g → gg, n-' → n')
* lad-púkan-món → laddúkannón (d-p → dd, n-m → nn)
* yá-damack-dé'an → yádamacké'an (ck-d → ck)
* bí-daad-ní → bídaaní (d-n → n)

=== Phonotactics ===
C(S)V(C)(C) or (C)CV(S)(C) ,where C is any consonant, S is any oral sonorant, and V is any vowel

V can be lengthened, which is represented as 2 vowels in the romanization but counts as 1

C can be geminated, which is represented as 2(3<ref>digraphs geminate their first letter only</ref>) consonants in the romanization but counts as one for phonotactics

There is no set tense patterning, and tense is instead considered a part of intonation

==== Allophones ====

* <f> /f/ → /fʰ/ | _N
* <g> /g/ → /ɣ/ | L(G)_V
* <k> /k/ → /kʰ/ | _N
* <k> /k/ → /x/ | L(G)_V
* <k> /x/ → /xʰ/ | _N
* <l> /l/ → /l̃/ | N_
* <nowiki> /p/ → /pʰ/ | _N</nowiki>
* <r> /ɹ/ → /ɾ/ | C!n_
* <r> /ɹ/ → /ɹ̃/ | N_
* <r> /ɹ/ → /ʢ̞/ | #_
* <t> /t/ → /tʰ/ | _N
* <y> /ʝ/ → /ʝ̃/ | N_
* <w> /w/ → /w̃/ | N_
where C is any consonant, V is any vowel, L is any lax vowel, N is any nasal vowel, G is any oral sonorant, and #_ means word-initial

==== Rhyme scheme ====
In poetic meter, geminated vowels are twice as long, and geminated consonants and stretched rhymes<ref>A stretched rhyme is a rhyme which has no gemination but is lengthened to accommodate for mismatch with the meter.</ref> are one and a half times as long.

== Morphology ==

=== Pronouns ===

==== Personal pronouns ====
bín - 1.AN

mam - 1.INAN

poka - 2.AN

tóó - 2.INAN

dããd - 3.AN

ken - 3.INAN

==== Deictic pronouns ====
mitta - this

lotta - that

'this' is used for anything within two steps and arm's reach. 'that' is anything outside of that range.

==== Interrogative pronouns ====
koko - what

conna - when

mosí - who

(other interrogatives are phrasal, e.g. 'lewa koko' [in_order_to what] meaning 'why')

==== Indefinite pronouns ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Case→
! rowspan="2" |Negative
! rowspan="2" |Universal
! rowspan="2" |Assertive existential
! rowspan="2" |Dubitative existential
|-
!Type↓
|-
|Person
|habunko
|habunbaa
|habunlin
|habunẽn
|-
|Thing
|lenko
|lenbaa
|lenlin
|lenẽn
|-
|Place
|ranko
|ranbaa
|ranlin
|ranẽn
|-
|Time
|cónko
|cónbaa
|cónlin
|cónẽn
|}

=== Nouns ===
Most nouns are nominalizations of verbs, though the names of species are often an exception

==== Verb nominalization ====
Verbs can be nominalized in one of six manners, which can further be adjectivized or adverbialized

The following are four example tables of varying roots
{| class="wikitable"
|+Example table with root "labak" (to eat)
!Patientive
!Agentive
!Instrumental
!Gnomic
!Active Participle
!Passive Participle
|-
|no change
|<nowiki> VC -> VCV[+gemination]n | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki> VC -> VCVC[back] | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki> VC -> VCV[back]m | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki> VC -> isVC | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki> C -> Cka | _#</nowiki>
|-
|labak
|labakaan
|labakag
|labakum
|labisak
|labakka
|-
|food
|consumer
|utensil
|consumption
|eating
|being eaten
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+Example table with root "sepes" (to cleanse)
!Patientive
!Agentive
!Instrumental
!Gnomic
!Active Participle
!Passive Participle
|-
|no change
|<nowiki> VC -> VCV[+gemination]n | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki> VC -> VCVC[back] | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki> VC -> VCV[back]m | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki> VC -> isVC | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki>CC -> CCikka | _#</nowiki>
else
C -> Cka | _#
|-
|sepes
|sepeseen
|sepesej
|sepesum
|sepises
|sepeska
|-
|
|cleaner
|soap
|cleanse
|cleaning
|being cleaned
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+Example table with root "'ompa" (to preserve (of food))
!Patientive
!Agentive
!Instrumental
!Gnomic
!Active Participle
!Passive Participle
|-
|no change
|<nowiki> V -> VtV[+gemination]n | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki> CV -> CVC[back]V | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki> V -> VvV[back]m | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki> CV -> esCV | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki> ∅ -> kka | _#</nowiki>
|-
|'ompa
|'ompataan
|'ompaga
|'ompavum
|'omespa
|'ompakka
|-
|
|stocker
|pot
|implementation
|implementing
|being implemented
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+Example table with root "molíí" (to steal)
!Patientive
!Agentive
!Instrumental
!Gnomic
!Active Participle
!Passive Participle
|-
|no change
|<nowiki> V -> V[-gemination]tV[+gemination]n | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki> CV -> CVC[back]V | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki> V -> VvV[back]m | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki> CV -> esCV | C_#</nowiki>
else
CV -> CesV | _#
|<nowiki> ∅ -> kka | _#</nowiki>
|-
|molíí
|molítíín
|molííwíí
|molíívúúm
|molesíí
|molííkka
|-
|stolen goods
|thief
|thief's tools
|theft
|stealing
|being stolen
|}

==== Role assignment ====
A noun's semantic role in a sentence is indicated by a case prefix

subject (Nominative case): 'al-

direct object/subject complement (Accusative case): bí-

indirect object (Dative case): tú-

noun complement (Genitive case): wan-

other (Oblique case): 'o-<ref>oblique case is not required on personal pronouns</ref>

==== Number ====
singular default, plus dual, paucal, and plural marked by suffix on a stem which goes before tense and aspect

dual: -dí

paucal: -ve

plural: -na

==== Gender ====
There is no grammatical gender in Tandí

==== Possession ====
POSD na POSR: 'obaan na 'obákúún - the room of the house (OBL-room POSS OBL-house)

=== Determiners ===

==== Demonstratives ====
_ wannitta - this _

_ wanlotta - that _

==== Articles ====
Tandí does not use articles

==== Possessive Determiners ====
_ na _: doro na bín - my ball (ball POSS 1.AN); doro na poka - your ball (ball POSS 2.AN); etc.

_ na mosí - whose _ (POSS who)

==== Quantifiers ====
Quantifiers go before the nouns they quantify (see Sentence Order)

=== Conjunctions ===
Conjunctions go in between semantic elements they connect, which can include things like nouns, noun phrases, relative clauses, verb argument lists<ref>The list of a verb's subject, direct object, and indirect object, in the case that a verb is applied to multiple sets of arguments</ref>, etc.

=== Numerals ===

==== Cardinals ====
cardinal "'amend" noun - ní 'amend doro - two CARD ball - ball number two (of a collection)

==== Ordinals ====
ordinal tokan noun - ordinal ORD noun, e.g. ní tokan doro - two ORD ball - second ball<ref group="Example references">e.g. ní tokan 'aban nana jelí | two ORD day PRT year | second day of the year</ref>

==== Nominals ====
root-cardinal - doroní - ball-two - two balls<ref group="Example references">e.g. baddaa 'aldaadukcí bídããní | hit-PRS NOM-3.AN-one ACC-3.AN-two | he hit him (of two people)</ref>

nũm - zero

'ókcí - one

ní - two

ta'í - three

sín - four

kílan - five

jaal - six

kitten - seven

bón - eight

nítta - nine

lan - ten

cen - hundred

tõn - thousand

=== Adjectives ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+Example with root "tãng" (metal, to smelt)
!Visual
!Compositional
!Applicational
!Behavioral
|-
| -déyan
| -lam
| -naak
| -toge
|-
|tãnggéyan
|tãnglam
|tãngnaak
|tãnggoge
|-
|appearing metal
|composed of metal
|having similar uses to something metal
|behaving like metal
|}

==== Placement ====
directly after the noun<ref group="Example references">e.g. 'okína yálekkena wakakííta | OBL-seed-PL ADJ-green GEN-pepper | green pepper seeds</ref>

Adjectives may or may not match the number of the noun, as there is a semantic difference<ref>e.g. "Her muscles were like steel cables" implies her muscles were strong, where "Her muscles were like a steel cable" implies they are arranged in a line</ref>

==== Comparison ====
yá-adjective-degree-tense<ref>Note here that the adjective is used as a verb, and is placed as the head of a verb phrase</ref> subject: subject is/was/will be degree adjective than object<ref group="Example references">e.g. yábannúda 'albín 'an bípoka | ADJ-good-COMP-PRS NOM-1SG.AN than ACC-1SG.AN | I am better than you (lit. am_better I than you)</ref>

=== Finite Verbs ===

==== Tense ====
attaches to verb

* -da: PRS
* -'ãn: PST
* -lí: FUT

==== Aspect ====
goes after tense:

* -bó: CONT
* -len: PERF
* -món: GNO
* -dada: HAB
goes before verb:
* kon-: INF

=== Verb Postpositions ===

==== Mood ====

* 'akaa-: MIR
* 'anõõl-: CONC/HYP
* 'ila-: OPT/BEND
* 'íyye-: HORT/JUSS
* luke-: DUB/COND
* me-: ABIL
* tene-: PERM/PRESCR

==== Evidentiality ====

* -ce'í: RPT
* -mánna: INFR
* -nobã: NEV
* -tócí: SENS
Negation

Negation goes before the verb
* 'eeya: NEG

==== Agreement ====
The 'present' tense is the present by default, and otherwise the tense of the last verb.<ref>ADD THIS REFERENCE AND DELETE THE OTHER ONE</ref><ref group="Example references">e.g. lagað'ãn 'albín tandralí 'albín | say-PST NOM-1.AN run-FUT NOM-1.AN | I said I was going to run</ref>

==== Voice ====

* mẽna- : CAUS
* lad- : PASS
* 'õm- : REV

=== Auxiliary Verbs ===
'ayí (AFF) conveys confirmation of an action, and is verbalized to 'ayída (AFF-PRS) to convey confirmation of a state or truth, or of an object's existence, across the past, present, or future, with tense agreement

'cirette laan ma/im' conveys that the subject has knowingly or unknowingly caused the direct object to be unintentionally involved in the indirect object (a state or event), where if the direct object and subject are the same the direct object may be omitted, or included for emphasis

=== Copula ===
There is no copula in Tandí

=== Adpositions ===

==== Agreement ====
No agreement between adposition and complement is necessary

=== Interjections ===
Interjections may be placed before any word to deliver extra mood or other miscellaneous information.

== Syntax ==

=== Sentence Order ===
VSO word order

Particles go before the words they attach to, and prepositions after

Adjectives may attach to any words except conjunctions and postpositions. They go directly after the word they attach to (except verbs, where they go after the postposition)

Adjectives can also be placed at the head of a verb phrase with tense marking to convey 'SBJ is ADJ'

Verb complements may be placed before the verb phrase's prepositional phrases and connected clauses, but still after the postposition and adjectives, if they are only one word long<ref group="Example references">e.g. "balda yábããntoge laan 'imaan 'omarkã́z 'albello" -> "balda yátandratoge 'albello laan ..." | "go-PRS ADJ-race-property to INE OBL-store NOM-bear" -> "go-PRS ADJ-race-property NOM-bear to ..." | "The bear goes quickly to the store"</ref>

Words modify nouns according to the following hierarchy:

* PREP(QUANT(((HNR(N))ADJ)GEN))

==== Auxiliary Verb Constructions ====
Nouns cannot be advanded forward within auxiliary verb phrases

'ayí can be either a verb or a particle, as mentioned in Auxiliary Verbs

Auxiliary verbs follow a regular form:

* V PREP Oi S (Od)

where V PREP is the auxiliary verb (a finite verb with a preposition), S is the subject and is NOT part of a prepositional phrase, Od is the direct object, and Oi is the noun phrase completing the prepositional phrase of the auxiliary verb

==== Adverb Placement ====
Adverbs are to verbs exactly as adjectives are to nouns. They follow verbs, and behave the same way to verbs and themselves that adjectives behave to nouns and ''them''selves.

=== Coordination and subordination ===
Conjunctions go between anything but postpositions and cannot be omitted. Coordinate and subordinate clauses are separated by conjunctions. There is no distinction made between coordination and subordination on a grammatical level

=== Relative Clauses ===
Relative clauses follow a regular form:

* HEAD REL VP

where HEAD is 3.INAN if the relative clause is free and the bound matrix clause if the relative clause is bound, REL is a preposition (kaka /kaxa/), and VP is a verb phrase, and the head is the verb phrase's implied direct object

=== Questions ===

==== Polar Questions ====

* hal ('eeya) _: is _ (un)true?

==== WH-Questions ====
There are three interrogative pronouns, which can form more specific interrogatives through genitives, prepositions, and conjunctions:
* koko - what
* conna - when
* mosí - who
* koko wacón - when (what time), pronoun (emphatic)
* koko wanhabun - who (what person), pronoun (emphatic)
* koko waran - where (what place), pronoun (generic)
* lewa koko - why (to what end), prepositional phrase
* konto koko - why (because of what reasoning), subordinate clause
* lak koko - how (by doing what), prepositional phrase
* no koko - about what, prepositional phrase
* 'im koko - where (near what), prepositional phrase
* 'im conna - when (near when), prepositional phrase
* 'imaan conna - for what time frame (inside when), prepositional phrase
* do koko - from what, prepositional phrase
* laan koko - to what, prepositional phrase
* etc...
questions are asked in the same intonation and word order as statements are declared<ref group="Example references">e.g. ga'ãn 'almosí bíkoko 'im conna, dú 'imaan conna, dú 'im koko, dú no koko, dú lewa koko, dú lak koko, dú kepen koko, dú do koko, dú laan koko, ..., dú kit mosí túkoko? | do-PST NOM-who ACC-what near when, CON inside when, CON near what, CON about what, CON by_doing what, CON INSTR what, CON from what, CON to what, ..., CON BEN who DAT-what | "who did what when, in what time frame, where, about what, why, how, using what, from what, ... , and to what (indirect) to what (direct)?"</ref>

=== Existential Clause ===
uses the auxiliary verb construction of 'ayí

== Miscellaneous ==
The subject, and sometimes the object, direct or indirect, of a verb phrase can be move up in the sentence in a select set of cases:

# A quote is being given. Since the quote is a prepositional phrase, it would normally occur before the arguments of the verb. However, because this could result in poorer understanding of the quote itself, the arguments go before SPECIFICALLY the quote, and after any other prepositions or particles, and the quote prepositional phrase always goes last.<ref group="Example references">e.g. lagaðan 'alheman naní no tatammaa tene 'alpoka, 'al'afanafta, bílagað na 'obín túheman 'ejanacír. | laɣaðan ʔalhɛman nani no tatamːaː tɛnɛ ʔalpoxa, ʔalʔafanafta, bilaɣað na ʔobin tyhɛman ʔɛʝanasiɹ. | say-PST NOM-HNR Nanni that repeat-PRS PERM.PRESCR NOM-2.AN NOM-ACTOR-courier ACC-speech POSS OBL-1.AN DAT-HNR Ea-Naṣir | "You, my courier, will repeat my message to Ea-Naṣir," said Nanni.</ref>
# The subject or object is only one word long. In order to promote faster delivery of important information, the word may be placed before all prepositions and particles, at the 'front' of the verb phrase (behind the verb, postposition, and adverbs)

== Examples ==
<references group="Example references" />

== Notes ==
<references />

Tandí

2026-09-13T18:28:44Z

MiaKvigan: /* Verb nominalization */

== Introduction ==
'obala yábalí wantandí is the native language of the ŋation of [[Yókóz|'o'aben yálekki wanyókóz]] on order of [[User:MiaKvigan|lappi Miya]] on the 3rd of May, 2026, at 12:06 P.M. CST

== Phonology ==

=== Vowels ===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
! rowspan="2" |closure
! colspan="2" |front
! colspan="2" |central
! colspan="2" |back
|-
!lax
!tense
!lax
!tense
!lax
!tense
|-
|close
|ɪ ⟨i⟩
|i ⟨í⟩
|
|ɨ ⟨ú⟩
|
|u ⟨ó⟩
|-
|mid
|ɛ ⟨e⟩
|e ⟨é⟩
|ə ⟨u⟩
|
|o ⟨o⟩
|
|-
|open
|a ⟨a⟩
|æ ⟨á⟩
|
|
|
|
|}Vowels may be nasalized or elongated

=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
!Placement →
↓ Manner
!Labial
!Dental
!Alveolar
!Post-alveolar
!Palatal
!Velar
!Laryngeal
|-
|Nasal
|m
|
|n
|
|
|
|
|-
|Plosive
|p / b
|
|t / d
|
|
|k / g
|ʔ ⟨'⟩
|-
|Sibilant affricate
|
|
|
|t͡ʃ ⟨ts⟩ / d͡ʒ ⟨dj⟩
|
|
|
|-
|Sibilant fricative
|
|
|s ⟨c⟩ / z
|ʃ ⟨s⟩ / ʒ ⟨j⟩
|
|
|
|-
|Non-sibilant fricative
|f / v
|ð
|
|
|ʝ ⟨y⟩
|
|h
|-
|Approximant
|
|
|ɹ ⟨r⟩
|
|
|w
|
|-
|Lateral Approximant
|
|
|l
|
|
|
|
|}
==== Consonant cluster reduction rules ====
Consonants can be 'absorbed' or 'deleted', where absorbed consonants become their absorber (dk/kd > dd) and deleted consonants disappear (dn > n, nd > nd). If a geminated consonant is deleted, the deleter becomes geminated

* n absorbs neighboring m
* m deletes preceding p and b
* n deletes preceding t and d
* g absorbs all other neighboring plosives, k absorbs all but g, d all but k and g, etc. (' is considered weak)
* dj absorbs neighboring ts
* dj and ts delete preceding j and s
* j absorbs all other neighboring sibilant fricatives, s absorbs all but j, etc.
* y absorbs all other neighboring non-sibilant fricatives, ð absorbs all but y, etc. (h is considered weak)
* w absorbs all other neighboring approximants, and r absorbs l (regular and lateral approximants are blended)

Examples:

* lad-gíla-món-'an → laggílamón'an (d-g → gg, n-' → n')
* lad-púkan-món → laddúkannón (d-p → dd, n-m → nn)
* yá-damack-dé'an → yádamacké'an (ck-d → ck)
* bí-daad-ní → bídaaní (d-n → n)

=== Phonotactics ===
C(S)V(C)(C) or (C)CV(S)(C) ,where C is any consonant, S is any oral sonorant, and V is any vowel

V can be lengthened, which is represented as 2 vowels in the romanization but counts as 1

C can be geminated, which is represented as 2(3<ref>digraphs geminate their first letter only</ref>) consonants in the romanization but counts as one for phonotactics

There is no set tense patterning, and tense is instead considered a part of intonation

==== Allophones ====

* <f> /f/ → /fʰ/ | _N
* <g> /g/ → /ɣ/ | L(G)_V
* <k> /k/ → /kʰ/ | _N
* <k> /k/ → /x/ | L(G)_V
* <k> /x/ → /xʰ/ | _N
* <l> /l/ → /l̃/ | N_
* <nowiki> /p/ → /pʰ/ | _N</nowiki>
* <r> /ɹ/ → /ɾ/ | C!n_
* <r> /ɹ/ → /ɹ̃/ | N_
* <r> /ɹ/ → /ʢ̞/ | #_
* <t> /t/ → /tʰ/ | _N
* <y> /ʝ/ → /ʝ̃/ | N_
* <w> /w/ → /w̃/ | N_
where C is any consonant, V is any vowel, L is any lax vowel, N is any nasal vowel, G is any oral sonorant, and #_ means word-initial

==== Rhyme scheme ====
In poetic meter, geminated vowels are twice as long, and geminated consonants and stretched rhymes<ref>A stretched rhyme is a rhyme which has no gemination but is lengthened to accommodate for mismatch with the meter.</ref> are one and a half times as long.

== Morphology ==

=== Pronouns ===

==== Personal pronouns ====
bín - 1.AN

mam - 1.INAN

poka - 2.AN

tóó - 2.INAN

dããd - 3.AN

ken - 3.INAN

==== Deictic pronouns ====
mitta - this

lotta - that

'this' is used for anything within two steps and arm's reach. 'that' is anything outside of that range.

==== Interrogative pronouns ====
koko - what

conna - when

mosí - who

(other interrogatives are phrasal, e.g. 'lewa koko' [in_order_to what] meaning 'why')

==== Indefinite pronouns ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Case→
! rowspan="2" |Negative
! rowspan="2" |Universal
! rowspan="2" |Assertive existential
! rowspan="2" |Dubitative existential
|-
!Type↓
|-
|Person
|habunko
|habunbaa
|habunlin
|habunẽn
|-
|Thing
|lenko
|lenbaa
|lenlin
|lenẽn
|-
|Place
|ranko
|ranbaa
|ranlin
|ranẽn
|-
|Time
|cónko
|cónbaa
|cónlin
|cónẽn
|}

=== Nouns ===

==== Verb nominalization ====
Verbs can be nominalized in one of six manners, which can further be adjectivized or adverbialized

The following are four example tables of varying roots
{| class="wikitable"
|+Example table with root "labak" (to eat)
!Patientive
!Agentive
!Instrumental
!Gnomic
!Active Participle
!Passive Participle
|-
|no change
|<nowiki> VC -> VCV[+gemination]n | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki> VC -> VCVC[back] | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki> VC -> VCV[back]m | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki> VC -> isVC | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki> C -> Cka | _#</nowiki>
|-
|labak
|labakaan
|labakag
|labakum
|labisak
|labakka
|-
|food
|consumer
|utensil
|consumption
|eating
|being eaten
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+Example table with root "sepes" (to cleanse)
!Patientive
!Agentive
!Instrumental
!Gnomic
!Active Participle
!Passive Participle
|-
|no change
|<nowiki> VC -> VCV[+gemination]n | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki> VC -> VCVC[back] | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki> VC -> VCV[back]m | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki> VC -> isVC | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki>CC -> CCikka | _#</nowiki>
else
C -> Cka | _#
|-
|sepes
|sepeseen
|sepesej
|sepesum
|sepises
|sepeska
|-
|
|cleaner
|soap
|cleanse
|cleaning
|being cleaned
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+Example table with root "'ompa" (to preserve (of food))
!Patientive
!Agentive
!Instrumental
!Gnomic
!Active Participle
!Passive Participle
|-
|no change
|<nowiki> V -> VtV[+gemination]n | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki> CV -> CVC[back]V | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki> V -> VvV[back]m | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki> CV -> esCV | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki> ∅ -> kka | _#</nowiki>
|-
|'ompa
|'ompataan
|'ompaga
|'ompavum
|'omespa
|'ompakka
|-
|
|stocker
|pot
|implementation
|implementing
|being implemented
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+Example table with root "molíí" (to steal)
!Patientive
!Agentive
!Instrumental
!Gnomic
!Active Participle
!Passive Participle
|-
|no change
|<nowiki> V -> V[-gemination]tV[+gemination]n | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki> CV -> CVC[back]V | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki> V -> VvV[back]m | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki> CV -> esCV | C_#</nowiki>
else
CV -> CesV | _#
|<nowiki> ∅ -> kka | _#</nowiki>
|-
|molíí
|molítíín
|molííwíí
|molíívúúm
|molesíí
|molííkka
|-
|stolen goods
|thief
|thief's tools
|theft
|stealing
|being stolen
|}

==== Role assignment ====
A noun's semantic role in a sentence is indicated by a case prefix

subject (Nominative case): 'al-

direct object/subject complement (Accusative case): bí-

indirect object (Dative case): tú-

noun complement (Genitive case): wan-

other (Oblique case): 'o-<ref>oblique case is not required on personal pronouns</ref>

==== Number ====
singular default, plus dual, paucal, and plural marked by suffix on a stem which goes before tense and aspect

dual: -dí

paucal: -ve

plural: -na

==== Gender ====
There is no grammatical gender in Tandí

==== Possession ====
POSD na POSR: 'obaan na 'obákúún - the room of the house (OBL-room POSS OBL-house)

=== Determiners ===

==== Demonstratives ====
_ wannitta - this _

_ wanlotta - that _

==== Articles ====
Tandí does not use articles

==== Possessive Determiners ====
_ na _: doro na bín - my ball (ball POSS 1.AN); doro na poka - your ball (ball POSS 2.AN); etc.

_ na mosí - whose _ (POSS who)

==== Quantifiers ====
Quantifiers go before the nouns they quantify (see Sentence Order)

=== Conjunctions ===
Conjunctions go in between semantic elements they connect, which can include things like nouns, noun phrases, relative clauses, verb argument lists<ref>The list of a verb's subject, direct object, and indirect object, in the case that a verb is applied to multiple sets of arguments</ref>, etc.

=== Numerals ===

==== Cardinals ====
cardinal "'amend" noun - ní 'amend doro - two CARD ball - ball number two (of a collection)

==== Ordinals ====
ordinal tokan noun - ordinal ORD noun, e.g. ní tokan doro - two ORD ball - second ball<ref group="Example references">e.g. ní tokan 'aban nana jelí | two ORD day PRT year | second day of the year</ref>

==== Nominals ====
root-cardinal - doroní - ball-two - two balls<ref group="Example references">e.g. baddaa 'aldaadukcí bídããní | hit-PRS NOM-3.AN-one ACC-3.AN-two | he hit him (of two people)</ref>

nũm - zero

'ókcí - one

ní - two

ta'í - three

sín - four

kílan - five

jaal - six

kitten - seven

bón - eight

nítta - nine

lan - ten

cen - hundred

tõn - thousand

=== Adjectives ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+Example with root "tãng" (metal, to smelt)
!Visual
!Compositional
!Applicational
!Behavioral
|-
| -déyan
| -lam
| -naak
| -toge
|-
|tãnggéyan
|tãnglam
|tãngnaak
|tãnggoge
|-
|appearing metal
|composed of metal
|having similar uses to something metal
|behaving like metal
|}

==== Placement ====
directly after the noun<ref group="Example references">e.g. 'okína yálekkena wakakííta | OBL-seed-PL ADJ-green GEN-pepper | green pepper seeds</ref>

Adjectives may or may not match the number of the noun, as there is a semantic difference<ref>e.g. "Her muscles were like steel cables" implies her muscles were strong, where "Her muscles were like a steel cable" implies they are arranged in a line</ref>

==== Comparison ====
yá-adjective-degree-tense<ref>Note here that the adjective is used as a verb, and is placed as the head of a verb phrase</ref> subject: subject is/was/will be degree adjective than object<ref group="Example references">e.g. yábannúda 'albín 'an bípoka | ADJ-good-COMP-PRS NOM-1SG.AN than ACC-1SG.AN | I am better than you (lit. am_better I than you)</ref>

=== Finite Verbs ===

==== Tense ====
attaches to verb

* -da: PRS
* -'ãn: PST
* -lí: FUT

==== Aspect ====
goes after tense:

* -bó: CONT
* -len: PERF
* -món: GNO
* -dada: HAB
goes before verb:
* kon-: INF

=== Verb Postpositions ===

==== Mood ====

* 'akaa-: MIR
* 'anõõl-: CONC/HYP
* 'ila-: OPT/BEND
* 'íyye-: HORT/JUSS
* luke-: DUB/COND
* me-: ABIL
* tene-: PERM/PRESCR

==== Evidentiality ====

* -ce'í: RPT
* -mánna: INFR
* -nobã: NEV
* -tócí: SENS
Negation

Negation goes before the verb
* 'eeya: NEG

==== Agreement ====
The 'present' tense is the present by default, and otherwise the tense of the last verb.<ref>ADD THIS REFERENCE AND DELETE THE OTHER ONE</ref><ref group="Example references">e.g. lagað'ãn 'albín tandralí 'albín | say-PST NOM-1.AN run-FUT NOM-1.AN | I said I was going to run</ref>

==== Voice ====

* mẽna- : CAUS
* lad- : PASS
* 'õm- : REV

=== Auxiliary Verbs ===
'ayí (AFF) conveys confirmation of an action, and is verbalized to 'ayída (AFF-PRS) to convey confirmation of a state or truth, or of an object's existence, across the past, present, or future, with tense agreement

'cirette laan ma/im' conveys that the subject has knowingly or unknowingly caused the direct object to be unintentionally involved in the indirect object (a state or event), where if the direct object and subject are the same the direct object may be omitted, or included for emphasis

=== Copula ===
There is no copula in Tandí

=== Adpositions ===

==== Agreement ====
No agreement between adposition and complement is necessary

=== Interjections ===
Interjections may be placed before any word to deliver extra mood or other miscellaneous information.

== Syntax ==

=== Sentence Order ===
VSO word order

Particles go before the words they attach to, and prepositions after

Adjectives may attach to any words except conjunctions and postpositions. They go directly after the word they attach to (except verbs, where they go after the postposition)

Adjectives can also be placed at the head of a verb phrase with tense marking to convey 'SBJ is ADJ'

Verb complements may be placed before the verb phrase's prepositional phrases and connected clauses, but still after the postposition and adjectives, if they are only one word long<ref group="Example references">e.g. "balda yábããntoge laan 'imaan 'omarkã́z 'albello" -> "balda yátandratoge 'albello laan ..." | "go-PRS ADJ-race-property to INE OBL-store NOM-bear" -> "go-PRS ADJ-race-property NOM-bear to ..." | "The bear goes quickly to the store"</ref>

Words modify nouns according to the following hierarchy:

* PREP(QUANT(((HNR(N))ADJ)GEN))

==== Auxiliary Verb Constructions ====
Nouns cannot be advanded forward within auxiliary verb phrases

'ayí can be either a verb or a particle, as mentioned in Auxiliary Verbs

Auxiliary verbs follow a regular form:

* V PREP Oi S (Od)

where V PREP is the auxiliary verb (a finite verb with a preposition), S is the subject and is NOT part of a prepositional phrase, Od is the direct object, and Oi is the noun phrase completing the prepositional phrase of the auxiliary verb

==== Adverb Placement ====
Adverbs are to verbs exactly as adjectives are to nouns. They follow verbs, and behave the same way to verbs and themselves that adjectives behave to nouns and ''them''selves.

=== Coordination and subordination ===
Conjunctions go between anything but postpositions and cannot be omitted. Coordinate and subordinate clauses are separated by conjunctions. There is no distinction made between coordination and subordination on a grammatical level

=== Relative Clauses ===
Relative clauses follow a regular form:

* HEAD REL VP

where HEAD is 3.INAN if the relative clause is free and the bound matrix clause if the relative clause is bound, REL is a preposition (kaka /kaxa/), and VP is a verb phrase, and the head is the verb phrase's implied direct object

=== Questions ===

==== Polar Questions ====

* hal ('eeya) _: is _ (un)true?

==== WH-Questions ====
There are three interrogative pronouns, which can form more specific interrogatives through genitives, prepositions, and conjunctions:
* koko - what
* conna - when
* mosí - who
* koko wacón - when (what time), pronoun (emphatic)
* koko wanhabun - who (what person), pronoun (emphatic)
* koko waran - where (what place), pronoun (generic)
* lewa koko - why (to what end), prepositional phrase
* konto koko - why (because of what reasoning), subordinate clause
* lak koko - how (by doing what), prepositional phrase
* no koko - about what, prepositional phrase
* 'im koko - where (near what), prepositional phrase
* 'im conna - when (near when), prepositional phrase
* 'imaan conna - for what time frame (inside when), prepositional phrase
* do koko - from what, prepositional phrase
* laan koko - to what, prepositional phrase
* etc...
questions are asked in the same intonation and word order as statements are declared<ref group="Example references">e.g. ga'ãn 'almosí bíkoko 'im conna, dú 'imaan conna, dú 'im koko, dú no koko, dú lewa koko, dú lak koko, dú kepen koko, dú do koko, dú laan koko, ..., dú kit mosí túkoko? | do-PST NOM-who ACC-what near when, CON inside when, CON near what, CON about what, CON by_doing what, CON INSTR what, CON from what, CON to what, ..., CON BEN who DAT-what | "who did what when, in what time frame, where, about what, why, how, using what, from what, ... , and to what (indirect) to what (direct)?"</ref>

=== Existential Clause ===
uses the auxiliary verb construction of 'ayí

== Miscellaneous ==
The subject, and sometimes the object, direct or indirect, of a verb phrase can be move up in the sentence in a select set of cases:

# A quote is being given. Since the quote is a prepositional phrase, it would normally occur before the arguments of the verb. However, because this could result in poorer understanding of the quote itself, the arguments go before SPECIFICALLY the quote, and after any other prepositions or particles, and the quote prepositional phrase always goes last.<ref group="Example references">e.g. lagaðan 'alheman naní no tatammaa tene 'alpoka, 'al'afanafta, bílagað na 'obín túheman 'ejanacír. | laɣaðan ʔalhɛman nani no tatamːaː tɛnɛ ʔalpoxa, ʔalʔafanafta, bilaɣað na ʔobin tyhɛman ʔɛʝanasiɹ. | say-PST NOM-HNR Nanni that repeat-PRS PERM.PRESCR NOM-2.AN NOM-ACTOR-courier ACC-speech POSS OBL-1.AN DAT-HNR Ea-Naṣir | "You, my courier, will repeat my message to Ea-Naṣir," said Nanni.</ref>
# The subject or object is only one word long. In order to promote faster delivery of important information, the word may be placed before all prepositions and particles, at the 'front' of the verb phrase (behind the verb, postposition, and adverbs)

== Examples ==
<references group="Example references" />

== Notes ==
<references />

Assammakiitina

2026-09-13T17:01:37Z

MiaKvigan: /* Aspect */

== Introduction ==
[Placeholder] is the liturgical language of the ŋation of [[Yókóz|'o'aben yálekki wanyókóz]].

== Phonology ==

=== Vowels ===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
!closure
!front
!back
|-
|close
|i ⟨i⟩
|u ⟨u⟩
|-
|close-mid
|e ⟨ei⟩
|o ⟨ou⟩
|-
|open-mid
|ɛ ⟨e⟩
|ɔ ⟨o⟩
|-
|near-open
|æ ⟨aei⟩
|
|-
|open
|a ⟨a⟩
|
|}Vowels may be elongated once or twice

=== Bright Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
!Placement →
↓ Manner
!Labial
!Coronal
!Dorsal
!Laryngeal
|-
|Nasal
|m
|n
|
|
|-
|(Im)Plosive
|p ⟨p'⟩ / b ⟨p⟩ / ɓ ⟨b⟩
|t ⟨t'⟩ / d ⟨t⟩ / ɗ ⟨d⟩
|q ⟨k'⟩ / ɢ ⟨k⟩
|ʔ ⟨q⟩
|-
|Sibilant fricative
|
|s / z
|ʃ ⟨ṡ⟩ / ʒ ⟨ż⟩
|
|-
|Non-sibilant fricative
|f / v
|θ ⟨ð⟩
|
|h
|-
|Approximant
|
|l
|y
|
|}

===Dark Consonants===

{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
!Placement →
↓ Manner
!Labial
!Coronal
!Uvulo-Pharyngeal
!Laryngeal
|-
|Nasal
|mˁ ⟨ṃ⟩
|nˁ ⟨ṇ⟩
|
|
|-
|(Im)Plosive
|bˁ ⟨p̣⟩ / ɓˁ ⟨ḅ⟩
|dˁ ⟨ṭ⟩ / ɗˁ ⟨ḍ⟩
|ɢˁ ⟨ḳ⟩ / ʛˁ ⟨g⟩
|ʔˁ ⟨q̣⟩
|-
|Sibilant fricative
|
|sˁ ⟨ṣ⟩ / zˁ ⟨ẓ⟩
|
|
|-
|Non-sibilant fricative
|vˁ ⟨ṿ⟩
|ðˁ ⟨ð̣⟩
|ħ ⟨ḥ⟩
|ʕ ⟨r⟩
|-
|Approximant
|
|lˁ ⟨ḷ⟩
|
|
|}

==== Morae ====
All root words have three morae, where morae must contain a vowel, such that the final vowel is either doubled or tripled to complete the morae.

=== Phonotactics ===

==== Syllables ====
CV(C), where C is any consonant and V is any vowel, all words have V#. This does not define morae.

==== Morae ====
Mora always contain exactly one vowel phoneme, and may overlap. All content words have three morae, though some particles and prepositions have two or only one and must be memorized.

==== Tones ====
There are seven musical tones. Patterns of three tones are matched to the three morae of a word, and indicate its case. Dark consonants lower a tone by two notes from its base tone, or raise by one if already within two tones of the lowest. Major scales indicate the indicative (C major, CDEFGAB), interrogative (A♭ major, A♭B♭CD♭E♭FG), justificative (E♭ major, E♭FGA♭B♭C), energetic (F♯ major, F♯G♯A♯BC♯D♯E♯), and imperative (D major, DEF♯GABC♯) sentential moods.

==== Stress ====
There is no syllable stress, as each mora is given equal weight

== Morphology ==

=== Pronouns ===

==== Personal pronouns ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! colspan="2" |Person →
↓ Class
!1
!2
!3
!4
!INT
|-
| rowspan="2" |ORG
|THNK
|na
|su
|ṇa
| rowspan="3" |qik'ala
|lou
|-
|NTHNK
|tele
|t'ana
|ḥama
|neme
|-
| colspan="2" |NORG
|tou
|qile
|dape
|t'at'i
|}

==== Deictic pronouns ====
mitta - this

lotta - that

'this' is used for anything within two steps and arm's reach. 'that' is anything outside of that range.

==== Interrogative pronouns ====
koko - what

conna - when

mosí - who

(other interrogatives are phrasal, e.g. 'lewa koko' [in_order_to what] meaning 'why')

==== Indefinite pronouns ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Case→
! rowspan="2" |Negative
! rowspan="2" |Universal
! rowspan="2" |Assertive existential
! rowspan="2" |Dubitative existential
|-
!Type↓
|-
|Person
|habunko
|habunbaa
|habunlin
|habunẽn
|-
|Thing
|lenko
|lenbaa
|lenlin
|lenẽn
|-
|Place
|ranko
|ranbaa
|ranlin
|ranẽn
|-
|Time
|cónko
|cónbaa
|cónlin
|cónẽn
|}

=== Nouns ===

==== Role assignment ====
A noun's semantic role in a sentence is indicated by an ending/inflection and a pattern of musical tones. The starting tone of the sentence is established by a hum, and is typically the third note, and the numbers are the note shifts (e.g. -1 means shift one note down in the chord, and +1 means shift one up). When a note is shifted by a dark consonant, it also shifts the subsequent notes (e.g. 0,0,0 on starting note 3 is 3-3-3, but when beginning with a dark consonant becomes 2-2-2, and when having an intermediate dark consonant becomes 3-2-2), and if a case note shift would leave the octave it instead shifts in the opposite direction. When inflecting, delete word-final 'a', 'e', and 'o', and separate other vowels with <h> /∅/.

* agent of progressive verbs (nominative - NOM): [0,+1,-1] on root, -da[+1] ending
* agent of stative verbs and copula, patient of progressive verbs (direct - DIR): [0,-1,0] on root, -ena[-1] inflection
* patient of stative verbs (accusative - ACC): [-1,-1,+3] on root, -le[-2] ending
* indirect object of ditransitive verbs (dative - DAT): [-2,0,-1] on root, -tihe[+2,-1] ending
* noun complement, patient of copula (genitive - GEN): [-1,0,+2] on root, -oup'a[-1] inflection
* anything else (oblique - OBL): [0,0,0] on root, add -nou[-1] ending 

ṿanade /vˁanadɛ/ - black

sameiṡa /sameʃa/ - cat

noze /nɔzɛ/ - to watch

na /na/ - 1SG

The ''black cat'' watches me.

m [E] sameiṡa [E-D-D] ṿanade [C-C-E] noze |E-F-F| na |F-E-E|.

Should ''I'' watch the black cat?

m |C| na |C-D♭-C| noze |D♭-G-G| sameiṡa |G-F-F| ṿanade |D♭-D♭-F|.

A♭B♭CD♭E♭FG

==== Number ====
singular default, plus paucal and plural marked by a word which follows its complement

paucal: bou [+2]

plural: la [-1]

==== Gender ====
There is no grammatical gender in Tandí

==== Possession ====
POSD na POSR: 'obaan na 'obákúún - the room of the house (DEF-OBL-room POSS DEF-OBL-house)

=== Determiners ===

==== Demonstratives ====
_ wannitta - this _

_ wanlotta - that _

==== Articles ====
Tandí does not use articles

==== Possessive Determiners ====
_ na _: doro na bín - my ball (ball POSS 1.AN); doro na poka - your ball (ball POSS 2.AN); etc.

_ na koko bac - whose _ (POSS what AN)

==== Quantifiers ====
Quantifiers go before the nouns they quantify (see Sentence Order)

=== Conjunctions ===
Conjunctions go in between semantic elements they connect, which can include things like nouns, noun phrases, relative clauses, verb argument lists<ref>The list of a verb's subject, direct object, and indirect object, in the case that a verb is applied to multiple sets of arguments</ref>, etc.

=== Numerals ===

==== Cardinals ====
cardinal "'amend" noun - ní 'amend doro - two CARD ball - ball number two (of a collection)

==== Ordinals ====
ordinal tokan noun - ordinal ORD noun, e.g. ní tokan doro - two ORD ball - second ball<ref group="Example references">e.g. ní tokan 'aban nana jelí | two ORD day PRT year | second day of the year</ref>

==== Nominals ====
root-cardinal - doroní - ball-two - two balls<ref group="Example references">e.g. baddaa 'aldaadukcí bídããní | hit-PRS NOM-3.AN-one ACC-3.AN-two | he hit him (of two people)</ref>

nũm - zero

'ókcí - one

ní - two

ta'í - three

sín - four

kílan - five

jaal - six

kitten - seven

bón - eight

nítta - nine

lan - ten

cen - hundred

tõn - thousand

=== Adjectives ===

==== Placement ====
directly after the noun<ref group="Example references">e.g. 'okína yálekkena wakakííta | OBL-seed-PL ADJ-green GEN-pepper | green pepper seeds</ref>

Adjectives may or may not match the number of the noun, as there is a semantic difference<ref>e.g. "Her muscles were like steel cables" implies her muscles were strong, where "Her muscles were like a steel cable" implies they are arranged in a line</ref>

* visual adjectivization: -nt'i, affix
* compositional adjectivization: -suk'a, affix
* applicational adjectivization: -ante, inflection
* behavioral adjectivization: -keihe, affix

==== Comparison ====
comparative: ya-

superlative: yami-

<ref group="Example references">e.g. yábannúda 'albín 'an bípoka | ADJ-good-COMP-PRS NOM-1SG.AN than ACC-1SG.AN | I am better than you (lit. am_better I than you)</ref>

=== Finite Verbs ===

==== Tense ====
attaches to verb

* FUT: -ṡi, affix
* PST: -emou, inflection

==== Aspect ====
Aspect is conveyed via a preverb
* CONT - ḍoumou [0,0]
* PFV - qapana [-1,+3,-3]
* GNO - kou [-2]
* HAB - yahi [+2,-1]
goes before verb:
* kon-: INF

==== Mood ====
* plain - [0,+1,0]
* MIR/BEND/OPT - [+2,-2,+1]
* CONC/HYP - [+2,-1,-1]
* HORT
* JUSS
* DUB/COND
* ABIL
* PERM - [0,-1,+1] on root, -aeila[-1] inflection
* PRESCR - [+1,+1,0] on root, -t'outou[+1,-1] affix

==== Evidentiality ====

* -ce'í: RPT
* -mánna: INFR
* -nobã: NEV
* -tócí: SENS

==== Case ====

*

==== Negation ====
* 'eeya: NEG

==== Agreement ====
The 'present' tense is the present by default, and otherwise the tense of the last verb.<ref>ADD THIS REFERENCE AND DELETE THE OTHER ONE</ref><ref group="Example references">e.g. lagað'ãn 'albín tandralí 'albín | say-PST NOM-1.AN run-FUT NOM-1.AN | I said I was going to run</ref>

==== Voice ====

* mẽna- : CAUS
* lad- : PASS
* 'õm- : REV

=== Auxiliary Verbs ===
'ayí (AFF) conveys confirmation of an action, and is verbalized to 'ayída (AFF-PRS) to convey confirmation of a state or truth, or of an object's existence, across the past, present, or future, with tense agreement

'cirette laan ma/im' conveys that the subject has knowingly or unknowingly caused the direct object to be unintentionally involved in the indirect object (a state or event), where if the direct object and subject are the same the direct object may be omitted, or included for emphasis

=== Copula ===
There is no copula in Tandí

=== Adpositions ===

==== Agreement ====
No agreement between adposition and complement is necessary

=== Interjections ===
Interjections may be placed before any word to deliver extra mood or other miscellaneous information.

== Syntax ==

=== Sentence Order ===
AVP word order with topic marking (e.g. When topic is the agent, AVP. When topic is the verb, VAP. When topic is the patient, PAV.)

Particles go after the words they attach to, and prepositions after

Adjectives may attach to any words except conjunctions and postpositions. They go directly after the word they attach to (except verbs, where they go after the postposition)

Adjectives can also be placed at the head of a verb phrase with tense marking to convey 'SBJ is ADJ'

Verb complements may be placed before the verb phrase's prepositional phrases and connected clauses, but still after the postposition and adjectives, if they are only one word long<ref group="Example references">e.g. "balda yábããntoge laan 'imaan 'omarkã́z 'albello" -> "balda yátandratoge 'albello laan ..." | "go-PRS ADJ-race-property to INE OBL-store NOM-bear" -> "go-PRS ADJ-race-property NOM-bear to ..." | "The bear goes quickly to the store"</ref>

Words modify nouns according to the following hierarchy:

* PREP(QUANT(((HNR(N))ADJ)GEN))

==== Auxiliary Verb Constructions ====
Nouns cannot be advanded forward within auxiliary verb phrases

'ayí can be either a verb or a particle, as mentioned in Auxiliary Verbs

Auxiliary verbs follow a regular form:

* V PREP Oi S (Od)

where V PREP is the auxiliary verb (a finite verb with a preposition), S is the subject and is NOT part of a prepositional phrase, Od is the direct object, and Oi is the noun phrase completing the prepositional phrase of the auxiliary verb

==== Adverb Placement ====
Adverbs are to verbs exactly as adjectives are to nouns. They follow verbs, and behave the same way to verbs and themselves that adjectives behave to nouns and ''them''selves.

=== Coordination and subordination ===
Conjunctions go between anything but postpositions and cannot be omitted. Coordinate and subordinate clauses are separated by conjunctions. There is no distinction made between coordination and subordination on a grammatical level

=== Relative Clauses ===
Relative clauses follow a regular form:

* HEAD REL VP

where HEAD is 3.INAN if the relative clause is free and the bound matrix clause if the relative clause is bound, REL is a preposition (kaka /kaxa/), and VP is a verb phrase, and the head is the verb phrase's implied direct object

=== Questions ===

==== Polar Questions ====

* hal ('eeya) _: is _ (un)true?

==== WH-Questions ====
There are three interrogative pronouns, which can form more specific interrogatives through genitives, prepositions, and conjunctions:
* koko - what
* conna - when
* mosí - who
* koko wacón - when (what time), pronoun (emphatic)
* koko wanhabun - who (what person), pronoun (emphatic)
* koko waran - where (what place), pronoun (generic)
* lewa koko - why (to what end), prepositional phrase
* konto koko - why (because of what reasoning), subordinate clause
* lak koko - how (by doing what), prepositional phrase
* no koko - about what, prepositional phrase
* 'im koko - where (near what), prepositional phrase
* 'im conna - when (near when), prepositional phrase
* 'imaan conna - for what time frame (inside when), prepositional phrase
* do koko - from what, prepositional phrase
* laan koko - to what, prepositional phrase
* etc...
questions are asked in the same intonation and word order as statements are declared<ref group="Example references">e.g. ga'ãn 'almosí bíkoko 'im conna, dú 'imaan conna, dú 'im koko, dú no koko, dú lewa koko, dú lak koko, dú kepen koko, dú do koko, dú laan koko, ..., dú kit mosí túkoko? | do-PST NOM-who ACC-what near when, CON inside when, CON near what, CON about what, CON by_doing what, CON INSTR what, CON from what, CON to what, ..., CON BEN who DAT-what | "who did what when, in what time frame, where, about what, why, how, using what, from what, ... , and to what (indirect) to what (direct)?"</ref>

=== Existential Clause ===
uses the auxiliary verb construction of 'ayí

== Miscellaneous ==
The subject, and sometimes the object, direct or indirect, of a verb phrase can be move up in the sentence in a select set of cases:

# A quote is being given. Since the quote is a prepositional phrase, it would normally occur before the arguments of the verb. However, because this could result in poorer understanding of the quote itself, the arguments go before SPECIFICALLY the quote, and after any other prepositions or particles, and the quote prepositional phrase always goes last.<ref group="Example references">e.g. lagaðan 'alheman naní no tatammaa tene 'alpoka, 'al'afanafta, bílagað na 'obín túheman 'ejanacír. | laɣaðan ʔalhɛman nani no tatamːaː tɛnɛ ʔalpoxa, ʔalʔafanafta, bilaɣað na ʔobin tyhɛman ʔɛʝanasiɹ. | say-PST NOM-HNR Nanni that repeat-PRS PERM.PRESCR NOM-2.AN NOM-ACTOR-courier ACC-speech POSS OBL-1.AN DAT-HNR Ea-Naṣir | "You, my courier, will repeat my message to Ea-Naṣir," said Nanni.</ref>
# The subject or object is only one word long. In order to promote faster delivery of important information, the word may be placed before all prepositions and particles, at the 'front' of the verb phrase (behind the verb, postposition, and adverbs)

== Examples ==
<references group="Example references" />

== Notes ==
<references />

Hiluqhaqotclledzalaqaalososenadhaaniidedodzaladaazososena'aariite

2026-09-12T23:57:11Z

MiaKvigan: /* Morphological derivation */

== Phonology ==

=== Vowels ===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
! rowspan="2" |closure
! colspan="2" |non-back
! colspan="2" |back
|-
!unrounded
!rounded
!unrounded
!rounded
|-
|high
|ɨ ⟨i⟩
|ʏ ⟨u⟩
|
|
|-
|mid
|
|
|
|o ⟨o⟩
|-
|low
|
|
|ɑ ⟨a⟩
|
|}
Vowels may be elongated

/∅/ ⟨e⟩

=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
! colspan="2" |Placement →
↓ Manner
!Coronal
!Palato-Dorsal
!Laryngeal
|-
| colspan="2" |Nasal
|n
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Plosive
|t / d
|q
|ʔ ⟨'⟩
|-
| colspan="2" |Sibilant affricate
|t͡ʃ ⟨ts⟩ / d͡ʒ ⟨dz⟩
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Sibilant fricative
|ʃ ⟨s⟩ / ʒ ⟨z⟩
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Non-sibilant fricative
|θ ⟨th⟩ / ð ⟨dh⟩
|ç ⟨c⟩ / ʝ ⟨y⟩
|ħ ⟨qh⟩ / h
|-
| colspan="2" |Trill
|r̥ ⟨tr⟩ / r
|ʀ̥ ⟨trr⟩ / ʀ ⟨rr⟩
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |Lateral affricate
|lateral
|t͡ɬˡ ⟨tcll⟩ / d͡ɮˡ ⟨dyll⟩
|
|
|-
|aspirated
|t͡ɬʰ ⟨tcl⟩ / d͡ɮʰ ⟨dyl⟩
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |Lateral fricative
|lateral
|ɬˡ ⟨cll⟩ / ɮˡ ⟨yll⟩
|
|
|-
|aspirated
|ɬʰ ⟨cl⟩ / ɮʰ ⟨yl⟩
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Lateral Approximant
|l
|
|
|}

=== Phonotactics ===
CV (but ⟨e⟩ /∅/ is an allowed V)

== Morphology ==

=== Pronouns ===

==== Personal pronouns ====
The personal pronouns as they once existed in Halaqhanenasi'ona were pro-drop as a result of grammatical person marking on verbs, but have since been eliminated, replaced by what used to be honorifics but which can now also serve as personal pronouns in addition to grammatical person marking on nouns

==== Honorifics ====
Honorifics may occur before nouns as an honorific, or in place of subjects as a pronoun, or before nouns and with an interfix as a deictic
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Presentation →
! rowspan="2" |Powerful-Fragile
! rowspan="2" |Powerful-Graceful
! rowspan="2" |Graceful-Fragile
|-
!Performance ↓
|-
|Powerful-Fragile
|'uqadho
|dulato
|su'ano
|-
|Powerful-Graceful
|'iqodha
|dilota
|si'ona
|-
|Graceful-Fragile
|'aqadhe
|dalate
|sa'ane
|}

==== Deictic pronouns ====
As with personal pronouns, deictic pronouns have disappeared. Honorifics are used in their place, where the gender classes are interpreted as distal distinctions, and are distinguished from a plain 'pronoun' by the suffix "-ta". Generic 'this' which refers to a locationless entity is 'dilota'
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Unit (length) →
! rowspan="2" |minnow
(1 cm)
! rowspan="2" |redfish
(0.6 m)
! rowspan="2" |oarfish
(8 m)
|-
!Quantity ↓
|-
|1
|'uqadho
|dulato
|su'ano
|-
|12
|'iqodha
|dilota
|si'ona
|-
|144
|'aqadhe
|dalate
|sa'ane
|}

==== Interrogative pronouns ====
As with the other pronouns, interrogative pronouns no longer exist. Instead, you mark a noun as having an interrogative person and make it the object by adjusting the agency of the subject as necessary

=== Nouns ===

==== Pattern ====
The noun pattern conveys two axes, the noun's class and its person plus number. A noun's 'class' is categorized as any of organic thinking, organic nonthinking, and inorganic, and is used to determine the subject-object relationship between two nouns
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |Organic
! rowspan="2" |Inorganic
|-
!Thinking
!Nonthinking
|-
| rowspan="4" |1
|SG
|_a_a_a
|_a_i_a
|_a_u_a
|-
|DUAL
|_a_a_i
|_a_i_i
|_a_u_i
|-
|PAU
|_a_a_u
|_a_i_u
|_a_u_u
|-
|PL
|_a_a_o
|_a_i_o
|_a_u_o
|-
| rowspan="4" |2
|SG
|_u_a_a
|_u_i_a
|_u_u_a
|-
|DUAL
|_u_a_i
|_u_i_i
|_u_u_i
|-
|PAU
|_u_a_u
|_u_i_u
|_u_u_u
|-
|PL
|_u_a_o
|_u_i_o
|_u_u_o
|-
| rowspan="4" |3
|SG
|_i_a_a
|_i_i_a
|_i_u_a
|-
|DUAL
|_i_a_i
|_i_i_i
|_i_u_i
|-
|PAU
|_i_a_u
|_i_i_u
|_i_u_u
|-
|PL
|_i_a_o
|_i_i_o
|_i_u_o
|-
| rowspan="4" |INT
|SG
|_o_a_a
|_o_i_a
|_o_u_a
|-
|DUAL
|_o_a_i
|_o_i_i
|_o_u_i
|-
|PAU
|_o_a_u
|_o_i_u
|_o_u_u
|-
|PL
|_o_a_o
|_o_i_o
|_o_u_o
|}

=== Finite Verbs ===

==== Pattern ====
The verb pattern conveys two axes, the verb's quality and its person plus number. A verb's 'quality' is a measure of its emotional and physical intensity, as opposed to the more standard uses of the augmentative and diminutive forms which indicate
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |Standard
! colspan="2" |Augmentative
! colspan="2" |Diminutive
! colspan="2" |Stupiditive
|-
|Agent
|Patient
|Agent
|Patient
|Agent
|Patient
!Agent
|Patient
|-
| rowspan="4" |1
|SG
|_a_o_e
|_a_ii_e
|_u_o_e
|_u_aa_e
|_o_a_e
|_o_ii_e
|_i_u_e
|_i_oo_e
|-
|DUAL
|_a_o_i
|_a_ii_i
|_u_o_i
|_u_aa_i
|_o_a_i
|_o_ii_i
|_i_u_i
|_i_oo_i
|-
|PAU
|_a_o_ane
|_a_ii_ane
|_u_o_ane
|_u_aa_ane
|_o_a_ane
|_o_ii_ane
|_i_u_ane
|_i_oo_ane
|-
|PL
|_a_o_ose
|_a_ii_ose
|_u_o_ose
|_u_aa_ose
|_o_a_ose
|_o_ii_ose
|_i_u_ose
|_i_oo_ose
|-
| rowspan="4" |2
|SG
|_ale_o_e
|_ale_ii_e
|_ule_o_e
|_u_aa_e
|_oo_a_e
|_oo_ii_e
|_ile_u_e
|_ile_oo_e
|-
|DUAL
|_ale_o_i
|_ale_ii_i
|_ule_o_i
|_ule_aa_i
|_ole_a_i
|_ole_ii_i
|_ile_u_i
|_ile_oo_i
|-
|PAU
|_ale_o_ane
|_ale_ii_ane
|_ule_o_ane
|_ule_aa_ane
|_ole_a_ane
|_ole_ii_ane
|_ile_u_ane
|_ile_oo_ane
|-
|PL
|_ale_o_ose
|_ale_ii_ose
|_ule_o_ose
|_ule_aa_ose
|_ole_a_ose
|_ole_ii_ose
|_ile_u_ose
|_ile_oo_ose
|-
| rowspan="4" |3
|SG
|_aa_o_e
|_aa_ii_e
|_uu_o_e
|_uu_aa_e
|_oo_a_e
|_oo_ii_e
|_ii_u_e
|_ii_oo_e
|-
|DUAL
|_aa_o_i
|_aa_ii_i
|_uu_o_i
|_uu_aa_i
|_oo_a_i
|_oo_ii_i
|_ii_u_i
|_ii_oo_i
|-
|PAU
|_aa_o_ane
|_aa_ii_ane
|_uu_o_ane
|_uu_aa_ane
|_oo_a_ane
|_oo_ii_ane
|_ii_u_ane
|_ii_oo_ane
|-
|PL
|_aa_o_ose
|_aa_ii_ose
|_uu_o_ose
|_uu_aa_ose
|_oo_a_ose
|_oo_ii_ose
|_ii_u_ose
|_ii_oo_ose
|}

==== Tense ====
Tense is conveyed via a circumfix, which contains all other affixes (unless otherwise specified). The immediate past and future are generally preferable to the present, unless describing something which is happening in the very immediate present (that is to say, something which happens in a couple of seconds is still the immediate future and not the present)
* trru⟩⟨la - PST
* tru⟩⟨la - PST.IMM
* qeso⟩⟨nothe - PRS
* 'ara⟩⟨ti - FUT.IMM
* 'arra⟩⟨ti - FUT
e.g. qesonasoqenothe - PRS⟩paint.application⟨V.1SG.AGT.STD⟩⟨CIRC - I apply paint

==== Aspect ====
Aspect is conveyed via a suffix attached directly to the stem
* none - the statement is true, but the action is not necessarily occurring - gnomic
* hase - the statement is not necessarily true, but the action is occurring - faeric (yes I made it up)
* reduplication of the root - the action happens regularly, or habitually - habitual
* yla - the action is complete - perfect
* leqe - the action is ongoing, and has progress - progressive
*tane - the action is ongoing, but does not progress - stative
* hero - the action is initiated - initiative
* 'idhane - the action is resumed - resumptive
* dhile - the action is terminated - terminative
e.g. qesonasoqeleqenothe - PRS⟩paint.application⟨V.1SG.AGT.STD⟩-GNO⟨CIRC - I apply paint (it's something I do, not necessarily right now though)

==== Mood ====
Mood is conveyed as a prefix on the verb
* ∅ - I paint/I am paint/I have paint
* qhane - NEC - I need to paint/I need paint
* jotune - DES - I want to paint/I want paint
* qota - IMP/JUSS - I demand, implore to paint/I demand, implore paint
* suthate - DUB/COND - I would, might, consider paint(ing)/I would, might, consider have[ing] paint
* naniiq - PERM - I can paint/I can have paint
* tclate - ABIL - I am able to paint, I am able to have paint
* didaa - MIR - I am fond for paint, I have fondness for paint
e.g. qesoqotanasoqeleqenothe - PRS⟩IMP/JUSS-paint.application⟨V.1SG.AGT.STD⟩-GNO⟨CIRC - I demand to apply paint (I make the demand, but not necessarily as we speak)

=== Volitional particles ===
Volition is marked by a preverb. These prefixes can have their own TAM (tense, aspect, and mood) distinct from that of the verb they are attached to.
* daa - volitional, success (confirmative) - I intended to, and did
* noqe - volitional, failed (attemptative) - I intended to, but did not (or could not)
* luyle - nonvolitional, success (deniative) - I did not intend to, and did not (or could not)
* 'acaye - nonvolitional, failed (temptative) - I did not intend to, but did
e.g. trunoqeylala qesoqotanasoqeleqenothe - PST.IMM⟩ATTEMPT-PFV⟨CIRC PRS⟩IMP/JUSS-paint.application⟨V.1SG.AGT.STD⟩-GNO⟨CIRC - I intend to but do not demand to apply paint (My failure to demand is true, but not necessarily happening now, and my application of the paint would have occurred just a moment ago)

=== Affirmation and negation ===
The affirmative and negative particles ('itclla and daneda) are 'right' and 'wrong' responses only. "NEG paint.application⟨V.1SG.AGT.STD⟩" means "Wrong, I paint", where "DENY paint.application⟨V.1SG.AGT.STD⟩" means "I intentionally did not paint", and "NEG DENY paint.application⟨V.1SG.AGT.STD⟩" means "Wrong, I intentionally did not paint"

e.g. 'itclla trunoqeylala qesoqotanasoqeleqenothe - AFF PST.IMM⟩ATTEMPT-PFV⟨CIRC PRS⟩IMP/JUSS-paint.application⟨V.1SG.AGT.STD⟩-GNO⟨CIRC - Yes, I just intended to but did not demand to apply paint (The statement is confirmation, my failure to demand was true as of just a moment ago, but not necessarily occurring at that moment, and my application of the paint would occur now)

=== Forms ===
Forms convey the nature of the application of a noun when used as a verb. Consonants are notated as c₁, c₂, etc., while vowels are v₁, v₂, etc.. Examples are based on root n_s_q_ (paint), with pattern _a_o_e (V.1SG.AGT.STD)

# c₁v₁c₂v₂c₃v₃ - nasoqe - I newly apply paint to
# c₁v₁nev₂c₂v₃c₃ - nanesoqe - I fully remove paint from
# dac₁v₁c₂v₂lec₃v₃ - danasoleqe - I alter the paint of
# c₁v₁c₁v₁c₂v₂c₃v₃ - nanasoqe - I supplement the paint of
# c₁v₁c₂ec₃v₂rv₃ - naseqore - I reduce the paint of
# c₁v₁c₃v₃c₂v₂ - naqeso - I invert the paint of
# 'v₁c₁v₁c₂v₂c₃v₃ - 'anasoqe - I utilize the paint of
# c₁v₁c₂ec₃v₂c₃v₃ - naseqoqe - I analyze the paint of

=== Morphological derivation ===
Affixation is used to derive the stative, agent, patient, action instrumental, tool instrumental, and assistance instrumental nominalizations of a verb (to fly becomes flight, that which flies, that which is flown, that which can be performed to cause flight (the flap of a wing), that which is used to cause flight directly (wings, lift), and that which is used to help cause flight (wind) , as well as the gnomic and progressive adjectivizations of a verb (to fly becomes flown and flying)

* qhose-: PFV.NMZ
* dzala-: ACT.NMZ
* dyllu-: PASS.NMZ
* raseto-: ACT.INSTR.NMZ
* 'indzo-:TOOL.INSTR.NMZ
* qana-: GUIDE.INSTR.NMZ
* sothe-: APRT
* yotre-: PPRT

When an illegal consonant cluster appears, it is broken up by schwa, still written as ⟨e⟩

Tense goes on the outside as a circumfix, while aspect is a suffix within that

The abstract nominalizer is marked with the 'i⟩⟨nile circumfix

The indefinite article is marked with the 'ile- prefix

alienable possession and inalienable possession are marked separately (e.g. 'my brother' and 'my ball' use a different interfix)
== Syntax ==

=== Word order ===
V1 within words, words follow chains of logic

=== Compound words ===

==== Noun incorporation ====
Nouns are incorporated into compound words by appending them to the compound word with a dividing interfix showing the relationship between the words. To incorporate another compound word, you must place the "clo⟩⟨lune" circumfix around it to eliminate ambiguity.

==== Verb serialization ====
Verb serialization occurs first. Serialized verbs are placed in succession, and the last verb (even when alone) is followed by the '-lo-' interfix. The verb(s) indicate(s) the agency, person, and number of the subject, which is known via the animacy hierarchy (people < ORG.THNK < ORG.NTHNK < computers < NORG). If the subject-object relationship does not match this hierarchy, the particle "qetaa" is placed between the two words or phrases, meaning they must occur next to one another. The subject can be dropped if it is in the first person and not semantically necessary (as in it does not contain information that, if missing, would make the sentence nonsensical). If the subject is dropped and the subject and object agree in grammatical person, "qetaa" must be placed between the verb(s) and the direct object. The indirect object is placed before the verb(s), with the '-nole-' interfix in between. Verb serialization can also be recursive, meaning the arguments of a serialized verb phrase may be another serialized verb phrase.

* -tu- = ACT.INSTR (what action was used to accomplish the verb)
* -herro- = TOOL.INSTR (what tool was used to accomplish the verb)
* -luga- = GUIDE.INSTR (what guide was used to accomplish the verb)
* -lala- = POSS.AL
* -rrile- = POSS.INAL
* -na- = ADJZ
* -qotclle- = GEN
* -ylli- = TOP

Tandí

2026-09-12T20:55:18Z

MiaKvigan: /* Nouns */

== Introduction ==
'obala yábalí wantandí is the native language of the ŋation of [[Yókóz|'o'aben yálekki wanyókóz]] on order of [[User:MiaKvigan|lappi Miya]] on the 3rd of May, 2026, at 12:06 P.M. CST

== Phonology ==

=== Vowels ===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
! rowspan="2" |closure
! colspan="2" |front
! colspan="2" |central
! colspan="2" |back
|-
!lax
!tense
!lax
!tense
!lax
!tense
|-
|close
|ɪ ⟨i⟩
|i ⟨í⟩
|
|ɨ ⟨ú⟩
|
|u ⟨ó⟩
|-
|mid
|ɛ ⟨e⟩
|e ⟨é⟩
|ə ⟨u⟩
|
|o ⟨o⟩
|
|-
|open
|a ⟨a⟩
|æ ⟨á⟩
|
|
|
|
|}Vowels may be nasalized or elongated

=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
!Placement →
↓ Manner
!Labial
!Dental
!Alveolar
!Post-alveolar
!Palatal
!Velar
!Laryngeal
|-
|Nasal
|m
|
|n
|
|
|
|
|-
|Plosive
|p / b
|
|t / d
|
|
|k / g
|ʔ ⟨'⟩
|-
|Sibilant affricate
|
|
|
|t͡ʃ ⟨ts⟩ / d͡ʒ ⟨dj⟩
|
|
|
|-
|Sibilant fricative
|
|
|s ⟨c⟩ / z
|ʃ ⟨s⟩ / ʒ ⟨j⟩
|
|
|
|-
|Non-sibilant fricative
|f / v
|ð
|
|
|ʝ ⟨y⟩
|
|h
|-
|Approximant
|
|
|ɹ ⟨r⟩
|
|
|w
|
|-
|Lateral Approximant
|
|
|l
|
|
|
|
|}
==== Consonant cluster reduction rules ====
Consonants can be 'absorbed' or 'deleted', where absorbed consonants become their absorber (dk/kd > dd) and deleted consonants disappear (dn > n, nd > nd). If a geminated consonant is deleted, the deleter becomes geminated

* n absorbs neighboring m
* m deletes preceding p and b
* n deletes preceding t and d
* g absorbs all other neighboring plosives, k absorbs all but g, d all but k and g, etc. (' is considered weak)
* dj absorbs neighboring ts
* dj and ts delete preceding j and s
* j absorbs all other neighboring sibilant fricatives, s absorbs all but j, etc.
* y absorbs all other neighboring non-sibilant fricatives, ð absorbs all but y, etc. (h is considered weak)
* w absorbs all other neighboring approximants, and r absorbs l (regular and lateral approximants are blended)

Examples:

* lad-gíla-món-'an → laggílamón'an (d-g → gg, n-' → n')
* lad-púkan-món → laddúkannón (d-p → dd, n-m → nn)
* yá-damack-dé'an → yádamacké'an (ck-d → ck)
* bí-daad-ní → bídaaní (d-n → n)

=== Phonotactics ===
C(S)V(C)(C) or (C)CV(S)(C) ,where C is any consonant, S is any oral sonorant, and V is any vowel

V can be lengthened, which is represented as 2 vowels in the romanization but counts as 1

C can be geminated, which is represented as 2(3<ref>digraphs geminate their first letter only</ref>) consonants in the romanization but counts as one for phonotactics

There is no set tense patterning, and tense is instead considered a part of intonation

==== Allophones ====

* <f> /f/ → /fʰ/ | _N
* <g> /g/ → /ɣ/ | L(G)_V
* <k> /k/ → /kʰ/ | _N
* <k> /k/ → /x/ | L(G)_V
* <k> /x/ → /xʰ/ | _N
* <l> /l/ → /l̃/ | N_
* <nowiki> /p/ → /pʰ/ | _N</nowiki>
* <r> /ɹ/ → /ɾ/ | C!n_
* <r> /ɹ/ → /ɹ̃/ | N_
* <r> /ɹ/ → /ʢ̞/ | #_
* <t> /t/ → /tʰ/ | _N
* <y> /ʝ/ → /ʝ̃/ | N_
* <w> /w/ → /w̃/ | N_
where C is any consonant, V is any vowel, L is any lax vowel, N is any nasal vowel, G is any oral sonorant, and #_ means word-initial

==== Rhyme scheme ====
In poetic meter, geminated vowels are twice as long, and geminated consonants and stretched rhymes<ref>A stretched rhyme is a rhyme which has no gemination but is lengthened to accommodate for mismatch with the meter.</ref> are one and a half times as long.

== Morphology ==

=== Pronouns ===

==== Personal pronouns ====
bín - 1.AN

mam - 1.INAN

poka - 2.AN

tóó - 2.INAN

dããd - 3.AN

ken - 3.INAN

==== Deictic pronouns ====
mitta - this

lotta - that

'this' is used for anything within two steps and arm's reach. 'that' is anything outside of that range.

==== Interrogative pronouns ====
koko - what

conna - when

mosí - who

(other interrogatives are phrasal, e.g. 'lewa koko' [in_order_to what] meaning 'why')

==== Indefinite pronouns ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Case→
! rowspan="2" |Negative
! rowspan="2" |Universal
! rowspan="2" |Assertive existential
! rowspan="2" |Dubitative existential
|-
!Type↓
|-
|Person
|habunko
|habunbaa
|habunlin
|habunẽn
|-
|Thing
|lenko
|lenbaa
|lenlin
|lenẽn
|-
|Place
|ranko
|ranbaa
|ranlin
|ranẽn
|-
|Time
|cónko
|cónbaa
|cónlin
|cónẽn
|}

=== Nouns ===

==== Verb nominalization ====
Verbs can be nominalized in one of six manners, which can further be adjectivized or adverbialized
{| class="wikitable"
|+Example table with root "labak" (to eat)
!Patientive
!Agentive
!Instrumental
!Gnomic
!Active Participle
!Passive Participle
|-
|no change
|<nowiki> VC -> VCV[+gemination]n | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki> VC -> VCVC[back] | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki> VC -> VCV[back]m | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki> VC -> isVC | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki> C -> Cka | _#</nowiki>
|-
|labak
|labakaan
|labakag
|labakum
|labisak
|labakka
|-
|food
|consumer
|utensil
|consumption
|eating
|eaten
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+Example table with root "'ompa" (to put in a pot)
!Patientive
!Agentive
!Instrumental
!Gnomic
!Active Participle
!Passive Participle
|-
|no change
|<nowiki> V -> VtV[+gemination]n | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki> CV -> CVC[back]V | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki> V -> VvV[back]m | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki> CV -> esCV | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki> ∅ -> kka | _#</nowiki>
|-
|'ompa
|'ompataan
|'ompaga
|'ompavum
|'omespa
|'ompakka
|-
|ingredient
|stocker
|pot
|implementation
|implementing
|implemented
|}

==== Role assignment ====
A noun's semantic role in a sentence is indicated by a case prefix

subject (Nominative case): 'al-

direct object/subject complement (Accusative case): bí-

indirect object (Dative case): tú-

noun complement (Genitive case): wan-

other (Oblique case): 'o-<ref>oblique case is not required on personal pronouns</ref>

==== Number ====
singular default, plus dual, paucal, and plural marked by suffix on a stem which goes before tense and aspect

dual: -dí

paucal: -ve

plural: -na

==== Gender ====
There is no grammatical gender in Tandí

==== Possession ====
POSD na POSR: 'obaan na 'obákúún - the room of the house (OBL-room POSS OBL-house)

=== Determiners ===

==== Demonstratives ====
_ wannitta - this _

_ wanlotta - that _

==== Articles ====
Tandí does not use articles

==== Possessive Determiners ====
_ na _: doro na bín - my ball (ball POSS 1.AN); doro na poka - your ball (ball POSS 2.AN); etc.

_ na mosí - whose _ (POSS who)

==== Quantifiers ====
Quantifiers go before the nouns they quantify (see Sentence Order)

=== Conjunctions ===
Conjunctions go in between semantic elements they connect, which can include things like nouns, noun phrases, relative clauses, verb argument lists<ref>The list of a verb's subject, direct object, and indirect object, in the case that a verb is applied to multiple sets of arguments</ref>, etc.

=== Numerals ===

==== Cardinals ====
cardinal "'amend" noun - ní 'amend doro - two CARD ball - ball number two (of a collection)

==== Ordinals ====
ordinal tokan noun - ordinal ORD noun, e.g. ní tokan doro - two ORD ball - second ball<ref group="Example references">e.g. ní tokan 'aban nana jelí | two ORD day PRT year | second day of the year</ref>

==== Nominals ====
root-cardinal - doroní - ball-two - two balls<ref group="Example references">e.g. baddaa 'aldaadukcí bídããní | hit-PRS NOM-3.AN-one ACC-3.AN-two | he hit him (of two people)</ref>

nũm - zero

'ókcí - one

ní - two

ta'í - three

sín - four

kílan - five

jaal - six

kitten - seven

bón - eight

nítta - nine

lan - ten

cen - hundred

tõn - thousand

=== Adjectives ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+Example with root "tãng" (metal, to smelt)
!Visual
!Compositional
!Applicational
!Behavioral
|-
| -déyan
| -lam
| -naak
| -toge
|-
|tãnggéyan
|tãnglam
|tãngnaak
|tãnggoge
|-
|appearing metal
|composed of metal
|having similar uses to something metal
|behaving like metal
|}

==== Placement ====
directly after the noun<ref group="Example references">e.g. 'okína yálekkena wakakííta | OBL-seed-PL ADJ-green GEN-pepper | green pepper seeds</ref>

Adjectives may or may not match the number of the noun, as there is a semantic difference<ref>e.g. "Her muscles were like steel cables" implies her muscles were strong, where "Her muscles were like a steel cable" implies they are arranged in a line</ref>

==== Comparison ====
yá-adjective-degree-tense<ref>Note here that the adjective is used as a verb, and is placed as the head of a verb phrase</ref> subject: subject is/was/will be degree adjective than object<ref group="Example references">e.g. yábannúda 'albín 'an bípoka | ADJ-good-COMP-PRS NOM-1SG.AN than ACC-1SG.AN | I am better than you (lit. am_better I than you)</ref>

=== Finite Verbs ===

==== Tense ====
attaches to verb

* -da: PRS
* -'ãn: PST
* -lí: FUT

==== Aspect ====
goes after tense:

* -bó: CONT
* -len: PERF
* -món: GNO
* -dada: HAB
goes before verb:
* kon-: INF

=== Verb Postpositions ===

==== Mood ====

* 'akaa-: MIR
* 'anõõl-: CONC/HYP
* 'ila-: OPT/BEND
* 'íyye-: HORT/JUSS
* luke-: DUB/COND
* me-: ABIL
* tene-: PERM/PRESCR

==== Evidentiality ====

* -ce'í: RPT
* -mánna: INFR
* -nobã: NEV
* -tócí: SENS
Negation

Negation goes before the verb
* 'eeya: NEG

==== Agreement ====
The 'present' tense is the present by default, and otherwise the tense of the last verb.<ref>ADD THIS REFERENCE AND DELETE THE OTHER ONE</ref><ref group="Example references">e.g. lagað'ãn 'albín tandralí 'albín | say-PST NOM-1.AN run-FUT NOM-1.AN | I said I was going to run</ref>

==== Voice ====

* mẽna- : CAUS
* lad- : PASS
* 'õm- : REV

=== Auxiliary Verbs ===
'ayí (AFF) conveys confirmation of an action, and is verbalized to 'ayída (AFF-PRS) to convey confirmation of a state or truth, or of an object's existence, across the past, present, or future, with tense agreement

'cirette laan ma/im' conveys that the subject has knowingly or unknowingly caused the direct object to be unintentionally involved in the indirect object (a state or event), where if the direct object and subject are the same the direct object may be omitted, or included for emphasis

=== Copula ===
There is no copula in Tandí

=== Adpositions ===

==== Agreement ====
No agreement between adposition and complement is necessary

=== Interjections ===
Interjections may be placed before any word to deliver extra mood or other miscellaneous information.

== Syntax ==

=== Sentence Order ===
VSO word order

Particles go before the words they attach to, and prepositions after

Adjectives may attach to any words except conjunctions and postpositions. They go directly after the word they attach to (except verbs, where they go after the postposition)

Adjectives can also be placed at the head of a verb phrase with tense marking to convey 'SBJ is ADJ'

Verb complements may be placed before the verb phrase's prepositional phrases and connected clauses, but still after the postposition and adjectives, if they are only one word long<ref group="Example references">e.g. "balda yábããntoge laan 'imaan 'omarkã́z 'albello" -> "balda yátandratoge 'albello laan ..." | "go-PRS ADJ-race-property to INE OBL-store NOM-bear" -> "go-PRS ADJ-race-property NOM-bear to ..." | "The bear goes quickly to the store"</ref>

Words modify nouns according to the following hierarchy:

* PREP(QUANT(((HNR(N))ADJ)GEN))

==== Auxiliary Verb Constructions ====
Nouns cannot be advanded forward within auxiliary verb phrases

'ayí can be either a verb or a particle, as mentioned in Auxiliary Verbs

Auxiliary verbs follow a regular form:

* V PREP Oi S (Od)

where V PREP is the auxiliary verb (a finite verb with a preposition), S is the subject and is NOT part of a prepositional phrase, Od is the direct object, and Oi is the noun phrase completing the prepositional phrase of the auxiliary verb

==== Adverb Placement ====
Adverbs are to verbs exactly as adjectives are to nouns. They follow verbs, and behave the same way to verbs and themselves that adjectives behave to nouns and ''them''selves.

=== Coordination and subordination ===
Conjunctions go between anything but postpositions and cannot be omitted. Coordinate and subordinate clauses are separated by conjunctions. There is no distinction made between coordination and subordination on a grammatical level

=== Relative Clauses ===
Relative clauses follow a regular form:

* HEAD REL VP

where HEAD is 3.INAN if the relative clause is free and the bound matrix clause if the relative clause is bound, REL is a preposition (kaka /kaxa/), and VP is a verb phrase, and the head is the verb phrase's implied direct object

=== Questions ===

==== Polar Questions ====

* hal ('eeya) _: is _ (un)true?

==== WH-Questions ====
There are three interrogative pronouns, which can form more specific interrogatives through genitives, prepositions, and conjunctions:
* koko - what
* conna - when
* mosí - who
* koko wacón - when (what time), pronoun (emphatic)
* koko wanhabun - who (what person), pronoun (emphatic)
* koko waran - where (what place), pronoun (generic)
* lewa koko - why (to what end), prepositional phrase
* konto koko - why (because of what reasoning), subordinate clause
* lak koko - how (by doing what), prepositional phrase
* no koko - about what, prepositional phrase
* 'im koko - where (near what), prepositional phrase
* 'im conna - when (near when), prepositional phrase
* 'imaan conna - for what time frame (inside when), prepositional phrase
* do koko - from what, prepositional phrase
* laan koko - to what, prepositional phrase
* etc...
questions are asked in the same intonation and word order as statements are declared<ref group="Example references">e.g. ga'ãn 'almosí bíkoko 'im conna, dú 'imaan conna, dú 'im koko, dú no koko, dú lewa koko, dú lak koko, dú kepen koko, dú do koko, dú laan koko, ..., dú kit mosí túkoko? | do-PST NOM-who ACC-what near when, CON inside when, CON near what, CON about what, CON by_doing what, CON INSTR what, CON from what, CON to what, ..., CON BEN who DAT-what | "who did what when, in what time frame, where, about what, why, how, using what, from what, ... , and to what (indirect) to what (direct)?"</ref>

=== Existential Clause ===
uses the auxiliary verb construction of 'ayí

== Miscellaneous ==
The subject, and sometimes the object, direct or indirect, of a verb phrase can be move up in the sentence in a select set of cases:

# A quote is being given. Since the quote is a prepositional phrase, it would normally occur before the arguments of the verb. However, because this could result in poorer understanding of the quote itself, the arguments go before SPECIFICALLY the quote, and after any other prepositions or particles, and the quote prepositional phrase always goes last.<ref group="Example references">e.g. lagaðan 'alheman naní no tatammaa tene 'alpoka, 'al'afanafta, bílagað na 'obín túheman 'ejanacír. | laɣaðan ʔalhɛman nani no tatamːaː tɛnɛ ʔalpoxa, ʔalʔafanafta, bilaɣað na ʔobin tyhɛman ʔɛʝanasiɹ. | say-PST NOM-HNR Nanni that repeat-PRS PERM.PRESCR NOM-2.AN NOM-ACTOR-courier ACC-speech POSS OBL-1.AN DAT-HNR Ea-Naṣir | "You, my courier, will repeat my message to Ea-Naṣir," said Nanni.</ref>
# The subject or object is only one word long. In order to promote faster delivery of important information, the word may be placed before all prepositions and particles, at the 'front' of the verb phrase (behind the verb, postposition, and adverbs)

== Examples ==
<references group="Example references" />

== Notes ==
<references />

Tandí

2026-09-12T20:53:46Z

MiaKvigan: /* Nouns */

== Introduction ==
'obala yábalí wantandí is the native language of the ŋation of [[Yókóz|'o'aben yálekki wanyókóz]] on order of [[User:MiaKvigan|lappi Miya]] on the 3rd of May, 2026, at 12:06 P.M. CST

== Phonology ==

=== Vowels ===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
! rowspan="2" |closure
! colspan="2" |front
! colspan="2" |central
! colspan="2" |back
|-
!lax
!tense
!lax
!tense
!lax
!tense
|-
|close
|ɪ ⟨i⟩
|i ⟨í⟩
|
|ɨ ⟨ú⟩
|
|u ⟨ó⟩
|-
|mid
|ɛ ⟨e⟩
|e ⟨é⟩
|ə ⟨u⟩
|
|o ⟨o⟩
|
|-
|open
|a ⟨a⟩
|æ ⟨á⟩
|
|
|
|
|}Vowels may be nasalized or elongated

=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
!Placement →
↓ Manner
!Labial
!Dental
!Alveolar
!Post-alveolar
!Palatal
!Velar
!Laryngeal
|-
|Nasal
|m
|
|n
|
|
|
|
|-
|Plosive
|p / b
|
|t / d
|
|
|k / g
|ʔ ⟨'⟩
|-
|Sibilant affricate
|
|
|
|t͡ʃ ⟨ts⟩ / d͡ʒ ⟨dj⟩
|
|
|
|-
|Sibilant fricative
|
|
|s ⟨c⟩ / z
|ʃ ⟨s⟩ / ʒ ⟨j⟩
|
|
|
|-
|Non-sibilant fricative
|f / v
|ð
|
|
|ʝ ⟨y⟩
|
|h
|-
|Approximant
|
|
|ɹ ⟨r⟩
|
|
|w
|
|-
|Lateral Approximant
|
|
|l
|
|
|
|
|}
==== Consonant cluster reduction rules ====
Consonants can be 'absorbed' or 'deleted', where absorbed consonants become their absorber (dk/kd > dd) and deleted consonants disappear (dn > n, nd > nd). If a geminated consonant is deleted, the deleter becomes geminated

* n absorbs neighboring m
* m deletes preceding p and b
* n deletes preceding t and d
* g absorbs all other neighboring plosives, k absorbs all but g, d all but k and g, etc. (' is considered weak)
* dj absorbs neighboring ts
* dj and ts delete preceding j and s
* j absorbs all other neighboring sibilant fricatives, s absorbs all but j, etc.
* y absorbs all other neighboring non-sibilant fricatives, ð absorbs all but y, etc. (h is considered weak)
* w absorbs all other neighboring approximants, and r absorbs l (regular and lateral approximants are blended)

Examples:

* lad-gíla-món-'an → laggílamón'an (d-g → gg, n-' → n')
* lad-púkan-món → laddúkannón (d-p → dd, n-m → nn)
* yá-damack-dé'an → yádamacké'an (ck-d → ck)
* bí-daad-ní → bídaaní (d-n → n)

=== Phonotactics ===
C(S)V(C)(C) or (C)CV(S)(C) ,where C is any consonant, S is any oral sonorant, and V is any vowel

V can be lengthened, which is represented as 2 vowels in the romanization but counts as 1

C can be geminated, which is represented as 2(3<ref>digraphs geminate their first letter only</ref>) consonants in the romanization but counts as one for phonotactics

There is no set tense patterning, and tense is instead considered a part of intonation

==== Allophones ====

* <f> /f/ → /fʰ/ | _N
* <g> /g/ → /ɣ/ | L(G)_V
* <k> /k/ → /kʰ/ | _N
* <k> /k/ → /x/ | L(G)_V
* <k> /x/ → /xʰ/ | _N
* <l> /l/ → /l̃/ | N_
* <nowiki> /p/ → /pʰ/ | _N</nowiki>
* <r> /ɹ/ → /ɾ/ | C!n_
* <r> /ɹ/ → /ɹ̃/ | N_
* <r> /ɹ/ → /ʢ̞/ | #_
* <t> /t/ → /tʰ/ | _N
* <y> /ʝ/ → /ʝ̃/ | N_
* <w> /w/ → /w̃/ | N_
where C is any consonant, V is any vowel, L is any lax vowel, N is any nasal vowel, G is any oral sonorant, and #_ means word-initial

==== Rhyme scheme ====
In poetic meter, geminated vowels are twice as long, and geminated consonants and stretched rhymes<ref>A stretched rhyme is a rhyme which has no gemination but is lengthened to accommodate for mismatch with the meter.</ref> are one and a half times as long.

== Morphology ==

=== Pronouns ===

==== Personal pronouns ====
bín - 1.AN

mam - 1.INAN

poka - 2.AN

tóó - 2.INAN

dããd - 3.AN

ken - 3.INAN

==== Deictic pronouns ====
mitta - this

lotta - that

'this' is used for anything within two steps and arm's reach. 'that' is anything outside of that range.

==== Interrogative pronouns ====
koko - what

conna - when

mosí - who

(other interrogatives are phrasal, e.g. 'lewa koko' [in_order_to what] meaning 'why')

==== Indefinite pronouns ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Case→
! rowspan="2" |Negative
! rowspan="2" |Universal
! rowspan="2" |Assertive existential
! rowspan="2" |Dubitative existential
|-
!Type↓
|-
|Person
|habunko
|habunbaa
|habunlin
|habunẽn
|-
|Thing
|lenko
|lenbaa
|lenlin
|lenẽn
|-
|Place
|ranko
|ranbaa
|ranlin
|ranẽn
|-
|Time
|cónko
|cónbaa
|cónlin
|cónẽn
|}

=== Nouns ===

==== Verb nominalization ====
Verbs can be nominalized in one of six manners, which can further be adjectivized or adverbialized
{| class="wikitable"
|+Example table with root "labak" (to eat)
!Patientive
!Agentive
!Instrumental
!Gnomic
!Active Participle
!Passive Participle
|-
|no change
|<nowiki> -VC -> -VCV[+gemination]n | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki> -VC -> -VCVC[back] | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki> -VC -> -VCV[back]m | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki> -VC -> -isVC | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki> -C -> Cka | _#</nowiki>
|-
|labak
|labakaan
|labakag
|labakum
|labisak
|labakka
|-
|food
|consumer
|utensil
|consumption
|eating
|eaten
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+Example table with root "'ompa" (to put in a pot)
!Patientive
!Agentive
!Instrumental
!Gnomic
!Active Participle
!Passive Participle
|-
|no change
|<nowiki> -V -> -VtV[+gemination]n | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki> -CV -> -CVC[back]V | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki> -V -> -VvV[back]m | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki> -CV -> -esCV | _#</nowiki>
|<nowiki> +kka | _#</nowiki>
|-
|'ompa
|'ompataan
|'ompaga
|'ompavum
|'omespa
|'ompakka
|-
|ingredient
|stocker
|pot
|implementation
|implementing
|implemented
|}

==== Role assignment ====
A noun's semantic role in a sentence is indicated by a case prefix

subject (Nominative case): 'al-

direct object/subject complement (Accusative case): bí-

indirect object (Dative case): tú-

noun complement (Genitive case): wan-

other (Oblique case): 'o-<ref>oblique case is not required on personal pronouns</ref>

==== Number ====
singular default, plus dual, paucal, and plural marked by suffix on a stem which goes before tense and aspect

dual: -dí

paucal: -ve

plural: -na

==== Gender ====
There is no grammatical gender in Tandí

==== Possession ====
POSD na POSR: 'obaan na 'obákúún - the room of the house (OBL-room POSS OBL-house)

=== Determiners ===

==== Demonstratives ====
_ wannitta - this _

_ wanlotta - that _

==== Articles ====
Tandí does not use articles

==== Possessive Determiners ====
_ na _: doro na bín - my ball (ball POSS 1.AN); doro na poka - your ball (ball POSS 2.AN); etc.

_ na mosí - whose _ (POSS who)

==== Quantifiers ====
Quantifiers go before the nouns they quantify (see Sentence Order)

=== Conjunctions ===
Conjunctions go in between semantic elements they connect, which can include things like nouns, noun phrases, relative clauses, verb argument lists<ref>The list of a verb's subject, direct object, and indirect object, in the case that a verb is applied to multiple sets of arguments</ref>, etc.

=== Numerals ===

==== Cardinals ====
cardinal "'amend" noun - ní 'amend doro - two CARD ball - ball number two (of a collection)

==== Ordinals ====
ordinal tokan noun - ordinal ORD noun, e.g. ní tokan doro - two ORD ball - second ball<ref group="Example references">e.g. ní tokan 'aban nana jelí | two ORD day PRT year | second day of the year</ref>

==== Nominals ====
root-cardinal - doroní - ball-two - two balls<ref group="Example references">e.g. baddaa 'aldaadukcí bídããní | hit-PRS NOM-3.AN-one ACC-3.AN-two | he hit him (of two people)</ref>

nũm - zero

'ókcí - one

ní - two

ta'í - three

sín - four

kílan - five

jaal - six

kitten - seven

bón - eight

nítta - nine

lan - ten

cen - hundred

tõn - thousand

=== Adjectives ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+Example with root "tãng" (metal, to smelt)
!Visual
!Compositional
!Applicational
!Behavioral
|-
| -déyan
| -lam
| -naak
| -toge
|-
|tãnggéyan
|tãnglam
|tãngnaak
|tãnggoge
|-
|appearing metal
|composed of metal
|having similar uses to something metal
|behaving like metal
|}

==== Placement ====
directly after the noun<ref group="Example references">e.g. 'okína yálekkena wakakííta | OBL-seed-PL ADJ-green GEN-pepper | green pepper seeds</ref>

Adjectives may or may not match the number of the noun, as there is a semantic difference<ref>e.g. "Her muscles were like steel cables" implies her muscles were strong, where "Her muscles were like a steel cable" implies they are arranged in a line</ref>

==== Comparison ====
yá-adjective-degree-tense<ref>Note here that the adjective is used as a verb, and is placed as the head of a verb phrase</ref> subject: subject is/was/will be degree adjective than object<ref group="Example references">e.g. yábannúda 'albín 'an bípoka | ADJ-good-COMP-PRS NOM-1SG.AN than ACC-1SG.AN | I am better than you (lit. am_better I than you)</ref>

=== Finite Verbs ===

==== Tense ====
attaches to verb

* -da: PRS
* -'ãn: PST
* -lí: FUT

==== Aspect ====
goes after tense:

* -bó: CONT
* -len: PERF
* -món: GNO
* -dada: HAB
goes before verb:
* kon-: INF

=== Verb Postpositions ===

==== Mood ====

* 'akaa-: MIR
* 'anõõl-: CONC/HYP
* 'ila-: OPT/BEND
* 'íyye-: HORT/JUSS
* luke-: DUB/COND
* me-: ABIL
* tene-: PERM/PRESCR

==== Evidentiality ====

* -ce'í: RPT
* -mánna: INFR
* -nobã: NEV
* -tócí: SENS
Negation

Negation goes before the verb
* 'eeya: NEG

==== Agreement ====
The 'present' tense is the present by default, and otherwise the tense of the last verb.<ref>ADD THIS REFERENCE AND DELETE THE OTHER ONE</ref><ref group="Example references">e.g. lagað'ãn 'albín tandralí 'albín | say-PST NOM-1.AN run-FUT NOM-1.AN | I said I was going to run</ref>

==== Voice ====

* mẽna- : CAUS
* lad- : PASS
* 'õm- : REV

=== Auxiliary Verbs ===
'ayí (AFF) conveys confirmation of an action, and is verbalized to 'ayída (AFF-PRS) to convey confirmation of a state or truth, or of an object's existence, across the past, present, or future, with tense agreement

'cirette laan ma/im' conveys that the subject has knowingly or unknowingly caused the direct object to be unintentionally involved in the indirect object (a state or event), where if the direct object and subject are the same the direct object may be omitted, or included for emphasis

=== Copula ===
There is no copula in Tandí

=== Adpositions ===

==== Agreement ====
No agreement between adposition and complement is necessary

=== Interjections ===
Interjections may be placed before any word to deliver extra mood or other miscellaneous information.

== Syntax ==

=== Sentence Order ===
VSO word order

Particles go before the words they attach to, and prepositions after

Adjectives may attach to any words except conjunctions and postpositions. They go directly after the word they attach to (except verbs, where they go after the postposition)

Adjectives can also be placed at the head of a verb phrase with tense marking to convey 'SBJ is ADJ'

Verb complements may be placed before the verb phrase's prepositional phrases and connected clauses, but still after the postposition and adjectives, if they are only one word long<ref group="Example references">e.g. "balda yábããntoge laan 'imaan 'omarkã́z 'albello" -> "balda yátandratoge 'albello laan ..." | "go-PRS ADJ-race-property to INE OBL-store NOM-bear" -> "go-PRS ADJ-race-property NOM-bear to ..." | "The bear goes quickly to the store"</ref>

Words modify nouns according to the following hierarchy:

* PREP(QUANT(((HNR(N))ADJ)GEN))

==== Auxiliary Verb Constructions ====
Nouns cannot be advanded forward within auxiliary verb phrases

'ayí can be either a verb or a particle, as mentioned in Auxiliary Verbs

Auxiliary verbs follow a regular form:

* V PREP Oi S (Od)

where V PREP is the auxiliary verb (a finite verb with a preposition), S is the subject and is NOT part of a prepositional phrase, Od is the direct object, and Oi is the noun phrase completing the prepositional phrase of the auxiliary verb

==== Adverb Placement ====
Adverbs are to verbs exactly as adjectives are to nouns. They follow verbs, and behave the same way to verbs and themselves that adjectives behave to nouns and ''them''selves.

=== Coordination and subordination ===
Conjunctions go between anything but postpositions and cannot be omitted. Coordinate and subordinate clauses are separated by conjunctions. There is no distinction made between coordination and subordination on a grammatical level

=== Relative Clauses ===
Relative clauses follow a regular form:

* HEAD REL VP

where HEAD is 3.INAN if the relative clause is free and the bound matrix clause if the relative clause is bound, REL is a preposition (kaka /kaxa/), and VP is a verb phrase, and the head is the verb phrase's implied direct object

=== Questions ===

==== Polar Questions ====

* hal ('eeya) _: is _ (un)true?

==== WH-Questions ====
There are three interrogative pronouns, which can form more specific interrogatives through genitives, prepositions, and conjunctions:
* koko - what
* conna - when
* mosí - who
* koko wacón - when (what time), pronoun (emphatic)
* koko wanhabun - who (what person), pronoun (emphatic)
* koko waran - where (what place), pronoun (generic)
* lewa koko - why (to what end), prepositional phrase
* konto koko - why (because of what reasoning), subordinate clause
* lak koko - how (by doing what), prepositional phrase
* no koko - about what, prepositional phrase
* 'im koko - where (near what), prepositional phrase
* 'im conna - when (near when), prepositional phrase
* 'imaan conna - for what time frame (inside when), prepositional phrase
* do koko - from what, prepositional phrase
* laan koko - to what, prepositional phrase
* etc...
questions are asked in the same intonation and word order as statements are declared<ref group="Example references">e.g. ga'ãn 'almosí bíkoko 'im conna, dú 'imaan conna, dú 'im koko, dú no koko, dú lewa koko, dú lak koko, dú kepen koko, dú do koko, dú laan koko, ..., dú kit mosí túkoko? | do-PST NOM-who ACC-what near when, CON inside when, CON near what, CON about what, CON by_doing what, CON INSTR what, CON from what, CON to what, ..., CON BEN who DAT-what | "who did what when, in what time frame, where, about what, why, how, using what, from what, ... , and to what (indirect) to what (direct)?"</ref>

=== Existential Clause ===
uses the auxiliary verb construction of 'ayí

== Miscellaneous ==
The subject, and sometimes the object, direct or indirect, of a verb phrase can be move up in the sentence in a select set of cases:

# A quote is being given. Since the quote is a prepositional phrase, it would normally occur before the arguments of the verb. However, because this could result in poorer understanding of the quote itself, the arguments go before SPECIFICALLY the quote, and after any other prepositions or particles, and the quote prepositional phrase always goes last.<ref group="Example references">e.g. lagaðan 'alheman naní no tatammaa tene 'alpoka, 'al'afanafta, bílagað na 'obín túheman 'ejanacír. | laɣaðan ʔalhɛman nani no tatamːaː tɛnɛ ʔalpoxa, ʔalʔafanafta, bilaɣað na ʔobin tyhɛman ʔɛʝanasiɹ. | say-PST NOM-HNR Nanni that repeat-PRS PERM.PRESCR NOM-2.AN NOM-ACTOR-courier ACC-speech POSS OBL-1.AN DAT-HNR Ea-Naṣir | "You, my courier, will repeat my message to Ea-Naṣir," said Nanni.</ref>
# The subject or object is only one word long. In order to promote faster delivery of important information, the word may be placed before all prepositions and particles, at the 'front' of the verb phrase (behind the verb, postposition, and adverbs)

== Examples ==
<references group="Example references" />

== Notes ==
<references />

Hiluqhaqotclledzalaqaalososenadhaaniidedodzaladaazososena'aariite

2026-09-12T14:45:53Z

MiaKvigan: /* Verb serialization */

== Phonology ==

=== Vowels ===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
! rowspan="2" |closure
! colspan="2" |non-back
! colspan="2" |back
|-
!unrounded
!rounded
!unrounded
!rounded
|-
|high
|ɨ ⟨i⟩
|ʏ ⟨u⟩
|
|
|-
|mid
|
|
|
|o ⟨o⟩
|-
|low
|
|
|ɑ ⟨a⟩
|
|}
Vowels may be elongated

/∅/ ⟨e⟩

=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
! colspan="2" |Placement →
↓ Manner
!Coronal
!Palato-Dorsal
!Laryngeal
|-
| colspan="2" |Nasal
|n
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Plosive
|t / d
|q
|ʔ ⟨'⟩
|-
| colspan="2" |Sibilant affricate
|t͡ʃ ⟨ts⟩ / d͡ʒ ⟨dz⟩
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Sibilant fricative
|ʃ ⟨s⟩ / ʒ ⟨z⟩
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Non-sibilant fricative
|θ ⟨th⟩ / ð ⟨dh⟩
|ç ⟨c⟩ / ʝ ⟨y⟩
|ħ ⟨qh⟩ / h
|-
| colspan="2" |Trill
|r̥ ⟨tr⟩ / r
|ʀ̥ ⟨trr⟩ / ʀ ⟨rr⟩
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |Lateral affricate
|lateral
|t͡ɬˡ ⟨tcll⟩ / d͡ɮˡ ⟨dyll⟩
|
|
|-
|aspirated
|t͡ɬʰ ⟨tcl⟩ / d͡ɮʰ ⟨dyl⟩
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |Lateral fricative
|lateral
|ɬˡ ⟨cll⟩ / ɮˡ ⟨yll⟩
|
|
|-
|aspirated
|ɬʰ ⟨cl⟩ / ɮʰ ⟨yl⟩
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Lateral Approximant
|l
|
|
|}

=== Phonotactics ===
CV (but ⟨e⟩ /∅/ is an allowed V)

== Morphology ==

=== Pronouns ===

==== Personal pronouns ====
The personal pronouns as they once existed in Halaqhanenasi'ona were pro-drop as a result of grammatical person marking on verbs, but have since been eliminated, replaced by what used to be honorifics but which can now also serve as personal pronouns in addition to grammatical person marking on nouns

==== Honorifics ====
Honorifics may occur before nouns as an honorific, or in place of subjects as a pronoun, or before nouns and with an interfix as a deictic
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Presentation →
! rowspan="2" |Powerful-Fragile
! rowspan="2" |Powerful-Graceful
! rowspan="2" |Graceful-Fragile
|-
!Performance ↓
|-
|Powerful-Fragile
|'uqadho
|dulato
|su'ano
|-
|Powerful-Graceful
|'iqodha
|dilota
|si'ona
|-
|Graceful-Fragile
|'aqadhe
|dalate
|sa'ane
|}

==== Deictic pronouns ====
As with personal pronouns, deictic pronouns have disappeared. Honorifics are used in their place, where the gender classes are interpreted as distal distinctions, and are distinguished from a plain 'pronoun' by the suffix "-ta". Generic 'this' which refers to a locationless entity is 'dilota'
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Unit (length) →
! rowspan="2" |minnow
(1 cm)
! rowspan="2" |redfish
(0.6 m)
! rowspan="2" |oarfish
(8 m)
|-
!Quantity ↓
|-
|1
|'uqadho
|dulato
|su'ano
|-
|12
|'iqodha
|dilota
|si'ona
|-
|144
|'aqadhe
|dalate
|sa'ane
|}

==== Interrogative pronouns ====
As with the other pronouns, interrogative pronouns no longer exist. Instead, you mark a noun as having an interrogative person and make it the object by adjusting the agency of the subject as necessary

=== Nouns ===

==== Pattern ====
The noun pattern conveys two axes, the noun's class and its person plus number. A noun's 'class' is categorized as any of organic thinking, organic nonthinking, and inorganic, and is used to determine the subject-object relationship between two nouns
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |Organic
! rowspan="2" |Inorganic
|-
!Thinking
!Nonthinking
|-
| rowspan="4" |1
|SG
|_a_a_a
|_a_i_a
|_a_u_a
|-
|DUAL
|_a_a_i
|_a_i_i
|_a_u_i
|-
|PAU
|_a_a_u
|_a_i_u
|_a_u_u
|-
|PL
|_a_a_o
|_a_i_o
|_a_u_o
|-
| rowspan="4" |2
|SG
|_u_a_a
|_u_i_a
|_u_u_a
|-
|DUAL
|_u_a_i
|_u_i_i
|_u_u_i
|-
|PAU
|_u_a_u
|_u_i_u
|_u_u_u
|-
|PL
|_u_a_o
|_u_i_o
|_u_u_o
|-
| rowspan="4" |3
|SG
|_i_a_a
|_i_i_a
|_i_u_a
|-
|DUAL
|_i_a_i
|_i_i_i
|_i_u_i
|-
|PAU
|_i_a_u
|_i_i_u
|_i_u_u
|-
|PL
|_i_a_o
|_i_i_o
|_i_u_o
|-
| rowspan="4" |INT
|SG
|_o_a_a
|_o_i_a
|_o_u_a
|-
|DUAL
|_o_a_i
|_o_i_i
|_o_u_i
|-
|PAU
|_o_a_u
|_o_i_u
|_o_u_u
|-
|PL
|_o_a_o
|_o_i_o
|_o_u_o
|}

=== Finite Verbs ===

==== Pattern ====
The verb pattern conveys two axes, the verb's quality and its person plus number. A verb's 'quality' is a measure of its emotional and physical intensity, as opposed to the more standard uses of the augmentative and diminutive forms which indicate
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |Standard
! colspan="2" |Augmentative
! colspan="2" |Diminutive
! colspan="2" |Stupiditive
|-
|Agent
|Patient
|Agent
|Patient
|Agent
|Patient
!Agent
|Patient
|-
| rowspan="4" |1
|SG
|_a_o_e
|_a_ii_e
|_u_o_e
|_u_aa_e
|_o_a_e
|_o_ii_e
|_i_u_e
|_i_oo_e
|-
|DUAL
|_a_o_i
|_a_ii_i
|_u_o_i
|_u_aa_i
|_o_a_i
|_o_ii_i
|_i_u_i
|_i_oo_i
|-
|PAU
|_a_o_ane
|_a_ii_ane
|_u_o_ane
|_u_aa_ane
|_o_a_ane
|_o_ii_ane
|_i_u_ane
|_i_oo_ane
|-
|PL
|_a_o_ose
|_a_ii_ose
|_u_o_ose
|_u_aa_ose
|_o_a_ose
|_o_ii_ose
|_i_u_ose
|_i_oo_ose
|-
| rowspan="4" |2
|SG
|_ale_o_e
|_ale_ii_e
|_ule_o_e
|_u_aa_e
|_oo_a_e
|_oo_ii_e
|_ile_u_e
|_ile_oo_e
|-
|DUAL
|_ale_o_i
|_ale_ii_i
|_ule_o_i
|_ule_aa_i
|_ole_a_i
|_ole_ii_i
|_ile_u_i
|_ile_oo_i
|-
|PAU
|_ale_o_ane
|_ale_ii_ane
|_ule_o_ane
|_ule_aa_ane
|_ole_a_ane
|_ole_ii_ane
|_ile_u_ane
|_ile_oo_ane
|-
|PL
|_ale_o_ose
|_ale_ii_ose
|_ule_o_ose
|_ule_aa_ose
|_ole_a_ose
|_ole_ii_ose
|_ile_u_ose
|_ile_oo_ose
|-
| rowspan="4" |3
|SG
|_aa_o_e
|_aa_ii_e
|_uu_o_e
|_uu_aa_e
|_oo_a_e
|_oo_ii_e
|_ii_u_e
|_ii_oo_e
|-
|DUAL
|_aa_o_i
|_aa_ii_i
|_uu_o_i
|_uu_aa_i
|_oo_a_i
|_oo_ii_i
|_ii_u_i
|_ii_oo_i
|-
|PAU
|_aa_o_ane
|_aa_ii_ane
|_uu_o_ane
|_uu_aa_ane
|_oo_a_ane
|_oo_ii_ane
|_ii_u_ane
|_ii_oo_ane
|-
|PL
|_aa_o_ose
|_aa_ii_ose
|_uu_o_ose
|_uu_aa_ose
|_oo_a_ose
|_oo_ii_ose
|_ii_u_ose
|_ii_oo_ose
|}

==== Tense ====
Tense is conveyed via a circumfix, which contains all other affixes (unless otherwise specified). The immediate past and future are generally preferable to the present, unless describing something which is happening in the very immediate present (that is to say, something which happens in a couple of seconds is still the immediate future and not the present)
* trru⟩⟨la - PST
* tru⟩⟨la - PST.IMM
* qeso⟩⟨nothe - PRS
* 'ara⟩⟨ti - FUT.IMM
* 'arra⟩⟨ti - FUT
e.g. qesonasoqenothe - PRS⟩paint.application⟨V.1SG.AGT.STD⟩⟨CIRC - I apply paint

==== Aspect ====
Aspect is conveyed via a suffix attached directly to the stem
* none - the statement is true, but the action is not necessarily occurring - gnomic
* hase - the statement is not necessarily true, but the action is occurring - faeric (yes I made it up)
* reduplication of the root - the action happens regularly, or habitually - habitual
* yla - the action is complete - perfect
* leqe - the action is ongoing, and has progress - progressive
*tane - the action is ongoing, but does not progress - stative
* hero - the action is initiated - initiative
* 'idhane - the action is resumed - resumptive
* dhile - the action is terminated - terminative
e.g. qesonasoqeleqenothe - PRS⟩paint.application⟨V.1SG.AGT.STD⟩-GNO⟨CIRC - I apply paint (it's something I do, not necessarily right now though)

==== Mood ====
Mood is conveyed as a prefix on the verb
* ∅ - I paint/I am paint/I have paint
* qhane - NEC - I need to paint/I need paint
* jotune - DES - I want to paint/I want paint
* qota - IMP/JUSS - I demand, implore to paint/I demand, implore paint
* suthate - DUB/COND - I would, might, consider paint(ing)/I would, might, consider have[ing] paint
* naniiq - PERM - I can paint/I can have paint
* tclate - ABIL - I am able to paint, I am able to have paint
* didaa - MIR - I am fond for paint, I have fondness for paint
e.g. qesoqotanasoqeleqenothe - PRS⟩IMP/JUSS-paint.application⟨V.1SG.AGT.STD⟩-GNO⟨CIRC - I demand to apply paint (I make the demand, but not necessarily as we speak)

=== Volitional particles ===
Volition is marked by a preverb. These prefixes can have their own TAM (tense, aspect, and mood) distinct from that of the verb they are attached to.
* daa - volitional, success (confirmative) - I intended to, and did
* noqe - volitional, failed (attemptative) - I intended to, but did not (or could not)
* luyle - nonvolitional, success (deniative) - I did not intend to, and did not (or could not)
* 'acaye - nonvolitional, failed (temptative) - I did not intend to, but did
e.g. trunoqeylala qesoqotanasoqeleqenothe - PST.IMM⟩ATTEMPT-PFV⟨CIRC PRS⟩IMP/JUSS-paint.application⟨V.1SG.AGT.STD⟩-GNO⟨CIRC - I intend to but do not demand to apply paint (My failure to demand is true, but not necessarily happening now, and my application of the paint would have occurred just a moment ago)

=== Affirmation and negation ===
The affirmative and negative particles ('itclla and daneda) are 'right' and 'wrong' responses only. "NEG paint.application⟨V.1SG.AGT.STD⟩" means "Wrong, I paint", where "DENY paint.application⟨V.1SG.AGT.STD⟩" means "I intentionally did not paint", and "NEG DENY paint.application⟨V.1SG.AGT.STD⟩" means "Wrong, I intentionally did not paint"

e.g. 'itclla trunoqeylala qesoqotanasoqeleqenothe - AFF PST.IMM⟩ATTEMPT-PFV⟨CIRC PRS⟩IMP/JUSS-paint.application⟨V.1SG.AGT.STD⟩-GNO⟨CIRC - Yes, I just intended to but did not demand to apply paint (The statement is confirmation, my failure to demand was true as of just a moment ago, but not necessarily occurring at that moment, and my application of the paint would occur now)

=== Forms ===
Forms convey the nature of the application of a noun when used as a verb. Consonants are notated as c₁, c₂, etc., while vowels are v₁, v₂, etc.. Examples are based on root n_s_q_ (paint), with pattern _a_o_e (V.1SG.AGT.STD)

# c₁v₁c₂v₂c₃v₃ - nasoqe - I newly apply paint to
# c₁v₁nev₂c₂v₃c₃ - nanesoqe - I fully remove paint from
# dac₁v₁c₂v₂lec₃v₃ - danasoleqe - I alter the paint of
# c₁v₁c₁v₁c₂v₂c₃v₃ - nanasoqe - I supplement the paint of
# c₁v₁c₂ec₃v₂rv₃ - naseqore - I reduce the paint of
# c₁v₁c₃v₃c₂v₂ - naqeso - I invert the paint of
# 'v₁c₁v₁c₂v₂c₃v₃ - 'anasoqe - I utilize the paint of
# c₁v₁c₂ec₃v₂c₃v₃ - naseqoqe - I analyze the paint of

=== Morphological derivation ===
Affixation is used to derive the stative, agent, patient, action instrumental, tool instrumental, and assistance instrumental nominalizations of a verb (to fly becomes flight, that which flies, that which is flown, that which can be performed to cause flight (the flap of a wing), that which is used to cause flight directly (wings, lift), and that which is used to help cause flight (wind) , as well as the gnomic and progressive adjectivizations of a verb (to fly becomes flown and flying)

* qhose-: PFV.NMZ
* dzala-: ACT.NMZ
* dyllu-: PASS.NMZ
* raseto-: ACT.INSTR.NMZ
* 'indzo-:TOOL.INSTR.NMZ
* qana-: GUIDE.INSTR.NMZ
* sothe-: APRT
* yotre-: PPRT

When an illegal consonant cluster appears, it is broken up by schwa, still written as ⟨e⟩

Tense goes on the outside as a circumfix, while aspect is a suffix within that

The abstract nominalizer is marked with the 'i⟩⟨nile circumfix

The indefinite article is marked with the 'ile- prefix

alienable possession and inalienable possession are marked separately (e.g. 'my brother' and 'my ball' use a different interfix)
== Syntax ==

=== Word order ===
T1 (topic first) word order

=== Compound words ===

==== Noun incorporation ====
Nouns are incorporated into compound words by appending them to the compound word with a dividing interfix showing the relationship between the words. To incorporate another compound word, you must place the "clo⟩⟨lune" circumfix around it to eliminate ambiguity.

==== Verb serialization ====
Verb serialization occurs first. Serialized verbs are placed in succession, and the last verb (even when alone) is followed by the '-lo-' interfix. The verb(s) indicate(s) the agency, person, and number of the subject, which is known via the animacy hierarchy (people < ORG.THNK < ORG.NTHNK < computers < NORG). If the subject-object relationship does not match this hierarchy, the particle "qetaa" is placed between the two words or phrases, meaning they must occur next to one another. The subject can be dropped if it is in the first person and not semantically necessary (as in it does not contain information that, if missing, would make the sentence nonsensical). If the subject is dropped and the subject and object agree in grammatical person, "qetaa" must be placed between the verb(s) and the direct object. The indirect object is placed before the verb(s), with the '-nole-' interfix in between. Verb serialization can also be recursive, meaning the arguments of a serialized verb phrase may be another serialized verb phrase.

* -tu- = ACT.INSTR (what action was used to accomplish the verb)
* -herro- = TOOL.INSTR (what tool was used to accomplish the verb)
* -luga- = GUIDE.INSTR (what guide was used to accomplish the verb)
* -lala- = POSS.AL
* -rrile- = POSS.INAL
* -na- = ADJZ
* -qotclle- = GEN

Hiluqhaqotclledzalaqaalosenadhaaniidedodzaladaazosena'aariite

2026-09-12T12:47:06Z

MiaKvigan: MiaKvigan moved page Hiluqhaqotclledzalaqaalosenadhaaniidedodzaladaazosena'aariite to Hiluqhaqotclledzalaqaalososenadhaaniidedodzaladaazososena'aariite: Misspelled title

#REDIRECT [[Hiluqhaqotclledzalaqaalososenadhaaniidedodzaladaazososena'aariite]]

Hiluqhaqotclledzalaqaalososenadhaaniidedodzaladaazososena'aariite

2026-09-12T12:47:06Z

MiaKvigan: MiaKvigan moved page Hiluqhaqotclledzalaqaalosenadhaaniidedodzaladaazosena'aariite to Hiluqhaqotclledzalaqaalososenadhaaniidedodzaladaazososena'aariite: Misspelled title

== Phonology ==

=== Vowels ===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
! rowspan="2" |closure
! colspan="2" |non-back
! colspan="2" |back
|-
!unrounded
!rounded
!unrounded
!rounded
|-
|high
|ɨ ⟨i⟩
|ʏ ⟨u⟩
|
|
|-
|mid
|
|
|
|o ⟨o⟩
|-
|low
|
|
|ɑ ⟨a⟩
|
|}
Vowels may be elongated

/∅/ ⟨e⟩

=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
! colspan="2" |Placement →
↓ Manner
!Coronal
!Palato-Dorsal
!Laryngeal
|-
| colspan="2" |Nasal
|n
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Plosive
|t / d
|q
|ʔ ⟨'⟩
|-
| colspan="2" |Sibilant affricate
|t͡ʃ ⟨ts⟩ / d͡ʒ ⟨dz⟩
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Sibilant fricative
|ʃ ⟨s⟩ / ʒ ⟨z⟩
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Non-sibilant fricative
|θ ⟨th⟩ / ð ⟨dh⟩
|ç ⟨c⟩ / ʝ ⟨y⟩
|ħ ⟨qh⟩ / h
|-
| colspan="2" |Trill
|r̥ ⟨tr⟩ / r
|ʀ̥ ⟨trr⟩ / ʀ ⟨rr⟩
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |Lateral affricate
|lateral
|t͡ɬˡ ⟨tcll⟩ / d͡ɮˡ ⟨dyll⟩
|
|
|-
|aspirated
|t͡ɬʰ ⟨tcl⟩ / d͡ɮʰ ⟨dyl⟩
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |Lateral fricative
|lateral
|ɬˡ ⟨cll⟩ / ɮˡ ⟨yll⟩
|
|
|-
|aspirated
|ɬʰ ⟨cl⟩ / ɮʰ ⟨yl⟩
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Lateral Approximant
|l
|
|
|}

=== Phonotactics ===
CV (but ⟨e⟩ /∅/ is an allowed V)

== Morphology ==

=== Pronouns ===

==== Personal pronouns ====
The personal pronouns as they once existed in Halaqhanenasi'ona were pro-drop as a result of grammatical person marking on verbs, but have since been eliminated, replaced by what used to be honorifics but which can now also serve as personal pronouns in addition to grammatical person marking on nouns

==== Honorifics ====
Honorifics may occur before nouns as an honorific, or in place of subjects as a pronoun, or before nouns and with an interfix as a deictic
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Presentation →
! rowspan="2" |Powerful-Fragile
! rowspan="2" |Powerful-Graceful
! rowspan="2" |Graceful-Fragile
|-
!Performance ↓
|-
|Powerful-Fragile
|'uqadho
|dulato
|su'ano
|-
|Powerful-Graceful
|'iqodha
|dilota
|si'ona
|-
|Graceful-Fragile
|'aqadhe
|dalate
|sa'ane
|}

==== Deictic pronouns ====
As with personal pronouns, deictic pronouns have disappeared. Honorifics are used in their place, where the gender classes are interpreted as distal distinctions, and are distinguished from a plain 'pronoun' by the suffix "-ta". Generic 'this' which refers to a locationless entity is 'dilota'
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Unit (length) →
! rowspan="2" |minnow
(1 cm)
! rowspan="2" |redfish
(0.6 m)
! rowspan="2" |oarfish
(8 m)
|-
!Quantity ↓
|-
|1
|'uqadho
|dulato
|su'ano
|-
|12
|'iqodha
|dilota
|si'ona
|-
|144
|'aqadhe
|dalate
|sa'ane
|}

==== Interrogative pronouns ====
As with the other pronouns, interrogative pronouns no longer exist. Instead, you mark a noun as having an interrogative person and make it the object by adjusting the agency of the subject as necessary

=== Nouns ===

==== Pattern ====
The noun pattern conveys two axes, the noun's class and its person plus number. A noun's 'class' is categorized as any of organic thinking, organic nonthinking, and inorganic, and is used to determine the subject-object relationship between two nouns
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |Organic
! rowspan="2" |Inorganic
|-
!Thinking
!Nonthinking
|-
| rowspan="4" |1
|SG
|_a_a_a
|_a_i_a
|_a_u_a
|-
|DUAL
|_a_a_i
|_a_i_i
|_a_u_i
|-
|PAU
|_a_a_u
|_a_i_u
|_a_u_u
|-
|PL
|_a_a_o
|_a_i_o
|_a_u_o
|-
| rowspan="4" |2
|SG
|_u_a_a
|_u_i_a
|_u_u_a
|-
|DUAL
|_u_a_i
|_u_i_i
|_u_u_i
|-
|PAU
|_u_a_u
|_u_i_u
|_u_u_u
|-
|PL
|_u_a_o
|_u_i_o
|_u_u_o
|-
| rowspan="4" |3
|SG
|_i_a_a
|_i_i_a
|_i_u_a
|-
|DUAL
|_i_a_i
|_i_i_i
|_i_u_i
|-
|PAU
|_i_a_u
|_i_i_u
|_i_u_u
|-
|PL
|_i_a_o
|_i_i_o
|_i_u_o
|-
| rowspan="4" |INT
|SG
|_o_a_a
|_o_i_a
|_o_u_a
|-
|DUAL
|_o_a_i
|_o_i_i
|_o_u_i
|-
|PAU
|_o_a_u
|_o_i_u
|_o_u_u
|-
|PL
|_o_a_o
|_o_i_o
|_o_u_o
|}

=== Finite Verbs ===

==== Pattern ====
The verb pattern conveys two axes, the verb's quality and its person plus number. A verb's 'quality' is a measure of its emotional and physical intensity, as opposed to the more standard uses of the augmentative and diminutive forms which indicate
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |Standard
! colspan="2" |Augmentative
! colspan="2" |Diminutive
! colspan="2" |Stupiditive
|-
|Agent
|Patient
|Agent
|Patient
|Agent
|Patient
!Agent
|Patient
|-
| rowspan="4" |1
|SG
|_a_o_e
|_a_ii_e
|_u_o_e
|_u_aa_e
|_o_a_e
|_o_ii_e
|_i_u_e
|_i_oo_e
|-
|DUAL
|_a_o_i
|_a_ii_i
|_u_o_i
|_u_aa_i
|_o_a_i
|_o_ii_i
|_i_u_i
|_i_oo_i
|-
|PAU
|_a_o_ane
|_a_ii_ane
|_u_o_ane
|_u_aa_ane
|_o_a_ane
|_o_ii_ane
|_i_u_ane
|_i_oo_ane
|-
|PL
|_a_o_ose
|_a_ii_ose
|_u_o_ose
|_u_aa_ose
|_o_a_ose
|_o_ii_ose
|_i_u_ose
|_i_oo_ose
|-
| rowspan="4" |2
|SG
|_ale_o_e
|_ale_ii_e
|_ule_o_e
|_u_aa_e
|_oo_a_e
|_oo_ii_e
|_ile_u_e
|_ile_oo_e
|-
|DUAL
|_ale_o_i
|_ale_ii_i
|_ule_o_i
|_ule_aa_i
|_ole_a_i
|_ole_ii_i
|_ile_u_i
|_ile_oo_i
|-
|PAU
|_ale_o_ane
|_ale_ii_ane
|_ule_o_ane
|_ule_aa_ane
|_ole_a_ane
|_ole_ii_ane
|_ile_u_ane
|_ile_oo_ane
|-
|PL
|_ale_o_ose
|_ale_ii_ose
|_ule_o_ose
|_ule_aa_ose
|_ole_a_ose
|_ole_ii_ose
|_ile_u_ose
|_ile_oo_ose
|-
| rowspan="4" |3
|SG
|_aa_o_e
|_aa_ii_e
|_uu_o_e
|_uu_aa_e
|_oo_a_e
|_oo_ii_e
|_ii_u_e
|_ii_oo_e
|-
|DUAL
|_aa_o_i
|_aa_ii_i
|_uu_o_i
|_uu_aa_i
|_oo_a_i
|_oo_ii_i
|_ii_u_i
|_ii_oo_i
|-
|PAU
|_aa_o_ane
|_aa_ii_ane
|_uu_o_ane
|_uu_aa_ane
|_oo_a_ane
|_oo_ii_ane
|_ii_u_ane
|_ii_oo_ane
|-
|PL
|_aa_o_ose
|_aa_ii_ose
|_uu_o_ose
|_uu_aa_ose
|_oo_a_ose
|_oo_ii_ose
|_ii_u_ose
|_ii_oo_ose
|}

==== Tense ====
Tense is conveyed via a circumfix, which contains all other affixes (unless otherwise specified). The immediate past and future are generally preferable to the present, unless describing something which is happening in the very immediate present (that is to say, something which happens in a couple of seconds is still the immediate future and not the present)
* trru⟩⟨la - PST
* tru⟩⟨la - PST.IMM
* qeso⟩⟨nothe - PRS
* 'ara⟩⟨ti - FUT.IMM
* 'arra⟩⟨ti - FUT
e.g. qesonasoqenothe - PRS⟩paint.application⟨V.1SG.AGT.STD⟩⟨CIRC - I apply paint

==== Aspect ====
Aspect is conveyed via a suffix attached directly to the stem
* none - the statement is true, but the action is not necessarily occurring - gnomic
* hase - the statement is not necessarily true, but the action is occurring - faeric (yes I made it up)
* reduplication of the root - the action happens regularly, or habitually - habitual
* yla - the action is complete - perfect
* leqe - the action is ongoing, and has progress - progressive
*tane - the action is ongoing, but does not progress - stative
* hero - the action is initiated - initiative
* 'idhane - the action is resumed - resumptive
* dhile - the action is terminated - terminative
e.g. qesonasoqeleqenothe - PRS⟩paint.application⟨V.1SG.AGT.STD⟩-GNO⟨CIRC - I apply paint (it's something I do, not necessarily right now though)

==== Mood ====
Mood is conveyed as a prefix on the verb
* ∅ - I paint/I am paint/I have paint
* qhane - NEC - I need to paint/I need paint
* jotune - DES - I want to paint/I want paint
* qota - IMP/JUSS - I demand, implore to paint/I demand, implore paint
* suthate - DUB/COND - I would, might, consider paint(ing)/I would, might, consider have[ing] paint
* naniiq - PERM - I can paint/I can have paint
* tclate - ABIL - I am able to paint, I am able to have paint
* didaa - MIR - I am fond for paint, I have fondness for paint
e.g. qesoqotanasoqeleqenothe - PRS⟩IMP/JUSS-paint.application⟨V.1SG.AGT.STD⟩-GNO⟨CIRC - I demand to apply paint (I make the demand, but not necessarily as we speak)

=== Volitional particles ===
Volition is marked by a preverb. These prefixes can have their own TAM (tense, aspect, and mood) distinct from that of the verb they are attached to.
* daa - volitional, success (confirmative) - I intended to, and did
* noqe - volitional, failed (attemptative) - I intended to, but did not (or could not)
* luyle - nonvolitional, success (deniative) - I did not intend to, and did not (or could not)
* 'acaye - nonvolitional, failed (temptative) - I did not intend to, but did
e.g. trunoqeylala qesoqotanasoqeleqenothe - PST.IMM⟩ATTEMPT-PFV⟨CIRC PRS⟩IMP/JUSS-paint.application⟨V.1SG.AGT.STD⟩-GNO⟨CIRC - I intend to but do not demand to apply paint (My failure to demand is true, but not necessarily happening now, and my application of the paint would have occurred just a moment ago)

=== Affirmation and negation ===
The affirmative and negative particles ('itclla and daneda) are 'right' and 'wrong' responses only. "NEG paint.application⟨V.1SG.AGT.STD⟩" means "Wrong, I paint", where "DENY paint.application⟨V.1SG.AGT.STD⟩" means "I intentionally did not paint", and "NEG DENY paint.application⟨V.1SG.AGT.STD⟩" means "Wrong, I intentionally did not paint"

e.g. 'itclla trunoqeylala qesoqotanasoqeleqenothe - AFF PST.IMM⟩ATTEMPT-PFV⟨CIRC PRS⟩IMP/JUSS-paint.application⟨V.1SG.AGT.STD⟩-GNO⟨CIRC - Yes, I just intended to but did not demand to apply paint (The statement is confirmation, my failure to demand was true as of just a moment ago, but not necessarily occurring at that moment, and my application of the paint would occur now)

=== Forms ===
Forms convey the nature of the application of a noun when used as a verb. Consonants are notated as c₁, c₂, etc., while vowels are v₁, v₂, etc.. Examples are based on root n_s_q_ (paint), with pattern _a_o_e (V.1SG.AGT.STD)

# c₁v₁c₂v₂c₃v₃ - nasoqe - I newly apply paint to
# c₁v₁nev₂c₂v₃c₃ - nanesoqe - I fully remove paint from
# dac₁v₁c₂v₂lec₃v₃ - danasoleqe - I alter the paint of
# c₁v₁c₁v₁c₂v₂c₃v₃ - nanasoqe - I supplement the paint of
# c₁v₁c₂ec₃v₂rv₃ - naseqore - I reduce the paint of
# c₁v₁c₃v₃c₂v₂ - naqeso - I invert the paint of
# 'v₁c₁v₁c₂v₂c₃v₃ - 'anasoqe - I utilize the paint of
# c₁v₁c₂ec₃v₂c₃v₃ - naseqoqe - I analyze the paint of

=== Morphological derivation ===
Affixation is used to derive the stative, agent, patient, action instrumental, tool instrumental, and assistance instrumental nominalizations of a verb (to fly becomes flight, that which flies, that which is flown, that which can be performed to cause flight (the flap of a wing), that which is used to cause flight directly (wings, lift), and that which is used to help cause flight (wind) , as well as the gnomic and progressive adjectivizations of a verb (to fly becomes flown and flying)

* qhose-: STAT.NMZ
* dzala-: ACT.NMZ
* dyllu-: PASS.NMZ
* raseto-: ACT.INSTR.NMZ
* 'indzo-:TOOL.INSTR.NMZ
* qana-: ASS.INSTR.NMZ
* sothe-: APRT
* yotre-: PPRT

When an illegal consonant cluster appears, it is broken up by schwa, still written as ⟨e⟩

Tense goes on the outside as a circumfix, while aspect is a suffix within that

The abstract nominalizer is marked with the 'i⟩⟨nile circumfix

The indefinite article is marked with the 'ile- prefix

alienable possession and inalienable possession are marked separately (e.g. 'my brother' and 'my ball' use a different interfix)
== Syntax ==

=== Word order ===
T1 (topic first) word order

=== Compound words ===

==== Noun incorporation ====
Nouns are incorporated into compound words by appending them to the compound word with a dividing interfix showing the relationship between the words. To incorporate another compound word, you must place the "clo⟩⟨lune" circumfix around it to eliminate ambiguity.

==== Verb serialization ====
Verb serialization occurs first. Serialized verbs are placed in succession, and the last verb (even when alone) is followed by the '-lo-' interfix. The verb(s) indicate(s) the agency, person, and number of the subject, which is known via the animacy hierarchy (people < ORG.THNK < ORG.NTHNK < computers < NORG). If the subject-object relationship does not match this hierarchy, the particle "qetaa" is placed between the two words or phrases, meaning they must occur next to one another. The subject can be dropped if it is in the first person and not semantically necessary (as in it does not contain information that, if missing, would make the sentence nonsensical). If the subject is dropped and the subject and object agree in grammatical person, "qetaa" must be placed between the verb(s) and the direct object. The indirect object is placed before the verb(s), with the '-nole-' interfix in between. Verb serialization can also be recursive, meaning the arguments of a serialized verb phrase may be another serialized verb phrase.

* -tu- = action instrumentality (what action was used to accomplish the verb)
* -herro- = tool instrumentality (what tool was used to accomplish the verb)
* -luga- = assistive instrumentality (what guide was used to accomplish the verb)
* -lala- = POSS.AL
* -rrile- = POSS.INAL
* -na- = ADJZ
* -qotclle- = categorical marker (followed by what category the preceding stem always belongs to)

Hiluqhaqotclledzalaqaalososenadhaaniidedodzaladaazososena'aariite

2026-09-12T12:43:30Z

MiaKvigan: /* Verb serialization */

== Phonology ==

=== Vowels ===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
! rowspan="2" |closure
! colspan="2" |non-back
! colspan="2" |back
|-
!unrounded
!rounded
!unrounded
!rounded
|-
|high
|ɨ ⟨i⟩
|ʏ ⟨u⟩
|
|
|-
|mid
|
|
|
|o ⟨o⟩
|-
|low
|
|
|ɑ ⟨a⟩
|
|}
Vowels may be elongated

/∅/ ⟨e⟩

=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
! colspan="2" |Placement →
↓ Manner
!Coronal
!Palato-Dorsal
!Laryngeal
|-
| colspan="2" |Nasal
|n
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Plosive
|t / d
|q
|ʔ ⟨'⟩
|-
| colspan="2" |Sibilant affricate
|t͡ʃ ⟨ts⟩ / d͡ʒ ⟨dz⟩
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Sibilant fricative
|ʃ ⟨s⟩ / ʒ ⟨z⟩
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Non-sibilant fricative
|θ ⟨th⟩ / ð ⟨dh⟩
|ç ⟨c⟩ / ʝ ⟨y⟩
|ħ ⟨qh⟩ / h
|-
| colspan="2" |Trill
|r̥ ⟨tr⟩ / r
|ʀ̥ ⟨trr⟩ / ʀ ⟨rr⟩
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |Lateral affricate
|lateral
|t͡ɬˡ ⟨tcll⟩ / d͡ɮˡ ⟨dyll⟩
|
|
|-
|aspirated
|t͡ɬʰ ⟨tcl⟩ / d͡ɮʰ ⟨dyl⟩
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |Lateral fricative
|lateral
|ɬˡ ⟨cll⟩ / ɮˡ ⟨yll⟩
|
|
|-
|aspirated
|ɬʰ ⟨cl⟩ / ɮʰ ⟨yl⟩
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Lateral Approximant
|l
|
|
|}

=== Phonotactics ===
CV (but ⟨e⟩ /∅/ is an allowed V)

== Morphology ==

=== Pronouns ===

==== Personal pronouns ====
The personal pronouns as they once existed in Halaqhanenasi'ona were pro-drop as a result of grammatical person marking on verbs, but have since been eliminated, replaced by what used to be honorifics but which can now also serve as personal pronouns in addition to grammatical person marking on nouns

==== Honorifics ====
Honorifics may occur before nouns as an honorific, or in place of subjects as a pronoun, or before nouns and with an interfix as a deictic
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Presentation →
! rowspan="2" |Powerful-Fragile
! rowspan="2" |Powerful-Graceful
! rowspan="2" |Graceful-Fragile
|-
!Performance ↓
|-
|Powerful-Fragile
|'uqadho
|dulato
|su'ano
|-
|Powerful-Graceful
|'iqodha
|dilota
|si'ona
|-
|Graceful-Fragile
|'aqadhe
|dalate
|sa'ane
|}

==== Deictic pronouns ====
As with personal pronouns, deictic pronouns have disappeared. Honorifics are used in their place, where the gender classes are interpreted as distal distinctions, and are distinguished from a plain 'pronoun' by the suffix "-ta". Generic 'this' which refers to a locationless entity is 'dilota'
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Unit (length) →
! rowspan="2" |minnow
(1 cm)
! rowspan="2" |redfish
(0.6 m)
! rowspan="2" |oarfish
(8 m)
|-
!Quantity ↓
|-
|1
|'uqadho
|dulato
|su'ano
|-
|12
|'iqodha
|dilota
|si'ona
|-
|144
|'aqadhe
|dalate
|sa'ane
|}

==== Interrogative pronouns ====
As with the other pronouns, interrogative pronouns no longer exist. Instead, you mark a noun as having an interrogative person and make it the object by adjusting the agency of the subject as necessary

=== Nouns ===

==== Pattern ====
The noun pattern conveys two axes, the noun's class and its person plus number. A noun's 'class' is categorized as any of organic thinking, organic nonthinking, and inorganic, and is used to determine the subject-object relationship between two nouns
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |Organic
! rowspan="2" |Inorganic
|-
!Thinking
!Nonthinking
|-
| rowspan="4" |1
|SG
|_a_a_a
|_a_i_a
|_a_u_a
|-
|DUAL
|_a_a_i
|_a_i_i
|_a_u_i
|-
|PAU
|_a_a_u
|_a_i_u
|_a_u_u
|-
|PL
|_a_a_o
|_a_i_o
|_a_u_o
|-
| rowspan="4" |2
|SG
|_u_a_a
|_u_i_a
|_u_u_a
|-
|DUAL
|_u_a_i
|_u_i_i
|_u_u_i
|-
|PAU
|_u_a_u
|_u_i_u
|_u_u_u
|-
|PL
|_u_a_o
|_u_i_o
|_u_u_o
|-
| rowspan="4" |3
|SG
|_i_a_a
|_i_i_a
|_i_u_a
|-
|DUAL
|_i_a_i
|_i_i_i
|_i_u_i
|-
|PAU
|_i_a_u
|_i_i_u
|_i_u_u
|-
|PL
|_i_a_o
|_i_i_o
|_i_u_o
|-
| rowspan="4" |INT
|SG
|_o_a_a
|_o_i_a
|_o_u_a
|-
|DUAL
|_o_a_i
|_o_i_i
|_o_u_i
|-
|PAU
|_o_a_u
|_o_i_u
|_o_u_u
|-
|PL
|_o_a_o
|_o_i_o
|_o_u_o
|}

=== Finite Verbs ===

==== Pattern ====
The verb pattern conveys two axes, the verb's quality and its person plus number. A verb's 'quality' is a measure of its emotional and physical intensity, as opposed to the more standard uses of the augmentative and diminutive forms which indicate
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |Standard
! colspan="2" |Augmentative
! colspan="2" |Diminutive
! colspan="2" |Stupiditive
|-
|Agent
|Patient
|Agent
|Patient
|Agent
|Patient
!Agent
|Patient
|-
| rowspan="4" |1
|SG
|_a_o_e
|_a_ii_e
|_u_o_e
|_u_aa_e
|_o_a_e
|_o_ii_e
|_i_u_e
|_i_oo_e
|-
|DUAL
|_a_o_i
|_a_ii_i
|_u_o_i
|_u_aa_i
|_o_a_i
|_o_ii_i
|_i_u_i
|_i_oo_i
|-
|PAU
|_a_o_ane
|_a_ii_ane
|_u_o_ane
|_u_aa_ane
|_o_a_ane
|_o_ii_ane
|_i_u_ane
|_i_oo_ane
|-
|PL
|_a_o_ose
|_a_ii_ose
|_u_o_ose
|_u_aa_ose
|_o_a_ose
|_o_ii_ose
|_i_u_ose
|_i_oo_ose
|-
| rowspan="4" |2
|SG
|_ale_o_e
|_ale_ii_e
|_ule_o_e
|_u_aa_e
|_oo_a_e
|_oo_ii_e
|_ile_u_e
|_ile_oo_e
|-
|DUAL
|_ale_o_i
|_ale_ii_i
|_ule_o_i
|_ule_aa_i
|_ole_a_i
|_ole_ii_i
|_ile_u_i
|_ile_oo_i
|-
|PAU
|_ale_o_ane
|_ale_ii_ane
|_ule_o_ane
|_ule_aa_ane
|_ole_a_ane
|_ole_ii_ane
|_ile_u_ane
|_ile_oo_ane
|-
|PL
|_ale_o_ose
|_ale_ii_ose
|_ule_o_ose
|_ule_aa_ose
|_ole_a_ose
|_ole_ii_ose
|_ile_u_ose
|_ile_oo_ose
|-
| rowspan="4" |3
|SG
|_aa_o_e
|_aa_ii_e
|_uu_o_e
|_uu_aa_e
|_oo_a_e
|_oo_ii_e
|_ii_u_e
|_ii_oo_e
|-
|DUAL
|_aa_o_i
|_aa_ii_i
|_uu_o_i
|_uu_aa_i
|_oo_a_i
|_oo_ii_i
|_ii_u_i
|_ii_oo_i
|-
|PAU
|_aa_o_ane
|_aa_ii_ane
|_uu_o_ane
|_uu_aa_ane
|_oo_a_ane
|_oo_ii_ane
|_ii_u_ane
|_ii_oo_ane
|-
|PL
|_aa_o_ose
|_aa_ii_ose
|_uu_o_ose
|_uu_aa_ose
|_oo_a_ose
|_oo_ii_ose
|_ii_u_ose
|_ii_oo_ose
|}

==== Tense ====
Tense is conveyed via a circumfix, which contains all other affixes (unless otherwise specified). The immediate past and future are generally preferable to the present, unless describing something which is happening in the very immediate present (that is to say, something which happens in a couple of seconds is still the immediate future and not the present)
* trru⟩⟨la - PST
* tru⟩⟨la - PST.IMM
* qeso⟩⟨nothe - PRS
* 'ara⟩⟨ti - FUT.IMM
* 'arra⟩⟨ti - FUT
e.g. qesonasoqenothe - PRS⟩paint.application⟨V.1SG.AGT.STD⟩⟨CIRC - I apply paint

==== Aspect ====
Aspect is conveyed via a suffix attached directly to the stem
* none - the statement is true, but the action is not necessarily occurring - gnomic
* hase - the statement is not necessarily true, but the action is occurring - faeric (yes I made it up)
* reduplication of the root - the action happens regularly, or habitually - habitual
* yla - the action is complete - perfect
* leqe - the action is ongoing, and has progress - progressive
*tane - the action is ongoing, but does not progress - stative
* hero - the action is initiated - initiative
* 'idhane - the action is resumed - resumptive
* dhile - the action is terminated - terminative
e.g. qesonasoqeleqenothe - PRS⟩paint.application⟨V.1SG.AGT.STD⟩-GNO⟨CIRC - I apply paint (it's something I do, not necessarily right now though)

==== Mood ====
Mood is conveyed as a prefix on the verb
* ∅ - I paint/I am paint/I have paint
* qhane - NEC - I need to paint/I need paint
* jotune - DES - I want to paint/I want paint
* qota - IMP/JUSS - I demand, implore to paint/I demand, implore paint
* suthate - DUB/COND - I would, might, consider paint(ing)/I would, might, consider have[ing] paint
* naniiq - PERM - I can paint/I can have paint
* tclate - ABIL - I am able to paint, I am able to have paint
* didaa - MIR - I am fond for paint, I have fondness for paint
e.g. qesoqotanasoqeleqenothe - PRS⟩IMP/JUSS-paint.application⟨V.1SG.AGT.STD⟩-GNO⟨CIRC - I demand to apply paint (I make the demand, but not necessarily as we speak)

=== Volitional particles ===
Volition is marked by a preverb. These prefixes can have their own TAM (tense, aspect, and mood) distinct from that of the verb they are attached to.
* daa - volitional, success (confirmative) - I intended to, and did
* noqe - volitional, failed (attemptative) - I intended to, but did not (or could not)
* luyle - nonvolitional, success (deniative) - I did not intend to, and did not (or could not)
* 'acaye - nonvolitional, failed (temptative) - I did not intend to, but did
e.g. trunoqeylala qesoqotanasoqeleqenothe - PST.IMM⟩ATTEMPT-PFV⟨CIRC PRS⟩IMP/JUSS-paint.application⟨V.1SG.AGT.STD⟩-GNO⟨CIRC - I intend to but do not demand to apply paint (My failure to demand is true, but not necessarily happening now, and my application of the paint would have occurred just a moment ago)

=== Affirmation and negation ===
The affirmative and negative particles ('itclla and daneda) are 'right' and 'wrong' responses only. "NEG paint.application⟨V.1SG.AGT.STD⟩" means "Wrong, I paint", where "DENY paint.application⟨V.1SG.AGT.STD⟩" means "I intentionally did not paint", and "NEG DENY paint.application⟨V.1SG.AGT.STD⟩" means "Wrong, I intentionally did not paint"

e.g. 'itclla trunoqeylala qesoqotanasoqeleqenothe - AFF PST.IMM⟩ATTEMPT-PFV⟨CIRC PRS⟩IMP/JUSS-paint.application⟨V.1SG.AGT.STD⟩-GNO⟨CIRC - Yes, I just intended to but did not demand to apply paint (The statement is confirmation, my failure to demand was true as of just a moment ago, but not necessarily occurring at that moment, and my application of the paint would occur now)

=== Forms ===
Forms convey the nature of the application of a noun when used as a verb. Consonants are notated as c₁, c₂, etc., while vowels are v₁, v₂, etc.. Examples are based on root n_s_q_ (paint), with pattern _a_o_e (V.1SG.AGT.STD)

# c₁v₁c₂v₂c₃v₃ - nasoqe - I newly apply paint to
# c₁v₁nev₂c₂v₃c₃ - nanesoqe - I fully remove paint from
# dac₁v₁c₂v₂lec₃v₃ - danasoleqe - I alter the paint of
# c₁v₁c₁v₁c₂v₂c₃v₃ - nanasoqe - I supplement the paint of
# c₁v₁c₂ec₃v₂rv₃ - naseqore - I reduce the paint of
# c₁v₁c₃v₃c₂v₂ - naqeso - I invert the paint of
# 'v₁c₁v₁c₂v₂c₃v₃ - 'anasoqe - I utilize the paint of
# c₁v₁c₂ec₃v₂c₃v₃ - naseqoqe - I analyze the paint of

=== Morphological derivation ===
Affixation is used to derive the stative, agent, patient, action instrumental, tool instrumental, and assistance instrumental nominalizations of a verb (to fly becomes flight, that which flies, that which is flown, that which can be performed to cause flight (the flap of a wing), that which is used to cause flight directly (wings, lift), and that which is used to help cause flight (wind) , as well as the gnomic and progressive adjectivizations of a verb (to fly becomes flown and flying)

* qhose-: STAT.NMZ
* dzala-: ACT.NMZ
* dyllu-: PASS.NMZ
* raseto-: ACT.INSTR.NMZ
* 'indzo-:TOOL.INSTR.NMZ
* qana-: ASS.INSTR.NMZ
* sothe-: APRT
* yotre-: PPRT

When an illegal consonant cluster appears, it is broken up by schwa, still written as ⟨e⟩

Tense goes on the outside as a circumfix, while aspect is a suffix within that

The abstract nominalizer is marked with the 'i⟩⟨nile circumfix

The indefinite article is marked with the 'ile- prefix

alienable possession and inalienable possession are marked separately (e.g. 'my brother' and 'my ball' use a different interfix)
== Syntax ==

=== Word order ===
T1 (topic first) word order

=== Compound words ===

==== Noun incorporation ====
Nouns are incorporated into compound words by appending them to the compound word with a dividing interfix showing the relationship between the words. To incorporate another compound word, you must place the "clo⟩⟨lune" circumfix around it to eliminate ambiguity.

==== Verb serialization ====
Verb serialization occurs first. Serialized verbs are placed in succession, and the last verb (even when alone) is followed by the '-lo-' interfix. The verb(s) indicate(s) the agency, person, and number of the subject, which is known via the animacy hierarchy (people < ORG.THNK < ORG.NTHNK < computers < NORG). If the subject-object relationship does not match this hierarchy, the particle "qetaa" is placed between the two words or phrases, meaning they must occur next to one another. The subject can be dropped if it is in the first person and not semantically necessary (as in it does not contain information that, if missing, would make the sentence nonsensical). If the subject is dropped and the subject and object agree in grammatical person, "qetaa" must be placed between the verb(s) and the direct object. The indirect object is placed before the verb(s), with the '-nole-' interfix in between. Verb serialization can also be recursive, meaning the arguments of a serialized verb phrase may be another serialized verb phrase.

* -tu- = action instrumentality (what action was used to accomplish the verb)
* -herro- = tool instrumentality (what tool was used to accomplish the verb)
* -luga- = assistive instrumentality (what guide was used to accomplish the verb)
* -lala- = POSS.AL
* -rrile- = POSS.INAL
* -na- = ADJZ
* -qotclle- = categorical marker (followed by what category the preceding stem always belongs to)

Halaqhanenasi'ona

2026-09-12T11:17:01Z

MiaKvigan: MiaKvigan moved page Halaqhanenasi'ona to Hiluqhaqotclledzalaqaalosenadhaaniidedodzaladaazosena'aariite: Replacing placeholder name

#REDIRECT [[Hiluqhaqotclledzalaqaalosenadhaaniidedodzaladaazosena'aariite]]

Hiluqhaqotclledzalaqaalososenadhaaniidedodzaladaazososena'aariite

2026-09-12T11:17:01Z

MiaKvigan: MiaKvigan moved page Halaqhanenasi'ona to Hiluqhaqotclledzalaqaalosenadhaaniidedodzaladaazosena'aariite: Replacing placeholder name

== Phonology ==

=== Vowels ===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
! rowspan="2" |closure
! colspan="2" |non-back
! colspan="2" |back
|-
!unrounded
!rounded
!unrounded
!rounded
|-
|high
|ɨ ⟨i⟩
|ʏ ⟨u⟩
|
|
|-
|mid
|
|
|
|o ⟨o⟩
|-
|low
|
|
|ɑ ⟨a⟩
|
|}
Vowels may be elongated

/∅/ ⟨e⟩

=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
! colspan="2" |Placement →
↓ Manner
!Coronal
!Palato-Dorsal
!Laryngeal
|-
| colspan="2" |Nasal
|n
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Plosive
|t / d
|q
|ʔ ⟨'⟩
|-
| colspan="2" |Sibilant affricate
|t͡ʃ ⟨ts⟩ / d͡ʒ ⟨dz⟩
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Sibilant fricative
|ʃ ⟨s⟩ / ʒ ⟨z⟩
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Non-sibilant fricative
|θ ⟨th⟩ / ð ⟨dh⟩
|ç ⟨c⟩ / ʝ ⟨y⟩
|ħ ⟨qh⟩ / h
|-
| colspan="2" |Trill
|r̥ ⟨tr⟩ / r
|ʀ̥ ⟨trr⟩ / ʀ ⟨rr⟩
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |Lateral affricate
|lateral
|t͡ɬˡ ⟨tcll⟩ / d͡ɮˡ ⟨dyll⟩
|
|
|-
|aspirated
|t͡ɬʰ ⟨tcl⟩ / d͡ɮʰ ⟨dyl⟩
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |Lateral fricative
|lateral
|ɬˡ ⟨cll⟩ / ɮˡ ⟨yll⟩
|
|
|-
|aspirated
|ɬʰ ⟨cl⟩ / ɮʰ ⟨yl⟩
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Lateral Approximant
|l
|
|
|}

=== Phonotactics ===
CV (but ⟨e⟩ /∅/ is an allowed V)

== Morphology ==

=== Pronouns ===

==== Personal pronouns ====
The personal pronouns as they once existed in Halaqhanenasi'ona were pro-drop as a result of grammatical person marking on verbs, but have since been eliminated, replaced by what used to be honorifics but which can now also serve as personal pronouns in addition to grammatical person marking on nouns

==== Honorifics ====
Honorifics may occur before nouns as an honorific, or in place of subjects as a pronoun, or before nouns and with an interfix as a deictic
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Presentation →
! rowspan="2" |Powerful-Fragile
! rowspan="2" |Powerful-Graceful
! rowspan="2" |Graceful-Fragile
|-
!Performance ↓
|-
|Powerful-Fragile
|'uqadho
|dulato
|su'ano
|-
|Powerful-Graceful
|'iqodha
|dilota
|si'ona
|-
|Graceful-Fragile
|'aqadhe
|dalate
|sa'ane
|}

==== Deictic pronouns ====
As with personal pronouns, deictic pronouns have disappeared. Honorifics are used in their place, where the gender classes are interpreted as distal distinctions, and are distinguished from a plain 'pronoun' by the suffix "-ta". Generic 'this' which refers to a locationless entity is 'dilota'
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Unit (length) →
! rowspan="2" |minnow
(1 cm)
! rowspan="2" |redfish
(0.6 m)
! rowspan="2" |oarfish
(8 m)
|-
!Quantity ↓
|-
|1
|'uqadho
|dulato
|su'ano
|-
|12
|'iqodha
|dilota
|si'ona
|-
|144
|'aqadhe
|dalate
|sa'ane
|}

==== Interrogative pronouns ====
As with the other pronouns, interrogative pronouns no longer exist. Instead, you mark a noun as having an interrogative person and make it the object by adjusting the agency of the subject as necessary

=== Nouns ===

==== Pattern ====
The noun pattern conveys two axes, the noun's class and its person plus number. A noun's 'class' is categorized as any of organic thinking, organic nonthinking, and inorganic, and is used to determine the subject-object relationship between two nouns
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |Organic
! rowspan="2" |Inorganic
|-
!Thinking
!Nonthinking
|-
| rowspan="4" |1
|SG
|_a_a_a
|_a_i_a
|_a_u_a
|-
|DUAL
|_a_a_i
|_a_i_i
|_a_u_i
|-
|PAU
|_a_a_u
|_a_i_u
|_a_u_u
|-
|PL
|_a_a_o
|_a_i_o
|_a_u_o
|-
| rowspan="4" |2
|SG
|_u_a_a
|_u_i_a
|_u_u_a
|-
|DUAL
|_u_a_i
|_u_i_i
|_u_u_i
|-
|PAU
|_u_a_u
|_u_i_u
|_u_u_u
|-
|PL
|_u_a_o
|_u_i_o
|_u_u_o
|-
| rowspan="4" |3
|SG
|_i_a_a
|_i_i_a
|_i_u_a
|-
|DUAL
|_i_a_i
|_i_i_i
|_i_u_i
|-
|PAU
|_i_a_u
|_i_i_u
|_i_u_u
|-
|PL
|_i_a_o
|_i_i_o
|_i_u_o
|-
| rowspan="4" |INT
|SG
|_o_a_a
|_o_i_a
|_o_u_a
|-
|DUAL
|_o_a_i
|_o_i_i
|_o_u_i
|-
|PAU
|_o_a_u
|_o_i_u
|_o_u_u
|-
|PL
|_o_a_o
|_o_i_o
|_o_u_o
|}

=== Finite Verbs ===

==== Pattern ====
The verb pattern conveys two axes, the verb's quality and its person plus number. A verb's 'quality' is a measure of its emotional and physical intensity, as opposed to the more standard uses of the augmentative and diminutive forms which indicate
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |Standard
! colspan="2" |Augmentative
! colspan="2" |Diminutive
! colspan="2" |Stupiditive
|-
|Agent
|Patient
|Agent
|Patient
|Agent
|Patient
!Agent
|Patient
|-
| rowspan="4" |1
|SG
|_a_o_e
|_a_ii_e
|_u_o_e
|_u_aa_e
|_o_a_e
|_o_ii_e
|_i_u_e
|_i_oo_e
|-
|DUAL
|_a_o_i
|_a_ii_i
|_u_o_i
|_u_aa_i
|_o_a_i
|_o_ii_i
|_i_u_i
|_i_oo_i
|-
|PAU
|_a_o_ane
|_a_ii_ane
|_u_o_ane
|_u_aa_ane
|_o_a_ane
|_o_ii_ane
|_i_u_ane
|_i_oo_ane
|-
|PL
|_a_o_ose
|_a_ii_ose
|_u_o_ose
|_u_aa_ose
|_o_a_ose
|_o_ii_ose
|_i_u_ose
|_i_oo_ose
|-
| rowspan="4" |2
|SG
|_ale_o_e
|_ale_ii_e
|_ule_o_e
|_u_aa_e
|_oo_a_e
|_oo_ii_e
|_ile_u_e
|_ile_oo_e
|-
|DUAL
|_ale_o_i
|_ale_ii_i
|_ule_o_i
|_ule_aa_i
|_ole_a_i
|_ole_ii_i
|_ile_u_i
|_ile_oo_i
|-
|PAU
|_ale_o_ane
|_ale_ii_ane
|_ule_o_ane
|_ule_aa_ane
|_ole_a_ane
|_ole_ii_ane
|_ile_u_ane
|_ile_oo_ane
|-
|PL
|_ale_o_ose
|_ale_ii_ose
|_ule_o_ose
|_ule_aa_ose
|_ole_a_ose
|_ole_ii_ose
|_ile_u_ose
|_ile_oo_ose
|-
| rowspan="4" |3
|SG
|_aa_o_e
|_aa_ii_e
|_uu_o_e
|_uu_aa_e
|_oo_a_e
|_oo_ii_e
|_ii_u_e
|_ii_oo_e
|-
|DUAL
|_aa_o_i
|_aa_ii_i
|_uu_o_i
|_uu_aa_i
|_oo_a_i
|_oo_ii_i
|_ii_u_i
|_ii_oo_i
|-
|PAU
|_aa_o_ane
|_aa_ii_ane
|_uu_o_ane
|_uu_aa_ane
|_oo_a_ane
|_oo_ii_ane
|_ii_u_ane
|_ii_oo_ane
|-
|PL
|_aa_o_ose
|_aa_ii_ose
|_uu_o_ose
|_uu_aa_ose
|_oo_a_ose
|_oo_ii_ose
|_ii_u_ose
|_ii_oo_ose
|}

==== Tense ====
Tense is conveyed via a circumfix, which contains all other affixes (unless otherwise specified). The immediate past and future are generally preferable to the present, unless describing something which is happening in the very immediate present (that is to say, something which happens in a couple of seconds is still the immediate future and not the present)
* trru⟩⟨la - PST
* tru⟩⟨la - PST.IMM
* qeso⟩⟨nothe - PRS
* 'ara⟩⟨ti - FUT.IMM
* 'arra⟩⟨ti - FUT
e.g. qesonasoqenothe - PRS⟩paint.application⟨V.1SG.AGT.STD⟩⟨CIRC - I apply paint

==== Aspect ====
Aspect is conveyed via a suffix attached directly to the stem
* none - the statement is true, but the action is not necessarily occurring - gnomic
* hase - the statement is not necessarily true, but the action is occurring - faeric (yes I made it up)
* reduplication of the root - the action happens regularly, or habitually - habitual
* yla - the action is complete - perfect
* leqe - the action is ongoing, and has progress - progressive
*tane - the action is ongoing, but does not progress - stative
* hero - the action is initiated - initiative
* 'idhane - the action is resumed - resumptive
* dhile - the action is terminated - terminative
e.g. qesonasoqeleqenothe - PRS⟩paint.application⟨V.1SG.AGT.STD⟩-GNO⟨CIRC - I apply paint (it's something I do, not necessarily right now though)

==== Mood ====
Mood is conveyed as a prefix on the verb
* ∅ - I paint/I am paint/I have paint
* qhane - NEC - I need to paint/I need paint
* jotune - DES - I want to paint/I want paint
* qota - IMP/JUSS - I demand, implore to paint/I demand, implore paint
* suthate - DUB/COND - I would, might, consider paint(ing)/I would, might, consider have[ing] paint
* naniiq - PERM - I can paint/I can have paint
* tclate - ABIL - I am able to paint, I am able to have paint
* didaa - MIR - I am fond for paint, I have fondness for paint
e.g. qesoqotanasoqeleqenothe - PRS⟩IMP/JUSS-paint.application⟨V.1SG.AGT.STD⟩-GNO⟨CIRC - I demand to apply paint (I make the demand, but not necessarily as we speak)

=== Volitional particles ===
Volition is marked by a preverb. These prefixes can have their own TAM (tense, aspect, and mood) distinct from that of the verb they are attached to.
* daa - volitional, success (confirmative) - I intended to, and did
* noqe - volitional, failed (attemptative) - I intended to, but did not (or could not)
* luyle - nonvolitional, success (deniative) - I did not intend to, and did not (or could not)
* 'acaye - nonvolitional, failed (temptative) - I did not intend to, but did
e.g. trunoqeylala qesoqotanasoqeleqenothe - PST.IMM⟩ATTEMPT-PFV⟨CIRC PRS⟩IMP/JUSS-paint.application⟨V.1SG.AGT.STD⟩-GNO⟨CIRC - I intend to but do not demand to apply paint (My failure to demand is true, but not necessarily happening now, and my application of the paint would have occurred just a moment ago)

=== Affirmation and negation ===
The affirmative and negative particles ('itclla and daneda) are 'right' and 'wrong' responses only. "NEG paint.application⟨V.1SG.AGT.STD⟩" means "Wrong, I paint", where "DENY paint.application⟨V.1SG.AGT.STD⟩" means "I intentionally did not paint", and "NEG DENY paint.application⟨V.1SG.AGT.STD⟩" means "Wrong, I intentionally did not paint"

e.g. 'itclla trunoqeylala qesoqotanasoqeleqenothe - AFF PST.IMM⟩ATTEMPT-PFV⟨CIRC PRS⟩IMP/JUSS-paint.application⟨V.1SG.AGT.STD⟩-GNO⟨CIRC - Yes, I just intended to but did not demand to apply paint (The statement is confirmation, my failure to demand was true as of just a moment ago, but not necessarily occurring at that moment, and my application of the paint would occur now)

=== Forms ===
Forms convey the nature of the application of a noun when used as a verb. Consonants are notated as c₁, c₂, etc., while vowels are v₁, v₂, etc.. Examples are based on root n_s_q_ (paint), with pattern _a_o_e (V.1SG.AGT.STD)

# c₁v₁c₂v₂c₃v₃ - nasoqe - I newly apply paint to
# c₁v₁nev₂c₂v₃c₃ - nanesoqe - I fully remove paint from
# dac₁v₁c₂v₂lec₃v₃ - danasoleqe - I alter the paint of
# c₁v₁c₁v₁c₂v₂c₃v₃ - nanasoqe - I supplement the paint of
# c₁v₁c₂ec₃v₂rv₃ - naseqore - I reduce the paint of
# c₁v₁c₃v₃c₂v₂ - naqeso - I invert the paint of
# 'v₁c₁v₁c₂v₂c₃v₃ - 'anasoqe - I utilize the paint of
# c₁v₁c₂ec₃v₂c₃v₃ - naseqoqe - I analyze the paint of

=== Morphological derivation ===
Affixation is used to derive the stative, agent, patient, action instrumental, tool instrumental, and assistance instrumental nominalizations of a verb (to fly becomes flight, that which flies, that which is flown, that which can be performed to cause flight (the flap of a wing), that which is used to cause flight directly (wings, lift), and that which is used to help cause flight (wind) , as well as the gnomic and progressive adjectivizations of a verb (to fly becomes flown and flying)

* qhose-: STAT.NMZ
* dzala-: ACT.NMZ
* dyllu-: PASS.NMZ
* raseto-: ACT.INSTR.NMZ
* 'indzo-:TOOL.INSTR.NMZ
* qana-: ASS.INSTR.NMZ
* sothe-: GNO.ADJZ
* yotre-: PROG.ADJZ

When an illegal consonant cluster appears, it is broken up by schwa, still written as ⟨e⟩

Tense goes on the outside as a circumfix, while aspect is a suffix within that

The abstract nominalizer is marked with the 'i⟩⟨nile circumfix

The indefinite article is marked with the 'ile- prefix

alienable possession and inalienable possession are marked separately (e.g. 'my brother' and 'my ball' use a different interfix)
== Syntax ==

=== Word order ===
T1 (topic first) word order

=== Compound words ===

==== Noun incorporation ====
Nouns are incorporated into compound words by appending them to the compound word with a dividing interfix showing the relationship between the words. To incorporate another compound word, you must place the "clo⟩⟨lune" circumfix around it to eliminate ambiguity.

==== Verb serialization ====
Verb serialization occurs first. Serialized verbs are placed in succession, and the last verb (even when alone) is followed by the '-lo-' interfix. The verb(s) indicate(s) the agency, person, and number of the subject, which is known via the animacy hierarchy (people < ORG.THNK < ORG.NTHNK < computers < NORG). If the subject-object relationship does not match this hierarchy, the particle "qetaa" is placed between the two words or phrases, meaning they must occur next to one another. The subject can be dropped if it is in the first person and not semantically necessary (as in it does not contain information that, if missing, would make the sentence nonsensical). If the subject is dropped, "qetaa" must be placed between the verb(s) and the direct object. The indirect object is placed before the verb(s), with the '-nole-' interfix in between. Verb serialization can also be recursive, meaning the arguments of a serialized verb phrase may be another serialized verb phrase.

* -tu- = action instrumentality (what action was used to accomplish the verb)
* -herro- = tool instrumentality (what tool was used to accomplish the verb)
* -luga- = assistive instrumentality (what guide was used to accomplish the verb)
* -lala- = POSS.AL
* -rrile- = POSS.INAL
* -na- = ADJZ
* -qotclle- = categorical marker (followed by what category the preceding stem always belongs to)

Hiluqhaqotclledzalaqaalososenadhaaniidedodzaladaazososena'aariite

2026-09-12T04:31:37Z

MiaKvigan: /* Aspect */

== Phonology ==

=== Vowels ===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
! rowspan="2" |closure
! colspan="2" |non-back
! colspan="2" |back
|-
!unrounded
!rounded
!unrounded
!rounded
|-
|high
|ɨ ⟨i⟩
|ʏ ⟨u⟩
|
|
|-
|mid
|
|
|
|o ⟨o⟩
|-
|low
|
|
|ɑ ⟨a⟩
|
|}
Vowels may be elongated

/∅/ ⟨e⟩

=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
! colspan="2" |Placement →
↓ Manner
!Coronal
!Palato-Dorsal
!Laryngeal
|-
| colspan="2" |Nasal
|n
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Plosive
|t / d
|q
|ʔ ⟨'⟩
|-
| colspan="2" |Sibilant affricate
|t͡ʃ ⟨ts⟩ / d͡ʒ ⟨dz⟩
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Sibilant fricative
|ʃ ⟨s⟩ / ʒ ⟨z⟩
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Non-sibilant fricative
|θ ⟨th⟩ / ð ⟨dh⟩
|ç ⟨c⟩ / ʝ ⟨y⟩
|ħ ⟨qh⟩ / h
|-
| colspan="2" |Trill
|r̥ ⟨tr⟩ / r
|ʀ̥ ⟨trr⟩ / ʀ ⟨rr⟩
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |Lateral affricate
|lateral
|t͡ɬˡ ⟨tcll⟩ / d͡ɮˡ ⟨dyll⟩
|
|
|-
|aspirated
|t͡ɬʰ ⟨tcl⟩ / d͡ɮʰ ⟨dyl⟩
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |Lateral fricative
|lateral
|ɬˡ ⟨cll⟩ / ɮˡ ⟨yll⟩
|
|
|-
|aspirated
|ɬʰ ⟨cl⟩ / ɮʰ ⟨yl⟩
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Lateral Approximant
|l
|
|
|}

=== Phonotactics ===
CV (but ⟨e⟩ /∅/ is an allowed V)

== Morphology ==

=== Pronouns ===

==== Personal pronouns ====
The personal pronouns as they once existed in Halaqhanenasi'ona were pro-drop as a result of grammatical person marking on verbs, but have since been eliminated, replaced by what used to be honorifics but which can now also serve as personal pronouns in addition to grammatical person marking on nouns

==== Honorifics ====
Honorifics may occur before nouns as an honorific, or in place of subjects as a pronoun, or before nouns and with an interfix as a deictic
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Presentation →
! rowspan="2" |Powerful-Fragile
! rowspan="2" |Powerful-Graceful
! rowspan="2" |Graceful-Fragile
|-
!Performance ↓
|-
|Powerful-Fragile
|'uqadho
|dulato
|su'ano
|-
|Powerful-Graceful
|'iqodha
|dilota
|si'ona
|-
|Graceful-Fragile
|'aqadhe
|dalate
|sa'ane
|}

==== Deictic pronouns ====
As with personal pronouns, deictic pronouns have disappeared. Honorifics are used in their place, where the gender classes are interpreted as distal distinctions, and are distinguished from a plain 'pronoun' by the suffix "-ta". Generic 'this' which refers to a locationless entity is 'dilota'
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Unit (length) →
! rowspan="2" |minnow
(1 cm)
! rowspan="2" |redfish
(0.6 m)
! rowspan="2" |oarfish
(8 m)
|-
!Quantity ↓
|-
|1
|'uqadho
|dulato
|su'ano
|-
|12
|'iqodha
|dilota
|si'ona
|-
|144
|'aqadhe
|dalate
|sa'ane
|}

==== Interrogative pronouns ====
As with the other pronouns, interrogative pronouns no longer exist. Instead, you mark a noun as having an interrogative person and make it the object by adjusting the agency of the subject as necessary

=== Nouns ===

==== Pattern ====
The noun pattern conveys two axes, the noun's class and its person plus number. A noun's 'class' is categorized as any of organic thinking, organic nonthinking, and inorganic, and is used to determine the subject-object relationship between two nouns
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |Organic
! rowspan="2" |Inorganic
|-
!Thinking
!Nonthinking
|-
| rowspan="4" |1
|SG
|_a_a_a
|_a_i_a
|_a_u_a
|-
|DUAL
|_a_a_i
|_a_i_i
|_a_u_i
|-
|PAU
|_a_a_u
|_a_i_u
|_a_u_u
|-
|PL
|_a_a_o
|_a_i_o
|_a_u_o
|-
| rowspan="4" |2
|SG
|_u_a_a
|_u_i_a
|_u_u_a
|-
|DUAL
|_u_a_i
|_u_i_i
|_u_u_i
|-
|PAU
|_u_a_u
|_u_i_u
|_u_u_u
|-
|PL
|_u_a_o
|_u_i_o
|_u_u_o
|-
| rowspan="4" |3
|SG
|_i_a_a
|_i_i_a
|_i_u_a
|-
|DUAL
|_i_a_i
|_i_i_i
|_i_u_i
|-
|PAU
|_i_a_u
|_i_i_u
|_i_u_u
|-
|PL
|_i_a_o
|_i_i_o
|_i_u_o
|-
| rowspan="4" |INT
|SG
|_o_a_a
|_o_i_a
|_o_u_a
|-
|DUAL
|_o_a_i
|_o_i_i
|_o_u_i
|-
|PAU
|_o_a_u
|_o_i_u
|_o_u_u
|-
|PL
|_o_a_o
|_o_i_o
|_o_u_o
|}

=== Finite Verbs ===

==== Pattern ====
The verb pattern conveys two axes, the verb's quality and its person plus number. A verb's 'quality' is a measure of its emotional and physical intensity, as opposed to the more standard uses of the augmentative and diminutive forms which indicate
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |Standard
! colspan="2" |Augmentative
! colspan="2" |Diminutive
! colspan="2" |Stupiditive
|-
|Agent
|Patient
|Agent
|Patient
|Agent
|Patient
!Agent
|Patient
|-
| rowspan="4" |1
|SG
|_a_o_e
|_a_ii_e
|_u_o_e
|_u_aa_e
|_o_a_e
|_o_ii_e
|_i_u_e
|_i_oo_e
|-
|DUAL
|_a_o_i
|_a_ii_i
|_u_o_i
|_u_aa_i
|_o_a_i
|_o_ii_i
|_i_u_i
|_i_oo_i
|-
|PAU
|_a_o_ane
|_a_ii_ane
|_u_o_ane
|_u_aa_ane
|_o_a_ane
|_o_ii_ane
|_i_u_ane
|_i_oo_ane
|-
|PL
|_a_o_ose
|_a_ii_ose
|_u_o_ose
|_u_aa_ose
|_o_a_ose
|_o_ii_ose
|_i_u_ose
|_i_oo_ose
|-
| rowspan="4" |2
|SG
|_ale_o_e
|_ale_ii_e
|_ule_o_e
|_u_aa_e
|_oo_a_e
|_oo_ii_e
|_ile_u_e
|_ile_oo_e
|-
|DUAL
|_ale_o_i
|_ale_ii_i
|_ule_o_i
|_ule_aa_i
|_ole_a_i
|_ole_ii_i
|_ile_u_i
|_ile_oo_i
|-
|PAU
|_ale_o_ane
|_ale_ii_ane
|_ule_o_ane
|_ule_aa_ane
|_ole_a_ane
|_ole_ii_ane
|_ile_u_ane
|_ile_oo_ane
|-
|PL
|_ale_o_ose
|_ale_ii_ose
|_ule_o_ose
|_ule_aa_ose
|_ole_a_ose
|_ole_ii_ose
|_ile_u_ose
|_ile_oo_ose
|-
| rowspan="4" |3
|SG
|_aa_o_e
|_aa_ii_e
|_uu_o_e
|_uu_aa_e
|_oo_a_e
|_oo_ii_e
|_ii_u_e
|_ii_oo_e
|-
|DUAL
|_aa_o_i
|_aa_ii_i
|_uu_o_i
|_uu_aa_i
|_oo_a_i
|_oo_ii_i
|_ii_u_i
|_ii_oo_i
|-
|PAU
|_aa_o_ane
|_aa_ii_ane
|_uu_o_ane
|_uu_aa_ane
|_oo_a_ane
|_oo_ii_ane
|_ii_u_ane
|_ii_oo_ane
|-
|PL
|_aa_o_ose
|_aa_ii_ose
|_uu_o_ose
|_uu_aa_ose
|_oo_a_ose
|_oo_ii_ose
|_ii_u_ose
|_ii_oo_ose
|}

==== Tense ====
Tense is conveyed via a circumfix, which contains all other affixes (unless otherwise specified). The immediate past and future are generally preferable to the present, unless describing something which is happening in the very immediate present (that is to say, something which happens in a couple of seconds is still the immediate future and not the present)
* trru⟩⟨la - PST
* tru⟩⟨la - PST.IMM
* qeso⟩⟨nothe - PRS
* 'ara⟩⟨ti - FUT.IMM
* 'arra⟩⟨ti - FUT
e.g. qesonasoqenothe - PRS⟩paint.application⟨V.1SG.AGT.STD⟩⟨CIRC - I apply paint

==== Aspect ====
Aspect is conveyed via a suffix attached directly to the stem
* none - the statement is true, but the action is not necessarily occurring - gnomic
* hase - the statement is not necessarily true, but the action is occurring - faeric (yes I made it up)
* reduplication of the root - the action happens regularly, or habitually - habitual
* yla - the action is complete - perfect
* leqe - the action is ongoing, and has progress - progressive
*tane - the action is ongoing, but does not progress - stative
* hero - the action is initiated - initiative
* 'idhane - the action is resumed - resumptive
* dhile - the action is terminated - terminative
e.g. qesonasoqeleqenothe - PRS⟩paint.application⟨V.1SG.AGT.STD⟩-GNO⟨CIRC - I apply paint (it's something I do, not necessarily right now though)

==== Mood ====
Mood is conveyed as a prefix on the verb
* ∅ - I paint/I am paint/I have paint
* qhane - NEC - I need to paint/I need paint
* jotune - DES - I want to paint/I want paint
* qota - IMP/JUSS - I demand, implore to paint/I demand, implore paint
* suthate - DUB/COND - I would, might, consider paint(ing)/I would, might, consider have[ing] paint
* naniiq - PERM - I can paint/I can have paint
* tclate - ABIL - I am able to paint, I am able to have paint
* didaa - MIR - I am fond for paint, I have fondness for paint
e.g. qesoqotanasoqeleqenothe - PRS⟩IMP/JUSS-paint.application⟨V.1SG.AGT.STD⟩-GNO⟨CIRC - I demand to apply paint (I make the demand, but not necessarily as we speak)

=== Volitional particles ===
Volition is marked by a preverb. These prefixes can have their own TAM (tense, aspect, and mood) distinct from that of the verb they are attached to.
* daa - volitional, success (confirmative) - I intended to, and did
* noqe - volitional, failed (attemptative) - I intended to, but did not (or could not)
* luyle - nonvolitional, success (deniative) - I did not intend to, and did not (or could not)
* 'acaye - nonvolitional, failed (temptative) - I did not intend to, but did
e.g. trunoqeylala qesoqotanasoqeleqenothe - PST.IMM⟩ATTEMPT-PFV⟨CIRC PRS⟩IMP/JUSS-paint.application⟨V.1SG.AGT.STD⟩-GNO⟨CIRC - I intend to but do not demand to apply paint (My failure to demand is true, but not necessarily happening now, and my application of the paint would have occurred just a moment ago)

=== Affirmation and negation ===
The affirmative and negative particles ('itclla and daneda) are 'right' and 'wrong' responses only. "NEG paint.application⟨V.1SG.AGT.STD⟩" means "Wrong, I paint", where "DENY paint.application⟨V.1SG.AGT.STD⟩" means "I intentionally did not paint", and "NEG DENY paint.application⟨V.1SG.AGT.STD⟩" means "Wrong, I intentionally did not paint"

e.g. 'itclla trunoqeylala qesoqotanasoqeleqenothe - AFF PST.IMM⟩ATTEMPT-PFV⟨CIRC PRS⟩IMP/JUSS-paint.application⟨V.1SG.AGT.STD⟩-GNO⟨CIRC - Yes, I just intended to but did not demand to apply paint (The statement is confirmation, my failure to demand was true as of just a moment ago, but not necessarily occurring at that moment, and my application of the paint would occur now)

=== Forms ===
Forms convey the nature of the application of a noun when used as a verb. Consonants are notated as c₁, c₂, etc., while vowels are v₁, v₂, etc.. Examples are based on root n_s_q_ (paint), with pattern _a_o_e (V.1SG.AGT.STD)

# c₁v₁c₂v₂c₃v₃ - nasoqe - I newly apply paint to
# c₁v₁nev₂c₂v₃c₃ - nanesoqe - I fully remove paint from
# dac₁v₁c₂v₂lec₃v₃ - danasoleqe - I alter the paint of
# c₁v₁c₁v₁c₂v₂c₃v₃ - nanasoqe - I supplement the paint of
# c₁v₁c₂ec₃v₂rv₃ - naseqore - I reduce the paint of
# c₁v₁c₃v₃c₂v₂ - naqeso - I invert the paint of
# 'v₁c₁v₁c₂v₂c₃v₃ - 'anasoqe - I utilize the paint of
# c₁v₁c₂ec₃v₂c₃v₃ - naseqoqe - I analyze the paint of

=== Morphological derivation ===
Affixation is used to derive the stative, agent, patient, action instrumental, tool instrumental, and assistance instrumental nominalizations of a verb (to fly becomes flight, that which flies, that which is flown, that which can be performed to cause flight (the flap of a wing), that which is used to cause flight directly (wings, lift), and that which is used to help cause flight (wind) , as well as the gnomic and progressive adjectivizations of a verb (to fly becomes flown and flying)

* qhose-: STAT.NMZ
* dzala-: ACT.NMZ
* dyllu-: PASS.NMZ
* raseto-: ACT.INSTR.NMZ
* 'indzo-:TOOL.INSTR.NMZ
* qana-: ASS.INSTR.NMZ
* sothe-: GNO.ADJZ
* yotre-: PROG.ADJZ

When an illegal consonant cluster appears, it is broken up by schwa, still written as ⟨e⟩

Tense goes on the outside as a circumfix, while aspect is a suffix within that

The abstract nominalizer is marked with the 'i⟩⟨nile circumfix

The indefinite article is marked with the 'ile- prefix

alienable possession and inalienable possession are marked separately (e.g. 'my brother' and 'my ball' use a different interfix)
== Syntax ==

=== Word order ===
T1 (topic first) word order

=== Compound words ===

==== Noun incorporation ====
Nouns are incorporated into compound words by appending them to the compound word with a dividing interfix showing the relationship between the words. To incorporate another compound word, you must place the "clo⟩⟨lune" circumfix around it to eliminate ambiguity.

==== Verb serialization ====
Verb serialization occurs first. Serialized verbs are placed in succession, and the last verb (even when alone) is followed by the '-lo-' interfix. The verb(s) indicate(s) the agency, person, and number of the subject, which is known via the animacy hierarchy (people < ORG.THNK < ORG.NTHNK < computers < NORG). If the subject-object relationship does not match this hierarchy, the particle "qetaa" is placed between the two words or phrases, meaning they must occur next to one another. The subject can be dropped if it is in the first person and not semantically necessary (as in it does not contain information that, if missing, would make the sentence nonsensical). If the subject is dropped, "qetaa" must be placed between the verb(s) and the direct object. The indirect object is placed before the verb(s), with the '-nole-' interfix in between. Verb serialization can also be recursive, meaning the arguments of a serialized verb phrase may be another serialized verb phrase.

* -tu- = action instrumentality (what action was used to accomplish the verb)
* -herro- = tool instrumentality (what tool was used to accomplish the verb)
* -luga- = assistive instrumentality (what guide was used to accomplish the verb)
* -lala- = POSS.AL
* -rrile- = POSS.INAL
* -na- = ADJZ
* -qotclle- = categorical marker (followed by what category the preceding stem always belongs to)

Hiluqhaqotclledzalaqaalososenadhaaniidedodzaladaazososena'aariite

2026-09-12T01:36:11Z

MiaKvigan: /* Forms */

== Phonology ==

=== Vowels ===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
! rowspan="2" |closure
! colspan="2" |non-back
! colspan="2" |back
|-
!unrounded
!rounded
!unrounded
!rounded
|-
|high
|ɨ ⟨i⟩
|ʏ ⟨u⟩
|
|
|-
|mid
|
|
|
|o ⟨o⟩
|-
|low
|
|
|ɑ ⟨a⟩
|
|}
Vowels may be elongated

/∅/ ⟨e⟩

=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
! colspan="2" |Placement →
↓ Manner
!Coronal
!Palato-Dorsal
!Laryngeal
|-
| colspan="2" |Nasal
|n
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Plosive
|t / d
|q
|ʔ ⟨'⟩
|-
| colspan="2" |Sibilant affricate
|t͡ʃ ⟨ts⟩ / d͡ʒ ⟨dz⟩
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Sibilant fricative
|ʃ ⟨s⟩ / ʒ ⟨z⟩
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Non-sibilant fricative
|θ ⟨th⟩ / ð ⟨dh⟩
|ç ⟨c⟩ / ʝ ⟨y⟩
|ħ ⟨qh⟩ / h
|-
| colspan="2" |Trill
|r̥ ⟨tr⟩ / r
|ʀ̥ ⟨trr⟩ / ʀ ⟨rr⟩
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |Lateral affricate
|lateral
|t͡ɬˡ ⟨tcll⟩ / d͡ɮˡ ⟨dyll⟩
|
|
|-
|aspirated
|t͡ɬʰ ⟨tcl⟩ / d͡ɮʰ ⟨dyl⟩
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |Lateral fricative
|lateral
|ɬˡ ⟨cll⟩ / ɮˡ ⟨yll⟩
|
|
|-
|aspirated
|ɬʰ ⟨cl⟩ / ɮʰ ⟨yl⟩
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Lateral Approximant
|l
|
|
|}

=== Phonotactics ===
CV (but ⟨e⟩ /∅/ is an allowed V)

== Morphology ==

=== Pronouns ===

==== Personal pronouns ====
The personal pronouns as they once existed in Halaqhanenasi'ona were pro-drop as a result of grammatical person marking on verbs, but have since been eliminated, replaced by what used to be honorifics but which can now also serve as personal pronouns in addition to grammatical person marking on nouns

==== Honorifics ====
Honorifics may occur before nouns as an honorific, or in place of subjects as a pronoun, or before nouns and with an interfix as a deictic
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Presentation →
! rowspan="2" |Powerful-Fragile
! rowspan="2" |Powerful-Graceful
! rowspan="2" |Graceful-Fragile
|-
!Performance ↓
|-
|Powerful-Fragile
|'uqadho
|dulato
|su'ano
|-
|Powerful-Graceful
|'iqodha
|dilota
|si'ona
|-
|Graceful-Fragile
|'aqadhe
|dalate
|sa'ane
|}

==== Deictic pronouns ====
As with personal pronouns, deictic pronouns have disappeared. Honorifics are used in their place, where the gender classes are interpreted as distal distinctions, and are distinguished from a plain 'pronoun' by the suffix "-ta". Generic 'this' which refers to a locationless entity is 'dilota'
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Unit (length) →
! rowspan="2" |minnow
(1 cm)
! rowspan="2" |redfish
(0.6 m)
! rowspan="2" |oarfish
(8 m)
|-
!Quantity ↓
|-
|1
|'uqadho
|dulato
|su'ano
|-
|12
|'iqodha
|dilota
|si'ona
|-
|144
|'aqadhe
|dalate
|sa'ane
|}

==== Interrogative pronouns ====
As with the other pronouns, interrogative pronouns no longer exist. Instead, you mark a noun as having an interrogative person and make it the object by adjusting the agency of the subject as necessary

=== Nouns ===

==== Pattern ====
The noun pattern conveys two axes, the noun's class and its person plus number. A noun's 'class' is categorized as any of organic thinking, organic nonthinking, and inorganic, and is used to determine the subject-object relationship between two nouns
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |Organic
! rowspan="2" |Inorganic
|-
!Thinking
!Nonthinking
|-
| rowspan="4" |1
|SG
|_a_a_a
|_a_i_a
|_a_u_a
|-
|DUAL
|_a_a_i
|_a_i_i
|_a_u_i
|-
|PAU
|_a_a_u
|_a_i_u
|_a_u_u
|-
|PL
|_a_a_o
|_a_i_o
|_a_u_o
|-
| rowspan="4" |2
|SG
|_u_a_a
|_u_i_a
|_u_u_a
|-
|DUAL
|_u_a_i
|_u_i_i
|_u_u_i
|-
|PAU
|_u_a_u
|_u_i_u
|_u_u_u
|-
|PL
|_u_a_o
|_u_i_o
|_u_u_o
|-
| rowspan="4" |3
|SG
|_i_a_a
|_i_i_a
|_i_u_a
|-
|DUAL
|_i_a_i
|_i_i_i
|_i_u_i
|-
|PAU
|_i_a_u
|_i_i_u
|_i_u_u
|-
|PL
|_i_a_o
|_i_i_o
|_i_u_o
|-
| rowspan="4" |INT
|SG
|_o_a_a
|_o_i_a
|_o_u_a
|-
|DUAL
|_o_a_i
|_o_i_i
|_o_u_i
|-
|PAU
|_o_a_u
|_o_i_u
|_o_u_u
|-
|PL
|_o_a_o
|_o_i_o
|_o_u_o
|}

=== Finite Verbs ===

==== Pattern ====
The verb pattern conveys two axes, the verb's quality and its person plus number. A verb's 'quality' is a measure of its emotional and physical intensity, as opposed to the more standard uses of the augmentative and diminutive forms which indicate
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |Standard
! colspan="2" |Augmentative
! colspan="2" |Diminutive
! colspan="2" |Stupiditive
|-
|Agent
|Patient
|Agent
|Patient
|Agent
|Patient
!Agent
|Patient
|-
| rowspan="4" |1
|SG
|_a_o_e
|_a_ii_e
|_u_o_e
|_u_aa_e
|_o_a_e
|_o_ii_e
|_i_u_e
|_i_oo_e
|-
|DUAL
|_a_o_i
|_a_ii_i
|_u_o_i
|_u_aa_i
|_o_a_i
|_o_ii_i
|_i_u_i
|_i_oo_i
|-
|PAU
|_a_o_ane
|_a_ii_ane
|_u_o_ane
|_u_aa_ane
|_o_a_ane
|_o_ii_ane
|_i_u_ane
|_i_oo_ane
|-
|PL
|_a_o_ose
|_a_ii_ose
|_u_o_ose
|_u_aa_ose
|_o_a_ose
|_o_ii_ose
|_i_u_ose
|_i_oo_ose
|-
| rowspan="4" |2
|SG
|_ale_o_e
|_ale_ii_e
|_ule_o_e
|_u_aa_e
|_oo_a_e
|_oo_ii_e
|_ile_u_e
|_ile_oo_e
|-
|DUAL
|_ale_o_i
|_ale_ii_i
|_ule_o_i
|_ule_aa_i
|_ole_a_i
|_ole_ii_i
|_ile_u_i
|_ile_oo_i
|-
|PAU
|_ale_o_ane
|_ale_ii_ane
|_ule_o_ane
|_ule_aa_ane
|_ole_a_ane
|_ole_ii_ane
|_ile_u_ane
|_ile_oo_ane
|-
|PL
|_ale_o_ose
|_ale_ii_ose
|_ule_o_ose
|_ule_aa_ose
|_ole_a_ose
|_ole_ii_ose
|_ile_u_ose
|_ile_oo_ose
|-
| rowspan="4" |3
|SG
|_aa_o_e
|_aa_ii_e
|_uu_o_e
|_uu_aa_e
|_oo_a_e
|_oo_ii_e
|_ii_u_e
|_ii_oo_e
|-
|DUAL
|_aa_o_i
|_aa_ii_i
|_uu_o_i
|_uu_aa_i
|_oo_a_i
|_oo_ii_i
|_ii_u_i
|_ii_oo_i
|-
|PAU
|_aa_o_ane
|_aa_ii_ane
|_uu_o_ane
|_uu_aa_ane
|_oo_a_ane
|_oo_ii_ane
|_ii_u_ane
|_ii_oo_ane
|-
|PL
|_aa_o_ose
|_aa_ii_ose
|_uu_o_ose
|_uu_aa_ose
|_oo_a_ose
|_oo_ii_ose
|_ii_u_ose
|_ii_oo_ose
|}

==== Tense ====
Tense is conveyed via a circumfix, which contains all other affixes (unless otherwise specified). The immediate past and future are generally preferable to the present, unless describing something which is happening in the very immediate present (that is to say, something which happens in a couple of seconds is still the immediate future and not the present)
* trru⟩⟨la - PST
* tru⟩⟨la - PST.IMM
* qeso⟩⟨nothe - PRS
* 'ara⟩⟨ti - FUT.IMM
* 'arra⟩⟨ti - FUT
e.g. qesonasoqenothe - PRS⟩paint.application⟨V.1SG.AGT.STD⟩⟨CIRC - I apply paint

==== Aspect ====
Aspect is conveyed via a suffix attached directly to the stem
* none - the statement is true, but the action is not necessarily occurring - gnomic
* hase - the statement is not necessarily true, but the action is occurring - faeric (yes I made it up)
* reduplication of the root - the action happens regularly, or habitually - habitual
* yla - the action is complete - perfect
* leqe - the action is ongoing, and has progress - progressive
*tane - the action is ongoing, but does not progress - stative
* hero - the action is initiated - initiative
* 'idhane - the action is continuing or resumed - continuative/resumptive
* dhile - the action is terminated - terminative
e.g. qesonasoqeleqenothe - PRS⟩paint.application⟨V.1SG.AGT.STD⟩-GNO⟨CIRC - I apply paint (it's something I do, not necessarily right now though)

==== Mood ====
Mood is conveyed as a prefix on the verb
* ∅ - I paint/I am paint/I have paint
* qhane - NEC - I need to paint/I need paint
* jotune - DES - I want to paint/I want paint
* qota - IMP/JUSS - I demand, implore to paint/I demand, implore paint
* suthate - DUB/COND - I would, might, consider paint(ing)/I would, might, consider have[ing] paint
* naniiq - PERM - I can paint/I can have paint
* tclate - ABIL - I am able to paint, I am able to have paint
* didaa - MIR - I am fond for paint, I have fondness for paint
e.g. qesoqotanasoqeleqenothe - PRS⟩IMP/JUSS-paint.application⟨V.1SG.AGT.STD⟩-GNO⟨CIRC - I demand to apply paint (I make the demand, but not necessarily as we speak)

=== Volitional particles ===
Volition is marked by a preverb. These prefixes can have their own TAM (tense, aspect, and mood) distinct from that of the verb they are attached to.
* daa - volitional, success (confirmative) - I intended to, and did
* noqe - volitional, failed (attemptative) - I intended to, but did not (or could not)
* luyle - nonvolitional, success (deniative) - I did not intend to, and did not (or could not)
* 'acaye - nonvolitional, failed (temptative) - I did not intend to, but did
e.g. trunoqeylala qesoqotanasoqeleqenothe - PST.IMM⟩ATTEMPT-PFV⟨CIRC PRS⟩IMP/JUSS-paint.application⟨V.1SG.AGT.STD⟩-GNO⟨CIRC - I intend to but do not demand to apply paint (My failure to demand is true, but not necessarily happening now, and my application of the paint would have occurred just a moment ago)

=== Affirmation and negation ===
The affirmative and negative particles ('itclla and daneda) are 'right' and 'wrong' responses only. "NEG paint.application⟨V.1SG.AGT.STD⟩" means "Wrong, I paint", where "DENY paint.application⟨V.1SG.AGT.STD⟩" means "I intentionally did not paint", and "NEG DENY paint.application⟨V.1SG.AGT.STD⟩" means "Wrong, I intentionally did not paint"

e.g. 'itclla trunoqeylala qesoqotanasoqeleqenothe - AFF PST.IMM⟩ATTEMPT-PFV⟨CIRC PRS⟩IMP/JUSS-paint.application⟨V.1SG.AGT.STD⟩-GNO⟨CIRC - Yes, I just intended to but did not demand to apply paint (The statement is confirmation, my failure to demand was true as of just a moment ago, but not necessarily occurring at that moment, and my application of the paint would occur now)

=== Forms ===
Forms convey the nature of the application of a noun when used as a verb. Consonants are notated as c₁, c₂, etc., while vowels are v₁, v₂, etc.. Examples are based on root n_s_q_ (paint), with pattern _a_o_e (V.1SG.AGT.STD)

# c₁v₁c₂v₂c₃v₃ - nasoqe - I newly apply paint to
# c₁v₁nev₂c₂v₃c₃ - nanesoqe - I fully remove paint from
# dac₁v₁c₂v₂lec₃v₃ - danasoleqe - I alter the paint of
# c₁v₁c₁v₁c₂v₂c₃v₃ - nanasoqe - I supplement the paint of
# c₁v₁c₂ec₃v₂rv₃ - naseqore - I reduce the paint of
# c₁v₁c₃v₃c₂v₂ - naqeso - I invert the paint of
# 'v₁c₁v₁c₂v₂c₃v₃ - 'anasoqe - I utilize the paint of
# c₁v₁c₂ec₃v₂c₃v₃ - naseqoqe - I analyze the paint of

=== Morphological derivation ===
Affixation is used to derive the stative, agent, patient, action instrumental, tool instrumental, and assistance instrumental nominalizations of a verb (to fly becomes flight, that which flies, that which is flown, that which can be performed to cause flight (the flap of a wing), that which is used to cause flight directly (wings, lift), and that which is used to help cause flight (wind) , as well as the gnomic and progressive adjectivizations of a verb (to fly becomes flown and flying)

* qhose-: STAT.NMZ
* dzala-: ACT.NMZ
* dyllu-: PASS.NMZ
* raseto-: ACT.INSTR.NMZ
* 'indzo-:TOOL.INSTR.NMZ
* qana-: ASS.INSTR.NMZ
* sothe-: GNO.ADJZ
* yotre-: PROG.ADJZ

When an illegal consonant cluster appears, it is broken up by schwa, still written as ⟨e⟩

Tense goes on the outside as a circumfix, while aspect is a suffix within that

The abstract nominalizer is marked with the 'i⟩⟨nile circumfix

The indefinite article is marked with the 'ile- prefix

alienable possession and inalienable possession are marked separately (e.g. 'my brother' and 'my ball' use a different interfix)
== Syntax ==

=== Word order ===
T1 (topic first) word order

=== Compound words ===

==== Noun incorporation ====
Nouns are incorporated into compound words by appending them to the compound word with a dividing interfix showing the relationship between the words. To incorporate another compound word, you must place the "clo⟩⟨lune" circumfix around it to eliminate ambiguity.

==== Verb serialization ====
Verb serialization occurs first. Serialized verbs are placed in succession, and the last verb (even when alone) is followed by the '-lo-' interfix. The verb(s) indicate(s) the agency, person, and number of the subject, which is known via the animacy hierarchy (people < ORG.THNK < ORG.NTHNK < computers < NORG). If the subject-object relationship does not match this hierarchy, the particle "qetaa" is placed between the two words or phrases, meaning they must occur next to one another. The subject can be dropped if it is in the first person and not semantically necessary (as in it does not contain information that, if missing, would make the sentence nonsensical). If the subject is dropped, "qetaa" must be placed between the verb(s) and the direct object. The indirect object is placed before the verb(s), with the '-nole-' interfix in between. Verb serialization can also be recursive, meaning the arguments of a serialized verb phrase may be another serialized verb phrase.

* -tu- = action instrumentality (what action was used to accomplish the verb)
* -herro- = tool instrumentality (what tool was used to accomplish the verb)
* -luga- = assistive instrumentality (what guide was used to accomplish the verb)
* -lala- = POSS.AL
* -rrile- = POSS.INAL
* -na- = ADJZ
* -qotclle- = categorical marker (followed by what category the preceding stem always belongs to)

Hiluqhaqotclledzalaqaalososenadhaaniidedodzaladaazososena'aariite

2026-09-11T14:38:25Z

MiaKvigan: /* Phonotactics */

== Phonology ==

=== Vowels ===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
! rowspan="2" |closure
! colspan="2" |non-back
! colspan="2" |back
|-
!unrounded
!rounded
!unrounded
!rounded
|-
|high
|ɨ ⟨i⟩
|ʏ ⟨u⟩
|
|
|-
|mid
|
|
|
|o ⟨o⟩
|-
|low
|
|
|ɑ ⟨a⟩
|
|}
Vowels may be elongated

/∅/ ⟨e⟩

=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
! colspan="2" |Placement →
↓ Manner
!Coronal
!Palato-Dorsal
!Laryngeal
|-
| colspan="2" |Nasal
|n
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Plosive
|t / d
|q
|ʔ ⟨'⟩
|-
| colspan="2" |Sibilant affricate
|t͡ʃ ⟨ts⟩ / d͡ʒ ⟨dz⟩
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Sibilant fricative
|ʃ ⟨s⟩ / ʒ ⟨z⟩
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Non-sibilant fricative
|θ ⟨th⟩ / ð ⟨dh⟩
|ç ⟨c⟩ / ʝ ⟨y⟩
|ħ ⟨qh⟩ / h
|-
| colspan="2" |Trill
|r̥ ⟨tr⟩ / r
|ʀ̥ ⟨trr⟩ / ʀ ⟨rr⟩
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |Lateral affricate
|lateral
|t͡ɬˡ ⟨tcll⟩ / d͡ɮˡ ⟨dyll⟩
|
|
|-
|aspirated
|t͡ɬʰ ⟨tcl⟩ / d͡ɮʰ ⟨dyl⟩
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |Lateral fricative
|lateral
|ɬˡ ⟨cll⟩ / ɮˡ ⟨yll⟩
|
|
|-
|aspirated
|ɬʰ ⟨cl⟩ / ɮʰ ⟨yl⟩
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Lateral Approximant
|l
|
|
|}

=== Phonotactics ===
CV (but ⟨e⟩ /∅/ is an allowed V)

== Morphology ==

=== Pronouns ===

==== Personal pronouns ====
The personal pronouns as they once existed in Halaqhanenasi'ona were pro-drop as a result of grammatical person marking on verbs, but have since been eliminated, replaced by what used to be honorifics but which can now also serve as personal pronouns in addition to grammatical person marking on nouns

==== Honorifics ====
Honorifics may occur before nouns as an honorific, or in place of subjects as a pronoun, or before nouns and with an interfix as a deictic
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Presentation →
! rowspan="2" |Powerful-Fragile
! rowspan="2" |Powerful-Graceful
! rowspan="2" |Graceful-Fragile
|-
!Performance ↓
|-
|Powerful-Fragile
|'uqadho
|dulato
|su'ano
|-
|Powerful-Graceful
|'iqodha
|dilota
|si'ona
|-
|Graceful-Fragile
|'aqadhe
|dalate
|sa'ane
|}

==== Deictic pronouns ====
As with personal pronouns, deictic pronouns have disappeared. Honorifics are used in their place, where the gender classes are interpreted as distal distinctions, and are distinguished from a plain 'pronoun' by the suffix "-ta". Generic 'this' which refers to a locationless entity is 'dilota'
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Unit (length) →
! rowspan="2" |minnow
(1 cm)
! rowspan="2" |redfish
(0.6 m)
! rowspan="2" |oarfish
(8 m)
|-
!Quantity ↓
|-
|1
|'uqadho
|dulato
|su'ano
|-
|12
|'iqodha
|dilota
|si'ona
|-
|144
|'aqadhe
|dalate
|sa'ane
|}

==== Interrogative pronouns ====
As with the other pronouns, interrogative pronouns no longer exist. Instead, you mark a noun as having an interrogative person and make it the object by adjusting the agency of the subject as necessary

=== Nouns ===

==== Pattern ====
The noun pattern conveys two axes, the noun's class and its person plus number. A noun's 'class' is categorized as any of organic thinking, organic nonthinking, and inorganic, and is used to determine the subject-object relationship between two nouns
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |Organic
! rowspan="2" |Inorganic
|-
!Thinking
!Nonthinking
|-
| rowspan="4" |1
|SG
|_a_a_a
|_a_i_a
|_a_u_a
|-
|DUAL
|_a_a_i
|_a_i_i
|_a_u_i
|-
|PAU
|_a_a_u
|_a_i_u
|_a_u_u
|-
|PL
|_a_a_o
|_a_i_o
|_a_u_o
|-
| rowspan="4" |2
|SG
|_u_a_a
|_u_i_a
|_u_u_a
|-
|DUAL
|_u_a_i
|_u_i_i
|_u_u_i
|-
|PAU
|_u_a_u
|_u_i_u
|_u_u_u
|-
|PL
|_u_a_o
|_u_i_o
|_u_u_o
|-
| rowspan="4" |3
|SG
|_i_a_a
|_i_i_a
|_i_u_a
|-
|DUAL
|_i_a_i
|_i_i_i
|_i_u_i
|-
|PAU
|_i_a_u
|_i_i_u
|_i_u_u
|-
|PL
|_i_a_o
|_i_i_o
|_i_u_o
|-
| rowspan="4" |INT
|SG
|_o_a_a
|_o_i_a
|_o_u_a
|-
|DUAL
|_o_a_i
|_o_i_i
|_o_u_i
|-
|PAU
|_o_a_u
|_o_i_u
|_o_u_u
|-
|PL
|_o_a_o
|_o_i_o
|_o_u_o
|}

=== Finite Verbs ===

==== Pattern ====
The verb pattern conveys two axes, the verb's quality and its person plus number. A verb's 'quality' is a measure of its emotional and physical intensity, as opposed to the more standard uses of the augmentative and diminutive forms which indicate
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |Standard
! colspan="2" |Augmentative
! colspan="2" |Diminutive
! colspan="2" |Stupiditive
|-
|Agent
|Patient
|Agent
|Patient
|Agent
|Patient
!Agent
|Patient
|-
| rowspan="4" |1
|SG
|_a_o_e
|_a_ii_e
|_u_o_e
|_u_aa_e
|_o_a_e
|_o_ii_e
|_i_u_e
|_i_oo_e
|-
|DUAL
|_a_o_i
|_a_ii_i
|_u_o_i
|_u_aa_i
|_o_a_i
|_o_ii_i
|_i_u_i
|_i_oo_i
|-
|PAU
|_a_o_ane
|_a_ii_ane
|_u_o_ane
|_u_aa_ane
|_o_a_ane
|_o_ii_ane
|_i_u_ane
|_i_oo_ane
|-
|PL
|_a_o_ose
|_a_ii_ose
|_u_o_ose
|_u_aa_ose
|_o_a_ose
|_o_ii_ose
|_i_u_ose
|_i_oo_ose
|-
| rowspan="4" |2
|SG
|_ale_o_e
|_ale_ii_e
|_ule_o_e
|_u_aa_e
|_oo_a_e
|_oo_ii_e
|_ile_u_e
|_ile_oo_e
|-
|DUAL
|_ale_o_i
|_ale_ii_i
|_ule_o_i
|_ule_aa_i
|_ole_a_i
|_ole_ii_i
|_ile_u_i
|_ile_oo_i
|-
|PAU
|_ale_o_ane
|_ale_ii_ane
|_ule_o_ane
|_ule_aa_ane
|_ole_a_ane
|_ole_ii_ane
|_ile_u_ane
|_ile_oo_ane
|-
|PL
|_ale_o_ose
|_ale_ii_ose
|_ule_o_ose
|_ule_aa_ose
|_ole_a_ose
|_ole_ii_ose
|_ile_u_ose
|_ile_oo_ose
|-
| rowspan="4" |3
|SG
|_aa_o_e
|_aa_ii_e
|_uu_o_e
|_uu_aa_e
|_oo_a_e
|_oo_ii_e
|_ii_u_e
|_ii_oo_e
|-
|DUAL
|_aa_o_i
|_aa_ii_i
|_uu_o_i
|_uu_aa_i
|_oo_a_i
|_oo_ii_i
|_ii_u_i
|_ii_oo_i
|-
|PAU
|_aa_o_ane
|_aa_ii_ane
|_uu_o_ane
|_uu_aa_ane
|_oo_a_ane
|_oo_ii_ane
|_ii_u_ane
|_ii_oo_ane
|-
|PL
|_aa_o_ose
|_aa_ii_ose
|_uu_o_ose
|_uu_aa_ose
|_oo_a_ose
|_oo_ii_ose
|_ii_u_ose
|_ii_oo_ose
|}

==== Tense ====
Tense is conveyed via a circumfix, which contains all other affixes (unless otherwise specified). The immediate past and future are generally preferable to the present, unless describing something which is happening in the very immediate present (that is to say, something which happens in a couple of seconds is still the immediate future and not the present)
* trru⟩⟨la - PST
* tru⟩⟨la - PST.IMM
* qeso⟩⟨nothe - PRS
* 'ara⟩⟨ti - FUT.IMM
* 'arra⟩⟨ti - FUT
e.g. qesonasoqenothe - PRS⟩paint.application⟨V.1SG.AGT.STD⟩⟨CIRC - I apply paint

==== Aspect ====
Aspect is conveyed via a suffix attached directly to the stem
* none - the statement is true, but the action is not necessarily occurring - gnomic
* hase - the statement is not necessarily true, but the action is occurring - faeric (yes I made it up)
* reduplication of the root - the action happens regularly, or habitually - habitual
* yla - the action is complete - perfect
* leqe - the action is ongoing, and has progress - progressive
*tane - the action is ongoing, but does not progress - stative
* hero - the action is initiated - initiative
* 'idhane - the action is continuing or resumed - continuative/resumptive
* dhile - the action is terminated - terminative
e.g. qesonasoqeleqenothe - PRS⟩paint.application⟨V.1SG.AGT.STD⟩-GNO⟨CIRC - I apply paint (it's something I do, not necessarily right now though)

==== Mood ====
Mood is conveyed as a prefix on the verb
* ∅ - I paint/I am paint/I have paint
* qhane - NEC - I need to paint/I need paint
* jotune - DES - I want to paint/I want paint
* qota - IMP/JUSS - I demand, implore to paint/I demand, implore paint
* suthate - DUB/COND - I would, might, consider paint(ing)/I would, might, consider have[ing] paint
* naniiq - PERM - I can paint/I can have paint
* tclate - ABIL - I am able to paint, I am able to have paint
* didaa - MIR - I am fond for paint, I have fondness for paint
e.g. qesoqotanasoqeleqenothe - PRS⟩IMP/JUSS-paint.application⟨V.1SG.AGT.STD⟩-GNO⟨CIRC - I demand to apply paint (I make the demand, but not necessarily as we speak)

=== Volitional particles ===
Volition is marked by a preverb. These prefixes can have their own TAM (tense, aspect, and mood) distinct from that of the verb they are attached to.
* daa - volitional, success (confirmative) - I intended to, and did
* noqe - volitional, failed (attemptative) - I intended to, but did not (or could not)
* luyle - nonvolitional, success (deniative) - I did not intend to, and did not (or could not)
* 'acaye - nonvolitional, failed (temptative) - I did not intend to, but did
e.g. trunoqeylala qesoqotanasoqeleqenothe - PST.IMM⟩ATTEMPT-PFV⟨CIRC PRS⟩IMP/JUSS-paint.application⟨V.1SG.AGT.STD⟩-GNO⟨CIRC - I intend to but do not demand to apply paint (My failure to demand is true, but not necessarily happening now, and my application of the paint would have occurred just a moment ago)

=== Affirmation and negation ===
The affirmative and negative particles ('itclla and daneda) are 'right' and 'wrong' responses only. "NEG paint.application⟨V.1SG.AGT.STD⟩" means "Wrong, I paint", where "DENY paint.application⟨V.1SG.AGT.STD⟩" means "I intentionally did not paint", and "NEG DENY paint.application⟨V.1SG.AGT.STD⟩" means "Wrong, I intentionally did not paint"

e.g. 'itclla trunoqeylala qesoqotanasoqeleqenothe - AFF PST.IMM⟩ATTEMPT-PFV⟨CIRC PRS⟩IMP/JUSS-paint.application⟨V.1SG.AGT.STD⟩-GNO⟨CIRC - Yes, I just intended to but did not demand to apply paint (The statement is confirmation, my failure to demand was true as of just a moment ago, but not necessarily occurring at that moment, and my application of the paint would occur now)

=== Forms ===
Forms convey mood, but also the augmentative and diminutive. Consonants are notated as c₁, c₂, etc., while vowels are v₁, v₂, etc.. Examples are based on root n_s_q_ (paint), with pattern _a_o_e (V.1SG.AGT.STD)

# c₁v₁c₂v₂c₃v₃ - nasoqe - I newly apply paint to
# c₁v₁nev₂c₂v₃c₃ - nanesoqe - I fully remove paint from
# dac₁v₁c₂v₂lec₃v₃ - danasoleqe - I alter the paint of
# c₁v₁c₁v₁c₂v₂c₃v₃ - nanasoqe - I supplement the paint of
# c₁v₁c₂ec₃v₂rv₃ - naseqore - I reduce the paint of
# c₁v₁c₃v₃c₂v₂ - naqeso - I invert the paint of
# 'v₁c₁v₁c₂v₂c₃v₃ - 'anasoqe - I utilize the paint of
# c₁v₁c₂ec₃v₂c₃v₃ - naseqoqe - I analyze the paint of

=== Morphological derivation ===
Affixation is used to derive the stative, agent, patient, action instrumental, tool instrumental, and assistance instrumental nominalizations of a verb (to fly becomes flight, that which flies, that which is flown, that which can be performed to cause flight (the flap of a wing), that which is used to cause flight directly (wings, lift), and that which is used to help cause flight (wind) , as well as the gnomic and progressive adjectivizations of a verb (to fly becomes flown and flying)

* qhose-: STAT.NMZ
* dzala-: ACT.NMZ
* dyllu-: PASS.NMZ
* raseto-: ACT.INSTR.NMZ
* 'indzo-:TOOL.INSTR.NMZ
* qana-: ASS.INSTR.NMZ
* sothe-: GNO.ADJZ
* yotre-: PROG.ADJZ

When an illegal consonant cluster appears, it is broken up by schwa, still written as ⟨e⟩

Tense goes on the outside as a circumfix, while aspect is a suffix within that

The abstract nominalizer is marked with the 'i⟩⟨nile circumfix

The indefinite article is marked with the 'ile- prefix

alienable possession and inalienable possession are marked separately (e.g. 'my brother' and 'my ball' use a different interfix)
== Syntax ==

=== Word order ===
T1 (topic first) word order

=== Compound words ===

==== Noun incorporation ====
Nouns are incorporated into compound words by appending them to the compound word with a dividing interfix showing the relationship between the words. To incorporate another compound word, you must place the "clo⟩⟨lune" circumfix around it to eliminate ambiguity.

==== Verb serialization ====
Verb serialization occurs first. Serialized verbs are placed in succession, and the last verb (even when alone) is followed by the '-lo-' interfix. The verb(s) indicate(s) the agency, person, and number of the subject, which is known via the animacy hierarchy (people < ORG.THNK < ORG.NTHNK < computers < NORG). If the subject-object relationship does not match this hierarchy, the particle "qetaa" is placed between the two words or phrases, meaning they must occur next to one another. The subject can be dropped if it is in the first person and not semantically necessary (as in it does not contain information that, if missing, would make the sentence nonsensical). If the subject is dropped, "qetaa" must be placed between the verb(s) and the direct object. The indirect object is placed before the verb(s), with the '-nole-' interfix in between. Verb serialization can also be recursive, meaning the arguments of a serialized verb phrase may be another serialized verb phrase.

* -tu- = action instrumentality (what action was used to accomplish the verb)
* -herro- = tool instrumentality (what tool was used to accomplish the verb)
* -luga- = assistive instrumentality (what guide was used to accomplish the verb)
* -lala- = POSS.AL
* -rrile- = POSS.INAL
* -na- = ADJZ
* -qotclle- = categorical marker (followed by what category the preceding stem always belongs to)

Hiluqhaqotclledzalaqaalososenadhaaniidedodzaladaazososena'aariite

2026-09-11T13:40:28Z

MiaKvigan: /* Morphological derivation */

== Phonology ==

=== Vowels ===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
! rowspan="2" |closure
! colspan="2" |non-back
! colspan="2" |back
|-
!unrounded
!rounded
!unrounded
!rounded
|-
|high
|ɨ ⟨i⟩
|ʏ ⟨u⟩
|
|
|-
|mid
|
|
|
|o ⟨o⟩
|-
|low
|
|
|ɑ ⟨a⟩
|
|}
Vowels may be elongated

/∅/ ⟨e⟩

=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
! colspan="2" |Placement →
↓ Manner
!Coronal
!Palato-Dorsal
!Laryngeal
|-
| colspan="2" |Nasal
|n
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Plosive
|t / d
|q
|ʔ ⟨'⟩
|-
| colspan="2" |Sibilant affricate
|t͡ʃ ⟨ts⟩ / d͡ʒ ⟨dz⟩
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Sibilant fricative
|ʃ ⟨s⟩ / ʒ ⟨z⟩
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Non-sibilant fricative
|θ ⟨th⟩ / ð ⟨dh⟩
|ç ⟨c⟩ / ʝ ⟨y⟩
|ħ ⟨qh⟩ / h
|-
| colspan="2" |Trill
|r̥ ⟨tr⟩ / r
|ʀ̥ ⟨trr⟩ / ʀ ⟨rr⟩
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |Lateral affricate
|lateral
|t͡ɬˡ ⟨tcll⟩ / d͡ɮˡ ⟨dyll⟩
|
|
|-
|aspirated
|t͡ɬʰ ⟨tcl⟩ / d͡ɮʰ ⟨dyl⟩
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |Lateral fricative
|lateral
|ɬˡ ⟨cll⟩ / ɮˡ ⟨yll⟩
|
|
|-
|aspirated
|ɬʰ ⟨cl⟩ / ɮʰ ⟨yl⟩
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Lateral Approximant
|l
|
|
|}

=== Phonotactics ===
CV (but ⟨e⟩ /∅/ is an allowed V)

== Morphology ==

=== Pronouns ===

==== Personal pronouns ====
The personal pronouns as they once existed in Halaqhanenasi'ona were pro-drop as a result of grammatical person marking on verbs, but have since been eliminated, replaced by what used to be honorifics but which can now also serve as personal pronouns in addition to grammatical person marking on nouns

==== Honorifics ====
Honorifics may occur before nouns as an honorific, or in place of subjects as a pronoun, or before nouns and with an interfix as a deictic
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Presentation →
! rowspan="2" |Powerful-Fragile
! rowspan="2" |Powerful-Graceful
! rowspan="2" |Graceful-Fragile
|-
!Performance ↓
|-
|Powerful-Fragile
|'uqadho
|dulato
|su'ano
|-
|Powerful-Graceful
|'iqodha
|dilota
|si'ona
|-
|Graceful-Fragile
|'aqadhe
|dalate
|sa'ane
|}

==== Deictic pronouns ====
As with personal pronouns, deictic pronouns have disappeared. Honorifics are used in their place, where the gender classes are interpreted as distal distinctions, and are distinguished from a plain 'pronoun' by the interfix "-ta-". Generic 'this' which refers to a locationless entity is 'dilota'
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Unit (length) →
! rowspan="2" |minnow
(1 cm)
! rowspan="2" |redfish
(0.6 m)
! rowspan="2" |oarfish
(8 m)
|-
!Quantity ↓
|-
|1
|'uqadho
|dulato
|su'ano
|-
|12
|'iqodha
|dilota
|si'ona
|-
|144
|'aqadhe
|dalate
|sa'ane
|}

==== Interrogative pronouns ====
As with the other pronouns, interrogative pronouns no longer exist. Instead, you mark a noun as having an interrogative person and make it the object by adjusting the agency of the subject as necessary

=== Nouns ===

==== Pattern ====
The noun pattern conveys two axes, the noun's class and its person plus number. A noun's 'class' is categorized as any of organic thinking, organic nonthinking, and inorganic, and is used to determine the subject-object relationship between two nouns
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |Organic
! rowspan="2" |Inorganic
|-
!Thinking
!Nonthinking
|-
| rowspan="4" |1
|SG
|_a_a_a
|_a_i_a
|_a_u_a
|-
|DUAL
|_a_a_i
|_a_i_i
|_a_u_i
|-
|PAU
|_a_a_u
|_a_i_u
|_a_u_u
|-
|PL
|_a_a_o
|_a_i_o
|_a_u_o
|-
| rowspan="4" |2
|SG
|_u_a_a
|_u_i_a
|_u_u_a
|-
|DUAL
|_u_a_i
|_u_i_i
|_u_u_i
|-
|PAU
|_u_a_u
|_u_i_u
|_u_u_u
|-
|PL
|_u_a_o
|_u_i_o
|_u_u_o
|-
| rowspan="4" |3
|SG
|_i_a_a
|_i_i_a
|_i_u_a
|-
|DUAL
|_i_a_i
|_i_i_i
|_i_u_i
|-
|PAU
|_i_a_u
|_i_i_u
|_i_u_u
|-
|PL
|_i_a_o
|_i_i_o
|_i_u_o
|-
| rowspan="4" |INT
|SG
|_o_a_a
|_o_i_a
|_o_u_a
|-
|DUAL
|_o_a_i
|_o_i_i
|_o_u_i
|-
|PAU
|_o_a_u
|_o_i_u
|_o_u_u
|-
|PL
|_o_a_o
|_o_i_o
|_o_u_o
|}

=== Finite Verbs ===

==== Pattern ====
The verb pattern conveys two axes, the verb's quality and its person plus number. A verb's 'quality' is a measure of its emotional and physical intensity, as opposed to the more standard uses of the augmentative and diminutive forms which indicate
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |Standard
! colspan="2" |Augmentative
! colspan="2" |Diminutive
! colspan="2" |Stupiditive
|-
|Agent
|Patient
|Agent
|Patient
|Agent
|Patient
!Agent
|Patient
|-
| rowspan="4" |1
|SG
|_a_o_e
|_a_ii_e
|_u_o_e
|_u_aa_e
|_o_a_e
|_o_ii_e
|_i_u_e
|_i_oo_e
|-
|DUAL
|_a_o_i
|_a_ii_i
|_u_o_i
|_u_aa_i
|_o_a_i
|_o_ii_i
|_i_u_i
|_i_oo_i
|-
|PAU
|_a_o_ane
|_a_ii_ane
|_u_o_ane
|_u_aa_ane
|_o_a_ane
|_o_ii_ane
|_i_u_ane
|_i_oo_ane
|-
|PL
|_a_o_ose
|_a_ii_ose
|_u_o_ose
|_u_aa_ose
|_o_a_ose
|_o_ii_ose
|_i_u_ose
|_i_oo_ose
|-
| rowspan="4" |2
|SG
|_ale_o_e
|_ale_ii_e
|_ule_o_e
|_u_aa_e
|_oo_a_e
|_oo_ii_e
|_ile_u_e
|_ile_oo_e
|-
|DUAL
|_ale_o_i
|_ale_ii_i
|_ule_o_i
|_ule_aa_i
|_ole_a_i
|_ole_ii_i
|_ile_u_i
|_ile_oo_i
|-
|PAU
|_ale_o_ane
|_ale_ii_ane
|_ule_o_ane
|_ule_aa_ane
|_ole_a_ane
|_ole_ii_ane
|_ile_u_ane
|_ile_oo_ane
|-
|PL
|_ale_o_ose
|_ale_ii_ose
|_ule_o_ose
|_ule_aa_ose
|_ole_a_ose
|_ole_ii_ose
|_ile_u_ose
|_ile_oo_ose
|-
| rowspan="4" |3
|SG
|_aa_o_e
|_aa_ii_e
|_uu_o_e
|_uu_aa_e
|_oo_a_e
|_oo_ii_e
|_ii_u_e
|_ii_oo_e
|-
|DUAL
|_aa_o_i
|_aa_ii_i
|_uu_o_i
|_uu_aa_i
|_oo_a_i
|_oo_ii_i
|_ii_u_i
|_ii_oo_i
|-
|PAU
|_aa_o_ane
|_aa_ii_ane
|_uu_o_ane
|_uu_aa_ane
|_oo_a_ane
|_oo_ii_ane
|_ii_u_ane
|_ii_oo_ane
|-
|PL
|_aa_o_ose
|_aa_ii_ose
|_uu_o_ose
|_uu_aa_ose
|_oo_a_ose
|_oo_ii_ose
|_ii_u_ose
|_ii_oo_ose
|}

==== Tense ====
Tense is conveyed via a circumfix, which contains all other affixes (unless otherwise specified). The immediate past and future are generally preferable to the present, unless describing something which is happening in the very immediate present (that is to say, something which happens in a couple of seconds is still the immediate future and not the present)
* trru⟩⟨la - PST
* tru⟩⟨la - PST.IMM
* qeso⟩⟨nothe - PRS
* 'ara⟩⟨ti - FUT.IMM
* 'arra⟩⟨ti - FUT
e.g. qesonasoqenothe - PRS⟩paint.application⟨V.1SG.AGT.STD⟩⟨CIRC - I apply paint

==== Aspect ====
Aspect is conveyed via a suffix attached directly to the stem
* none - the statement is true, but the action is not necessarily occurring - gnomic
* hase - the statement is not necessarily true, but the action is occurring - faeric (yes I made it up)
* reduplication of the root - the action happens regularly, or habitually - habitual
* yla - the action is complete - perfect
* leqe - the action is ongoing, and has progress - progressive
*tane - the action is ongoing, but does not progress - stative
* hero - the action is initiated - initiative
* 'idhane - the action is continuing or resumed - continuative/resumptive
* dhile - the action is terminated - terminative
e.g. qesonasoqeleqenothe - PRS⟩paint.application⟨V.1SG.AGT.STD⟩-GNO⟨CIRC - I apply paint (it's something I do, not necessarily right now though)

==== Mood ====
Mood is conveyed as a prefix on the verb
* ∅ - I paint/I am paint/I have paint
* qhane - NEC - I need to paint/I need paint
* jotune - DES - I want to paint/I want paint
* qota - IMP/JUSS - I demand, implore to paint/I demand, implore paint
* suthate - DUB/COND - I would, might, consider paint(ing)/I would, might, consider have[ing] paint
* naniiq - PERM - I can paint/I can have paint
* tclate - ABIL - I am able to paint, I am able to have paint
* didaa - MIR - I am fond for paint, I have fondness for paint
e.g. qesoqotanasoqeleqenothe - PRS⟩IMP/JUSS-paint.application⟨V.1SG.AGT.STD⟩-GNO⟨CIRC - I demand to apply paint (I make the demand, but not necessarily as we speak)

=== Volitional particles ===
Volition is marked by a preverb. These prefixes can have their own TAM (tense, aspect, and mood) distinct from that of the verb they are attached to.
* daa - volitional, success (confirmative) - I intended to, and did
* noqe - volitional, failed (attemptative) - I intended to, but did not (or could not)
* luyle - nonvolitional, success (deniative) - I did not intend to, and did not (or could not)
* 'acaye - nonvolitional, failed (temptative) - I did not intend to, but did
e.g. trunoqeylala qesoqotanasoqeleqenothe - PST.IMM⟩ATTEMPT-PFV⟨CIRC PRS⟩IMP/JUSS-paint.application⟨V.1SG.AGT.STD⟩-GNO⟨CIRC - I intend to but do not demand to apply paint (My failure to demand is true, but not necessarily happening now, and my application of the paint would have occurred just a moment ago)

=== Affirmation and negation ===
The affirmative and negative particles ('itclla and daneda) are 'right' and 'wrong' responses only. "NEG paint.application⟨V.1SG.AGT.STD⟩" means "Wrong, I paint", where "DENY paint.application⟨V.1SG.AGT.STD⟩" means "I intentionally did not paint", and "NEG DENY paint.application⟨V.1SG.AGT.STD⟩" means "Wrong, I intentionally did not paint"

e.g. 'itclla trunoqeylala qesoqotanasoqeleqenothe - AFF PST.IMM⟩ATTEMPT-PFV⟨CIRC PRS⟩IMP/JUSS-paint.application⟨V.1SG.AGT.STD⟩-GNO⟨CIRC - Yes, I just intended to but did not demand to apply paint (The statement is confirmation, my failure to demand was true as of just a moment ago, but not necessarily occurring at that moment, and my application of the paint would occur now)

=== Forms ===
Forms convey mood, but also the augmentative and diminutive. Consonants are notated as c₁, c₂, etc., while vowels are v₁, v₂, etc.. Examples are based on root n_s_q_ (paint), with pattern _a_o_e (V.1SG.AGT.STD)

# c₁v₁c₂v₂c₃v₃ - nasoqe - I newly apply paint to
# c₁v₁nev₂c₂v₃c₃ - nanesoqe - I fully remove paint from
# dac₁v₁c₂v₂lec₃v₃ - danasoleqe - I alter the paint of
# c₁v₁c₁v₁c₂v₂c₃v₃ - nanasoqe - I supplement the paint of
# c₁v₁c₂ec₃v₂rv₃ - naseqore - I reduce the paint of
# c₁v₁c₃v₃c₂v₂ - naqeso - I invert the paint of
# 'v₁c₁v₁c₂v₂c₃v₃ - 'anasoqe - I utilize the paint of
# c₁v₁c₂ec₃v₂c₃v₃ - naseqoqe - I analyze the paint of

=== Morphological derivation ===
Affixation is used to derive the stative, agent, patient, action instrumental, tool instrumental, and assistance instrumental nominalizations of a verb (to fly becomes flight, that which flies, that which is flown, that which can be performed to cause flight (the flap of a wing), that which is used to cause flight directly (wings, lift), and that which is used to help cause flight (wind) , as well as the gnomic and progressive adjectivizations of a verb (to fly becomes flown and flying)

* qhose-: STAT.NMZ
* dzala-: ACT.NMZ
* dyllu-: PASS.NMZ
* raseto-: ACT.INSTR.NMZ
* 'indzo-:TOOL.INSTR.NMZ
* qana-: ASS.INSTR.NMZ
* sothe-: GNO.ADJZ
* yotre-: PROG.ADJZ

When an illegal consonant cluster appears, it is broken up by schwa, still written as ⟨e⟩

Tense goes on the outside as a circumfix, while aspect is a suffix within that

The abstract nominalizer is marked with the 'i⟩⟨nile circumfix

The indefinite article is marked with the 'ile- prefix

alienable possession and inalienable possession are marked separately (e.g. 'my brother' and 'my ball' use a different interfix)
== Syntax ==

=== Word order ===
T1 (topic first) word order

=== Compound words ===

==== Noun incorporation ====
Nouns are incorporated into compound words by appending them to the compound word with a dividing interfix showing the relationship between the words. To incorporate another compound word, you must place the "clo⟩⟨lune" circumfix around it to eliminate ambiguity.

==== Verb serialization ====
Verb serialization occurs first. Serialized verbs are placed in succession, and the last verb (even when alone) is followed by the '-lo-' interfix. The verb(s) indicate(s) the agency, person, and number of the subject, which is known via the animacy hierarchy (people < ORG.THNK < ORG.NTHNK < computers < NORG). If the subject-object relationship does not match this hierarchy, the particle "qetaa" is placed between the two words or phrases, meaning they must occur next to one another. The subject can be dropped if it is in the first person and not semantically necessary (as in it does not contain information that, if missing, would make the sentence nonsensical). If the subject is dropped, "qetaa" must be placed between the verb(s) and the direct object. The indirect object is placed before the verb(s), with the '-nole-' interfix in between. Verb serialization can also be recursive, meaning the arguments of a serialized verb phrase may be another serialized verb phrase.

* -tu- = action instrumentality (what action was used to accomplish the verb)
* -herro- = tool instrumentality (what tool was used to accomplish the verb)
* -luga- = assistive instrumentality (what guide was used to accomplish the verb)
* -lala- = POSS.AL
* -rrile- = POSS.INAL
* -na- = ADJZ
* -qotclle- = categorical marker (followed by what category the preceding stem always belongs to)

Tandí

2026-09-07T15:22:32Z

MiaKvigan:

== Introduction ==
'obala yábalí wantandí is the native language of the ŋation of [[Yókóz|'o'aben yálekki wanyókóz]] on order of [[User:MiaKvigan|lappi Miya]] on the 3rd of May, 2026, at 12:06 P.M. CST

== Phonology ==

=== Vowels ===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
! rowspan="2" |closure
! colspan="2" |front
! colspan="2" |central
! colspan="2" |back
|-
!lax
!tense
!lax
!tense
!lax
!tense
|-
|close
|ɪ ⟨i⟩
|i ⟨í⟩
|
|ɨ ⟨ú⟩
|
|u ⟨ó⟩
|-
|mid
|ɛ ⟨e⟩
|e ⟨é⟩
|ə ⟨u⟩
|
|o ⟨o⟩
|
|-
|open
|a ⟨a⟩
|æ ⟨á⟩
|
|
|
|
|}Vowels may be nasalized or elongated

=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
!Placement →
↓ Manner
!Labial
!Dental
!Alveolar
!Post-alveolar
!Palatal
!Velar
!Laryngeal
|-
|Nasal
|m
|
|n
|
|
|
|
|-
|Plosive
|p / b
|
|t / d
|
|
|k / g
|ʔ ⟨'⟩
|-
|Sibilant affricate
|
|
|
|t͡ʃ ⟨ts⟩ / d͡ʒ ⟨dj⟩
|
|
|
|-
|Sibilant fricative
|
|
|s ⟨c⟩ / z
|ʃ ⟨s⟩ / ʒ ⟨j⟩
|
|
|
|-
|Non-sibilant fricative
|f / v
|ð
|
|
|ʝ ⟨y⟩
|
|h
|-
|Approximant
|
|
|ɹ ⟨r⟩
|
|
|w
|
|-
|Lateral Approximant
|
|
|l
|
|
|
|
|}
==== Consonant cluster reduction rules ====
Consonants can be 'absorbed' or 'deleted', where absorbed consonants become their absorber (dk > dd) and deleted consonants disappear (dn > n). If a geminated consonant is deleted, the deleter becomes geminated

* n absorbs neighboring m
* m deletes preceding p and b
* n deletes preceding t and d
* g absorbs all other neighboring plosives, k absorbs all but g, d all but k and g, etc. (' is considered weak)
* dj absorbs neighboring ts
* dj and ts delete preceding j and s
* j absorbs all other neighboring sibilant fricatives, s absorbs all but j, etc.
* y absorbs all other neighboring non-sibilant fricatives, ð absorbs all but y, etc. (h is considered weak)
* w absorbs all other neighboring approximants, and r absorbs l (regular and lateral approximants are blended)

Examples:

* lad-gíla-món-'an → laggílamónan (d-g → gg, n-' → n)
* lad-púkan-món → laddúkannón (d-p → dd, n-m → nn)
* yá-damack-dé'an → yádamacké'an (ck-d → ck)
* bí-daad-ní → bídaaní (d-n → n)

=== Phonotactics ===
C(S)V(C)(C) or (C)CV(S)(C) ,where C is any consonant, S is any oral sonorant, and V is any vowel

V can be lengthened, which is represented as 2 vowels in the romanization but counts as 1

C can be geminated, which is represented as 2(3<ref>digraphs geminate their first letter only</ref>) consonants in the romanization but counts as one for phonotactics

There is no set tense patterning, and tense is instead considered a part of intonation

==== Allophones ====

* <f> /f/ → /fʰ/ | _N
* <g> /g/ → /ɣ/ | L(G)_V
* <k> /k/ → /kʰ/ | _N
* <k> /k/ → /x/ | L(G)_V
* <k> /x/ → /xʰ/ | _N
* <l> /l/ → /l̃/ | N_
* <nowiki> /p/ → /pʰ/ | _N</nowiki>
* <r> /ɹ/ → /ɾ/ | C!n_
* <r> /ɹ/ → /ɹ̃/ | N_
* <r> /ɹ/ → /ʢ̞/ | #_
* <t> /t/ → /tʰ/ | _N
* <y> /ʝ/ → /ʝ̃/ | N_
* <w> /w/ → /w̃/ | N_
where C is any consonant, V is any vowel, L is any lax vowel, N is any nasal vowel, G is any oral sonorant, and #_ means word-initial

==== Rhyme scheme ====
In poetic meter, geminated vowels are twice as long, and geminated consonants and stretched rhymes<ref>A stretched rhyme is a rhyme which has no gemination but is lengthened to accommodate for mismatch with the meter.</ref> are one and a half times as long.

== Morphology ==

=== Pronouns ===

==== Personal pronouns ====
bín - 1.AN

mam - 1.INAN

poka - 2.AN

tóó - 2.INAN

dããd - 3.AN

ken - 3.INAN

==== Deictic pronouns ====
mitta - this

lotta - that

'this' is used for anything within two steps and arm's reach. 'that' is anything outside of that range.

==== Interrogative pronouns ====
koko - what

conna - when

mosí - who

(other interrogatives are phrasal, e.g. 'lewa koko' [in_order_to what] meaning 'why')

==== Indefinite pronouns ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Case→
! rowspan="2" |Negative
! rowspan="2" |Universal
! rowspan="2" |Assertive existential
! rowspan="2" |Dubitative existential
|-
!Type↓
|-
|Person
|habunko
|habunbaa
|habunlin
|habunẽn
|-
|Thing
|lenko
|lenbaa
|lenlin
|lenẽn
|-
|Place
|ranko
|ranbaa
|ranlin
|ranẽn
|-
|Time
|cónko
|cónbaa
|cónlin
|cónẽn
|}

=== Nouns ===
All nouns form via the nominalization of a verb, or are irregular and have no verb form

* patientive nominalization (PAT.NMZ): -∅
* agentive nominalization (AGT.NMZ): -gen
* action nominalization (ACT.NMZ): -'apó
* continuous nominalization (CONT.NMZ): -lele
* instrumental nominalization (INSTR.NMZ): -mínac

==== Role assignment ====
A noun's semantic role in a sentence is indicated by a case prefix

subject (Nominative case): 'al-

direct object/subject complement (Accusative case): bí-

indirect object (Dative case): tú-

noun complement (Genitive case): wan-

other (Oblique case): 'o-<ref>oblique case is not required on personal pronouns</ref>

==== Number ====
singular default, plus dual, paucal, and plural marked by suffix on a stem which goes before tense and aspect

dual: -dí

paucal: -ve

plural: -na

==== Gender ====
There is no grammatical gender in Tandí

==== Possession ====
POSD na POSR: 'obaan na 'obákúún - the room of the house (OBL-room POSS OBL-house)

=== Determiners ===

==== Demonstratives ====
_ wannitta - this _

_ wanlotta - that _

==== Articles ====
Tandí does not use articles

==== Possessive Determiners ====
_ na _: doro na bín - my ball (ball POSS 1.AN); doro na poka - your ball (ball POSS 2.AN); etc.

_ na mosí - whose _ (POSS who)

==== Quantifiers ====
Quantifiers go before the nouns they quantify (see Sentence Order)

=== Conjunctions ===
Conjunctions go in between semantic elements they connect, which can include things like nouns, noun phrases, relative clauses, verb argument lists<ref>The list of a verb's subject, direct object, and indirect object, in the case that a verb is applied to multiple sets of arguments</ref>, etc.

=== Numerals ===

==== Cardinals ====
cardinal "'amend" noun - ní 'amend doro - two CARD ball - ball number two (of a collection)

==== Ordinals ====
ordinal tokan noun - ordinal ORD noun, e.g. ní tokan doro - two ORD ball - second ball<ref group="Example references">e.g. ní tokan 'aban nana jelí | two ORD day PRT year | second day of the year</ref>

==== Nominals ====
root-cardinal - doroní - ball-two - two balls<ref group="Example references">e.g. baddaa 'aldaadukcí bídããní | hit-PRS NOM-3.AN-one ACC-3.AN-two | he hit him (of two people)</ref>

nũm - zero

'ókcí - one

ní - two

ta'í - three

sín - four

kílan - five

jaal - six

kitten - seven

bón - eight

nítta - nine

lan - ten

cen - hundred

tõn - thousand

=== Adjectives ===

==== Placement ====
directly after the noun<ref group="Example references">e.g. 'okína yálekkena wakakííta | OBL-seed-PL ADJ-green GEN-pepper | green pepper seeds</ref>

Adjectives may or may not match the number of the noun, as there is a semantic difference<ref>e.g. "Her muscles were like steel cables" implies her muscles were strong, where "Her muscles were like a steel cable" implies they are arranged in a line</ref>

==== Comparison ====
yá-adjective-degree-tense<ref>Note here that the adjective is used as a verb, and is placed as the head of a verb phrase</ref> subject: subject is/was/will be degree adjective than object<ref group="Example references">e.g. yábannúda 'albín 'an bípoka | ADJ-good-COMP-PRS NOM-1SG.AN than ACC-1SG.AN | I am better than you (lit. am_better I than you)</ref>

=== Finite Verbs ===

==== Tense ====
attaches to verb

* -da: PRS
* -'ãn: PST
* -lí: FUT

==== Aspect ====
goes after tense:

* -bó: CONT
* -len: PERF
* -món: GNO
* -dada: HAB
goes before verb:
* kon-: INF

=== Verb Postpositions ===

==== Mood ====

* 'akaa-: MIR
* 'anõõl-: CONC/HYP
* 'ila-: OPT/BEND
* 'íyye-: HORT/JUSS
* luke-: DUB/COND
* me-: ABIL
* tene-: PERM/PRESCR

==== Evidentiality ====

* -ce'í: RPT
* -mánna: INFR
* -nobã: NEV
* -tócí: SENS
Negation

Negation goes before the verb
* 'eeya: NEG

==== Agreement ====
The 'present' tense is the present by default, and otherwise the tense of the last verb.<ref>ADD THIS REFERENCE AND DELETE THE OTHER ONE</ref><ref group="Example references">e.g. lagað'ãn 'albín tandralí 'albín | say-PST NOM-1.AN run-FUT NOM-1.AN | I said I was going to run</ref>

==== Voice ====

* mẽna- : CAUS
* lad- : PASS
* 'õm- : REV

=== Auxiliary Verbs ===
'ayí (AFF) conveys confirmation of an action, and is verbalized to 'ayída (AFF-PRS) to convey confirmation of a state or truth, or of an object's existence, across the past, present, or future, with tense agreement

'cirette laan ma/im' conveys that the subject has knowingly or unknowingly caused the direct object to be unintentionally involved in the indirect object (a state or event), where if the direct object and subject are the same the direct object may be omitted, or included for emphasis

=== Copula ===
There is no copula in Tandí

=== Adpositions ===

==== Agreement ====
No agreement between adposition and complement is necessary

=== Interjections ===
Interjections may be placed before any word to deliver extra mood or other miscellaneous information.

== Syntax ==

=== Sentence Order ===
VSO word order

Particles go before the words they attach to, and prepositions after

Adjectives may attach to any words except conjunctions and postpositions. They go directly after the word they attach to (except verbs, where they go after the postposition)

Adjectives can also be placed at the head of a verb phrase with tense marking to convey 'SBJ is ADJ'

Verb complements may be placed before the verb phrase's prepositional phrases and connected clauses, but still after the postposition and adjectives, if they are only one word long<ref group="Example references">e.g. "balda yábããntoge laan 'imaan 'omarkã́z 'albello" -> "balda yátandratoge 'albello laan ..." | "go-PRS ADJ-race-property to INE OBL-store NOM-bear" -> "go-PRS ADJ-race-property NOM-bear to ..." | "The bear goes quickly to the store"</ref>

Words modify nouns according to the following hierarchy:

* PREP(QUANT(((HNR(N))ADJ)GEN))

==== Auxiliary Verb Constructions ====
Nouns cannot be advanded forward within auxiliary verb phrases

'ayí can be either a verb or a particle, as mentioned in Auxiliary Verbs

Auxiliary verbs follow a regular form:

* V PREP Oi S (Od)

where V PREP is the auxiliary verb (a finite verb with a preposition), S is the subject and is NOT part of a prepositional phrase, Od is the direct object, and Oi is the noun phrase completing the prepositional phrase of the auxiliary verb

==== Adverb Placement ====
Adverbs are to verbs exactly as adjectives are to nouns. They follow verbs, and behave the same way to verbs and themselves that adjectives behave to nouns and ''them''selves.

=== Coordination and subordination ===
Conjunctions go between anything but postpositions and cannot be omitted. Coordinate and subordinate clauses are separated by conjunctions. There is no distinction made between coordination and subordination on a grammatical level

=== Relative Clauses ===
Relative clauses follow a regular form:

* HEAD REL VP

where HEAD is 3.INAN if the relative clause is free and the bound matrix clause if the relative clause is bound, REL is a preposition (kaka /kaxa/), and VP is a verb phrase, and the head is the verb phrase's implied direct object

=== Questions ===

==== Polar Questions ====

* hal ('eeya) _: is _ (un)true?

==== WH-Questions ====
There are three interrogative pronouns, which can form more specific interrogatives through genitives, prepositions, and conjunctions:
* koko - what
* conna - when
* mosí - who
* koko wacón - when (what time), pronoun (emphatic)
* koko wanhabun - who (what person), pronoun (emphatic)
* koko waran - where (what place), pronoun (generic)
* lewa koko - why (to what end), prepositional phrase
* konto koko - why (because of what reasoning), subordinate clause
* lak koko - how (by doing what), prepositional phrase
* no koko - about what, prepositional phrase
* 'im koko - where (near what), prepositional phrase
* 'im conna - when (near when), prepositional phrase
* 'imaan conna - for what time frame (inside when), prepositional phrase
* do koko - from what, prepositional phrase
* laan koko - to what, prepositional phrase
* etc...
questions are asked in the same intonation and word order as statements are declared<ref group="Example references">e.g. ga'ãn 'almosí bíkoko 'im conna, dú 'imaan conna, dú 'im koko, dú no koko, dú lewa koko, dú lak koko, dú kepen koko, dú do koko, dú laan koko, ..., dú kit mosí túkoko? | do-PST NOM-who ACC-what near when, CON inside when, CON near what, CON about what, CON by_doing what, CON INSTR what, CON from what, CON to what, ..., CON BEN who DAT-what | "who did what when, in what time frame, where, about what, why, how, using what, from what, ... , and to what (indirect) to what (direct)?"</ref>

=== Existential Clause ===
uses the auxiliary verb construction of 'ayí

== Miscellaneous ==
The subject, and sometimes the object, direct or indirect, of a verb phrase can be move up in the sentence in a select set of cases:

# A quote is being given. Since the quote is a prepositional phrase, it would normally occur before the arguments of the verb. However, because this could result in poorer understanding of the quote itself, the arguments go before SPECIFICALLY the quote, and after any other prepositions or particles, and the quote prepositional phrase always goes last.<ref group="Example references">e.g. lagaðan 'alheman naní no tatammaa tene 'alpoka, 'al'afanafta, bílagað na 'obín túheman 'ejanacír. | laɣaðan ʔalhɛman nani no tatamːaː tɛnɛ ʔalpoxa, ʔalʔafanafta, bilaɣað na ʔobin tyhɛman ʔɛʝanasiɹ. | say-PST NOM-HNR Nanni that repeat-PRS PERM.PRESCR NOM-2.AN NOM-ACTOR-courier ACC-speech POSS OBL-1.AN DAT-HNR Ea-Naṣir | "You, my courier, will repeat my message to Ea-Naṣir," said Nanni.</ref>
# The subject or object is only one word long. In order to promote faster delivery of important information, the word may be placed before all prepositions and particles, at the 'front' of the verb phrase (behind the verb, postposition, and adverbs)

== Examples ==
<references group="Example references" />

== Notes ==
<references />

Assammakiitina

2026-09-05T22:00:22Z

MiaKvigan: /* Nouns */

== Introduction ==
[Placeholder] is the liturgical language of the ŋation of [[Yókóz|'o'aben yálekki wanyókóz]].

== Phonology ==

=== Vowels ===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
!closure
!front
!back
|-
|close
|i ⟨i⟩
|u ⟨u⟩
|-
|close-mid
|e ⟨ei⟩
|o ⟨ou⟩
|-
|open-mid
|ɛ ⟨e⟩
|ɔ ⟨o⟩
|-
|near-open
|æ ⟨aei⟩
|
|-
|open
|a ⟨a⟩
|
|}Vowels may be elongated once or twice

=== Bright Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
!Placement →
↓ Manner
!Labial
!Coronal
!Dorsal
!Laryngeal
|-
|Nasal
|m
|n
|
|
|-
|(Im)Plosive
|p ⟨p'⟩ / b ⟨p⟩ / ɓ ⟨b⟩
|t ⟨t'⟩ / d ⟨t⟩ / ɗ ⟨d⟩
|q ⟨k'⟩ / ɢ ⟨k⟩
|ʔ ⟨q⟩
|-
|Sibilant fricative
|
|s / z
|ʃ ⟨ṡ⟩ / ʒ ⟨ż⟩
|
|-
|Non-sibilant fricative
|f / v
|θ ⟨ð⟩
|
|h
|-
|Approximant
|
|l
|y
|
|}

===Dark Consonants===

{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
!Placement →
↓ Manner
!Labial
!Coronal
!Uvulo-Pharyngeal
!Laryngeal
|-
|Nasal
|mˁ ⟨ṃ⟩
|nˁ ⟨ṇ⟩
|
|
|-
|(Im)Plosive
|bˁ ⟨p̣⟩ / ɓˁ ⟨ḅ⟩
|dˁ ⟨ṭ⟩ / ɗˁ ⟨ḍ⟩
|ɢˁ ⟨ḳ⟩ / ʛˁ ⟨g⟩
|ʔˁ ⟨q̣⟩
|-
|Sibilant fricative
|
|sˁ ⟨ṣ⟩ / zˁ ⟨ẓ⟩
|
|
|-
|Non-sibilant fricative
|vˁ ⟨ṿ⟩
|ðˁ ⟨ð̣⟩
|ħ ⟨ḥ⟩
|ʕ ⟨r⟩
|-
|Approximant
|
|lˁ ⟨ḷ⟩
|
|
|}

==== Morae ====
All root words have three morae, where morae must contain a vowel, such that the final vowel is either doubled or tripled to complete the morae.

=== Phonotactics ===

==== Syllables ====
CV(C), where C is any consonant and V is any vowel, all words have V#. This does not define morae.

==== Morae ====
Mora always contain exactly one vowel phoneme, and may overlap. All content words have three morae, though some particles and prepositions have two or only one and must be memorized.

==== Tones ====
There are seven musical tones. Patterns of three tones are matched to the three morae of a word, and indicate its case. Dark consonants lower a tone by two notes from its base tone, or raise by one if already within two tones of the lowest. Major scales indicate the indicative (C major, CDEFGAB), interrogative (A♭ major, A♭B♭CD♭E♭FG), justificative (E♭ major, E♭FGA♭B♭C), energetic (F♯ major, F♯G♯A♯BC♯D♯E♯), and imperative (D major, DEF♯GABC♯) sentential moods.

==== Stress ====
There is no syllable stress, as each mora is given equal weight

== Morphology ==

=== Pronouns ===

==== Personal pronouns ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! colspan="2" |Person →
↓ Class
!1
!2
!3
!4
!INT
|-
| rowspan="2" |ORG
|THNK
|na
|su
|ṇa
| rowspan="3" |qik'ala
|lou
|-
|NTHNK
|tele
|t'ana
|ḥama
|neme
|-
| colspan="2" |NORG
|tou
|qile
|dape
|t'at'i
|}

==== Deictic pronouns ====
mitta - this

lotta - that

'this' is used for anything within two steps and arm's reach. 'that' is anything outside of that range.

==== Interrogative pronouns ====
koko - what

conna - when

mosí - who

(other interrogatives are phrasal, e.g. 'lewa koko' [in_order_to what] meaning 'why')

==== Indefinite pronouns ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Case→
! rowspan="2" |Negative
! rowspan="2" |Universal
! rowspan="2" |Assertive existential
! rowspan="2" |Dubitative existential
|-
!Type↓
|-
|Person
|habunko
|habunbaa
|habunlin
|habunẽn
|-
|Thing
|lenko
|lenbaa
|lenlin
|lenẽn
|-
|Place
|ranko
|ranbaa
|ranlin
|ranẽn
|-
|Time
|cónko
|cónbaa
|cónlin
|cónẽn
|}

=== Nouns ===

==== Role assignment ====
A noun's semantic role in a sentence is indicated by an ending/inflection and a pattern of musical tones. The starting tone of the sentence is established by a hum, and is typically the third note, and the numbers are the note shifts (e.g. -1 means shift one note down in the chord, and +1 means shift one up). When a note is shifted by a dark consonant, it also shifts the subsequent notes (e.g. 0,0,0 on starting note 3 is 3-3-3, but when beginning with a dark consonant becomes 2-2-2, and when having an intermediate dark consonant becomes 3-2-2), and if a case note shift would leave the octave it instead shifts in the opposite direction. When inflecting, delete word-final 'a', 'e', and 'o', and separate other vowels with <h> /∅/.

* agent of progressive verbs (nominative - NOM): [0,+1,-1] on root, -da[+1] ending
* agent of stative verbs and copula, patient of progressive verbs (direct - DIR): [0,-1,0] on root, -ena[-1] inflection
* patient of stative verbs (accusative - ACC): [-1,-1,+3] on root, -le[-2] ending
* indirect object of ditransitive verbs (dative - DAT): [-2,0,-1] on root, -tihe[+2,-1] ending
* noun complement, patient of copula (genitive - GEN): [-1,0,+2] on root, -oup'a[-1] inflection
* anything else (oblique - OBL): [0,0,0] on root, add -nou[-1] ending 

ṿanade /vˁanadɛ/ - black

sameiṡa /sameʃa/ - cat

noze /nɔzɛ/ - to watch

na /na/ - 1SG

The ''black cat'' watches me.

m [E] sameiṡa [E-D-D] ṿanade [C-C-E] noze |E-F-F| na |F-E-E|.

Should ''I'' watch the black cat?

m |C| na |C-D♭-C| noze |D♭-G-G| sameiṡa |G-F-F| ṿanade |D♭-D♭-F|.

A♭B♭CD♭E♭FG

==== Number ====
singular default, plus paucal and plural marked by a word which follows its complement

paucal: bou [+2]

plural: la [-1]

==== Gender ====
There is no grammatical gender in Tandí

==== Possession ====
POSD na POSR: 'obaan na 'obákúún - the room of the house (DEF-OBL-room POSS DEF-OBL-house)

=== Determiners ===

==== Demonstratives ====
_ wannitta - this _

_ wanlotta - that _

==== Articles ====
Tandí does not use articles

==== Possessive Determiners ====
_ na _: doro na bín - my ball (ball POSS 1.AN); doro na poka - your ball (ball POSS 2.AN); etc.

_ na koko bac - whose _ (POSS what AN)

==== Quantifiers ====
Quantifiers go before the nouns they quantify (see Sentence Order)

=== Conjunctions ===
Conjunctions go in between semantic elements they connect, which can include things like nouns, noun phrases, relative clauses, verb argument lists<ref>The list of a verb's subject, direct object, and indirect object, in the case that a verb is applied to multiple sets of arguments</ref>, etc.

=== Numerals ===

==== Cardinals ====
cardinal "'amend" noun - ní 'amend doro - two CARD ball - ball number two (of a collection)

==== Ordinals ====
ordinal tokan noun - ordinal ORD noun, e.g. ní tokan doro - two ORD ball - second ball<ref group="Example references">e.g. ní tokan 'aban nana jelí | two ORD day PRT year | second day of the year</ref>

==== Nominals ====
root-cardinal - doroní - ball-two - two balls<ref group="Example references">e.g. baddaa 'aldaadukcí bídããní | hit-PRS NOM-3.AN-one ACC-3.AN-two | he hit him (of two people)</ref>

nũm - zero

'ókcí - one

ní - two

ta'í - three

sín - four

kílan - five

jaal - six

kitten - seven

bón - eight

nítta - nine

lan - ten

cen - hundred

tõn - thousand

=== Adjectives ===

==== Placement ====
directly after the noun<ref group="Example references">e.g. 'okína yálekkena wakakííta | OBL-seed-PL ADJ-green GEN-pepper | green pepper seeds</ref>

Adjectives may or may not match the number of the noun, as there is a semantic difference<ref>e.g. "Her muscles were like steel cables" implies her muscles were strong, where "Her muscles were like a steel cable" implies they are arranged in a line</ref>

* visual adjectivization: -nt'i, affix
* compositional adjectivization: -suk'a, affix
* applicational adjectivization: -ante, inflection
* behavioral adjectivization: -keihe, affix

==== Comparison ====
comparative: ya-

superlative: yami-

<ref group="Example references">e.g. yábannúda 'albín 'an bípoka | ADJ-good-COMP-PRS NOM-1SG.AN than ACC-1SG.AN | I am better than you (lit. am_better I than you)</ref>

=== Finite Verbs ===

==== Tense ====
attaches to verb

* FUT: -ṡi, affix
* PST: -emou, inflection

==== Aspect ====
Aspect is conveyed via a preverb
* CONT - ḍoumou [-2,0]
* PFV - qapana [-1,+3,-3]
* GNO - kou [-2]
* HAB - yahi [+2,-1]
goes before verb:
* kon-: INF

==== Mood ====
* plain - [0,+1,0]
* MIR/BEND/OPT - [+2,-2,+1]
* CONC/HYP - [+2,-1,-1]
* HORT
* JUSS
* DUB/COND
* ABIL
* PERM - [0,-1,+1] on root, -aeila[-1] inflection
* PRESCR - [+1,+1,0] on root, -t'outou[+1,-1] affix

==== Evidentiality ====

* -ce'í: RPT
* -mánna: INFR
* -nobã: NEV
* -tócí: SENS

==== Case ====

*

==== Negation ====
* 'eeya: NEG

==== Agreement ====
The 'present' tense is the present by default, and otherwise the tense of the last verb.<ref>ADD THIS REFERENCE AND DELETE THE OTHER ONE</ref><ref group="Example references">e.g. lagað'ãn 'albín tandralí 'albín | say-PST NOM-1.AN run-FUT NOM-1.AN | I said I was going to run</ref>

==== Voice ====

* mẽna- : CAUS
* lad- : PASS
* 'õm- : REV

=== Auxiliary Verbs ===
'ayí (AFF) conveys confirmation of an action, and is verbalized to 'ayída (AFF-PRS) to convey confirmation of a state or truth, or of an object's existence, across the past, present, or future, with tense agreement

'cirette laan ma/im' conveys that the subject has knowingly or unknowingly caused the direct object to be unintentionally involved in the indirect object (a state or event), where if the direct object and subject are the same the direct object may be omitted, or included for emphasis

=== Copula ===
There is no copula in Tandí

=== Adpositions ===

==== Agreement ====
No agreement between adposition and complement is necessary

=== Interjections ===
Interjections may be placed before any word to deliver extra mood or other miscellaneous information.

== Syntax ==

=== Sentence Order ===
AVP word order with topic marking (e.g. When topic is the agent, AVP. When topic is the verb, VAP. When topic is the patient, PAV.)

Particles go after the words they attach to, and prepositions after

Adjectives may attach to any words except conjunctions and postpositions. They go directly after the word they attach to (except verbs, where they go after the postposition)

Adjectives can also be placed at the head of a verb phrase with tense marking to convey 'SBJ is ADJ'

Verb complements may be placed before the verb phrase's prepositional phrases and connected clauses, but still after the postposition and adjectives, if they are only one word long<ref group="Example references">e.g. "balda yábããntoge laan 'imaan 'omarkã́z 'albello" -> "balda yátandratoge 'albello laan ..." | "go-PRS ADJ-race-property to INE OBL-store NOM-bear" -> "go-PRS ADJ-race-property NOM-bear to ..." | "The bear goes quickly to the store"</ref>

Words modify nouns according to the following hierarchy:

* PREP(QUANT(((HNR(N))ADJ)GEN))

==== Auxiliary Verb Constructions ====
Nouns cannot be advanded forward within auxiliary verb phrases

'ayí can be either a verb or a particle, as mentioned in Auxiliary Verbs

Auxiliary verbs follow a regular form:

* V PREP Oi S (Od)

where V PREP is the auxiliary verb (a finite verb with a preposition), S is the subject and is NOT part of a prepositional phrase, Od is the direct object, and Oi is the noun phrase completing the prepositional phrase of the auxiliary verb

==== Adverb Placement ====
Adverbs are to verbs exactly as adjectives are to nouns. They follow verbs, and behave the same way to verbs and themselves that adjectives behave to nouns and ''them''selves.

=== Coordination and subordination ===
Conjunctions go between anything but postpositions and cannot be omitted. Coordinate and subordinate clauses are separated by conjunctions. There is no distinction made between coordination and subordination on a grammatical level

=== Relative Clauses ===
Relative clauses follow a regular form:

* HEAD REL VP

where HEAD is 3.INAN if the relative clause is free and the bound matrix clause if the relative clause is bound, REL is a preposition (kaka /kaxa/), and VP is a verb phrase, and the head is the verb phrase's implied direct object

=== Questions ===

==== Polar Questions ====

* hal ('eeya) _: is _ (un)true?

==== WH-Questions ====
There are three interrogative pronouns, which can form more specific interrogatives through genitives, prepositions, and conjunctions:
* koko - what
* conna - when
* mosí - who
* koko wacón - when (what time), pronoun (emphatic)
* koko wanhabun - who (what person), pronoun (emphatic)
* koko waran - where (what place), pronoun (generic)
* lewa koko - why (to what end), prepositional phrase
* konto koko - why (because of what reasoning), subordinate clause
* lak koko - how (by doing what), prepositional phrase
* no koko - about what, prepositional phrase
* 'im koko - where (near what), prepositional phrase
* 'im conna - when (near when), prepositional phrase
* 'imaan conna - for what time frame (inside when), prepositional phrase
* do koko - from what, prepositional phrase
* laan koko - to what, prepositional phrase
* etc...
questions are asked in the same intonation and word order as statements are declared<ref group="Example references">e.g. ga'ãn 'almosí bíkoko 'im conna, dú 'imaan conna, dú 'im koko, dú no koko, dú lewa koko, dú lak koko, dú kepen koko, dú do koko, dú laan koko, ..., dú kit mosí túkoko? | do-PST NOM-who ACC-what near when, CON inside when, CON near what, CON about what, CON by_doing what, CON INSTR what, CON from what, CON to what, ..., CON BEN who DAT-what | "who did what when, in what time frame, where, about what, why, how, using what, from what, ... , and to what (indirect) to what (direct)?"</ref>

=== Existential Clause ===
uses the auxiliary verb construction of 'ayí

== Miscellaneous ==
The subject, and sometimes the object, direct or indirect, of a verb phrase can be move up in the sentence in a select set of cases:

# A quote is being given. Since the quote is a prepositional phrase, it would normally occur before the arguments of the verb. However, because this could result in poorer understanding of the quote itself, the arguments go before SPECIFICALLY the quote, and after any other prepositions or particles, and the quote prepositional phrase always goes last.<ref group="Example references">e.g. lagaðan 'alheman naní no tatammaa tene 'alpoka, 'al'afanafta, bílagað na 'obín túheman 'ejanacír. | laɣaðan ʔalhɛman nani no tatamːaː tɛnɛ ʔalpoxa, ʔalʔafanafta, bilaɣað na ʔobin tyhɛman ʔɛʝanasiɹ. | say-PST NOM-HNR Nanni that repeat-PRS PERM.PRESCR NOM-2.AN NOM-ACTOR-courier ACC-speech POSS OBL-1.AN DAT-HNR Ea-Naṣir | "You, my courier, will repeat my message to Ea-Naṣir," said Nanni.</ref>
# The subject or object is only one word long. In order to promote faster delivery of important information, the word may be placed before all prepositions and particles, at the 'front' of the verb phrase (behind the verb, postposition, and adverbs)

== Examples ==
<references group="Example references" />

== Notes ==
<references />

Assammakiitina

2026-09-05T14:12:23Z

MiaKvigan: /* Nouns */

== Introduction ==
[Placeholder] is the liturgical language of the ŋation of [[Yókóz|'o'aben yálekki wanyókóz]].

== Phonology ==

=== Vowels ===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
!closure
!front
!back
|-
|close
|i ⟨i⟩
|u ⟨u⟩
|-
|close-mid
|e ⟨ei⟩
|o ⟨ou⟩
|-
|open-mid
|ɛ ⟨e⟩
|ɔ ⟨o⟩
|-
|near-open
|æ ⟨aei⟩
|
|-
|open
|a ⟨a⟩
|
|}Vowels may be elongated once or twice

=== Bright Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
!Placement →
↓ Manner
!Labial
!Coronal
!Dorsal
!Laryngeal
|-
|Nasal
|m
|n
|
|
|-
|(Im)Plosive
|p ⟨p'⟩ / b ⟨p⟩ / ɓ ⟨b⟩
|t ⟨t'⟩ / d ⟨t⟩ / ɗ ⟨d⟩
|q ⟨k'⟩ / ɢ ⟨k⟩
|ʔ ⟨q⟩
|-
|Sibilant fricative
|
|s / z
|ʃ ⟨ṡ⟩ / ʒ ⟨ż⟩
|
|-
|Non-sibilant fricative
|f / v
|θ ⟨ð⟩
|
|h
|-
|Approximant
|
|l
|y
|
|}

===Dark Consonants===

{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
!Placement →
↓ Manner
!Labial
!Coronal
!Uvulo-Pharyngeal
!Laryngeal
|-
|Nasal
|mˁ ⟨ṃ⟩
|nˁ ⟨ṇ⟩
|
|
|-
|(Im)Plosive
|bˁ ⟨p̣⟩ / ɓˁ ⟨ḅ⟩
|dˁ ⟨ṭ⟩ / ɗˁ ⟨ḍ⟩
|ɢˁ ⟨ḳ⟩ / ʛˁ ⟨g⟩
|ʔˁ ⟨q̣⟩
|-
|Sibilant fricative
|
|sˁ ⟨ṣ⟩ / zˁ ⟨ẓ⟩
|
|
|-
|Non-sibilant fricative
|vˁ ⟨ṿ⟩
|ðˁ ⟨ð̣⟩
|ħ ⟨ḥ⟩
|ʕ ⟨r⟩
|-
|Approximant
|
|lˁ ⟨ḷ⟩
|
|
|}

==== Morae ====
All root words have three morae, where morae must contain a vowel, such that the final vowel is either doubled or tripled to complete the morae.

=== Phonotactics ===

==== Syllables ====
CV(C), where C is any consonant and V is any vowel, all words have V#. This does not define morae.

==== Morae ====
Mora always contain exactly one vowel phoneme, and may overlap. All content words have three morae, though some particles and prepositions have two or only one and must be memorized.

==== Tones ====
There are seven musical tones. Patterns of three tones are matched to the three morae of a word, and indicate its case. Dark consonants lower a tone by two notes from its base tone, or raise by one if already within two tones of the lowest. Major scales indicate the indicative (C major, CDEFGAB), interrogative (A♭ major, A♭B♭CD♭E♭FG), justificative (E♭ major, E♭FGA♭B♭C), energetic (F♯ major, F♯G♯A♯BC♯D♯E♯), and imperative (D major, DEF♯GABC♯) sentential moods.

==== Stress ====
There is no syllable stress, as each mora is given equal weight

== Morphology ==

=== Pronouns ===

==== Personal pronouns ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! colspan="2" |Person →
↓ Class
!1
!2
!3
!4
!INT
|-
| rowspan="2" |ORG
|THNK
|na
|su
|ṇa
| rowspan="3" |qik'ala
|lou
|-
|NTHNK
|tele
|t'ana
|ḥama
|neme
|-
| colspan="2" |NORG
|tou
|qile
|dape
|t'at'i
|}

==== Deictic pronouns ====
mitta - this

lotta - that

'this' is used for anything within two steps and arm's reach. 'that' is anything outside of that range.

==== Interrogative pronouns ====
koko - what

conna - when

mosí - who

(other interrogatives are phrasal, e.g. 'lewa koko' [in_order_to what] meaning 'why')

==== Indefinite pronouns ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Case→
! rowspan="2" |Negative
! rowspan="2" |Universal
! rowspan="2" |Assertive existential
! rowspan="2" |Dubitative existential
|-
!Type↓
|-
|Person
|habunko
|habunbaa
|habunlin
|habunẽn
|-
|Thing
|lenko
|lenbaa
|lenlin
|lenẽn
|-
|Place
|ranko
|ranbaa
|ranlin
|ranẽn
|-
|Time
|cónko
|cónbaa
|cónlin
|cónẽn
|}

=== Nouns ===

==== Role assignment ====
A noun's semantic role in a sentence is indicated by an ending/inflection and a pattern of musical tones. The starting tone of the sentence is established by a hum, and is typically the third note, and the numbers are the note shifts (e.g. -1 means shift one note down in the chord, and +1 means shift one up). When a note is shifted by a dark consonant, it also shifts the subsequent notes (e.g. 0,0,0 on starting note 3 is 3-3-3, but when beginning with a dark consonant becomes 2-2-2, and when having an intermediate dark consonant becomes 3-2-2), and if a case note shift would leave the octave it instead shifts in the opposite direction. When inflecting, delete word-final 'a', 'e', and 'o', and separate other vowels with 'h'.

* agent of progressive verbs (nominative - NOM): [0,+1,-1] on root, -da[+1] ending
* agent of stative verbs and copula, patient of progressive verbs (direct - DIR): [0,-1,0] on root, -ena[-1] inflection
* patient of stative verbs (accusative - ACC): [-1,-1,+3] on root, -le[-2] ending
* indirect object of ditransitive verbs (dative - DAT): [-2,0,-1] on root, -tihe[+2,-1] ending
* noun complement, patient of copula (genitive - GEN): [-1,0,+2] on root, -oup'a[-1] inflection
* anything else (oblique - OBL): [0,0,0] on root, add -nou[-1] ending 

ṿanade /vˁanadɛ/ - black

sameiṡa /sameʃa/ - cat

noze /nɔzɛ/ - to watch

na /na/ - 1SG

The ''black cat'' watches me.

m [E] sameiṡa [E-D-D] ṿanade [C-C-E] noze |E-F-F| na |F-E-E|.

Should ''I'' watch the black cat?

m |C| na |C-D♭-C| noze |D♭-G-G| sameiṡa |G-F-F| ṿanade |D♭-D♭-F|.

A♭B♭CD♭E♭FG

==== Number ====
singular default, plus paucal and plural marked by a word which follows its complement

paucal: bou [+2]

plural: la [-1]

==== Gender ====
There is no grammatical gender in Tandí

==== Possession ====
POSD na POSR: 'obaan na 'obákúún - the room of the house (DEF-OBL-room POSS DEF-OBL-house)

=== Determiners ===

==== Demonstratives ====
_ wannitta - this _

_ wanlotta - that _

==== Articles ====
Tandí does not use articles

==== Possessive Determiners ====
_ na _: doro na bín - my ball (ball POSS 1.AN); doro na poka - your ball (ball POSS 2.AN); etc.

_ na koko bac - whose _ (POSS what AN)

==== Quantifiers ====
Quantifiers go before the nouns they quantify (see Sentence Order)

=== Conjunctions ===
Conjunctions go in between semantic elements they connect, which can include things like nouns, noun phrases, relative clauses, verb argument lists<ref>The list of a verb's subject, direct object, and indirect object, in the case that a verb is applied to multiple sets of arguments</ref>, etc.

=== Numerals ===

==== Cardinals ====
cardinal "'amend" noun - ní 'amend doro - two CARD ball - ball number two (of a collection)

==== Ordinals ====
ordinal tokan noun - ordinal ORD noun, e.g. ní tokan doro - two ORD ball - second ball<ref group="Example references">e.g. ní tokan 'aban nana jelí | two ORD day PRT year | second day of the year</ref>

==== Nominals ====
root-cardinal - doroní - ball-two - two balls<ref group="Example references">e.g. baddaa 'aldaadukcí bídããní | hit-PRS NOM-3.AN-one ACC-3.AN-two | he hit him (of two people)</ref>

nũm - zero

'ókcí - one

ní - two

ta'í - three

sín - four

kílan - five

jaal - six

kitten - seven

bón - eight

nítta - nine

lan - ten

cen - hundred

tõn - thousand

=== Adjectives ===

==== Placement ====
directly after the noun<ref group="Example references">e.g. 'okína yálekkena wakakííta | OBL-seed-PL ADJ-green GEN-pepper | green pepper seeds</ref>

Adjectives may or may not match the number of the noun, as there is a semantic difference<ref>e.g. "Her muscles were like steel cables" implies her muscles were strong, where "Her muscles were like a steel cable" implies they are arranged in a line</ref>

* visual adjectivization: -nt'i, affix
* compositional adjectivization: -suk'a, affix
* applicational adjectivization: -ante, inflection
* behavioral adjectivization: -keihe, affix

==== Comparison ====
comparative: ya-

superlative: yami-

<ref group="Example references">e.g. yábannúda 'albín 'an bípoka | ADJ-good-COMP-PRS NOM-1SG.AN than ACC-1SG.AN | I am better than you (lit. am_better I than you)</ref>

=== Finite Verbs ===

==== Tense ====
attaches to verb

* FUT: -ṡi, affix
* PST: -emou, inflection

==== Aspect ====
Aspect is conveyed via a preverb
* CONT - ḍoumou [-2,0]
* PFV - qapana [-1,+3,-3]
* GNO - kou [-2]
* HAB - yahi [+2,-1]
goes before verb:
* kon-: INF

==== Mood ====
* plain - [0,+1,0]
* MIR/BEND/OPT - [+2,-2,+1]
* CONC/HYP - [+2,-1,-1]
* HORT
* JUSS
* DUB/COND
* ABIL
* PERM - [0,-1,+1] on root, -aeila[-1] inflection
* PRESCR - [+1,+1,0] on root, -t'outou[+1,-1] affix

==== Evidentiality ====

* -ce'í: RPT
* -mánna: INFR
* -nobã: NEV
* -tócí: SENS

==== Case ====

*

==== Negation ====
* 'eeya: NEG

==== Agreement ====
The 'present' tense is the present by default, and otherwise the tense of the last verb.<ref>ADD THIS REFERENCE AND DELETE THE OTHER ONE</ref><ref group="Example references">e.g. lagað'ãn 'albín tandralí 'albín | say-PST NOM-1.AN run-FUT NOM-1.AN | I said I was going to run</ref>

==== Voice ====

* mẽna- : CAUS
* lad- : PASS
* 'õm- : REV

=== Auxiliary Verbs ===
'ayí (AFF) conveys confirmation of an action, and is verbalized to 'ayída (AFF-PRS) to convey confirmation of a state or truth, or of an object's existence, across the past, present, or future, with tense agreement

'cirette laan ma/im' conveys that the subject has knowingly or unknowingly caused the direct object to be unintentionally involved in the indirect object (a state or event), where if the direct object and subject are the same the direct object may be omitted, or included for emphasis

=== Copula ===
There is no copula in Tandí

=== Adpositions ===

==== Agreement ====
No agreement between adposition and complement is necessary

=== Interjections ===
Interjections may be placed before any word to deliver extra mood or other miscellaneous information.

== Syntax ==

=== Sentence Order ===
AVP word order with topic marking (e.g. When topic is the agent, AVP. When topic is the verb, VAP. When topic is the patient, PAV.)

Particles go after the words they attach to, and prepositions after

Adjectives may attach to any words except conjunctions and postpositions. They go directly after the word they attach to (except verbs, where they go after the postposition)

Adjectives can also be placed at the head of a verb phrase with tense marking to convey 'SBJ is ADJ'

Verb complements may be placed before the verb phrase's prepositional phrases and connected clauses, but still after the postposition and adjectives, if they are only one word long<ref group="Example references">e.g. "balda yábããntoge laan 'imaan 'omarkã́z 'albello" -> "balda yátandratoge 'albello laan ..." | "go-PRS ADJ-race-property to INE OBL-store NOM-bear" -> "go-PRS ADJ-race-property NOM-bear to ..." | "The bear goes quickly to the store"</ref>

Words modify nouns according to the following hierarchy:

* PREP(QUANT(((HNR(N))ADJ)GEN))

==== Auxiliary Verb Constructions ====
Nouns cannot be advanded forward within auxiliary verb phrases

'ayí can be either a verb or a particle, as mentioned in Auxiliary Verbs

Auxiliary verbs follow a regular form:

* V PREP Oi S (Od)

where V PREP is the auxiliary verb (a finite verb with a preposition), S is the subject and is NOT part of a prepositional phrase, Od is the direct object, and Oi is the noun phrase completing the prepositional phrase of the auxiliary verb

==== Adverb Placement ====
Adverbs are to verbs exactly as adjectives are to nouns. They follow verbs, and behave the same way to verbs and themselves that adjectives behave to nouns and ''them''selves.

=== Coordination and subordination ===
Conjunctions go between anything but postpositions and cannot be omitted. Coordinate and subordinate clauses are separated by conjunctions. There is no distinction made between coordination and subordination on a grammatical level

=== Relative Clauses ===
Relative clauses follow a regular form:

* HEAD REL VP

where HEAD is 3.INAN if the relative clause is free and the bound matrix clause if the relative clause is bound, REL is a preposition (kaka /kaxa/), and VP is a verb phrase, and the head is the verb phrase's implied direct object

=== Questions ===

==== Polar Questions ====

* hal ('eeya) _: is _ (un)true?

==== WH-Questions ====
There are three interrogative pronouns, which can form more specific interrogatives through genitives, prepositions, and conjunctions:
* koko - what
* conna - when
* mosí - who
* koko wacón - when (what time), pronoun (emphatic)
* koko wanhabun - who (what person), pronoun (emphatic)
* koko waran - where (what place), pronoun (generic)
* lewa koko - why (to what end), prepositional phrase
* konto koko - why (because of what reasoning), subordinate clause
* lak koko - how (by doing what), prepositional phrase
* no koko - about what, prepositional phrase
* 'im koko - where (near what), prepositional phrase
* 'im conna - when (near when), prepositional phrase
* 'imaan conna - for what time frame (inside when), prepositional phrase
* do koko - from what, prepositional phrase
* laan koko - to what, prepositional phrase
* etc...
questions are asked in the same intonation and word order as statements are declared<ref group="Example references">e.g. ga'ãn 'almosí bíkoko 'im conna, dú 'imaan conna, dú 'im koko, dú no koko, dú lewa koko, dú lak koko, dú kepen koko, dú do koko, dú laan koko, ..., dú kit mosí túkoko? | do-PST NOM-who ACC-what near when, CON inside when, CON near what, CON about what, CON by_doing what, CON INSTR what, CON from what, CON to what, ..., CON BEN who DAT-what | "who did what when, in what time frame, where, about what, why, how, using what, from what, ... , and to what (indirect) to what (direct)?"</ref>

=== Existential Clause ===
uses the auxiliary verb construction of 'ayí

== Miscellaneous ==
The subject, and sometimes the object, direct or indirect, of a verb phrase can be move up in the sentence in a select set of cases:

# A quote is being given. Since the quote is a prepositional phrase, it would normally occur before the arguments of the verb. However, because this could result in poorer understanding of the quote itself, the arguments go before SPECIFICALLY the quote, and after any other prepositions or particles, and the quote prepositional phrase always goes last.<ref group="Example references">e.g. lagaðan 'alheman naní no tatammaa tene 'alpoka, 'al'afanafta, bílagað na 'obín túheman 'ejanacír. | laɣaðan ʔalhɛman nani no tatamːaː tɛnɛ ʔalpoxa, ʔalʔafanafta, bilaɣað na ʔobin tyhɛman ʔɛʝanasiɹ. | say-PST NOM-HNR Nanni that repeat-PRS PERM.PRESCR NOM-2.AN NOM-ACTOR-courier ACC-speech POSS OBL-1.AN DAT-HNR Ea-Naṣir | "You, my courier, will repeat my message to Ea-Naṣir," said Nanni.</ref>
# The subject or object is only one word long. In order to promote faster delivery of important information, the word may be placed before all prepositions and particles, at the 'front' of the verb phrase (behind the verb, postposition, and adverbs)

== Examples ==
<references group="Example references" />

== Notes ==
<references />

Tandí

2026-09-03T15:37:48Z

MiaKvigan: /* Possession */

== Introduction ==
'obala yábalí wantandí is the native language of the ŋation of [[Yókóz|'o'aben yálekki wanyókóz]] on order of [[User:MiaKvigan|lappi Miya]] on the 3rd of May, 2026, at 12:06 P.M. CST

== Phonology ==

=== Vowels ===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
! rowspan="2" |closure
! colspan="2" |front
! colspan="2" |central
! colspan="2" |back
|-
!lax
!tense
!lax
!tense
!lax
!tense
|-
|close
|ɪ ⟨i⟩
|i ⟨í⟩
|
|ɨ ⟨ú⟩
|
|u ⟨ó⟩
|-
|mid
|ɛ ⟨e⟩
|e ⟨é⟩
|ə ⟨u⟩
|
|o ⟨o⟩
|
|-
|open
|a ⟨a⟩
|æ ⟨á⟩
|
|
|
|
|}Vowels may be nasalized or elongated

=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
!Placement →
↓ Manner
!Labial
!Dental
!Alveolar
!Post-alveolar
!Palatal
!Velar
!Laryngeal
|-
|Nasal
|m
|
|n
|
|
|
|
|-
|Plosive
|p / b
|
|t / d
|
|
|k / g
|ʔ ⟨'⟩
|-
|Sibilant affricate
|
|
|
|t͡ʃ ⟨ts⟩ / d͡ʒ ⟨dj⟩
|
|
|
|-
|Sibilant fricative
|
|
|s ⟨c⟩ / z
|ʃ ⟨s⟩ / ʒ ⟨j⟩
|
|
|
|-
|Non-sibilant fricative
|f / v
|ð
|
|
|ʝ ⟨y⟩
|
|h
|-
|Approximant
|
|
|ɹ ⟨r⟩
|
|
|w
|
|-
|Lateral Approximant
|
|
|l
|
|
|
|
|}
==== Consonant cluster reduction rules ====
Consonants can be 'absorbed' or 'deleted', where absorbed consonants become their absorber (dk > dd) and deleted consonants disappear (dn > n)

* n absorbs neighboring m
* m deletes preceding p and b
* n deletes preceding t and d
* g absorbs all other neighboring plosives, k absorbs all but g, d all but k and g, etc. (' is considered weak)
* dj absorbs neighboring ts
* dj and ts delete preceding j and s
* j absorbs all other neighboring sibilant fricatives, s absorbs all but j, etc.
* y absorbs all other neighboring non-sibilant fricatives, ð absorbs all but y, etc. (h is considered weak)
* w absorbs all other neighboring approximants, and r absorbs l (regular and lateral approximants are blended)

Examples:

* lad-gíla-món-'an → laggílamónan (d-g → gg, n-' → n)
* lad-púkan-món → laddúkannón (d-p → dd, n-m → nn)
* yá-damack-dé'an → yádamacké'an (ck-d → ck)
* bí-daad-ní → bídaaní (d-n → n)

=== Phonotactics ===
C(S)V(C)(C) or (C)CV(S)(C) ,where C is any consonant, S is any oral sonorant, and V is any vowel

V can be lengthened, which is represented as 2 vowels in the romanization but counts as 1

C can be geminated, which is represented as 2(3<ref>digraphs geminate their first letter only</ref>) consonants in the romanization but counts as one for phonotactics

There is no set tense patterning, and tense is instead considered a part of intonation

==== Allophones ====

* <f> /f/ → /fʰ/ | _N
* <g> /g/ → /ɣ/ | L(G)_V
* <k> /k/ → /kʰ/ | _N
* <k> /k/ → /x/ | L(G)_V
* <k> /x/ → /xʰ/ | _N
* <l> /l/ → /l̃/ | N_
* <nowiki> /p/ → /pʰ/ | _N</nowiki>
* <r> /ɹ/ → /ɾ/ | C!n_
* <r> /ɹ/ → /ɹ̃/ | N_
* <r> /ɹ/ → /ʢ̞/ | #_
* <t> /t/ → /tʰ/ | _N
* <y> /ʝ/ → /ʝ̃/ | N_
* <w> /w/ → /w̃/ | N_
where C is any consonant, V is any vowel, L is any lax vowel, N is any nasal vowel, G is any oral sonorant, and #_ means word-initial

==== Rhyme scheme ====
In poetic meter, geminated vowels are twice as long, and geminated consonants and stretched rhymes<ref>A stretched rhyme is a rhyme which has no gemination but is lengthened to accommodate for mismatch with the meter.</ref> are one and a half times as long.

== Morphology ==

=== Pronouns ===

==== Personal pronouns ====
bín - 1.AN

mam - 1.INAN

poka - 2.AN

tóó - 2.INAN

dããd - 3.AN

ken - 3.INAN

==== Deictic pronouns ====
mitta - this

lotta - that

'this' is used for anything within two steps and arm's reach. 'that' is anything outside of that range.

==== Interrogative pronouns ====
koko - what

conna - when

mosí - who

(other interrogatives are phrasal, e.g. 'lewa koko' [in_order_to what] meaning 'why')

==== Indefinite pronouns ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Case→
! rowspan="2" |Negative
! rowspan="2" |Universal
! rowspan="2" |Assertive existential
! rowspan="2" |Dubitative existential
|-
!Type↓
|-
|Person
|habunko
|habunbaa
|habunlin
|habunẽn
|-
|Thing
|lenko
|lenbaa
|lenlin
|lenẽn
|-
|Place
|ranko
|ranbaa
|ranlin
|ranẽn
|-
|Time
|cónko
|cónbaa
|cónlin
|cónẽn
|}

=== Nouns ===

==== Role assignment ====
A noun's semantic role in a sentence is indicated by a case prefix

subject (Nominative case): 'al-

direct object/subject complement (Accusative case): bí-

indirect object (Dative case): tú-

noun complement (Genitive case): wan-

other (Oblique case): 'o-<ref>oblique case is not required on personal pronouns</ref>

==== Number ====
singular default, plus dual, paucal, and plural marked by suffix on a stem which goes before tense and aspect

dual: -dí

paucal: -ve

plural: -na

==== Gender ====
There is no grammatical gender in Tandí

==== Possession ====
POSD na POSR: 'obaan na 'obákúún - the room of the house (OBL-room POSS OBL-house)

=== Determiners ===

==== Demonstratives ====
_ wannitta - this _

_ wanlotta - that _

==== Articles ====
Tandí does not use articles

==== Possessive Determiners ====
_ na _: doro na bín - my ball (ball POSS 1.AN); doro na poka - your ball (ball POSS 2.AN); etc.

_ na mosí - whose _ (POSS who)

==== Quantifiers ====
Quantifiers go before the nouns they quantify (see Sentence Order)

=== Conjunctions ===
Conjunctions go in between semantic elements they connect, which can include things like nouns, noun phrases, relative clauses, verb argument lists<ref>The list of a verb's subject, direct object, and indirect object, in the case that a verb is applied to multiple sets of arguments</ref>, etc.

=== Numerals ===

==== Cardinals ====
cardinal "'amend" noun - ní 'amend doro - two CARD ball - ball number two (of a collection)

==== Ordinals ====
ordinal tokan noun - ordinal ORD noun, e.g. ní tokan doro - two ORD ball - second ball<ref group="Example references">e.g. ní tokan 'aban nana jelí | two ORD day PRT year | second day of the year</ref>

==== Nominals ====
root-cardinal - doroní - ball-two - two balls<ref group="Example references">e.g. baddaa 'aldaadukcí bídããní | hit-PRS NOM-3.AN-one ACC-3.AN-two | he hit him (of two people)</ref>

nũm - zero

'ókcí - one

ní - two

ta'í - three

sín - four

kílan - five

jaal - six

kitten - seven

bón - eight

nítta - nine

lan - ten

cen - hundred

tõn - thousand

=== Adjectives ===

==== Placement ====
directly after the noun<ref group="Example references">e.g. 'okína yálekkena wakakííta | OBL-seed-PL ADJ-green GEN-pepper | green pepper seeds</ref>

Adjectives may or may not match the number of the noun, as there is a semantic difference<ref>e.g. "Her muscles were like steel cables" implies her muscles were strong, where "Her muscles were like a steel cable" implies they are arranged in a line</ref>

==== Comparison ====
yá-adjective-degree-tense<ref>Note here that the adjective is used as a verb, and is placed as the head of a verb phrase</ref> subject: subject is/was/will be degree adjective than object<ref group="Example references">e.g. yábannúda 'albín 'an bípoka | ADJ-good-COMP-PRS NOM-1SG.AN than ACC-1SG.AN | I am better than you (lit. am_better I than you)</ref>

=== Finite Verbs ===

==== Tense ====
attaches to verb

* -da: PRS
* -'ãn: PST
* -lí: FUT

==== Aspect ====
goes after tense:

* -bó: CONT
* -len: PERF
* -món: GNO
* -dada: HAB
goes before verb:
* kon-: INF

=== Verb Postpositions ===

==== Mood ====

* 'akaa-: MIR
* 'anõõl-: CONC/HYP
* 'ila-: OPT/BEND
* 'íyye-: HORT/JUSS
* luke-: DUB/COND
* me-: ABIL
* tene-: PERM/PRESCR

==== Evidentiality ====

* -ce'í: RPT
* -mánna: INFR
* -nobã: NEV
* -tócí: SENS
Negation

Negation goes before the verb
* 'eeya: NEG

==== Agreement ====
The 'present' tense is the present by default, and otherwise the tense of the last verb.<ref>ADD THIS REFERENCE AND DELETE THE OTHER ONE</ref><ref group="Example references">e.g. lagað'ãn 'albín tandralí 'albín | say-PST NOM-1.AN run-FUT NOM-1.AN | I said I was going to run</ref>

==== Voice ====

* mẽna- : CAUS
* lad- : PASS
* 'õm- : REV

=== Auxiliary Verbs ===
'ayí (AFF) conveys confirmation of an action, and is verbalized to 'ayída (AFF-PRS) to convey confirmation of a state or truth, or of an object's existence, across the past, present, or future, with tense agreement

'cirette laan ma/im' conveys that the subject has knowingly or unknowingly caused the direct object to be unintentionally involved in the indirect object (a state or event), where if the direct object and subject are the same the direct object may be omitted, or included for emphasis

=== Copula ===
There is no copula in Tandí

=== Adpositions ===

==== Agreement ====
No agreement between adposition and complement is necessary

=== Interjections ===
Interjections may be placed before any word to deliver extra mood or other miscellaneous information.

== Syntax ==

=== Sentence Order ===
VSO word order

Particles go before the words they attach to, and prepositions after

Adjectives may attach to any words except conjunctions and postpositions. They go directly after the word they attach to (except verbs, where they go after the postposition)

Adjectives can also be placed at the head of a verb phrase with tense marking to convey 'SBJ is ADJ'

Verb complements may be placed before the verb phrase's prepositional phrases and connected clauses, but still after the postposition and adjectives, if they are only one word long<ref group="Example references">e.g. "balda yábããntoge laan 'imaan 'omarkã́z 'albello" -> "balda yátandratoge 'albello laan ..." | "go-PRS ADJ-race-property to INE OBL-store NOM-bear" -> "go-PRS ADJ-race-property NOM-bear to ..." | "The bear goes quickly to the store"</ref>

Words modify nouns according to the following hierarchy:

* PREP(QUANT(((HNR(N))ADJ)GEN))

==== Auxiliary Verb Constructions ====
Nouns cannot be advanded forward within auxiliary verb phrases

'ayí can be either a verb or a particle, as mentioned in Auxiliary Verbs

Auxiliary verbs follow a regular form:

* V PREP Oi S (Od)

where V PREP is the auxiliary verb (a finite verb with a preposition), S is the subject and is NOT part of a prepositional phrase, Od is the direct object, and Oi is the noun phrase completing the prepositional phrase of the auxiliary verb

==== Adverb Placement ====
Adverbs are to verbs exactly as adjectives are to nouns. They follow verbs, and behave the same way to verbs and themselves that adjectives behave to nouns and ''them''selves.

=== Coordination and subordination ===
Conjunctions go between anything but postpositions and cannot be omitted. Coordinate and subordinate clauses are separated by conjunctions. There is no distinction made between coordination and subordination on a grammatical level

=== Relative Clauses ===
Relative clauses follow a regular form:

* HEAD REL VP

where HEAD is 3.INAN if the relative clause is free and the bound matrix clause if the relative clause is bound, REL is a preposition (kaka /kaxa/), and VP is a verb phrase, and the head is the verb phrase's implied direct object

=== Questions ===

==== Polar Questions ====

* hal ('eeya) _: is _ (un)true?

==== WH-Questions ====
There are three interrogative pronouns, which can form more specific interrogatives through genitives, prepositions, and conjunctions:
* koko - what
* conna - when
* mosí - who
* koko wacón - when (what time), pronoun (emphatic)
* koko wanhabun - who (what person), pronoun (emphatic)
* koko waran - where (what place), pronoun (generic)
* lewa koko - why (to what end), prepositional phrase
* konto koko - why (because of what reasoning), subordinate clause
* lak koko - how (by doing what), prepositional phrase
* no koko - about what, prepositional phrase
* 'im koko - where (near what), prepositional phrase
* 'im conna - when (near when), prepositional phrase
* 'imaan conna - for what time frame (inside when), prepositional phrase
* do koko - from what, prepositional phrase
* laan koko - to what, prepositional phrase
* etc...
questions are asked in the same intonation and word order as statements are declared<ref group="Example references">e.g. ga'ãn 'almosí bíkoko 'im conna, dú 'imaan conna, dú 'im koko, dú no koko, dú lewa koko, dú lak koko, dú kepen koko, dú do koko, dú laan koko, ..., dú kit mosí túkoko? | do-PST NOM-who ACC-what near when, CON inside when, CON near what, CON about what, CON by_doing what, CON INSTR what, CON from what, CON to what, ..., CON BEN who DAT-what | "who did what when, in what time frame, where, about what, why, how, using what, from what, ... , and to what (indirect) to what (direct)?"</ref>

=== Existential Clause ===
uses the auxiliary verb construction of 'ayí

== Miscellaneous ==
The subject, and sometimes the object, direct or indirect, of a verb phrase can be move up in the sentence in a select set of cases:

# A quote is being given. Since the quote is a prepositional phrase, it would normally occur before the arguments of the verb. However, because this could result in poorer understanding of the quote itself, the arguments go before SPECIFICALLY the quote, and after any other prepositions or particles, and the quote prepositional phrase always goes last.<ref group="Example references">e.g. lagaðan 'alheman naní no tatammaa tene 'alpoka, 'al'afanafta, bílagað na 'obín túheman 'ejanacír. | laɣaðan ʔalhɛman nani no tatamːaː tɛnɛ ʔalpoxa, ʔalʔafanafta, bilaɣað na ʔobin tyhɛman ʔɛʝanasiɹ. | say-PST NOM-HNR Nanni that repeat-PRS PERM.PRESCR NOM-2.AN NOM-ACTOR-courier ACC-speech POSS OBL-1.AN DAT-HNR Ea-Naṣir | "You, my courier, will repeat my message to Ea-Naṣir," said Nanni.</ref>
# The subject or object is only one word long. In order to promote faster delivery of important information, the word may be placed before all prepositions and particles, at the 'front' of the verb phrase (behind the verb, postposition, and adverbs)

== Examples ==
<references group="Example references" />

== Notes ==
<references />

Assammakiitina

2026-09-03T11:53:22Z

MiaKvigan: /* Introduction */

== Introduction ==
[Placeholder] is the liturgical language of the ŋation of [[Yókóz|'o'aben yálekki wanyókóz]].

== Phonology ==

=== Vowels ===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
!closure
!front
!back
|-
|close
|i ⟨i⟩
|u ⟨u⟩
|-
|close-mid
|e ⟨ei⟩
|o ⟨ou⟩
|-
|open-mid
|ɛ ⟨e⟩
|ɔ ⟨o⟩
|-
|near-open
|æ ⟨aei⟩
|
|-
|open
|a ⟨a⟩
|
|}Vowels may be elongated once or twice

=== Bright Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
!Placement →
↓ Manner
!Labial
!Coronal
!Dorsal
!Laryngeal
|-
|Nasal
|m
|n
|
|
|-
|(Im)Plosive
|p ⟨p'⟩ / b ⟨p⟩ / ɓ ⟨b⟩
|t ⟨t'⟩ / d ⟨t⟩ / ɗ ⟨d⟩
|q ⟨k'⟩ / ɢ ⟨k⟩
|ʔ ⟨q⟩
|-
|Sibilant fricative
|
|s / z
|ʃ ⟨ṡ⟩ / ʒ ⟨ż⟩
|
|-
|Non-sibilant fricative
|f / v
|θ ⟨ð⟩
|
|h
|-
|Approximant
|
|l
|y
|
|}

===Dark Consonants===

{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
!Placement →
↓ Manner
!Labial
!Coronal
!Uvulo-Pharyngeal
!Laryngeal
|-
|Nasal
|mˁ ⟨ṃ⟩
|nˁ ⟨ṇ⟩
|
|
|-
|(Im)Plosive
|bˁ ⟨p̣⟩ / ɓˁ ⟨ḅ⟩
|dˁ ⟨ṭ⟩ / ɗˁ ⟨ḍ⟩
|ɢˁ ⟨ḳ⟩ / ʛˁ ⟨g⟩
|ʔˁ ⟨q̣⟩
|-
|Sibilant fricative
|
|sˁ ⟨ṣ⟩ / zˁ ⟨ẓ⟩
|
|
|-
|Non-sibilant fricative
|vˁ ⟨ṿ⟩
|ðˁ ⟨ð̣⟩
|ħ ⟨ḥ⟩
|ʕ ⟨r⟩
|-
|Approximant
|
|lˁ ⟨ḷ⟩
|
|
|}

==== Morae ====
All root words have three morae, where morae must contain a vowel, such that the final vowel is either doubled or tripled to complete the morae.

=== Phonotactics ===

==== Syllables ====
CV(C), where C is any consonant and V is any vowel, all words have V#. This does not define morae.

==== Morae ====
Mora always contain exactly one vowel phoneme, and may overlap. All content words have three morae, though some particles and prepositions have two or only one and must be memorized.

==== Tones ====
There are seven musical tones. Patterns of three tones are matched to the three morae of a word, and indicate its case. Dark consonants lower a tone by two notes from its base tone, or raise by one if already within two tones of the lowest. Major scales indicate the indicative (C major, CDEFGAB), interrogative (A♭ major, A♭B♭CD♭E♭FG), justificative (E♭ major, E♭FGA♭B♭C), energetic (F♯ major, F♯G♯A♯BC♯D♯E♯), and imperative (D major, DEF♯GABC♯) sentential moods.

==== Stress ====
There is no syllable stress, as each mora is given equal weight

== Morphology ==

=== Pronouns ===

==== Personal pronouns ====
na - 1.AN

tou - 1.INAN

ṡu - 2.AN.FEM

ṿaeit' - 2.AN.MASC

tóó - 2.INAN

ḥana - 3.AN.MASC

tani - 3.AN.FEM

ṭo - 3.INAN

==== Deictic pronouns ====
mitta - this

lotta - that

'this' is used for anything within two steps and arm's reach. 'that' is anything outside of that range.

==== Interrogative pronouns ====
koko - what

conna - when

mosí - who

(other interrogatives are phrasal, e.g. 'lewa koko' [in_order_to what] meaning 'why')

==== Indefinite pronouns ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Case→
! rowspan="2" |Negative
! rowspan="2" |Universal
! rowspan="2" |Assertive existential
! rowspan="2" |Dubitative existential
|-
!Type↓
|-
|Person
|habunko
|habunbaa
|habunlin
|habunẽn
|-
|Thing
|lenko
|lenbaa
|lenlin
|lenẽn
|-
|Place
|ranko
|ranbaa
|ranlin
|ranẽn
|-
|Time
|cónko
|cónbaa
|cónlin
|cónẽn
|}

=== Nouns ===

==== Role assignment ====
A noun's semantic role in a sentence is indicated by a pattern of musical tones. The starting tone of the sentence is established by a hum, and is typically the third note, and the numbers are the note shifts (e.g. -1 means shift one note down in the chord, and +1 means shift one up). When a note is shifted by a dark consonant, it also shifts the subsequent notes (e.g. 0,0,0 on starting note 3 is 3-3-3, but when beginning with a dark consonant becomes 2-2-2, and when having an intermediate dark consonant becomes 3-2-2), and if a case note shift would leave the octave it instead shifts in the opposite direction.

* agent of progressive verbs (nominative - NOM): 0,+1,-1
* agent of stative verbs and copula, patient of progressive verbs (direct - DIR): 0,-1,0
* patient of stative verbs (accusative - ACC): -1,-1,+2
* indirect object of ditransitive verbs (dative - DAT): -2,0,-1
* noun complement, patient of copula (genitive - GEN): -1,0,+2
* anything else (oblique - OBL): +2,-1,0 

ṿanade /vˁanadɛ/ - black

sameiṡa /sameʃa/ - cat

noze /nɔzɛ/ - to watch

na /na/ - 1SG

The ''black cat'' watches me.

m [E] sameiṡa [E-D-D] ṿanade [C-C-E] noze |E-F-F| na |F-E-E|.

Should ''I'' watch the black cat?

m |C| na |C-D♭-C| noze |D♭-G-G| sameiṡa |G-F-F| ṿanade |D♭-D♭-F|.

A♭B♭CD♭E♭FG

==== Number ====
singular default, plus paucal and plural marked by a word which follows its complement

paucal: bou [+2]

plural: la [-1]

==== Gender ====
There is no grammatical gender in Tandí

==== Possession ====
POSD na POSR: 'obaan na 'obákúún - the room of the house (DEF-OBL-room POSS DEF-OBL-house)

=== Determiners ===

==== Demonstratives ====
_ wannitta - this _

_ wanlotta - that _

==== Articles ====
Tandí does not use articles

==== Possessive Determiners ====
_ na _: doro na bín - my ball (ball POSS 1.AN); doro na poka - your ball (ball POSS 2.AN); etc.

_ na koko bac - whose _ (POSS what AN)

==== Quantifiers ====
Quantifiers go before the nouns they quantify (see Sentence Order)

=== Conjunctions ===
Conjunctions go in between semantic elements they connect, which can include things like nouns, noun phrases, relative clauses, verb argument lists<ref>The list of a verb's subject, direct object, and indirect object, in the case that a verb is applied to multiple sets of arguments</ref>, etc.

=== Numerals ===

==== Cardinals ====
cardinal "'amend" noun - ní 'amend doro - two CARD ball - ball number two (of a collection)

==== Ordinals ====
ordinal tokan noun - ordinal ORD noun, e.g. ní tokan doro - two ORD ball - second ball<ref group="Example references">e.g. ní tokan 'aban nana jelí | two ORD day PRT year | second day of the year</ref>

==== Nominals ====
root-cardinal - doroní - ball-two - two balls<ref group="Example references">e.g. baddaa 'aldaadukcí bídããní | hit-PRS NOM-3.AN-one ACC-3.AN-two | he hit him (of two people)</ref>

nũm - zero

'ókcí - one

ní - two

ta'í - three

sín - four

kílan - five

jaal - six

kitten - seven

bón - eight

nítta - nine

lan - ten

cen - hundred

tõn - thousand

=== Adjectives ===

==== Placement ====
directly after the noun<ref group="Example references">e.g. 'okína yálekkena wakakííta | OBL-seed-PL ADJ-green GEN-pepper | green pepper seeds</ref>

Adjectives may or may not match the number of the noun, as there is a semantic difference<ref>e.g. "Her muscles were like steel cables" implies her muscles were strong, where "Her muscles were like a steel cable" implies they are arranged in a line</ref>

==== Comparison ====
yá-adjective-degree-PRS<ref>Note here that the adjective is used as a verb, and is placed as the head of a verb phrase</ref> subject: subject is degree adjective than object<ref group="Example references">e.g. yábannúda 'albín 'an bípoka | ADJ-good-COMP-PRS NOM-1SG.AN than ACC-1SG.AN | I am better than you (lit. am_better I than you)</ref>

=== Finite Verbs ===

==== Tense ====
attaches to verb

* ṡi: FUT
* sen: PST

==== Aspect ====
A single-mora preverb for which the note is based on the verb, despite preceding it.

* CONT - ḍoumou [-2,0]
* PFV - qapana [-1,+3,-3]
* GNO - kol [-2]
* HAB - yahi [+2,-1]
goes before verb:
* kon-: INF

=== Verb Postpositions ===

==== Mood ====
Mood is conveyed by musical tone
* plain - 0,+1,0
* MIR/BEND/OPT - +2,-2,+1
* CONC/HYP - +2,-1,-1
* HORT
* JUSS
* DUB/COND
* ABIL
* PERM
* PRESCR - +1,+1,0

==== Evidentiality ====

* -ce'í: RPT
* -mánna: INFR
* -nobã: NEV
* -tócí: SENS
Negation
* 'eeya: NEG

==== Agreement ====
The 'present' tense is the present by default, and otherwise the tense of the last verb.<ref>ADD THIS REFERENCE AND DELETE THE OTHER ONE</ref><ref group="Example references">e.g. lagað'ãn 'albín tandralí 'albín | say-PST NOM-1.AN run-FUT NOM-1.AN | I said I was going to run</ref>

==== Voice ====

* mẽna- : CAUS
* lad- : PASS
* 'õm- : REV

=== Auxiliary Verbs ===
'ayí (AFF) conveys confirmation of an action, and is verbalized to 'ayída (AFF-PRS) to convey confirmation of a state or truth, or of an object's existence, across the past, present, or future, with tense agreement

'cirette laan ma/im' conveys that the subject has knowingly or unknowingly caused the direct object to be unintentionally involved in the indirect object (a state or event), where if the direct object and subject are the same the direct object may be omitted, or included for emphasis

=== Copula ===
There is no copula in Tandí

=== Adpositions ===

==== Agreement ====
No agreement between adposition and complement is necessary

=== Interjections ===
Interjections may be placed before any word to deliver extra mood or other miscellaneous information.

== Syntax ==

=== Sentence Order ===
AVP word order with topic marking (e.g. When topic is the agent, AVP. When topic is the verb, VAP. When topic is the patient, PAV.)

Particles go after the words they attach to, and prepositions after

Adjectives may attach to any words except conjunctions and postpositions. They go directly after the word they attach to (except verbs, where they go after the postposition)

Adjectives can also be placed at the head of a verb phrase with tense marking to convey 'SBJ is ADJ'

Verb complements may be placed before the verb phrase's prepositional phrases and connected clauses, but still after the postposition and adjectives, if they are only one word long<ref group="Example references">e.g. "balda yábããntoge laan 'imaan 'omarkã́z 'albello" -> "balda yátandratoge 'albello laan ..." | "go-PRS ADJ-race-property to INE OBL-store NOM-bear" -> "go-PRS ADJ-race-property NOM-bear to ..." | "The bear goes quickly to the store"</ref>

Words modify nouns according to the following hierarchy:

* PREP(QUANT(((HNR(N))ADJ)GEN))

==== Auxiliary Verb Constructions ====
Nouns cannot be advanded forward within auxiliary verb phrases

'ayí can be either a verb or a particle, as mentioned in Auxiliary Verbs

Auxiliary verbs follow a regular form:

* V PREP Oi S (Od)

where V PREP is the auxiliary verb (a finite verb with a preposition), S is the subject and is NOT part of a prepositional phrase, Od is the direct object, and Oi is the noun phrase completing the prepositional phrase of the auxiliary verb

==== Adverb Placement ====
Adverbs are to verbs exactly as adjectives are to nouns. They follow verbs, and behave the same way to verbs and themselves that adjectives behave to nouns and ''them''selves.

=== Coordination and subordination ===
Conjunctions go between anything but postpositions and cannot be omitted. Coordinate and subordinate clauses are separated by conjunctions. There is no distinction made between coordination and subordination on a grammatical level

=== Relative Clauses ===
Relative clauses follow a regular form:

* HEAD REL VP

where HEAD is 3.INAN if the relative clause is free and the bound matrix clause if the relative clause is bound, REL is a preposition (kaka /kaxa/), and VP is a verb phrase, and the head is the verb phrase's implied direct object

=== Questions ===

==== Polar Questions ====

* hal ('eeya) _: is _ (un)true?

==== WH-Questions ====
There are three interrogative pronouns, which can form more specific interrogatives through genitives, prepositions, and conjunctions:
* koko - what
* conna - when
* mosí - who
* koko wacón - when (what time), pronoun (emphatic)
* koko wanhabun - who (what person), pronoun (emphatic)
* koko waran - where (what place), pronoun (generic)
* lewa koko - why (to what end), prepositional phrase
* konto koko - why (because of what reasoning), subordinate clause
* lak koko - how (by doing what), prepositional phrase
* no koko - about what, prepositional phrase
* 'im koko - where (near what), prepositional phrase
* 'im conna - when (near when), prepositional phrase
* 'imaan conna - for what time frame (inside when), prepositional phrase
* do koko - from what, prepositional phrase
* laan koko - to what, prepositional phrase
* etc...
questions are asked in the same intonation and word order as statements are declared<ref group="Example references">e.g. ga'ãn 'almosí bíkoko 'im conna, dú 'imaan conna, dú 'im koko, dú no koko, dú lewa koko, dú lak koko, dú kepen koko, dú do koko, dú laan koko, ..., dú kit mosí túkoko? | do-PST NOM-who ACC-what near when, CON inside when, CON near what, CON about what, CON by_doing what, CON INSTR what, CON from what, CON to what, ..., CON BEN who DAT-what | "who did what when, in what time frame, where, about what, why, how, using what, from what, ... , and to what (indirect) to what (direct)?"</ref>

=== Existential Clause ===
uses the auxiliary verb construction of 'ayí

== Miscellaneous ==
The subject, and sometimes the object, direct or indirect, of a verb phrase can be move up in the sentence in a select set of cases:

# A quote is being given. Since the quote is a prepositional phrase, it would normally occur before the arguments of the verb. However, because this could result in poorer understanding of the quote itself, the arguments go before SPECIFICALLY the quote, and after any other prepositions or particles, and the quote prepositional phrase always goes last.<ref group="Example references">e.g. lagaðan 'alheman naní no tatammaa tene 'alpoka, 'al'afanafta, bílagað na 'obín túheman 'ejanacír. | laɣaðan ʔalhɛman nani no tatamːaː tɛnɛ ʔalpoxa, ʔalʔafanafta, bilaɣað na ʔobin tyhɛman ʔɛʝanasiɹ. | say-PST NOM-HNR Nanni that repeat-PRS PERM.PRESCR NOM-2.AN NOM-ACTOR-courier ACC-speech POSS OBL-1.AN DAT-HNR Ea-Naṣir | "You, my courier, will repeat my message to Ea-Naṣir," said Nanni.</ref>
# The subject or object is only one word long. In order to promote faster delivery of important information, the word may be placed before all prepositions and particles, at the 'front' of the verb phrase (behind the verb, postposition, and adverbs)

== Examples ==
<references group="Example references" />

== Notes ==
<references />

Assammakiitina

2026-09-02T19:37:10Z

MiaKvigan:

== Introduction ==
[Placeholder] is the liturgical language of the ŋation of [[Yókóz|'o'aben yálekki wanyókóz]].

== Phonology ==

=== Vowels ===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
!closure
!front
!back
|-
|close
|i ⟨i⟩
|u ⟨u⟩
|-
|close-mid
|e ⟨ei⟩
|o ⟨ou⟩
|-
|open-mid
|ɛ ⟨e⟩
|ɔ ⟨o⟩
|-
|near-open
|æ ⟨aei⟩
|
|-
|open
|a ⟨a⟩
|
|}Vowels may be elongated once or twice

=== Bright Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
!Placement →
↓ Manner
!Labial
!Coronal
!Dorsal
!Laryngeal
|-
|Nasal
|m
|n
|
|
|-
|(Im)Plosive
|p ⟨p'⟩ / b ⟨p⟩ / ɓ ⟨b⟩
|t ⟨t'⟩ / d ⟨t⟩ / ɗ ⟨d⟩
|q ⟨k'⟩ / ɢ ⟨k⟩
|ʔ ⟨q⟩
|-
|Sibilant fricative
|
|s / z
|ʃ ⟨ṡ⟩ / ʒ ⟨ż⟩
|
|-
|Non-sibilant fricative
|f / v
|θ ⟨ð⟩
|
|h
|-
|Approximant
|
|l
|y
|
|}

===Dark Consonants===

{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
!Placement →
↓ Manner
!Labial
!Coronal
!Uvulo-Pharyngeal
!Laryngeal
|-
|Nasal
|mˁ ⟨ṃ⟩
|nˁ ⟨ṇ⟩
|
|
|-
|(Im)Plosive
|bˁ ⟨p̣⟩ / ɓˁ ⟨ḅ⟩
|dˁ ⟨ṭ⟩ / ɗˁ ⟨ḍ⟩
|ɢˁ ⟨ḳ⟩ / ʛˁ ⟨g⟩
|ʔˁ ⟨q̣⟩
|-
|Sibilant fricative
|
|sˁ ⟨ṣ⟩ / zˁ ⟨ẓ⟩
|
|
|-
|Non-sibilant fricative
|vˁ ⟨ṿ⟩
|ðˁ ⟨ð̣⟩
|ħ ⟨ḥ⟩
|ʕ ⟨r⟩
|-
|Approximant
|
|lˁ ⟨ḷ⟩
|
|
|}

==== Morae ====
All root words have three morae, where morae must contain a vowel, such that the final vowel is either doubled or tripled to complete the morae.

=== Phonotactics ===

==== Syllables ====
CV(CC), where C is any consonant and V is any vowel, and all words have V#. This does not define morae

==== Morae ====
Mora always contain exactly one vowel phoneme, and may overlap. All content words have three morae, though some particles and prepositions have two or only one and must be memorized.

==== Tones ====
There are seven musical tones. Patterns of three tones are matched to the three morae of a word, and indicate its case. Dark consonants lower a tone by two notes from its base tone, or raise by one if already within two tones of the lowest. Major scales indicate the indicative (C major, CDEFGAB), interrogative (A♭ major, A♭B♭CD♭E♭FG), justificative (E♭ major, E♭FGA♭B♭C), energetic (F♯ major, F♯G♯A♯BC♯D♯E♯), and imperative (D major, DEF♯GABC♯) sentential moods.

==== Stress ====
There is no syllable stress, as each mora is given equal weight

== Morphology ==

=== Pronouns ===

==== Personal pronouns ====
na - 1.AN

tou - 1.INAN

ṡu - 2.AN.FEM

ṿaeit' - 2.AN.MASC

tóó - 2.INAN

ḥana - 3.AN.MASC

tani - 3.AN.FEM

ṭo - 3.INAN

==== Deictic pronouns ====
mitta - this

lotta - that

'this' is used for anything within two steps and arm's reach. 'that' is anything outside of that range.

==== Interrogative pronouns ====
koko - what

conna - when

mosí - who

(other interrogatives are phrasal, e.g. 'lewa koko' [in_order_to what] meaning 'why')

==== Indefinite pronouns ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Case→
! rowspan="2" |Negative
! rowspan="2" |Universal
! rowspan="2" |Assertive existential
! rowspan="2" |Dubitative existential
|-
!Type↓
|-
|Person
|habunko
|habunbaa
|habunlin
|habunẽn
|-
|Thing
|lenko
|lenbaa
|lenlin
|lenẽn
|-
|Place
|ranko
|ranbaa
|ranlin
|ranẽn
|-
|Time
|cónko
|cónbaa
|cónlin
|cónẽn
|}

=== Nouns ===

==== Role assignment ====
A noun's semantic role in a sentence is indicated by a pattern of musical tones. The starting tone of the sentence is established by a hum, and is typically the third note, and the numbers are the note shifts (e.g. -1 means shift one note down in the chord, and +1 means shift one up). When a note is shifted by a dark consonant, it also shifts the subsequent notes (e.g. 0,0,0 on starting note 3 is 3-3-3, but when beginning with a dark consonant becomes 2-2-2, and when having an intermediate dark consonant becomes 3-2-2), and if a case note shift would leave the octave it instead shifts in the opposite direction.

* agent of progressive verbs (nominative - NOM): 0,+1,-1
* agent of stative verbs and copula, patient of progressive verbs (direct - DIR): 0,-1,0
* patient of stative verbs (accusative - ACC): -1,-1,+2
* indirect object of ditransitive verbs (dative - DAT): -2,0,-1
* noun complement, patient of copula (genitive - GEN): -1,0,+2
* anything else (oblique - OBL): +2,-1,0 

ṿanade /vˁanadɛ/ - black

sameiṡa /sameʃa/ - cat

noze /nɔzɛ/ - to watch

na /na/ - 1SG

The ''black cat'' watches me.

m [E] sameiṡa [E-D-D] ṿanade [C-C-E] noze |E-F-F| na |F-E-E|.

Should ''I'' watch the black cat?

m |C| na |C-D♭-C| noze |D♭-G-G| sameiṡa |G-F-F| ṿanade |D♭-D♭-F|.

A♭B♭CD♭E♭FG

==== Number ====
singular default, plus paucal and plural marked by a word which follows its complement

paucal: bou [+2]

plural: la [-1]

==== Gender ====
There is no grammatical gender in Tandí

==== Possession ====
POSD na POSR: 'obaan na 'obákúún - the room of the house (DEF-OBL-room POSS DEF-OBL-house)

=== Determiners ===

==== Demonstratives ====
_ wannitta - this _

_ wanlotta - that _

==== Articles ====
Tandí does not use articles

==== Possessive Determiners ====
_ na _: doro na bín - my ball (ball POSS 1.AN); doro na poka - your ball (ball POSS 2.AN); etc.

_ na koko bac - whose _ (POSS what AN)

==== Quantifiers ====
Quantifiers go before the nouns they quantify (see Sentence Order)

=== Conjunctions ===
Conjunctions go in between semantic elements they connect, which can include things like nouns, noun phrases, relative clauses, verb argument lists<ref>The list of a verb's subject, direct object, and indirect object, in the case that a verb is applied to multiple sets of arguments</ref>, etc.

=== Numerals ===

==== Cardinals ====
cardinal "'amend" noun - ní 'amend doro - two CARD ball - ball number two (of a collection)

==== Ordinals ====
ordinal tokan noun - ordinal ORD noun, e.g. ní tokan doro - two ORD ball - second ball<ref group="Example references">e.g. ní tokan 'aban nana jelí | two ORD day PRT year | second day of the year</ref>

==== Nominals ====
root-cardinal - doroní - ball-two - two balls<ref group="Example references">e.g. baddaa 'aldaadukcí bídããní | hit-PRS NOM-3.AN-one ACC-3.AN-two | he hit him (of two people)</ref>

nũm - zero

'ókcí - one

ní - two

ta'í - three

sín - four

kílan - five

jaal - six

kitten - seven

bón - eight

nítta - nine

lan - ten

cen - hundred

tõn - thousand

=== Adjectives ===

==== Placement ====
directly after the noun<ref group="Example references">e.g. 'okína yálekkena wakakííta | OBL-seed-PL ADJ-green GEN-pepper | green pepper seeds</ref>

Adjectives may or may not match the number of the noun, as there is a semantic difference<ref>e.g. "Her muscles were like steel cables" implies her muscles were strong, where "Her muscles were like a steel cable" implies they are arranged in a line</ref>

==== Comparison ====
yá-adjective-degree-PRS<ref>Note here that the adjective is used as a verb, and is placed as the head of a verb phrase</ref> subject: subject is degree adjective than object<ref group="Example references">e.g. yábannúda 'albín 'an bípoka | ADJ-good-COMP-PRS NOM-1SG.AN than ACC-1SG.AN | I am better than you (lit. am_better I than you)</ref>

=== Finite Verbs ===

==== Tense ====
attaches to verb

* -da: PRS
* -'ãn: PST
* -lí: FUT

==== Aspect ====
A single-mora preverb for which the note is based on the verb, despite preceding it.

* CONT
* PFV
* GNO - kol [-2]
* HAB - yahi [+2,-1]
goes before verb:
* kon-: INF

=== Verb Postpositions ===

==== Mood ====
Mood is conveyed by musical tone
* plain - 0,+1,0
* MIR/BEND/OPT - +2,-2,+1
* CONC/HYP - +2,-1,-1
* HORT
* JUSS
* DUB/COND
* ABIL
* PERM
* PRESCR - +1,+1,0

==== Evidentiality ====

* -ce'í: RPT
* -mánna: INFR
* -nobã: NEV
* -tócí: SENS
Negation
* 'eeya: NEG

==== Agreement ====
The 'present' tense is the present by default, and otherwise the tense of the last verb.<ref>ADD THIS REFERENCE AND DELETE THE OTHER ONE</ref><ref group="Example references">e.g. lagað'ãn 'albín tandralí 'albín | say-PST NOM-1.AN run-FUT NOM-1.AN | I said I was going to run</ref>

==== Voice ====

* mẽna- : CAUS
* lad- : PASS
* 'õm- : REV

=== Auxiliary Verbs ===
'ayí (AFF) conveys confirmation of an action, and is verbalized to 'ayída (AFF-PRS) to convey confirmation of a state or truth, or of an object's existence, across the past, present, or future, with tense agreement

'cirette laan ma/im' conveys that the subject has knowingly or unknowingly caused the direct object to be unintentionally involved in the indirect object (a state or event), where if the direct object and subject are the same the direct object may be omitted, or included for emphasis

=== Copula ===
There is no copula in Tandí

=== Adpositions ===

==== Agreement ====
No agreement between adposition and complement is necessary

=== Interjections ===
Interjections may be placed before any word to deliver extra mood or other miscellaneous information.

== Syntax ==

=== Sentence Order ===
AVP word order with topic marking (e.g. When topic is the agent, AVP. When topic is the verb, VAP. When topic is the patient, PAV.)

Particles go after the words they attach to, and prepositions after

Adjectives may attach to any words except conjunctions and postpositions. They go directly after the word they attach to (except verbs, where they go after the postposition)

Adjectives can also be placed at the head of a verb phrase with tense marking to convey 'SBJ is ADJ'

Verb complements may be placed before the verb phrase's prepositional phrases and connected clauses, but still after the postposition and adjectives, if they are only one word long<ref group="Example references">e.g. "balda yábããntoge laan 'imaan 'omarkã́z 'albello" -> "balda yátandratoge 'albello laan ..." | "go-PRS ADJ-race-property to INE OBL-store NOM-bear" -> "go-PRS ADJ-race-property NOM-bear to ..." | "The bear goes quickly to the store"</ref>

Words modify nouns according to the following hierarchy:

* PREP(QUANT(((HNR(N))ADJ)GEN))

==== Auxiliary Verb Constructions ====
Nouns cannot be advanded forward within auxiliary verb phrases

'ayí can be either a verb or a particle, as mentioned in Auxiliary Verbs

Auxiliary verbs follow a regular form:

* V PREP Oi S (Od)

where V PREP is the auxiliary verb (a finite verb with a preposition), S is the subject and is NOT part of a prepositional phrase, Od is the direct object, and Oi is the noun phrase completing the prepositional phrase of the auxiliary verb

==== Adverb Placement ====
Adverbs are to verbs exactly as adjectives are to nouns. They follow verbs, and behave the same way to verbs and themselves that adjectives behave to nouns and ''them''selves.

=== Coordination and subordination ===
Conjunctions go between anything but postpositions and cannot be omitted. Coordinate and subordinate clauses are separated by conjunctions. There is no distinction made between coordination and subordination on a grammatical level

=== Relative Clauses ===
Relative clauses follow a regular form:

* HEAD REL VP

where HEAD is 3.INAN if the relative clause is free and the bound matrix clause if the relative clause is bound, REL is a preposition (kaka /kaxa/), and VP is a verb phrase, and the head is the verb phrase's implied direct object

=== Questions ===

==== Polar Questions ====

* hal ('eeya) _: is _ (un)true?

==== WH-Questions ====
There are three interrogative pronouns, which can form more specific interrogatives through genitives, prepositions, and conjunctions:
* koko - what
* conna - when
* mosí - who
* koko wacón - when (what time), pronoun (emphatic)
* koko wanhabun - who (what person), pronoun (emphatic)
* koko waran - where (what place), pronoun (generic)
* lewa koko - why (to what end), prepositional phrase
* konto koko - why (because of what reasoning), subordinate clause
* lak koko - how (by doing what), prepositional phrase
* no koko - about what, prepositional phrase
* 'im koko - where (near what), prepositional phrase
* 'im conna - when (near when), prepositional phrase
* 'imaan conna - for what time frame (inside when), prepositional phrase
* do koko - from what, prepositional phrase
* laan koko - to what, prepositional phrase
* etc...
questions are asked in the same intonation and word order as statements are declared<ref group="Example references">e.g. ga'ãn 'almosí bíkoko 'im conna, dú 'imaan conna, dú 'im koko, dú no koko, dú lewa koko, dú lak koko, dú kepen koko, dú do koko, dú laan koko, ..., dú kit mosí túkoko? | do-PST NOM-who ACC-what near when, CON inside when, CON near what, CON about what, CON by_doing what, CON INSTR what, CON from what, CON to what, ..., CON BEN who DAT-what | "who did what when, in what time frame, where, about what, why, how, using what, from what, ... , and to what (indirect) to what (direct)?"</ref>

=== Existential Clause ===
uses the auxiliary verb construction of 'ayí

== Miscellaneous ==
The subject, and sometimes the object, direct or indirect, of a verb phrase can be move up in the sentence in a select set of cases:

# A quote is being given. Since the quote is a prepositional phrase, it would normally occur before the arguments of the verb. However, because this could result in poorer understanding of the quote itself, the arguments go before SPECIFICALLY the quote, and after any other prepositions or particles, and the quote prepositional phrase always goes last.<ref group="Example references">e.g. lagaðan 'alheman naní no tatammaa tene 'alpoka, 'al'afanafta, bílagað na 'obín túheman 'ejanacír. | laɣaðan ʔalhɛman nani no tatamːaː tɛnɛ ʔalpoxa, ʔalʔafanafta, bilaɣað na ʔobin tyhɛman ʔɛʝanasiɹ. | say-PST NOM-HNR Nanni that repeat-PRS PERM.PRESCR NOM-2.AN NOM-ACTOR-courier ACC-speech POSS OBL-1.AN DAT-HNR Ea-Naṣir | "You, my courier, will repeat my message to Ea-Naṣir," said Nanni.</ref>
# The subject or object is only one word long. In order to promote faster delivery of important information, the word may be placed before all prepositions and particles, at the 'front' of the verb phrase (behind the verb, postposition, and adverbs)

== Examples ==
<references group="Example references" />

== Notes ==
<references />

Assammakiitina

2026-09-02T14:29:22Z

MiaKvigan: Named alignments

== Introduction ==
[Placeholder] is the liturgical language of the ŋation of [[Yókóz|'o'aben yálekki wanyókóz]].

== Phonology ==

=== Vowels ===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
!closure
!front
!back
|-
|close
|i ⟨i⟩
|u ⟨u⟩
|-
|close-mid
|e ⟨ei⟩
|o ⟨ou⟩
|-
|open-mid
|ɛ ⟨e⟩
|ɔ ⟨o⟩
|-
|near-open
|æ ⟨aei⟩
|
|-
|open
|a ⟨a⟩
|
|}Vowels may be elongated once or twice

=== Bright Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
!Placement →
↓ Manner
!Labial
!Coronal
!Dorsal
!Laryngeal
|-
|Nasal
|m
|n
|
|
|-
|(Im)Plosive
|p ⟨p'⟩ / b ⟨p⟩ / ɓ ⟨b⟩
|t ⟨t'⟩ / d ⟨t⟩ / ɗ ⟨d⟩
|q ⟨k'⟩ / ɢ ⟨k⟩
|ʔ ⟨q⟩
|-
|Sibilant fricative
|
|s / z
|ʃ ⟨ṡ⟩ / ʒ ⟨ż⟩
|
|-
|Non-sibilant fricative
|f / v
|θ ⟨ð⟩
|
|h
|-
|Approximant
|
|l
|y
|
|}

===Dark Consonants===

{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
!Placement →
↓ Manner
!Labial
!Coronal
!Uvulo-Pharyngeal
!Laryngeal
|-
|Nasal
|mˁ ⟨ṃ⟩
|nˁ ⟨ṇ⟩
|
|
|-
|(Im)Plosive
|bˁ ⟨p̣⟩ / ɓˁ ⟨ḅ⟩
|dˁ ⟨ṭ⟩ / ɗˁ ⟨ḍ⟩
|ɢˁ ⟨ḳ⟩ / ʛˁ ⟨g⟩
|ʔˁ ⟨q̣⟩
|-
|Sibilant fricative
|
|sˁ ⟨ṣ⟩ / zˁ ⟨ẓ⟩
|
|
|-
|Non-sibilant fricative
|vˁ ⟨ṿ⟩
|ðˁ ⟨ð̣⟩
|ħ ⟨ḥ⟩
|ʕ ⟨r⟩
|-
|Approximant
|
|lˁ ⟨ḷ⟩
|
|
|}

==== Morae ====
All root words have three morae, where morae must contain a vowel, such that the final vowel is either doubled or tripled to complete the morae.

==== Tones ====
There are seven musical tones. Patterns of three tones are matched to the three morae of a word, and indicate its case. Dark consonants lower a tone by two notes from its base tone, or raise by one if already within two tones of the lowest. Major scales indicate the indicative (C major, CDEFGAB), interrogative (A♭ major, A♭B♭CD♭E♭FG), justificative (E♭ major, E♭FGA♭B♭C), energetic (F♯ major, F♯G♯A♯BC♯D♯E♯), and imperative (D major, DEF♯GABC♯) sentential moods.

=== Phonotactics ===
CV ,where C is any consonant and V is any vowel

V can be lengthened twice or three times over

C can be geminated, which is represented as 2(3<ref>digraphs geminate their first letter only</ref>) consonants in the romanization but counts as one for phonotactics

There is no set tense patterning, as each mora is given equal weight

==== Rhyme scheme ====
In poetic meter, geminated vowels are twice as long, and geminated consonants and stretched rhymes<ref>A stretched rhyme is a rhyme which has no gemination but is lengthened to accommodate for mismatch with the meter.</ref> are one and a half times as long.

== Morphology ==

=== Pronouns ===

==== Personal pronouns ====
na - 1.AN

tou - 1.INAN

ṡu - 2.AN.FEM

ṿaeit'e - 2.AN.MASC

tóó - 2.INAN

ḥana - 3.AN.MASC

tani - 3.AN.FEM

ṭo - 3.INAN

==== Deictic pronouns ====
mitta - this

lotta - that

'this' is used for anything within two steps and arm's reach. 'that' is anything outside of that range.

==== Interrogative pronouns ====
koko - what

conna - when

mosí - who

(other interrogatives are phrasal, e.g. 'lewa koko' [in_order_to what] meaning 'why')

==== Indefinite pronouns ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Case→
! rowspan="2" |Negative
! rowspan="2" |Universal
! rowspan="2" |Assertive existential
! rowspan="2" |Dubitative existential
|-
!Type↓
|-
|Person
|habunko
|habunbaa
|habunlin
|habunẽn
|-
|Thing
|lenko
|lenbaa
|lenlin
|lenẽn
|-
|Place
|ranko
|ranbaa
|ranlin
|ranẽn
|-
|Time
|cónko
|cónbaa
|cónlin
|cónẽn
|}

=== Nouns ===

==== Role assignment ====
A noun's semantic role in a sentence is indicated by a pattern of musical tones. The starting tone of the sentence is established by a hum, and is typically the third note, and the numbers are the note shifts (e.g. -1 means shift one note down in the chord, and +1 means shift one up). When a note is shifted by a dark consonant, it also shifts the subsequent notes (e.g. 0,0,0 on starting note 3 is 3-3-3, but when beginning with a dark consonant becomes 2-2-2, and when having an intermediate dark consonant becomes 3-2-2), and if a case note shift would leave the octave it instead shifts in the opposite direction.

* agent of progressive verbs (nominative - NOM): 0,+1,-1
* agent of stative verbs and copula, patient of progressive verbs (direct - DIR): 0,-1,0
* patient of stative verbs (accusative - ACC): -1,-1,+2
* indirect object of ditransitive verbs (dative - DAT): -2,0,-1
* noun complement, patient of copula (genitive - GEN): -1,0,+2
* anything else (oblique - OBL): +2,-1,0 

ṿanade /vˁanadɛ/ - black

sameiṡa /sameʃa/ - cat

noze /nɔzɛ/ - to watch

na /na/ - 1SG

The ''black cat'' watches me.

m |E| sameiṡa |E-D-D| ṿanade |C-C-E| noze |E-F-F| na |F-E-E|.

Should ''I'' watch the black cat?

m |C| na |C-D♭-C| noze |D♭-G-G| sameiṡa |G-F-F| ṿanade |D♭-D♭-F|.

A♭B♭CD♭E♭FG

==== Number ====
singular default, plus dual, paucal, and plural marked by suffix on a stem which goes before tense and aspect

dual: -dí

paucal: -ve

plural: -na

==== Gender ====
There is no grammatical gender in Tandí

==== Possession ====
POSD na POSR: 'obaan na 'obákúún - the room of the house (DEF-OBL-room POSS DEF-OBL-house)

=== Determiners ===

==== Demonstratives ====
_ wannitta - this _

_ wanlotta - that _

==== Articles ====
Tandí does not use articles

==== Possessive Determiners ====
_ na _: doro na bín - my ball (ball POSS 1.AN); doro na poka - your ball (ball POSS 2.AN); etc.

_ na koko bac - whose _ (POSS what AN)

==== Quantifiers ====
Quantifiers go before the nouns they quantify (see Sentence Order)

=== Conjunctions ===
Conjunctions go in between semantic elements they connect, which can include things like nouns, noun phrases, relative clauses, verb argument lists<ref>The list of a verb's subject, direct object, and indirect object, in the case that a verb is applied to multiple sets of arguments</ref>, etc.

=== Numerals ===

==== Cardinals ====
cardinal "'amend" noun - ní 'amend doro - two CARD ball - ball number two (of a collection)

==== Ordinals ====
ordinal tokan noun - ordinal ORD noun, e.g. ní tokan doro - two ORD ball - second ball<ref group="Example references">e.g. ní tokan 'aban nana jelí | two ORD day PRT year | second day of the year</ref>

==== Nominals ====
root-cardinal - doroní - ball-two - two balls<ref group="Example references">e.g. baddaa 'aldaadukcí bídããní | hit-PRS NOM-3.AN-one ACC-3.AN-two | he hit him (of two people)</ref>

nũm - zero

'ókcí - one

ní - two

ta'í - three

sín - four

kílan - five

jaal - six

kitten - seven

bón - eight

nítta - nine

lan - ten

cen - hundred

tõn - thousand

=== Adjectives ===

==== Placement ====
directly after the noun<ref group="Example references">e.g. 'okína yálekkena wakakííta | OBL-seed-PL ADJ-green GEN-pepper | green pepper seeds</ref>

Adjectives may or may not match the number of the noun, as there is a semantic difference<ref>e.g. "Her muscles were like steel cables" implies her muscles were strong, where "Her muscles were like a steel cable" implies they are arranged in a line</ref>

==== Comparison ====
yá-adjective-degree-PRS<ref>Note here that the adjective is used as a verb, and is placed as the head of a verb phrase</ref> subject: subject is degree adjective than object<ref group="Example references">e.g. yábannúda 'albín 'an bípoka | ADJ-good-COMP-PRS NOM-1SG.AN than ACC-1SG.AN | I am better than you (lit. am_better I than you)</ref>

=== Finite Verbs ===

==== Tense ====
attaches to verb

* -da: PRS
* -'ãn: PST
* -lí: FUT

==== Aspect ====
goes after tense:

* -bó: PROG.CONT
* -len: PERF
* -món: GNO
* -dada: HAB
goes before verb:
* kon-: INF

=== Verb Postpositions ===

==== Mood ====
Mood is conveyed by musical tone
* plain - 0,+1,0
* MIR/BEND/OPT - +2,-2,+1
* CONC/HYP - +2,-1,-1
* -
* HORT
* JUSS
* DUB/COND
* ABIL
* PERM
* PRESCR - +1,+1,0

==== Evidentiality ====

* -ce'í: RPT
* -mánna: INFR
* -nobã: NEV
* -tócí: SENS
Negation
* 'eeya: NEG

==== Agreement ====
The 'present' tense is the present by default, and otherwise the tense of the last verb.<ref>ADD THIS REFERENCE AND DELETE THE OTHER ONE</ref><ref group="Example references">e.g. lagað'ãn 'albín tandralí 'albín | say-PST NOM-1.AN run-FUT NOM-1.AN | I said I was going to run</ref>

==== Voice ====

* mẽna- : CAUS
* lad- : PASS
* 'õm- : REV

=== Auxiliary Verbs ===
'ayí (AFF) conveys confirmation of an action, and is verbalized to 'ayída (AFF-PRS) to convey confirmation of a state or truth, or of an object's existence, across the past, present, or future, with tense agreement

'cirette laan ma/im' conveys that the subject has knowingly or unknowingly caused the direct object to be unintentionally involved in the indirect object (a state or event), where if the direct object and subject are the same the direct object may be omitted, or included for emphasis

=== Copula ===
There is no copula in Tandí

=== Adpositions ===

==== Agreement ====
No agreement between adposition and complement is necessary

=== Interjections ===
Interjections may be placed before any word to deliver extra mood or other miscellaneous information.

== Syntax ==

=== Sentence Order ===
AVP word order with topic marking (e.g. When topic is the agent, AVP. When topic is the verb, VAP. When topic is the patient, PAV.)

Particles go after the words they attach to, and prepositions after

Adjectives may attach to any words except conjunctions and postpositions. They go directly after the word they attach to (except verbs, where they go after the postposition)

Adjectives can also be placed at the head of a verb phrase with tense marking to convey 'SBJ is ADJ'

Verb complements may be placed before the verb phrase's prepositional phrases and connected clauses, but still after the postposition and adjectives, if they are only one word long<ref group="Example references">e.g. "balda yábããntoge laan 'imaan 'omarkã́z 'albello" -> "balda yátandratoge 'albello laan ..." | "go-PRS ADJ-race-property to INE OBL-store NOM-bear" -> "go-PRS ADJ-race-property NOM-bear to ..." | "The bear goes quickly to the store"</ref>

Words modify nouns according to the following hierarchy:

* PREP(QUANT(((HNR(N))ADJ)GEN))

==== Auxiliary Verb Constructions ====
Nouns cannot be advanded forward within auxiliary verb phrases

'ayí can be either a verb or a particle, as mentioned in Auxiliary Verbs

Auxiliary verbs follow a regular form:

* V PREP Oi S (Od)

where V PREP is the auxiliary verb (a finite verb with a preposition), S is the subject and is NOT part of a prepositional phrase, Od is the direct object, and Oi is the noun phrase completing the prepositional phrase of the auxiliary verb

==== Adverb Placement ====
Adverbs are to verbs exactly as adjectives are to nouns. They follow verbs, and behave the same way to verbs and themselves that adjectives behave to nouns and ''them''selves.

=== Coordination and subordination ===
Conjunctions go between anything but postpositions and cannot be omitted. Coordinate and subordinate clauses are separated by conjunctions. There is no distinction made between coordination and subordination on a grammatical level

=== Relative Clauses ===
Relative clauses follow a regular form:

* HEAD REL VP

where HEAD is 3.INAN if the relative clause is free and the bound matrix clause if the relative clause is bound, REL is a preposition (kaka /kaxa/), and VP is a verb phrase, and the head is the verb phrase's implied direct object

=== Questions ===

==== Polar Questions ====

* hal ('eeya) _: is _ (un)true?

==== WH-Questions ====
There are three interrogative pronouns, which can form more specific interrogatives through genitives, prepositions, and conjunctions:
* koko - what
* conna - when
* mosí - who
* koko wacón - when (what time), pronoun (emphatic)
* koko wanhabun - who (what person), pronoun (emphatic)
* koko waran - where (what place), pronoun (generic)
* lewa koko - why (to what end), prepositional phrase
* konto koko - why (because of what reasoning), subordinate clause
* lak koko - how (by doing what), prepositional phrase
* no koko - about what, prepositional phrase
* 'im koko - where (near what), prepositional phrase
* 'im conna - when (near when), prepositional phrase
* 'imaan conna - for what time frame (inside when), prepositional phrase
* do koko - from what, prepositional phrase
* laan koko - to what, prepositional phrase
* etc...
questions are asked in the same intonation and word order as statements are declared<ref group="Example references">e.g. ga'ãn 'almosí bíkoko 'im conna, dú 'imaan conna, dú 'im koko, dú no koko, dú lewa koko, dú lak koko, dú kepen koko, dú do koko, dú laan koko, ..., dú kit mosí túkoko? | do-PST NOM-who ACC-what near when, CON inside when, CON near what, CON about what, CON by_doing what, CON INSTR what, CON from what, CON to what, ..., CON BEN who DAT-what | "who did what when, in what time frame, where, about what, why, how, using what, from what, ... , and to what (indirect) to what (direct)?"</ref>

=== Existential Clause ===
uses the auxiliary verb construction of 'ayí

== Miscellaneous ==
The subject, and sometimes the object, direct or indirect, of a verb phrase can be move up in the sentence in a select set of cases:

# A quote is being given. Since the quote is a prepositional phrase, it would normally occur before the arguments of the verb. However, because this could result in poorer understanding of the quote itself, the arguments go before SPECIFICALLY the quote, and after any other prepositions or particles, and the quote prepositional phrase always goes last.<ref group="Example references">e.g. lagaðan 'alheman naní no tatammaa tene 'alpoka, 'al'afanafta, bílagað na 'obín túheman 'ejanacír. | laɣaðan ʔalhɛman nani no tatamːaː tɛnɛ ʔalpoxa, ʔalʔafanafta, bilaɣað na ʔobin tyhɛman ʔɛʝanasiɹ. | say-PST NOM-HNR Nanni that repeat-PRS PERM.PRESCR NOM-2.AN NOM-ACTOR-courier ACC-speech POSS OBL-1.AN DAT-HNR Ea-Naṣir | "You, my courier, will repeat my message to Ea-Naṣir," said Nanni.</ref>
# The subject or object is only one word long. In order to promote faster delivery of important information, the word may be placed before all prepositions and particles, at the 'front' of the verb phrase (behind the verb, postposition, and adverbs)

== Examples ==
<references group="Example references" />

== Notes ==
<references />

Assammakiitina

2026-09-02T00:34:36Z

MiaKvigan: /* Personal pronouns */

== Introduction ==
[Placeholder] is the liturgical language of the ŋation of [[Yókóz|'o'aben yálekki wanyókóz]].

== Phonology ==

=== Vowels ===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
!closure
!front
!back
|-
|close
|i ⟨i⟩
|u ⟨u⟩
|-
|close-mid
|e ⟨ei⟩
|o ⟨ou⟩
|-
|open-mid
|ɛ ⟨e⟩
|ɔ ⟨o⟩
|-
|near-open
|æ ⟨aei⟩
|
|-
|open
|a ⟨a⟩
|
|}Vowels may be elongated once or twice

=== Bright Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
!Placement →
↓ Manner
!Labial
!Coronal
!Dorsal
!Laryngeal
|-
|Nasal
|m
|n
|
|
|-
|(Im)Plosive
|p ⟨p'⟩ / b ⟨p⟩ / ɓ ⟨b⟩
|t ⟨t'⟩ / d ⟨t⟩ / ɗ ⟨d⟩
|q ⟨k'⟩ / ɢ ⟨k⟩
|ʔ ⟨q⟩
|-
|Sibilant fricative
|
|s / z
|ʃ ⟨ṡ⟩ / ʒ ⟨ż⟩
|
|-
|Non-sibilant fricative
|f / v
|θ ⟨ð⟩
|
|h
|-
|Approximant
|
|l
|y
|
|}

===Dark Consonants===

{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
!Placement →
↓ Manner
!Labial
!Coronal
!Uvulo-Pharyngeal
!Laryngeal
|-
|Nasal
|mˁ ⟨ṃ⟩
|nˁ ⟨ṇ⟩
|
|
|-
|(Im)Plosive
|bˁ ⟨p̣⟩ / ɓˁ ⟨ḅ⟩
|dˁ ⟨ṭ⟩ / ɗˁ ⟨ḍ⟩
|ɢˁ ⟨ḳ⟩ / ʛˁ ⟨g⟩
|ʔˁ ⟨q̣⟩
|-
|Sibilant fricative
|
|sˁ ⟨ṣ⟩ / zˁ ⟨ẓ⟩
|
|
|-
|Non-sibilant fricative
|vˁ ⟨ṿ⟩
|ðˁ ⟨ð̣⟩
|ħ ⟨ḥ⟩
|ʕ ⟨r⟩
|-
|Approximant
|
|lˁ ⟨ḷ⟩
|
|
|}

==== Morae ====
All root words have three morae, where morae must contain a vowel, such that the final vowel is either doubled or tripled to complete the morae.

==== Tones ====
There are seven musical tones. Patterns of three tones are matched to the three morae of a word, and indicate its case. Dark consonants lower a tone by two notes from its base tone, or raise by one if already within two tones of the lowest. Major scales indicate the indicative (C major, CDEFGAB), interrogative (A♭ major, A♭B♭CD♭E♭FG), justificative (E♭ major, E♭FGA♭B♭C), energetic (F♯ major, F♯G♯A♯BC♯D♯E♯), and imperative (D major, DEF♯GABC♯) sentential moods.

=== Phonotactics ===
CV ,where C is any consonant and V is any vowel

V can be lengthened twice or three times over

C can be geminated, which is represented as 2(3<ref>digraphs geminate their first letter only</ref>) consonants in the romanization but counts as one for phonotactics

There is no set tense patterning, as each mora is given equal weight

==== Rhyme scheme ====
In poetic meter, geminated vowels are twice as long, and geminated consonants and stretched rhymes<ref>A stretched rhyme is a rhyme which has no gemination but is lengthened to accommodate for mismatch with the meter.</ref> are one and a half times as long.

== Morphology ==

=== Pronouns ===

==== Personal pronouns ====
na - 1.AN

tou - 1.INAN

ṡu - 2.AN.FEM

ṿaeit'e - 2.AN.MASC

tóó - 2.INAN

ḥana - 3.AN.MASC

tani - 3.AN.FEM

ṭo - 3.INAN

==== Deictic pronouns ====
mitta - this

lotta - that

'this' is used for anything within two steps and arm's reach. 'that' is anything outside of that range.

==== Interrogative pronouns ====
koko - what

conna - when

mosí - who

(other interrogatives are phrasal, e.g. 'lewa koko' [in_order_to what] meaning 'why')

==== Indefinite pronouns ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Case→
! rowspan="2" |Negative
! rowspan="2" |Universal
! rowspan="2" |Assertive existential
! rowspan="2" |Dubitative existential
|-
!Type↓
|-
|Person
|habunko
|habunbaa
|habunlin
|habunẽn
|-
|Thing
|lenko
|lenbaa
|lenlin
|lenẽn
|-
|Place
|ranko
|ranbaa
|ranlin
|ranẽn
|-
|Time
|cónko
|cónbaa
|cónlin
|cónẽn
|}

=== Nouns ===

==== Role assignment ====
A noun's semantic role in a sentence is indicated by a pattern of musical tones. The starting tone of the sentence is established by a hum, and is typically the third note, and the numbers are the note shifts (e.g. -1 means shift one note down in the chord, and +1 means shift one up). When a note is shifted by a dark consonant, it also shifts the subsequent notes (e.g. 0,0,0 on starting note 3 is 3-3-3, but when beginning with a dark consonant becomes 2-2-2, and when having an intermediate dark consonant becomes 3-2-2), and if a case note shift would leave the octave it instead shifts in the opposite direction.

* agent of progressive verbs: 0,+1,-1
* agent of stative verbs and copula, patient of progressive verbs: 0,-1,0
* patient of stative verbs: -1,-1,+2
* indirect object of ditransitive verbs: -2,0,-1
* noun complement (Genitive), patient of copula: -1,0,+2
* oblique: +2,-1,0 

ṿanade /vˁanadɛ/ - black

sameiṡa /sameʃa/ - cat

noze /nɔzɛ/ - to watch

na /na/ - 1SG

The ''black cat'' watches me.

m |E| sameiṡa |E-D-D| ṿanade |C-C-E| noze |E-F-F| na |F-E-E|.

Should ''I'' watch the black cat?

m |C| na |C-D♭-C| noze |D♭-G-G| sameiṡa |G-F-F| ṿanade |D♭-D♭-F|.

A♭B♭CD♭E♭FG

==== Number ====
singular default, plus dual, paucal, and plural marked by suffix on a stem which goes before tense and aspect

dual: -dí

paucal: -ve

plural: -na

==== Gender ====
There is no grammatical gender in Tandí

==== Possession ====
POSD na POSR: 'obaan na 'obákúún - the room of the house (DEF-OBL-room POSS DEF-OBL-house)

=== Determiners ===

==== Demonstratives ====
_ wannitta - this _

_ wanlotta - that _

==== Articles ====
Tandí does not use articles

==== Possessive Determiners ====
_ na _: doro na bín - my ball (ball POSS 1.AN); doro na poka - your ball (ball POSS 2.AN); etc.

_ na koko bac - whose _ (POSS what AN)

==== Quantifiers ====
Quantifiers go before the nouns they quantify (see Sentence Order)

=== Conjunctions ===
Conjunctions go in between semantic elements they connect, which can include things like nouns, noun phrases, relative clauses, verb argument lists<ref>The list of a verb's subject, direct object, and indirect object, in the case that a verb is applied to multiple sets of arguments</ref>, etc.

=== Numerals ===

==== Cardinals ====
cardinal "'amend" noun - ní 'amend doro - two CARD ball - ball number two (of a collection)

==== Ordinals ====
ordinal tokan noun - ordinal ORD noun, e.g. ní tokan doro - two ORD ball - second ball<ref group="Example references">e.g. ní tokan 'aban nana jelí | two ORD day PRT year | second day of the year</ref>

==== Nominals ====
root-cardinal - doroní - ball-two - two balls<ref group="Example references">e.g. baddaa 'aldaadukcí bídããní | hit-PRS NOM-3.AN-one ACC-3.AN-two | he hit him (of two people)</ref>

nũm - zero

'ókcí - one

ní - two

ta'í - three

sín - four

kílan - five

jaal - six

kitten - seven

bón - eight

nítta - nine

lan - ten

cen - hundred

tõn - thousand

=== Adjectives ===

==== Placement ====
directly after the noun<ref group="Example references">e.g. 'okína yálekkena wakakííta | OBL-seed-PL ADJ-green GEN-pepper | green pepper seeds</ref>

Adjectives may or may not match the number of the noun, as there is a semantic difference<ref>e.g. "Her muscles were like steel cables" implies her muscles were strong, where "Her muscles were like a steel cable" implies they are arranged in a line</ref>

==== Comparison ====
yá-adjective-degree-PRS<ref>Note here that the adjective is used as a verb, and is placed as the head of a verb phrase</ref> subject: subject is degree adjective than object<ref group="Example references">e.g. yábannúda 'albín 'an bípoka | ADJ-good-COMP-PRS NOM-1SG.AN than ACC-1SG.AN | I am better than you (lit. am_better I than you)</ref>

=== Finite Verbs ===

==== Tense ====
attaches to verb

* -da: PRS
* -'ãn: PST
* -lí: FUT

==== Aspect ====
goes after tense:

* -bó: PROG.CONT
* -len: PERF
* -món: GNO
* -dada: HAB
goes before verb:
* kon-: INF

=== Verb Postpositions ===

==== Mood ====
Mood is conveyed by musical tone
* plain - 0,+1,0
* MIR/BEND/OPT - +2,-2,+1
* CONC/HYP - +2,-1,-1
* -
* HORT
* JUSS
* DUB/COND
* ABIL
* PERM
* PRESCR - +1,+1,0

==== Evidentiality ====

* -ce'í: RPT
* -mánna: INFR
* -nobã: NEV
* -tócí: SENS
Negation
* 'eeya: NEG

==== Agreement ====
The 'present' tense is the present by default, and otherwise the tense of the last verb.<ref>ADD THIS REFERENCE AND DELETE THE OTHER ONE</ref><ref group="Example references">e.g. lagað'ãn 'albín tandralí 'albín | say-PST NOM-1.AN run-FUT NOM-1.AN | I said I was going to run</ref>

==== Voice ====

* mẽna- : CAUS
* lad- : PASS
* 'õm- : REV

=== Auxiliary Verbs ===
'ayí (AFF) conveys confirmation of an action, and is verbalized to 'ayída (AFF-PRS) to convey confirmation of a state or truth, or of an object's existence, across the past, present, or future, with tense agreement

'cirette laan ma/im' conveys that the subject has knowingly or unknowingly caused the direct object to be unintentionally involved in the indirect object (a state or event), where if the direct object and subject are the same the direct object may be omitted, or included for emphasis

=== Copula ===
There is no copula in Tandí

=== Adpositions ===

==== Agreement ====
No agreement between adposition and complement is necessary

=== Interjections ===
Interjections may be placed before any word to deliver extra mood or other miscellaneous information.

== Syntax ==

=== Sentence Order ===
AVP word order with topic marking (e.g. When topic is the agent, AVP. When topic is the verb, VAP. When topic is the patient, PAV.)

Particles go after the words they attach to, and prepositions after

Adjectives may attach to any words except conjunctions and postpositions. They go directly after the word they attach to (except verbs, where they go after the postposition)

Adjectives can also be placed at the head of a verb phrase with tense marking to convey 'SBJ is ADJ'

Verb complements may be placed before the verb phrase's prepositional phrases and connected clauses, but still after the postposition and adjectives, if they are only one word long<ref group="Example references">e.g. "balda yábããntoge laan 'imaan 'omarkã́z 'albello" -> "balda yátandratoge 'albello laan ..." | "go-PRS ADJ-race-property to INE OBL-store NOM-bear" -> "go-PRS ADJ-race-property NOM-bear to ..." | "The bear goes quickly to the store"</ref>

Words modify nouns according to the following hierarchy:

* PREP(QUANT(((HNR(N))ADJ)GEN))

==== Auxiliary Verb Constructions ====
Nouns cannot be advanded forward within auxiliary verb phrases

'ayí can be either a verb or a particle, as mentioned in Auxiliary Verbs

Auxiliary verbs follow a regular form:

* V PREP Oi S (Od)

where V PREP is the auxiliary verb (a finite verb with a preposition), S is the subject and is NOT part of a prepositional phrase, Od is the direct object, and Oi is the noun phrase completing the prepositional phrase of the auxiliary verb

==== Adverb Placement ====
Adverbs are to verbs exactly as adjectives are to nouns. They follow verbs, and behave the same way to verbs and themselves that adjectives behave to nouns and ''them''selves.

=== Coordination and subordination ===
Conjunctions go between anything but postpositions and cannot be omitted. Coordinate and subordinate clauses are separated by conjunctions. There is no distinction made between coordination and subordination on a grammatical level

=== Relative Clauses ===
Relative clauses follow a regular form:

* HEAD REL VP

where HEAD is 3.INAN if the relative clause is free and the bound matrix clause if the relative clause is bound, REL is a preposition (kaka /kaxa/), and VP is a verb phrase, and the head is the verb phrase's implied direct object

=== Questions ===

==== Polar Questions ====

* hal ('eeya) _: is _ (un)true?

==== WH-Questions ====
There are three interrogative pronouns, which can form more specific interrogatives through genitives, prepositions, and conjunctions:
* koko - what
* conna - when
* mosí - who
* koko wacón - when (what time), pronoun (emphatic)
* koko wanhabun - who (what person), pronoun (emphatic)
* koko waran - where (what place), pronoun (generic)
* lewa koko - why (to what end), prepositional phrase
* konto koko - why (because of what reasoning), subordinate clause
* lak koko - how (by doing what), prepositional phrase
* no koko - about what, prepositional phrase
* 'im koko - where (near what), prepositional phrase
* 'im conna - when (near when), prepositional phrase
* 'imaan conna - for what time frame (inside when), prepositional phrase
* do koko - from what, prepositional phrase
* laan koko - to what, prepositional phrase
* etc...
questions are asked in the same intonation and word order as statements are declared<ref group="Example references">e.g. ga'ãn 'almosí bíkoko 'im conna, dú 'imaan conna, dú 'im koko, dú no koko, dú lewa koko, dú lak koko, dú kepen koko, dú do koko, dú laan koko, ..., dú kit mosí túkoko? | do-PST NOM-who ACC-what near when, CON inside when, CON near what, CON about what, CON by_doing what, CON INSTR what, CON from what, CON to what, ..., CON BEN who DAT-what | "who did what when, in what time frame, where, about what, why, how, using what, from what, ... , and to what (indirect) to what (direct)?"</ref>

=== Existential Clause ===
uses the auxiliary verb construction of 'ayí

== Miscellaneous ==
The subject, and sometimes the object, direct or indirect, of a verb phrase can be move up in the sentence in a select set of cases:

# A quote is being given. Since the quote is a prepositional phrase, it would normally occur before the arguments of the verb. However, because this could result in poorer understanding of the quote itself, the arguments go before SPECIFICALLY the quote, and after any other prepositions or particles, and the quote prepositional phrase always goes last.<ref group="Example references">e.g. lagaðan 'alheman naní no tatammaa tene 'alpoka, 'al'afanafta, bílagað na 'obín túheman 'ejanacír. | laɣaðan ʔalhɛman nani no tatamːaː tɛnɛ ʔalpoxa, ʔalʔafanafta, bilaɣað na ʔobin tyhɛman ʔɛʝanasiɹ. | say-PST NOM-HNR Nanni that repeat-PRS PERM.PRESCR NOM-2.AN NOM-ACTOR-courier ACC-speech POSS OBL-1.AN DAT-HNR Ea-Naṣir | "You, my courier, will repeat my message to Ea-Naṣir," said Nanni.</ref>
# The subject or object is only one word long. In order to promote faster delivery of important information, the word may be placed before all prepositions and particles, at the 'front' of the verb phrase (behind the verb, postposition, and adverbs)

== Examples ==
<references group="Example references" />

== Notes ==
<references />

Assammakiitina

2026-09-02T00:24:36Z

MiaKvigan: /* Phonology */

== Introduction ==
[Placeholder] is the liturgical language of the ŋation of [[Yókóz|'o'aben yálekki wanyókóz]].

== Phonology ==

=== Vowels ===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
!closure
!front
!back
|-
|close
|i ⟨i⟩
|u ⟨u⟩
|-
|close-mid
|e ⟨ei⟩
|o ⟨ou⟩
|-
|open-mid
|ɛ ⟨e⟩
|ɔ ⟨o⟩
|-
|near-open
|æ ⟨aei⟩
|
|-
|open
|a ⟨a⟩
|
|}Vowels may be elongated once or twice

=== Bright Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
!Placement →
↓ Manner
!Labial
!Coronal
!Dorsal
!Laryngeal
|-
|Nasal
|m
|n
|
|
|-
|(Im)Plosive
|p ⟨p'⟩ / b ⟨p⟩ / ɓ ⟨b⟩
|t ⟨t'⟩ / d ⟨t⟩ / ɗ ⟨d⟩
|q ⟨k'⟩ / ɢ ⟨k⟩
|ʔ ⟨q⟩
|-
|Sibilant fricative
|
|s / z
|ʃ ⟨ṡ⟩ / ʒ ⟨ż⟩
|
|-
|Non-sibilant fricative
|f / v
|θ ⟨ð⟩
|
|h
|-
|Approximant
|
|l
|y
|
|}

===Dark Consonants===

{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
!Placement →
↓ Manner
!Labial
!Coronal
!Uvulo-Pharyngeal
!Laryngeal
|-
|Nasal
|mˁ ⟨ṃ⟩
|nˁ ⟨ṇ⟩
|
|
|-
|(Im)Plosive
|bˁ ⟨p̣⟩ / ɓˁ ⟨ḅ⟩
|dˁ ⟨ṭ⟩ / ɗˁ ⟨ḍ⟩
|ɢˁ ⟨ḳ⟩ / ʛˁ ⟨g⟩
|ʔˁ ⟨q̣⟩
|-
|Sibilant fricative
|
|sˁ ⟨ṣ⟩ / zˁ ⟨ẓ⟩
|
|
|-
|Non-sibilant fricative
|vˁ ⟨ṿ⟩
|ðˁ ⟨ð̣⟩
|ħ ⟨ḥ⟩
|ʕ ⟨r⟩
|-
|Approximant
|
|lˁ ⟨ḷ⟩
|
|
|}

==== Morae ====
All root words have three morae, where morae must contain a vowel, such that the final vowel is either doubled or tripled to complete the morae.

==== Tones ====
There are seven musical tones. Patterns of three tones are matched to the three morae of a word, and indicate its case. Dark consonants lower a tone by two notes from its base tone, or raise by one if already within two tones of the lowest. Major scales indicate the indicative (C major, CDEFGAB), interrogative (A♭ major, A♭B♭CD♭E♭FG), justificative (E♭ major, E♭FGA♭B♭C), energetic (F♯ major, F♯G♯A♯BC♯D♯E♯), and imperative (D major, DEF♯GABC♯) sentential moods.

=== Phonotactics ===
CV ,where C is any consonant and V is any vowel

V can be lengthened twice or three times over

C can be geminated, which is represented as 2(3<ref>digraphs geminate their first letter only</ref>) consonants in the romanization but counts as one for phonotactics

There is no set tense patterning, as each mora is given equal weight

==== Rhyme scheme ====
In poetic meter, geminated vowels are twice as long, and geminated consonants and stretched rhymes<ref>A stretched rhyme is a rhyme which has no gemination but is lengthened to accommodate for mismatch with the meter.</ref> are one and a half times as long.

== Morphology ==

=== Pronouns ===

==== Personal pronouns ====
na - 1.AN

tou - 1.INAN

poka - 2.AN

tóó - 2.INAN

dããd - 3.AN

ken - 3.INAN

==== Deictic pronouns ====
mitta - this

lotta - that

'this' is used for anything within two steps and arm's reach. 'that' is anything outside of that range.

==== Interrogative pronouns ====
koko - what

conna - when

mosí - who

(other interrogatives are phrasal, e.g. 'lewa koko' [in_order_to what] meaning 'why')

==== Indefinite pronouns ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Case→
! rowspan="2" |Negative
! rowspan="2" |Universal
! rowspan="2" |Assertive existential
! rowspan="2" |Dubitative existential
|-
!Type↓
|-
|Person
|habunko
|habunbaa
|habunlin
|habunẽn
|-
|Thing
|lenko
|lenbaa
|lenlin
|lenẽn
|-
|Place
|ranko
|ranbaa
|ranlin
|ranẽn
|-
|Time
|cónko
|cónbaa
|cónlin
|cónẽn
|}

=== Nouns ===

==== Role assignment ====
A noun's semantic role in a sentence is indicated by a pattern of musical tones. The starting tone of the sentence is established by a hum, and is typically the third note, and the numbers are the note shifts (e.g. -1 means shift one note down in the chord, and +1 means shift one up). When a note is shifted by a dark consonant, it also shifts the subsequent notes (e.g. 0,0,0 on starting note 3 is 3-3-3, but when beginning with a dark consonant becomes 2-2-2, and when having an intermediate dark consonant becomes 3-2-2), and if a case note shift would leave the octave it instead shifts in the opposite direction.

* agent of progressive verbs: 0,+1,-1
* agent of stative verbs and copula, patient of progressive verbs: 0,-1,0
* patient of stative verbs: -1,-1,+2
* indirect object of ditransitive verbs: -2,0,-1
* noun complement (Genitive), patient of copula: -1,0,+2
* oblique: +2,-1,0 

ṿanade /vˁanadɛ/ - black

sameiṡa /sameʃa/ - cat

noze /nɔzɛ/ - to watch

na /na/ - 1SG

The ''black cat'' watches me.

m |E| sameiṡa |E-D-D| ṿanade |C-C-E| noze |E-F-F| na |F-E-E|.

Should ''I'' watch the black cat?

m |C| na |C-D♭-C| noze |D♭-G-G| sameiṡa |G-F-F| ṿanade |D♭-D♭-F|.

A♭B♭CD♭E♭FG

==== Number ====
singular default, plus dual, paucal, and plural marked by suffix on a stem which goes before tense and aspect

dual: -dí

paucal: -ve

plural: -na

==== Gender ====
There is no grammatical gender in Tandí

==== Possession ====
POSD na POSR: 'obaan na 'obákúún - the room of the house (DEF-OBL-room POSS DEF-OBL-house)

=== Determiners ===

==== Demonstratives ====
_ wannitta - this _

_ wanlotta - that _

==== Articles ====
Tandí does not use articles

==== Possessive Determiners ====
_ na _: doro na bín - my ball (ball POSS 1.AN); doro na poka - your ball (ball POSS 2.AN); etc.

_ na koko bac - whose _ (POSS what AN)

==== Quantifiers ====
Quantifiers go before the nouns they quantify (see Sentence Order)

=== Conjunctions ===
Conjunctions go in between semantic elements they connect, which can include things like nouns, noun phrases, relative clauses, verb argument lists<ref>The list of a verb's subject, direct object, and indirect object, in the case that a verb is applied to multiple sets of arguments</ref>, etc.

=== Numerals ===

==== Cardinals ====
cardinal "'amend" noun - ní 'amend doro - two CARD ball - ball number two (of a collection)

==== Ordinals ====
ordinal tokan noun - ordinal ORD noun, e.g. ní tokan doro - two ORD ball - second ball<ref group="Example references">e.g. ní tokan 'aban nana jelí | two ORD day PRT year | second day of the year</ref>

==== Nominals ====
root-cardinal - doroní - ball-two - two balls<ref group="Example references">e.g. baddaa 'aldaadukcí bídããní | hit-PRS NOM-3.AN-one ACC-3.AN-two | he hit him (of two people)</ref>

nũm - zero

'ókcí - one

ní - two

ta'í - three

sín - four

kílan - five

jaal - six

kitten - seven

bón - eight

nítta - nine

lan - ten

cen - hundred

tõn - thousand

=== Adjectives ===

==== Placement ====
directly after the noun<ref group="Example references">e.g. 'okína yálekkena wakakííta | OBL-seed-PL ADJ-green GEN-pepper | green pepper seeds</ref>

Adjectives may or may not match the number of the noun, as there is a semantic difference<ref>e.g. "Her muscles were like steel cables" implies her muscles were strong, where "Her muscles were like a steel cable" implies they are arranged in a line</ref>

==== Comparison ====
yá-adjective-degree-PRS<ref>Note here that the adjective is used as a verb, and is placed as the head of a verb phrase</ref> subject: subject is degree adjective than object<ref group="Example references">e.g. yábannúda 'albín 'an bípoka | ADJ-good-COMP-PRS NOM-1SG.AN than ACC-1SG.AN | I am better than you (lit. am_better I than you)</ref>

=== Finite Verbs ===

==== Tense ====
attaches to verb

* -da: PRS
* -'ãn: PST
* -lí: FUT

==== Aspect ====
goes after tense:

* -bó: PROG.CONT
* -len: PERF
* -món: GNO
* -dada: HAB
goes before verb:
* kon-: INF

=== Verb Postpositions ===

==== Mood ====
Mood is conveyed by musical tone
* plain - 0,+1,0
* MIR/BEND/OPT - +2,-2,+1
* CONC/HYP - +2,-1,-1
* -
* HORT
* JUSS
* DUB/COND
* ABIL
* PERM
* PRESCR - +1,+1,0

==== Evidentiality ====

* -ce'í: RPT
* -mánna: INFR
* -nobã: NEV
* -tócí: SENS
Negation
* 'eeya: NEG

==== Agreement ====
The 'present' tense is the present by default, and otherwise the tense of the last verb.<ref>ADD THIS REFERENCE AND DELETE THE OTHER ONE</ref><ref group="Example references">e.g. lagað'ãn 'albín tandralí 'albín | say-PST NOM-1.AN run-FUT NOM-1.AN | I said I was going to run</ref>

==== Voice ====

* mẽna- : CAUS
* lad- : PASS
* 'õm- : REV

=== Auxiliary Verbs ===
'ayí (AFF) conveys confirmation of an action, and is verbalized to 'ayída (AFF-PRS) to convey confirmation of a state or truth, or of an object's existence, across the past, present, or future, with tense agreement

'cirette laan ma/im' conveys that the subject has knowingly or unknowingly caused the direct object to be unintentionally involved in the indirect object (a state or event), where if the direct object and subject are the same the direct object may be omitted, or included for emphasis

=== Copula ===
There is no copula in Tandí

=== Adpositions ===

==== Agreement ====
No agreement between adposition and complement is necessary

=== Interjections ===
Interjections may be placed before any word to deliver extra mood or other miscellaneous information.

== Syntax ==

=== Sentence Order ===
AVP word order with topic marking (e.g. When topic is the agent, AVP. When topic is the verb, VAP. When topic is the patient, PAV.)

Particles go after the words they attach to, and prepositions after

Adjectives may attach to any words except conjunctions and postpositions. They go directly after the word they attach to (except verbs, where they go after the postposition)

Adjectives can also be placed at the head of a verb phrase with tense marking to convey 'SBJ is ADJ'

Verb complements may be placed before the verb phrase's prepositional phrases and connected clauses, but still after the postposition and adjectives, if they are only one word long<ref group="Example references">e.g. "balda yábããntoge laan 'imaan 'omarkã́z 'albello" -> "balda yátandratoge 'albello laan ..." | "go-PRS ADJ-race-property to INE OBL-store NOM-bear" -> "go-PRS ADJ-race-property NOM-bear to ..." | "The bear goes quickly to the store"</ref>

Words modify nouns according to the following hierarchy:

* PREP(QUANT(((HNR(N))ADJ)GEN))

==== Auxiliary Verb Constructions ====
Nouns cannot be advanded forward within auxiliary verb phrases

'ayí can be either a verb or a particle, as mentioned in Auxiliary Verbs

Auxiliary verbs follow a regular form:

* V PREP Oi S (Od)

where V PREP is the auxiliary verb (a finite verb with a preposition), S is the subject and is NOT part of a prepositional phrase, Od is the direct object, and Oi is the noun phrase completing the prepositional phrase of the auxiliary verb

==== Adverb Placement ====
Adverbs are to verbs exactly as adjectives are to nouns. They follow verbs, and behave the same way to verbs and themselves that adjectives behave to nouns and ''them''selves.

=== Coordination and subordination ===
Conjunctions go between anything but postpositions and cannot be omitted. Coordinate and subordinate clauses are separated by conjunctions. There is no distinction made between coordination and subordination on a grammatical level

=== Relative Clauses ===
Relative clauses follow a regular form:

* HEAD REL VP

where HEAD is 3.INAN if the relative clause is free and the bound matrix clause if the relative clause is bound, REL is a preposition (kaka /kaxa/), and VP is a verb phrase, and the head is the verb phrase's implied direct object

=== Questions ===

==== Polar Questions ====

* hal ('eeya) _: is _ (un)true?

==== WH-Questions ====
There are three interrogative pronouns, which can form more specific interrogatives through genitives, prepositions, and conjunctions:
* koko - what
* conna - when
* mosí - who
* koko wacón - when (what time), pronoun (emphatic)
* koko wanhabun - who (what person), pronoun (emphatic)
* koko waran - where (what place), pronoun (generic)
* lewa koko - why (to what end), prepositional phrase
* konto koko - why (because of what reasoning), subordinate clause
* lak koko - how (by doing what), prepositional phrase
* no koko - about what, prepositional phrase
* 'im koko - where (near what), prepositional phrase
* 'im conna - when (near when), prepositional phrase
* 'imaan conna - for what time frame (inside when), prepositional phrase
* do koko - from what, prepositional phrase
* laan koko - to what, prepositional phrase
* etc...
questions are asked in the same intonation and word order as statements are declared<ref group="Example references">e.g. ga'ãn 'almosí bíkoko 'im conna, dú 'imaan conna, dú 'im koko, dú no koko, dú lewa koko, dú lak koko, dú kepen koko, dú do koko, dú laan koko, ..., dú kit mosí túkoko? | do-PST NOM-who ACC-what near when, CON inside when, CON near what, CON about what, CON by_doing what, CON INSTR what, CON from what, CON to what, ..., CON BEN who DAT-what | "who did what when, in what time frame, where, about what, why, how, using what, from what, ... , and to what (indirect) to what (direct)?"</ref>

=== Existential Clause ===
uses the auxiliary verb construction of 'ayí

== Miscellaneous ==
The subject, and sometimes the object, direct or indirect, of a verb phrase can be move up in the sentence in a select set of cases:

# A quote is being given. Since the quote is a prepositional phrase, it would normally occur before the arguments of the verb. However, because this could result in poorer understanding of the quote itself, the arguments go before SPECIFICALLY the quote, and after any other prepositions or particles, and the quote prepositional phrase always goes last.<ref group="Example references">e.g. lagaðan 'alheman naní no tatammaa tene 'alpoka, 'al'afanafta, bílagað na 'obín túheman 'ejanacír. | laɣaðan ʔalhɛman nani no tatamːaː tɛnɛ ʔalpoxa, ʔalʔafanafta, bilaɣað na ʔobin tyhɛman ʔɛʝanasiɹ. | say-PST NOM-HNR Nanni that repeat-PRS PERM.PRESCR NOM-2.AN NOM-ACTOR-courier ACC-speech POSS OBL-1.AN DAT-HNR Ea-Naṣir | "You, my courier, will repeat my message to Ea-Naṣir," said Nanni.</ref>
# The subject or object is only one word long. In order to promote faster delivery of important information, the word may be placed before all prepositions and particles, at the 'front' of the verb phrase (behind the verb, postposition, and adverbs)

== Examples ==
<references group="Example references" />

== Notes ==
<references />

Assammakiitina

2026-09-01T15:00:23Z

MiaKvigan: completely changed the language's alignment

== Introduction ==
[Placeholder] is the liturgical language of the ŋation of [[Yókóz|'o'aben yálekki wanyókóz]].

== Phonology ==

=== Vowels ===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
!closure
!front
!back
|-
|close
|i ⟨i⟩
|u ⟨u⟩
|-
|close-mid
|e ⟨ei⟩
|o ⟨ou⟩
|-
|open-mid
|ɛ ⟨e⟩
|ɔ ⟨o⟩
|-
|near-open
|æ ⟨aei⟩
|
|-
|open
|a ⟨a⟩
|
|}Vowels may be elongated once or twice

=== Bright Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
!Placement →
↓ Manner
!Labial
!Coronal
!Dorsal
!Laryngeal
|-
|Nasal
|m
|n
|
|
|-
|(Im)Plosive
|p ⟨p'⟩ / b ⟨p⟩ / ɓ ⟨b⟩
|t ⟨t'⟩ / d ⟨t⟩ / ɗ ⟨d⟩
|q ⟨k'⟩ / ɢ ⟨k⟩
|ʔ ⟨q⟩
|-
|Sibilant fricative
|
|s / z
|ʃ ⟨ṡ⟩ / ʒ ⟨ż⟩
|
|-
|Non-sibilant fricative
|f / v
|θ ⟨ð⟩
|
|h
|-
|Approximant
|
|l
|y
|
|}

===Dark Consonants===

{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
!Placement →
↓ Manner
!Labial
!Coronal
!Uvulo-Pharyngeal
!Laryngeal
|-
|Nasal
|mˁ ⟨ṃ⟩
|nˁ ⟨ṇ⟩
|
|
|-
|(Im)Plosive
|bˁ ⟨p̣⟩ / ɓˁ ⟨ḅ⟩
|dˁ ⟨ṭ⟩ / ɗˁ ⟨ḍ⟩
|ɢˁ ⟨ḳ⟩ / ʛˁ ⟨g⟩
|ʔˁ ⟨q̣⟩
|-
|Sibilant fricative
|
|sˁ ⟨ṣ⟩ / zˁ ⟨ẓ⟩
|
|
|-
|Non-sibilant fricative
|vˁ ⟨ṿ⟩
|ðˁ ⟨ð̣⟩
|ħ ⟨ḥ⟩
|ʕ ⟨r⟩
|-
|Approximant
|
|lˁ ⟨ḷ⟩
|
|
|}

==== Morae ====
All root words have three morae, where morae must contain a vowel, such that the final vowel is either doubled or tripled to complete the morae.

==== Tones ====
There are seven musical tones. Patterns of three tones are matched to the three morae of a word, and indicate its case. Dark consonants lower a tone by two notes from its base tone, or raise by one if already within two tones of the lowest. Major scales indicate the indicative (C major, CDEFGAB), interrogative (A♭ major, A♭B♭CD♭E♭FG), justificative (E♭ major, E♭FGA♭B♭C), energetic (F♯ major, F♯G♯A♯BC♯D♯E♯), and imperative (D major, DEF♯GABC♯) sentential moods.

=== Phonotactics ===
CV ,where C is any consonant and V is any vowel

V can be lengthened twice or three times over

C can be geminated, which is represented as 2(3<ref>digraphs geminate their first letter only</ref>) consonants in the romanization but counts as one for phonotactics

There is no set tense patterning, and tense is instead considered a part of intonation

==== Allophones ====

* <f> /f/ → /fʰ/ | _N
* <g> /g/ → /ɣ/ | L(G)_V
* <k> /k/ → /kʰ/ | _N
* <k> /k/ → /x/ | L(G)_V
* <k> /x/ → /xʰ/ | _N
* <l> /l/ → /l̃/ | N_
* <nowiki> /p/ → /pʰ/ | _N</nowiki>
* <r> /ɹ/ → /ɾ/ | C!n_
* <r> /ɹ/ → /ɹ̃/ | N_
* <r> /ɹ/ → /ʢ̞/ | #_
* <t> /t/ → /tʰ/ | _N
* <y> /ʝ/ → /ʝ̃/ | N_
* <w> /w/ → /w̃/ | N_
where C is any consonant, V is any vowel, L is any lax vowel, N is any nasal vowel, G is any oral sonorant, and #_ means word-initial

==== Rhyme scheme ====
In poetic meter, geminated vowels are twice as long, and geminated consonants and stretched rhymes<ref>A stretched rhyme is a rhyme which has no gemination but is lengthened to accommodate for mismatch with the meter.</ref> are one and a half times as long.

== Morphology ==

=== Pronouns ===

==== Personal pronouns ====
na - 1.AN

tou - 1.INAN

poka - 2.AN

tóó - 2.INAN

dããd - 3.AN

ken - 3.INAN

==== Deictic pronouns ====
mitta - this

lotta - that

'this' is used for anything within two steps and arm's reach. 'that' is anything outside of that range.

==== Interrogative pronouns ====
koko - what

conna - when

mosí - who

(other interrogatives are phrasal, e.g. 'lewa koko' [in_order_to what] meaning 'why')

==== Indefinite pronouns ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Case→
! rowspan="2" |Negative
! rowspan="2" |Universal
! rowspan="2" |Assertive existential
! rowspan="2" |Dubitative existential
|-
!Type↓
|-
|Person
|habunko
|habunbaa
|habunlin
|habunẽn
|-
|Thing
|lenko
|lenbaa
|lenlin
|lenẽn
|-
|Place
|ranko
|ranbaa
|ranlin
|ranẽn
|-
|Time
|cónko
|cónbaa
|cónlin
|cónẽn
|}

=== Nouns ===

==== Role assignment ====
A noun's semantic role in a sentence is indicated by a pattern of musical tones. The starting tone of the sentence is established by a hum, and is typically the third note, and the numbers are the note shifts (e.g. -1 means shift one note down in the chord, and +1 means shift one up). When a note is shifted by a dark consonant, it also shifts the subsequent notes (e.g. 0,0,0 on starting note 3 is 3-3-3, but when beginning with a dark consonant becomes 2-2-2, and when having an intermediate dark consonant becomes 3-2-2), and if a case note shift would leave the octave it instead shifts in the opposite direction.

* agent of progressive verbs: 0,+1,-1
* agent of stative verbs and copula, patient of progressive verbs: 0,-1,0
* patient of stative verbs: -1,-1,+2
* indirect object of ditransitive verbs: -2,0,-1
* noun complement (Genitive), patient of copula: -1,0,+2
* oblique: +2,-1,0 

ṿanade /vˁanadɛ/ - black

sameiṡa /sameʃa/ - cat

noze /nɔzɛ/ - to watch

na /na/ - 1SG

The ''black cat'' watches me.

m |E| sameiṡa |E-D-D| ṿanade |C-C-E| noze |E-F-F| na |F-E-E|.

Should ''I'' watch the black cat?

m |C| na |C-D♭-C| noze |D♭-G-G| sameiṡa |G-F-F| ṿanade |D♭-D♭-F|.

A♭B♭CD♭E♭FG

==== Number ====
singular default, plus dual, paucal, and plural marked by suffix on a stem which goes before tense and aspect

dual: -dí

paucal: -ve

plural: -na

==== Gender ====
There is no grammatical gender in Tandí

==== Possession ====
POSD na POSR: 'obaan na 'obákúún - the room of the house (DEF-OBL-room POSS DEF-OBL-house)

=== Determiners ===

==== Demonstratives ====
_ wannitta - this _

_ wanlotta - that _

==== Articles ====
Tandí does not use articles

==== Possessive Determiners ====
_ na _: doro na bín - my ball (ball POSS 1.AN); doro na poka - your ball (ball POSS 2.AN); etc.

_ na koko bac - whose _ (POSS what AN)

==== Quantifiers ====
Quantifiers go before the nouns they quantify (see Sentence Order)

=== Conjunctions ===
Conjunctions go in between semantic elements they connect, which can include things like nouns, noun phrases, relative clauses, verb argument lists<ref>The list of a verb's subject, direct object, and indirect object, in the case that a verb is applied to multiple sets of arguments</ref>, etc.

=== Numerals ===

==== Cardinals ====
cardinal "'amend" noun - ní 'amend doro - two CARD ball - ball number two (of a collection)

==== Ordinals ====
ordinal tokan noun - ordinal ORD noun, e.g. ní tokan doro - two ORD ball - second ball<ref group="Example references">e.g. ní tokan 'aban nana jelí | two ORD day PRT year | second day of the year</ref>

==== Nominals ====
root-cardinal - doroní - ball-two - two balls<ref group="Example references">e.g. baddaa 'aldaadukcí bídããní | hit-PRS NOM-3.AN-one ACC-3.AN-two | he hit him (of two people)</ref>

nũm - zero

'ókcí - one

ní - two

ta'í - three

sín - four

kílan - five

jaal - six

kitten - seven

bón - eight

nítta - nine

lan - ten

cen - hundred

tõn - thousand

=== Adjectives ===

==== Placement ====
directly after the noun<ref group="Example references">e.g. 'okína yálekkena wakakííta | OBL-seed-PL ADJ-green GEN-pepper | green pepper seeds</ref>

Adjectives may or may not match the number of the noun, as there is a semantic difference<ref>e.g. "Her muscles were like steel cables" implies her muscles were strong, where "Her muscles were like a steel cable" implies they are arranged in a line</ref>

==== Comparison ====
yá-adjective-degree-PRS<ref>Note here that the adjective is used as a verb, and is placed as the head of a verb phrase</ref> subject: subject is degree adjective than object<ref group="Example references">e.g. yábannúda 'albín 'an bípoka | ADJ-good-COMP-PRS NOM-1SG.AN than ACC-1SG.AN | I am better than you (lit. am_better I than you)</ref>

=== Finite Verbs ===

==== Tense ====
attaches to verb

* -da: PRS
* -'ãn: PST
* -lí: FUT

==== Aspect ====
goes after tense:

* -bó: PROG.CONT
* -len: PERF
* -món: GNO
* -dada: HAB
goes before verb:
* kon-: INF

=== Verb Postpositions ===

==== Mood ====
Mood is conveyed by musical tone
* plain - 0,+1,0
* MIR/BEND/OPT - +2,-2,+1
* CONC/HYP - +2,-1,-1
* -
* HORT
* JUSS
* DUB/COND
* ABIL
* PERM
* PRESCR - +1,+1,0

==== Evidentiality ====

* -ce'í: RPT
* -mánna: INFR
* -nobã: NEV
* -tócí: SENS
Negation
* 'eeya: NEG

==== Agreement ====
The 'present' tense is the present by default, and otherwise the tense of the last verb.<ref>ADD THIS REFERENCE AND DELETE THE OTHER ONE</ref><ref group="Example references">e.g. lagað'ãn 'albín tandralí 'albín | say-PST NOM-1.AN run-FUT NOM-1.AN | I said I was going to run</ref>

==== Voice ====

* mẽna- : CAUS
* lad- : PASS
* 'õm- : REV

=== Auxiliary Verbs ===
'ayí (AFF) conveys confirmation of an action, and is verbalized to 'ayída (AFF-PRS) to convey confirmation of a state or truth, or of an object's existence, across the past, present, or future, with tense agreement

'cirette laan ma/im' conveys that the subject has knowingly or unknowingly caused the direct object to be unintentionally involved in the indirect object (a state or event), where if the direct object and subject are the same the direct object may be omitted, or included for emphasis

=== Copula ===
There is no copula in Tandí

=== Adpositions ===

==== Agreement ====
No agreement between adposition and complement is necessary

=== Interjections ===
Interjections may be placed before any word to deliver extra mood or other miscellaneous information.

== Syntax ==

=== Sentence Order ===
AVP word order with topic marking (e.g. When topic is the agent, AVP. When topic is the verb, VAP. When topic is the patient, PAV.)

Particles go after the words they attach to, and prepositions after

Adjectives may attach to any words except conjunctions and postpositions. They go directly after the word they attach to (except verbs, where they go after the postposition)

Adjectives can also be placed at the head of a verb phrase with tense marking to convey 'SBJ is ADJ'

Verb complements may be placed before the verb phrase's prepositional phrases and connected clauses, but still after the postposition and adjectives, if they are only one word long<ref group="Example references">e.g. "balda yábããntoge laan 'imaan 'omarkã́z 'albello" -> "balda yátandratoge 'albello laan ..." | "go-PRS ADJ-race-property to INE OBL-store NOM-bear" -> "go-PRS ADJ-race-property NOM-bear to ..." | "The bear goes quickly to the store"</ref>

Words modify nouns according to the following hierarchy:

* PREP(QUANT(((HNR(N))ADJ)GEN))

==== Auxiliary Verb Constructions ====
Nouns cannot be advanded forward within auxiliary verb phrases

'ayí can be either a verb or a particle, as mentioned in Auxiliary Verbs

Auxiliary verbs follow a regular form:

* V PREP Oi S (Od)

where V PREP is the auxiliary verb (a finite verb with a preposition), S is the subject and is NOT part of a prepositional phrase, Od is the direct object, and Oi is the noun phrase completing the prepositional phrase of the auxiliary verb

==== Adverb Placement ====
Adverbs are to verbs exactly as adjectives are to nouns. They follow verbs, and behave the same way to verbs and themselves that adjectives behave to nouns and ''them''selves.

=== Coordination and subordination ===
Conjunctions go between anything but postpositions and cannot be omitted. Coordinate and subordinate clauses are separated by conjunctions. There is no distinction made between coordination and subordination on a grammatical level

=== Relative Clauses ===
Relative clauses follow a regular form:

* HEAD REL VP

where HEAD is 3.INAN if the relative clause is free and the bound matrix clause if the relative clause is bound, REL is a preposition (kaka /kaxa/), and VP is a verb phrase, and the head is the verb phrase's implied direct object

=== Questions ===

==== Polar Questions ====

* hal ('eeya) _: is _ (un)true?

==== WH-Questions ====
There are three interrogative pronouns, which can form more specific interrogatives through genitives, prepositions, and conjunctions:
* koko - what
* conna - when
* mosí - who
* koko wacón - when (what time), pronoun (emphatic)
* koko wanhabun - who (what person), pronoun (emphatic)
* koko waran - where (what place), pronoun (generic)
* lewa koko - why (to what end), prepositional phrase
* konto koko - why (because of what reasoning), subordinate clause
* lak koko - how (by doing what), prepositional phrase
* no koko - about what, prepositional phrase
* 'im koko - where (near what), prepositional phrase
* 'im conna - when (near when), prepositional phrase
* 'imaan conna - for what time frame (inside when), prepositional phrase
* do koko - from what, prepositional phrase
* laan koko - to what, prepositional phrase
* etc...
questions are asked in the same intonation and word order as statements are declared<ref group="Example references">e.g. ga'ãn 'almosí bíkoko 'im conna, dú 'imaan conna, dú 'im koko, dú no koko, dú lewa koko, dú lak koko, dú kepen koko, dú do koko, dú laan koko, ..., dú kit mosí túkoko? | do-PST NOM-who ACC-what near when, CON inside when, CON near what, CON about what, CON by_doing what, CON INSTR what, CON from what, CON to what, ..., CON BEN who DAT-what | "who did what when, in what time frame, where, about what, why, how, using what, from what, ... , and to what (indirect) to what (direct)?"</ref>

=== Existential Clause ===
uses the auxiliary verb construction of 'ayí

== Miscellaneous ==
The subject, and sometimes the object, direct or indirect, of a verb phrase can be move up in the sentence in a select set of cases:

# A quote is being given. Since the quote is a prepositional phrase, it would normally occur before the arguments of the verb. However, because this could result in poorer understanding of the quote itself, the arguments go before SPECIFICALLY the quote, and after any other prepositions or particles, and the quote prepositional phrase always goes last.<ref group="Example references">e.g. lagaðan 'alheman naní no tatammaa tene 'alpoka, 'al'afanafta, bílagað na 'obín túheman 'ejanacír. | laɣaðan ʔalhɛman nani no tatamːaː tɛnɛ ʔalpoxa, ʔalʔafanafta, bilaɣað na ʔobin tyhɛman ʔɛʝanasiɹ. | say-PST NOM-HNR Nanni that repeat-PRS PERM.PRESCR NOM-2.AN NOM-ACTOR-courier ACC-speech POSS OBL-1.AN DAT-HNR Ea-Naṣir | "You, my courier, will repeat my message to Ea-Naṣir," said Nanni.</ref>
# The subject or object is only one word long. In order to promote faster delivery of important information, the word may be placed before all prepositions and particles, at the 'front' of the verb phrase (behind the verb, postposition, and adverbs)

== Examples ==
<references group="Example references" />

== Notes ==
<references />

Tandí

2026-08-30T18:28:43Z

MiaKvigan: /* Vowels */

== Introduction ==
'obala yábalí wantandí is the native language of the ŋation of [[Yókóz|'o'aben yálekki wanyókóz]] on order of [[User:MiaKvigan|lappi Miya]] on the 3rd of May, 2026, at 12:06 P.M. CST

== Phonology ==

=== Vowels ===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
! rowspan="2" |closure
! colspan="2" |front
! colspan="2" |central
! colspan="2" |back
|-
!lax
!tense
!lax
!tense
!lax
!tense
|-
|close
|ɪ ⟨i⟩
|i ⟨í⟩
|
|ɨ ⟨ú⟩
|
|u ⟨ó⟩
|-
|mid
|ɛ ⟨e⟩
|e ⟨é⟩
|ə ⟨u⟩
|
|o ⟨o⟩
|
|-
|open
|a ⟨a⟩
|æ ⟨á⟩
|
|
|
|
|}Vowels may be nasalized or elongated

=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
!Placement →
↓ Manner
!Labial
!Dental
!Alveolar
!Post-alveolar
!Palatal
!Velar
!Laryngeal
|-
|Nasal
|m
|
|n
|
|
|
|
|-
|Plosive
|p / b
|
|t / d
|
|
|k / g
|ʔ ⟨'⟩
|-
|Sibilant affricate
|
|
|
|t͡ʃ ⟨ts⟩ / d͡ʒ ⟨dj⟩
|
|
|
|-
|Sibilant fricative
|
|
|s ⟨c⟩ / z
|ʃ ⟨s⟩ / ʒ ⟨j⟩
|
|
|
|-
|Non-sibilant fricative
|f / v
|ð
|
|
|ʝ ⟨y⟩
|
|h
|-
|Approximant
|
|
|ɹ ⟨r⟩
|
|
|w
|
|-
|Lateral Approximant
|
|
|l
|
|
|
|
|}
==== Consonant cluster reduction rules ====
Consonants can be 'absorbed' or 'deleted', where absorbed consonants become their absorber (dk > dd) and deleted consonants disappear (dn > n)

* n absorbs neighboring m
* m deletes preceding p and b
* n deletes preceding t and d
* g absorbs all other neighboring plosives, k absorbs all but g, d all but k and g, etc. (' is considered weak)
* dj absorbs neighboring ts
* dj and ts delete preceding j and s
* j absorbs all other neighboring sibilant fricatives, s absorbs all but j, etc.
* y absorbs all other neighboring non-sibilant fricatives, ð absorbs all but y, etc. (h is considered weak)
* w absorbs all other neighboring approximants, and r absorbs l (regular and lateral approximants are blended)

Examples:

* lad-gíla-món-'an → laggílamónan (d-g → gg, n-' → n)
* lad-púkan-món → laddúkannón (d-p → dd, n-m → nn)
* yá-damack-dé'an → yádamacké'an (ck-d → ck)
* bí-daad-ní → bídaaní (d-n → n)

=== Phonotactics ===
C(S)V(C)(C) or (C)CV(S)(C) ,where C is any consonant, S is any oral sonorant, and V is any vowel

V can be lengthened, which is represented as 2 vowels in the romanization but counts as 1

C can be geminated, which is represented as 2(3<ref>digraphs geminate their first letter only</ref>) consonants in the romanization but counts as one for phonotactics

There is no set tense patterning, and tense is instead considered a part of intonation

==== Allophones ====

* <f> /f/ → /fʰ/ | _N
* <g> /g/ → /ɣ/ | L(G)_V
* <k> /k/ → /kʰ/ | _N
* <k> /k/ → /x/ | L(G)_V
* <k> /x/ → /xʰ/ | _N
* <l> /l/ → /l̃/ | N_
* <nowiki> /p/ → /pʰ/ | _N</nowiki>
* <r> /ɹ/ → /ɾ/ | C!n_
* <r> /ɹ/ → /ɹ̃/ | N_
* <r> /ɹ/ → /ʢ̞/ | #_
* <t> /t/ → /tʰ/ | _N
* <y> /ʝ/ → /ʝ̃/ | N_
* <w> /w/ → /w̃/ | N_
where C is any consonant, V is any vowel, L is any lax vowel, N is any nasal vowel, G is any oral sonorant, and #_ means word-initial

==== Rhyme scheme ====
In poetic meter, geminated vowels are twice as long, and geminated consonants and stretched rhymes<ref>A stretched rhyme is a rhyme which has no gemination but is lengthened to accommodate for mismatch with the meter.</ref> are one and a half times as long.

== Morphology ==

=== Pronouns ===

==== Personal pronouns ====
bín - 1.AN

mam - 1.INAN

poka - 2.AN

tóó - 2.INAN

dããd - 3.AN

ken - 3.INAN

==== Deictic pronouns ====
mitta - this

lotta - that

'this' is used for anything within two steps and arm's reach. 'that' is anything outside of that range.

==== Interrogative pronouns ====
koko - what

conna - when

mosí - who

(other interrogatives are phrasal, e.g. 'lewa koko' [in_order_to what] meaning 'why')

==== Indefinite pronouns ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Case→
! rowspan="2" |Negative
! rowspan="2" |Universal
! rowspan="2" |Assertive existential
! rowspan="2" |Dubitative existential
|-
!Type↓
|-
|Person
|habunko
|habunbaa
|habunlin
|habunẽn
|-
|Thing
|lenko
|lenbaa
|lenlin
|lenẽn
|-
|Place
|ranko
|ranbaa
|ranlin
|ranẽn
|-
|Time
|cónko
|cónbaa
|cónlin
|cónẽn
|}

=== Nouns ===

==== Role assignment ====
A noun's semantic role in a sentence is indicated by a case prefix

subject (Nominative case): 'al-

direct object/subject complement (Accusative case): bí-

indirect object (Dative case): tú-

noun complement (Genitive case): wan-

other (Oblique case): 'o-<ref>oblique case is not required on personal pronouns</ref>

==== Number ====
singular default, plus dual, paucal, and plural marked by suffix on a stem which goes before tense and aspect

dual: -dí

paucal: -ve

plural: -na

==== Gender ====
There is no grammatical gender in Tandí

==== Possession ====
POSD na POSR: 'obaan na 'obákúún - the room of the house (DEF-OBL-room POSS DEF-OBL-house)

=== Determiners ===

==== Demonstratives ====
_ wannitta - this _

_ wanlotta - that _

==== Articles ====
Tandí does not use articles

==== Possessive Determiners ====
_ na _: doro na bín - my ball (ball POSS 1.AN); doro na poka - your ball (ball POSS 2.AN); etc.

_ na koko bac - whose _ (POSS what AN)

==== Quantifiers ====
Quantifiers go before the nouns they quantify (see Sentence Order)

=== Conjunctions ===
Conjunctions go in between semantic elements they connect, which can include things like nouns, noun phrases, relative clauses, verb argument lists<ref>The list of a verb's subject, direct object, and indirect object, in the case that a verb is applied to multiple sets of arguments</ref>, etc.

=== Numerals ===

==== Cardinals ====
cardinal "'amend" noun - ní 'amend doro - two CARD ball - ball number two (of a collection)

==== Ordinals ====
ordinal tokan noun - ordinal ORD noun, e.g. ní tokan doro - two ORD ball - second ball<ref group="Example references">e.g. ní tokan 'aban nana jelí | two ORD day PRT year | second day of the year</ref>

==== Nominals ====
root-cardinal - doroní - ball-two - two balls<ref group="Example references">e.g. baddaa 'aldaadukcí bídããní | hit-PRS NOM-3.AN-one ACC-3.AN-two | he hit him (of two people)</ref>

nũm - zero

'ókcí - one

ní - two

ta'í - three

sín - four

kílan - five

jaal - six

kitten - seven

bón - eight

nítta - nine

lan - ten

cen - hundred

tõn - thousand

=== Adjectives ===

==== Placement ====
directly after the noun<ref group="Example references">e.g. 'okína yálekkena wakakííta | OBL-seed-PL ADJ-green GEN-pepper | green pepper seeds</ref>

Adjectives may or may not match the number of the noun, as there is a semantic difference<ref>e.g. "Her muscles were like steel cables" implies her muscles were strong, where "Her muscles were like a steel cable" implies they are arranged in a line</ref>

==== Comparison ====
yá-adjective-degree-PRS<ref>Note here that the adjective is used as a verb, and is placed as the head of a verb phrase</ref> subject: subject is degree adjective than object<ref group="Example references">e.g. yábannúda 'albín 'an bípoka | ADJ-good-COMP-PRS NOM-1SG.AN than ACC-1SG.AN | I am better than you (lit. am_better I than you)</ref>

=== Finite Verbs ===

==== Tense ====
attaches to verb

* -da: PRS
* -'ãn: PST
* -lí: FUT

==== Aspect ====
goes after tense:

* -bó: PROG.CONT
* -len: PERF
* -món: GNO
* -dada: HAB
goes before verb:
* kon-: INF

=== Verb Postpositions ===

==== Mood ====

* 'akaa-: MIR
* 'anõõl-: CONC/HYP
* 'ila-: OPT/BEND
* 'íyye-: HORT/JUSS
* luke-: DUB/COND
* me-: ABIL
* tene-: PERM/PRESCR

==== Evidentiality ====

* -ce'í: RPT
* -mánna: INFR
* -nobã: NEV
* -tócí: SENS
Negation
* 'eeya: NEG

==== Agreement ====
The 'present' tense is the present by default, and otherwise the tense of the last verb.<ref>ADD THIS REFERENCE AND DELETE THE OTHER ONE</ref><ref group="Example references">e.g. lagað'ãn 'albín tandralí 'albín | say-PST NOM-1.AN run-FUT NOM-1.AN | I said I was going to run</ref>

==== Voice ====

* mẽna- : CAUS
* lad- : PASS
* 'õm- : REV

=== Auxiliary Verbs ===
'ayí (AFF) conveys confirmation of an action, and is verbalized to 'ayída (AFF-PRS) to convey confirmation of a state or truth, or of an object's existence, across the past, present, or future, with tense agreement

'cirette laan ma/im' conveys that the subject has knowingly or unknowingly caused the direct object to be unintentionally involved in the indirect object (a state or event), where if the direct object and subject are the same the direct object may be omitted, or included for emphasis

=== Copula ===
There is no copula in Tandí

=== Adpositions ===

==== Agreement ====
No agreement between adposition and complement is necessary

=== Interjections ===
Interjections may be placed before any word to deliver extra mood or other miscellaneous information.

== Syntax ==

=== Sentence Order ===
VSO word order

Particles go before the words they attach to, and prepositions after

Adjectives may attach to any words except conjunctions and postpositions. They go directly after the word they attach to (except verbs, where they go after the postposition)

Adjectives can also be placed at the head of a verb phrase with tense marking to convey 'SBJ is ADJ'

Verb complements may be placed before the verb phrase's prepositional phrases and connected clauses, but still after the postposition and adjectives, if they are only one word long<ref group="Example references">e.g. "balda yábããntoge laan 'imaan 'omarkã́z 'albello" -> "balda yátandratoge 'albello laan ..." | "go-PRS ADJ-race-property to INE OBL-store NOM-bear" -> "go-PRS ADJ-race-property NOM-bear to ..." | "The bear goes quickly to the store"</ref>

Words modify nouns according to the following hierarchy:

* PREP(QUANT(((HNR(N))ADJ)GEN))

==== Auxiliary Verb Constructions ====
Nouns cannot be advanded forward within auxiliary verb phrases

'ayí can be either a verb or a particle, as mentioned in Auxiliary Verbs

Auxiliary verbs follow a regular form:

* V PREP Oi S (Od)

where V PREP is the auxiliary verb (a finite verb with a preposition), S is the subject and is NOT part of a prepositional phrase, Od is the direct object, and Oi is the noun phrase completing the prepositional phrase of the auxiliary verb

==== Adverb Placement ====
Adverbs are to verbs exactly as adjectives are to nouns. They follow verbs, and behave the same way to verbs and themselves that adjectives behave to nouns and ''them''selves.

=== Coordination and subordination ===
Conjunctions go between anything but postpositions and cannot be omitted. Coordinate and subordinate clauses are separated by conjunctions. There is no distinction made between coordination and subordination on a grammatical level

=== Relative Clauses ===
Relative clauses follow a regular form:

* HEAD REL VP

where HEAD is 3.INAN if the relative clause is free and the bound matrix clause if the relative clause is bound, REL is a preposition (kaka /kaxa/), and VP is a verb phrase, and the head is the verb phrase's implied direct object

=== Questions ===

==== Polar Questions ====

* hal ('eeya) _: is _ (un)true?

==== WH-Questions ====
There are three interrogative pronouns, which can form more specific interrogatives through genitives, prepositions, and conjunctions:
* koko - what
* conna - when
* mosí - who
* koko wacón - when (what time), pronoun (emphatic)
* koko wanhabun - who (what person), pronoun (emphatic)
* koko waran - where (what place), pronoun (generic)
* lewa koko - why (to what end), prepositional phrase
* konto koko - why (because of what reasoning), subordinate clause
* lak koko - how (by doing what), prepositional phrase
* no koko - about what, prepositional phrase
* 'im koko - where (near what), prepositional phrase
* 'im conna - when (near when), prepositional phrase
* 'imaan conna - for what time frame (inside when), prepositional phrase
* do koko - from what, prepositional phrase
* laan koko - to what, prepositional phrase
* etc...
questions are asked in the same intonation and word order as statements are declared<ref group="Example references">e.g. ga'ãn 'almosí bíkoko 'im conna, dú 'imaan conna, dú 'im koko, dú no koko, dú lewa koko, dú lak koko, dú kepen koko, dú do koko, dú laan koko, ..., dú kit mosí túkoko? | do-PST NOM-who ACC-what near when, CON inside when, CON near what, CON about what, CON by_doing what, CON INSTR what, CON from what, CON to what, ..., CON BEN who DAT-what | "who did what when, in what time frame, where, about what, why, how, using what, from what, ... , and to what (indirect) to what (direct)?"</ref>

=== Existential Clause ===
uses the auxiliary verb construction of 'ayí

== Miscellaneous ==
The subject, and sometimes the object, direct or indirect, of a verb phrase can be move up in the sentence in a select set of cases:

# A quote is being given. Since the quote is a prepositional phrase, it would normally occur before the arguments of the verb. However, because this could result in poorer understanding of the quote itself, the arguments go before SPECIFICALLY the quote, and after any other prepositions or particles, and the quote prepositional phrase always goes last.<ref group="Example references">e.g. lagaðan 'alheman naní no tatammaa tene 'alpoka, 'al'afanafta, bílagað na 'obín túheman 'ejanacír. | laɣaðan ʔalhɛman nani no tatamːaː tɛnɛ ʔalpoxa, ʔalʔafanafta, bilaɣað na ʔobin tyhɛman ʔɛʝanasiɹ. | say-PST NOM-HNR Nanni that repeat-PRS PERM.PRESCR NOM-2.AN NOM-ACTOR-courier ACC-speech POSS OBL-1.AN DAT-HNR Ea-Naṣir | "You, my courier, will repeat my message to Ea-Naṣir," said Nanni.</ref>
# The subject or object is only one word long. In order to promote faster delivery of important information, the word may be placed before all prepositions and particles, at the 'front' of the verb phrase (behind the verb, postposition, and adverbs)

== Examples ==
<references group="Example references" />

== Notes ==
<references />

Assammakiitina

2026-08-30T14:09:21Z

MiaKvigan:

== Introduction ==
[Placeholder] is the liturgical language of the ŋation of [[Yókóz|'o'aben yálekki wanyókóz]].

== Phonology ==

=== Vowels ===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
!closure
!front
!back
|-
|close
|i ⟨i⟩
|u ⟨u⟩
|-
|close-mid
|e ⟨ei⟩
|o ⟨ou⟩
|-
|open-mid
|ɛ ⟨e⟩
|ɔ ⟨o⟩
|-
|near-open
|æ ⟨aei⟩
|
|-
|open
|a ⟨a⟩
|
|}Vowels may be elongated once or twice

=== Bright Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
!Placement →
↓ Manner
!Labial
!Coronal
!Dorsal
!Laryngeal
|-
|Nasal
|m
|n
|
|
|-
|(Im)Plosive
|p ⟨p'⟩ / b ⟨p⟩ / ɓ ⟨b⟩
|t ⟨t'⟩ / d ⟨t⟩ / ɗ ⟨d⟩
|q ⟨k'⟩ / ɢ ⟨k⟩
|ʔ ⟨q⟩
|-
|Sibilant fricative
|
|s / z
|ʃ ⟨ṡ⟩ / ʒ ⟨ż⟩
|
|-
|Non-sibilant fricative
|f / v
|θ ⟨ð⟩
|
|h
|-
|Approximant
|
|l
|y
|
|}

===Dark Consonants===

{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
!Placement →
↓ Manner
!Labial
!Coronal
!Uvulo-Pharyngeal
!Laryngeal
|-
|Nasal
|mˁ ⟨ṃ⟩
|nˁ ⟨ṇ⟩
|
|
|-
|(Im)Plosive
|bˁ ⟨p̣⟩ / ɓˁ ⟨ḅ⟩
|dˁ ⟨ṭ⟩ / ɗˁ ⟨ḍ⟩
|ɢˁ ⟨ḳ⟩ / ʛˁ ⟨g⟩
|ʔˁ ⟨q̣⟩
|-
|Sibilant fricative
|
|sˁ ⟨ṣ⟩ / zˁ ⟨ẓ⟩
|
|
|-
|Non-sibilant fricative
|vˁ ⟨ṿ⟩
|ðˁ ⟨ð̣⟩
|ħ ⟨ḥ⟩
|ʕ ⟨r⟩
|-
|Approximant
|
|lˁ ⟨ḷ⟩
|
|
|}

==== Morae ====
All root words have three morae, where morae must contain a vowel and the first mora must contain a consonant, such that the final vowel is either doubled or tripled to complete the morae.

==== Tones ====
There are seven musical tones. Patterns of three tones are matched to the three morae of a word, and indicate its case. Dark consonants lower a tone by two notes from its base tone, or raise by one if already within two tones of the lowest. Major scales indicate the indicative (C major, CDEFGAB), interrogative (A♭ major, A♭B♭CD♭E♭FG), justificative (E♭ major, E♭FGA♭B♭C), energetic (F♯ major, F♯G♯A♯BC♯D♯E♯), and imperative (D major, DEF♯GABC♯) sentential moods.

=== Phonotactics ===
CV ,where C is any consonant and V is any vowel

V can be lengthened twice or three times over

C can be geminated, which is represented as 2(3<ref>digraphs geminate their first letter only</ref>) consonants in the romanization but counts as one for phonotactics

There is no set tense patterning, and tense is instead considered a part of intonation

==== Allophones ====

* <f> /f/ → /fʰ/ | _N
* <g> /g/ → /ɣ/ | L(G)_V
* <k> /k/ → /kʰ/ | _N
* <k> /k/ → /x/ | L(G)_V
* <k> /x/ → /xʰ/ | _N
* <l> /l/ → /l̃/ | N_
* <nowiki> /p/ → /pʰ/ | _N</nowiki>
* <r> /ɹ/ → /ɾ/ | C!n_
* <r> /ɹ/ → /ɹ̃/ | N_
* <r> /ɹ/ → /ʢ̞/ | #_
* <t> /t/ → /tʰ/ | _N
* <y> /ʝ/ → /ʝ̃/ | N_
* <w> /w/ → /w̃/ | N_
where C is any consonant, V is any vowel, L is any lax vowel, N is any nasal vowel, G is any oral sonorant, and #_ means word-initial

==== Rhyme scheme ====
In poetic meter, geminated vowels are twice as long, and geminated consonants and stretched rhymes<ref>A stretched rhyme is a rhyme which has no gemination but is lengthened to accommodate for mismatch with the meter.</ref> are one and a half times as long.

== Morphology ==

=== Pronouns ===

==== Personal pronouns ====
bín - 1.AN

mam - 1.INAN

poka - 2.AN

tóó - 2.INAN

dããd - 3.AN

ken - 3.INAN

==== Deictic pronouns ====
mitta - this

lotta - that

'this' is used for anything within two steps and arm's reach. 'that' is anything outside of that range.

==== Interrogative pronouns ====
koko - what

conna - when

mosí - who

(other interrogatives are phrasal, e.g. 'lewa koko' [in_order_to what] meaning 'why')

==== Indefinite pronouns ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Case→
! rowspan="2" |Negative
! rowspan="2" |Universal
! rowspan="2" |Assertive existential
! rowspan="2" |Dubitative existential
|-
!Type↓
|-
|Person
|habunko
|habunbaa
|habunlin
|habunẽn
|-
|Thing
|lenko
|lenbaa
|lenlin
|lenẽn
|-
|Place
|ranko
|ranbaa
|ranlin
|ranẽn
|-
|Time
|cónko
|cónbaa
|cónlin
|cónẽn
|}

=== Nouns ===

==== Role assignment ====
A noun's semantic role in a sentence is indicated by a pattern of musical tones. The starting tone of the sentence is established by a hum, and is typically the third note, and the numbers are the note shifts (e.g. -1 means shift one note down in the chord, and +1 means shift one up). When a note is shifted by a dark consonant, it also shifts the subsequent notes (e.g. 0,0,0 on starting note 3 is 3-3-3, but when beginning with a dark consonant becomes 2-2-2, and when having an intermediate dark consonant becomes 3-2-2), and if a case note shift would leave the octave it instead does not change.

subject (Direct and Nominative): 0,+1,-1

direct object: (Direct and Accusative): 0,-1,0

subject complement (Indirect and Nominative): +1,-2,-1

object complement (Indirect and Accusative): +3,-2,+1

indirect object (Direct and Oblique): -2,0,-1

noun complement (Genitive): -1,0,+2

other (Indirect and Oblique): 0,0,0

ṿanade /vˁanadɛ/ - black

sameiṡa /sameʃa/ - cat

noze /nɔzɛ/ - to watch

na /na/ - 1SG

The black cat watches me.

m |E| sameiṡa |E-F-E| ṿanade |E-E-A| noze |A-A-A| na |A-G-G|.

Should ''I'' watch the black cat?

m |C| na |C-D♭-C| nose |D♭-G-G| sameiṡa |G-F-F| ṿanade |D♭-D♭-F|.

A♭B♭CD♭E♭FG

==== Number ====
singular default, plus dual, paucal, and plural marked by suffix on a stem which goes before tense and aspect

dual: -dí

paucal: -ve

plural: -na

==== Gender ====
There is no grammatical gender in Tandí

==== Possession ====
POSD na POSR: 'obaan na 'obákúún - the room of the house (DEF-OBL-room POSS DEF-OBL-house)

=== Determiners ===

==== Demonstratives ====
_ wannitta - this _

_ wanlotta - that _

==== Articles ====
Tandí does not use articles

==== Possessive Determiners ====
_ na _: doro na bín - my ball (ball POSS 1.AN); doro na poka - your ball (ball POSS 2.AN); etc.

_ na koko bac - whose _ (POSS what AN)

==== Quantifiers ====
Quantifiers go before the nouns they quantify (see Sentence Order)

=== Conjunctions ===
Conjunctions go in between semantic elements they connect, which can include things like nouns, noun phrases, relative clauses, verb argument lists<ref>The list of a verb's subject, direct object, and indirect object, in the case that a verb is applied to multiple sets of arguments</ref>, etc.

=== Numerals ===

==== Cardinals ====
cardinal "'amend" noun - ní 'amend doro - two CARD ball - ball number two (of a collection)

==== Ordinals ====
ordinal tokan noun - ordinal ORD noun, e.g. ní tokan doro - two ORD ball - second ball<ref group="Example references">e.g. ní tokan 'aban nana jelí | two ORD day PRT year | second day of the year</ref>

==== Nominals ====
root-cardinal - doroní - ball-two - two balls<ref group="Example references">e.g. baddaa 'aldaadukcí bídããní | hit-PRS NOM-3.AN-one ACC-3.AN-two | he hit him (of two people)</ref>

nũm - zero

'ókcí - one

ní - two

ta'í - three

sín - four

kílan - five

jaal - six

kitten - seven

bón - eight

nítta - nine

lan - ten

cen - hundred

tõn - thousand

=== Adjectives ===

==== Placement ====
directly after the noun<ref group="Example references">e.g. 'okína yálekkena wakakííta | OBL-seed-PL ADJ-green GEN-pepper | green pepper seeds</ref>

Adjectives may or may not match the number of the noun, as there is a semantic difference<ref>e.g. "Her muscles were like steel cables" implies her muscles were strong, where "Her muscles were like a steel cable" implies they are arranged in a line</ref>

==== Comparison ====
yá-adjective-degree-PRS<ref>Note here that the adjective is used as a verb, and is placed as the head of a verb phrase</ref> subject: subject is degree adjective than object<ref group="Example references">e.g. yábannúda 'albín 'an bípoka | ADJ-good-COMP-PRS NOM-1SG.AN than ACC-1SG.AN | I am better than you (lit. am_better I than you)</ref>

=== Finite Verbs ===

==== Tense ====
attaches to verb

* -da: PRS
* -'ãn: PST
* -lí: FUT

==== Aspect ====
goes after tense:

* -bó: PROG.CONT
* -len: PERF
* -món: GNO
* -dada: HAB
goes before verb:
* kon-: INF

=== Verb Postpositions ===

==== Mood ====
Mood is conveyed by the
* plain - 0,+3,0
* MIR - +2,-2,0
* CONC/HYP
* OPT/BEND
* HORT/JUSS
* DUB/COND
* ABIL
* PERM
* PRESCR - +1,+1,0

==== Evidentiality ====

* -ce'í: RPT
* -mánna: INFR
* -nobã: NEV
* -tócí: SENS
Negation
* 'eeya: NEG

==== Agreement ====
The 'present' tense is the present by default, and otherwise the tense of the last verb.<ref>ADD THIS REFERENCE AND DELETE THE OTHER ONE</ref><ref group="Example references">e.g. lagað'ãn 'albín tandralí 'albín | say-PST NOM-1.AN run-FUT NOM-1.AN | I said I was going to run</ref>

==== Voice ====

* mẽna- : CAUS
* lad- : PASS
* 'õm- : REV

=== Auxiliary Verbs ===
'ayí (AFF) conveys confirmation of an action, and is verbalized to 'ayída (AFF-PRS) to convey confirmation of a state or truth, or of an object's existence, across the past, present, or future, with tense agreement

'cirette laan ma/im' conveys that the subject has knowingly or unknowingly caused the direct object to be unintentionally involved in the indirect object (a state or event), where if the direct object and subject are the same the direct object may be omitted, or included for emphasis

=== Copula ===
There is no copula in Tandí

=== Adpositions ===

==== Agreement ====
No agreement between adposition and complement is necessary

=== Interjections ===
Interjections may be placed before any word to deliver extra mood or other miscellaneous information.

== Syntax ==

=== Sentence Order ===
(T)AVP word order (e.g. When topic is the agent, AVP. When topic is the verb, VAP. When topic is the patient, PAV.)

Particles go before the words they attach to, and prepositions after

Adjectives may attach to any words except conjunctions and postpositions. They go directly after the word they attach to (except verbs, where they go after the postposition)

Adjectives can also be placed at the head of a verb phrase with tense marking to convey 'SBJ is ADJ'

Verb complements may be placed before the verb phrase's prepositional phrases and connected clauses, but still after the postposition and adjectives, if they are only one word long<ref group="Example references">e.g. "balda yábããntoge laan 'imaan 'omarkã́z 'albello" -> "balda yátandratoge 'albello laan ..." | "go-PRS ADJ-race-property to INE OBL-store NOM-bear" -> "go-PRS ADJ-race-property NOM-bear to ..." | "The bear goes quickly to the store"</ref>

Words modify nouns according to the following hierarchy:

* PREP(QUANT(((HNR(N))ADJ)GEN))

==== Auxiliary Verb Constructions ====
Nouns cannot be advanded forward within auxiliary verb phrases

'ayí can be either a verb or a particle, as mentioned in Auxiliary Verbs

Auxiliary verbs follow a regular form:

* V PREP Oi S (Od)

where V PREP is the auxiliary verb (a finite verb with a preposition), S is the subject and is NOT part of a prepositional phrase, Od is the direct object, and Oi is the noun phrase completing the prepositional phrase of the auxiliary verb

==== Adverb Placement ====
Adverbs are to verbs exactly as adjectives are to nouns. They follow verbs, and behave the same way to verbs and themselves that adjectives behave to nouns and ''them''selves.

=== Coordination and subordination ===
Conjunctions go between anything but postpositions and cannot be omitted. Coordinate and subordinate clauses are separated by conjunctions. There is no distinction made between coordination and subordination on a grammatical level

=== Relative Clauses ===
Relative clauses follow a regular form:

* HEAD REL VP

where HEAD is 3.INAN if the relative clause is free and the bound matrix clause if the relative clause is bound, REL is a preposition (kaka /kaxa/), and VP is a verb phrase, and the head is the verb phrase's implied direct object

=== Questions ===

==== Polar Questions ====

* hal ('eeya) _: is _ (un)true?

==== WH-Questions ====
There are three interrogative pronouns, which can form more specific interrogatives through genitives, prepositions, and conjunctions:
* koko - what
* conna - when
* mosí - who
* koko wacón - when (what time), pronoun (emphatic)
* koko wanhabun - who (what person), pronoun (emphatic)
* koko waran - where (what place), pronoun (generic)
* lewa koko - why (to what end), prepositional phrase
* konto koko - why (because of what reasoning), subordinate clause
* lak koko - how (by doing what), prepositional phrase
* no koko - about what, prepositional phrase
* 'im koko - where (near what), prepositional phrase
* 'im conna - when (near when), prepositional phrase
* 'imaan conna - for what time frame (inside when), prepositional phrase
* do koko - from what, prepositional phrase
* laan koko - to what, prepositional phrase
* etc...
questions are asked in the same intonation and word order as statements are declared<ref group="Example references">e.g. ga'ãn 'almosí bíkoko 'im conna, dú 'imaan conna, dú 'im koko, dú no koko, dú lewa koko, dú lak koko, dú kepen koko, dú do koko, dú laan koko, ..., dú kit mosí túkoko? | do-PST NOM-who ACC-what near when, CON inside when, CON near what, CON about what, CON by_doing what, CON INSTR what, CON from what, CON to what, ..., CON BEN who DAT-what | "who did what when, in what time frame, where, about what, why, how, using what, from what, ... , and to what (indirect) to what (direct)?"</ref>

=== Existential Clause ===
uses the auxiliary verb construction of 'ayí

== Miscellaneous ==
The subject, and sometimes the object, direct or indirect, of a verb phrase can be move up in the sentence in a select set of cases:

# A quote is being given. Since the quote is a prepositional phrase, it would normally occur before the arguments of the verb. However, because this could result in poorer understanding of the quote itself, the arguments go before SPECIFICALLY the quote, and after any other prepositions or particles, and the quote prepositional phrase always goes last.<ref group="Example references">e.g. lagaðan 'alheman naní no tatammaa tene 'alpoka, 'al'afanafta, bílagað na 'obín túheman 'ejanacír. | laɣaðan ʔalhɛman nani no tatamːaː tɛnɛ ʔalpoxa, ʔalʔafanafta, bilaɣað na ʔobin tyhɛman ʔɛʝanasiɹ. | say-PST NOM-HNR Nanni that repeat-PRS PERM.PRESCR NOM-2.AN NOM-ACTOR-courier ACC-speech POSS OBL-1.AN DAT-HNR Ea-Naṣir | "You, my courier, will repeat my message to Ea-Naṣir," said Nanni.</ref>
# The subject or object is only one word long. In order to promote faster delivery of important information, the word may be placed before all prepositions and particles, at the 'front' of the verb phrase (behind the verb, postposition, and adverbs)

== Examples ==
<references group="Example references" />

== Notes ==
<references />

Assammakiitina

2026-08-29T17:50:09Z

MiaKvigan:

== Introduction ==
[Placeholder] is the liturgical language of the ŋation of [[Yókóz|'o'aben yálekki wanyókóz]].

== Phonology ==

=== Vowels ===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
!closure
!front
!back
|-
|close
|i ⟨i⟩
|u ⟨u⟩
|-
|close-mid
|e ⟨ei⟩
|o ⟨ou⟩
|-
|open-mid
|ɛ ⟨e⟩
|ɔ ⟨o⟩
|-
|near-open
|æ ⟨aei⟩
|
|-
|open
|a ⟨a⟩
|
|}Vowels may be elongated once or twice

=== Bright Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
!Placement →
↓ Manner
!Labial
!Coronal
!Dorsal
!Laryngeal
|-
|Nasal
|m
|n
|
|
|-
|(Im)Plosive
|p ⟨p'⟩ / b ⟨p⟩ / ɓ ⟨b⟩
|t ⟨t'⟩ / d ⟨t⟩ / ɗ ⟨d⟩
|q ⟨k'⟩ / ɢ ⟨k⟩
|ʔ ⟨q⟩
|-
|Sibilant fricative
|
|s / z
|ʃ ⟨ṡ⟩ / ʒ ⟨ż⟩
|
|-
|Non-sibilant fricative
|f / v
|θ ⟨ð⟩
|
|h
|-
|Approximant
|
|l
|y
|
|}

===Dark Consonants===

{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
!Placement →
↓ Manner
!Labial
!Coronal
!Uvulo-Pharyngeal
!Laryngeal
|-
|Nasal
|mˁ ⟨ṃ⟩
|nˁ ⟨ṇ⟩
|
|
|-
|(Im)Plosive
|bˁ ⟨p̣⟩ / ɓˁ ⟨ḅ⟩
|dˁ ⟨ṭ⟩ / ɗˁ ⟨ḍ⟩
|ɢˁ ⟨ḳ⟩ / ʛˁ ⟨g⟩
|ʔˁ ⟨q̣⟩
|-
|Sibilant fricative
|
|sˁ ⟨ṣ⟩ / zˁ ⟨ẓ⟩
|
|
|-
|Non-sibilant fricative
|vˁ ⟨ṿ⟩
|ðˁ ⟨ð̣⟩
|ħ ⟨ḥ⟩
|ʕ ⟨r⟩
|-
|Approximant
|
|lˁ ⟨ḷ⟩
|
|
|}

==== Morae ====
All root words have three morae, where morae must contain a vowel and the first mora must contain a consonant, such that the final vowel is either doubled or tripled to complete the morae.

==== Tones ====
There are seven musical tones. Patterns of three tones are matched to the three morae of a word, and indicate its case. Dark consonants lower a tone by two notes from its base tone, or raise by one if already within two tones of the lowest. Chords indicate the indicative (C major, CDEFGAB), interrogative (A♭ major, A♭B♭CD♭E♭FG), justificative (E♭ major, E♭FGA♭B♭C), energetic (F♯ major, F♯G♯A♯BC♯D♯E♯), and imperative (D major, DEF♯GABC♯) sentential moods.

=== Phonotactics ===
CV ,where C is any consonant and V is any vowel

V can be lengthened twice or three times over

C can be geminated, which is represented as 2(3<ref>digraphs geminate their first letter only</ref>) consonants in the romanization but counts as one for phonotactics

There is no set tense patterning, and tense is instead considered a part of intonation

==== Allophones ====

* <f> /f/ → /fʰ/ | _N
* <g> /g/ → /ɣ/ | L(G)_V
* <k> /k/ → /kʰ/ | _N
* <k> /k/ → /x/ | L(G)_V
* <k> /x/ → /xʰ/ | _N
* <l> /l/ → /l̃/ | N_
* <nowiki> /p/ → /pʰ/ | _N</nowiki>
* <r> /ɹ/ → /ɾ/ | C!n_
* <r> /ɹ/ → /ɹ̃/ | N_
* <r> /ɹ/ → /ʢ̞/ | #_
* <t> /t/ → /tʰ/ | _N
* <y> /ʝ/ → /ʝ̃/ | N_
* <w> /w/ → /w̃/ | N_
where C is any consonant, V is any vowel, L is any lax vowel, N is any nasal vowel, G is any oral sonorant, and #_ means word-initial

==== Rhyme scheme ====
In poetic meter, geminated vowels are twice as long, and geminated consonants and stretched rhymes<ref>A stretched rhyme is a rhyme which has no gemination but is lengthened to accommodate for mismatch with the meter.</ref> are one and a half times as long.

== Morphology ==

=== Pronouns ===

==== Personal pronouns ====
bín - 1.AN

mam - 1.INAN

poka - 2.AN

tóó - 2.INAN

dããd - 3.AN

ken - 3.INAN

==== Deictic pronouns ====
mitta - this

lotta - that

'this' is used for anything within two steps and arm's reach. 'that' is anything outside of that range.

==== Interrogative pronouns ====
koko - what

conna - when

mosí - who

(other interrogatives are phrasal, e.g. 'lewa koko' [in_order_to what] meaning 'why')

==== Indefinite pronouns ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Case→
! rowspan="2" |Negative
! rowspan="2" |Universal
! rowspan="2" |Assertive existential
! rowspan="2" |Dubitative existential
|-
!Type↓
|-
|Person
|habunko
|habunbaa
|habunlin
|habunẽn
|-
|Thing
|lenko
|lenbaa
|lenlin
|lenẽn
|-
|Place
|ranko
|ranbaa
|ranlin
|ranẽn
|-
|Time
|cónko
|cónbaa
|cónlin
|cónẽn
|}

=== Nouns ===

==== Role assignment ====
A noun's semantic role in a sentence is indicated by a pattern of musical tones. The starting tone of the sentence is established by a hum, and is typically the third note, and the numbers are the note shifts (e.g. -1 means shift one note down in the chord, and +1 means shift one up). When a note is shifted by a dark consonant, it also shifts the subsequent notes (e.g. 0,0,0 on starting note 3 is 3-3-3, but when beginning with a dark consonant becomes 1-1-1, and when having an intermediate dark consonant becomes 3-1-1), and if a case note shift would leave the octave it instead does not change.

subject (Direct and Nominative): 0,+1,-1

direct object: (Direct and Accusative): 0,-1,0

subject complement (Indirect and Nominative): +1,-2,-1

object complement (Indirect and Accusative): +3,-2,+1

indirect object (Direct and Oblique): -2,0,-1

noun complement (Genitive): -1,0,+2

other (Indirect and Oblique): 0,0,0

ṿanade /vˁanadɛ/ - black

sameiṡa /sameʃa/ - cat

nose /nɔsɛ/ - to watch

na /na/ - 1SG

The black cat watches me.

m |E| sameiṡa |E-F-E| ṿanade |E-E-G| nose |G-G-G| na |G-F-F|.

Should ''I'' watch the black cat?

m |C| na |C-D♭-C| nose |D♭-E♭-E♭| sameiṡa |E♭-D♭-D♭| ṿanade |A♭-A♭-C|.

CCD♭CD♭E♭E♭E♭D♭D♭A♭A♭C

A♭B♭CD♭E♭FG

==== Number ====
singular default, plus dual, paucal, and plural marked by suffix on a stem which goes before tense and aspect

dual: -dí

paucal: -ve

plural: -na

==== Gender ====
There is no grammatical gender in Tandí

==== Possession ====
POSD na POSR: 'obaan na 'obákúún - the room of the house (DEF-OBL-room POSS DEF-OBL-house)

=== Determiners ===

==== Demonstratives ====
_ wannitta - this _

_ wanlotta - that _

==== Articles ====
Tandí does not use articles

==== Possessive Determiners ====
_ na _: doro na bín - my ball (ball POSS 1.AN); doro na poka - your ball (ball POSS 2.AN); etc.

_ na koko bac - whose _ (POSS what AN)

==== Quantifiers ====
Quantifiers go before the nouns they quantify (see Sentence Order)

=== Conjunctions ===
Conjunctions go in between semantic elements they connect, which can include things like nouns, noun phrases, relative clauses, verb argument lists<ref>The list of a verb's subject, direct object, and indirect object, in the case that a verb is applied to multiple sets of arguments</ref>, etc.

=== Numerals ===

==== Cardinals ====
cardinal "'amend" noun - ní 'amend doro - two CARD ball - ball number two (of a collection)

==== Ordinals ====
ordinal tokan noun - ordinal ORD noun, e.g. ní tokan doro - two ORD ball - second ball<ref group="Example references">e.g. ní tokan 'aban nana jelí | two ORD day PRT year | second day of the year</ref>

==== Nominals ====
root-cardinal - doroní - ball-two - two balls<ref group="Example references">e.g. baddaa 'aldaadukcí bídããní | hit-PRS NOM-3.AN-one ACC-3.AN-two | he hit him (of two people)</ref>

nũm - zero

'ókcí - one

ní - two

ta'í - three

sín - four

kílan - five

jaal - six

kitten - seven

bón - eight

nítta - nine

lan - ten

cen - hundred

tõn - thousand

=== Adjectives ===

==== Placement ====
directly after the noun<ref group="Example references">e.g. 'okína yálekkena wakakííta | OBL-seed-PL ADJ-green GEN-pepper | green pepper seeds</ref>

Adjectives may or may not match the number of the noun, as there is a semantic difference<ref>e.g. "Her muscles were like steel cables" implies her muscles were strong, where "Her muscles were like a steel cable" implies they are arranged in a line</ref>

==== Comparison ====
yá-adjective-degree-PRS<ref>Note here that the adjective is used as a verb, and is placed as the head of a verb phrase</ref> subject: subject is degree adjective than object<ref group="Example references">e.g. yábannúda 'albín 'an bípoka | ADJ-good-COMP-PRS NOM-1SG.AN than ACC-1SG.AN | I am better than you (lit. am_better I than you)</ref>

=== Finite Verbs ===

==== Tense ====
attaches to verb

* -da: PRS
* -'ãn: PST
* -lí: FUT

==== Aspect ====
goes after tense:

* -bó: PROG.CONT
* -len: PERF
* -món: GNO
* -dada: HAB
goes before verb:
* kon-: INF

=== Verb Postpositions ===

==== Mood ====
Mood is conveyed by the
* plain - 0,+3,0
* MIR - +2,-2,0
* CONC/HYP
* OPT/BEND
* HORT/JUSS
* DUB/COND
* ABIL
* PERM
* PRESCR - +1,+1,0

==== Evidentiality ====

* -ce'í: RPT
* -mánna: INFR
* -nobã: NEV
* -tócí: SENS
Negation
* 'eeya: NEG

==== Agreement ====
The 'present' tense is the present by default, and otherwise the tense of the last verb.<ref>ADD THIS REFERENCE AND DELETE THE OTHER ONE</ref><ref group="Example references">e.g. lagað'ãn 'albín tandralí 'albín | say-PST NOM-1.AN run-FUT NOM-1.AN | I said I was going to run</ref>

==== Voice ====

* mẽna- : CAUS
* lad- : PASS
* 'õm- : REV

=== Auxiliary Verbs ===
'ayí (AFF) conveys confirmation of an action, and is verbalized to 'ayída (AFF-PRS) to convey confirmation of a state or truth, or of an object's existence, across the past, present, or future, with tense agreement

'cirette laan ma/im' conveys that the subject has knowingly or unknowingly caused the direct object to be unintentionally involved in the indirect object (a state or event), where if the direct object and subject are the same the direct object may be omitted, or included for emphasis

=== Copula ===
There is no copula in Tandí

=== Adpositions ===

==== Agreement ====
No agreement between adposition and complement is necessary

=== Interjections ===
Interjections may be placed before any word to deliver extra mood or other miscellaneous information.

== Syntax ==

=== Sentence Order ===
(T)AVP word order (e.g. When topic is the agent, AVP. When topic is the verb, VAP. When topic is the patient, PAV.)

Particles go before the words they attach to, and prepositions after

Adjectives may attach to any words except conjunctions and postpositions. They go directly after the word they attach to (except verbs, where they go after the postposition)

Adjectives can also be placed at the head of a verb phrase with tense marking to convey 'SBJ is ADJ'

Verb complements may be placed before the verb phrase's prepositional phrases and connected clauses, but still after the postposition and adjectives, if they are only one word long<ref group="Example references">e.g. "balda yábããntoge laan 'imaan 'omarkã́z 'albello" -> "balda yátandratoge 'albello laan ..." | "go-PRS ADJ-race-property to INE OBL-store NOM-bear" -> "go-PRS ADJ-race-property NOM-bear to ..." | "The bear goes quickly to the store"</ref>

Words modify nouns according to the following hierarchy:

* PREP(QUANT(((HNR(N))ADJ)GEN))

==== Auxiliary Verb Constructions ====
Nouns cannot be advanded forward within auxiliary verb phrases

'ayí can be either a verb or a particle, as mentioned in Auxiliary Verbs

Auxiliary verbs follow a regular form:

* V PREP Oi S (Od)

where V PREP is the auxiliary verb (a finite verb with a preposition), S is the subject and is NOT part of a prepositional phrase, Od is the direct object, and Oi is the noun phrase completing the prepositional phrase of the auxiliary verb

==== Adverb Placement ====
Adverbs are to verbs exactly as adjectives are to nouns. They follow verbs, and behave the same way to verbs and themselves that adjectives behave to nouns and ''them''selves.

=== Coordination and subordination ===
Conjunctions go between anything but postpositions and cannot be omitted. Coordinate and subordinate clauses are separated by conjunctions. There is no distinction made between coordination and subordination on a grammatical level

=== Relative Clauses ===
Relative clauses follow a regular form:

* HEAD REL VP

where HEAD is 3.INAN if the relative clause is free and the bound matrix clause if the relative clause is bound, REL is a preposition (kaka /kaxa/), and VP is a verb phrase, and the head is the verb phrase's implied direct object

=== Questions ===

==== Polar Questions ====

* hal ('eeya) _: is _ (un)true?

==== WH-Questions ====
There are three interrogative pronouns, which can form more specific interrogatives through genitives, prepositions, and conjunctions:
* koko - what
* conna - when
* mosí - who
* koko wacón - when (what time), pronoun (emphatic)
* koko wanhabun - who (what person), pronoun (emphatic)
* koko waran - where (what place), pronoun (generic)
* lewa koko - why (to what end), prepositional phrase
* konto koko - why (because of what reasoning), subordinate clause
* lak koko - how (by doing what), prepositional phrase
* no koko - about what, prepositional phrase
* 'im koko - where (near what), prepositional phrase
* 'im conna - when (near when), prepositional phrase
* 'imaan conna - for what time frame (inside when), prepositional phrase
* do koko - from what, prepositional phrase
* laan koko - to what, prepositional phrase
* etc...
questions are asked in the same intonation and word order as statements are declared<ref group="Example references">e.g. ga'ãn 'almosí bíkoko 'im conna, dú 'imaan conna, dú 'im koko, dú no koko, dú lewa koko, dú lak koko, dú kepen koko, dú do koko, dú laan koko, ..., dú kit mosí túkoko? | do-PST NOM-who ACC-what near when, CON inside when, CON near what, CON about what, CON by_doing what, CON INSTR what, CON from what, CON to what, ..., CON BEN who DAT-what | "who did what when, in what time frame, where, about what, why, how, using what, from what, ... , and to what (indirect) to what (direct)?"</ref>

=== Existential Clause ===
uses the auxiliary verb construction of 'ayí

== Miscellaneous ==
The subject, and sometimes the object, direct or indirect, of a verb phrase can be move up in the sentence in a select set of cases:

# A quote is being given. Since the quote is a prepositional phrase, it would normally occur before the arguments of the verb. However, because this could result in poorer understanding of the quote itself, the arguments go before SPECIFICALLY the quote, and after any other prepositions or particles, and the quote prepositional phrase always goes last.<ref group="Example references">e.g. lagaðan 'alheman naní no tatammaa tene 'alpoka, 'al'afanafta, bílagað na 'obín túheman 'ejanacír. | laɣaðan ʔalhɛman nani no tatamːaː tɛnɛ ʔalpoxa, ʔalʔafanafta, bilaɣað na ʔobin tyhɛman ʔɛʝanasiɹ. | say-PST NOM-HNR Nanni that repeat-PRS PERM.PRESCR NOM-2.AN NOM-ACTOR-courier ACC-speech POSS OBL-1.AN DAT-HNR Ea-Naṣir | "You, my courier, will repeat my message to Ea-Naṣir," said Nanni.</ref>
# The subject or object is only one word long. In order to promote faster delivery of important information, the word may be placed before all prepositions and particles, at the 'front' of the verb phrase (behind the verb, postposition, and adverbs)

== Examples ==
<references group="Example references" />

== Notes ==
<references />

Assammakiitina

2026-08-29T15:28:17Z

MiaKvigan: /* Bright Consonants */

== Introduction ==
[Placeholder] is the religious language of the ŋation of [[Yókóz|'o'aben yálekki wanyókóz]].

== Phonology ==

=== Vowels ===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
!closure
!front
!back
|-
|close
|i ⟨i⟩
|u ⟨u⟩
|-
|close-mid
|e ⟨ei⟩
|o ⟨ou⟩
|-
|open-mid
|ɛ ⟨e⟩
|ɔ ⟨o⟩
|-
|open
|a ⟨a⟩ / æ ⟨aei⟩
|
|}Vowels may be elongated

=== Bright Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
!Placement →
↓ Manner
!Labial
!Dental
!Alveolar
!Post-alveolar
!Palatal
!Uvular
!Laryngeal
|-
|Nasal
|m
|
|n
|
|
|
|
|-
|(Im)Plosive
|p ⟨p'⟩ / b ⟨p⟩ / ɓ ⟨b⟩
|
|t ⟨t'⟩ / d ⟨t⟩ / ɗ ⟨d⟩
|
|
|q ⟨k'⟩ / ɢ ⟨k⟩
|ʔ ⟨q⟩
|-
|Sibilant fricative
|
|
|s / z
|ʃ ⟨ṡ⟩ / ʒ ⟨ż⟩
|
|
|
|-
|Non-sibilant fricative
|f / v
|θ ⟨ð⟩
|
|
|
|
|h
|-
|Approximant
|
|
|
|
|y
|
|
|-
|Lateral Approximant
|
|
|l
|
|
|
|
|}

===Dark Consonants===

{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
!Placement →
↓ Manner
!Labial
!Dental
!Alveolar
!Uvular
!Pharyngeal
!Laryngeal
|-
|Nasal
|mˁ ⟨ṃ⟩
|
|nˁ ⟨ṇ⟩
|
|
|
|-
|Plosive
|bˁ ⟨p̣⟩ / ɓˁ ⟨ḅ⟩
|
|dˁ ⟨ṭ⟩ / ɗˁ ⟨ḍ⟩
|ɢˁ ⟨ḳ⟩ / ʛˁ ⟨g⟩
|
|ʔˁ ⟨q̣⟩
|-
|Sibilant fricative
|
|
|sˁ ⟨ṣ⟩ / zˁ ⟨ẓ⟩
|
|
|
|-
|Non-sibilant fricative
|fˁ ⟨f̣⟩ / vˁ ⟨ṿ⟩
|ðˁ ⟨ð̣⟩
|
|
|ħ ⟨ḥ⟩
|ʕ ⟨r⟩
|-
|Approximant
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Lateral Approximant
|
|
|lˁ ⟨ḷ⟩
|
|
|
|}

==== Morae ====
All root words have three morae, where morae must contain a vowel and the first mora must contain a consonant, such that the final vowel is either doubled or tripled to complete the morae.

==== Tones ====
There are seven musical tones and two octaves

=== Phonotactics ===
CV ,where C is any consonant and V is any vowel

V can be lengthened, which is represented as 2 vowels in the romanization but counts as 1

C can be geminated, which is represented as 2(3<ref>digraphs geminate their first letter only</ref>) consonants in the romanization but counts as one for phonotactics

There is no set tense patterning, and tense is instead considered a part of intonation

==== Allophones ====

* <f> /f/ → /fʰ/ | _N
* <g> /g/ → /ɣ/ | L(G)_V
* <k> /k/ → /kʰ/ | _N
* <k> /k/ → /x/ | L(G)_V
* <k> /x/ → /xʰ/ | _N
* <l> /l/ → /l̃/ | N_
* <nowiki> /p/ → /pʰ/ | _N</nowiki>
* <r> /ɹ/ → /ɾ/ | C!n_
* <r> /ɹ/ → /ɹ̃/ | N_
* <r> /ɹ/ → /ʢ̞/ | #_
* <t> /t/ → /tʰ/ | _N
* <y> /ʝ/ → /ʝ̃/ | N_
* <w> /w/ → /w̃/ | N_
where C is any consonant, V is any vowel, L is any lax vowel, N is any nasal vowel, G is any oral sonorant, and #_ means word-initial

==== Rhyme scheme ====
In poetic meter, geminated vowels are twice as long, and geminated consonants and stretched rhymes<ref>A stretched rhyme is a rhyme which has no gemination but is lengthened to accommodate for mismatch with the meter.</ref> are one and a half times as long.

== Morphology ==

=== Pronouns ===

==== Personal pronouns ====
bín - 1.AN

mam - 1.INAN

poka - 2.AN

tóó - 2.INAN

dããd - 3.AN

ken - 3.INAN

==== Deictic pronouns ====
mitta - this

lotta - that

'this' is used for anything within two steps and arm's reach. 'that' is anything outside of that range.

==== Interrogative pronouns ====
koko - what

conna - when

mosí - who

(other interrogatives are phrasal, e.g. 'lewa koko' [in_order_to what] meaning 'why')

==== Indefinite pronouns ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Case→
! rowspan="2" |Negative
! rowspan="2" |Universal
! rowspan="2" |Assertive existential
! rowspan="2" |Dubitative existential
|-
!Type↓
|-
|Person
|habunko
|habunbaa
|habunlin
|habunẽn
|-
|Thing
|lenko
|lenbaa
|lenlin
|lenẽn
|-
|Place
|ranko
|ranbaa
|ranlin
|ranẽn
|-
|Time
|cónko
|cónbaa
|cónlin
|cónẽn
|}

=== Nouns ===

==== Role assignment ====
A noun's semantic role in a sentence is indicated by a case prefix

subject (Nominative case): 'al-

direct object/subject complement (Accusative case): bí-

indirect object (Dative case): tú-

noun complement (Genitive case): wan-

other (Oblique case): 'o-<ref>oblique case is not required on personal pronouns</ref>

==== Number ====
singular default, plus dual, paucal, and plural marked by suffix on a stem which goes before tense and aspect

dual: -dí

paucal: -ve

plural: -na

==== Gender ====
There is no grammatical gender in Tandí

==== Possession ====
POSD na POSR: 'obaan na 'obákúún - the room of the house (DEF-OBL-room POSS DEF-OBL-house)

=== Determiners ===

==== Demonstratives ====
_ wannitta - this _

_ wanlotta - that _

==== Articles ====
Tandí does not use articles

==== Possessive Determiners ====
_ na _: doro na bín - my ball (ball POSS 1.AN); doro na poka - your ball (ball POSS 2.AN); etc.

_ na koko bac - whose _ (POSS what AN)

==== Quantifiers ====
Quantifiers go before the nouns they quantify (see Sentence Order)

=== Conjunctions ===
Conjunctions go in between semantic elements they connect, which can include things like nouns, noun phrases, relative clauses, verb argument lists<ref>The list of a verb's subject, direct object, and indirect object, in the case that a verb is applied to multiple sets of arguments</ref>, etc.

=== Numerals ===

==== Cardinals ====
cardinal "'amend" noun - ní 'amend doro - two CARD ball - ball number two (of a collection)

==== Ordinals ====
ordinal tokan noun - ordinal ORD noun, e.g. ní tokan doro - two ORD ball - second ball<ref group="Example references">e.g. ní tokan 'aban nana jelí | two ORD day PRT year | second day of the year</ref>

==== Nominals ====
root-cardinal - doroní - ball-two - two balls<ref group="Example references">e.g. baddaa 'aldaadukcí bídããní | hit-PRS NOM-3.AN-one ACC-3.AN-two | he hit him (of two people)</ref>

nũm - zero

'ókcí - one

ní - two

ta'í - three

sín - four

kílan - five

jaal - six

kitten - seven

bón - eight

nítta - nine

lan - ten

cen - hundred

tõn - thousand

=== Adjectives ===

==== Placement ====
directly after the noun<ref group="Example references">e.g. 'okína yálekkena wakakííta | OBL-seed-PL ADJ-green GEN-pepper | green pepper seeds</ref>

Adjectives may or may not match the number of the noun, as there is a semantic difference<ref>e.g. "Her muscles were like steel cables" implies her muscles were strong, where "Her muscles were like a steel cable" implies they are arranged in a line</ref>

==== Comparison ====
yá-adjective-degree-PRS<ref>Note here that the adjective is used as a verb, and is placed as the head of a verb phrase</ref> subject: subject is degree adjective than object<ref group="Example references">e.g. yábannúda 'albín 'an bípoka | ADJ-good-COMP-PRS NOM-1SG.AN than ACC-1SG.AN | I am better than you (lit. am_better I than you)</ref>

=== Finite Verbs ===

==== Tense ====
attaches to verb

* -da: PRS
* -'ãn: PST
* -lí: FUT

==== Aspect ====
goes after tense:

* -bó: PROG.CONT
* -len: PERF
* -món: GNO
* -dada: HAB
goes before verb:
* kon-: INF

=== Verb Postpositions ===

==== Mood ====

* 'akaa-: MIR
* 'anõõl-: CONC/HYP
* 'ila-: OPT/BEND
* 'íyye-: HORT/JUSS
* luke-: DUB/COND
* me-: ABIL
* tene-: PERM/PRESCR

==== Evidentiality ====

* -ce'í: RPT
* -mánna: INFR
* -nobã: NEV
* -tócí: SENS
Negation
* 'eeya: NEG

==== Agreement ====
The 'present' tense is the present by default, and otherwise the tense of the last verb.<ref>ADD THIS REFERENCE AND DELETE THE OTHER ONE</ref><ref group="Example references">e.g. lagað'ãn 'albín tandralí 'albín | say-PST NOM-1.AN run-FUT NOM-1.AN | I said I was going to run</ref>

==== Voice ====

* mẽna- : CAUS
* lad- : PASS
* 'õm- : REV

=== Auxiliary Verbs ===
'ayí (AFF) conveys confirmation of an action, and is verbalized to 'ayída (AFF-PRS) to convey confirmation of a state or truth, or of an object's existence, across the past, present, or future, with tense agreement

'cirette laan ma/im' conveys that the subject has knowingly or unknowingly caused the direct object to be unintentionally involved in the indirect object (a state or event), where if the direct object and subject are the same the direct object may be omitted, or included for emphasis

=== Copula ===
There is no copula in Tandí

=== Adpositions ===

==== Agreement ====
No agreement between adposition and complement is necessary

=== Interjections ===
Interjections may be placed before any word to deliver extra mood or other miscellaneous information.

== Syntax ==

=== Sentence Order ===
VSO word order

Particles go before the words they attach to, and prepositions after

Adjectives may attach to any words except conjunctions and postpositions. They go directly after the word they attach to (except verbs, where they go after the postposition)

Adjectives can also be placed at the head of a verb phrase with tense marking to convey 'SBJ is ADJ'

Verb complements may be placed before the verb phrase's prepositional phrases and connected clauses, but still after the postposition and adjectives, if they are only one word long<ref group="Example references">e.g. "balda yábããntoge laan 'imaan 'omarkã́z 'albello" -> "balda yátandratoge 'albello laan ..." | "go-PRS ADJ-race-property to INE OBL-store NOM-bear" -> "go-PRS ADJ-race-property NOM-bear to ..." | "The bear goes quickly to the store"</ref>

Words modify nouns according to the following hierarchy:

* PREP(QUANT(((HNR(N))ADJ)GEN))

==== Auxiliary Verb Constructions ====
Nouns cannot be advanded forward within auxiliary verb phrases

'ayí can be either a verb or a particle, as mentioned in Auxiliary Verbs

Auxiliary verbs follow a regular form:

* V PREP Oi S (Od)

where V PREP is the auxiliary verb (a finite verb with a preposition), S is the subject and is NOT part of a prepositional phrase, Od is the direct object, and Oi is the noun phrase completing the prepositional phrase of the auxiliary verb

==== Adverb Placement ====
Adverbs are to verbs exactly as adjectives are to nouns. They follow verbs, and behave the same way to verbs and themselves that adjectives behave to nouns and ''them''selves.

=== Coordination and subordination ===
Conjunctions go between anything but postpositions and cannot be omitted. Coordinate and subordinate clauses are separated by conjunctions. There is no distinction made between coordination and subordination on a grammatical level

=== Relative Clauses ===
Relative clauses follow a regular form:

* HEAD REL VP

where HEAD is 3.INAN if the relative clause is free and the bound matrix clause if the relative clause is bound, REL is a preposition (kaka /kaxa/), and VP is a verb phrase, and the head is the verb phrase's implied direct object

=== Questions ===

==== Polar Questions ====

* hal ('eeya) _: is _ (un)true?

==== WH-Questions ====
There are three interrogative pronouns, which can form more specific interrogatives through genitives, prepositions, and conjunctions:
* koko - what
* conna - when
* mosí - who
* koko wacón - when (what time), pronoun (emphatic)
* koko wanhabun - who (what person), pronoun (emphatic)
* koko waran - where (what place), pronoun (generic)
* lewa koko - why (to what end), prepositional phrase
* konto koko - why (because of what reasoning), subordinate clause
* lak koko - how (by doing what), prepositional phrase
* no koko - about what, prepositional phrase
* 'im koko - where (near what), prepositional phrase
* 'im conna - when (near when), prepositional phrase
* 'imaan conna - for what time frame (inside when), prepositional phrase
* do koko - from what, prepositional phrase
* laan koko - to what, prepositional phrase
* etc...
questions are asked in the same intonation and word order as statements are declared<ref group="Example references">e.g. ga'ãn 'almosí bíkoko 'im conna, dú 'imaan conna, dú 'im koko, dú no koko, dú lewa koko, dú lak koko, dú kepen koko, dú do koko, dú laan koko, ..., dú kit mosí túkoko? | do-PST NOM-who ACC-what near when, CON inside when, CON near what, CON about what, CON by_doing what, CON INSTR what, CON from what, CON to what, ..., CON BEN who DAT-what | "who did what when, in what time frame, where, about what, why, how, using what, from what, ... , and to what (indirect) to what (direct)?"</ref>

=== Existential Clause ===
uses the auxiliary verb construction of 'ayí

== Miscellaneous ==
The subject, and sometimes the object, direct or indirect, of a verb phrase can be move up in the sentence in a select set of cases:

# A quote is being given. Since the quote is a prepositional phrase, it would normally occur before the arguments of the verb. However, because this could result in poorer understanding of the quote itself, the arguments go before SPECIFICALLY the quote, and after any other prepositions or particles, and the quote prepositional phrase always goes last.<ref group="Example references">e.g. lagaðan 'alheman naní no tatammaa tene 'alpoka, 'al'afanafta, bílagað na 'obín túheman 'ejanacír. | laɣaðan ʔalhɛman nani no tatamːaː tɛnɛ ʔalpoxa, ʔalʔafanafta, bilaɣað na ʔobin tyhɛman ʔɛʝanasiɹ. | say-PST NOM-HNR Nanni that repeat-PRS PERM.PRESCR NOM-2.AN NOM-ACTOR-courier ACC-speech POSS OBL-1.AN DAT-HNR Ea-Naṣir | "You, my courier, will repeat my message to Ea-Naṣir," said Nanni.</ref>
# The subject or object is only one word long. In order to promote faster delivery of important information, the word may be placed before all prepositions and particles, at the 'front' of the verb phrase (behind the verb, postposition, and adverbs)

== Examples ==
<references group="Example references" />

== Notes ==
<references />

Assammakiitina

2026-08-29T04:46:49Z

MiaKvigan: Phonology update

== Introduction ==
[Placeholder] is the religious language of the ŋation of [[Yókóz|'o'aben yálekki wanyókóz]].

== Phonology ==

=== Vowels ===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
!closure
!front
!back
|-
|close
|i ⟨i⟩
|u ⟨u⟩
|-
|close-mid
|e ⟨ei⟩
|o ⟨ou⟩
|-
|open-mid
|ɛ ⟨e⟩
|ɔ ⟨o⟩
|-
|open
|a ⟨a⟩ / æ ⟨aei⟩
|
|}Vowels may be elongated

=== Bright Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
!Placement →
↓ Manner
!Labial
!Dental
!Alveolar
!Post-alveolar
!Palatal
!Uvular
!Laryngeal
|-
|Nasal
|m
|
|n
|
|
|
|
|-
|(Im)Plosive
|p ⟨p'⟩ / b ⟨p⟩ / ɓ ⟨b⟩
|
|t ⟨t'⟩ / d ⟨t⟩ / ɗ ⟨d⟩
|
|
|q ⟨k'⟩ / ɢ ⟨k⟩ / ʛ ⟨g⟩
|ʔ ⟨q⟩
|-
|Sibilant fricative
|
|
|s / z
|ʃ ⟨ṡ⟩ / ʒ ⟨ż⟩
|
|
|
|-
|Non-sibilant fricative
|f / v
|θ ⟨ð⟩
|
|
|
|
|h
|-
|Approximant
|
|
|
|
|y
|
|
|-
|Lateral Approximant
|
|
|l
|
|
|
|
|}

===Dark Consonants===

{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
!Placement →
↓ Manner
!Labial
!Dental
!Alveolar
!Uvular
!Pharyngeal
!Laryngeal
|-
|Nasal
|mˁ ⟨ṃ⟩
|
|nˁ ⟨ṇ⟩
|
|
|
|-
|Plosive
|bˁ ⟨p̣⟩ / ɓˁ ⟨ḅ⟩
|
|dˁ ⟨ṭ⟩ / ɗˁ ⟨ḍ⟩
|ɢˁ ⟨ḳ⟩ / ʛˁ ⟨g̣⟩
|
|ʔˁ ⟨q̣⟩
|-
|Sibilant fricative
|
|
|sˁ ⟨c̣⟩ / zˁ ⟨ẓ⟩
|
|
|
|-
|Non-sibilant fricative
|fˁ ⟨f̣⟩ / vˁ ⟨ṿ⟩
|ðˁ ⟨ð̣⟩
|
|
|ħ ⟨ḥ⟩
|ʕ ⟨r⟩
|-
|Approximant
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Lateral Approximant
|
|
|lˁ ⟨ḷ⟩
|
|
|
|}

==== Consonant cluster reduction rules ====
Consonants can be 'absorbed' or 'deleted', where absorbed consonants become their absorber (dk > dd) and deleted consonants disappear (dn > n)

* n absorbs neighboring m
* m deletes preceding p and b
* n deletes preceding t and d
* g absorbs all other neighboring plosives, k absorbs all but g, d all but k and g, etc. (' is considered weak)
* dj absorbs neighboring ts
* dj and ts delete preceding j and s
* j absorbs all other neighboring sibilant fricatives, s absorbs all but j, etc.
* y absorbs all other neighboring non-sibilant fricatives, ð absorbs all but y, etc. (h is considered weak)
* w absorbs all other neighboring approximants, and r absorbs l (regular and lateral approximants are blended)

Examples:

* lad-gíla-món-'an → laggílamónan (d-g → gg, n-' → n)
* lad-púkan-món → laddúkannón (d-p → dd, n-m → nn)
* yá-damack-dé'an → yádamacké'an (ck-d → ck)
* bí-daad-ní → bídaaní (d-n → n)

=== Phonotactics ===
C(S)V(C)(C) or (C)CV(S)(C) ,where C is any consonant, S is any oral sonorant, and V is any vowel

V can be lengthened, which is represented as 2 vowels in the romanization but counts as 1

C can be geminated, which is represented as 2(3<ref>digraphs geminate their first letter only</ref>) consonants in the romanization but counts as one for phonotactics

There is no set tense patterning, and tense is instead considered a part of intonation

==== Allophones ====

* <f> /f/ → /fʰ/ | _N
* <g> /g/ → /ɣ/ | L(G)_V
* <k> /k/ → /kʰ/ | _N
* <k> /k/ → /x/ | L(G)_V
* <k> /x/ → /xʰ/ | _N
* <l> /l/ → /l̃/ | N_
* <nowiki> /p/ → /pʰ/ | _N</nowiki>
* <r> /ɹ/ → /ɾ/ | C!n_
* <r> /ɹ/ → /ɹ̃/ | N_
* <r> /ɹ/ → /ʢ̞/ | #_
* <t> /t/ → /tʰ/ | _N
* <y> /ʝ/ → /ʝ̃/ | N_
* <w> /w/ → /w̃/ | N_
where C is any consonant, V is any vowel, L is any lax vowel, N is any nasal vowel, G is any oral sonorant, and #_ means word-initial

==== Rhyme scheme ====
In poetic meter, geminated vowels are twice as long, and geminated consonants and stretched rhymes<ref>A stretched rhyme is a rhyme which has no gemination but is lengthened to accommodate for mismatch with the meter.</ref> are one and a half times as long.

== Morphology ==

=== Pronouns ===

==== Personal pronouns ====
bín - 1.AN

mam - 1.INAN

poka - 2.AN

tóó - 2.INAN

dããd - 3.AN

ken - 3.INAN

==== Deictic pronouns ====
mitta - this

lotta - that

'this' is used for anything within two steps and arm's reach. 'that' is anything outside of that range.

==== Interrogative pronouns ====
koko - what

conna - when

mosí - who

(other interrogatives are phrasal, e.g. 'lewa koko' [in_order_to what] meaning 'why')

==== Indefinite pronouns ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Case→
! rowspan="2" |Negative
! rowspan="2" |Universal
! rowspan="2" |Assertive existential
! rowspan="2" |Dubitative existential
|-
!Type↓
|-
|Person
|habunko
|habunbaa
|habunlin
|habunẽn
|-
|Thing
|lenko
|lenbaa
|lenlin
|lenẽn
|-
|Place
|ranko
|ranbaa
|ranlin
|ranẽn
|-
|Time
|cónko
|cónbaa
|cónlin
|cónẽn
|}

=== Nouns ===

==== Role assignment ====
A noun's semantic role in a sentence is indicated by a case prefix

subject (Nominative case): 'al-

direct object/subject complement (Accusative case): bí-

indirect object (Dative case): tú-

noun complement (Genitive case): wan-

other (Oblique case): 'o-<ref>oblique case is not required on personal pronouns</ref>

==== Number ====
singular default, plus dual, paucal, and plural marked by suffix on a stem which goes before tense and aspect

dual: -dí

paucal: -ve

plural: -na

==== Gender ====
There is no grammatical gender in Tandí

==== Possession ====
POSD na POSR: 'obaan na 'obákúún - the room of the house (DEF-OBL-room POSS DEF-OBL-house)

=== Determiners ===

==== Demonstratives ====
_ wannitta - this _

_ wanlotta - that _

==== Articles ====
Tandí does not use articles

==== Possessive Determiners ====
_ na _: doro na bín - my ball (ball POSS 1.AN); doro na poka - your ball (ball POSS 2.AN); etc.

_ na koko bac - whose _ (POSS what AN)

==== Quantifiers ====
Quantifiers go before the nouns they quantify (see Sentence Order)

=== Conjunctions ===
Conjunctions go in between semantic elements they connect, which can include things like nouns, noun phrases, relative clauses, verb argument lists<ref>The list of a verb's subject, direct object, and indirect object, in the case that a verb is applied to multiple sets of arguments</ref>, etc.

=== Numerals ===

==== Cardinals ====
cardinal "'amend" noun - ní 'amend doro - two CARD ball - ball number two (of a collection)

==== Ordinals ====
ordinal tokan noun - ordinal ORD noun, e.g. ní tokan doro - two ORD ball - second ball<ref group="Example references">e.g. ní tokan 'aban nana jelí | two ORD day PRT year | second day of the year</ref>

==== Nominals ====
root-cardinal - doroní - ball-two - two balls<ref group="Example references">e.g. baddaa 'aldaadukcí bídããní | hit-PRS NOM-3.AN-one ACC-3.AN-two | he hit him (of two people)</ref>

nũm - zero

'ókcí - one

ní - two

ta'í - three

sín - four

kílan - five

jaal - six

kitten - seven

bón - eight

nítta - nine

lan - ten

cen - hundred

tõn - thousand

=== Adjectives ===

==== Placement ====
directly after the noun<ref group="Example references">e.g. 'okína yálekkena wakakííta | OBL-seed-PL ADJ-green GEN-pepper | green pepper seeds</ref>

Adjectives may or may not match the number of the noun, as there is a semantic difference<ref>e.g. "Her muscles were like steel cables" implies her muscles were strong, where "Her muscles were like a steel cable" implies they are arranged in a line</ref>

==== Comparison ====
yá-adjective-degree-PRS<ref>Note here that the adjective is used as a verb, and is placed as the head of a verb phrase</ref> subject: subject is degree adjective than object<ref group="Example references">e.g. yábannúda 'albín 'an bípoka | ADJ-good-COMP-PRS NOM-1SG.AN than ACC-1SG.AN | I am better than you (lit. am_better I than you)</ref>

=== Finite Verbs ===

==== Tense ====
attaches to verb

* -da: PRS
* -'ãn: PST
* -lí: FUT

==== Aspect ====
goes after tense:

* -bó: PROG.CONT
* -len: PERF
* -món: GNO
* -dada: HAB
goes before verb:
* kon-: INF

=== Verb Postpositions ===

==== Mood ====

* 'akaa-: MIR
* 'anõõl-: CONC/HYP
* 'ila-: OPT/BEND
* 'íyye-: HORT/JUSS
* luke-: DUB/COND
* me-: ABIL
* tene-: PERM/PRESCR

==== Evidentiality ====

* -ce'í: RPT
* -mánna: INFR
* -nobã: NEV
* -tócí: SENS
Negation
* 'eeya: NEG

==== Agreement ====
The 'present' tense is the present by default, and otherwise the tense of the last verb.<ref>ADD THIS REFERENCE AND DELETE THE OTHER ONE</ref><ref group="Example references">e.g. lagað'ãn 'albín tandralí 'albín | say-PST NOM-1.AN run-FUT NOM-1.AN | I said I was going to run</ref>

==== Voice ====

* mẽna- : CAUS
* lad- : PASS
* 'õm- : REV

=== Auxiliary Verbs ===
'ayí (AFF) conveys confirmation of an action, and is verbalized to 'ayída (AFF-PRS) to convey confirmation of a state or truth, or of an object's existence, across the past, present, or future, with tense agreement

'cirette laan ma/im' conveys that the subject has knowingly or unknowingly caused the direct object to be unintentionally involved in the indirect object (a state or event), where if the direct object and subject are the same the direct object may be omitted, or included for emphasis

=== Copula ===
There is no copula in Tandí

=== Adpositions ===

==== Agreement ====
No agreement between adposition and complement is necessary

=== Interjections ===
Interjections may be placed before any word to deliver extra mood or other miscellaneous information.

== Syntax ==

=== Sentence Order ===
VSO word order

Particles go before the words they attach to, and prepositions after

Adjectives may attach to any words except conjunctions and postpositions. They go directly after the word they attach to (except verbs, where they go after the postposition)

Adjectives can also be placed at the head of a verb phrase with tense marking to convey 'SBJ is ADJ'

Verb complements may be placed before the verb phrase's prepositional phrases and connected clauses, but still after the postposition and adjectives, if they are only one word long<ref group="Example references">e.g. "balda yábããntoge laan 'imaan 'omarkã́z 'albello" -> "balda yátandratoge 'albello laan ..." | "go-PRS ADJ-race-property to INE OBL-store NOM-bear" -> "go-PRS ADJ-race-property NOM-bear to ..." | "The bear goes quickly to the store"</ref>

Words modify nouns according to the following hierarchy:

* PREP(QUANT(((HNR(N))ADJ)GEN))

==== Auxiliary Verb Constructions ====
Nouns cannot be advanded forward within auxiliary verb phrases

'ayí can be either a verb or a particle, as mentioned in Auxiliary Verbs

Auxiliary verbs follow a regular form:

* V PREP Oi S (Od)

where V PREP is the auxiliary verb (a finite verb with a preposition), S is the subject and is NOT part of a prepositional phrase, Od is the direct object, and Oi is the noun phrase completing the prepositional phrase of the auxiliary verb

==== Adverb Placement ====
Adverbs are to verbs exactly as adjectives are to nouns. They follow verbs, and behave the same way to verbs and themselves that adjectives behave to nouns and ''them''selves.

=== Coordination and subordination ===
Conjunctions go between anything but postpositions and cannot be omitted. Coordinate and subordinate clauses are separated by conjunctions. There is no distinction made between coordination and subordination on a grammatical level

=== Relative Clauses ===
Relative clauses follow a regular form:

* HEAD REL VP

where HEAD is 3.INAN if the relative clause is free and the bound matrix clause if the relative clause is bound, REL is a preposition (kaka /kaxa/), and VP is a verb phrase, and the head is the verb phrase's implied direct object

=== Questions ===

==== Polar Questions ====

* hal ('eeya) _: is _ (un)true?

==== WH-Questions ====
There are three interrogative pronouns, which can form more specific interrogatives through genitives, prepositions, and conjunctions:
* koko - what
* conna - when
* mosí - who
* koko wacón - when (what time), pronoun (emphatic)
* koko wanhabun - who (what person), pronoun (emphatic)
* koko waran - where (what place), pronoun (generic)
* lewa koko - why (to what end), prepositional phrase
* konto koko - why (because of what reasoning), subordinate clause
* lak koko - how (by doing what), prepositional phrase
* no koko - about what, prepositional phrase
* 'im koko - where (near what), prepositional phrase
* 'im conna - when (near when), prepositional phrase
* 'imaan conna - for what time frame (inside when), prepositional phrase
* do koko - from what, prepositional phrase
* laan koko - to what, prepositional phrase
* etc...
questions are asked in the same intonation and word order as statements are declared<ref group="Example references">e.g. ga'ãn 'almosí bíkoko 'im conna, dú 'imaan conna, dú 'im koko, dú no koko, dú lewa koko, dú lak koko, dú kepen koko, dú do koko, dú laan koko, ..., dú kit mosí túkoko? | do-PST NOM-who ACC-what near when, CON inside when, CON near what, CON about what, CON by_doing what, CON INSTR what, CON from what, CON to what, ..., CON BEN who DAT-what | "who did what when, in what time frame, where, about what, why, how, using what, from what, ... , and to what (indirect) to what (direct)?"</ref>

=== Existential Clause ===
uses the auxiliary verb construction of 'ayí

== Miscellaneous ==
The subject, and sometimes the object, direct or indirect, of a verb phrase can be move up in the sentence in a select set of cases:

# A quote is being given. Since the quote is a prepositional phrase, it would normally occur before the arguments of the verb. However, because this could result in poorer understanding of the quote itself, the arguments go before SPECIFICALLY the quote, and after any other prepositions or particles, and the quote prepositional phrase always goes last.<ref group="Example references">e.g. lagaðan 'alheman naní no tatammaa tene 'alpoka, 'al'afanafta, bílagað na 'obín túheman 'ejanacír. | laɣaðan ʔalhɛman nani no tatamːaː tɛnɛ ʔalpoxa, ʔalʔafanafta, bilaɣað na ʔobin tyhɛman ʔɛʝanasiɹ. | say-PST NOM-HNR Nanni that repeat-PRS PERM.PRESCR NOM-2.AN NOM-ACTOR-courier ACC-speech POSS OBL-1.AN DAT-HNR Ea-Naṣir | "You, my courier, will repeat my message to Ea-Naṣir," said Nanni.</ref>
# The subject or object is only one word long. In order to promote faster delivery of important information, the word may be placed before all prepositions and particles, at the 'front' of the verb phrase (behind the verb, postposition, and adverbs)

== Examples ==
<references group="Example references" />

== Notes ==
<references />

Assammakiitina

2026-08-29T02:34:12Z

MiaKvigan: Created page with "== Introduction == [Placeholder] is the religious language of the ŋation of 'o'aben yálekki wanyókóz. == Phonology == === Vowels === {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" |+ ! rowspan="2" |closure ! colspan="2" |front ! colspan="2" |central ! colspan="2" |back |- !lax !tense !lax !tense !lax !tense |- |close |ɪ ⟨i⟩ |i ⟨í⟩ | |ɨ ⟨ú⟩ | |u ⟨ó⟩ |- |mid |ɛ ⟨e⟩ |e ⟨é⟩ |ə ⟨u⟩ | |o ⟨o⟩ | |- |open |æ ⟨á⟩ |a ⟨a⟩ | |..."

== Introduction ==
[Placeholder] is the religious language of the ŋation of [[Yókóz|'o'aben yálekki wanyókóz]].

== Phonology ==

=== Vowels ===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
! rowspan="2" |closure
! colspan="2" |front
! colspan="2" |central
! colspan="2" |back
|-
!lax
!tense
!lax
!tense
!lax
!tense
|-
|close
|ɪ ⟨i⟩
|i ⟨í⟩
|
|ɨ ⟨ú⟩
|
|u ⟨ó⟩
|-
|mid
|ɛ ⟨e⟩
|e ⟨é⟩
|ə ⟨u⟩
|
|o ⟨o⟩
|
|-
|open
|æ ⟨á⟩
|a ⟨a⟩
|
|
|
|
|}Vowels may be elongated

=== Sun Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
!Placement →
↓ Manner
!Labial
!Dental
!Alveolar
!Post-alveolar
!Palatal
!Velar
!Laryngeal
|-
|Nasal
|m
|
|n
|
|
|
|
|-
|(Im)Plosive
|p ⟨p'⟩ / b ⟨p⟩ / ɓ ⟨b⟩
|
|t ⟨t'⟩ / d ⟨t⟩ / ɗ ⟨d⟩
|
|
|q ⟨k'⟩ / ɢ ⟨k⟩ / ʛ ⟨g⟩
|ʔ ⟨'⟩
|-
|Sibilant fricative
|
|
|s / z
|ʃ ⟨ṡ⟩ / ʒ ⟨ż⟩
|
|
|
|-
|Non-sibilant fricative
|f / v
|ð
|
|
|
|
|h
|-
|Approximant
|
|
|
|
|y
|w
|
|-
|Lateral Approximant
|
|
|l
|
|
|
|
|}

===Moon Consonants===

{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
!Placement →
↓ Manner
!Labial
!Dental
!Alveolar
!Post-alveolar
!Palatal
!Velar
!Laryngeal
|-
|Nasal
|m
|
|n
|
|
|
|
|-
|Plosive
|p / b
|
|t / d
|
|
|k / g
|ʔ ⟨'⟩
|-
|Sibilant affricate
|
|
|
|t͡ʃ ⟨ts⟩ / d͡ʒ ⟨dj⟩
|
|
|ʕ ⟨r⟩
|-
|Sibilant fricative
|
|
|s ⟨c⟩ / z
|ʃ ⟨s⟩ / ʒ ⟨j⟩
|
|
|
|-
|Non-sibilant fricative
|f / v
|ð
|
|
|ʝ ⟨y⟩
|
|h
|-
|Approximant
|
|
|ɹ ⟨r⟩
|
|
|w
|
|-
|Lateral Approximant
|
|
|l
|
|
|
|
|}

==== Consonant cluster reduction rules ====
Consonants can be 'absorbed' or 'deleted', where absorbed consonants become their absorber (dk > dd) and deleted consonants disappear (dn > n)

* n absorbs neighboring m
* m deletes preceding p and b
* n deletes preceding t and d
* g absorbs all other neighboring plosives, k absorbs all but g, d all but k and g, etc. (' is considered weak)
* dj absorbs neighboring ts
* dj and ts delete preceding j and s
* j absorbs all other neighboring sibilant fricatives, s absorbs all but j, etc.
* y absorbs all other neighboring non-sibilant fricatives, ð absorbs all but y, etc. (h is considered weak)
* w absorbs all other neighboring approximants, and r absorbs l (regular and lateral approximants are blended)

Examples:

* lad-gíla-món-'an → laggílamónan (d-g → gg, n-' → n)
* lad-púkan-món → laddúkannón (d-p → dd, n-m → nn)
* yá-damack-dé'an → yádamacké'an (ck-d → ck)
* bí-daad-ní → bídaaní (d-n → n)

=== Phonotactics ===
C(S)V(C)(C) or (C)CV(S)(C) ,where C is any consonant, S is any oral sonorant, and V is any vowel

V can be lengthened, which is represented as 2 vowels in the romanization but counts as 1

C can be geminated, which is represented as 2(3<ref>digraphs geminate their first letter only</ref>) consonants in the romanization but counts as one for phonotactics

There is no set tense patterning, and tense is instead considered a part of intonation

==== Allophones ====

* <f> /f/ → /fʰ/ | _N
* <g> /g/ → /ɣ/ | L(G)_V
* <k> /k/ → /kʰ/ | _N
* <k> /k/ → /x/ | L(G)_V
* <k> /x/ → /xʰ/ | _N
* <l> /l/ → /l̃/ | N_
* <nowiki> /p/ → /pʰ/ | _N</nowiki>
* <r> /ɹ/ → /ɾ/ | C!n_
* <r> /ɹ/ → /ɹ̃/ | N_
* <r> /ɹ/ → /ʢ̞/ | #_
* <t> /t/ → /tʰ/ | _N
* <y> /ʝ/ → /ʝ̃/ | N_
* <w> /w/ → /w̃/ | N_
where C is any consonant, V is any vowel, L is any lax vowel, N is any nasal vowel, G is any oral sonorant, and #_ means word-initial

==== Rhyme scheme ====
In poetic meter, geminated vowels are twice as long, and geminated consonants and stretched rhymes<ref>A stretched rhyme is a rhyme which has no gemination but is lengthened to accommodate for mismatch with the meter.</ref> are one and a half times as long.

== Morphology ==

=== Pronouns ===

==== Personal pronouns ====
bín - 1.AN

mam - 1.INAN

poka - 2.AN

tóó - 2.INAN

dããd - 3.AN

ken - 3.INAN

==== Deictic pronouns ====
mitta - this

lotta - that

'this' is used for anything within two steps and arm's reach. 'that' is anything outside of that range.

==== Interrogative pronouns ====
koko - what

conna - when

mosí - who

(other interrogatives are phrasal, e.g. 'lewa koko' [in_order_to what] meaning 'why')

==== Indefinite pronouns ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Case→
! rowspan="2" |Negative
! rowspan="2" |Universal
! rowspan="2" |Assertive existential
! rowspan="2" |Dubitative existential
|-
!Type↓
|-
|Person
|habunko
|habunbaa
|habunlin
|habunẽn
|-
|Thing
|lenko
|lenbaa
|lenlin
|lenẽn
|-
|Place
|ranko
|ranbaa
|ranlin
|ranẽn
|-
|Time
|cónko
|cónbaa
|cónlin
|cónẽn
|}

=== Nouns ===

==== Role assignment ====
A noun's semantic role in a sentence is indicated by a case prefix

subject (Nominative case): 'al-

direct object/subject complement (Accusative case): bí-

indirect object (Dative case): tú-

noun complement (Genitive case): wan-

other (Oblique case): 'o-<ref>oblique case is not required on personal pronouns</ref>

==== Number ====
singular default, plus dual, paucal, and plural marked by suffix on a stem which goes before tense and aspect

dual: -dí

paucal: -ve

plural: -na

==== Gender ====
There is no grammatical gender in Tandí

==== Possession ====
POSD na POSR: 'obaan na 'obákúún - the room of the house (DEF-OBL-room POSS DEF-OBL-house)

=== Determiners ===

==== Demonstratives ====
_ wannitta - this _

_ wanlotta - that _

==== Articles ====
Tandí does not use articles

==== Possessive Determiners ====
_ na _: doro na bín - my ball (ball POSS 1.AN); doro na poka - your ball (ball POSS 2.AN); etc.

_ na koko bac - whose _ (POSS what AN)

==== Quantifiers ====
Quantifiers go before the nouns they quantify (see Sentence Order)

=== Conjunctions ===
Conjunctions go in between semantic elements they connect, which can include things like nouns, noun phrases, relative clauses, verb argument lists<ref>The list of a verb's subject, direct object, and indirect object, in the case that a verb is applied to multiple sets of arguments</ref>, etc.

=== Numerals ===

==== Cardinals ====
cardinal "'amend" noun - ní 'amend doro - two CARD ball - ball number two (of a collection)

==== Ordinals ====
ordinal tokan noun - ordinal ORD noun, e.g. ní tokan doro - two ORD ball - second ball<ref group="Example references">e.g. ní tokan 'aban nana jelí | two ORD day PRT year | second day of the year</ref>

==== Nominals ====
root-cardinal - doroní - ball-two - two balls<ref group="Example references">e.g. baddaa 'aldaadukcí bídããní | hit-PRS NOM-3.AN-one ACC-3.AN-two | he hit him (of two people)</ref>

nũm - zero

'ókcí - one

ní - two

ta'í - three

sín - four

kílan - five

jaal - six

kitten - seven

bón - eight

nítta - nine

lan - ten

cen - hundred

tõn - thousand

=== Adjectives ===

==== Placement ====
directly after the noun<ref group="Example references">e.g. 'okína yálekkena wakakííta | OBL-seed-PL ADJ-green GEN-pepper | green pepper seeds</ref>

Adjectives may or may not match the number of the noun, as there is a semantic difference<ref>e.g. "Her muscles were like steel cables" implies her muscles were strong, where "Her muscles were like a steel cable" implies they are arranged in a line</ref>

==== Comparison ====
yá-adjective-degree-PRS<ref>Note here that the adjective is used as a verb, and is placed as the head of a verb phrase</ref> subject: subject is degree adjective than object<ref group="Example references">e.g. yábannúda 'albín 'an bípoka | ADJ-good-COMP-PRS NOM-1SG.AN than ACC-1SG.AN | I am better than you (lit. am_better I than you)</ref>

=== Finite Verbs ===

==== Tense ====
attaches to verb

* -da: PRS
* -'ãn: PST
* -lí: FUT

==== Aspect ====
goes after tense:

* -bó: PROG.CONT
* -len: PERF
* -món: GNO
* -dada: HAB
goes before verb:
* kon-: INF

=== Verb Postpositions ===

==== Mood ====

* 'akaa-: MIR
* 'anõõl-: CONC/HYP
* 'ila-: OPT/BEND
* 'íyye-: HORT/JUSS
* luke-: DUB/COND
* me-: ABIL
* tene-: PERM/PRESCR

==== Evidentiality ====

* -ce'í: RPT
* -mánna: INFR
* -nobã: NEV
* -tócí: SENS
Negation
* 'eeya: NEG

==== Agreement ====
The 'present' tense is the present by default, and otherwise the tense of the last verb.<ref>ADD THIS REFERENCE AND DELETE THE OTHER ONE</ref><ref group="Example references">e.g. lagað'ãn 'albín tandralí 'albín | say-PST NOM-1.AN run-FUT NOM-1.AN | I said I was going to run</ref>

==== Voice ====

* mẽna- : CAUS
* lad- : PASS
* 'õm- : REV

=== Auxiliary Verbs ===
'ayí (AFF) conveys confirmation of an action, and is verbalized to 'ayída (AFF-PRS) to convey confirmation of a state or truth, or of an object's existence, across the past, present, or future, with tense agreement

'cirette laan ma/im' conveys that the subject has knowingly or unknowingly caused the direct object to be unintentionally involved in the indirect object (a state or event), where if the direct object and subject are the same the direct object may be omitted, or included for emphasis

=== Copula ===
There is no copula in Tandí

=== Adpositions ===

==== Agreement ====
No agreement between adposition and complement is necessary

=== Interjections ===
Interjections may be placed before any word to deliver extra mood or other miscellaneous information.

== Syntax ==

=== Sentence Order ===
VSO word order

Particles go before the words they attach to, and prepositions after

Adjectives may attach to any words except conjunctions and postpositions. They go directly after the word they attach to (except verbs, where they go after the postposition)

Adjectives can also be placed at the head of a verb phrase with tense marking to convey 'SBJ is ADJ'

Verb complements may be placed before the verb phrase's prepositional phrases and connected clauses, but still after the postposition and adjectives, if they are only one word long<ref group="Example references">e.g. "balda yábããntoge laan 'imaan 'omarkã́z 'albello" -> "balda yátandratoge 'albello laan ..." | "go-PRS ADJ-race-property to INE OBL-store NOM-bear" -> "go-PRS ADJ-race-property NOM-bear to ..." | "The bear goes quickly to the store"</ref>

Words modify nouns according to the following hierarchy:

* PREP(QUANT(((HNR(N))ADJ)GEN))

==== Auxiliary Verb Constructions ====
Nouns cannot be advanded forward within auxiliary verb phrases

'ayí can be either a verb or a particle, as mentioned in Auxiliary Verbs

Auxiliary verbs follow a regular form:

* V PREP Oi S (Od)

where V PREP is the auxiliary verb (a finite verb with a preposition), S is the subject and is NOT part of a prepositional phrase, Od is the direct object, and Oi is the noun phrase completing the prepositional phrase of the auxiliary verb

==== Adverb Placement ====
Adverbs are to verbs exactly as adjectives are to nouns. They follow verbs, and behave the same way to verbs and themselves that adjectives behave to nouns and ''them''selves.

=== Coordination and subordination ===
Conjunctions go between anything but postpositions and cannot be omitted. Coordinate and subordinate clauses are separated by conjunctions. There is no distinction made between coordination and subordination on a grammatical level

=== Relative Clauses ===
Relative clauses follow a regular form:

* HEAD REL VP

where HEAD is 3.INAN if the relative clause is free and the bound matrix clause if the relative clause is bound, REL is a preposition (kaka /kaxa/), and VP is a verb phrase, and the head is the verb phrase's implied direct object

=== Questions ===

==== Polar Questions ====

* hal ('eeya) _: is _ (un)true?

==== WH-Questions ====
There are three interrogative pronouns, which can form more specific interrogatives through genitives, prepositions, and conjunctions:
* koko - what
* conna - when
* mosí - who
* koko wacón - when (what time), pronoun (emphatic)
* koko wanhabun - who (what person), pronoun (emphatic)
* koko waran - where (what place), pronoun (generic)
* lewa koko - why (to what end), prepositional phrase
* konto koko - why (because of what reasoning), subordinate clause
* lak koko - how (by doing what), prepositional phrase
* no koko - about what, prepositional phrase
* 'im koko - where (near what), prepositional phrase
* 'im conna - when (near when), prepositional phrase
* 'imaan conna - for what time frame (inside when), prepositional phrase
* do koko - from what, prepositional phrase
* laan koko - to what, prepositional phrase
* etc...
questions are asked in the same intonation and word order as statements are declared<ref group="Example references">e.g. ga'ãn 'almosí bíkoko 'im conna, dú 'imaan conna, dú 'im koko, dú no koko, dú lewa koko, dú lak koko, dú kepen koko, dú do koko, dú laan koko, ..., dú kit mosí túkoko? | do-PST NOM-who ACC-what near when, CON inside when, CON near what, CON about what, CON by_doing what, CON INSTR what, CON from what, CON to what, ..., CON BEN who DAT-what | "who did what when, in what time frame, where, about what, why, how, using what, from what, ... , and to what (indirect) to what (direct)?"</ref>

=== Existential Clause ===
uses the auxiliary verb construction of 'ayí

== Miscellaneous ==
The subject, and sometimes the object, direct or indirect, of a verb phrase can be move up in the sentence in a select set of cases:

# A quote is being given. Since the quote is a prepositional phrase, it would normally occur before the arguments of the verb. However, because this could result in poorer understanding of the quote itself, the arguments go before SPECIFICALLY the quote, and after any other prepositions or particles, and the quote prepositional phrase always goes last.<ref group="Example references">e.g. lagaðan 'alheman naní no tatammaa tene 'alpoka, 'al'afanafta, bílagað na 'obín túheman 'ejanacír. | laɣaðan ʔalhɛman nani no tatamːaː tɛnɛ ʔalpoxa, ʔalʔafanafta, bilaɣað na ʔobin tyhɛman ʔɛʝanasiɹ. | say-PST NOM-HNR Nanni that repeat-PRS PERM.PRESCR NOM-2.AN NOM-ACTOR-courier ACC-speech POSS OBL-1.AN DAT-HNR Ea-Naṣir | "You, my courier, will repeat my message to Ea-Naṣir," said Nanni.</ref>
# The subject or object is only one word long. In order to promote faster delivery of important information, the word may be placed before all prepositions and particles, at the 'front' of the verb phrase (behind the verb, postposition, and adverbs)

== Examples ==
<references group="Example references" />

== Notes ==
<references />

Hiluqhaqotclledzalaqaalososenadhaaniidedodzaladaazososena'aariite

2026-08-25T14:11:54Z

MiaKvigan: /* Volitional particles */

== Phonology ==

=== Vowels ===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
! rowspan="2" |closure
! colspan="2" |non-back
! colspan="2" |back
|-
!unrounded
!rounded
!unrounded
!rounded
|-
|high
|ɨ ⟨i⟩
|ʏ ⟨u⟩
|
|
|-
|mid
|
|
|
|o ⟨o⟩
|-
|low
|
|
|ɑ ⟨a⟩
|
|}
Vowels may be elongated

/∅/ ⟨e⟩

=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
! colspan="2" |Placement →
↓ Manner
!Coronal
!Palato-Dorsal
!Laryngeal
|-
| colspan="2" |Nasal
|n
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Plosive
|t / d
|q
|ʔ ⟨'⟩
|-
| colspan="2" |Sibilant affricate
|t͡ʃ ⟨ts⟩ / d͡ʒ ⟨dz⟩
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Sibilant fricative
|ʃ ⟨s⟩ / ʒ ⟨z⟩
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Non-sibilant fricative
|θ ⟨th⟩ / ð ⟨dh⟩
|ç ⟨c⟩ / ʝ ⟨y⟩
|ħ ⟨qh⟩ / h
|-
| colspan="2" |Trill
|r̥ ⟨tr⟩ / r
|ʀ̥ ⟨trr⟩ / ʀ ⟨rr⟩
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |Lateral affricate
|lateral
|t͡ɬˡ ⟨tcll⟩ / d͡ɮˡ ⟨dyll⟩
|
|
|-
|aspirated
|t͡ɬʰ ⟨tcl⟩ / d͡ɮʰ ⟨dyl⟩
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |Lateral fricative
|lateral
|ɬˡ ⟨cll⟩ / ɮˡ ⟨yll⟩
|
|
|-
|aspirated
|ɬʰ ⟨cl⟩ / ɮʰ ⟨yl⟩
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Lateral Approximant
|l
|
|
|}

=== Phonotactics ===
CV (but ⟨e⟩ /∅/ is an allowed V)

== Morphology ==

=== Pronouns ===

==== Personal pronouns ====
The personal pronouns as they once existed in Halaqhanenasi'ona were pro-drop as a result of grammatical person marking on verbs, but have since been eliminated, replaced by what used to be honorifics but which can now also serve as personal pronouns in addition to grammatical person marking on nouns

==== Honorifics ====
Honorifics may occur before nouns as an honorific, or in place of subjects as a pronoun, or before nouns and with an interfix as a deictic
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Presentation →
! rowspan="2" |Powerful-Fragile
! rowspan="2" |Powerful-Graceful
! rowspan="2" |Graceful-Fragile
|-
!Performance ↓
|-
|Powerful-Fragile
|'uqadho
|dulato
|su'ano
|-
|Powerful-Graceful
|'iqodha
|dilota
|si'ona
|-
|Graceful-Fragile
|'aqadhe
|dalate
|sa'ane
|}

==== Deictic pronouns ====
As with personal pronouns, deictic pronouns have disappeared. Honorifics are used in their place, where the gender classes are interpreted as distal distinctions, and are distinguished from a plain 'pronoun' by the interfix "-ta-". Generic 'this' which refers to a locationless entity is 'dilota'
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Unit (length) →
! rowspan="2" |minnow
(1 cm)
! rowspan="2" |redfish
(0.6 m)
! rowspan="2" |oarfish
(8 m)
|-
!Quantity ↓
|-
|1
|'uqadho
|dulato
|su'ano
|-
|12
|'iqodha
|dilota
|si'ona
|-
|144
|'aqadhe
|dalate
|sa'ane
|}

==== Interrogative pronouns ====
As with the other pronouns, interrogative pronouns no longer exist. Instead, you mark a noun as having an interrogative person and make it the object by adjusting the agency of the subject as necessary

=== Nouns ===

==== Pattern ====
The noun pattern conveys two axes, the noun's class and its person plus number. A noun's 'class' is categorized as any of organic thinking, organic nonthinking, and inorganic, and is used to determine the subject-object relationship between two nouns
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |Organic
! rowspan="2" |Inorganic
|-
!Thinking
!Nonthinking
|-
| rowspan="4" |1
|SG
|_a_a_a
|_a_i_a
|_a_u_a
|-
|DUAL
|_a_a_i
|_a_i_i
|_a_u_i
|-
|PAU
|_a_a_u
|_a_i_u
|_a_u_u
|-
|PL
|_a_a_o
|_a_i_o
|_a_u_o
|-
| rowspan="4" |2
|SG
|_u_a_a
|_u_i_a
|_u_u_a
|-
|DUAL
|_u_a_i
|_u_i_i
|_u_u_i
|-
|PAU
|_u_a_u
|_u_i_u
|_u_u_u
|-
|PL
|_u_a_o
|_u_i_o
|_u_u_o
|-
| rowspan="4" |3
|SG
|_i_a_a
|_i_i_a
|_i_u_a
|-
|DUAL
|_i_a_i
|_i_i_i
|_i_u_i
|-
|PAU
|_i_a_u
|_i_i_u
|_i_u_u
|-
|PL
|_i_a_o
|_i_i_o
|_i_u_o
|-
| rowspan="4" |INT
|SG
|_o_a_a
|_o_i_a
|_o_u_a
|-
|DUAL
|_o_a_i
|_o_i_i
|_o_u_i
|-
|PAU
|_o_a_u
|_o_i_u
|_o_u_u
|-
|PL
|_o_a_o
|_o_i_o
|_o_u_o
|}

=== Finite Verbs ===

==== Pattern ====
The verb pattern conveys two axes, the verb's quality and its person plus number. A verb's 'quality' is a measure of its emotional and physical intensity, as opposed to the more standard uses of the augmentative and diminutive forms which indicate
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |Standard
! colspan="2" |Augmentative
! colspan="2" |Diminutive
! colspan="2" |Stupiditive
|-
|Agent
|Patient
|Agent
|Patient
|Agent
|Patient
!Agent
|Patient
|-
| rowspan="4" |1
|SG
|_a_o_e
|_a_ii_e
|_u_o_e
|_u_aa_e
|_o_a_e
|_o_ii_e
|_i_u_e
|_i_oo_e
|-
|DUAL
|_a_o_i
|_a_ii_i
|_u_o_i
|_u_aa_i
|_o_a_i
|_o_ii_i
|_i_u_i
|_i_oo_i
|-
|PAU
|_a_o_ane
|_a_ii_ane
|_u_o_ane
|_u_aa_ane
|_o_a_ane
|_o_ii_ane
|_i_u_ane
|_i_oo_ane
|-
|PL
|_a_o_ose
|_a_ii_ose
|_u_o_ose
|_u_aa_ose
|_o_a_ose
|_o_ii_ose
|_i_u_ose
|_i_oo_ose
|-
| rowspan="4" |2
|SG
|_ale_o_e
|_ale_ii_e
|_ule_o_e
|_u_aa_e
|_oo_a_e
|_oo_ii_e
|_ile_u_e
|_ile_oo_e
|-
|DUAL
|_ale_o_i
|_ale_ii_i
|_ule_o_i
|_ule_aa_i
|_ole_a_i
|_ole_ii_i
|_ile_u_i
|_ile_oo_i
|-
|PAU
|_ale_o_ane
|_ale_ii_ane
|_ule_o_ane
|_ule_aa_ane
|_ole_a_ane
|_ole_ii_ane
|_ile_u_ane
|_ile_oo_ane
|-
|PL
|_ale_o_ose
|_ale_ii_ose
|_ule_o_ose
|_ule_aa_ose
|_ole_a_ose
|_ole_ii_ose
|_ile_u_ose
|_ile_oo_ose
|-
| rowspan="4" |3
|SG
|_aa_o_e
|_aa_ii_e
|_uu_o_e
|_uu_aa_e
|_oo_a_e
|_oo_ii_e
|_ii_u_e
|_ii_oo_e
|-
|DUAL
|_aa_o_i
|_aa_ii_i
|_uu_o_i
|_uu_aa_i
|_oo_a_i
|_oo_ii_i
|_ii_u_i
|_ii_oo_i
|-
|PAU
|_aa_o_ane
|_aa_ii_ane
|_uu_o_ane
|_uu_aa_ane
|_oo_a_ane
|_oo_ii_ane
|_ii_u_ane
|_ii_oo_ane
|-
|PL
|_aa_o_ose
|_aa_ii_ose
|_uu_o_ose
|_uu_aa_ose
|_oo_a_ose
|_oo_ii_ose
|_ii_u_ose
|_ii_oo_ose
|}

==== Tense ====
Tense is conveyed via a circumfix, which contains all other affixes (unless otherwise specified). The immediate past and future are generally preferable to the present, unless describing something which is happening in the very immediate present (that is to say, something which happens in a couple of seconds is still the immediate future and not the present)
* trru⟩⟨la - PST
* tru⟩⟨la - PST.IMM
* qeso⟩⟨nothe - PRS
* 'ara⟩⟨ti - FUT.IMM
* 'arra⟩⟨ti - FUT
e.g. qesonasoqenothe - PRS⟩paint.application⟨V.1SG.AGT.STD⟩⟨CIRC - I apply paint

==== Aspect ====
Aspect is conveyed via a suffix attached directly to the stem
* none - the statement is true, but the action is not necessarily occurring - gnomic
* hase - the statement is not necessarily true, but the action is occurring - faeric (yes I made it up)
* reduplication of the root - the action happens regularly, or habitually - habitual
* yla - the action is complete - perfect
* leqe - the action is ongoing, and has progress - progressive
*tane - the action is ongoing, but does not progress - stative
* hero - the action is initiated - initiative
* 'idhane - the action is continuing or resumed - continuative/resumptive
* dhile - the action is terminated - terminative
e.g. qesonasoqeleqenothe - PRS⟩paint.application⟨V.1SG.AGT.STD⟩-GNO⟨CIRC - I apply paint (it's something I do, not necessarily right now though)

==== Mood ====
Mood is conveyed as a prefix on the verb
* ∅ - I paint/I am paint/I have paint
* qhane - NEC - I need to paint/I need paint
* jotune - DES - I want to paint/I want paint
* qota - IMP/JUSS - I demand, implore to paint/I demand, implore paint
* suthate - DUB/COND - I would, might, consider paint(ing)/I would, might, consider have[ing] paint
* naniiq - PERM - I can paint/I can have paint
* tclate - ABIL - I am able to paint, I am able to have paint
* didaa - MIR - I am fond for paint, I have fondness for paint
e.g. qesoqotanasoqeleqenothe - PRS⟩IMP/JUSS-paint.application⟨V.1SG.AGT.STD⟩-GNO⟨CIRC - I demand to apply paint (I make the demand, but not necessarily as we speak)

=== Volitional particles ===
Volition is marked by a preverb. These prefixes can have their own TAM (tense, aspect, and mood) distinct from that of the verb they are attached to.
* daa - volitional, success (confirmative) - I intended to, and did
* noqe - volitional, failed (attemptative) - I intended to, but did not (or could not)
* luyle - nonvolitional, success (deniative) - I did not intend to, and did not (or could not)
* 'acaye - nonvolitional, failed (temptative) - I did not intend to, but did
e.g. trunoqeylala qesoqotanasoqeleqenothe - PST.IMM⟩ATTEMPT-PFV⟨CIRC PRS⟩IMP/JUSS-paint.application⟨V.1SG.AGT.STD⟩-GNO⟨CIRC - I intend to but do not demand to apply paint (My failure to demand is true, but not necessarily happening now, and my application of the paint would have occurred just a moment ago)

=== Affirmation and negation ===
The affirmative and negative particles ('itclla and daneda) are 'right' and 'wrong' responses only. "NEG paint.application⟨V.1SG.AGT.STD⟩" means "Wrong, I paint", where "DENY paint.application⟨V.1SG.AGT.STD⟩" means "I intentionally did not paint", and "NEG DENY paint.application⟨V.1SG.AGT.STD⟩" means "Wrong, I intentionally did not paint"

e.g. 'itclla trunoqeylala qesoqotanasoqeleqenothe - AFF PST.IMM⟩ATTEMPT-PFV⟨CIRC PRS⟩IMP/JUSS-paint.application⟨V.1SG.AGT.STD⟩-GNO⟨CIRC - Yes, I just intended to but did not demand to apply paint (The statement is confirmation, my failure to demand was true as of just a moment ago, but not necessarily occurring at that moment, and my application of the paint would occur now)

=== Forms ===
Forms convey mood, but also the augmentative and diminutive. Consonants are notated as c₁, c₂, etc., while vowels are v₁, v₂, etc.. Examples are based on root n_s_q_ (paint), with pattern _a_o_e (V.1SG.AGT.STD)

# c₁v₁c₂v₂c₃v₃ - nasoqe - I newly apply paint to
# c₁v₁nev₂c₂v₃c₃ - nanesoqe - I fully remove paint from
# dac₁v₁c₂v₂lec₃v₃ - danasoleqe - I alter the paint of
# c₁v₁c₁v₁c₂v₂c₃v₃ - nanasoqe - I supplement the paint of
# c₁v₁c₂ec₃v₂rv₃ - naseqore - I reduce the paint of
# c₁v₁c₃v₃c₂v₂ - naqeso - I invert the paint of
# 'v₁c₁v₁c₂v₂c₃v₃ - 'anasoqe - I utilize the paint of
# c₁v₁c₂ec₃v₂c₃v₃ - naseqoqe - I analyze the paint of

=== Morphological derivation ===
Affixation is used to derive the stative, agent, patient, action instrumental, tool instrumental, and assistance instrumental nominalizations of a verb (to fly becomes flight, that which flies, that which is flown, that which can be performed to cause flight (the flap of a wing), that which is used to cause flight directly (wings, lift), and that which is used to help cause flight (wind) , as well as the gnomic and progressive adjectivizations of a verb (to fly becomes flown and flying)

* qhose-: STAT.NMZ
* dzala-: AGT.NMZ
* dyllu-: PAT.NMZ
* raseto-: ACT.INSTR.NMZ
* 'indzo-:TOOL.INSTR.NMZ
* qana-: ASS.INSTR.NMZ
* sothe-: GNO.ADJZ
* yotre-: PROG.ADJZ

When an illegal consonant cluster appears, it is broken up by schwa, still written as ⟨e⟩

Tense goes on the outside as a circumfix, while aspect is a suffix within that

The abstract nominalizer is marked with the 'i⟩⟨nile circumfix

The indefinite article is marked with the 'ile- prefix

alienable possession and inalienable possession are marked separately (e.g. 'my brother' and 'my ball' use a different interfix)
== Syntax ==

=== Word order ===
T1 (topic first) word order

=== Compound words ===

==== Noun incorporation ====
Nouns are incorporated into compound words by appending them to the compound word with a dividing interfix showing the relationship between the words. To incorporate another compound word, you must place the "clo⟩⟨lune" circumfix around it to eliminate ambiguity.

==== Verb serialization ====
Verb serialization occurs first. Serialized verbs are placed in succession, and the last verb (even when alone) is followed by the '-lo-' interfix. The verb(s) indicate(s) the agency, person, and number of the subject, which is known via the animacy hierarchy (people < ORG.THNK < ORG.NTHNK < computers < NORG). If the subject-object relationship does not match this hierarchy, the particle "qetaa" is placed between the two words or phrases, meaning they must occur next to one another. The subject can be dropped if it is in the first person and not semantically necessary (as in it does not contain information that, if missing, would make the sentence nonsensical). If the subject is dropped, "qetaa" must be placed between the verb(s) and the direct object. The indirect object is placed before the verb(s), with the '-nole-' interfix in between. Verb serialization can also be recursive, meaning the arguments of a serialized verb phrase may be another serialized verb phrase.

* -tu- = action instrumentality (what action was used to accomplish the verb)
* -herro- = tool instrumentality (what tool was used to accomplish the verb)
* -luga- = assistive instrumentality (what guide was used to accomplish the verb)
* -lala- = POSS.AL
* -rrile- = POSS.INAL
* -na- = ADJZ
* -qotclle- = categorical marker (followed by what category the preceding stem always belongs to)

Hiluqhaqotclledzalaqaalososenadhaaniidedodzaladaazososena'aariite

2026-08-18T14:22:26Z

MiaKvigan: eliminated removed consonants

== Phonology ==

=== Vowels ===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
! rowspan="2" |closure
! colspan="2" |non-back
! colspan="2" |back
|-
!unrounded
!rounded
!unrounded
!rounded
|-
|high
|ɨ ⟨i⟩
|ʏ ⟨u⟩
|
|
|-
|mid
|
|
|
|o ⟨o⟩
|-
|low
|
|
|ɑ ⟨a⟩
|
|}
Vowels may be elongated

/∅/ ⟨e⟩

=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
! colspan="2" |Placement →
↓ Manner
!Coronal
!Palato-Dorsal
!Laryngeal
|-
| colspan="2" |Nasal
|n
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Plosive
|t / d
|q
|ʔ ⟨'⟩
|-
| colspan="2" |Sibilant affricate
|t͡ʃ ⟨ts⟩ / d͡ʒ ⟨dz⟩
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Sibilant fricative
|ʃ ⟨s⟩ / ʒ ⟨z⟩
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Non-sibilant fricative
|θ ⟨th⟩ / ð ⟨dh⟩
|ç ⟨c⟩ / ʝ ⟨y⟩
|ħ ⟨qh⟩ / h
|-
| colspan="2" |Trill
|r̥ ⟨tr⟩ / r
|ʀ̥ ⟨trr⟩ / ʀ ⟨rr⟩
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |Lateral affricate
|lateral
|t͡ɬˡ ⟨tcll⟩ / d͡ɮˡ ⟨dyll⟩
|
|
|-
|aspirated
|t͡ɬʰ ⟨tcl⟩ / d͡ɮʰ ⟨dyl⟩
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |Lateral fricative
|lateral
|ɬˡ ⟨cll⟩ / ɮˡ ⟨yll⟩
|
|
|-
|aspirated
|ɬʰ ⟨cl⟩ / ɮʰ ⟨yl⟩
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Lateral Approximant
|l
|
|
|}

=== Phonotactics ===
CV (but ⟨e⟩ /∅/ is an allowed V)

== Morphology ==

=== Pronouns ===

==== Personal pronouns ====
The personal pronouns as they once existed in Halaqhanenasi'ona were pro-drop as a result of grammatical person marking on verbs, but have since been eliminated, replaced by what used to be honorifics but which can now also serve as personal pronouns in addition to grammatical person marking on nouns

==== Honorifics ====
Honorifics may occur before nouns as an honorific, or in place of subjects as a pronoun, or before nouns and with an interfix as a deictic
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Presentation →
! rowspan="2" |Powerful-Fragile
! rowspan="2" |Powerful-Graceful
! rowspan="2" |Graceful-Fragile
|-
!Performance ↓
|-
|Powerful-Fragile
|'uqadho
|dulato
|su'ano
|-
|Powerful-Graceful
|'iqodha
|dilota
|si'ona
|-
|Graceful-Fragile
|'aqadhe
|dalate
|sa'ane
|}

==== Deictic pronouns ====
As with personal pronouns, deictic pronouns have disappeared. Honorifics are used in their place, where the gender classes are interpreted as distal distinctions, and are distinguished from a plain 'pronoun' by the interfix "-ta-". Generic 'this' which refers to a locationless entity is 'dilota'
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Unit (length) →
! rowspan="2" |minnow
(1 cm)
! rowspan="2" |redfish
(0.6 m)
! rowspan="2" |oarfish
(8 m)
|-
!Quantity ↓
|-
|1
|'uqadho
|dulato
|su'ano
|-
|12
|'iqodha
|dilota
|si'ona
|-
|144
|'aqadhe
|dalate
|sa'ane
|}

==== Interrogative pronouns ====
As with the other pronouns, interrogative pronouns no longer exist. Instead, you mark a noun as having an interrogative person and make it the object by adjusting the agency of the subject as necessary

=== Nouns ===

==== Pattern ====
The noun pattern conveys two axes, the noun's class and its person plus number. A noun's 'class' is categorized as any of organic thinking, organic nonthinking, and inorganic, and is used to determine the subject-object relationship between two nouns
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |Organic
! rowspan="2" |Inorganic
|-
!Thinking
!Nonthinking
|-
| rowspan="4" |1
|SG
|_a_a_a
|_a_i_a
|_a_u_a
|-
|DUAL
|_a_a_i
|_a_i_i
|_a_u_i
|-
|PAU
|_a_a_u
|_a_i_u
|_a_u_u
|-
|PL
|_a_a_o
|_a_i_o
|_a_u_o
|-
| rowspan="4" |2
|SG
|_u_a_a
|_u_i_a
|_u_u_a
|-
|DUAL
|_u_a_i
|_u_i_i
|_u_u_i
|-
|PAU
|_u_a_u
|_u_i_u
|_u_u_u
|-
|PL
|_u_a_o
|_u_i_o
|_u_u_o
|-
| rowspan="4" |3
|SG
|_i_a_a
|_i_i_a
|_i_u_a
|-
|DUAL
|_i_a_i
|_i_i_i
|_i_u_i
|-
|PAU
|_i_a_u
|_i_i_u
|_i_u_u
|-
|PL
|_i_a_o
|_i_i_o
|_i_u_o
|-
| rowspan="4" |INT
|SG
|_o_a_a
|_o_i_a
|_o_u_a
|-
|DUAL
|_o_a_i
|_o_i_i
|_o_u_i
|-
|PAU
|_o_a_u
|_o_i_u
|_o_u_u
|-
|PL
|_o_a_o
|_o_i_o
|_o_u_o
|}

=== Finite Verbs ===

==== Pattern ====
The verb pattern conveys two axes, the verb's quality and its person plus number. A verb's 'quality' is a measure of its emotional and physical intensity, as opposed to the more standard uses of the augmentative and diminutive forms which indicate
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |Standard
! colspan="2" |Augmentative
! colspan="2" |Diminutive
! colspan="2" |Stupiditive
|-
|Agent
|Patient
|Agent
|Patient
|Agent
|Patient
!Agent
|Patient
|-
| rowspan="4" |1
|SG
|_a_o_e
|_a_ii_e
|_u_o_e
|_u_aa_e
|_o_a_e
|_o_ii_e
|_i_u_e
|_i_oo_e
|-
|DUAL
|_a_o_i
|_a_ii_i
|_u_o_i
|_u_aa_i
|_o_a_i
|_o_ii_i
|_i_u_i
|_i_oo_i
|-
|PAU
|_a_o_ane
|_a_ii_ane
|_u_o_ane
|_u_aa_ane
|_o_a_ane
|_o_ii_ane
|_i_u_ane
|_i_oo_ane
|-
|PL
|_a_o_ose
|_a_ii_ose
|_u_o_ose
|_u_aa_ose
|_o_a_ose
|_o_ii_ose
|_i_u_ose
|_i_oo_ose
|-
| rowspan="4" |2
|SG
|_ale_o_e
|_ale_ii_e
|_ule_o_e
|_u_aa_e
|_oo_a_e
|_oo_ii_e
|_ile_u_e
|_ile_oo_e
|-
|DUAL
|_ale_o_i
|_ale_ii_i
|_ule_o_i
|_ule_aa_i
|_ole_a_i
|_ole_ii_i
|_ile_u_i
|_ile_oo_i
|-
|PAU
|_ale_o_ane
|_ale_ii_ane
|_ule_o_ane
|_ule_aa_ane
|_ole_a_ane
|_ole_ii_ane
|_ile_u_ane
|_ile_oo_ane
|-
|PL
|_ale_o_ose
|_ale_ii_ose
|_ule_o_ose
|_ule_aa_ose
|_ole_a_ose
|_ole_ii_ose
|_ile_u_ose
|_ile_oo_ose
|-
| rowspan="4" |3
|SG
|_aa_o_e
|_aa_ii_e
|_uu_o_e
|_uu_aa_e
|_oo_a_e
|_oo_ii_e
|_ii_u_e
|_ii_oo_e
|-
|DUAL
|_aa_o_i
|_aa_ii_i
|_uu_o_i
|_uu_aa_i
|_oo_a_i
|_oo_ii_i
|_ii_u_i
|_ii_oo_i
|-
|PAU
|_aa_o_ane
|_aa_ii_ane
|_uu_o_ane
|_uu_aa_ane
|_oo_a_ane
|_oo_ii_ane
|_ii_u_ane
|_ii_oo_ane
|-
|PL
|_aa_o_ose
|_aa_ii_ose
|_uu_o_ose
|_uu_aa_ose
|_oo_a_ose
|_oo_ii_ose
|_ii_u_ose
|_ii_oo_ose
|}

==== Tense ====
Tense is conveyed via a circumfix, which contains all other affixes (unless otherwise specified). The immediate past and future are generally preferable to the present, unless describing something which is happening in the very immediate present (that is to say, something which happens in a couple of seconds is still the immediate future and not the present)
* trru⟩⟨la - PST
* tru⟩⟨la - PST.IMM
* qeso⟩⟨nothe - PRS
* 'ara⟩⟨ti - FUT.IMM
* 'arra⟩⟨ti - FUT
e.g. qesonasoqenothe - PRS⟩paint.application⟨V.1SG.AGT.STD⟩⟨CIRC - I apply paint

==== Aspect ====
Aspect is conveyed via a suffix attached directly to the stem
* none - the statement is true, but the action is not necessarily occurring - gnomic
* hase - the statement is not necessarily true, but the action is occurring - faeric (yes I made it up)
* reduplication of the root - the action happens regularly, or habitually - habitual
* yla - the action is complete - perfect
* leqe - the action is ongoing, and has progress - progressive
*tane - the action is ongoing, but does not progress - stative
* hero - the action is initiated - initiative
* 'idhane - the action is continuing or resumed - continuative/resumptive
* dhile - the action is terminated - terminative
e.g. qesonasoqeleqenothe - PRS⟩paint.application⟨V.1SG.AGT.STD⟩-GNO⟨CIRC - I apply paint (it's something I do, not necessarily right now though)

==== Mood ====
Mood is conveyed as a prefix on the verb
* ∅ - I paint/I am paint/I have paint
* qhane - NEC - I need to paint/I need paint
* jotune - DES - I want to paint/I want paint
* qota - IMP/JUSS - I demand, implore to paint/I demand, implore paint
* suthate - DUB/COND - I would, might, consider paint(ing)/I would, might, consider have[ing] paint
* naniiq - PERM - I can paint/I can have paint
* tclate - ABIL - I am able to paint, I am able to have paint
* didaa - MIR - I am fond for paint, I have fondness for paint
e.g. qesoqotanasoqeleqenothe - PRS⟩IMP/JUSS-paint.application⟨V.1SG.AGT.STD⟩-GNO⟨CIRC - I demand to apply paint (I make the demand, but not necessarily as we speak)

=== Volitional particles ===
Volition is marked by a prefix, which goes before the tense circumfix. These prefixes can have their own TAM (tense, aspect, and mood) distinct from that of the verb they are attached to.
* daa - volitional, success (confirmative) - I intended to, and did
* noqe - volitional, failed (attemptative) - I intended to, but did not (or could not)
* luyle - nonvolitional, success (deniative) - I did not intend to, and did not (or could not)
* 'acaye - nonvolitional, failed (temptative) - I did not intend to, but did
e.g. trunoqeylala qesoqotanasoqeleqenothe - PST.IMM⟩ATTEMPT-PFV⟨CIRC PRS⟩IMP/JUSS-paint.application⟨V.1SG.AGT.STD⟩-GNO⟨CIRC - I intend to but do not demand to apply paint (My failure to demand is true, but not necessarily happening now, and my application of the paint would have occurred just a moment ago)

=== Affirmation and negation ===
The affirmative and negative particles ('itclla and daneda) are 'right' and 'wrong' responses only. "NEG paint.application⟨V.1SG.AGT.STD⟩" means "Wrong, I paint", where "DENY paint.application⟨V.1SG.AGT.STD⟩" means "I intentionally did not paint", and "NEG DENY paint.application⟨V.1SG.AGT.STD⟩" means "Wrong, I intentionally did not paint"

e.g. 'itclla trunoqeylala qesoqotanasoqeleqenothe - AFF PST.IMM⟩ATTEMPT-PFV⟨CIRC PRS⟩IMP/JUSS-paint.application⟨V.1SG.AGT.STD⟩-GNO⟨CIRC - Yes, I just intended to but did not demand to apply paint (The statement is confirmation, my failure to demand was true as of just a moment ago, but not necessarily occurring at that moment, and my application of the paint would occur now)

=== Forms ===
Forms convey mood, but also the augmentative and diminutive. Consonants are notated as c₁, c₂, etc., while vowels are v₁, v₂, etc.. Examples are based on root n_s_q_ (paint), with pattern _a_o_e (V.1SG.AGT.STD)

# c₁v₁c₂v₂c₃v₃ - nasoqe - I newly apply paint to
# c₁v₁nev₂c₂v₃c₃ - nanesoqe - I fully remove paint from
# dac₁v₁c₂v₂lec₃v₃ - danasoleqe - I alter the paint of
# c₁v₁c₁v₁c₂v₂c₃v₃ - nanasoqe - I supplement the paint of
# c₁v₁c₂ec₃v₂rv₃ - naseqore - I reduce the paint of
# c₁v₁c₃v₃c₂v₂ - naqeso - I invert the paint of
# 'v₁c₁v₁c₂v₂c₃v₃ - 'anasoqe - I utilize the paint of
# c₁v₁c₂ec₃v₂c₃v₃ - naseqoqe - I analyze the paint of

=== Morphological derivation ===
Affixation is used to derive the stative, agent, patient, action instrumental, tool instrumental, and assistance instrumental nominalizations of a verb (to fly becomes flight, that which flies, that which is flown, that which can be performed to cause flight (the flap of a wing), that which is used to cause flight directly (wings, lift), and that which is used to help cause flight (wind) , as well as the gnomic and progressive adjectivizations of a verb (to fly becomes flown and flying)

* qhose-: STAT.NMZ
* dzala-: AGT.NMZ
* dyllu-: PAT.NMZ
* raseto-: ACT.INSTR.NMZ
* 'indzo-:TOOL.INSTR.NMZ
* qana-: ASS.INSTR.NMZ
* sothe-: GNO.ADJZ
* yotre-: PROG.ADJZ

When an illegal consonant cluster appears, it is broken up by schwa, still written as ⟨e⟩

Tense goes on the outside as a circumfix, while aspect is a suffix within that

The abstract nominalizer is marked with the 'i⟩⟨nile circumfix

The indefinite article is marked with the 'ile- prefix

alienable possession and inalienable possession are marked separately (e.g. 'my brother' and 'my ball' use a different interfix)
== Syntax ==

=== Word order ===
T1 (topic first) word order

=== Compound words ===

==== Noun incorporation ====
Nouns are incorporated into compound words by appending them to the compound word with a dividing interfix showing the relationship between the words. To incorporate another compound word, you must place the "clo⟩⟨lune" circumfix around it to eliminate ambiguity.

==== Verb serialization ====
Verb serialization occurs first. Serialized verbs are placed in succession, and the last verb (even when alone) is followed by the '-lo-' interfix. The verb(s) indicate(s) the agency, person, and number of the subject, which is known via the animacy hierarchy (people < ORG.THNK < ORG.NTHNK < computers < NORG). If the subject-object relationship does not match this hierarchy, the particle "qetaa" is placed between the two words or phrases, meaning they must occur next to one another. The subject can be dropped if it is in the first person and not semantically necessary (as in it does not contain information that, if missing, would make the sentence nonsensical). If the subject is dropped, "qetaa" must be placed between the verb(s) and the direct object. The indirect object is placed before the verb(s), with the '-nole-' interfix in between. Verb serialization can also be recursive, meaning the arguments of a serialized verb phrase may be another serialized verb phrase.

* -tu- = action instrumentality (what action was used to accomplish the verb)
* -herro- = tool instrumentality (what tool was used to accomplish the verb)
* -luga- = assistive instrumentality (what guide was used to accomplish the verb)
* -lala- = POSS.AL
* -rrile- = POSS.INAL
* -na- = ADJZ
* -qotclle- = categorical marker (followed by what category the preceding stem always belongs to)

Hiluqhaqotclledzalaqaalososenadhaaniidedodzaladaazososena'aariite

2026-08-16T20:30:04Z

MiaKvigan: /* Compound words */

== Phonology ==

=== Vowels ===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
! rowspan="2" |closure
! colspan="2" |non-back
! colspan="2" |back
|-
!unrounded
!rounded
!unrounded
!rounded
|-
|high
|ɨ ⟨i⟩
|ʏ ⟨u⟩
|
|
|-
|mid
|
|
|
|o ⟨o⟩
|-
|low
|
|
|ɑ ⟨a⟩
|
|}
Vowels may be elongated

/∅/ ⟨e⟩

=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
! colspan="2" |Placement →
↓ Manner
!Coronal
!Palato-Dorsal
!Laryngeal
|-
| colspan="2" |Nasal
|n
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Plosive
|t / d
|q
|ʔ ⟨'⟩
|-
| colspan="2" |Sibilant affricate
|t͡ʃ ⟨ts⟩ / d͡ʒ ⟨dz⟩
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Sibilant fricative
|ʃ ⟨s⟩ / ʒ ⟨z⟩
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Non-sibilant fricative
|θ ⟨th⟩ / ð ⟨dh⟩
|ç ⟨c⟩ / ʝ ⟨y⟩
|ħ ⟨qh⟩ / h
|-
| colspan="2" |Trill
|r̥ ⟨tr⟩ / r
|ʀ̥ ⟨trr⟩ / ʀ ⟨rr⟩
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |Lateral affricate
|lateral
|t͡ɬˡ ⟨tcll⟩ / d͡ɮˡ ⟨dyll⟩
|
|
|-
|aspirated
|t͡ɬʰ ⟨tcl⟩ / d͡ɮʰ ⟨dyl⟩
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |Lateral fricative
|lateral
|ɬˡ ⟨cll⟩ / ɮˡ ⟨yll⟩
|
|
|-
|aspirated
|ɬʰ ⟨cl⟩ / ɮʰ ⟨yl⟩
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Lateral Approximant
|l
|
|
|}

=== Phonotactics ===
CV (but ⟨e⟩ /∅/ is an allowed V)

== Morphology ==

=== Pronouns ===

==== Personal pronouns ====
The personal pronouns as they once existed in Halaqhanenasi'ona were pro-drop as a result of grammatical person marking on verbs, but have since been eliminated, replaced by what used to be honorifics but which can now also serve as personal pronouns in addition to grammatical person marking on nouns

==== Honorifics ====
Honorifics may occur before nouns as an honorific, or in place of subjects as a pronoun, or before nouns and with an interfix as a deictic
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Presentation →
! rowspan="2" |Powerful-Fragile
! rowspan="2" |Powerful-Graceful
! rowspan="2" |Graceful-Fragile
|-
!Performance ↓
|-
|Powerful-Fragile
|'uqadho
|dulato
|su'ano
|-
|Powerful-Graceful
|'iqodha
|dilota
|si'ona
|-
|Graceful-Fragile
|'aqadhe
|dalate
|sa'ane
|}

==== Deictic pronouns ====
As with personal pronouns, deictic pronouns have disappeared. Honorifics are used in their place, where the gender classes are interpreted as distal distinctions, and are distinguished from a plain 'pronoun' by the interfix "-ta-". Generic 'this' which refers to a locationless entity is 'dilota'
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Unit (length) →
! rowspan="2" |minnow
(1 cm)
! rowspan="2" |redfish
(0.6 m)
! rowspan="2" |oarfish
(8 m)
|-
!Quantity ↓
|-
|1
|'uqadho
|dulato
|su'ano
|-
|12
|'iqodha
|dilota
|si'ona
|-
|144
|'aqadhe
|dalate
|sa'ane
|}

==== Interrogative pronouns ====
As with the other pronouns, interrogative pronouns no longer exist. Instead, you mark a noun as having an interrogative person and make it the object by adjusting the agency of the subject as necessary

=== Nouns ===

==== Pattern ====
The noun pattern conveys two axes, the noun's class and its person plus number. A noun's 'class' is categorized as any of organic thinking, organic nonthinking, and inorganic, and is used to determine the subject-object relationship between two nouns
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |Organic
! rowspan="2" |Inorganic
|-
!Thinking
!Nonthinking
|-
| rowspan="4" |1
|SG
|_a_a_a
|_a_i_a
|_a_u_a
|-
|DUAL
|_a_a_i
|_a_i_i
|_a_u_i
|-
|PAU
|_a_a_u
|_a_i_u
|_a_u_u
|-
|PL
|_a_a_o
|_a_i_o
|_a_u_o
|-
| rowspan="4" |2
|SG
|_u_a_a
|_u_i_a
|_u_u_a
|-
|DUAL
|_u_a_i
|_u_i_i
|_u_u_i
|-
|PAU
|_u_a_u
|_u_i_u
|_u_u_u
|-
|PL
|_u_a_o
|_u_i_o
|_u_u_o
|-
| rowspan="4" |3
|SG
|_i_a_a
|_i_i_a
|_i_u_a
|-
|DUAL
|_i_a_i
|_i_i_i
|_i_u_i
|-
|PAU
|_i_a_u
|_i_i_u
|_i_u_u
|-
|PL
|_i_a_o
|_i_i_o
|_i_u_o
|-
| rowspan="4" |INT
|SG
|_o_a_a
|_o_i_a
|_o_u_a
|-
|DUAL
|_o_a_i
|_o_i_i
|_o_u_i
|-
|PAU
|_o_a_u
|_o_i_u
|_o_u_u
|-
|PL
|_o_a_o
|_o_i_o
|_o_u_o
|}

=== Finite Verbs ===

==== Pattern ====
The verb pattern conveys two axes, the verb's quality and its person plus number. A verb's 'quality' is a measure of its emotional and physical intensity, as opposed to the more standard uses of the augmentative and diminutive forms which indicate
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |Standard
! colspan="2" |Augmentative
! colspan="2" |Diminutive
! colspan="2" |Stupiditive
|-
|Agent
|Patient
|Agent
|Patient
|Agent
|Patient
!Agent
|Patient
|-
| rowspan="4" |1
|SG
|_a_o_e
|_a_ii_e
|_u_o_e
|_u_aa_e
|_o_a_e
|_o_ii_e
|_i_u_e
|_i_oo_e
|-
|DUAL
|_a_o_i
|_a_ii_i
|_u_o_i
|_u_aa_i
|_o_a_i
|_o_ii_i
|_i_u_i
|_i_oo_i
|-
|PAU
|_a_o_ane
|_a_ii_ane
|_u_o_ane
|_u_aa_ane
|_o_a_ane
|_o_ii_ane
|_i_u_ane
|_i_oo_ane
|-
|PL
|_a_o_ose
|_a_ii_ose
|_u_o_ose
|_u_aa_ose
|_o_a_ose
|_o_ii_ose
|_i_u_ose
|_i_oo_ose
|-
| rowspan="4" |2
|SG
|_ale_o_e
|_ale_ii_e
|_ule_o_e
|_u_aa_e
|_oo_a_e
|_oo_ii_e
|_ile_u_e
|_ile_oo_e
|-
|DUAL
|_ale_o_i
|_ale_ii_i
|_ule_o_i
|_ule_aa_i
|_ole_a_i
|_ole_ii_i
|_ile_u_i
|_ile_oo_i
|-
|PAU
|_ale_o_ane
|_ale_ii_ane
|_ule_o_ane
|_ule_aa_ane
|_ole_a_ane
|_ole_ii_ane
|_ile_u_ane
|_ile_oo_ane
|-
|PL
|_ale_o_ose
|_ale_ii_ose
|_ule_o_ose
|_ule_aa_ose
|_ole_a_ose
|_ole_ii_ose
|_ile_u_ose
|_ile_oo_ose
|-
| rowspan="4" |3
|SG
|_aa_o_e
|_aa_ii_e
|_uu_o_e
|_uu_aa_e
|_oo_a_e
|_oo_ii_e
|_ii_u_e
|_ii_oo_e
|-
|DUAL
|_aa_o_i
|_aa_ii_i
|_uu_o_i
|_uu_aa_i
|_oo_a_i
|_oo_ii_i
|_ii_u_i
|_ii_oo_i
|-
|PAU
|_aa_o_ane
|_aa_ii_ane
|_uu_o_ane
|_uu_aa_ane
|_oo_a_ane
|_oo_ii_ane
|_ii_u_ane
|_ii_oo_ane
|-
|PL
|_aa_o_ose
|_aa_ii_ose
|_uu_o_ose
|_uu_aa_ose
|_oo_a_ose
|_oo_ii_ose
|_ii_u_ose
|_ii_oo_ose
|}

==== Tense ====
Tense is conveyed via a circumfix, which contains all other affixes (unless otherwise specified). The immediate past and future are generally preferable to the present, unless describing something which is happening in the very immediate present (that is to say, something which happens in a couple of seconds is still the immediate future and not the present)
* trru⟩⟨la - PST
* tru⟩⟨la - PST.IMM
* qeso⟩⟨nothe - PRS
* 'ara⟩⟨ti - FUT.IMM
* 'arra⟩⟨ti - FUT
e.g. qesonasoqenothe - PRS⟩paint.application⟨V.1SG.AGT.STD⟩⟨CIRC - I apply paint

==== Aspect ====
Aspect is conveyed via a suffix attached directly to the stem
* noge - the statement is true, but the action is not necessarily occurring - gnomic
* kase - the statement is not necessarily true, but the action is occurring - faeric (yes I made it up)
* reduplication of the root - the action happens regularly, or habitually - habitual
* yla - the action is complete - perfect
* leqe - the action is ongoing, and has progress - progressive
*tane - the action is ongoing, but does not progress - stative
* hero - the action is initiated - initiative
* 'idhane - the action is continuing or resumed - continuative/resumptive
* dhile - the action is terminated - terminative
e.g. qesonasoqeleqenothe - PRS⟩paint.application⟨V.1SG.AGT.STD⟩-GNO⟨CIRC - I apply paint (it's something I do, not necessarily right now though)

==== Mood ====
Mood is conveyed as a prefix on the verb
* ∅ - I paint/I am paint/I have paint
* qhane - NEC - I need to paint/I need paint
* jotune - DES - I want to paint/I want paint
* qota - IMP/JUSS - I demand, implore to paint/I demand, implore paint
* suthate - DUB/COND - I would, might, consider paint(ing)/I would, might, consider have[ing] paint
* naniiq - PERM - I can paint/I can have paint
* tclate - ABIL - I am able to paint, I am able to have paint
* didaa - MIR - I am fond for paint, I have fondness for paint
e.g. qesoqotanasoqeleqenothe - PRS⟩IMP/JUSS-paint.application⟨V.1SG.AGT.STD⟩-GNO⟨CIRC - I demand to apply paint (I make the demand, but not necessarily as we speak)

=== Volitional particles ===
Volition is marked by a prefix, which goes before the tense circumfix. These prefixes can have their own TAM (tense, aspect, and mood) distinct from that of the verb they are attached to.
* daa - volitional, success (confirmative) - I intended to, and did
* noqe - volitional, failed (attemptative) - I intended to, but did not (or could not)
* luge - nonvolitional, success (deniative) - I did not intend to, and did not (or could not)
* 'acaye - nonvolitional, failed (temptative) - I did not intend to, but did
e.g. trunoqeylala qesoqotanasoqeleqenothe - PST.IMM⟩ATTEMPT-PFV⟨CIRC PRS⟩IMP/JUSS-paint.application⟨V.1SG.AGT.STD⟩-GNO⟨CIRC - I intend to but do not demand to apply paint (My failure to demand is true, but not necessarily happening now, and my application of the paint would have occurred just a moment ago)

=== Affirmation and negation ===
The affirmative and negative particles ('itclla and daneda) are 'right' and 'wrong' responses only. "NEG paint.application⟨V.1SG.AGT.STD⟩" means "Wrong, I paint", where "DENY paint.application⟨V.1SG.AGT.STD⟩" means "I intentionally did not paint", and "NEG DENY paint.application⟨V.1SG.AGT.STD⟩" means "Wrong, I intentionally did not paint"

e.g. 'itclla trunoqeylala qesoqotanasoqeleqenothe - AFF PST.IMM⟩ATTEMPT-PFV⟨CIRC PRS⟩IMP/JUSS-paint.application⟨V.1SG.AGT.STD⟩-GNO⟨CIRC - Yes, I just intended to but did not demand to apply paint (The statement is confirmation, my failure to demand was true as of just a moment ago, but not necessarily occurring at that moment, and my application of the paint would occur now)

=== Forms ===
Forms convey mood, but also the augmentative and diminutive. Consonants are notated as c₁, c₂, etc., while vowels are v₁, v₂, etc.. Examples are based on root n_s_q_ (paint), with pattern _a_o_e (V.1SG.AGT.STD)

# c₁v₁c₂v₂c₃v₃ - nasoqe - I newly apply paint to
# c₁v₁nev₂c₂v₃c₃ - nanesoqe - I fully remove paint from
# dac₁v₁c₂v₂lec₃v₃ - danasoleqe - I alter the paint of
# c₁v₁c₁v₁c₂v₂c₃v₃ - nanasoqe - I supplement the paint of
# c₁v₁c₂ec₃v₂rv₃ - naseqore - I reduce the paint of
# c₁v₁c₃v₃c₂v₂ - naqeso - I invert the paint of
# 'v₁c₁v₁c₂v₂c₃v₃ - 'anasoqe - I utilize the paint of
# c₁v₁c₂ec₃v₂c₃v₃ - naseqoqe - I analyze the paint of

=== Morphological derivation ===
Affixation is used to derive the stative, agent, patient, action instrumental, tool instrumental, and assistance instrumental nominalizations of a verb (to fly becomes flight, that which flies, that which is flown, that which can be performed to cause flight (the flap of a wing), that which is used to cause flight directly (wings, lift), and that which is used to help cause flight (wind) , as well as the gnomic and progressive adjectivizations of a verb (to fly becomes flown and flying)

* qhose-: STAT.NMZ
* dzala-: AGT.NMZ
* dyllu-: PAT.NMZ
* raseto-: ACT.INSTR.NMZ
* 'indzo-:TOOL.INSTR.NMZ
* qana-: ASS.INSTR.NMZ
* sothe-: GNO.ADJZ
* yotre-: PROG.ADJZ

When an illegal consonant cluster appears, it is broken up by schwa, still written as ⟨e⟩

Tense goes on the outside as a circumfix, while aspect is a suffix within that

The abstract nominalizer is marked with the 'i⟩⟨nile circumfix

The indefinite article is marked with the 'ile- prefix

alienable possession and inalienable possession are marked separately (e.g. 'my brother' and 'my ball' use a different interfix)
== Syntax ==

=== Word order ===
T1 (topic first) word order

=== Compound words ===

==== Noun incorporation ====
Nouns are incorporated into compound words by appending them to the compound word with a dividing interfix showing the relationship between the words. To incorporate another compound word, you must place the "clo⟩⟨lune" circumfix around it to eliminate ambiguity.

==== Verb serialization ====
Verb serialization occurs first. Serialized verbs are placed in succession, and the last verb (even when alone) is followed by the '-lo-' interfix. The verb(s) indicate(s) the agency, person, and number of the subject, which is known via the animacy hierarchy (people < ORG.THNK < ORG.NTHNK < computers < NORG). If the subject-object relationship does not match this hierarchy, the particle "qetaa" is placed between the two words or phrases, meaning they must occur next to one another. The subject can be dropped if it is in the first person and not semantically necessary (as in it does not contain information that, if missing, would make the sentence nonsensical). If the subject is dropped, "qetaa" must be placed between the verb(s) and the direct object. The indirect object is placed before the verb(s), with the '-nole-' interfix in between. Verb serialization can also be recursive, meaning the arguments of a serialized verb phrase may be another serialized verb phrase.

* -tu- = action instrumentality (what action was used to accomplish the verb)
* -herro- = tool instrumentality (what tool was used to accomplish the verb)
* -luga- = assistive instrumentality (what guide was used to accomplish the verb)
* -lala- = POSS.AL
* -rrile- = POSS.INAL
* -na- = ADJZ
* -qotclle- = categorical marker (followed by what category the preceding stem always belongs to)

Hiluqhaqotclledzalaqaalososenadhaaniidedodzaladaazososena'aariite

2026-08-15T22:51:04Z

MiaKvigan: /* Volitional particles */

== Phonology ==

=== Vowels ===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
! rowspan="2" |closure
! colspan="2" |non-back
! colspan="2" |back
|-
!unrounded
!rounded
!unrounded
!rounded
|-
|high
|ɨ ⟨i⟩
|ʏ ⟨u⟩
|
|
|-
|mid
|
|
|
|o ⟨o⟩
|-
|low
|
|
|ɑ ⟨a⟩
|
|}
Vowels may be elongated

/∅/ ⟨e⟩

=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
! colspan="2" |Placement →
↓ Manner
!Coronal
!Palato-Dorsal
!Laryngeal
|-
| colspan="2" |Nasal
|n
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Plosive
|t / d
|q
|ʔ ⟨'⟩
|-
| colspan="2" |Sibilant affricate
|t͡ʃ ⟨ts⟩ / d͡ʒ ⟨dz⟩
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Sibilant fricative
|ʃ ⟨s⟩ / ʒ ⟨z⟩
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Non-sibilant fricative
|θ ⟨th⟩ / ð ⟨dh⟩
|ç ⟨c⟩ / ʝ ⟨y⟩
|ħ ⟨qh⟩ / h
|-
| colspan="2" |Trill
|r̥ ⟨tr⟩ / r
|ʀ̥ ⟨trr⟩ / ʀ ⟨rr⟩
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |Lateral affricate
|lateral
|t͡ɬˡ ⟨tcll⟩ / d͡ɮˡ ⟨dyll⟩
|
|
|-
|aspirated
|t͡ɬʰ ⟨tcl⟩ / d͡ɮʰ ⟨dyl⟩
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |Lateral fricative
|lateral
|ɬˡ ⟨cll⟩ / ɮˡ ⟨yll⟩
|
|
|-
|aspirated
|ɬʰ ⟨cl⟩ / ɮʰ ⟨yl⟩
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Lateral Approximant
|l
|
|
|}

=== Phonotactics ===
CV (but ⟨e⟩ /∅/ is an allowed V)

== Morphology ==

=== Pronouns ===

==== Personal pronouns ====
The personal pronouns as they once existed in Halaqhanenasi'ona were pro-drop as a result of grammatical person marking on verbs, but have since been eliminated, replaced by what used to be honorifics but which can now also serve as personal pronouns in addition to grammatical person marking on nouns

==== Honorifics ====
Honorifics may occur before nouns as an honorific, or in place of subjects as a pronoun, or before nouns and with an interfix as a deictic
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Presentation →
! rowspan="2" |Powerful-Fragile
! rowspan="2" |Powerful-Graceful
! rowspan="2" |Graceful-Fragile
|-
!Performance ↓
|-
|Powerful-Fragile
|'uqadho
|dulato
|su'ano
|-
|Powerful-Graceful
|'iqodha
|dilota
|si'ona
|-
|Graceful-Fragile
|'aqadhe
|dalate
|sa'ane
|}

==== Deictic pronouns ====
As with personal pronouns, deictic pronouns have disappeared. Honorifics are used in their place, where the gender classes are interpreted as distal distinctions, and are distinguished from a plain 'pronoun' by the interfix "-ta-". Generic 'this' which refers to a locationless entity is 'dilota'
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Unit (length) →
! rowspan="2" |minnow
(1 cm)
! rowspan="2" |redfish
(0.6 m)
! rowspan="2" |oarfish
(8 m)
|-
!Quantity ↓
|-
|1
|'uqadho
|dulato
|su'ano
|-
|12
|'iqodha
|dilota
|si'ona
|-
|144
|'aqadhe
|dalate
|sa'ane
|}

==== Interrogative pronouns ====
As with the other pronouns, interrogative pronouns no longer exist. Instead, you mark a noun as having an interrogative person and make it the object by adjusting the agency of the subject as necessary

=== Nouns ===

==== Pattern ====
The noun pattern conveys two axes, the noun's class and its person plus number. A noun's 'class' is categorized as any of organic thinking, organic nonthinking, and inorganic, and is used to determine the subject-object relationship between two nouns
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |Organic
! rowspan="2" |Inorganic
|-
!Thinking
!Nonthinking
|-
| rowspan="4" |1
|SG
|_a_a_a
|_a_i_a
|_a_u_a
|-
|DUAL
|_a_a_i
|_a_i_i
|_a_u_i
|-
|PAU
|_a_a_u
|_a_i_u
|_a_u_u
|-
|PL
|_a_a_o
|_a_i_o
|_a_u_o
|-
| rowspan="4" |2
|SG
|_u_a_a
|_u_i_a
|_u_u_a
|-
|DUAL
|_u_a_i
|_u_i_i
|_u_u_i
|-
|PAU
|_u_a_u
|_u_i_u
|_u_u_u
|-
|PL
|_u_a_o
|_u_i_o
|_u_u_o
|-
| rowspan="4" |3
|SG
|_i_a_a
|_i_i_a
|_i_u_a
|-
|DUAL
|_i_a_i
|_i_i_i
|_i_u_i
|-
|PAU
|_i_a_u
|_i_i_u
|_i_u_u
|-
|PL
|_i_a_o
|_i_i_o
|_i_u_o
|-
| rowspan="4" |INT
|SG
|_o_a_a
|_o_i_a
|_o_u_a
|-
|DUAL
|_o_a_i
|_o_i_i
|_o_u_i
|-
|PAU
|_o_a_u
|_o_i_u
|_o_u_u
|-
|PL
|_o_a_o
|_o_i_o
|_o_u_o
|}

=== Finite Verbs ===

==== Pattern ====
The verb pattern conveys two axes, the verb's quality and its person plus number. A verb's 'quality' is a measure of its emotional and physical intensity, as opposed to the more standard uses of the augmentative and diminutive forms which indicate
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |Standard
! colspan="2" |Augmentative
! colspan="2" |Diminutive
! colspan="2" |Stupiditive
|-
|Agent
|Patient
|Agent
|Patient
|Agent
|Patient
!Agent
|Patient
|-
| rowspan="4" |1
|SG
|_a_o_e
|_a_ii_e
|_u_o_e
|_u_aa_e
|_o_a_e
|_o_ii_e
|_i_u_e
|_i_oo_e
|-
|DUAL
|_a_o_i
|_a_ii_i
|_u_o_i
|_u_aa_i
|_o_a_i
|_o_ii_i
|_i_u_i
|_i_oo_i
|-
|PAU
|_a_o_ane
|_a_ii_ane
|_u_o_ane
|_u_aa_ane
|_o_a_ane
|_o_ii_ane
|_i_u_ane
|_i_oo_ane
|-
|PL
|_a_o_ose
|_a_ii_ose
|_u_o_ose
|_u_aa_ose
|_o_a_ose
|_o_ii_ose
|_i_u_ose
|_i_oo_ose
|-
| rowspan="4" |2
|SG
|_ale_o_e
|_ale_ii_e
|_ule_o_e
|_u_aa_e
|_oo_a_e
|_oo_ii_e
|_ile_u_e
|_ile_oo_e
|-
|DUAL
|_ale_o_i
|_ale_ii_i
|_ule_o_i
|_ule_aa_i
|_ole_a_i
|_ole_ii_i
|_ile_u_i
|_ile_oo_i
|-
|PAU
|_ale_o_ane
|_ale_ii_ane
|_ule_o_ane
|_ule_aa_ane
|_ole_a_ane
|_ole_ii_ane
|_ile_u_ane
|_ile_oo_ane
|-
|PL
|_ale_o_ose
|_ale_ii_ose
|_ule_o_ose
|_ule_aa_ose
|_ole_a_ose
|_ole_ii_ose
|_ile_u_ose
|_ile_oo_ose
|-
| rowspan="4" |3
|SG
|_aa_o_e
|_aa_ii_e
|_uu_o_e
|_uu_aa_e
|_oo_a_e
|_oo_ii_e
|_ii_u_e
|_ii_oo_e
|-
|DUAL
|_aa_o_i
|_aa_ii_i
|_uu_o_i
|_uu_aa_i
|_oo_a_i
|_oo_ii_i
|_ii_u_i
|_ii_oo_i
|-
|PAU
|_aa_o_ane
|_aa_ii_ane
|_uu_o_ane
|_uu_aa_ane
|_oo_a_ane
|_oo_ii_ane
|_ii_u_ane
|_ii_oo_ane
|-
|PL
|_aa_o_ose
|_aa_ii_ose
|_uu_o_ose
|_uu_aa_ose
|_oo_a_ose
|_oo_ii_ose
|_ii_u_ose
|_ii_oo_ose
|}

==== Tense ====
Tense is conveyed via a circumfix, which contains all other affixes (unless otherwise specified). The immediate past and future are generally preferable to the present, unless describing something which is happening in the very immediate present (that is to say, something which happens in a couple of seconds is still the immediate future and not the present)
* trru⟩⟨la - PST
* tru⟩⟨la - PST.IMM
* qeso⟩⟨nothe - PRS
* 'ara⟩⟨ti - FUT.IMM
* 'arra⟩⟨ti - FUT
e.g. qesonasoqenothe - PRS⟩paint.application⟨V.1SG.AGT.STD⟩⟨CIRC - I apply paint

==== Aspect ====
Aspect is conveyed via a suffix attached directly to the stem
* noge - the statement is true, but the action is not necessarily occurring - gnomic
* kase - the statement is not necessarily true, but the action is occurring - faeric (yes I made it up)
* reduplication of the root - the action happens regularly, or habitually - habitual
* yla - the action is complete - perfect
* leqe - the action is ongoing, and has progress - progressive
*tane - the action is ongoing, but does not progress - stative
* hero - the action is initiated - initiative
* 'idhane - the action is continuing or resumed - continuative/resumptive
* dhile - the action is terminated - terminative
e.g. qesonasoqeleqenothe - PRS⟩paint.application⟨V.1SG.AGT.STD⟩-GNO⟨CIRC - I apply paint (it's something I do, not necessarily right now though)

==== Mood ====
Mood is conveyed as a prefix on the verb
* ∅ - I paint/I am paint/I have paint
* qhane - NEC - I need to paint/I need paint
* jotune - DES - I want to paint/I want paint
* qota - IMP/JUSS - I demand, implore to paint/I demand, implore paint
* suthate - DUB/COND - I would, might, consider paint(ing)/I would, might, consider have[ing] paint
* naniiq - PERM - I can paint/I can have paint
* tclate - ABIL - I am able to paint, I am able to have paint
* didaa - MIR - I am fond for paint, I have fondness for paint
e.g. qesoqotanasoqeleqenothe - PRS⟩IMP/JUSS-paint.application⟨V.1SG.AGT.STD⟩-GNO⟨CIRC - I demand to apply paint (I make the demand, but not necessarily as we speak)

=== Volitional particles ===
Volition is marked by a prefix, which goes before the tense circumfix. These prefixes can have their own TAM (tense, aspect, and mood) distinct from that of the verb they are attached to.
* daa - volitional, success (confirmative) - I intended to, and did
* noqe - volitional, failed (attemptative) - I intended to, but did not (or could not)
* luge - nonvolitional, success (deniative) - I did not intend to, and did not (or could not)
* 'acaye - nonvolitional, failed (temptative) - I did not intend to, but did
e.g. trunoqeylala qesoqotanasoqeleqenothe - PST.IMM⟩ATTEMPT-PFV⟨CIRC PRS⟩IMP/JUSS-paint.application⟨V.1SG.AGT.STD⟩-GNO⟨CIRC - I intend to but do not demand to apply paint (My failure to demand is true, but not necessarily happening now, and my application of the paint would have occurred just a moment ago)

=== Affirmation and negation ===
The affirmative and negative particles ('itclla and daneda) are 'right' and 'wrong' responses only. "NEG paint.application⟨V.1SG.AGT.STD⟩" means "Wrong, I paint", where "DENY paint.application⟨V.1SG.AGT.STD⟩" means "I intentionally did not paint", and "NEG DENY paint.application⟨V.1SG.AGT.STD⟩" means "Wrong, I intentionally did not paint"

e.g. 'itclla trunoqeylala qesoqotanasoqeleqenothe - AFF PST.IMM⟩ATTEMPT-PFV⟨CIRC PRS⟩IMP/JUSS-paint.application⟨V.1SG.AGT.STD⟩-GNO⟨CIRC - Yes, I just intended to but did not demand to apply paint (The statement is confirmation, my failure to demand was true as of just a moment ago, but not necessarily occurring at that moment, and my application of the paint would occur now)

=== Forms ===
Forms convey mood, but also the augmentative and diminutive. Consonants are notated as c₁, c₂, etc., while vowels are v₁, v₂, etc.. Examples are based on root n_s_q_ (paint), with pattern _a_o_e (V.1SG.AGT.STD)

# c₁v₁c₂v₂c₃v₃ - nasoqe - I newly apply paint to
# c₁v₁nev₂c₂v₃c₃ - nanesoqe - I fully remove paint from
# dac₁v₁c₂v₂lec₃v₃ - danasoleqe - I alter the paint of
# c₁v₁c₁v₁c₂v₂c₃v₃ - nanasoqe - I supplement the paint of
# c₁v₁c₂ec₃v₂rv₃ - naseqore - I reduce the paint of
# c₁v₁c₃v₃c₂v₂ - naqeso - I invert the paint of
# 'v₁c₁v₁c₂v₂c₃v₃ - 'anasoqe - I utilize the paint of
# c₁v₁c₂ec₃v₂c₃v₃ - naseqoqe - I analyze the paint of

=== Morphological derivation ===
Affixation is used to derive the stative, agent, patient, action instrumental, tool instrumental, and assistance instrumental nominalizations of a verb (to fly becomes flight, that which flies, that which is flown, that which can be performed to cause flight (the flap of a wing), that which is used to cause flight directly (wings, lift), and that which is used to help cause flight (wind) , as well as the gnomic and progressive adjectivizations of a verb (to fly becomes flown and flying)

* qhose-: STAT.NMZ
* dzala-: AGT.NMZ
* dyllu-: PAT.NMZ
* raseto-: ACT.INSTR.NMZ
* 'indzo-:TOOL.INSTR.NMZ
* qana-: ASS.INSTR.NMZ
* sothe-: GNO.ADJZ
* yotre-: PROG.ADJZ

When an illegal consonant cluster appears, it is broken up by schwa, still written as ⟨e⟩

Tense goes on the outside as a circumfix, while aspect is a suffix within that

The abstract nominalizer is marked with the 'i⟩⟨nile circumfix

The indefinite article is marked with the 'ile- prefix

alienable possession and inalienable possession are marked separately (e.g. 'my brother' and 'my ball' use a different interfix)
== Syntax ==

=== Word order ===
T1 (topic first) word order

=== Compound words ===
Verb serialization occurs first. Serialized verbs are placed in succession, and the last verb (even when alone) is followed by the '-lo-' interfix. The verb(s) indicate(s) the agency, person, and number of the subject, which is known via the animacy hierarchy (people < ORG.THNK < ORG.NTHNK < computers < NORG). If the subject-object relationship does not match this hierarchy, the particle "qetaa" is placed between the two words or phrases, meaning they must occur next to one another. The subject can be dropped if it is in the first person and not semantically necessary (as in it does not contain information that, if missing, would make the sentence nonsensical). If the subject is dropped, "qetaa" must be placed between the verb(s) and the direct object. The indirect object is placed before the verb(s), with the '-nole-' interfix in between. Verb serialization can also be recursive, meaning the arguments of a serialized verb phrase may be another serialized verb phrase.

* -tu- = action instrumentality (what action was used to accomplish the verb)
* -herro- = tool instrumentality (what tool was used to accomplish the verb)
* -luga- = assistive instrumentality (what guide was used to accomplish the verb)
* -lala- = POSS.AL
* -rrile- = POSS.INAL
* -na- = ADJZ
* -qotclle- = categorical marker (followed by what category the preceding stem always belongs to)

Hiluqhaqotclledzalaqaalososenadhaaniidedodzaladaazososena'aariite

2026-08-15T18:29:55Z

MiaKvigan: restructuring to put patterns in their place

== Phonology ==

=== Vowels ===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
! rowspan="2" |closure
! colspan="2" |non-back
! colspan="2" |back
|-
!unrounded
!rounded
!unrounded
!rounded
|-
|high
|ɨ ⟨i⟩
|ʏ ⟨u⟩
|
|
|-
|mid
|
|
|
|o ⟨o⟩
|-
|low
|
|
|ɑ ⟨a⟩
|
|}
Vowels may be elongated

/∅/ ⟨e⟩

=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
! colspan="2" |Placement →
↓ Manner
!Coronal
!Palato-Dorsal
!Laryngeal
|-
| colspan="2" |Nasal
|n
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Plosive
|t / d
|q
|ʔ ⟨'⟩
|-
| colspan="2" |Sibilant affricate
|t͡ʃ ⟨ts⟩ / d͡ʒ ⟨dz⟩
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Sibilant fricative
|ʃ ⟨s⟩ / ʒ ⟨z⟩
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Non-sibilant fricative
|θ ⟨th⟩ / ð ⟨dh⟩
|ç ⟨c⟩ / ʝ ⟨y⟩
|ħ ⟨qh⟩ / h
|-
| colspan="2" |Trill
|r̥ ⟨tr⟩ / r
|ʀ̥ ⟨trr⟩ / ʀ ⟨rr⟩
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |Lateral affricate
|lateral
|t͡ɬˡ ⟨tcll⟩ / d͡ɮˡ ⟨dyll⟩
|
|
|-
|aspirated
|t͡ɬʰ ⟨tcl⟩ / d͡ɮʰ ⟨dyl⟩
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |Lateral fricative
|lateral
|ɬˡ ⟨cll⟩ / ɮˡ ⟨yll⟩
|
|
|-
|aspirated
|ɬʰ ⟨cl⟩ / ɮʰ ⟨yl⟩
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Lateral Approximant
|l
|
|
|}

=== Phonotactics ===
CV (but ⟨e⟩ /∅/ is an allowed V)

== Morphology ==

=== Pronouns ===

==== Personal pronouns ====
The personal pronouns as they once existed in Halaqhanenasi'ona were pro-drop as a result of grammatical person marking on verbs, but have since been eliminated, replaced by what used to be honorifics but which can now also serve as personal pronouns in addition to grammatical person marking on nouns

==== Honorifics ====
Honorifics may occur before nouns as an honorific, or in place of subjects as a pronoun, or before nouns and with an interfix as a deictic
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Presentation →
! rowspan="2" |Powerful-Fragile
! rowspan="2" |Powerful-Graceful
! rowspan="2" |Graceful-Fragile
|-
!Performance ↓
|-
|Powerful-Fragile
|'uqadho
|dulato
|su'ano
|-
|Powerful-Graceful
|'iqodha
|dilota
|si'ona
|-
|Graceful-Fragile
|'aqadhe
|dalate
|sa'ane
|}

==== Deictic pronouns ====
As with personal pronouns, deictic pronouns have disappeared. Honorifics are used in their place, where the gender classes are interpreted as distal distinctions, and are distinguished from a plain 'pronoun' by the interfix "-ta-". Generic 'this' which refers to a locationless entity is 'dilota'
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Unit (length) →
! rowspan="2" |minnow
(1 cm)
! rowspan="2" |redfish
(0.6 m)
! rowspan="2" |oarfish
(8 m)
|-
!Quantity ↓
|-
|1
|'uqadho
|dulato
|su'ano
|-
|12
|'iqodha
|dilota
|si'ona
|-
|144
|'aqadhe
|dalate
|sa'ane
|}

==== Interrogative pronouns ====
As with the other pronouns, interrogative pronouns no longer exist. Instead, you mark a noun as having an interrogative person and make it the object by adjusting the agency of the subject as necessary

=== Nouns ===

==== Pattern ====
The noun pattern conveys two axes, the noun's class and its person plus number. A noun's 'class' is categorized as any of organic thinking, organic nonthinking, and inorganic, and is used to determine the subject-object relationship between two nouns
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |Organic
! rowspan="2" |Inorganic
|-
!Thinking
!Nonthinking
|-
| rowspan="4" |1
|SG
|_a_a_a
|_a_i_a
|_a_u_a
|-
|DUAL
|_a_a_i
|_a_i_i
|_a_u_i
|-
|PAU
|_a_a_u
|_a_i_u
|_a_u_u
|-
|PL
|_a_a_o
|_a_i_o
|_a_u_o
|-
| rowspan="4" |2
|SG
|_u_a_a
|_u_i_a
|_u_u_a
|-
|DUAL
|_u_a_i
|_u_i_i
|_u_u_i
|-
|PAU
|_u_a_u
|_u_i_u
|_u_u_u
|-
|PL
|_u_a_o
|_u_i_o
|_u_u_o
|-
| rowspan="4" |3
|SG
|_i_a_a
|_i_i_a
|_i_u_a
|-
|DUAL
|_i_a_i
|_i_i_i
|_i_u_i
|-
|PAU
|_i_a_u
|_i_i_u
|_i_u_u
|-
|PL
|_i_a_o
|_i_i_o
|_i_u_o
|-
| rowspan="4" |INT
|SG
|_o_a_a
|_o_i_a
|_o_u_a
|-
|DUAL
|_o_a_i
|_o_i_i
|_o_u_i
|-
|PAU
|_o_a_u
|_o_i_u
|_o_u_u
|-
|PL
|_o_a_o
|_o_i_o
|_o_u_o
|}

=== Finite Verbs ===

==== Pattern ====
The verb pattern conveys two axes, the verb's quality and its person plus number. A verb's 'quality' is a measure of its emotional and physical intensity, as opposed to the more standard uses of the augmentative and diminutive forms which indicate
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |Standard
! colspan="2" |Augmentative
! colspan="2" |Diminutive
! colspan="2" |Stupiditive
|-
|Agent
|Patient
|Agent
|Patient
|Agent
|Patient
!Agent
|Patient
|-
| rowspan="4" |1
|SG
|_a_o_e
|_a_ii_e
|_u_o_e
|_u_aa_e
|_o_a_e
|_o_ii_e
|_i_u_e
|_i_oo_e
|-
|DUAL
|_a_o_i
|_a_ii_i
|_u_o_i
|_u_aa_i
|_o_a_i
|_o_ii_i
|_i_u_i
|_i_oo_i
|-
|PAU
|_a_o_ane
|_a_ii_ane
|_u_o_ane
|_u_aa_ane
|_o_a_ane
|_o_ii_ane
|_i_u_ane
|_i_oo_ane
|-
|PL
|_a_o_ose
|_a_ii_ose
|_u_o_ose
|_u_aa_ose
|_o_a_ose
|_o_ii_ose
|_i_u_ose
|_i_oo_ose
|-
| rowspan="4" |2
|SG
|_ale_o_e
|_ale_ii_e
|_ule_o_e
|_u_aa_e
|_oo_a_e
|_oo_ii_e
|_ile_u_e
|_ile_oo_e
|-
|DUAL
|_ale_o_i
|_ale_ii_i
|_ule_o_i
|_ule_aa_i
|_ole_a_i
|_ole_ii_i
|_ile_u_i
|_ile_oo_i
|-
|PAU
|_ale_o_ane
|_ale_ii_ane
|_ule_o_ane
|_ule_aa_ane
|_ole_a_ane
|_ole_ii_ane
|_ile_u_ane
|_ile_oo_ane
|-
|PL
|_ale_o_ose
|_ale_ii_ose
|_ule_o_ose
|_ule_aa_ose
|_ole_a_ose
|_ole_ii_ose
|_ile_u_ose
|_ile_oo_ose
|-
| rowspan="4" |3
|SG
|_aa_o_e
|_aa_ii_e
|_uu_o_e
|_uu_aa_e
|_oo_a_e
|_oo_ii_e
|_ii_u_e
|_ii_oo_e
|-
|DUAL
|_aa_o_i
|_aa_ii_i
|_uu_o_i
|_uu_aa_i
|_oo_a_i
|_oo_ii_i
|_ii_u_i
|_ii_oo_i
|-
|PAU
|_aa_o_ane
|_aa_ii_ane
|_uu_o_ane
|_uu_aa_ane
|_oo_a_ane
|_oo_ii_ane
|_ii_u_ane
|_ii_oo_ane
|-
|PL
|_aa_o_ose
|_aa_ii_ose
|_uu_o_ose
|_uu_aa_ose
|_oo_a_ose
|_oo_ii_ose
|_ii_u_ose
|_ii_oo_ose
|}

==== Tense ====
Tense is conveyed via a circumfix, which contains all other affixes (unless otherwise specified). The immediate past and future are generally preferable to the present, unless describing something which is happening in the very immediate present (that is to say, something which happens in a couple of seconds is still the immediate future and not the present)
* trru⟩⟨la - PST
* tru⟩⟨la - PST.IMM
* qeso⟩⟨nothe - PRS
* 'ara⟩⟨ti - FUT.IMM
* 'arra⟩⟨ti - FUT
e.g. qesonasoqenothe - PRS⟩paint.application⟨V.1SG.AGT.STD⟩⟨CIRC - I apply paint

==== Aspect ====
Aspect is conveyed via a suffix attached directly to the stem
* noge - the statement is true, but the action is not necessarily occurring - gnomic
* kase - the statement is not necessarily true, but the action is occurring - faeric (yes I made it up)
* reduplication of the root - the action happens regularly, or habitually - habitual
* yla - the action is complete - perfect
* leqe - the action is ongoing, and has progress - progressive
*tane - the action is ongoing, but does not progress - stative
* hero - the action is initiated - initiative
* 'idhane - the action is continuing or resumed - continuative/resumptive
* dhile - the action is terminated - terminative
e.g. qesonasoqeleqenothe - PRS⟩paint.application⟨V.1SG.AGT.STD⟩-GNO⟨CIRC - I apply paint (it's something I do, not necessarily right now though)

==== Mood ====
Mood is conveyed as a prefix on the verb
* ∅ - I paint/I am paint/I have paint
* qhane - NEC - I need to paint/I need paint
* jotune - DES - I want to paint/I want paint
* qota - IMP/JUSS - I demand, implore to paint/I demand, implore paint
* suthate - DUB/COND - I would, might, consider paint(ing)/I would, might, consider have[ing] paint
* naniiq - PERM - I can paint/I can have paint
* tclate - ABIL - I am able to paint, I am able to have paint
* didaa - MIR - I am fond for paint, I have fondness for paint
e.g. qesoqotanasoqeleqenothe - PRS⟩IMP/JUSS-paint.application⟨V.1SG.AGT.STD⟩-GNO⟨CIRC - I demand to apply paint (I make the demand, but not necessarily as we speak)

=== Volitional particles ===
Volition is marked by a prefix, which goes before the tense circumfix. These prefixes can have their own TAM (tense, aspect, and mood) distinct from that of the verb they are attached to.
* daa - volitional, success (confirmative) - I intended to, and did
* noqe - volitional, failed (attemptative) - I intended to, but did not (or could not)
* luge - nonvolitional, success (deniative) - I did not intend to, and did not (or could not)
* 'acaye - nonvolitional, failed (temptative) - I did not intend to, but did
e.g. trujotunenoqeylala qesoqotanasoqeleqenothe - PST.IMM⟩DES-ATTEMPT-PFV⟨CIRC PRS⟩IMP/JUSS-paint.application⟨V.1SG.AGT.STD⟩-GNO⟨CIRC - I intend to but do not demand to apply paint (My failure to demand is true, but not necessarily happening now, and my application of the paint would have occurred just a moment ago)

=== Affirmation and negation ===
The affirmative and negative particles ('itclla and daneda) are 'right' and 'wrong' responses only. "NEG paint.application⟨V.1SG.AGT.STD⟩" means "Wrong, I paint", where "DENY paint.application⟨V.1SG.AGT.STD⟩" means "I intentionally did not paint", and "NEG DENY paint.application⟨V.1SG.AGT.STD⟩" means "Wrong, I intentionally did not paint"

e.g. 'itclla trujotunenoqeylala qesoqotanasoqeleqenothe - AFF PST.IMM⟩DES-ATTEMPT-PFV⟨CIRC PRS⟩IMP/JUSS-paint.application⟨V.1SG.AGT.STD⟩-GNO⟨CIRC - Yes, I just intended to but did not demand to apply paint (The statement is confirmation, my failure to demand was true as of just a moment ago, but not necessarily occurring at that moment, and my application of the paint would occur now)

=== Forms ===
Forms convey mood, but also the augmentative and diminutive. Consonants are notated as c₁, c₂, etc., while vowels are v₁, v₂, etc.. Examples are based on root n_s_q_ (paint), with pattern _a_o_e (V.1SG.AGT.STD)

# c₁v₁c₂v₂c₃v₃ - nasoqe - I newly apply paint to
# c₁v₁nev₂c₂v₃c₃ - nanesoqe - I fully remove paint from
# dac₁v₁c₂v₂lec₃v₃ - danasoleqe - I alter the paint of
# c₁v₁c₁v₁c₂v₂c₃v₃ - nanasoqe - I supplement the paint of
# c₁v₁c₂ec₃v₂rv₃ - naseqore - I reduce the paint of
# c₁v₁c₃v₃c₂v₂ - naqeso - I invert the paint of
# 'v₁c₁v₁c₂v₂c₃v₃ - 'anasoqe - I utilize the paint of
# c₁v₁c₂ec₃v₂c₃v₃ - naseqoqe - I analyze the paint of

=== Morphological derivation ===
Affixation is used to derive the stative, agent, patient, action instrumental, tool instrumental, and assistance instrumental nominalizations of a verb (to fly becomes flight, that which flies, that which is flown, that which can be performed to cause flight (the flap of a wing), that which is used to cause flight directly (wings, lift), and that which is used to help cause flight (wind) , as well as the gnomic and progressive adjectivizations of a verb (to fly becomes flown and flying)

* qhose-: STAT.NMZ
* dzala-: AGT.NMZ
* dyllu-: PAT.NMZ
* raseto-: ACT.INSTR.NMZ
* 'indzo-:TOOL.INSTR.NMZ
* qana-: ASS.INSTR.NMZ
* sothe-: GNO.ADJZ
* yotre-: PROG.ADJZ

When an illegal consonant cluster appears, it is broken up by schwa, still written as ⟨e⟩

Tense goes on the outside as a circumfix, while aspect is a suffix within that

The abstract nominalizer is marked with the 'i⟩⟨nile circumfix

The indefinite article is marked with the 'ile- prefix

alienable possession and inalienable possession are marked separately (e.g. 'my brother' and 'my ball' use a different interfix)
== Syntax ==

=== Word order ===
T1 (topic first) word order

=== Compound words ===
Verb serialization occurs first. Serialized verbs are placed in succession, and the last verb (even when alone) is followed by the '-lo-' interfix. The verb(s) indicate(s) the agency, person, and number of the subject, which is known via the animacy hierarchy (people < ORG.THNK < ORG.NTHNK < computers < NORG). If the subject-object relationship does not match this hierarchy, the particle "qetaa" is placed between the two words or phrases, meaning they must occur next to one another. The subject can be dropped if it is in the first person and not semantically necessary (as in it does not contain information that, if missing, would make the sentence nonsensical). If the subject is dropped, "qetaa" must be placed between the verb(s) and the direct object. The indirect object is placed before the verb(s), with the '-nole-' interfix in between. Verb serialization can also be recursive, meaning the arguments of a serialized verb phrase may be another serialized verb phrase.

* -tu- = action instrumentality (what action was used to accomplish the verb)
* -herro- = tool instrumentality (what tool was used to accomplish the verb)
* -luga- = assistive instrumentality (what guide was used to accomplish the verb)
* -lala- = POSS.AL
* -rrile- = POSS.INAL
* -na- = ADJZ
* -qotclle- = categorical marker (followed by what category the preceding stem always belongs to)

Hiluqhaqotclledzalaqaalososenadhaaniidedodzaladaazososena'aariite

2026-08-15T18:09:32Z

MiaKvigan:

== Phonology ==

=== Vowels ===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
! rowspan="2" |closure
! colspan="2" |non-back
! colspan="2" |back
|-
!unrounded
!rounded
!unrounded
!rounded
|-
|high
|ɨ ⟨i⟩
|ʏ ⟨u⟩
|
|
|-
|mid
|
|
|
|o ⟨o⟩
|-
|low
|
|
|ɑ ⟨a⟩
|
|}
Vowels may be elongated

/∅/ ⟨e⟩

=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
! colspan="2" |Placement →
↓ Manner
!Coronal
!Palato-Dorsal
!Laryngeal
|-
| colspan="2" |Nasal
|n
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Plosive
|t / d
|q
|ʔ ⟨'⟩
|-
| colspan="2" |Sibilant affricate
|t͡ʃ ⟨ts⟩ / d͡ʒ ⟨dz⟩
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Sibilant fricative
|ʃ ⟨s⟩ / ʒ ⟨z⟩
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Non-sibilant fricative
|θ ⟨th⟩ / ð ⟨dh⟩
|ç ⟨c⟩ / ʝ ⟨y⟩
|ħ ⟨qh⟩ / h
|-
| colspan="2" |Trill
|r̥ ⟨tr⟩ / r
|ʀ̥ ⟨trr⟩ / ʀ ⟨rr⟩
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |Lateral affricate
|lateral
|t͡ɬˡ ⟨tcll⟩ / d͡ɮˡ ⟨dyll⟩
|
|
|-
|aspirated
|t͡ɬʰ ⟨tcl⟩ / d͡ɮʰ ⟨dyl⟩
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |Lateral fricative
|lateral
|ɬˡ ⟨cll⟩ / ɮˡ ⟨yll⟩
|
|
|-
|aspirated
|ɬʰ ⟨cl⟩ / ɮʰ ⟨yl⟩
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Lateral Approximant
|l
|
|
|}

=== Phonotactics ===
CV (but ⟨e⟩ /∅/ is an allowed V)

== Morphology ==

=== Pronouns ===

==== Personal pronouns ====
The personal pronouns as they once existed in Halaqhanenasi'ona were pro-drop as a result of grammatical person marking on verbs, but have since been eliminated, replaced by what used to be honorifics but which can now also serve as personal pronouns in addition to grammatical person marking on nouns

==== Honorifics ====
Honorifics may occur before nouns as an honorific, or in place of subjects as a pronoun, or before nouns and with an interfix as a deictic
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Presentation →
! rowspan="2" |Powerful-Fragile
! rowspan="2" |Powerful-Graceful
! rowspan="2" |Graceful-Fragile
|-
!Performance ↓
|-
|Powerful-Fragile
|'uqadho
|dulato
|su'ano
|-
|Powerful-Graceful
|'iqodha
|dilota
|si'ona
|-
|Graceful-Fragile
|'aqadhe
|dalate
|sa'ane
|}

==== Deictic pronouns ====
As with personal pronouns, deictic pronouns have disappeared. Honorifics are used in their place, where the gender classes are interpreted as distal distinctions, and are distinguished from a plain 'pronoun' by the interfix "-ta-". Generic 'this' which refers to a locationless entity is 'dilota'
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Unit (length) →
! rowspan="2" |minnow
(1 cm)
! rowspan="2" |redfish
(0.6 m)
! rowspan="2" |oarfish
(8 m)
|-
!Quantity ↓
|-
|1
|'uqadho
|dulato
|su'ano
|-
|12
|'iqodha
|dilota
|si'ona
|-
|144
|'aqadhe
|dalate
|sa'ane
|}

==== Interrogative pronouns ====
As with the other pronouns, interrogative pronouns no longer exist. Instead, you mark a noun as having an interrogative person and make it the object by adjusting the agency of the subject as necessary

=== Finite Verbs ===

==== Tense ====
Tense is conveyed via a circumfix, which contains all other affixes (unless otherwise specified). The immediate past and future are generally preferable to the present, unless describing something which is happening in the very immediate present (that is to say, something which happens in a couple of seconds is still the immediate future and not the present)
* trru⟩⟨la - PST
* tru⟩⟨la - PST.IMM
* qeso⟩⟨nothe - PRS
* 'ara⟩⟨ti - FUT.IMM
* 'arra⟩⟨ti - FUT
e.g. qesonasoqenothe - PRS⟩paint.application⟨V.1SG.AGT.STD⟩⟨CIRC - I apply paint

==== Aspect ====
Aspect is conveyed via a suffix attached directly to the stem
* noge - the statement is true, but the action is not necessarily occurring - gnomic
* kase - the statement is not necessarily true, but the action is occurring - faeric (yes I made it up)
* reduplication of the root - the action happens regularly, or habitually - habitual
* yla - the action is complete - perfect
* leqe - the action is ongoing, and has progress - progressive
*tane - the action is ongoing, but does not progress - stative
* hero - the action is initiated - initiative
* 'idhane - the action is continuing or resumed - continuative/resumptive
* dhile - the action is terminated - terminative
e.g. qesonasoqeleqenothe - PRS⟩paint.application⟨V.1SG.AGT.STD⟩-GNO⟨CIRC - I apply paint (it's something I do, not necessarily right now though)

==== Mood ====
Mood is conveyed as a prefix on the verb
* ∅ - I paint/I am paint/I have paint
* qhane - NEC - I need to paint/I need paint
* jotune - DES - I want to paint/I want paint
* qota - IMP/JUSS - I demand, implore to paint/I demand, implore paint
* suthate - DUB/COND - I would, might, consider paint(ing)/I would, might, consider have[ing] paint
* naniiq - PERM - I can paint/I can have paint
* tclate - ABIL - I am able to paint, I am able to have paint
* didaa - MIR - I am fond for paint, I have fondness for paint
e.g. qesoqotanasoqeleqenothe - PRS⟩IMP/JUSS-paint.application⟨V.1SG.AGT.STD⟩-GNO⟨CIRC - I demand to apply paint (I make the demand, but not necessarily as we speak)

=== Volitional particles ===
Volition is marked by a prefix, which goes before the tense circumfix. These prefixes can have their own TAM (tense, aspect, and mood) distinct from that of the verb they are attached to.
* daa - volitional, success (confirmative) - I intended to, and did
* noqe - volitional, failed (attemptative) - I intended to, but did not (or could not)
* luge - nonvolitional, success (deniative) - I did not intend to, and did not (or could not)
* 'acaye - nonvolitional, failed (temptative) - I did not intend to, but did
e.g. trujotunenoqeylala qesoqotanasoqeleqenothe - PST.IMM⟩DES-ATTEMPT-PFV⟨CIRC PRS⟩IMP/JUSS-paint.application⟨V.1SG.AGT.STD⟩-GNO⟨CIRC - I intend to but do not demand to apply paint (My failure to demand is true, but not necessarily happening now, and my application of the paint would have occurred just a moment ago)

=== Affirmation and negation ===
The affirmative and negative particles ('itclla and daneda) are 'right' and 'wrong' responses only. "NEG paint.application⟨V.1SG.AGT.STD⟩" means "Wrong, I paint", where "DENY paint.application⟨V.1SG.AGT.STD⟩" means "I intentionally did not paint", and "NEG DENY paint.application⟨V.1SG.AGT.STD⟩" means "Wrong, I intentionally did not paint"

e.g. 'itclla trujotunenoqeylala qesoqotanasoqeleqenothe - AFF PST.IMM⟩DES-ATTEMPT-PFV⟨CIRC PRS⟩IMP/JUSS-paint.application⟨V.1SG.AGT.STD⟩-GNO⟨CIRC - Yes, I just intended to but did not demand to apply paint (The statement is confirmation, my failure to demand was true as of just a moment ago, but not necessarily occurring at that moment, and my application of the paint would occur now)

=== Forms ===
Forms convey mood, but also the augmentative and diminutive. Consonants are notated as c₁, c₂, etc., while vowels are v₁, v₂, etc.. Examples are based on root n_s_q_ (paint), with pattern _a_o_e (V.1SG.AGT.STD)

# c₁v₁c₂v₂c₃v₃ - nasoqe - I newly apply paint to
# c₁v₁nev₂c₂v₃c₃ - nanesoqe - I fully remove paint from
# dac₁v₁c₂v₂lec₃v₃ - danasoleqe - I alter the paint of
# c₁v₁c₁v₁c₂v₂c₃v₃ - nanasoqe - I supplement the paint of
# c₁v₁c₂ec₃v₂rv₃ - naseqore - I reduce the paint of
# c₁v₁c₃v₃c₂v₂ - naqeso - I invert the paint of
# 'v₁c₁v₁c₂v₂c₃v₃ - 'anasoqe - I utilize the paint of
# c₁v₁c₂ec₃v₂c₃v₃ - naseqoqe - I analyze the paint of

=== Patterns ===

==== Verbs ====
The verb pattern conveys two axes, the verb's quality and its person plus number. A verb's 'quality' is a measure of its emotional and physical intensity, as opposed to the more standard uses of the augmentative and diminutive forms which indicate
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |Standard
! colspan="2" |Augmentative
! colspan="2" |Diminutive
! colspan="2" |Stupiditive
|-
|Agent
|Patient
|Agent
|Patient
|Agent
|Patient
!Agent
|Patient
|-
| rowspan="4" |1
|SG
|_a_o_e
|_a_ii_e
|_u_o_e
|_u_aa_e
|_o_a_e
|_o_ii_e
|_i_u_e
|_i_oo_e
|-
|DUAL
|_a_o_i
|_a_ii_i
|_u_o_i
|_u_aa_i
|_o_a_i
|_o_ii_i
|_i_u_i
|_i_oo_i
|-
|PAU
|_a_o_ane
|_a_ii_ane
|_u_o_ane
|_u_aa_ane
|_o_a_ane
|_o_ii_ane
|_i_u_ane
|_i_oo_ane
|-
|PL
|_a_o_ose
|_a_ii_ose
|_u_o_ose
|_u_aa_ose
|_o_a_ose
|_o_ii_ose
|_i_u_ose
|_i_oo_ose
|-
| rowspan="4" |2
|SG
|_ale_o_e
|_ale_ii_e
|_ule_o_e
|_u_aa_e
|_oo_a_e
|_oo_ii_e
|_ile_u_e
|_ile_oo_e
|-
|DUAL
|_ale_o_i
|_ale_ii_i
|_ule_o_i
|_ule_aa_i
|_ole_a_i
|_ole_ii_i
|_ile_u_i
|_ile_oo_i
|-
|PAU
|_ale_o_ane
|_ale_ii_ane
|_ule_o_ane
|_ule_aa_ane
|_ole_a_ane
|_ole_ii_ane
|_ile_u_ane
|_ile_oo_ane
|-
|PL
|_ale_o_ose
|_ale_ii_ose
|_ule_o_ose
|_ule_aa_ose
|_ole_a_ose
|_ole_ii_ose
|_ile_u_ose
|_ile_oo_ose
|-
| rowspan="4" |3
|SG
|_aa_o_e
|_aa_ii_e
|_uu_o_e
|_uu_aa_e
|_oo_a_e
|_oo_ii_e
|_ii_u_e
|_ii_oo_e
|-
|DUAL
|_aa_o_i
|_aa_ii_i
|_uu_o_i
|_uu_aa_i
|_oo_a_i
|_oo_ii_i
|_ii_u_i
|_ii_oo_i
|-
|PAU
|_aa_o_ane
|_aa_ii_ane
|_uu_o_ane
|_uu_aa_ane
|_oo_a_ane
|_oo_ii_ane
|_ii_u_ane
|_ii_oo_ane
|-
|PL
|_aa_o_ose
|_aa_ii_ose
|_uu_o_ose
|_uu_aa_ose
|_oo_a_ose
|_oo_ii_ose
|_ii_u_ose
|_ii_oo_ose
|}

==== Nouns ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |Organic
! rowspan="2" |Inorganic
|-
!Thinking
!Nonthinking
|-
| rowspan="4" |1
|SG
|_a_a_a
|_a_i_a
|_a_u_a
|-
|DUAL
|_a_a_i
|_a_i_i
|_a_u_i
|-
|PAU
|_a_a_u
|_a_i_u
|_a_u_u
|-
|PL
|_a_a_o
|_a_i_o
|_a_u_o
|-
| rowspan="4" |2
|SG
|_u_a_a
|_u_i_a
|_u_u_a
|-
|DUAL
|_u_a_i
|_u_i_i
|_u_u_i
|-
|PAU
|_u_a_u
|_u_i_u
|_u_u_u
|-
|PL
|_u_a_o
|_u_i_o
|_u_u_o
|-
| rowspan="4" |3
|SG
|_i_a_a
|_i_i_a
|_i_u_a
|-
|DUAL
|_i_a_i
|_i_i_i
|_i_u_i
|-
|PAU
|_i_a_u
|_i_i_u
|_i_u_u
|-
|PL
|_i_a_o
|_i_i_o
|_i_u_o
|-
| rowspan="4" |INT
|SG
|_o_a_a
|_o_i_a
|_o_u_a
|-
|DUAL
|_o_a_i
|_o_i_i
|_o_u_i
|-
|PAU
|_o_a_u
|_o_i_u
|_o_u_u
|-
|PL
|_o_a_o
|_o_i_o
|_o_u_o
|}

=== Derivation ===
Affixation is used to derive the stative, agent, patient, action instrumental, tool instrumental, and assistance instrumental nominalizations of a verb (to fly becomes flight, that which flies, that which is flown, that which can be performed to cause flight (the flap of a wing), that which is used to cause flight directly (wings, lift), and that which is used to help cause flight (wind) , as well as the gnomic and progressive adjectivizations of a verb (to fly becomes flown and flying)

* qhose-: STAT.NMZ
* dzala-: AGT.NMZ
* dyllu-: PAT.NMZ
* raseto-: ACT.INSTR.NMZ
* 'indzo-:TOOL.INSTR.NMZ
* qana-: ASS.INSTR.NMZ
* sothe-: GNO.ADJZ
* yotre-: PROG.ADJZ

When an illegal consonant cluster appears, it is broken up by schwa, still written as ⟨e⟩

Tense goes on the outside as a circumfix, while aspect is a suffix within that

The abstract nominalizer is marked with the 'i⟩⟨nile circumfix

The indefinite article is marked with the 'ile- prefix

alienable possession and inalienable possession are marked separately (e.g. 'my brother' and 'my ball' use a different interfix)
== Syntax ==

=== Word order ===
T1 (topic first) word order

=== Compound words ===
Verb serialization occurs first. Serialized verbs are placed in succession, and the last verb (even when alone) is followed by the '-lo-' interfix. The verb(s) indicate(s) the agency, person, and number of the subject, which is known via the animacy hierarchy (people < ORG.THNK < ORG.NTHNK < computers < NORG). If the subject-object relationship does not match this hierarchy, the particle "qetaa" is placed between the two words or phrases, meaning they must occur next to one another. The subject can be dropped if it is in the first person and not semantically necessary (as in it does not contain information that, if missing, would make the sentence nonsensical). If the subject is dropped, "qetaa" must be placed between the verb(s) and the direct object. The indirect object is placed before the verb(s), with the '-nole-' interfix in between. Verb serialization can also be recursive, meaning the arguments of a serialized verb phrase may be another serialized verb phrase.

* -tu- = action instrumentality (what action was used to accomplish the verb)
* -herro- = tool instrumentality (what tool was used to accomplish the verb)
* -luga- = assistive instrumentality (what guide was used to accomplish the verb)
* -lala- = POSS.AL
* -rrile- = POSS.INAL
* -na- = ADJZ
* -qotclle- = categorical marker (followed by what category the preceding stem always belongs to)

Hiluqhaqotclledzalaqaalososenadhaaniidedodzaladaazososena'aariite

2026-08-15T00:18:20Z

MiaKvigan: /* Volitional particles */

== Phonology ==

=== Vowels ===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
! rowspan="2" |closure
! colspan="2" |non-back
! colspan="2" |back
|-
!unrounded
!rounded
!unrounded
!rounded
|-
|high
|ɨ ⟨i⟩
|ʏ ⟨u⟩
|
|
|-
|mid
|
|
|
|o ⟨o⟩
|-
|low
|
|
|ɑ ⟨a⟩
|
|}
Vowels may be elongated

/∅/ ⟨e⟩

=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
! colspan="2" |Placement →
↓ Manner
!Coronal
!Palatal
!Dorsal
!Laryngeal
|-
| colspan="2" |Nasal
|n
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Plosive
|t / d
|
|q
|ʔ ⟨'⟩
|-
| colspan="2" |Sibilant affricate
|t͡ʃ ⟨ts⟩ / d͡ʒ ⟨dz⟩
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Sibilant fricative
|ʃ ⟨s⟩ / ʒ ⟨z⟩
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Non-sibilant fricative
|θ ⟨th⟩ / ð ⟨dh⟩
|ç ⟨c⟩ / ʝ ⟨y⟩
|x ⟨k⟩ / ɣ ⟨g⟩
|ħ ⟨qh⟩ / h
|-
| colspan="2" |Trill
|r̥ ⟨tr⟩ / r
|
|ʀ̥ ⟨trr⟩ / ʀ ⟨rr⟩
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |Lateral affricate
|lateral
|t͡ɬˡ ⟨tcll⟩ / d͡ɮˡ ⟨dyll⟩
|
|
|
|-
|aspirated
|t͡ɬʰ ⟨tcl⟩ / d͡ɮʰ ⟨dyl⟩
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |Lateral fricative
|lateral
|ɬˡ ⟨cll⟩ / ɮˡ ⟨yll⟩
|
|
|
|-
|aspirated
|ɬʰ ⟨cl⟩ / ɮʰ ⟨yl⟩
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Lateral Approximant
|l
|
|
|
|}

=== Phonotactics ===
CV (but ⟨e⟩ /∅/ is an allowed V)

== Morphology ==

=== Pronouns ===

==== Personal pronouns ====
The personal pronouns as they once existed in Halaqhanenasi'ona were pro-drop as a result of grammatical person marking on verbs, but have since been eliminated, replaced by what used to be honorifics but which can now also serve as personal pronouns in addition to grammatical person marking on nouns

==== Honorifics ====
Honorifics may occur before nouns as an honorific, or in place of subjects as a pronoun, or before nouns and with an interfix as a deictic
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Presentation →
! rowspan="2" |Powerful-Fragile
! rowspan="2" |Powerful-Graceful
! rowspan="2" |Graceful-Fragile
|-
!Performance ↓
|-
|Powerful-Fragile
|'uqadho
|dulato
|su'ano
|-
|Powerful-Graceful
|'iqodha
|dilota
|si'ona
|-
|Graceful-Fragile
|'aqadhe
|dalate
|sa'ane
|}

==== Deictic pronouns ====
As with personal pronouns, deictic pronouns have disappeared. Honorifics are used in their place, where the gender classes are interpreted as distal distinctions, and are distinguished from a plain 'pronoun' by the interfix "-ta-". Generic 'this' which refers to a locationless entity is 'dilota'
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Unit (length) →
! rowspan="2" |minnow
(1 cm)
! rowspan="2" |redfish
(0.6 m)
! rowspan="2" |oarfish
(8 m)
|-
!Quantity ↓
|-
|1
|'uqadho
|dulato
|su'ano
|-
|12
|'iqodha
|dilota
|si'ona
|-
|144
|'aqadhe
|dalate
|sa'ane
|}

==== Interrogative pronouns ====
As with the other pronouns, interrogative pronouns no longer exist. Instead, you mark a noun as having an interrogative person and make it the object by adjusting the agency of the subject as necessary

=== Finite Verbs ===

==== Tense ====
Tense is conveyed via a circumfix, which contains all other affixes (unless otherwise specified). The immediate past and future are generally preferable to the present, unless describing something which is happening in the very immediate present (that is to say, something which happens in a couple of seconds is still the immediate future and not the present)
* trru⟩⟨la - PST
* tru⟩⟨la - PST.IMM
* qeso⟩⟨nothe - PRS
* 'ara⟩⟨ti - FUT.IMM
* 'arra⟩⟨ti - FUT
e.g. qesonasoqenothe - PRS⟩paint.application⟨V.1SG.AGT.STD⟩⟨CIRC - I apply paint

==== Aspect ====
Aspect is conveyed via a suffix attached directly to the stem
* noge - the statement is true, but the action is not necessarily occurring - gnomic
* kase - the statement is not necessarily true, but the action is occurring - faeric (yes I made it up)
* reduplication of the root - the action happens regularly, or habitually - habitual
* yla - the action is complete - perfect
* leqe - the action is ongoing, and has progress - progressive
*tane - the action is ongoing, but does not progress - stative
* hero - the action is initiated - initiative
* 'idhane - the action is continuing or resumed - continuative/resumptive
* dhile - the action is terminated - terminative
e.g. qesonasoqeleqenothe - PRS⟩paint.application⟨V.1SG.AGT.STD⟩-GNO⟨CIRC - I apply paint (it's something I do, not necessarily right now though)

==== Mood ====
Mood is conveyed as a prefix on the verb
* ∅ - I paint/I am paint/I have paint
* qhane - NEC - I need to paint/I need paint
* jotune - DES - I want to paint/I want paint
* qota - IMP/JUSS - I demand, implore to paint/I demand, implore paint
* suthate - DUB/COND - I would, might, consider paint(ing)/I would, might, consider have[ing] paint
* naniiq - PERM - I can paint/I can have paint
* tclate - ABIL - I am able to paint, I am able to have paint
* didaa - MIR - I am fond for paint, I have fondness for paint
e.g. qesoqotanasoqeleqenothe - PRS⟩IMP/JUSS-paint.application⟨V.1SG.AGT.STD⟩-GNO⟨CIRC - I demand to apply paint (I make the demand, but not necessarily as we speak)

=== Volitional particles ===
Volition is marked by a prefix, which goes before the tense circumfix. These prefixes can have their own TAM (tense, aspect, and mood) distinct from that of the verb they are attached to.
* daa - volitional, success (confirmative) - I intended to, and did
* noqe - volitional, failed (attemptative) - I intended to, but did not (or could not)
* luge - nonvolitional, success (deniative) - I did not intend to, and did not (or could not)
* 'acaye - nonvolitional, failed (temptative) - I did not intend to, but did
e.g. trujotunenoqeylala qesoqotanasoqeleqenothe - PST.IMM⟩DES-ATTEMPT-PFV⟨CIRC PRS⟩IMP/JUSS-paint.application⟨V.1SG.AGT.STD⟩-GNO⟨CIRC - I intend to but do not demand to apply paint (My failure to demand is true, but not necessarily happening now, and my application of the paint would have occurred just a moment ago)

=== Affirmation and negation ===
The affirmative and negative particles ('itclla and daneda) are 'right' and 'wrong' responses only. "NEG paint.application⟨V.1SG.AGT.STD⟩" means "Wrong, I paint", where "DENY paint.application⟨V.1SG.AGT.STD⟩" means "I intentionally did not paint", and "NEG DENY paint.application⟨V.1SG.AGT.STD⟩" means "Wrong, I intentionally did not paint"

e.g. 'itclla trujotunenoqeylala qesoqotanasoqeleqenothe - AFF PST.IMM⟩DES-ATTEMPT-PFV⟨CIRC PRS⟩IMP/JUSS-paint.application⟨V.1SG.AGT.STD⟩-GNO⟨CIRC - Yes, I just intended to but did not demand to apply paint (The statement is confirmation, my failure to demand was true as of just a moment ago, but not necessarily occurring at that moment, and my application of the paint would occur now)

=== Forms ===
Forms convey mood, but also the augmentative and diminutive. Consonants are notated as c₁, c₂, etc., while vowels are v₁, v₂, etc.. Examples are based on root n_s_q_ (paint), with pattern _a_o_e (V.1SG.AGT.STD)

# c₁v₁c₂v₂c₃v₃ - nasoqe - I newly apply paint to
# c₁v₁nev₂c₂v₃c₃ - nanesoqe - I fully remove paint from
# dac₁v₁c₂v₂lec₃v₃ - danasoleqe - I alter the paint of
# c₁v₁c₁v₁c₂v₂c₃v₃ - nanasoqe - I supplement the paint of
# c₁v₁c₂ec₃v₂rv₃ - naseqore - I reduce the paint of
# c₁v₁c₃v₃c₂v₂ - naqeso - I invert the paint of
# 'v₁c₁v₁c₂v₂c₃v₃ - 'anasoqe - I utilize the paint of
# c₁v₁c₂ec₃v₂c₃v₃ - naseqoqe - I analyze the paint of

=== Patterns ===

==== Verbs ====
The verb pattern conveys two axes, the verb's quality and its person plus number. A verb's 'quality' is a measure of its emotional and physical intensity, as opposed to the more standard uses of the augmentative and diminutive forms which indicate
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |Standard
! colspan="2" |Augmentative
! colspan="2" |Diminutive
! colspan="2" |Stupiditive
|-
|Agent
|Patient
|Agent
|Patient
|Agent
|Patient
!Agent
|Patient
|-
| rowspan="4" |1
|SG
|_a_o_e
|_a_ii_e
|_u_o_e
|_u_aa_e
|_o_a_e
|_o_ii_e
|_i_u_e
|_i_oo_e
|-
|DUAL
|_a_o_i
|_a_ii_i
|_u_o_i
|_u_aa_i
|_o_a_i
|_o_ii_i
|_i_u_i
|_i_oo_i
|-
|PAU
|_a_o_ane
|_a_ii_ane
|_u_o_ane
|_u_aa_ane
|_o_a_ane
|_o_ii_ane
|_i_u_ane
|_i_oo_ane
|-
|PL
|_a_o_ose
|_a_ii_ose
|_u_o_ose
|_u_aa_ose
|_o_a_ose
|_o_ii_ose
|_i_u_ose
|_i_oo_ose
|-
| rowspan="4" |2
|SG
|_ale_o_e
|_ale_ii_e
|_ule_o_e
|_u_aa_e
|_oo_a_e
|_oo_ii_e
|_ile_u_e
|_ile_oo_e
|-
|DUAL
|_ale_o_i
|_ale_ii_i
|_ule_o_i
|_ule_aa_i
|_ole_a_i
|_ole_ii_i
|_ile_u_i
|_ile_oo_i
|-
|PAU
|_ale_o_ane
|_ale_ii_ane
|_ule_o_ane
|_ule_aa_ane
|_ole_a_ane
|_ole_ii_ane
|_ile_u_ane
|_ile_oo_ane
|-
|PL
|_ale_o_ose
|_ale_ii_ose
|_ule_o_ose
|_ule_aa_ose
|_ole_a_ose
|_ole_ii_ose
|_ile_u_ose
|_ile_oo_ose
|-
| rowspan="4" |3
|SG
|_aa_o_e
|_aa_ii_e
|_uu_o_e
|_uu_aa_e
|_oo_a_e
|_oo_ii_e
|_ii_u_e
|_ii_oo_e
|-
|DUAL
|_aa_o_i
|_aa_ii_i
|_uu_o_i
|_uu_aa_i
|_oo_a_i
|_oo_ii_i
|_ii_u_i
|_ii_oo_i
|-
|PAU
|_aa_o_ane
|_aa_ii_ane
|_uu_o_ane
|_uu_aa_ane
|_oo_a_ane
|_oo_ii_ane
|_ii_u_ane
|_ii_oo_ane
|-
|PL
|_aa_o_ose
|_aa_ii_ose
|_uu_o_ose
|_uu_aa_ose
|_oo_a_ose
|_oo_ii_ose
|_ii_u_ose
|_ii_oo_ose
|}

==== Nouns ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |Organic
! rowspan="2" |Inorganic
|-
!Thinking
!Nonthinking
|-
| rowspan="4" |1
|SG
|_a_a_a
|_a_i_a
|_a_u_a
|-
|DUAL
|_a_a_i
|_a_i_i
|_a_u_i
|-
|PAU
|_a_a_u
|_a_i_u
|_a_u_u
|-
|PL
|_a_a_o
|_a_i_o
|_a_u_o
|-
| rowspan="4" |2
|SG
|_u_a_a
|_u_i_a
|_u_u_a
|-
|DUAL
|_u_a_i
|_u_i_i
|_u_u_i
|-
|PAU
|_u_a_u
|_u_i_u
|_u_u_u
|-
|PL
|_u_a_o
|_u_i_o
|_u_u_o
|-
| rowspan="4" |3
|SG
|_i_a_a
|_i_i_a
|_i_u_a
|-
|DUAL
|_i_a_i
|_i_i_i
|_i_u_i
|-
|PAU
|_i_a_u
|_i_i_u
|_i_u_u
|-
|PL
|_i_a_o
|_i_i_o
|_i_u_o
|-
| rowspan="4" |INT
|SG
|_o_a_a
|_o_i_a
|_o_u_a
|-
|DUAL
|_o_a_i
|_o_i_i
|_o_u_i
|-
|PAU
|_o_a_u
|_o_i_u
|_o_u_u
|-
|PL
|_o_a_o
|_o_i_o
|_o_u_o
|}

=== Derivation ===
Affixation is used to derive the stative, agent, patient, action instrumental, tool instrumental, and assistance instrumental nominalizations of a verb (to fly becomes flight, that which flies, that which is flown, that which can be performed to cause flight (the flap of a wing), that which is used to cause flight directly (wings, lift), and that which is used to help cause flight (wind) , as well as the gnomic and progressive adjectivizations of a verb (to fly becomes flown and flying)

* qhose-: STAT.NMZ
* dzala-: AGT.NMZ
* dyllu-: PAT.NMZ
* raseto-: ACT.INSTR.NMZ
* 'indzo-:TOOL.INSTR.NMZ
* qana-: ASS.INSTR.NMZ
* sothe-: GNO.ADJZ
* yotre-: PROG.ADJZ

When an illegal consonant cluster appears, it is broken up by schwa, still written as ⟨e⟩

Tense goes on the outside as a circumfix, while aspect is a suffix within that

The abstract nominalizer is marked with the 'i⟩⟨nile circumfix

The indefinite article is marked with the 'ile- prefix

alienable possession and inalienable possession are marked separately (e.g. 'my brother' and 'my ball' use a different interfix)
== Syntax ==

=== Word order ===
T1 (topic first) word order

=== Compound words ===
Verb serialization occurs first. Serialized verbs are placed in succession, and the last verb (even when alone) is followed by the '-lo-' interfix. The verb(s) indicate(s) the agency, person, and number of the subject, which is known via the animacy hierarchy (people < ORG.THNK < ORG.NTHNK < computers < NORG). If the subject-object relationship does not match this hierarchy, the particle "qetaa" is placed between the two words or phrases, meaning they must occur next to one another. The subject can be dropped if it is in the first person and not semantically necessary (as in it does not contain information that, if missing, would make the sentence nonsensical). If the subject is dropped, "qetaa" must be placed between the verb(s) and the direct object. The indirect object is placed before the verb(s), with the '-nole-' interfix in between. Verb serialization can also be recursive, meaning the arguments of a serialized verb phrase may be another serialized verb phrase.

* -tu- = action instrumentality (what action was used to accomplish the verb)
* -herro- = tool instrumentality (what tool was used to accomplish the verb)
* -luga- = assistive instrumentality (what guide was used to accomplish the verb)
* -lala- = POSS.AL
* -rrile- = POSS.INAL
* -na- = ADJZ
* -qotclle- = categorical marker (followed by what category the preceding stem always belongs to)