https://mc.nguh.org/w/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=SheikahNguhcraft Wiki - User contributions [en-gb]2026-08-07T11:19:52ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.44.3https://mc.nguh.org/w/index.php?title=File:Gulf-road-map.png&diff=42246File:Gulf-road-map.png2026-08-01T00:04:17Z<p>Sheikah: Sheikah uploaded a new version of File:Gulf-road-map.png</p>
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<div>Map of Gulf Roads</div>Sheikahhttps://mc.nguh.org/w/index.php?title=Gulf_Road_Network&diff=42245Gulf Road Network2026-08-01T00:03:44Z<p>Sheikah: /* List of roads */</p>
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<div>The '''Gulf Road Network''' ('''GuRoN''', formerly '''Gulf Highways and Streets Trust''' or '''GHaST Network''') is a street network centered around the [[Gulf of Kozdenen]] and managed by the [[Gulf Union]] and its construction company [[Cenroad]]. These ''Gulf roads'' are located primarily in southern [[Slabland]] and include some parts of northern [[Thasusa]].<br />
<br />
==Naming scheme==<br />
[[File:Gulf-road-map.png|thumb|alt=Map of Gulf Roads as of 18 August 2025|Map of Gulf Roads as of July 2026]]<br />
The first digit of the Gulf roads come from the direction they're in from the Gulf of Kozdenen.<br />
<br />
==List of roads==<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! !! Name !! Countries !! % soul soiled<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="8" style="background-color:#FF0000" | || G1 || [[Kyaw Cen]], [[Sofao Tâsi]] || >90%<br />
|-<br />
| G11 || Kyaw Cen || 100%<br />
|-<br />
| G12 || Kyaw Cen || 100%<br />
|-<br />
| [[Gulf road G13|G13]] || Kyaw Cen || 100%<br />
|-<br />
| G14 || [[Imerchal]], Kyaw Cen || >90%<br />
|-<br />
| G15 || Kyaw Cen || 100%<br />
|-<br />
| G101 || Kyaw Cen || 100%<br />
|-<br />
| G111 || Kyaw Cen || 100%<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="1" style="background-color:#FF8800" | || G2 || [[Sofao Tâsi]] || 0%<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" style="background-color:#00FF00" | || G4 || [[Kozdenen]] || 100%<br />
|-<br />
| G41 || Kozdenen || 100%<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" style="background-color:#00AAFF" | || G5 || [[Enkavak]], Kozdenen, [[MápabaL]] || 100%<br />
|-<br />
| G51 || [[Araçana]], Kozdenen|| 100%<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="1" style="background-color:#0000FF" | || G66 ([[TBLI#Roads|M66]]) || [[Kabazat]], [[Myžariky]] || 100%<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="1" style="background-color:#8000FF" | || G7 (Ŋ1) || [[Kyaw Cen]], [[Nordiland]], [[Onparu and Koaru]], [[Tanzang]], [[Tejolant]] || 100%<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" style="background-color:#FF00FF" | || G8 || Imerchal, Kozdenen, Kyaw Cen || 100%<br />
|-<br />
| G81 || Imerchal, Kyaw Cen || 100%<br />
|-<br />
| G82 || Imerchal, Kyaw Cen || 100%<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="1" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" | || G9 || Kozdenen, MápabaL, [[Ɍijeləm]], Sofao Tâsi || 100%<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[Chaos by Land Initiative]]<br />
* [[Thasusa by Land Initiative]]<br />
* [[Rail transport in the Gulf Union]]</div>Sheikahhttps://mc.nguh.org/w/index.php?title=File:Gulf-Union-map.png&diff=42244File:Gulf-Union-map.png2026-07-31T23:45:33Z<p>Sheikah: Sheikah uploaded a new version of File:Gulf-Union-map.png</p>
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<div>Map of the Gulf Union</div>Sheikahhttps://mc.nguh.org/w/index.php?title=X%C3%AAgwar&diff=42073Xêgwar2026-07-27T20:23:30Z<p>Sheikah: /* Bloodshed of Xêgwar */</p>
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<div>{{Infobox City<br />
|name=Xêgwar <br> <span style="font-weight:500;">{{script|script=tanswaiy|t=}} </span><br />
|photo=Xêgwar_with_shaders.png<br />
|photo-label=Photo of Xêgwar<br />
|map=Kyawcen xegwar map.png<br />
|map-label=Location within Kyaw Cen<br />
|country=[[Kingdom of Kyaw Cen]]<br />
|subdivision=[[Shingtsun|Republic of Shingtsun]]<br />
|mayor=[[Namnak Xhesas|Namnaka Esaš]]<br />
|population=1<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Xêgwar''' or '''Hsegwar''' {{IPA|/ˈʃeɪ.gwaɹ/}} ([[Kyawcenni]]: {{script|script=tanswaiy|t=}}, [[KLA]]: ''Xêgwar'' {{IPA|/cɪ̂.ɡwaɻ/}}) is a town on Peregan Island in [[Pereganesia]], a region of [[Shingtsun]], [[Kingdom of Kyaw Cen|Kyaw Cen]], that consists of a community house, a private house, a Cenrail station, and an enchanting table setup. It had been planned since early 2024, but it only began construction on 07 July.<br />
<br />
It is located directly on the [[GHaST Network|G1]] road from [[Yija]] to the [[Gulf of Kozdenen]]. It is around 200 metres southwest of the [[Svérigé]] and 1200 metres east-southeast of Yija.<br />
<br />
In late July 2025 the station got renovated and now takes up half the area of the town.<br />
<br />
==Name==<br />
Nobody knows where the name Xêgwar originates from.<br />
{{Trans|<br />
{{Trans/item|German|Chegwar {{ipa|[ˈçeː.gvaː]}}}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
===Bloodshed of Xêgwar===<br />
In the November and December of 1693, the native [[Yakkanogi]]-speaking population of Xêgwar have suffered a massacre committed by the Kyawcenni colonizers in what they call the ''Bloodshed of Xêgwar''. About two thirds of the population were forced to abandon their homes, the rest were killed. Only about half of the people who fled survived the winter. Most houses in the town were burned down due to the colonizers' anti-Native sentiment. The Bloodshed of Xêgwar is widely viewed as the most devastating atrocity commited by Kyaw Cen during the colonization of Shingtsun. The government was not directly involved in the massacre, but the people who committed it were not punished afterwards. For many centuries, the massacre was denied by Kyaw Cen, until the governor of Shingtsun apologized for the massacre for the first time in December 2021, following major student-led protests in Xêgwar, [[Yija]], and [[Port Marcy]].<br />
<br />
[[Category:Kyaw Cen]]</div>Sheikahhttps://mc.nguh.org/w/index.php?title=X%C3%AAgwar&diff=42072Xêgwar2026-07-27T19:58:12Z<p>Sheikah: </p>
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<div>{{Infobox City<br />
|name=Xêgwar <br> <span style="font-weight:500;">{{script|script=tanswaiy|t=}} </span><br />
|photo=Xêgwar_with_shaders.png<br />
|photo-label=Photo of Xêgwar<br />
|map=Kyawcen xegwar map.png<br />
|map-label=Location within Kyaw Cen<br />
|country=[[Kingdom of Kyaw Cen]]<br />
|subdivision=[[Shingtsun|Republic of Shingtsun]]<br />
|mayor=[[Namnak Xhesas|Namnaka Esaš]]<br />
|population=1<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Xêgwar''' or '''Hsegwar''' {{IPA|/ˈʃeɪ.gwaɹ/}} ([[Kyawcenni]]: {{script|script=tanswaiy|t=}}, [[KLA]]: ''Xêgwar'' {{IPA|/cɪ̂.ɡwaɻ/}}) is a town on Peregan Island in [[Pereganesia]], a region of [[Shingtsun]], [[Kingdom of Kyaw Cen|Kyaw Cen]], that consists of a community house, a private house, a Cenrail station, and an enchanting table setup. It had been planned since early 2024, but it only began construction on 07 July.<br />
<br />
It is located directly on the [[GHaST Network|G1]] road from [[Yija]] to the [[Gulf of Kozdenen]]. It is around 200 metres southwest of the [[Svérigé]] and 1200 metres east-southeast of Yija.<br />
<br />
In late July 2025 the station got renovated and now takes up half the area of the town.<br />
<br />
==Name==<br />
Nobody knows where the name Xêgwar originates from.<br />
{{Trans|<br />
{{Trans/item|German|Chegwar {{ipa|[ˈçeː.gvaː]}}}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
===Bloodshed of Xêgwar===<br />
In the November and December of 1693, the native [[Yakkanogi]]-speaking population of Xêgwar have suffered a massacre committed by the Kyawcenni colonizers in what they call the ''Bloodshed of Xêgwar''. About two thirds of the population were forced to abandon their homes, the rest were killed. Only about half of the people who fled survived the winter. Most houses in the town were burned down due to the colonizers' anti-Native sentiment. The Bloodshed of Xêgwar is widely viewed as the most devastating atrocity commited by Kyaw Cen during the colonization of Shingtsun. The government was not directly involved in the massacre, but the people who committed the atrocity were not punished afterwards. For many centuries, the massacre was denied by Kyaw Cen, until the governor of Shingtsun apologized for the massacre for the first time in December 2021, following major student-led protests in Xêgwar, [[Yija]], and [[Port Marcy]].<br />
<br />
[[Category:Kyaw Cen]]</div>Sheikahhttps://mc.nguh.org/w/index.php?title=Proto-Tsai-Chire&diff=42070Proto-Tsai-Chire2026-07-27T19:25:51Z<p>Sheikah: /* Consonants */</p>
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<div>The '''Proto-Tsai-Chire''' language ('''PTC''', sometimes shortened to ''Proto-Tsachire'') is the ancestor of all [[Tsai-Chire languages]].<br />
<br />
==Phonology==<br />
===Vowels===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! !! Front !! Back<br />
|-<br />
! Close<br />
| i || u<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | Mid<br />
| ø || o<br />
|-<br />
| e || ɤ<br />
|-<br />
! Open<br />
| æ || ɑ <a><br />
|}<br />
<br />
Every vowel can be combined with each other for a diphthong.<br />
<br />
===Consonants===<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! !! Labial !! Alveolar !! Velar<br />
|-<br />
! Plosive<br />
| p || t || k<br />
|-<br />
! Nasal<br />
| m || n || ŋ<br />
|-<br />
! Fricative<br />
|f || s || h<br />
|-<br />
! Liquid<br />
| || l, r || <br />
|}<br />
<br />
Every consonant can also be geminated!!!! Isn't that fun<br />
<br />
==Grammar==<br />
Proto-Tsai-Chire is an agglutinative language.<br />
<br />
===Cases===<br />
PTC has four cases:<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! Name !! Suffix<br />
|-<br />
| Nominative || -∅<br />
|-<br />
| Genitive || -e, -i<br />
|-<br />
| Accusative || -ɑ<br />
|-<br />
| Instrumental || ''Gen +'' -iu<br />
|-<br />
| Locative || ''Gen +'' -n<br />
|-<br />
| Vocative || -iɑ<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Vocabulary==<br />
===Pronouns===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! !! colspan="3" | Singular !! colspan="3" | Plural <br />
|-<br />
! !! 1p !! 2p !! 3p !! 1p !! 2p !! 3p<br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| lø || itɤ || ŋka || kti || kitɤ || kænu<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| le || iti || ŋke || kte || kiti || kæne<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| la || ita || ŋkaa || kta || kita || kæna<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| leiu || iteiu || ŋkeiu || kteiu || kiteiu || kæneiu<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| len || itin || ŋken || kten || kitin || kænen<br />
|}</div>Sheikahhttps://mc.nguh.org/w/index.php?title=IFECS&diff=42065IFECS2026-07-27T18:17:43Z<p>Sheikah: </p>
<hr />
<div>The '''Interŋational Forum on Education, Culture and Science''', more commonly known as '''IFECS''', is an interŋational organization that was founded upon the dissolution of the [[United Ŋations]] on 27 July 2026.</div>Sheikahhttps://mc.nguh.org/w/index.php?title=IFECS&diff=42064IFECS2026-07-27T18:17:15Z<p>Sheikah: </p>
<hr />
<div>The '''Interŋational Forum on Education, Culture and Science''', more commonly known as '''IFECS''', is an organization that was founded upon the dissolution of the [[United Ŋations]] on 27 July 2026.</div>Sheikahhttps://mc.nguh.org/w/index.php?title=Ifetch&diff=42063Ifetch2026-07-27T18:16:47Z<p>Sheikah: Redirected page to IFECS</p>
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<div>#REDIRECT [[IFECS]]</div>Sheikahhttps://mc.nguh.org/w/index.php?title=Inter%C5%8Bational_Forum_on_Education,_Culture_and_Science&diff=42062Interŋational Forum on Education, Culture and Science2026-07-27T18:16:33Z<p>Sheikah: Redirected page to IFECS</p>
<hr />
<div>#REDIRECT [[IFECS]]</div>Sheikahhttps://mc.nguh.org/w/index.php?title=IFECS&diff=42061IFECS2026-07-27T18:16:09Z<p>Sheikah: Created page with "The '''Interŋational Forum on Education, Culture and Science''', more commonly known as '''IFECS''', is an organization that exists."</p>
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<div>The '''Interŋational Forum on Education, Culture and Science''', more commonly known as '''IFECS''', is an organization that exists.</div>Sheikahhttps://mc.nguh.org/w/index.php?title=Yija&diff=42054Yija2026-07-27T17:02:29Z<p>Sheikah: </p>
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<div>{{Infobox City<br />
|name=Yija <br> <span style="font-weight:500;"> {{script|script=tanswaiy|t=}} </span><br />
|photo=Yija-mar-2026.png<br />
|photo-label=Yija in March 2026<br />
|flag=Yija-flag-2025.png<br />
|banner=Yija-banner.png<br />
|coa=Yija-brandmark.png<br />
|coa-label='''Brandmark'''<br />
|map=kyawcen_yija_map.png<br />
|map-label=Location of Yija in the Kingdom of Kyaw Cen<br />
|country=[[Kingdom of Kyaw Cen]]<br />
|subdivision=[[Shingtsun|Republic of Shingtsun]]<br />
|founding=2 February 2024<br />
|demonym=Yijan<br />
|mayor=[[Marcy Sheikah]]<br />
|population=~27<br />
}}<br />
'''Yija''' /ˈji.dʒə/ ([[Kyawcenni]]: {{script|script=tanswaiy|t=}}, [[KLA]]: ''Yija'' {{IPA|/ji.ɖʐə/}}, lit. ''femboy(s)'') is the administrative capital of [[Shingtsun]] and the largest city in the [[Kingdom of Kyaw Cen]]. The headquarters of [[Cenrail]] and the [[Palace of the Ŋations]], the former headquarters of the [[United Ŋations]], are located here.<br />
<br />
The city is located in the [[Yijan Savanna]] on the western coast of Shingtsun and on the estuary of the [[Chire]] river, close to the border with [[Hentzo]]. It is built mainly out of acacia wood, befitting its location in a savanna biome.<br />
<br />
It is the western terminus of the [[GHaST Network|Gulf road G1]], which passes all the way to the [[Gulf of Kozdenen]].<br />
<br />
== Name ==<br />
{{Trans|<br />
{{Trans/item|Araçanic|''Arat Ija'' {{ipa|['a.rɘ 'ð̞jːa]}}}}<br />
{{Trans/item|German|Itza {{ipa|/ˈɪ.tsɐ/}}}}<br />
{{Trans/item|Kygami|{{script|script=nuyxo|t=}} ''Īzia'' {{ipa|[ˈiː.dzjə, -dʒə]}}}}<br />
{{Trans/item|Mosici|{{nahan|}} ''an·ieitzia'' {{ipa|[ãdjid͡ʑa]}}}}<br />
{{Trans/item|Occitan|Itja {{ipa|[ˈi.d͡ʒɔ̆]}}}}<br />
{{Trans/item|Syzkyn|Иджа {{ipa|[ˈiʤɐ]}}}}<br />
{{Trans/item|Xindvâ|{{script|script=nuyxo|t=}} ''Iija'' {{ipa|[iː.ʑə]}}}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
{{Note|See also: [[North Yija#History|History of North Yija]]}}<br />
[[File:Yija-early.png|thumb|left|alt=Yija in its early stages on 4 February 2024|Yija in its early stages on 4 February 2024]]<br />
<br />
Yija's old Iron Farm, now located in [[North Yija]], first started out as a Marcian, later Kyawcenni, outpost in late December 2023. Back then, the village was home to only a single villager, who was subsequently enslaved for the iron farm, along with two other villagers from modern-day [[Esasne]]. This farm has since been the main source of iron in [[Kingdom of Kyaw Cen|Kyaw Cen]] and has later even lead to the foundation of the city of Yija and the Kyawcenni expansion and migration to the area in February 2024.<br />
<br />
On 4 February 2024, the Kyawcenni name ''Yija'' was first mentioned for a newly constructed Kyawcenni settlement south of the old village. The first building was the [[Oak House, Yija|Oak House]]. Yija station was constructed right after.<br />
<br />
On 21 February 2025, Yija changed its flag from the ''magenta-pink-white-light blue-white-pink-magenta'' banner to an alternating yellow and red banner with five stripes in total, starting with yellow.<br />
<br />
Since 1 November 2025, the city council has begun a massive renovation campaign, with lots of new buildings and a new signage system planned.<br />
<br />
<gallery><br />
Yija-april.png|April 2024<br />
Yija-august.png|August 2024<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
== Geography ==<br />
[[File:Yija-boroughs.png|thumb|220px|left|alt=Map of the boroughs of Yija|Map of the boroughs of Yija]]<br />
Yija has six boroughs:<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
! !! English name !! Kyawcenni name<br />
|-<br />
|style="background: #e87d7d;"| || Center || Peregan<br />
|-<br />
|style="background: #a3e87d;"| || Esasne || Esasne<br />
|-<br />
|style="background: #e8e77d;"| || North || Nam<br />
|-<br />
|style="background: #d97de8;"| || Plateau || Pwano<br />
|-<br />
|style="background: #9393ec;"| || South || Xeh<br />
|-<br />
|style="background: #e8ae7d;"| || Zawdin || Zawdin<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Sights ==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
!Name !! Borough<br />
|-<br />
| [[Cenrail (company)|Cenrail]] HQ || Center<br />
|-<br />
| Esem Kuwi Square || Center<br />
|-<br />
| Iron Farm || North<br />
|-<br />
| [[Oak House, Yija|Oak House]], the oldest house in the city || Center<br />
|-<br />
| [[Palace of the Ŋations]], the headquarters of the [[United Ŋations]] || Plateau<br />
|-<br />
| Statue of the Discoverer || North<br />
|-<br />
| The Great Grass Block of Yija || Center<br />
|-<br />
| [[Transport for Yija]] building || Center<br />
|-<br />
| Village of [[North Yija]] || North<br />
|-<br />
| [[Yijan Broadcasting]] HQ || Center<br />
|-<br />
| Yija Fairs and Conventions Center || North<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Transport ==<br />
===Yija Pfr===<br />
Yija [[Pfr]] is an important international Cenrail station with interchanges to the Central, Slab, Central Gulf, Western Gulf and Interkyawcenni Express lines, along with two other Leshrail lines and three local rapid transit lines. It was renovated in June 2025 under the codename ''Project Yija Anywhence'', which was tied to the restructuring of the [[Cenrail]] lines around the [[Gulf of Kozdenen]] initiated by the [[Gulf Union]]. Before that, it was only connected to the Central, Slab and Shingtsun lines.<br />
<br />
===Tram and v1===<br />
The '''Yija Tram''' ([[Kyawcenni]]: ''Taux Yijane'' {{ipa|[tɑ̂ç ji.ɖʐɛɰ̃]}}) is a tramway network consisting of two lines in the central and northern parts of the city.<br />
<br />
On 26 August 2025, the first tram line was opened, going from the Cenrail station (''Yija Pfr'') to the northwestern corner of Esem Kuwi Square (''Esem Kuwi''). On 23 September, it was extended eastward from the Cenrail station, all the way to the eastern coast of the island (''Monюment'').<br />
<br />
On 5 and 6 November 2025, the Yijan Tram network was expanded with the final station on the T1, closing the loop, and a new T2 line from Rombu all the way to Esasne.<br />
<br />
The tram is operated by the company ''Transport for Yija'' (TfY). An underground metro line to a future airport is planned by the company.<br />
<br />
On 25 January 2026, TfY opened up the first underground metro line: The '''v1''' from Yija Pfr to Airport Y<br />
<br />
===Airport===<br />
On 6 June 2026, [[Yija International Airport]] was officially opened. Despite mainly serving the city of Yija, it is geographically located in the municipality of [[Byukyi]].<br />
<br />
<gallery><br />
Yija-tram-map.png|Map of the Yijan tram network<br />
Yija-tram-diagram.svg|Diagram of the Yijan rapid transit network<br />
The-great-grass-block-of-yija.png|The Great Grass Block of Yija<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
[[Category: Cities]]<br />
[[Category:Kyaw Cen]]</div>Sheikahhttps://mc.nguh.org/w/index.php?title=Kyaw_Cen&diff=42053Kyaw Cen2026-07-27T17:01:12Z<p>Sheikah: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Note|This article is about the sovereign state. For its subdivision, see [[Republic of Kyaw Cen]]. Not to be confused with the [[Kyawcenni Realm]] or [[Parkow]], formerly known as “Kyaw Cen” or “Kyaw Cen City”. For other uses, see [[Kyaw Cen (disambiguation)]].}}<br />
{{Infobox ngation<br />
|name=Kingdom of Kyaw Cen <br> <span style="font-weight:500;">{{script|script=tanswaiy|t=}}<br>''Hwey Kyawcenne''</span><br />
|flag=Kyaw-cen-flag.svg<br />
|flag-label='''[[Kyawcenni vexillology|Flag]]'''<br />
|banner=Kyaw-cen-banner.png<br />
|banner-label='''[[Kyawcenni vexillology|Banner]]'''<br />
|coat-of-arms=Kcc-coa.png<br />
|coat-of-arms-label='''[[Kyawcenni vexillology|Coat of Arms]]'''<br />
|map=KKC-locator.png<br />
|map-label=Location of Kyaw Cen (green), and its territories and associated states (light green)<br />
|capital=[[Parkow]] (constitutional, executive, legislative)<br>[[Port Marcy]] (judicial)<br />
|demonym=[[Kyawcenni people|Kyawcenni]]<br />
|government=Federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy under a [[Transitional Sheikah cabinet|transitional government]]<br />
|ruler=[[Marcy I]];[[Marcy Sheikah]]<br />
|ruler-title=[[Quing of Kyaw Cen|Quing]];[[Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Kyaw Cen|Prime Minister]]<br />
|legislature=[[Temporary Federal Assembly of the Kingdom of Kyaw Cen]]<br />
|languages=[[English]], [[Kyawcenni language|Kyawcenni]]<br>'''Regional:'''<ref>Does not include languages official in other states of the [[Kyawcenni Realm]]</ref><br>[[Yakkanogi]] ([[Shingtsun]])<br>[[Occitan]] ([[Vansterèl]])<br />
|two-digit-code=KC<br />
|three-digit-code=KKC<br />
|currency=[[Kaema]]<ref>Formerly also the [[Kyawcenni Ætér]] (Æ) and the [[Petrified Oak Slab]] (POS)</ref><br />
|date-format=DD Month<ref>The month is never officially abbreviated as a number. For example: ''28 December 2024'' or ''28 Dec 2024''</ref> YYYY<br />
|military=[[Army of the White Sun]]<br />
}}<br />
'''Kyaw Cen''' {{IPA|/kjaʊ-, kjɒˈsɛn/}} ([[Kyawcenni]]: {{script|script=tanswaiy|t=}}, [[KLA]]: ''Kyawcen'' {{IPA|/tɕaw sɛɰ̃/}}), officially the '''Kingdom of Kyaw Cen''' ('''KKC''', Kyawcenni: {{script|script=tanswaiy|t=}}, KLA: ''Hwey Kyawcenne'' {{IPA|/χwɛj tɕaw.sɛ.nɛ/}}), is a bicontinental country east of the [[Great Sea]], west of [[Myžariky]] both west and north of [[Imerchal]] and both south and west of [[Sofao Tâsi]] comprising [[Shingtsun]], the [[Kyawcenni Archipelago]] and [[Marcyland]]. It is the oldest continuously existing [[ŋation]] founded in [[Nguhcraft]] and the only one whose borders were drawn in 2023. It was one of the founding members of the [[United Ŋations]] and [[ŊATO]], as well as being a member state of the [[Gulf Union]].<br />
<br />
The Kingdom of Kyaw Cen is a sovereign state with a democratically elected [[National Assembly of the Kingdom of Kyaw Cen|National Assembly]] and [[Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Kyaw Cen|Prime Minister]]. The [[Kyawcenni Realm]] also includes its federal territory (the [[Showhen Islands]]) and two [[Compact of Free Association|associated states]] ([[Ŋibraltar]] and [[Pyuwa]]).<br />
<br />
==Name==<br />
The Kingdom of Kyaw Cen was named after the city of Kyaw Cen (today [[Parkow]]), which served as the first capital of the kingdom. ''Kyaw Cen'' comes from Kyawcenni ''Kyawcen'' meaning "sand island". This is because the island the capital city has been built on consisted almost entirely out of sand. Due to being covered by a stone brick foundation, and later being greenified, the sand foundation of the city is now barely visible.<br />
<br />
{{note|Note: if you want to borrow the name “Kyaw Cen” into your language, I recommend loaning the name from the Middle Kyawcenni pronunciation {{ipa|[ˈkjaw.tsɛn]}} instead of the modern one}}<br><br />
{{Trans|<br />
{{Trans/item|Arabic|مملكة كياوسين ''Mâmlâkât Kyausin'' {{ipa|/məmləkət kjɔːsin/}}}}<br />
{{Trans/item|Araçanic|Kajhama Kijaçen {{ipa|[kadʒ.ɦã.ma kjːa.s̪ɪ̃n]}}}}<br />
{{Trans/item|Augish|Кесөви Кяуҵен ''Kesöwi Kyaucen'' {{ipa|[ˈkʼɛ.sœ.wi ˈkʼʲau̯.tsʼɛn]}}}}<br />
{{Trans/item|Áwaric|{{Script|script=nahan|t=Foísuéfráhti Ciotsen}} ''Fóísuéfráhti Ciotsen'' {{ipa|[ˈɸɨs.wiɸ.ʀɔː.te kjo.t͡sɛn]}}}}<br />
{{Trans/item|Chinese| ''沙岛'' {{ipa|/ʂa1 tɑʊ3/}}}}<br />
{{Trans/item|East Narkevin|Fwënan zda Kjawtsän {{Ipa|/ɸwəˈnan zda kjawˈtsɛn/}}}}<br />
{{Trans/item|German|Königreich Kiauzen {{Ipa|/ˈkønɪgʀaɪç ˈkjaʊtsən/}}}}<br />
{{Trans/item|Hebrew|ממלכת קיוצן ''Mamlekhet Kyotzen'' {{ipa|/mam.ˈle.xet kjo.ˈtsen/}}}}<br />
{{Trans/item|Iskel|Cósalégwa Kyaw Tsen {{Ipa|[t͡ʃósalégwa kjaw tsen]}}}}<br />
{{Trans/item|Isle Narkevin|Þunan zda Kjawtsæn {{Ipa|/θuˈnan zda kjawˈtsɛn/}}}}<br />
{{Trans/item|Japanese|キャウ・ツェン{{ruby|王|おぅ}}{{ruby|国|こく}} ''Kyau Tsen Ōkoku'' {{Ipa|/kʲaɯ tseɴ oːkokɯ/}}}}<br />
{{Trans/item|Kathyrian|Κιωτσεν ''Kjaotsen'' {{ipa|/ˈkjɒtsen/}}}}<br />
{{trans/item|Kilvanan|Cawceŋtanaƕat {{ipa|/t͡sawt͡seŋtanaɸat/}}}}<br />
{{Trans/item|Knrawi|Gùhivu Câupfin {{Ipa|[ŋʊ˩hɛwɔ k̟a˥˩wpɸɛn]}}}}<br />
{{Trans/item|Kozramva|{{script|script=koz|t=}} ''Kiause'' {{ipa|[kia'use̞]}}}}<br />
{{Trans/item|Kyawcenni|{{script|script=tanswaiy|t=}} ''Hwey Kyawcenne'' {{Ipa|/χwɛj tɕaw.sɛ.nɛ/}}}}<br />
{{Trans/item|Kygami|{{script|script=nuyxo|t= }} Mozēi Kiaucen {{ipa|[moˈd͡zeːi̯ ˈkjau̯.t͡sen]}}}}<br />
{{Trans/item|Laevanaak|{{script|script=laevanaak|t=}} {{Ipa|/gɐˑ.vɪ.ɑ.nɛ̆.glɑm.nɑːk/}}}}<br />
{{Trans/item|Léna|Kyaw Sen Ikochkahárwengógho {{Ipa|/kjaw sen i.koɕ.ka.há.rʷe.ŋó.ɣo/}}}}<br />
{{Trans/item|Middle Kyawcenni|Hwey Kyawcenne {{Ipa|/ˈχwɛi̯ ˈkjaʊ̯.tsɛn.nɛ/}}}}<br />
{{Trans/item|Morytian|Giküxonÿstak Kiä Censh {{Ipa|/gikuxonɯstak kiɑ tsɛnʃ/}}}}<br />
{{Trans/item|Old Narkevin|Funan zda Kjawtsen {{Ipa|/fuˈnan zda kjawˈtsɛn/}}}}<br />
{{Trans/item|Qgicauue| [[File:Kyawcen-qgicauue.png|frameless|150x20px]] Qelihā Caw Tse {{ipa|/qɛ.li.χaː caw tse/}}}}<br />
{{Trans/item|Regnate Latin|RÉCNVM CIAOSENVM {{Ipa|/ˈreːŋŋʊ̃ kʰi'ao̯sɛnʊ̃/}}}}<br />
{{Trans/item|Rokadong|{{rkdg| }} Sinyasan Kyoh Sen {{ipa|[ˈsíɲâsān ˈkʲɔ́ʔ sɛ̀n]}}}}<br />
{{Trans/item|Śácamþaśá|{{script|script=thl|t=jwi NSITwqA}} ''Caucśeń Wij'' {{Ipa|/'cɐ̹u̯cɕɪɲ wij/}}}}<br />
{{Trans/item|Saxish|{{script|script=thl|t=n/iTA ujAq f/Ou TjrO}} ''Riece of Ciou Cen'' {{Ipa|[rɑjt͡ʃ ɔf kjæw t͡sɛn]}}}}<br />
{{Trans/item|Sazaian|{{script|script=tajada|t=ka'w{{!}} se~}} ''K'äw Sę'' {{Ipa|/kʲaw sẽ/}}}}<br />
{{Trans/item|Sirenian|Làtcâ'āhnāhzǎk Zahwsen {{Ipa| /lât̚.t͡ɕʰá(ʔ).āː.nāː.t͡ɕàk̚ t͡ɕaːw.sen/ }}}}<br />
{{Trans/item|Soc'ul'|Ñéyan Ciautsen {{Ipa|[ŋəː˧ɰa˧n kʲa˧wt͡sə˧n]}}}}<br />
{{Trans/item|Spanish|Reino Quiaceño {{ipa|/ɾejno kiaseɲo/}}}}<br />
{{Trans/item|Stejvenni|(Stej Brejajen) Kjaw Sten {{Ipa|/(stej ˈbrejajen) kjaw sten/}}''}}<br />
{{Trans/item|Tanzangi|Sehabòs Ciaou Zèn {{Ipa|[seˈəvɔs cəʊ̯ tsɛn]}}}}<br />
{{Trans/item|Taylang|SpeakNow14-14:3 EndGame-27:4 tlgad-16:7 {{Ipa|/kɪŋdəm bit͡ʃ aɪ̯lɪnd/}}}}<br />
{{Trans/item|Toki Pona|ma Kasen {{Ipa|/ma ˈka.sen/}}}}<br />
{{Trans/item|T'ansholubi|"კიინგდუმიი ქჲავ-ცენიის" {{Ipa|/ˈk'iŋdumi kjauˈtsεnis/}}}}<br />
{{Trans/item|Ukrainian|Королівство Кявсену {{Ipa|/kɔroˈlʲiu̯stʋɔ kʲau̯ˈsɛnu/}}}}<br />
{{Trans/item|Viossa|Kjaucen {{Ipa|/ˈkjaut͡sɛn/}}}}<br />
{{Trans/item|West Narkevin|Fonan zda Kjawtsän {{Ipa|/ɸoˈnan zda kjawˈtsɛn/}}}}<br />
{{Trans/item|Xindvâ|{{script|script=nuyxo|t= }} Modreng Kyaotsen {{Ipa|[mo.drɛŋ kjæw.tsɛn]}}}}<br />
<br />
<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Geography ==<br />
Kyaw Cen has [[List of bridges in Kyaw Cen|lots of bridges]].<br />
<br />
=== Marcyland ===<br />
[[Marcyland]] is mostly covered in a dense jungle, which consists mainly of bamboo. The easternmost part, near Port Marcy, is less densely forested.<br />
<br />
=== Kyawcenni Archipelago ===<br />
The [[Kyawcenni Archipelago]], officially administered as the ''Republic of Kyaw Cen'', consist of several islands with their own unique geography. The uninhabited North Island is covered in jungle, Kyaw Cen Island is mainly covered by the city of Parkow, Sheep Island is mainly plains, and the smaller islands to the west are entirely covered in sand.<br />
<br />
=== Shingtsun ===<br />
[[Shingtsun]], as the largest republic of the Kingdom of Kyaw Cen, has the most varied geography. The western coast around [[Yija]] is a [[Yijan Savanna|savanna biome]], which becomes a more temperate plains region known as [[Shingtin]]. The eastern half of Shingtsun is covered in deciduous forests, with the terrain being flat in the centre of the republic (where [[Xêgwar]] is located) and more mountainous near the eastern border, rising to y=145 at the peak of [[Svérigé]]. The far east of the republic, past these hills, is covered in coniferous forest. [[Woclêw, Shingtsun|Woclêw]] is the only settlement in this area.<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
<br />
=== Settlement of Marcyland ===<br />
The first settlement in the modern-day Kingdom of Kyaw Cen began sometime in late October or early November 2023, when the later founder of Kyaw Cen, [[Marcy I|Marcy Sheikah]], migrated from their [[Marcy's Secret Conlang Lab|old home]] in [[Bažahažyn]] to Marcyland, hoping to found a first settlement on the archipelago.<ref>https://discord.com/channels/697450809390268467/767569743229747220/1170565611798143028, https://discord.com/channels/697450809390268467/835185858864218122/1170571196090290267</ref><br />
<br />
In response to the destruction of Marcyland in [[The Raid]] on 13 November 2023, a migration to the Kyawcenni Archipelago and the planning of the first ever city on the islands began.<br />
<br />
=== Early Kyaw Cen ===<br />
[[File:Kyaw-cen-first-claims.png|thumb|130px|left|alt=First map of Kyawcenni claims|First map of Kyawcenni claims]]<br />
[[File:Kyaw-cen-history.gif|thumb|260px|gif|Territorial history of the kingdom]]<br />
<br />
On 28 December 2023, the first borders of a Kyawcenni realm were drawn<ref>https://discord.com/channels/697450809390268467/835185858864218122/1189730774950346793</ref>, marking the establishment of the Kingdom of Kyaw Cen. On the first [[United Ŋations Office for Cartography|political map]] drawn by Quing Marcy on 02 January 2024, the border of [[Shingtsun]] (at that time known as ''Riverland'') has been defined more precisely, showing [[Esasne]] and [[Byukyi]] as a part of its territory, which has gradually been expanding eastward the months after.<br />
<br />
It was a founding member of the [[United Ŋations]] on 02 February 2024. The current ambassador of Kyaw Cen to the UŊ is [[Čęjen Hęstauy Dôwhôwm]].<br />
<br />
On 04 May of that year, the eastern border of Shingtsun was moved to include almost all of [[Transtsaia]], stretching all the way to modern-day [[Sofao Tâsi]]. Also on that day an agreement with [[Imerchal]] about the establishment of [[Vanstèrel]], a condominium between it and Shingtsun, has been signed.<br />
<br />
=== Contemporary Kingdom ===<br />
<br />
On 22 May, the [[Constitution of the Kingdom of Kyaw Cen]] has been signed and ratified by the Quing, the Prime Minister and the governors of the three republics. This day was declared a [[List of holidays in the Kingdom of Kyaw Cen|ŋational holiday]].<br />
<br />
On 01 July, the kingdom established [[Ŋibraltar]] as a condominium with [[Xarslasja]]. The city on the peninsula began construction just a few days after.<br />
<br />
On 24 July, an agreement with the newly founded [[Oberia|Peasants' Republic of Oberia]] was made about the annexation of the [[West Showhen Islands]] by both countries as a condominium. Because of that, the kingdom had transferred [[Grass Island]] from [[Marcyland]] to a new ''[[Territory of the Showhen Islands]]'', which partially administered the condominium.<br />
<br />
The country was a participant of the [[Scramble for Murbetia]] on 22 August 2024 following [[Dissolution of Murbetia|its dissolution]]. On that day, it has established the [[Territory of Kyawcenni Pua]] (today ''Pyuwa'') close to the former [[Murbetia|Murbetian]] subdivision of [[Scarecrow Harbour]], now bordering [[Pòjaj]] to the south and [[Coldba (Cuba)]] to the West.<br />
<br />
[[File:Marcy-in-drebzha.png|thumb|230px|alt=Quing Marcy in front of the Kyawcenni flag in Drebzha after capturing the city|Quing Marcy in front of the Kyawcenni flag in Drebzha after capturing the city]]<br />
Following the [[Amujxplosion]] on 08 October 2024, the kingdom started occupying the Thasusan part of [[North Amuj]] and [[Suspicion Island]] for peace in the region. On 4:06pm local time, [[Army of the White Sun|Kyawcenni forces]] have captured [[Drebzha]], hoisted the [[Flag of Kyaw Cen|Kyawcenni flag]] and established the [[Mandate of Amuj]], which was dissolved a month later on 02 November. On the same day, [[Kyaw Cen in the Nguhrovision Song Contest|Kyaw Cen won]] the [[Nguhrovision Song Contest 2024]] in [[Pfoas]].<br />
<br />
German has been one of the official languages of the kingdom until 01 March 2025, when it was officially abolished.<br />
<br />
On 14 May 2025, the kingdom annexed [[Mariland]], the area around [[Barzewmari]], which had previously just been a Shingtsunni outpost on the northern coast of [[Slabland]].<br />
<br />
Following the dissolution of Oberia, the Showhen Islands became fully administered by Kyaw Cen on 6 September 2025.<br />
<br />
Kyaw Cen is expected to host the [[Nguhrovision Song Contest 2025]] in [[Parkow Arena]] later this year.<br />
<br />
==Politics==<br />
{{Note|Main article: [[Politics of the Kingdom of Kyaw Cen]]}}<br />
<br />
===Government and political parties===<br />
{{Note|See also: [[List of political parties in the Kingdom of Kyaw Cen]]}}<br />
[[File:KC-NA-temp-color.svg|thumb|230px|alt=Distribution of seats in the National Assembly|<br />
Distribution of seats in the National Assembly<br>]]<br />
The Government is currently headed by [[Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Kyaw Cen|Prime Minister]] [[Marcy Sheikah]] ([[SPP]]).<br />
The legislature currently only consists of the [[Temporary National Assembly of the Kingdom of Kyaw Cen]], which hosts 14 seats in total.<br />
The seats are currently distributed among five different parties:<br />
* [[Kyawcenni Communist Party]] (2 seats, opposition)<br />
* [[Social Progressive Party]] (7 seats, government)<br />
* [[Federal Democratic Union]] (2 seats, opposition)<br />
* [[Union of Čanggu Mawgay Zen]] (2 seats, opposition)<br />
* [[Questionable Party]] (1 seat, opposition)<br />
<br />
===Administrative Divisions===<br />
[[File:Kyaw-cen-administrative.png|thumb|alt=Administrative Map of the Kingdom of Kyaw Cen|Administrative Map of the Kingdom of Kyaw Cen]]<br />
Kyaw Cen is administratively divided into three republics. The [[Kyawcenni Realm]] also includes its federal territory, three associated states and by extent one [[Extranguhcraftial Territories|extranguhcraftial territory]]. The republics are further subdivided into municipalities and unorganized areas. There are also seven [[indigenous nation|indigenous nations]] not listed here.<br />
<br />
* '''Constituent republics:'''<br />
** [[File:Shingcun-banner.png|link=|15px]] [[Shingtsun|Republic of Shingtsun]]<br />
*** [[Byukyi]]<br />
*** [[Esasne]]<br />
*** [[Kôpang]]<br />
*** [[Svérigé]]<br />
*** [[Šihayxden]]<br />
*** [[Twirne Šingtinne]]<br />
*** [[Nagjil|Woclêw]]<br />
*** [[Xêgwar]]<br />
*** [[Yija]]<br />
*** [[Vansterèl|District of Vansterèl]] (Condominium with [[Imerchal]])<br />
**** [[Pòrt d’Avets]]<br />
**** [[Vansterèl Unorganized Area]]<br />
** [[File:Kyaw-cen-flag.png|link=|15px]] [[Republic of Kyaw Cen]]<br />
*** [[Parkow]]<br />
*** [[Lobster Territory]]<br />
** [[File:Marcyland-banner.png|link=|15px]] [[Marcyland|Republic of Marcyland]]<br />
*** [[Port Marcy]]<br />
*** [[Wocwew|Woclêw]]<br />
*** [[West Marcyland|West Marcyland Unorganized Area]]<br />
* '''Federal territories:'''<br />
** [[File:Showhen-banner.png|link=|15px]] [[Showhen Islands|Territory of the Showhen Islands]]<br />
*** [[Grass Island]]<br />
*** [[Dolphin Island]]<br />
*** [[Choco Island and Engtland]]<br />
* '''Associated states:'''<br />
** [[File:Kyawcenni-pua-banner.png|link=|15px]] [[Pyuwa|Grand Duchy of Pyuwa]]<br />
*** [[Bernca]]<br />
*** [[Feṡegarād]]<br />
*** [[Fotōṡnisa]]<br />
*** [[Zelenȷ Ħib]]<br />
** [[File:Ngibraltar-banner.png|link=|15px]] [[Ŋibraltar|District of Ŋibraltar]] (condominium with [[Xarslasja]])<br />
* '''Extranguhcraftial territories:'''<br />
** [[Blåhaj Island|Territory of Blåhaj Island]]<br />
<br />
===Foreign Relations===<br />
Kyaw Cen has a good relationships with all of its neighbors, including, [[Imerchal]], [[Myžariky]] and [[Sofao Tâsi]]. It has especially close ties to the member states of the [[Gulf Union]], especially [[Enkavak]] and [[Kozdenen]]. [[Xarslasja]] is one of the most important political partners in [[Thasusa]].<br />
<br />
==== Enkavak ====<br />
[[Enkavak]] is usually considered one of the most important trading partners, as it is a popular travel destination and many Kyawcennis like to go shopping in [[Alnangaemak]].<br />
<br />
==== Hentzo ====<br />
On 3 March 2024, a street in [[Yija]] was named ''Hentzo Avenue'' due to its close proximity to [[Hentzo]] and to honor their diplomatic ties.<br />
<br />
When Pirate Lord [[Rutinde I]] died on 18 July 2024, [[Quing of Kyaw Cen|Quing]] [[Marcy I]] expressed her condolences. They are known to have visited the [[mausoleum]] on the day it has finished construction.<br />
<br />
==== Imerchal ====<br />
As a neighbor of the kingdom and one of the oldest ŋations on Nguhcraft, the Kyawcenni government considers the Free City of [[Imerchal]] one of its closest partners. According to a survey held in August 2024, 86% of Kyawcennis consider Imerchal an ''important diplomatic partner'' and a ''friendly ŋation''. The results of the survey also showed that those who have answered the opposite are more likely to vote for the [[Questionable Party|QP]]. The approval rate of Imerchal is the highest among people living in the [[Republic of Kyaw Cen]].<br />
<br />
The two countries also share control over the [[Vansterèl]] territory.<br />
<br />
==== Myžariky ====<br />
The majority of Kyawcennis think that [[Myžariky]] is an important ŋation in Kyawcenni history. This is likely because Quing Marcy I once [[Marcy's Secret Conlang Lab|lived in]] [[Bažahažyn]] and it's the country [[Spawn]] is in. For that reason, some people (usually QP voters), call for an annexation of the western part of Myžariky. The current government though accepts the current borders of the country and wants to seek closer ties. There are also foot and rail bridges on the border between the two ŋations at [[Port Marcy]], [[Marcyland]].<br />
<br />
==== Oberia ====<br />
Despite the Kingdom of Kyaw Cen's vision of colonizing the area of modern-day [[Oberia]] pior to its establishment, the relations between the two countries were generally seen as friendly, especially because of their joint control of the [[West Showhen Islands]] until 6 September 2025.<br />
<br />
==== Pua ====<br />
The kingdom was originally neutral towards the conflict in [[Pua (region)|Pua]], due to the current Kyawcenni government not knowing what the conflict is even about at all. But on 26 August 2024, [[East Pua]] has described the Kingdom of Kyaw Cen as “a potentially concerning agent of imperialism”<ref>https://mc.nguh.org/wiki/Pua#Kingdom_of_Kyaw_Cen</ref>, which [[Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Kyaw Cen|Prime Minister]] [[Marcy Sheikah]] rejected, describing the claims as “ridiculous” and saying that “The Kingdom of Kyaw Cen is not and never will be an imperialist state”.<br />
<br />
On 30 August, East Pua has supplied [[Kyawcenni Pua]] with sand and sandstone for buildings. This has pleased Grand Duke [[Matjāż I]], who even suggested founding an Economic Union similar to the [[Transpunese Economic Union|TEU]] in the future.<br />
<br />
==== Xarslasja ====<br />
The first embassy established in [[Xarslasja]] is one to the Kingdom of Kyaw Cen in [[Yuɱa]]. On 12 August 2024, the Bezuvate has also established a mutual embassy in [[Yija]].<br />
<br />
On 1 July 2024, the two countries have reached an agreement over the shared control of [[Ŋibraltar]].<br />
<br />
===Armed forces===<br />
''Main article: [[Army of the White Sun|OWO]]''<br />
<br />
The armed forces of the Kingdom of Kyaw Cen are the [[Army of the White Sun]].<br />
<br />
==Economy==<br />
Since the Kingdom of Kyaw Cen doesn't really have any unique exports, interŋational trade with the country is practically null. Therefore, most items that can be easily generated by an existing farm are free. Nevertheless, there are some stores and restaurants in [[Parkow]] and [[Yija]] that sell food and banners for [[Petrified Oak Slab|Slabs]].<br />
<br />
==Demographics==<br />
===Languages===<br />
[[File:Kkc-languages.png|thumb|alt=Map of languages in Kyaw Cen|Map of languages in Kyaw Cen]]<br />
The Kingdom of Kyaw Cen has tow official languages: [[English]] and its national language [[Kyawcenni language|Kyawcenni]]. The latter is spoken by the majority of the people as their first language, while English is usually used as a language for interŋational communication.<br />
<br />
According to a census held in September 2024, about 86% of the population is fluent in English. The number is lowest in the rural areas of [[Shingtsun]] like [[Šihayxden]] and [[Woclêw, Shingtsun|Woclêw]].<br />
<br />
===Religion===<br />
According to a census held in September 2024, 57% of the country is [[Ætérnalism|Ætérnalist]], 5% [[Aboism|Aboist]] and 38% Atheist.<br />
<br />
==Culture==<br />
Despite the federal subjects of the kingdom all having different cultures and ŋational identities, the three constituent republics are being united by language and religion.<br />
<br />
===Architecture===<br />
[[File:Yija-august.png|thumb|alt=yija|[[Yija]], Shingtsun in August 2024]]<br />
Every federal subject or even city has their own style of architecture, with most cities not being a mix of different looking buildings, but instead having strict building regulations to make their city have a unique style, which makes special buildings which don't apply to those regulations like the [[Palace of the Ŋations]] stand out.<br />
<br />
===White Sun===<br />
[[File:Kyaw-cen-sun-black.svg|70px|left|alt=The Kyawcenni Sun (in black for better visibility)|The Kyawcenni Sun (in black for better visibility)]]<br />
The ''White Sun'' or ''Kyawcenni Sun'' is a unifying ŋational Kyawcenni symbol used in a lot of Kyawcenni art or architecture, including the [[Flag of Kyaw Cen|flag]]. It depicts the sun with eight rays and is usually colored white. The armed forces of Kyaw Cen, the [[Army of the White Sun]], was named after it.<br />
<br />
===Cuisine===<br />
There are a lot of soup stores in the kingdom selling Kyawcenni and Marcian Soup (sometimes also called ''Stew'') made of mushrooms and flowers. Those are often considered overpriced, but Kyawcennis will usually tell you that you can commonly bribe the seller with bones or wheat to get them for free.<br />
<br />
===Music===<br />
{{Note|See also: [[Kyaw Cen in the Nguhrovision Song Contest]]}}<br />
<br />
[[Yijan Broadcasting]] is a company and public building in Yija where people can listen to a selection of music discs for free.<br />
<br />
Kyaw Cen is regularly participating in the [[Nguhrovision Song Contest]], winning [[Nguhrovision Song Contest 2024|its first edition]].<br />
<br />
===Sports===<br />
The kingdom will likely participate in the [[Nguhlympics]]. [[Parkow Arena|A multi-purpose indoor arena]] has been constructed in Parkow for concerts and sporting events.<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
[[City status in the Kingdom of Kyaw Cen]]<br />
<br />
==Footnotes and References==<br />
[[Category:Country]]<br />
[[Category:Kyaw Cen]]<br />
[[Category:Pages with translation sections]]</div>Sheikahhttps://mc.nguh.org/w/index.php?title=Kyaw_Cen&diff=42052Kyaw Cen2026-07-27T16:59:48Z<p>Sheikah: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Note|This article is about the sovereign state. For its subdivision, see [[Republic of Kyaw Cen]]. Not to be confused with the [[Kyawcenni Realm]] or [[Parkow]], formerly known as “Kyaw Cen” or “Kyaw Cen City”. For other uses, see [[Kyaw Cen (disambiguation)]].}}<br />
{{Infobox ngation<br />
|name=Kingdom of Kyaw Cen <br> <span style="font-weight:500;">{{script|script=tanswaiy|t=}}<br>''Hwey Kyawcenne''</span><br />
|flag=Kyaw-cen-flag.svg<br />
|flag-label='''[[Kyawcenni vexillology|Flag]]'''<br />
|banner=Kyaw-cen-banner.png<br />
|banner-label='''[[Kyawcenni vexillology|Banner]]'''<br />
|coat-of-arms=Kcc-coa.png<br />
|coat-of-arms-label='''[[Kyawcenni vexillology|Coat of Arms]]'''<br />
|map=KKC-locator.png<br />
|map-label=Location of Kyaw Cen (green), and its territories and associated states (light green)<br />
|capital=[[Parkow]] (constitutional, executive, legislative)<br>[[Port Marcy]] (judicial)<br />
|demonym=[[Kyawcenni people|Kyawcenni]]<br />
|government=Federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy under a [[Transitional Sheikah cabinet|transitional government]]<br />
|ruler=[[Marcy I]];[[Marcy Sheikah]]<br />
|ruler-title=[[Quing of Kyaw Cen|Quing]];[[Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Kyaw Cen|Prime Minister]]<br />
|legislature=[[Temporary Federal Assembly of the Kingdom of Kyaw Cen]]<br />
|languages=[[English]], [[Kyawcenni language|Kyawcenni]]<br>'''Regional:'''<ref>Does not include languages official in other states of the [[Kyawcenni Realm]]</ref><br>[[Yakkanogi]] ([[Shingtsun]])<br>[[Occitan]] ([[Vansterèl]])<br />
|two-digit-code=KC<br />
|three-digit-code=KKC<br />
|currency=[[Kaema]]<ref>Formerly also the [[Kyawcenni Ætér]] (Æ) and the [[Petrified Oak Slab]] (POS)</ref><br />
|date-format=DD Month<ref>The month is never officially abbreviated as a number. For example: ''28 December 2024'' or ''28 Dec 2024''</ref> YYYY<br />
|military=[[Army of the White Sun]]<br />
}}<br />
'''Kyaw Cen''' {{IPA|/kjaʊ-, kjɒˈsɛn/}} ([[Kyawcenni]]: {{script|script=tanswaiy|t=}}, [[KLA]]: ''Kyawcen'' {{IPA|/tɕaw sɛɰ̃/}}), officially the '''Kingdom of Kyaw Cen''' ('''KKC''', Kyawcenni: {{script|script=tanswaiy|t=}}, KLA: ''Hwey Kyawcenne'' {{IPA|/χwɛj tɕaw.sɛ.nɛ/}}), is a bicontinental country east of the [[Great Sea]], west of [[Myžariky]] both west and north of [[Imerchal]] and both south and west of [[Sofao Tâsi]] comprising [[Shingtsun]], the [[Kyawcenni Archipelago]] and [[Marcyland]]. It is the oldest continuously existing [[ŋation]] founded in [[Nguhcraft]] and the only one whose borders were drawn in 2023. It is one of the founding members of the [[United Ŋations]] and [[ŊATO]], as well as being a member state of the [[Gulf Union]].<br />
<br />
The Kingdom of Kyaw Cen is a sovereign state with a democratically elected [[National Assembly of the Kingdom of Kyaw Cen|National Assembly]] and [[Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Kyaw Cen|Prime Minister]]. The [[Kyawcenni Realm]] also includes its federal territory (the [[Showhen Islands]]) and two [[Compact of Free Association|associated states]] ([[Ŋibraltar]] and [[Pyuwa]]).<br />
<br />
==Name==<br />
The Kingdom of Kyaw Cen was named after the city of Kyaw Cen (today [[Parkow]]), which served as the first capital of the kingdom. ''Kyaw Cen'' comes from Kyawcenni ''Kyawcen'' meaning "sand island". This is because the island the capital city has been built on consisted almost entirely out of sand. Due to being covered by a stone brick foundation, and later being greenified, the sand foundation of the city is now barely visible.<br />
<br />
{{note|Note: if you want to borrow the name “Kyaw Cen” into your language, I recommend loaning the name from the Middle Kyawcenni pronunciation {{ipa|[ˈkjaw.tsɛn]}} instead of the modern one}}<br><br />
{{Trans|<br />
{{Trans/item|Arabic|مملكة كياوسين ''Mâmlâkât Kyausin'' {{ipa|/məmləkət kjɔːsin/}}}}<br />
{{Trans/item|Araçanic|Kajhama Kijaçen {{ipa|[kadʒ.ɦã.ma kjːa.s̪ɪ̃n]}}}}<br />
{{Trans/item|Augish|Кесөви Кяуҵен ''Kesöwi Kyaucen'' {{ipa|[ˈkʼɛ.sœ.wi ˈkʼʲau̯.tsʼɛn]}}}}<br />
{{Trans/item|Áwaric|{{Script|script=nahan|t=Foísuéfráhti Ciotsen}} ''Fóísuéfráhti Ciotsen'' {{ipa|[ˈɸɨs.wiɸ.ʀɔː.te kjo.t͡sɛn]}}}}<br />
{{Trans/item|Chinese| ''沙岛'' {{ipa|/ʂa1 tɑʊ3/}}}}<br />
{{Trans/item|East Narkevin|Fwënan zda Kjawtsän {{Ipa|/ɸwəˈnan zda kjawˈtsɛn/}}}}<br />
{{Trans/item|German|Königreich Kiauzen {{Ipa|/ˈkønɪgʀaɪç ˈkjaʊtsən/}}}}<br />
{{Trans/item|Hebrew|ממלכת קיוצן ''Mamlekhet Kyotzen'' {{ipa|/mam.ˈle.xet kjo.ˈtsen/}}}}<br />
{{Trans/item|Iskel|Cósalégwa Kyaw Tsen {{Ipa|[t͡ʃósalégwa kjaw tsen]}}}}<br />
{{Trans/item|Isle Narkevin|Þunan zda Kjawtsæn {{Ipa|/θuˈnan zda kjawˈtsɛn/}}}}<br />
{{Trans/item|Japanese|キャウ・ツェン{{ruby|王|おぅ}}{{ruby|国|こく}} ''Kyau Tsen Ōkoku'' {{Ipa|/kʲaɯ tseɴ oːkokɯ/}}}}<br />
{{Trans/item|Kathyrian|Κιωτσεν ''Kjaotsen'' {{ipa|/ˈkjɒtsen/}}}}<br />
{{trans/item|Kilvanan|Cawceŋtanaƕat {{ipa|/t͡sawt͡seŋtanaɸat/}}}}<br />
{{Trans/item|Knrawi|Gùhivu Câupfin {{Ipa|[ŋʊ˩hɛwɔ k̟a˥˩wpɸɛn]}}}}<br />
{{Trans/item|Kozramva|{{script|script=koz|t=}} ''Kiause'' {{ipa|[kia'use̞]}}}}<br />
{{Trans/item|Kyawcenni|{{script|script=tanswaiy|t=}} ''Hwey Kyawcenne'' {{Ipa|/χwɛj tɕaw.sɛ.nɛ/}}}}<br />
{{Trans/item|Kygami|{{script|script=nuyxo|t= }} Mozēi Kiaucen {{ipa|[moˈd͡zeːi̯ ˈkjau̯.t͡sen]}}}}<br />
{{Trans/item|Laevanaak|{{script|script=laevanaak|t=}} {{Ipa|/gɐˑ.vɪ.ɑ.nɛ̆.glɑm.nɑːk/}}}}<br />
{{Trans/item|Léna|Kyaw Sen Ikochkahárwengógho {{Ipa|/kjaw sen i.koɕ.ka.há.rʷe.ŋó.ɣo/}}}}<br />
{{Trans/item|Middle Kyawcenni|Hwey Kyawcenne {{Ipa|/ˈχwɛi̯ ˈkjaʊ̯.tsɛn.nɛ/}}}}<br />
{{Trans/item|Morytian|Giküxonÿstak Kiä Censh {{Ipa|/gikuxonɯstak kiɑ tsɛnʃ/}}}}<br />
{{Trans/item|Old Narkevin|Funan zda Kjawtsen {{Ipa|/fuˈnan zda kjawˈtsɛn/}}}}<br />
{{Trans/item|Qgicauue| [[File:Kyawcen-qgicauue.png|frameless|150x20px]] Qelihā Caw Tse {{ipa|/qɛ.li.χaː caw tse/}}}}<br />
{{Trans/item|Regnate Latin|RÉCNVM CIAOSENVM {{Ipa|/ˈreːŋŋʊ̃ kʰi'ao̯sɛnʊ̃/}}}}<br />
{{Trans/item|Rokadong|{{rkdg| }} Sinyasan Kyoh Sen {{ipa|[ˈsíɲâsān ˈkʲɔ́ʔ sɛ̀n]}}}}<br />
{{Trans/item|Śácamþaśá|{{script|script=thl|t=jwi NSITwqA}} ''Caucśeń Wij'' {{Ipa|/'cɐ̹u̯cɕɪɲ wij/}}}}<br />
{{Trans/item|Saxish|{{script|script=thl|t=n/iTA ujAq f/Ou TjrO}} ''Riece of Ciou Cen'' {{Ipa|[rɑjt͡ʃ ɔf kjæw t͡sɛn]}}}}<br />
{{Trans/item|Sazaian|{{script|script=tajada|t=ka'w{{!}} se~}} ''K'äw Sę'' {{Ipa|/kʲaw sẽ/}}}}<br />
{{Trans/item|Sirenian|Làtcâ'āhnāhzǎk Zahwsen {{Ipa| /lât̚.t͡ɕʰá(ʔ).āː.nāː.t͡ɕàk̚ t͡ɕaːw.sen/ }}}}<br />
{{Trans/item|Soc'ul'|Ñéyan Ciautsen {{Ipa|[ŋəː˧ɰa˧n kʲa˧wt͡sə˧n]}}}}<br />
{{Trans/item|Spanish|Reino Quiaceño {{ipa|/ɾejno kiaseɲo/}}}}<br />
{{Trans/item|Stejvenni|(Stej Brejajen) Kjaw Sten {{Ipa|/(stej ˈbrejajen) kjaw sten/}}''}}<br />
{{Trans/item|Tanzangi|Sehabòs Ciaou Zèn {{Ipa|[seˈəvɔs cəʊ̯ tsɛn]}}}}<br />
{{Trans/item|Taylang|SpeakNow14-14:3 EndGame-27:4 tlgad-16:7 {{Ipa|/kɪŋdəm bit͡ʃ aɪ̯lɪnd/}}}}<br />
{{Trans/item|Toki Pona|ma Kasen {{Ipa|/ma ˈka.sen/}}}}<br />
{{Trans/item|T'ansholubi|"კიინგდუმიი ქჲავ-ცენიის" {{Ipa|/ˈk'iŋdumi kjauˈtsεnis/}}}}<br />
{{Trans/item|Ukrainian|Королівство Кявсену {{Ipa|/kɔroˈlʲiu̯stʋɔ kʲau̯ˈsɛnu/}}}}<br />
{{Trans/item|Viossa|Kjaucen {{Ipa|/ˈkjaut͡sɛn/}}}}<br />
{{Trans/item|West Narkevin|Fonan zda Kjawtsän {{Ipa|/ɸoˈnan zda kjawˈtsɛn/}}}}<br />
{{Trans/item|Xindvâ|{{script|script=nuyxo|t= }} Modreng Kyaotsen {{Ipa|[mo.drɛŋ kjæw.tsɛn]}}}}<br />
<br />
<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Geography ==<br />
Kyaw Cen has [[List of bridges in Kyaw Cen|lots of bridges]].<br />
<br />
=== Marcyland ===<br />
[[Marcyland]] is mostly covered in a dense jungle, which consists mainly of bamboo. The easternmost part, near Port Marcy, is less densely forested.<br />
<br />
=== Kyawcenni Archipelago ===<br />
The [[Kyawcenni Archipelago]], officially administered as the ''Republic of Kyaw Cen'', consist of several islands with their own unique geography. The uninhabited North Island is covered in jungle, Kyaw Cen Island is mainly covered by the city of Parkow, Sheep Island is mainly plains, and the smaller islands to the west are entirely covered in sand.<br />
<br />
=== Shingtsun ===<br />
[[Shingtsun]], as the largest republic of the Kingdom of Kyaw Cen, has the most varied geography. The western coast around [[Yija]] is a [[Yijan Savanna|savanna biome]], which becomes a more temperate plains region known as [[Shingtin]]. The eastern half of Shingtsun is covered in deciduous forests, with the terrain being flat in the centre of the republic (where [[Xêgwar]] is located) and more mountainous near the eastern border, rising to y=145 at the peak of [[Svérigé]]. The far east of the republic, past these hills, is covered in coniferous forest. [[Woclêw, Shingtsun|Woclêw]] is the only settlement in this area.<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
<br />
=== Settlement of Marcyland ===<br />
The first settlement in the modern-day Kingdom of Kyaw Cen began sometime in late October or early November 2023, when the later founder of Kyaw Cen, [[Marcy I|Marcy Sheikah]], migrated from their [[Marcy's Secret Conlang Lab|old home]] in [[Bažahažyn]] to Marcyland, hoping to found a first settlement on the archipelago.<ref>https://discord.com/channels/697450809390268467/767569743229747220/1170565611798143028, https://discord.com/channels/697450809390268467/835185858864218122/1170571196090290267</ref><br />
<br />
In response to the destruction of Marcyland in [[The Raid]] on 13 November 2023, a migration to the Kyawcenni Archipelago and the planning of the first ever city on the islands began.<br />
<br />
=== Early Kyaw Cen ===<br />
[[File:Kyaw-cen-first-claims.png|thumb|130px|left|alt=First map of Kyawcenni claims|First map of Kyawcenni claims]]<br />
[[File:Kyaw-cen-history.gif|thumb|260px|gif|Territorial history of the kingdom]]<br />
<br />
On 28 December 2023, the first borders of a Kyawcenni realm were drawn<ref>https://discord.com/channels/697450809390268467/835185858864218122/1189730774950346793</ref>, marking the establishment of the Kingdom of Kyaw Cen. On the first [[United Ŋations Office for Cartography|political map]] drawn by Quing Marcy on 02 January 2024, the border of [[Shingtsun]] (at that time known as ''Riverland'') has been defined more precisely, showing [[Esasne]] and [[Byukyi]] as a part of its territory, which has gradually been expanding eastward the months after.<br />
<br />
It was a founding member of the [[United Ŋations]] on 02 February 2024. The current ambassador of Kyaw Cen to the UŊ is [[Čęjen Hęstauy Dôwhôwm]].<br />
<br />
On 04 May of that year, the eastern border of Shingtsun was moved to include almost all of [[Transtsaia]], stretching all the way to modern-day [[Sofao Tâsi]]. Also on that day an agreement with [[Imerchal]] about the establishment of [[Vanstèrel]], a condominium between it and Shingtsun, has been signed.<br />
<br />
=== Contemporary Kingdom ===<br />
<br />
On 22 May, the [[Constitution of the Kingdom of Kyaw Cen]] has been signed and ratified by the Quing, the Prime Minister and the governors of the three republics. This day was declared a [[List of holidays in the Kingdom of Kyaw Cen|ŋational holiday]].<br />
<br />
On 01 July, the kingdom established [[Ŋibraltar]] as a condominium with [[Xarslasja]]. The city on the peninsula began construction just a few days after.<br />
<br />
On 24 July, an agreement with the newly founded [[Oberia|Peasants' Republic of Oberia]] was made about the annexation of the [[West Showhen Islands]] by both countries as a condominium. Because of that, the kingdom had transferred [[Grass Island]] from [[Marcyland]] to a new ''[[Territory of the Showhen Islands]]'', which partially administered the condominium.<br />
<br />
The country was a participant of the [[Scramble for Murbetia]] on 22 August 2024 following [[Dissolution of Murbetia|its dissolution]]. On that day, it has established the [[Territory of Kyawcenni Pua]] (today ''Pyuwa'') close to the former [[Murbetia|Murbetian]] subdivision of [[Scarecrow Harbour]], now bordering [[Pòjaj]] to the south and [[Coldba (Cuba)]] to the West.<br />
<br />
[[File:Marcy-in-drebzha.png|thumb|230px|alt=Quing Marcy in front of the Kyawcenni flag in Drebzha after capturing the city|Quing Marcy in front of the Kyawcenni flag in Drebzha after capturing the city]]<br />
Following the [[Amujxplosion]] on 08 October 2024, the kingdom started occupying the Thasusan part of [[North Amuj]] and [[Suspicion Island]] for peace in the region. On 4:06pm local time, [[Army of the White Sun|Kyawcenni forces]] have captured [[Drebzha]], hoisted the [[Flag of Kyaw Cen|Kyawcenni flag]] and established the [[Mandate of Amuj]], which was dissolved a month later on 02 November. On the same day, [[Kyaw Cen in the Nguhrovision Song Contest|Kyaw Cen won]] the [[Nguhrovision Song Contest 2024]] in [[Pfoas]].<br />
<br />
German has been one of the official languages of the kingdom until 01 March 2025, when it was officially abolished.<br />
<br />
On 14 May 2025, the kingdom annexed [[Mariland]], the area around [[Barzewmari]], which had previously just been a Shingtsunni outpost on the northern coast of [[Slabland]].<br />
<br />
Following the dissolution of Oberia, the Showhen Islands became fully administered by Kyaw Cen on 6 September 2025.<br />
<br />
Kyaw Cen is expected to host the [[Nguhrovision Song Contest 2025]] in [[Parkow Arena]] later this year.<br />
<br />
==Politics==<br />
{{Note|Main article: [[Politics of the Kingdom of Kyaw Cen]]}}<br />
<br />
===Government and political parties===<br />
{{Note|See also: [[List of political parties in the Kingdom of Kyaw Cen]]}}<br />
[[File:KC-NA-temp-color.svg|thumb|230px|alt=Distribution of seats in the National Assembly|<br />
Distribution of seats in the National Assembly<br>]]<br />
The Government is currently headed by [[Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Kyaw Cen|Prime Minister]] [[Marcy Sheikah]] ([[SPP]]).<br />
The legislature currently only consists of the [[Temporary National Assembly of the Kingdom of Kyaw Cen]], which hosts 14 seats in total.<br />
The seats are currently distributed among five different parties:<br />
* [[Kyawcenni Communist Party]] (2 seats, opposition)<br />
* [[Social Progressive Party]] (7 seats, government)<br />
* [[Federal Democratic Union]] (2 seats, opposition)<br />
* [[Union of Čanggu Mawgay Zen]] (2 seats, opposition)<br />
* [[Questionable Party]] (1 seat, opposition)<br />
<br />
===Administrative Divisions===<br />
[[File:Kyaw-cen-administrative.png|thumb|alt=Administrative Map of the Kingdom of Kyaw Cen|Administrative Map of the Kingdom of Kyaw Cen]]<br />
Kyaw Cen is administratively divided into three republics. The [[Kyawcenni Realm]] also includes its federal territory, three associated states and by extent one [[Extranguhcraftial Territories|extranguhcraftial territory]]. The republics are further subdivided into municipalities and unorganized areas. There are also seven [[indigenous nation|indigenous nations]] not listed here.<br />
<br />
* '''Constituent republics:'''<br />
** [[File:Shingcun-banner.png|link=|15px]] [[Shingtsun|Republic of Shingtsun]]<br />
*** [[Byukyi]]<br />
*** [[Esasne]]<br />
*** [[Kôpang]]<br />
*** [[Svérigé]]<br />
*** [[Šihayxden]]<br />
*** [[Twirne Šingtinne]]<br />
*** [[Nagjil|Woclêw]]<br />
*** [[Xêgwar]]<br />
*** [[Yija]]<br />
*** [[Vansterèl|District of Vansterèl]] (Condominium with [[Imerchal]])<br />
**** [[Pòrt d’Avets]]<br />
**** [[Vansterèl Unorganized Area]]<br />
** [[File:Kyaw-cen-flag.png|link=|15px]] [[Republic of Kyaw Cen]]<br />
*** [[Parkow]]<br />
*** [[Lobster Territory]]<br />
** [[File:Marcyland-banner.png|link=|15px]] [[Marcyland|Republic of Marcyland]]<br />
*** [[Port Marcy]]<br />
*** [[Wocwew|Woclêw]]<br />
*** [[West Marcyland|West Marcyland Unorganized Area]]<br />
* '''Federal territories:'''<br />
** [[File:Showhen-banner.png|link=|15px]] [[Showhen Islands|Territory of the Showhen Islands]]<br />
*** [[Grass Island]]<br />
*** [[Dolphin Island]]<br />
*** [[Choco Island and Engtland]]<br />
* '''Associated states:'''<br />
** [[File:Kyawcenni-pua-banner.png|link=|15px]] [[Pyuwa|Grand Duchy of Pyuwa]]<br />
*** [[Bernca]]<br />
*** [[Feṡegarād]]<br />
*** [[Fotōṡnisa]]<br />
*** [[Zelenȷ Ħib]]<br />
** [[File:Ngibraltar-banner.png|link=|15px]] [[Ŋibraltar|District of Ŋibraltar]] (condominium with [[Xarslasja]])<br />
* '''Extranguhcraftial territories:'''<br />
** [[Blåhaj Island|Territory of Blåhaj Island]]<br />
<br />
===Foreign Relations===<br />
Kyaw Cen has a good relationships with all of its neighbors, including, [[Imerchal]], [[Myžariky]] and [[Sofao Tâsi]]. It has especially close ties to the member states of the [[Gulf Union]], especially [[Enkavak]] and [[Kozdenen]]. [[Xarslasja]] is one of the most important political partners in [[Thasusa]].<br />
<br />
==== Enkavak ====<br />
[[Enkavak]] is usually considered one of the most important trading partners, as it is a popular travel destination and many Kyawcennis like to go shopping in [[Alnangaemak]].<br />
<br />
==== Hentzo ====<br />
On 3 March 2024, a street in [[Yija]] was named ''Hentzo Avenue'' due to its close proximity to [[Hentzo]] and to honor their diplomatic ties.<br />
<br />
When Pirate Lord [[Rutinde I]] died on 18 July 2024, [[Quing of Kyaw Cen|Quing]] [[Marcy I]] expressed her condolences. They are known to have visited the [[mausoleum]] on the day it has finished construction.<br />
<br />
==== Imerchal ====<br />
As a neighbor of the kingdom and one of the oldest ŋations on Nguhcraft, the Kyawcenni government considers the Free City of [[Imerchal]] one of its closest partners. According to a survey held in August 2024, 86% of Kyawcennis consider Imerchal an ''important diplomatic partner'' and a ''friendly ŋation''. The results of the survey also showed that those who have answered the opposite are more likely to vote for the [[Questionable Party|QP]]. The approval rate of Imerchal is the highest among people living in the [[Republic of Kyaw Cen]].<br />
<br />
The two countries also share control over the [[Vansterèl]] territory.<br />
<br />
==== Myžariky ====<br />
The majority of Kyawcennis think that [[Myžariky]] is an important ŋation in Kyawcenni history. This is likely because Quing Marcy I once [[Marcy's Secret Conlang Lab|lived in]] [[Bažahažyn]] and it's the country [[Spawn]] is in. For that reason, some people (usually QP voters), call for an annexation of the western part of Myžariky. The current government though accepts the current borders of the country and wants to seek closer ties. There are also foot and rail bridges on the border between the two ŋations at [[Port Marcy]], [[Marcyland]].<br />
<br />
==== Oberia ====<br />
Despite the Kingdom of Kyaw Cen's vision of colonizing the area of modern-day [[Oberia]] pior to its establishment, the relations between the two countries were generally seen as friendly, especially because of their joint control of the [[West Showhen Islands]] until 6 September 2025.<br />
<br />
==== Pua ====<br />
The kingdom was originally neutral towards the conflict in [[Pua (region)|Pua]], due to the current Kyawcenni government not knowing what the conflict is even about at all. But on 26 August 2024, [[East Pua]] has described the Kingdom of Kyaw Cen as “a potentially concerning agent of imperialism”<ref>https://mc.nguh.org/wiki/Pua#Kingdom_of_Kyaw_Cen</ref>, which [[Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Kyaw Cen|Prime Minister]] [[Marcy Sheikah]] rejected, describing the claims as “ridiculous” and saying that “The Kingdom of Kyaw Cen is not and never will be an imperialist state”.<br />
<br />
On 30 August, East Pua has supplied [[Kyawcenni Pua]] with sand and sandstone for buildings. This has pleased Grand Duke [[Matjāż I]], who even suggested founding an Economic Union similar to the [[Transpunese Economic Union|TEU]] in the future.<br />
<br />
==== Xarslasja ====<br />
The first embassy established in [[Xarslasja]] is one to the Kingdom of Kyaw Cen in [[Yuɱa]]. On 12 August 2024, the Bezuvate has also established a mutual embassy in [[Yija]].<br />
<br />
On 1 July 2024, the two countries have reached an agreement over the shared control of [[Ŋibraltar]].<br />
<br />
===Armed forces===<br />
''Main article: [[Army of the White Sun|OWO]]''<br />
<br />
The armed forces of the Kingdom of Kyaw Cen are the [[Army of the White Sun]].<br />
<br />
==Economy==<br />
Since the Kingdom of Kyaw Cen doesn't really have any unique exports, interŋational trade with the country is practically null. Therefore, most items that can be easily generated by an existing farm are free. Nevertheless, there are some stores and restaurants in [[Parkow]] and [[Yija]] that sell food and banners for [[Petrified Oak Slab|Slabs]].<br />
<br />
==Demographics==<br />
===Languages===<br />
[[File:Kkc-languages.png|thumb|alt=Map of languages in Kyaw Cen|Map of languages in Kyaw Cen]]<br />
The Kingdom of Kyaw Cen has tow official languages: [[English]] and its national language [[Kyawcenni language|Kyawcenni]]. The latter is spoken by the majority of the people as their first language, while English is usually used as a language for interŋational communication.<br />
<br />
According to a census held in September 2024, about 86% of the population is fluent in English. The number is lowest in the rural areas of [[Shingtsun]] like [[Šihayxden]] and [[Woclêw, Shingtsun|Woclêw]].<br />
<br />
===Religion===<br />
According to a census held in September 2024, 57% of the country is [[Ætérnalism|Ætérnalist]], 5% [[Aboism|Aboist]] and 38% Atheist.<br />
<br />
==Culture==<br />
Despite the federal subjects of the kingdom all having different cultures and ŋational identities, the three constituent republics are being united by language and religion.<br />
<br />
===Architecture===<br />
[[File:Yija-august.png|thumb|alt=yija|[[Yija]], Shingtsun in August 2024]]<br />
Every federal subject or even city has their own style of architecture, with most cities not being a mix of different looking buildings, but instead having strict building regulations to make their city have a unique style, which makes special buildings which don't apply to those regulations like the [[Palace of the Ŋations]] stand out.<br />
<br />
===White Sun===<br />
[[File:Kyaw-cen-sun-black.svg|70px|left|alt=The Kyawcenni Sun (in black for better visibility)|The Kyawcenni Sun (in black for better visibility)]]<br />
The ''White Sun'' or ''Kyawcenni Sun'' is a unifying ŋational Kyawcenni symbol used in a lot of Kyawcenni art or architecture, including the [[Flag of Kyaw Cen|flag]]. It depicts the sun with eight rays and is usually colored white. The armed forces of Kyaw Cen, the [[Army of the White Sun]], was named after it.<br />
<br />
===Cuisine===<br />
There are a lot of soup stores in the kingdom selling Kyawcenni and Marcian Soup (sometimes also called ''Stew'') made of mushrooms and flowers. Those are often considered overpriced, but Kyawcennis will usually tell you that you can commonly bribe the seller with bones or wheat to get them for free.<br />
<br />
===Music===<br />
{{Note|See also: [[Kyaw Cen in the Nguhrovision Song Contest]]}}<br />
<br />
[[Yijan Broadcasting]] is a company and public building in Yija where people can listen to a selection of music discs for free.<br />
<br />
Kyaw Cen is regularly participating in the [[Nguhrovision Song Contest]], winning [[Nguhrovision Song Contest 2024|its first edition]].<br />
<br />
===Sports===<br />
The kingdom will likely participate in the [[Nguhlympics]]. [[Parkow Arena|A multi-purpose indoor arena]] has been constructed in Parkow for concerts and sporting events.<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
[[City status in the Kingdom of Kyaw Cen]]<br />
<br />
==Footnotes and References==<br />
[[Category:Country]]<br />
[[Category:Kyaw Cen]]<br />
[[Category:Pages with translation sections]]</div>Sheikahhttps://mc.nguh.org/w/index.php?title=United_%C5%8Aations&diff=42045United Ŋations2026-07-27T16:48:06Z<p>Sheikah: was</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox ngation<br />
|name=United Ŋations<br />
|banner=Banner of the United Ŋations.png<br />
|map=Ung-members-map.png<br />
|map-label=Map of UŊ member states as of 9 November 2024<br><br />
* Dark blue: UŊ-managed [[Suspicion Island]] and [[119ium]] DMZ <br><br />
* Green: observer states <br><br />
* Gold: in the process of or considering applying for UŊ membership<br />
|capital=[[Yija]]<br />
|ruler=[[Annwan]]<br />
|ruler-title=Secretary-General<br />
|languages=[[English]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The '''United Ŋations''' /juˌnaɪtɪd ˈŋeɪʃənz/, sometimes shortened to '''UŊ''' /ju ɛŋ/ or '''UNg''' was an interŋational alliance and organization based in [[Yija]]. It was founded by [[Quing of Kyaw Cen|Quing]] [[Marcy I|Marcy I]] of [[Kingdom of Kyaw Cen|Kyaw Cen]] on 02 February 2024. The first legislations were made on 07 February 2024 and published on the eighth by the participants [[Namnak Xhesas]] (representative of [[Enkavak]]), [[Annwan]] (representative of [[Imerchal]]) and Marcy I (representative of the Kingdom of Kyaw Cen). Laws created by the United Ŋations can be found in [[United Ŋations Laws]]. As of {{CURRENTDAY}} {{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTYEAR}} there were {{UNg number}} UŊ member states.<br />
<br />
Its banner is a silver globe on a light blue field, inspired by the [[wikipedia:Flag of the United Nations|flag of the]] [[wikipedia:United Nations|United Nations]]. The exact shade of light blue, also known as UŊ blue, is defined as the HEX color code #37abd1.<br />
<br />
== Member states ==<br />
<br />
=== Current members ===<br />
The “founding members” of the United Ŋations are usually considered to be the [[Kingdom of Kyaw Cen]], [[Myžariky]], [[Imerchal]]<ref>At that time spelled as ''Ímersial''</ref>, [[Kozdenen]], the [[Islands of Ʒimh Gwynh]]<ref>At that time known as ''Islands of Ximh Gwynq''</ref>, [[Þunan Qumreá]], [[Tantsang|Tanzang]]<ref>Only applied a day later than the previously listed countries, therefore not always considered to be a founding member</ref> and [[Enkavak]]<ref>Only applied a day later than the previously listed countries, therefore not always considered to be a founding member</ref>. The organization currently consists of {{UNg_number}} active member states:<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|+<br />
!Member state<br />
!data-sort-type="date"| Date of admission<br />
!Notes<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:Adaria banner.png|30x30px]] [[Adaria]]<br />
|28 April 2025<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:City of Araçana Banner.png|frameless|30x30px]] [[Araçana]]<br />
|27 May 2025<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:Banner of Coldba (Cuba).png|link=|15px]] [[Coldba (Cuba)]]<br />
|11 June 2024<ref>this is the only June 2024 meeting date</ref><br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:DTTBanner.png|30x30px]] [[Dróstsiśtsi]]<br />
|19 April 2025<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:Enkavak-banner.png|link=|15px]] [[Enkavak]]<br />
|06 February 2024<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:Hajdislant Banner.png|30x30px]] [[Hajdislant]]<br />
|20 September 2025<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:Kingdom-Hummland-banner.png|30x30px]] [[Kingdom of Hummland]]<br />
|29 March 2024<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:I Êpcêm Mûn nan banner.png|link=|15px]] [[i Êpcêm Mûn-nan]]<br />
|27 April 2024<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:Imersial-banner.png|link=|15px]] [[Imerśal|Imerchal]]<br />
|05 February 2024<br />
|Originally admitted as Imerśal<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:Republic of Kaipa Banner.png|30x30px]] [[Kaipa]]<br />
|25 May 2025<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:Banner of Kozdenen.png|link=|15px]] [[Kozdenen]]<br />
|05 February 2024<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:Krīpetēpla banner.png|30x30px]] [[Krīpetēpla]]<br />
|05 May 2025<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:Kyaw-cen-flag.png|link=|15px]] [[Kingdom of Kyaw Cen|Kyaw Cen, Kingdom of]]<br />
|02 February 2024<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:Latium banner.png|link=|15px]] [[Latium Regnātum]]<br />
|20 December 2024<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:Banner maize.png|30x30px]] [[Maize]]<br />
|21 April 2025<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:Myzhariky-banner.png|link=|15px]] [[Myžariky]]<br />
|05 February 2024<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:Naringpar-banner.png|link=|15px]] [[Nariŋpar|Nāroňpār]]<br />
|18 February 2024<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:Oressia-banner.png|link=|15px]] [[Oressia]]<br />
|1 July 2024<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:PazKiiamBanner.png|30x30px]] [[Paz Kiiam]]<br />
|04 May 2025<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:Pihi-banner.png|link=|15px]] [[Pihi]]<br />
|19 October 2024<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:Rauratoshan-banner.png|link=|15px]] [[Rauratoshan Kingdom]]<br />
|20 December 2024<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:Rijelem-banner.png|link=|15px]] [[R̦ijeləm|Ŗijelam]]<br />
|1 July 2024<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:Spansos-Gaming-banner.png|link=|15px]] [[Spansos Gaming]]<br />
|10 April 2024<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:Stej ven banner.png|link=|15px]] [[Stej Ven]]<br />
|02 April 2024<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:Dangcang-banner.png|link=|15px]] [[Tanzang]]<br />
|06 February 2024<br />
|Name was changed from Mokox́ on 01 March 2024 and from Dang Cang on 18 March 2024; spelling of current name was changed from Tantsang on 09 November 2024.<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:T'anshilebs banner.png|link=|15px]] [[T'anshilebs]]<br />
|25 January 2025<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:Draconis-banner.jpeg|link=|15px]] [[Vallis Draconum]]<br />
|13 May 2025<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:Ruwumanko-waanade.png.png|30x30px]] [[Wänade]]<br />
|19 April 2025<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:Banner Wekañu-Skefo.png|30x30px]] [[Wekañu-Skefo]]<br />
|20 April 2025<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:Xarslasja-flag.png|link=|15px]] [[Xarslasja]]<br />
|02 April 2024<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:Xtrakva-banner.png|link=|15px]] [[Xtrakva]]<br />
|11 June 2024<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Observers ===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|+<br />
!Member state<br />
!data-sort-type="date"| Date of admission <br />
! Date of demotion<br />
!Notes<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:Dhrkn banner.png|link=|15px]] [[Dhourigkàn]]<br />
|27 April 2024<br />
|25 January 2025<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:EDF banner.png|link=|15px]] [[Ettêre Ðiffyt]]<br />
|20 April 2024<br />
|Originally admitted as [[Serene Queendom of Leporia|Leporia]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:Waighin-banner.png|30x30px]] [[Eistówú]]<br />
|17 May 2024<br />
|Originally admitted as [[Uaiġmnmo]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:Jotlond_banner.png|link=|15px]] [[Jutish Realm]]<br />
|27 May 2025<br />
|Originally admitted as [[Jotlond]], now the Kingdom of Jotlond and Duchy of [[Patra]] share a UŊ seat under their personal union.<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:Keltechra banner.png|30x30px]] [[Keltechra]] <br />
|20 September 2025<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:EastPuaBanner.png|link=|15px]] [[Pua]]<br />
|7 September 2024<br />
|Originally admitted as [[East Pua]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:TaurangaPuawaiBanner.png|link=|15px]] [[Tauranga Puawai]]<br />
|19 October 2024<br />
|Inherited membership from [[West Pua]] after [[Repunification]]<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Former members===<br />
Two states have voluntarily left the UŊ in its history, while several others have been removed due to their dissolution.<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|+<br />
!Member state<br />
!data-sort-type="date"| Date of admission <br />
!data-sort-type="date"|Date of demotion or withdrawal<br />
!Notes<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:Aylongam-banner.png|link=|15px]] [[Aylongam]]<br />
|06 March 2024<br />
|25 January 2025<br />
|Withdrew from the UŊ voluntarily<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:Civuyiscajrn Banner.png|link=|15px]] [[Civuyiscajrn]]<br />
| 10 April 2024<br />
| 19 October 2024<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[File: CMCic Federation banner.png|link=|15px]] [[CMCic Federation]]<br />
|25 January 2025<br />
|7 February 2025<br />
|[[<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:CornerianBanner.png|link=|15px]] [[Corneria]]<br />
|07 September 2024<br />
|25 January 2025<br />
|Withdrew from the UŊ voluntarily<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:Fishland banner.png|link=|15px]] [[Fishland]]<br />
|27 April 2024<br />
|25 January 2025<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:Hanebrug banner.png|link=|15px]] [[Hanebrug]]<br />
|1 July 2024<br />
|22 December 2024<br />
|Originally admitted as Fenizuela, withdrawal date reflects date of effective dissolution<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:HentzoBanner.png|30x30px]] [[Hentzo]]<br />
|08 February 2024<br />
|Demoted to Observer Status on 19 October 2024; Dissolved 27 October 2025<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:Islandsofximhgwynh-banner.png|30x30px]] [[Islands of Ʒimh Gwynh]]<br />
|05 February 2024<br />
|Demoted to Observer Status on 09 November 2024; Dissolved 27 October 2025<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:Asoghade_faiul.png|link=|15px]] [[Kathyria]]<br />
|19 October 2024<br />
|13 August 2025<br />
|Dissolved<br />
|-<br />
| [[Kīvengṓ]]<br />
| 09 February 2024<br />
| 10 April 2024<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:Kog'eññe-Banner.png|30x30px]] [[Kog'eññe]] <br />
|12 February 2024<br />
| April 2024<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
<br />
|[[File:Lavvakcesaa Banner.png|link=|15px]] [[Lavvakcesaa]]<br />
<br />
|19 April 2025<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:Murbetia-banner.png|link=|15px]] [[Murbetia]]<br />
|29 March 2024<br />
|07 September 2024<br />
| Murbetia has been dissolved on 22 August, but it hadn't been formally ejected until the [[United Ŋations Meetings#Eighteenth Meeting|UŊ motion on dissolved states]].<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:Amuj banner.png|30x30px]] [[North Amuj]]<br />
|02 April 2024<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
<br />
|[[File:Oberia-banner.png|link=|15px]] [[Oberia]]<br />
<br />
|9 August 2024<br />
|6 September 2025<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:Port-fin.png|link=|15px]] [[Port of Eras]]<br />
|9 August 2024<br />
|September 2025<br />
|Demoted to observer status and dissolved shortly after due to the [[Ŋafrican Ŋapocalypse]].<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:The Flag of the Realm of Madness.png|link=|15px]] [[Realm of Madness]]<br />
|09 August 2024<br />
|04 May 2025<br />
|Withdrawal date reflects date of dissolution<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:Renoribabanner.png|30x30px]] [[Renoriba]]<br />
|11 June 2024<br />
|16 November 2024 (under UŊ mandate since 25 November 2024)<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:Tanylezi Banner.png|link=|15px]] [[Tanylezi]]<br />
|9 August 2024<br />
|Demoted to Observer Status on 20 April 2025; Dissolved September 2025<br />
|Demoted after being purchased by Fin due to the rules allowing a player to represent only one nation in votes. Dissolved and annexed by [[Lavvakcesaa]] due to the [[Ŋafrican Ŋapocalypse]].<br />
|-<br />
<br />
|[[File:Ovvy-banner.png|link=|15px]] [[Ovvú Jičeiñŋã|Tsiccengair]]<br />
<br />
|19 October 2024<br />
<br />
|Spelling of current name changed from Ovvý Ječäeñŋã on 24 Oct 2024. <br />
|-<br />
|[[File:Vazr-banner.png|link=|15px]] [[The Vazr]]<br />
|25 January 2025<br />
|1 September 2025<br />
|Withdrawal date reflects date of dissolution.|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
<br />
|[[File:Banner vilantnen.png|link=|15px]] [[Vilantnen]]<br />
<br />
|25 January 2025<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:Majabanner.png|30x30px]] [[Zotazil]]<br />
|27 April 2024<br />
|Demoted to Observer Status on 25 January 2025; Dissolved 27 October 2025<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:Thunanqumreaa-banner.png|link=|15px]] [[Þunan Qumreá]]<br />
|05 February 2024<br />
|25 May 2025<br />
|Date of dissolution.<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Building ==<br />
<br />
[[File:Palace-of-the-ngations.png|thumb|alt=The Palace of the Ŋations as seen from Mount Shingtsun|The Palace of the Ŋations as seen from Mount Shingtsun]]<br />
[[File:Ung-hq-february.png|thumb|alt=The old UŊ HQ upon completion on 06 February 2024.|The first UŊ HQ upon completion on 06 February 2024.]]<br />
The '''Palace of the Ŋations''' has been serving as the headquarters of the organization since the completion of the building by [[total pleb]], the leader of [[Kozdenen]], in March 2024. Before that, a building in central Yija had been serving as the headquarters.<br />
The Palace of the Ŋations has been built in [[Kêji architecture]], a building style from Kozdenen, but made out of acacia wood to comply with Yijan building regulations.<ref>Some building regulations have been exceptionally suspended by the mayor for the construction of this building.</ref> On 26 May 2024, a square in front of the building with the writing ''UNITED ŊATIONS'' has been built by [[Marcy Sheikah]]. In April 2025, its surroundings have been redesigned and rebuilt by [[Marcy Sheikah]], with some help from [[Outlaw Sly]].<br />
<br />
== Offices ==<br />
<br />
=== Office for Cartography ===<br />
<br />
[[United Ŋations Office for Cartography|The Office for Cartography]] was first run by [[Marcy I|Marcy Sheikah]] before she quit due to technical difficulties. After that, it has de facto been run by [[Ætérnal]]. Its purpose is to make maps of [[Nguhcraft]] and to organize the naming of landmasses, nations, rivers or oceans. Marcy eventually returned to the Office for Cartography, and has been making maps since April 2025. Since then Suqi has replaced Marcy for making maps.<br />
<br />
=== Office for Script Management ===<br />
<br />
[[United Ŋations Office for Script Management|The Office for Script Management]] is run by [[Namnak Xhesas]]. Its purpose is to coordinate the Unicode usage for additional graphemes.<br />
<br />
=== Office of the Archives ===<br />
<br />
[[United Ŋations Office of the Archives|The Office of the Archives]] is run by [[Annwan]]. Its purpose is to store all the legal documents of the United Ŋations in a safe environment.<br />
<br />
=== Office of Monetary Affairs ===<br />
<br />
[[United Ŋations Office of Monetary Affairs|The Office of Monetary Affairs]] is run by [[Annwan]]. Its purpose is to keep all the information of all international currencies and to calculate the trading rate between all of them.<br />
<br />
=== Office of Environmental Protection ===<br />
<br />
[[United Ŋations Office of Environmental Protection|The Office of Environmental Protection]] was run by [[Hilja]] following her election during the Seventeenth [[United Ŋations Meetings|UŊ Meeting]] and up to the Dissolution of [[Þunan Qumreá]] on 25 May 2025. Before the Death of [[Rutinde I]] on 18 July 2024, it was headed by [[Kakavasha|Aventurine]]. Its purpose is to maintain the Ecological Protection Bank. It can be missioned by a motion or by the Interŋational Court of Justice to perform ecological maintenance actions.<br />
<br />
As of 29 May 2025, [[BurnedCharizard]] now holds the position of Officer.<br />
<br />
=== Office of Education, Science and Culture ===<br />
<br />
[[UŊESCO|The Office of Education, Science and Culture]] is run by [[Total Pleb]], [[Namnak Xhesas]] and [[ßlanty]]. Its purpose is to protect and grant access to cultural, historical and scientific findings.<br />
<br />
=== Office of Codes & Documentation Standardization===<br />
<br />
[[United Ŋations Office of Codes and Document Standardization|The Office of Codes and Documentation Standardization]] (UŊOCDS) was run by [[Fin]] until the [[Ŋafrican Ŋapocalypse]] and is now run by [[Annwan]]. The UŊOCDS maintains the codes for nations as per ISO-3166, as well as other codes as needed. It also makes sure these codes are implemented consistently across sources, and that documentation in general is standardized.<br />
<br />
=== Office of Transportation ===<br />
The [[United Ŋations Transportation Office]] is an office run by [[sq]] with the goal of managing transportation by foot, minecarts and ghasts.<br />
<br />
== Meetings ==<br />
<br />
''Main article: [[United Ŋations Meetings]]''<br />
<br />
The '''United Ŋations''' has held 26 meetings to date:<br />
# [[United Ŋations Meetings#First Meeting|2024-02-07 Wed]] with the participants [[Namnak Xhesas]] (represent of [[Enkavak]]), [[Annwan]] (represent of [[The Free City of Ímersial|Ímersial]]) and [[Marcy I|Marcy Sheikah]] (represent of [[Kingdom of Kyaw Cen|Kyaw Cen]])<br />
# [[United Ŋations Meetings#Second Meeting|2024-02-08 Thu]] with the participants [[Namnak Xhesas]] (represent of [[Enkavak]]), [[Annwan]] (represent of [[The Free City of Ímersial|Ímersial]]) and [[Marcy I|Marcy Sheikah]] (represent of [[Kingdom of Kyaw Cen|Kyaw Cen]])<br />
# [[United Ŋations Meetings#Third Meeting|2024-02-12 Mon]] with the participants [[Hentzo|Pirate Republic of Hentzo]], [[Ímersial|Free City of Imershal]], [[Kingdom of Kyaw Cen]], [[Enkavak]], [[Kozdenen|Kȍzdenen]], [[Kog'eññe]]<br />
# [[United Ŋations Meetings#Fourth Meeting|2024-02-18 Sun]] with the participants [[Enkavak]], [[Kingdom of Kyaw Cen|Kyaw Cen]], [[Ímersial|Imershal]], [[Myžariky]]<br />
# [[United Ŋations Meetings#Fifth Meeting|2024-03-06 Wed]] with the participants [[Enkavak]], [[Kingdom of Kyaw Cen|Kyaw Cen]], [[Ímersial|Imershal]], [[Hentzo]]<br />
# [[United Ŋations Meetings#Sixth Meeting|2024-03-29 Fri]] with the participants [[Enkavak]], [[Kingdom of Kyaw Cen|Kyaw Cen]], [[Ímersial|Imershal]], [[Hentzo]], [[Tantsang|Tantsang Tong]]<br />
# [[United Ŋations Meetings#Seventh Meeting|2024-04-02 Tue]] with the participants [[Hentzo]], [[Hummland|Humland]], [[Enkavak]], [[Kog'eññe]], [[Ímersial|Imersial]], [[Þunan Qumreá|Þunan ŋáce]] (remotely)<br />
# [[United Ŋations Meetings#Eighth Meeting|2024-04-02 Tue - Environmential Protection]] with the participants [[Hentzo]], [[Hummland|Humland]], [[Enkavak]], [[Kog'eññe]], [[Ímersial|Imersial]], [[Þunan Qumreá]], [[Kingdom of Kyaw Cen|Kyaw Cen]] (remotely), [[Stej Ven]], [[Aylongam]]<br />
# [[United Ŋations Meetings#Ninth Meeting|2024-04-10 Wed]] with the participants [[Þunan Qumreá]], [[Hummland]], [[Enkavak]], [[Hentzo]] (Remote, left after first motion), [[Ímersial]], [[Nariŋpar|Nāroňpār]] (Left after 3rd motion, rejoined starting 5th motion), [[Myžariky]] (Starting 3rd motion)<br />
# [[United Ŋations Meetings#Tenth Meeting|2024-04-15 Tue]] with the participants [[Kingdom of Kyaw Cen|Kyaw Cen]], [[Kog'eññe|Kog'ennnne]], [[Hummland]], [[Hentzo]], [[Amuj]], [[Þunan Qumreá]], [[Enkavak]], [[Imerśal|Ímersial]], [[Kozdenen]] (Starting 2nd motion)<br />
# [[United Ŋations Meetings#Eleventh Meeting|2024-04-20 Sat]] with the participants [[Islands of Ximh Gwynh|Ʒimh Gwynh]], [[Þunan Qumreá|Þunan Ŋáce]], [[Hentzo]], [[Hummland]], [[Kingdom of Kyaw Cen|Kyaw Cen]], [[Murbetia]] (remotely), [[Myžariky]], [[Enkavak]], [[Nariŋpar|Nāroňpār]], [[Imerśal|Ímersial]], [[Ettêre Ðiffyt|Leporia]] (Starting 2nd motion)<br />
# [[United Ŋations Meetings#Twelveth Meeting|2024-04-27 Sat]] with the participants [[Amuj]], [[Aylongam]], [[Civuyiscajrn]], [[Enkavak]], [[Fishland]] (admitted this meeting), [[Hentzo]], [[Hummland]], [[I Êpcêm Mûn-nan|i Êpcêm]] (admitted this meeting), [[Kozdenen]], [[Kingdom of Kyaw Cen|Kyaw Cen]], [[Ettêre Ðiffyt|Leporia]], [[Myžariky]], [[Stej Ven]], [[Tantsang]], [[Þunan Qumreá]]<br />
# [[United Ŋations Meetings#Thirteenth Meeting|2024-05-17 Fri]] with the participants [[Hentzo]], [[Imerśal]], [[Fishland]], [[Enkavak]], [[Hummland]], [[Kyaw Cen]], [[Aylongam]], [[Murbetia]], [[Leporia]], [[Ŋ3]]<br />
# [[United Ŋations Meetings#Fourteenth Meeting|2024-05-21 Tue]] with the participants [[Imerśal]], [[Ettêre Ðiffyt]], [[Kozdenen]], [[Hentzo]], [[Kyaw Cen]], [[Fishland]], [[Hummland]], [[Enkavak]], [[Aistóv́y|Aistóv́y (former Waighmnmo)]], [[Tantsang]], [[Murbetia]]<br />
# [[United Ŋations Meetings#Fifteenth Meeting|2024-06-11 Tue]] with the participants [[Villnark]], [[KorzeN ħ]], [[Annwan]], [[Elisa]], [[Pleb]], [[Reansi]], [[Lutrinae]], [[Seo]], [[Namnak Xhesas]]<br />
# [[United Ŋations Meetings#Sixteenth Meeting|2024-07-02 Tue]]<br />
# [[United Ŋations Meetings#Seventeenth Meeting|2024-08-09 Fri]]<br />
# [[United Ŋations Meetings#Eighteenth Meeting|2024-09-07 Sat]]<br />
# [[United Ŋations Meetings#Nineteenth Meeting|2024-10-19 Sat]]<br />
# [[United Ŋations Meetings#Twentieth Meeting|2024-11-09 Sat]]<br />
# [[United Ŋations Meetings#Twenty-First Meeting|2024-12-20]]<br />
# [[United Ŋations Meetings#Twenty-Second Meeting|2025-01-25]]<br />
# [[United Ŋations Meetings#Twenty-third Meeting|2025-04-19]]<br />
# [[United Ŋations Meetings#Twenty-fourth Meeting|2025-09-20]]<br />
<br />
<br />
==Name in other languages==<br />
{{Trans|<br />
{{Trans/item|Arodjun|''Etawam djoCax''{{Ipa|/eˈta.wam d͡ʒoˈt͡ʃax/}}}}<br />
{{Trans/item|Áwaric|{{script|script=nahan|t=Íréuám Uéfráhtis}} ''Íréuám Uéfráhtis'' {{ipa|[i.ʀi.wɔm wiɸ.ʀɔː.tes]}}}}<br />
{{Trans/item|East Narkevin|''Ïyëbmü Payu'ë''{{Ipa|/ɨɣˈəb.my pɑɣˈu.ʕə/}}}}<br />
{{Trans/item|German|''Vereinte Ŋationen''{{Ipa|/fɛɐ̯.ʔa͜ɪn.tʰə ŋa.t͡sjoː.nɛn/}}}}<br />
{{Trans/item|Isle Narkevin|''Agobm Pāru''{{Ipa|/agˈobm ˈpaː.ru/}}}}<br />
{{trans/item|Kathyrian|Νάσιοννε Μιστ ''Násjonne Mist'' {{ipa|/ˈnæsjoˌnːe mist/}}}}<br />
{{trans/item|Kilvanan|Anaƕati Ƣeþ {{ipa|/anaɸati ɣeθ/}}}}<br />
{{Trans/item|Knrawi|''Gizjitejuaìsuug''{{Ipa|[ŋɛθˣɛtəx̠ɔʔ̞ɪ˩x̟ɔwŋ̍ʷ]}}}}<br />
{{Trans/item|Kyawcenni|Batwaynu Koylêne {{ipa|/ba.twaj.ny kɔj.lɪ̂.nɛ/}}}}<br />
{{Trans/item|Laevanaak|''{{script|script=laevanaak|t=}}''{{Ipa|/nɑːk ʔɑŋ glɛː.ʔɑ.ŋɑːk nɛːg gɐˑ.vɪ.ɑ/}}}}<br />
{{Trans/item|Latin|''Ŋatio Unita''{{Ipa|/ŋaː.ti.oː uː.niː.ta/}}}}<br />
{{Trans/item|Monke Hebrew|האומֿות המאוחדות ''Ha'uɱot HaMe'uℏadot'' {{ipa|/ɦaʔuɱɔt ɦamɛʔuχadɔt}}}}<br />
{{Trans/item|Morytian|''Ngikünalüsh Aradha''{{Ipa|/ŋikunaluʃ araða/}}}}<br />
{{Trans/item|Mosici|{{nahan|}} ''an·ciastorepatóai'' {{ipa|[ãɟjastoʀɛpadwɛ]}}}}<br />
{{Trans/item|Mupã|''Òŋãwcè Sòrõ'' {{ipa|[ɔˈŋãw̃ʧɛ ˈsɔrɔ̃]}}}}<br />
{{Trans/item|Occitan|''Ŋacions unidas'' {{Ipa|/ŋasˈju(n)s yˈni.ðɔs/}}}}<br />
{{Trans/item|Old Narkevin|''Iƣubmi Parła''{{Ipa|/iɢˈub.mi paʁˈɫa/}}}}<br />
{{Trans/item|Portuguese|Organização das Ŋações Unidas}}<br />
{{Trans/item|Qgicauue|[[File:UNg-qgicauue.png|frameless|UNg|165x65px]] ''Paqgaugalhesa be Kjuraqelihea'' {{ipa|/paɢ.au.ga.ɬɛsa bɛ kjuɣ.aq.ɛ.li.χɛ.a/}}}}<br />
{{Trans/item|Rokadong|{{script|script=rkdg|t=&rbrace;KnTo eT]iK}} ''Ngakanto Tengki'' {{Ipa|[ŋəˈkanto ˈtɛŋkɪl]}}}}<br />
{{Trans/item|Śácamþaśá|{{script|script=thl|t=arIjoTU}} ''Cyjáreá'' {{ipa|/'cɵjäːrɪɑ̯/}}}}<br />
{{Trans/item|Saxish|{{script|script=thl|t=snS0igI ~tnjo}} ''Geanede Ngeatiounes'' {{ipa|/joːnd ˈŋei̯ʃəns/}}}}<br />
{{Trans/item|Sirenian|Sǎhǎŋǎcāhcàht {{Ipa|/sà(ʔ).hà(ʔ).ŋà(ʔ).t͡ɕʰāː.t͡ɕʰâːt̚/}}}}<br />
{{Trans/item|Soc'ul'|''Joíxuñ Atx''{{Ipa|[xʷo̞˩jˀʃu˧ŋʷ a˥t͡ʃ]}}}}<br />
{{Trans/item|Syzkyn|''Саменаз Цузриқы''{{Ipa|/ˈsɑmɛnɑz ˈʦʰuzrikʰɨ/}}}}<br />
{{Trans/item|Toki Pona|''kulupu ma''{{Ipa|/ˈku.lu.pu ma/}}}}<br />
{{Trans/item|Taylang|''TimMcGraw-22:4 WTNY-T:3-4 TheProphecy-39:4''{{Ipa|/bɑks nu joʊ̯ɹk kʌvɪn/}}}}<br />
{{Trans/item|Viossa|''lantklani f'velt''{{Ipa|/ˈlantklani fɨˈvɛlt/}}}}<br />
{{Trans/item|West Narkevin|''Ïyëbmü Paywë''{{Ipa|/ɨɣˈɤb.my pɑɣˈwɤ/}}}}<br />
{{Trans/item|Xindvâ|{{script|script=nuyxo|t= }} ''Semcheô Setkoto'' {{ipa|/sem.tɕəː set.ko.to/}}}}<br />
<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
[[Category:Pages with translation sections]]</div>Sheikahhttps://mc.nguh.org/w/index.php?title=Kyawcenni&diff=41955Kyawcenni2026-07-24T23:44:46Z<p>Sheikah: /* Verbs */</p>
<hr />
<div>''This article is about the language. For the people, see [[Kyawcenni people]].''<br><br><br />
{{Infobox language<br />
|name=Kyawcenni<br />
|family=[[Sheikan languages|Sheikan]], [[Kyawcennic]]<br />
|early-forms=[[Middle Kyawcenni]]<br />
|scripts=[[Tanswaiy]], sometimes [[Latin alphabet|Latin]]<br />
|country=[[Kingdom of Kyaw Cen]]<br />
|regulator=Government of [[Kyaw Cen]]<br />
|demonym=Kyawcenni<br />
|usage=Government language<br />
|lang-code=KYC<br />
}}<br />
[[File:Kyawcenni-language.png|thumb|alt=Distribution of the Kyawcenni language|Distribution of the Kyawcenni language]]<br />
'''Kyawcenni''' {{ipa|/kjɒˈsɛn.ni/}} (Kyawcenni: {{script|script=tanswaiy|t=}}, [[KMTS]]: ''bôc kyaw cen ne'', [[KLA]]: ''bôc Kyawcenne'' {{ipa|/bûs tɕaw.sɛ.nɛ/}}<ref>* Middle Kyawcenni: {{ipa|/boːts ˈkjaw.tsɛn.nɛ/}}<br>* Standard Kyawcenni: {{ipa|[bûs tɕaw.sɛ.nɛ]}}<br>* Marcian Kyawcenni: {{ipa|[bûts tɕaw.tsɛ.nɛ]}}</ref>) is an analytic language spoken by [[Kyawcenni people|Kyawcennis]] in the [[Kingdom of Kyaw Cen]] and usually written in [[Tanswaiy]]. Its early speakers originated from [[Marcyland]], but it is now also spoken in the [[Kyawcenni archipelago]] and most of [[Shingtsun]].<br />
<br />
===History===<br />
Kyawcenni descends from the [[Sheikah language]] spoken in [[Marcyland]] before the migration to the [[Isles of Silly]] in late 2023. This later developed into Middle Kyawcenni, and later Modern Standard Kyawcenni, which is the variety of the language this article describes.<br />
<br />
== Orthography ==<br />
Kyawcenni officially uses the [[Tanswaiy]] script, but sometimes the [[Latin alphabet]] is used if Tanswaiy is unavailable. The Tanswaiy spelling is based on [[Middle Kyawcenni]].<br />
<br />
There are two official romanization methods for Tanswaiy: the Kyawcenni Morphological Transliteration System (KMTS) and the Kyawcenni Latin Alphabet (KLA). Unless specified otherwise, this article uses KMTS. When writing Kyawcenni in the Latin alphabet, both Romanization methods are commonly used or even mixed in informal contexts.<br />
<br />
=== Tanswaiy ===<br />
{{Note|Main article: [[Tanswaiy]]}}<br />
''Tanswaiy'' is the standard writing system of the Kyawcenni language. The orthography uses the Kyawcenni abugida alongside logographs.<br />
<br />
=== KMTS ===<br />
The '''Kyawcenni Morphological Transliteration System''' ('''KMTS''') is a literal transliteration system of the Tanswaiy script. Therefore, like in Tanswaiy, the spelling sometimes reflects the individual morphemes, rather than the pronunciation, and is based on Middle Kyawcenni. Foreign proper names written in the Latin alphabet need to be transcribed to match Kyawcenni phonotactics (e.g. Agma eats = ''lur sem ang ma''). In KMTS, every syllable is separated by a space.<br />
<br />
For example:<br><br />
* The word {{ipa|/sɔ.wɛɰ̃t~swɛɰ̃t/}}, meaning “your”, is written as ''sow ne'' in KMTS, because it was pronounced as {{ipa|/sɔw.nɛ/}} in Middle Kyawcenni and consists of the morphemes ''sow'' (“you”) and the genitive ending ''ne''. The genitive ending is always written as ''ne'' in KMTS, no matter how it's pronounced.<br />
<br />
* The word {{ipa|/ni caɰ̃/}}, meaning “(to) take”, is written as ''nę xam'' in KMTS, because it was pronounced as {{ipa|/ˈnɚ.çam/}} in Middle Kyawcenni. The modern pronunciation is irregular, but the spelling remains unchanged.<br />
<br />
=== KLA ===<br />
The '''Kyawcenni Latin Alphabet''' ('''KLA''') is an orthography for the Kyawcenni language that reflects the pronunciation of the words. The individual letters used are the same as in KMTS (also based on the Middle Kyawcenni spelling), but the spelling is regular and based on the modern pronunciation of the words. Foreign proper names written in the Latin alphabet are not transcribed in KLA (e.g. Agma eats = ''Lursem Agma''). In KLA, every word is separated by a space. As a result, it is sometimes not clear whether a consonant is a part of an onset or a coda (e.g. ''yo-lyu'' {{ipa|/jɔ ljy/}} vs. ''yol-yu'' {{ipa|/jɔw jy/}}), but when translating a text from Kyawcenni, a given KLA transcription can help you find out where the word boundaries are.<br />
<br />
For example:<br><br />
* The word {{ipa|/sɔ.wɛɰ̃t~swɛɰ̃t/}}, meaning “your”, can be written as ''sowen'' or ''swen'' in KLA. The case endings are always written how they are pronounced in Modern Standard Kyawcenni, unlike in Tanswaiy and KMTS, where they are always written the same.<br />
<br />
* The word {{ipa|/ni caɰ̃/}}, meaning “(to) take”, is written phonemically as ''nixang'' in KLA, despite it being pronounced like “nęxam” in Middle Kyawcenni.<br />
<br />
=== Comparison ===<br />
Here is an example sentence in both romanizations:<br />
<br />
'''KMTS:''' lauh dah hę nay nral bweng ne gô pac šô lyu tem dah dya ne su pac lauh dah.<br><br />
'''KLA:''' Lauhdah hę nay nral bwenne gô pac šôlyutemdah dyangsu pac lauhdah.<br><br />
'''IPA:''' {{ipa|[ɮɑ̂χ.daχ hɚ naj njaw bwɛ.nɛ ɤ̯û pás ʂû.ljy.tɛɰ̃p.daχ dʑaɰ̃.θy pás ɮɑ̂χ.daχ]}}<br><br />
'''Gloss:''' look.PAST (sg they) toward behind door.GEN and (reflexive pronoun) like.NOT.PAST it.GEN what (reflexive pronoun) see PAST<br><br />
'''Translation:''' They looked behind the door and didn't like what they saw.<br />
<br />
===Table===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
!Latin<br />
!Middle Kyawcenni<br />
!Condition<br />
!Modern Kyawcenni<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |'''a'''<br />
| rowspan="2" |a<br />
|Normally<br />
|à<br />
|-<br />
|End of syllable<br />
|ə (Standard)<br />
∅ (Marcyland)<br />
|-<br />
|'''ai'''<br />
|ɛː<br />
|<br />
|ɛ́<br />
|-<br />
|'''au'''<br />
|ɔː<br />
|<br />
|ɑ́<br />
|-<br />
|'''b-'''<br />
|b<br />
|<br />
|b<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |'''c'''<br />
| rowspan="2" |ts<br />
|Onset<br />
|s (Standard)<br />
ts (Marcyland)<br />
|-<br />
|Coda<br />
|s (high vowel tone) (Standard)<br />
ts (Marcyland)<br />
|-<br />
|'''cy-'''<br />
|tsj<br />
|<br />
|tɕ<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |'''č'''<br />
| rowspan="2" |tʃ<br />
|Onset<br />
|ʈʂ<br />
|-<br />
|Coda<br />
|ʈʂ (high vowel tone)<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |'''d-'''<br />
| rowspan="2" |d<br />
|Normally<br />
|d<br />
|-<br />
|Intervocalically<br />
|ð<br />
|-<br />
|'''dy'''<br />
|dj<br />
|<br />
|dʑ (Standard)<br />
dʒ (Marcyland)<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |'''e'''<br />
| rowspan="2" |ɛ<br />
|Normally<br />
|ɛ̀<br />
|-<br />
|End of syllable<br />
|ɛ̀ (Standard)<br />
∅ (Marcyland)<br />
|-<br />
|'''ê'''<br />
|eː<br />
|<br />
|ɪ́<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |'''ę, er'''<ref><er> at the beginning of a syllable, <ę> anywhere else</ref><br />
| rowspan="2" |ɚ<br />
|Normally<br />
|ɚ<br />
|-<br />
|Before palatal consonants<br />
|ɘ<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |'''g-'''<br />
| rowspan="2" |ɡ<br />
|Normally<br />
|ɤ̯<br />
|-<br />
|Before /j, w, ɻ/<br />
|ɡ<br />
|-<br />
|'''gy-'''<br />
|ɡj<br />
|<br />
|dʑ<br />
|-<br />
|'''h'''<br />
|χ<br />
|<br />
|χ<br />
|-<br />
|'''i'''<br />
|i<br />
|<br />
|ì<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |'''j'''<br />
|dʒ<br />
|Onset<br />
|ɖʐ<br />
|-<br />
|ʒ<br />
|Coda<br />
|ʂ (low vowel tone)<br />
|-<br />
|'''k-'''<br />
|k<br />
|<br />
|k<br />
|-<br />
|'''ky-'''<br />
|kj<br />
|<br />
|tɕ<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |'''l'''<br />
| rowspan="2" |l<br />
|Onset<br />
|ɮ<br />
|-<br />
|Coda<br />
|w<br />
|-<br />
|'''-li'''<br />
|li<br />
|<br />
|lʲ<br />
|-<br />
|'''ly-'''<br />
|lj<br />
|<br />
|lj<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="4" |'''m'''<br />
| rowspan="4" |m<br />
|Onset<br />
Coda after /j, w, ɻ/<br />
|m<br />
|-<br />
|Coda normally<br />
|ɰ̃<br />
|-<br />
|Coda normally before vowel or /j, w, ɻ/<br />
|ɰ̃m<br />
|-<br />
|Coda before vowel or /j, w, ɻ/ and after /j, w, ɻ/<br />
|mm<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="4" |'''n'''<br />
| rowspan="4" |n<br />
|Onset<br />
Coda after /j, w, ɻ/<br />
|n<br />
|-<br />
|Coda normally<br />
|ɰ̃<br />
|-<br />
|Coda normally before vowel or /j, w, ɻ/<br />
|ɰ̃n<br />
|-<br />
|Coda before vowel or /j, w, ɻ/ and after /j, w, ɻ/<br />
|nn<br />
|-<br />
|'''-ni'''<br />
|ni<br />
|<br />
|nʲ<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="4" |'''-ng'''<br />
| rowspan="4" |ŋ<br />
|Normally<br />
|ɰ̃<br />
|-<br />
|After /j, w, ɻ/<br />
|ŋ<br />
|-<br />
|Coda normally before vowel or /j, w, ɻ/<br />
|ɰ̃ɡ<br />
|-<br />
|Coda before vowel or /j, w, ɻ/ and after /j, w, ɻ/<br />
|ŋɡ<br />
|-<br />
|'''o'''<br />
|ɔ<br />
|<br />
|ɔ̀<br />
|-<br />
|'''ô'''<br />
|oː<br />
|<br />
|ú<br />
|-<br />
|'''p-'''<br />
|p<br />
|<br />
|p<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |'''r'''<br />
| rowspan="2" |ɹ<br />
|Normally<br />
|ɹ<br />
|-<br />
|C_V<br />
|j<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" |'''s'''<br />
| rowspan="3" |s<br />
|Onset<br />
|θ (Standard)<br />
s (Marcyland)<br />
|-<br />
|Before /j, w, ɻ/<br />
|s<br />
|-<br />
|Coda<br />
|θ (high vowel tone) (Standard)<br />
s (high vowel tone) (Marcyland)<br />
|-<br />
|'''sy-'''<br />
|sj<br />
|<br />
|ɕ<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |'''š'''<br />
| rowspan="2" |ʃ<br />
|Onset<br />
|ʂ<br />
|-<br />
|Coda<br />
|ʂ (high vowel tone)<br />
|-<br />
|'''t'''<br />
|t<br />
|<br />
|t<br />
|-<br />
|'''ty-'''<br />
|tj<br />
|<br />
|tɕ (Standard)<br />
tʃ (Marcyland)<br />
|-<br />
|'''u'''<br />
|y<br />
|<br />
|y<br />
|-<br />
|'''w'''<br />
|w<br />
|<br />
|w<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |'''x'''<br />
| rowspan="2" |ç<br />
|Onset<br />
|c<br />
|-<br />
|Coda<br />
|ç<br />
|-<br />
|'''y'''<br />
|j<br />
|<br />
|j<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |'''z'''<br />
|dz<br />
|Onset<br />
|dz<br />
|-<br />
|z<br />
|Coda<br />
|s (low vowel tone)<br />
|-<br />
|'''zy-'''<br />
|dzj<br />
|<br />
|dʑ<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Phonology==<br />
<br />
===Consonants===<br />
<br />
Kyawcenni uses following consonants:<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
! rowspan="2" |<br />
! colspan="2" |Bilabial<br />
! colspan="2" |Dental<br />
! colspan="2" |Alveolar<br />
! colspan="2" |Postalveolar<br />
! colspan="2" |Retroflex<br />
! colspan="2" |Alveolo-Palatal<br />
!Palatal<br />
! colspan="2" |Velar-Uvular<br />
|-<br />
!unv<br />
!v<br />
!unv<br />
!v<br />
!unv<br />
!v<br />
!unv<br />
!v<br />
!unv<br />
!v<br />
!unv<br />
!v<br />
!<br />
!unv<br />
!v<br />
|-<br />
!Plosive<br />
|p<br />
|b<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|t<br />
|d<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|c [c, ç]<br />
|k<br />
|ɡ [ɡ, ɤ̯]<br />
|-<br />
!Nasal<br />
|<br />
|m [m, ɰ̃p, mp]'''⁵'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|n<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|(nʲ)²<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|ɰ̃, (ŋ)<br />
|-<br />
!Fricative<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|(θ)¹<br />
|(ð)¹<br />
|s<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|ʂ<br />
|<br />
|ɕ<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|χ<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!Affricate<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|(ts)¹<br />
|dz<br />
|(tʃ)¹<br />
|(dʒ)¹<br />
|ʈʂ<br />
|ɖʐ<br />
|tɕ<br />
|dʑ<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!Liquid<br />
|<br />
|w<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|ɮ<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|ɻ⁴<br />
|<br />
|lj~lʲ<br />
|j<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
¹ Depends on the dialect. These alveolar and postalveolar affricates only appear in Marcian Kyawcenni, which in turn does not have dental fricatives.<br />
<br />
² Allophonic realization of the sequence /ni/ after vowels<br />
<br />
³ Historically its own phoneme descended from /ŋ/, but can also seen as an allophone of /g/<br />
<br />
⁴ Realized as [ɘ̯] before palatal of palatalized consonants<br />
<br />
For more information on the pronunciation, take a look at the orthography table above.<br />
<br />
===Vowels===<br />
<br />
Kyawcenni uses following vowels:<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
!-<br />
!Front<br />
!Central<br />
!Back<br />
|-<br />
!Close<br />
|i, y<br />
|<br />
|(u)¹<br />
|-<br />
!Near-close<br />
|(ɪ)¹<br />
|(ɚ~ɘ)²<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!Open-mid<br />
|ɛ<br />
|<br />
|ɔ<br />
|-<br />
!Open<br />
|<br />
|a~ə<br />
|(ɑ)¹<br />
|}<br />
¹ [ɪ], [u] and [ɑ] can be treated either as seperate phonemes as allophones of [i], [ɔ] and [ɑ] respectively distinguished by pitch accent. /ɛ/ also has two tonemic realizations.<br />
<br />
² Allophonic realization of the sequence /ɛɻ/ (low tone) or /ɛ̂ɻ/ (high tone); realized as [ɘ] before palatal consonants.<br />
<br />
=== Pitch accent ===<br />
When a vowel with pitch accent (like <ai> /ɛ́/) comes before a consonant with pitch accent (like <z> /s/), these two pitch accents are combined (e.g. <aiz> /ɛ̂s/ vs. <ais> /ɛ́s/, <ez> /ɛ̀s/, <es> /ɛ̌s/). /y/ is a toneless vowel and therefore does not have an inherent pitch accent, but like all vowels, it can still have a tonemic pitch distinction if followed by certain consonants. All the other vowels ''can'' be categorized as only five phonemes with a pitch accent distinction and a slightly different realization, as visualized in the second next table. The low pitch-high pitch distinction evolved from a short-long distinction in middle Kyawcenni.<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+Middle Kyawcenni<br />
!Short<br />
!Long, open<br />
!Long, close<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="3" |<a> /a/<br />
|-<br />
|<e> /ɛ/<br />
|<ai> /ɛː/<br />
|<ê> /eː/<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="3" |<nowiki><i> /i/</nowiki><br />
|-<br />
|<o> /ɔ/<br />
|<au> /ɔː/<br />
|<ô> /oː/<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="3" |<nowiki><u> /y/</nowiki><br />
|}<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+Modern Kyawcenni<br />
!Phoneme<br />
!Low pitch<br />
!High pitch<br />
|-<br />
!/a/<br />
|<a> /à/<br />
|<au> /ɑ́/<br />
|-<br />
!/ɛ/<br />
|<e> /ɛ̀/<br />
|<ai> /ɛ́/<br />
|-<br />
!/i/<br />
|<nowiki><i> /ì/</nowiki><br />
|<ê> /ɪ́/<br />
|-<br />
!/ɔ/<br />
|<o> /ɔ̀/<br />
|<ô> /ú/<br />
|-<br />
!/y/<br />
| colspan="2" |<nowiki><u> /y/</nowiki><br />
|}<br />
The following chart shows how pitch accent (sometimes also called ''tones'') works in Kyawcenni.<br />
<br />
The italicized IPA are the toneless Middle Kyawcenni phonemes. As examples, this chart uses /ɛ/ and one of the listed coda consonants, but the tones apply to any vowel¹.<br />
<br />
KMTS = KMTS Transliteration<br />
<br />
Mid. = Middle Kyawcenni<br />
<br />
MSK = IPA in Modern Standard Kyawcenni<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+Toneme chart<br />
! rowspan="3" |Coda →<br />
Vowel ↓<br />
!KMTS: <c, s, č, š><br />
!<z, j><br />
!<m, n, ng><br />
!<x, h><br />
!<y, w, r><br />
!<br />
|-<br />
!''Mid.: ts, s, tʃ, ʃ''<br />
!''z, ʒ''<br />
!''m, n, ŋ''<br />
!''ç, χ''<br />
!''j, w, ɹ''<br />
!''∅''<br />
|-<br />
!MSK: ts, s, ʈʂ, ʂ<br />
!s, ʂ<br />
!ɰ̃p, ɰ̃t, ɰ̃<br />
!ç, χ<br />
!j, w, ɻ<br />
!∅<br />
|-<br />
|'''KMTS: <a, e, ę, o, i, u>'''<br />
|<ec><br />
|<ez><br />
|<eng><br />
|<ex><br />
|<ey><br />
|<e><br />
|-<br />
|'''''Mid.: a, ɛ, (ɚ), ɔ, i, y'''''<br />
|''ɛs''<br />
|''ɛs''<br />
|''ɛŋ''<br />
|''ɛç''<br />
|''ɛj''<br />
|''ɛ''<br />
|-<br />
|'''MSK: a, ɛ, (ɚ), ɔ, i, y¹'''<br />
|ɛs˩˥<br />
|ɛs˩<br />
|ɛɰ̃¹<br />
|ɛç¹<br />
|ɛj¹<br />
|ɛ¹<br />
|-<br />
|'''KMTS: <au, ai, ę, ê, ô>'''<br />
|<aic><br />
|<aiz><br />
|<aing><br />
|<aix><br />
|<aiy><br />
|<ai><br />
|-<br />
|'''''Mid.: ɔː, ɛː, (ɚ), eː, oː'''''<br />
|''ɛ'''ː'''ts''<br />
|''ɛ'''ː'''z''<br />
|''ɛːŋ''<br />
|''ɛ'''ː'''ç''<br />
|''ɛ'''ː'''j''<br />
|''ɛ'''ː'''''<br />
|-<br />
|'''MSK: ɑ, ɛ, (ɚ), ɪ, u'''<br />
|ɛs˥<br />
|ɛs˥˩<br />
|ɛɰ̃˥˩<br />
|ɛç˥˩<br />
|ɛj˥˩<br />
|ɛ˥˩<br />
|}<br />
¹ Toneless vowel: The tone can vary, but it usually contrasts the tone of the previous syllable. In a sequence of toneless syllables, the tone tends to drop. /y/ does not have an inherent pitch accent.<br />
<br />
==Phonotactics==<br />
''See also: [[Middle Kyawcenni#Phonotactics]]''<br />
<br />
Excluding vowels, a syllable can start with the following consonants:<br><br />
p b t d m n (θ) s (ts) dz ɮ lj ʃ tʃ dʒ c k χ ɡ j w ɻ<br><br />
Excluding vowels, a syllable can end in the following consonants:<br><br />
m n nʲ (θ) s (ts) z ʃ tʃ ʒ lʲ ç χ ŋ j w ɻ<br><br />
If none of them appear directly before or after each other, following consonants can be used between consonant and vowel:<br><br />
j w ɻ<br><br />
/w/ cannot appear after affricates<br><br />
A syllable can also begin with vowels, but it cannot begin with:<br><br />
y i<br><br />
/ɻ/ or /ɚ/ next to /ɮ/ or /lj/ is not possible in the same syllable<br><br />
/j, w, ɻ/ cannot appear directly after affricates (including <c> /(t)s/), /c/ or postalveolar and retroflex consonants in the same syllable<br><br />
[ɻ] and [ɚ] cannot appear in the same syllable<br><br />
<er> at the beginning of a syllable is pronounced as /ɚ/. <ę> cannot appear at the beginning of a syllable. <air> at the beginning of a syllable is pronounced as /ɛ́ɻ/.<br />
<br />
==Evolution from Middle Kyawcenni==<br />
''For now, please look at the orthography section for this''<br />
<br />
== Syntax ==<br />
The Syntax of Kyawcenni follows VSO word order, but it can be modified to an SVO word order by adding the particle ''em'' between the subject and the verb.<br />
Adjectives appear after the noun they modify. Prepositions appear before the noun and are used with the Genitive-Dative case, except for ''ar'' (“in, inside”) which comes after and uses the Nominative case:<br />
<br />
Example:<br><br />
cow = can; bęč = go/walk; aung = I (formal/non-binary); nay = to/towards; yi ja = Yija; ne = ''Gen-Dat case particle''; ar = in/inside<br><br />
* I can go to Yija = cow bęč aung nay yi ja ne<br />
* I am in Yija = aung yi ja ar<br />
* I was in Yija = dah aung yi ja ar<br />
<br />
== Morphology ==<br />
Kyawcenni words sometimes consist of the first syllable of one word, followed by another word:<br><br />
''jong yi tę nar = Ætérnalism''<br><br />
(First syllable of jong gyaw = religion + yi tę nar = Ætérnal)<br />
<br />
=== Pronouns ===<br />
There are several pronouns in Kyawcenni whose use depends on formality and gender identity.<br />
In order to show possession of something, that something is followed by a pronoun in Gen-Dat case:<br />
<br />
Example:<br><br />
tan tal = paper; aung = I (formal/non-binary); ne = ''Gen-Dat particle''<br><br />
My paper = tan tal aung ne<br />
<br />
====First person personal pronouns====<br />
There are three first person personal pronouns in Kyawcenni:<br />
* yi (feminine, informal)<br />
* hę (masculine, informal)<br />
* aung (formal or non-binary informal)<br />
* yew (plural)<br />
<br />
==== Second person personal pronouns ====<br />
There are three second person personal pronouns in Kyawcenni:<br />
* šo (informal, singular)<br />
* sow (informal, plural)<br />
* no ri (formal)<br />
<br />
When declined, the pronoun ''šo'' uses the declensions of ''sow'':<br />
* KMTS: Gen-Dat: sow ne, Acc: sow ni, Voc: sow ne!<br />
* KLA: Gen-Dat: sowen/swen, Acc: sowni, Voc: sowne!<br />
<br />
There is also the “hyperformal” pronoun ''san'', but nowadays it is only used in ceremonial contexts or when addressing a monarch.<br />
<br />
==== Third person personal pronouns ====<br />
Kyawcenni has two third person personal pronouns:<br />
* dya (singular)<br />
* dya pay (plural)<br />
<br />
==== Reflexive pronouns ====<br />
Kyawcenni has three reflexive pronouns:<br />
* pac (singular)<br />
* pa pay (plural)<br />
* pa ri (formal)<br />
<br />
In formal contexts, ''pa ri'' is only used if it references the person(s) that is/are being talked to, not if they reference a third person.<br />
<br />
Example:<br><br />
sang = have; no ri = you (formal); nuz ni = time (Acc); pa ri ne = ''reflexive pronoun'' (formal, Gen-Dat)<br><br />
<br />
* ''(formal)'' You have your time = sang no ri nuz ni pa ri ne<br />
<br />
=== Nouns ===<br />
==== Case ====<br />
Kyawcenni has four cases in total: <br />
Nominative<br />
Genitive-Dative<br />
Accusative<br />
Vocative<br />
<br />
===== Nominative =====<br />
The Nominative (Nom) case doesn’t have any ending, not sure what else to say here:<br><br />
KMTS: ''cun, bwis, bim, awč, kyaw, na wiy, ge šeng, en ka wa, boc wau na, yi kow, hwey''<br><br />
KLA: ''cun, bwis, bim, asč, kyaw, nawiy, gešeng, Enkawa, Bocwauna, Yikow, hwey''<br><br />
IPA: {{ipa|/syɰ̃t, bwǐs, biɰ̃p, awtʃ, tɕaw, na.wij, gɛ.ʂɛɰ̃, ɛɰ̃t.ka.wə, bɔs.wɑ̂.nə, ji.kɔw, χwɛj/}}<br><br />
<br />
===== Genitive-Dative =====<br />
The Genitive-Dative (Gen-Dat) case is used for indirect objects and after prepositions. It is formed by adding either [nɛ], [mɛ/, [ɛ], or [ɛɰ̃t] (always written as <ne> in KMTS) after the noun.<br><br />
<br />
* After most consonants, /ɛɰ̃t/ (written as <ne> in KMTS and <en> in KLA) is added. That consonant then becomes the onset of the syllable after. The tone changes accordingly.<br><br />
'''KMTS:''' ''bwis ne, awč ne, kyaw ne, na wiy ne''<br><br />
'''KLA:''' ''bwisen, awčen, kyawen, nawiyen''<br><br />
'''IPA:''' {{ipa|[bwi.sɛɰ̃t, aw.tʃɛɰ̃t, tɕa.wɛɰ̃t, na.wi.jɛɰ̃t]}}<br><br />
<br />
* Except for syllables ending in /-ɰ̃t/ <n> or /-ɰ̃/ <ng>, for which /nɛ/ (written as <ne> in both KMTS and KLA) is added. Phonetically, the nasal endings are replaced with /nɛ/. This is reflected in the KLA spelling by writing the nasal consonant as <nn>.<br />
'''KMTS:''' ''cen ne, ge šeng ne''<br><br />
'''KLA:''' ''cenne, gešenne''<br><br />
'''IPA:''' {{ipa|[sɛ.nɛ, gɛ.ʂɛ.nɛ]}}<br><br />
<br />
* For syllables ending in a vowel, /nɛ/ (written as <ne> in both KMTS and KLA) is added:<br />
'''KMTS:''' ''en ka wa ne''<br><br />
'''KLA:''' ''Enkawane''<br><br />
'''IPA:''' {{ipa|[ɛɰ̃t.ka.wa.nɛ]}}<br><br />
<br />
* For syllables ending in /ɰ̃p/ <m>, /mɛ/ (written as <ne> in KMTS and <me> in KLA) is added. The /mɛ/ thereby replaces the /-ɰ̃p/:<br><br />
'''KMTS:''' ''bim ne''<br><br />
'''KLA:''' ''bimme''<br><br />
'''IPA:''' {{ipa|[bi.mɛ]}}<br><br />
<br />
* For words ending in n(V), that syllable is replaced with /nɛ/ (written as <ne> in both KMTS and KLA):<br><br />
'''KMTS:''' ''boc wau ne''<br><br />
'''KLA:''' ''Bocwaune''<br><br />
'''IPA:''' {{ipa|[bɔs.wɑ̂.nɛ]}}<br><br />
<br />
* And for some geographic names ending in /-w/ and /-j/, just /ɛ/ is added (written as <ne> in KMTS and <e> in KLA):<br><br />
'''KMTS:''' ''yi kow ne, hwey ne''<br><br />
'''KLA:''' ''Yikowe, Hweye''<br><br />
'''IPA:''' {{ipa|[ji.ko.wɛ, χwɛ.jɛ]}}<br><br />
<br />
===== Accusative =====<br />
The Accusative (Acc) case is used for direct objects. It is formed by adding [ni], [nʲ], [ɡi] or [i] (always written as <ni> in KMTS) after the noun.<br><br />
* After words ending in /-ɰ̃/ <-ng>, /ɡi/ is added (written as <ni> in KMTS and <gi> in KLA):<br><br />
'''KMTS:''' ''ge šeng ni''<br><br />
'''KLA:''' ''gešenggi''<br><br />
'''IPA:''' {{ipa|[ɤ̯ɛ.ʂɛɰ̃.ɤ̯i]}}<br><br />
<br />
* After words ending in /-w/ <-w> or /-j/ <-y>, /i/ is added to the last consonant (written as <ni> in KMTS and <-i> in KLA):<br><br />
'''KMTS:''' ''kyaw ni, na wiy ni''<br><br />
'''KLA:''' ''kyawni, nawiyi''<br><br />
'''IPA:''' {{ipa|[tɕa.wi, na.wi.ji]}}<br><br />
<br />
* After words ending in /-ɰ̃t/ <-n>, the /-ɰ̃t/ is omitted and /ni/ is added (written as <ni> in both KMTS and KLA). Phonetically, the nasal ending is replaced with /ni/ (realized as [nʲ] after vowels) This is reflected in the KLA spelling by writing the nasal consonant as <nn>.<br><br />
'''KMTS:''' ''cun ni''<br><br />
'''KLA:''' ''cunni''<br><br />
'''IPA:''' {{ipa|[synʲ]}}<br><br />
<br />
* After words ending in /na/ <na>, that syllable is replaced with /ni/ <ni> (realized as [nʲ] after vowels). This is reflected in the KLA spelling by writing the nasal consonant as <nn>. In the KMTS spelling, the <na> ending persists.<br><br />
'''KMTS:''' ''boc wau na ni''<br><br />
'''KLA:''' ''Bocwaunni''<br><br />
'''IPA:''' {{ipa|[bɔ́s.wɑ̂nʲ]}}<br><br />
<br />
* In all other cases, the Accusative case is formed by adding /ni/ <ni>, (realized as [nʲ] after vowels).<br><br />
'''KMTS:''' ''bwis ni, bim ni, awč ni, en ka wa ni''<br><br />
'''KLA:''' ''bwisni, bimni, awčni, Enkawani''<br><br />
'''IPA:''' {{ipa|[bwís.ni, biɰ̃p.ni, áwtʃ.ni, eɰ̃t.ka.wanʲ]}}<br><br />
<br />
===== Vocative =====<br />
The Vocative (Voc) case is used to address a person directly. It is formed by adding either /nɛ/, /ɡɛ/, or /ɛ/ (always written as <ne> in KMTS) after the noun. In order to distinguish it from the Genitive-Dative case, an exclamation mark is always written after the noun.<br><br />
* After words ending in /-ɰ̃/ <-ng>, /ɡɛ/ is added (written as <ne> in KMTS and <ge> in KLA):<br><br />
'''KMTS:''' ''ge šeng ne!''<br><br />
'''KLA:''' ''gešengge!''<br><br />
'''IPA:''' {{ipa|[ɤ̯ɛ.ʂɛɰ̃.ɤ̯ɛ]}}<br><br />
<br />
* After words ending in /-w/ <-w> or /-j/ <-y>, /i/ is added to the last consonant (written as <ni> in KMTS and <-i> in KLA):<br><br />
'''KMTS:''' ''kyaw ne!, na wiy ne!''<br><br />
'''KLA:''' ''kyawne!, nawiye!''<br><br />
'''IPA:''' {{ipa|[tɕa.wɛ, na.wi.jɛ]}}<br><br />
<br />
* After words ending in /-ɰ̃t/ <-n>, the /-ɰ̃t/ is omitted and /nɛ/ is added (written as <ne> in both KMTS and KLA). Phonetically, the nasal ending is replaced with /nɛ/ This is reflected in the KLA spelling by writing the nasal consonant as <nn>.<br><br />
'''KMTS:''' ''cun ne!''<br><br />
'''KLA:''' ''cunne!''<br><br />
'''IPA:''' {{ipa|[sy.nɛ]}}<br><br />
<br />
* After words ending in /na/ <na>, that syllable is replaced with /nɛ/ <ne>. This is reflected in the KLA spelling by writing the nasal consonant as <nn>. In the KMTS spelling, the <na> ending persists.<br><br />
'''KMTS:''' ''boc waun na ne!''<br><br />
'''KLA:''' ''Bocwaunne!''<br><br />
'''IPA:''' {{ipa|[bɔ́s.wɑ̂.nɛ]}}<br><br />
<br />
* In all other cases, the Vocative case is formed by adding <ne>.<br><br />
'''KMTS:''' ''bwis ne!, bim ne!, awč ne!, en ka wa ne!''<br><br />
'''KLA:''' ''bwisne!, bimne!, awčne!, Enkawane!''<br><br />
'''IPA:''' {{ipa|[bwís.nɛ, biɰ́p.nɛ, áwtʃ.nɛ, eɰ̃t.ka.wa.nɛ]}}<br><br />
<br />
===Verbs===<br />
There are five particles that can be added to verbs in the following order:<br />
<br />
''ben zang'' x = x calculates<br><br />
<br />
* '''Negation:''' <kem> after <h> and <ng>, <tem> everywhere else<br />
** ''ben zang'' → ''ben zang kem'' x = x doesn't calculate<br><br />
* '''Assumption:''' <si><br />
** ''ben zang'' → ''ben zang si'' x = Apparently, x calculates<br><br />
* '''Subjunctive:''' <ga><br />
** ''ben zang'' → ''ben zang ga'' x = x would calculate<br><br />
* '''Past:''' <dah><br />
** ''ben zang'' → ''ben zang dah'' x = x calculated<br />
* '''Future:''' <yoj><br />
** ''ben zang'' → ''ben zang yoj'' x = x will calculate<br />
<br />
Those can also be combined:<br><br />
* ''benzang'' → ''ben zang kem si ga dah x'' ≈ Apparently, x would not have calculated<br />
<br />
Combining the past and future particle results in the future perfect:<br><br />
* ''benzang'' → ''ben zang dah yoj x'' ≈ x will have calculated<br />
<br />
In KLA romanization, these particles are attached to the verb directly without a space.<br />
<br />
Exceptions:<br />
There are a few exceptions for verbs that don’t just add suffixes, but change their stem:<br><br />
''bęč'' (walk) → ''bih'' in Past tense, not ''bęč dah''<br />
<br />
The copula is unwritten. When talking about an event in the past or the future for example, the past and future particles are used respectively:<br />
<br />
yi = I (female), cu tau = quing<br><br />
* I am the quing: ''aung cu tau''<br />
* I was the quing: ''dah aung cu tau''<br />
* I will be the quing: ''yoj aung cu tau''<br />
<br />
===Adjectives===<br />
For comparatives, you just double the last syllable of the adjective:<br />
<br />
'''paš''' (good) → '''paš paš''' (better)<br />
<br />
The object being compared to is in dative case:<br />
<br />
xin = bread<br><br />
* ''paš paš xin ne'' = better than bread<br />
<br />
If something is being compared to a clause, ''nay'' is used:<br />
<br />
cow = can, lauh = see, yi = I<br />
* ''paš paš nay cow lauh aung'' = better than i can see<br />
<br />
For superlatives, you just add the word for “all” in genitive case (KMTS: ''naj ne'', KLA: ''najen'') after the adjective.<br />
<br />
'''paš''' (good) → '''paš naj ne''' (best)<br />
<br />
==Vocabulary==<br />
''For a list of Kyawcenni words, take a look at [https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1t5nXo_04TuHrZApzPe1JpQodxBx6CoWc3nXqNRbMPyI/edit?usp=sharing the spreadsheet]''<br />
<br />
==Footnotes==<br />
<br />
[[Category:Language]]<br />
[[Category:Kyaw Cen]]</div>Sheikahhttps://mc.nguh.org/w/index.php?title=Kyawcenni&diff=41954Kyawcenni2026-07-24T23:38:32Z<p>Sheikah: /* First person personal pronouns */</p>
<hr />
<div>''This article is about the language. For the people, see [[Kyawcenni people]].''<br><br><br />
{{Infobox language<br />
|name=Kyawcenni<br />
|family=[[Sheikan languages|Sheikan]], [[Kyawcennic]]<br />
|early-forms=[[Middle Kyawcenni]]<br />
|scripts=[[Tanswaiy]], sometimes [[Latin alphabet|Latin]]<br />
|country=[[Kingdom of Kyaw Cen]]<br />
|regulator=Government of [[Kyaw Cen]]<br />
|demonym=Kyawcenni<br />
|usage=Government language<br />
|lang-code=KYC<br />
}}<br />
[[File:Kyawcenni-language.png|thumb|alt=Distribution of the Kyawcenni language|Distribution of the Kyawcenni language]]<br />
'''Kyawcenni''' {{ipa|/kjɒˈsɛn.ni/}} (Kyawcenni: {{script|script=tanswaiy|t=}}, [[KMTS]]: ''bôc kyaw cen ne'', [[KLA]]: ''bôc Kyawcenne'' {{ipa|/bûs tɕaw.sɛ.nɛ/}}<ref>* Middle Kyawcenni: {{ipa|/boːts ˈkjaw.tsɛn.nɛ/}}<br>* Standard Kyawcenni: {{ipa|[bûs tɕaw.sɛ.nɛ]}}<br>* Marcian Kyawcenni: {{ipa|[bûts tɕaw.tsɛ.nɛ]}}</ref>) is an analytic language spoken by [[Kyawcenni people|Kyawcennis]] in the [[Kingdom of Kyaw Cen]] and usually written in [[Tanswaiy]]. Its early speakers originated from [[Marcyland]], but it is now also spoken in the [[Kyawcenni archipelago]] and most of [[Shingtsun]].<br />
<br />
===History===<br />
Kyawcenni descends from the [[Sheikah language]] spoken in [[Marcyland]] before the migration to the [[Isles of Silly]] in late 2023. This later developed into Middle Kyawcenni, and later Modern Standard Kyawcenni, which is the variety of the language this article describes.<br />
<br />
== Orthography ==<br />
Kyawcenni officially uses the [[Tanswaiy]] script, but sometimes the [[Latin alphabet]] is used if Tanswaiy is unavailable. The Tanswaiy spelling is based on [[Middle Kyawcenni]].<br />
<br />
There are two official romanization methods for Tanswaiy: the Kyawcenni Morphological Transliteration System (KMTS) and the Kyawcenni Latin Alphabet (KLA). Unless specified otherwise, this article uses KMTS. When writing Kyawcenni in the Latin alphabet, both Romanization methods are commonly used or even mixed in informal contexts.<br />
<br />
=== Tanswaiy ===<br />
{{Note|Main article: [[Tanswaiy]]}}<br />
''Tanswaiy'' is the standard writing system of the Kyawcenni language. The orthography uses the Kyawcenni abugida alongside logographs.<br />
<br />
=== KMTS ===<br />
The '''Kyawcenni Morphological Transliteration System''' ('''KMTS''') is a literal transliteration system of the Tanswaiy script. Therefore, like in Tanswaiy, the spelling sometimes reflects the individual morphemes, rather than the pronunciation, and is based on Middle Kyawcenni. Foreign proper names written in the Latin alphabet need to be transcribed to match Kyawcenni phonotactics (e.g. Agma eats = ''lur sem ang ma''). In KMTS, every syllable is separated by a space.<br />
<br />
For example:<br><br />
* The word {{ipa|/sɔ.wɛɰ̃t~swɛɰ̃t/}}, meaning “your”, is written as ''sow ne'' in KMTS, because it was pronounced as {{ipa|/sɔw.nɛ/}} in Middle Kyawcenni and consists of the morphemes ''sow'' (“you”) and the genitive ending ''ne''. The genitive ending is always written as ''ne'' in KMTS, no matter how it's pronounced.<br />
<br />
* The word {{ipa|/ni caɰ̃/}}, meaning “(to) take”, is written as ''nę xam'' in KMTS, because it was pronounced as {{ipa|/ˈnɚ.çam/}} in Middle Kyawcenni. The modern pronunciation is irregular, but the spelling remains unchanged.<br />
<br />
=== KLA ===<br />
The '''Kyawcenni Latin Alphabet''' ('''KLA''') is an orthography for the Kyawcenni language that reflects the pronunciation of the words. The individual letters used are the same as in KMTS (also based on the Middle Kyawcenni spelling), but the spelling is regular and based on the modern pronunciation of the words. Foreign proper names written in the Latin alphabet are not transcribed in KLA (e.g. Agma eats = ''Lursem Agma''). In KLA, every word is separated by a space. As a result, it is sometimes not clear whether a consonant is a part of an onset or a coda (e.g. ''yo-lyu'' {{ipa|/jɔ ljy/}} vs. ''yol-yu'' {{ipa|/jɔw jy/}}), but when translating a text from Kyawcenni, a given KLA transcription can help you find out where the word boundaries are.<br />
<br />
For example:<br><br />
* The word {{ipa|/sɔ.wɛɰ̃t~swɛɰ̃t/}}, meaning “your”, can be written as ''sowen'' or ''swen'' in KLA. The case endings are always written how they are pronounced in Modern Standard Kyawcenni, unlike in Tanswaiy and KMTS, where they are always written the same.<br />
<br />
* The word {{ipa|/ni caɰ̃/}}, meaning “(to) take”, is written phonemically as ''nixang'' in KLA, despite it being pronounced like “nęxam” in Middle Kyawcenni.<br />
<br />
=== Comparison ===<br />
Here is an example sentence in both romanizations:<br />
<br />
'''KMTS:''' lauh dah hę nay nral bweng ne gô pac šô lyu tem dah dya ne su pac lauh dah.<br><br />
'''KLA:''' Lauhdah hę nay nral bwenne gô pac šôlyutemdah dyangsu pac lauhdah.<br><br />
'''IPA:''' {{ipa|[ɮɑ̂χ.daχ hɚ naj njaw bwɛ.nɛ ɤ̯û pás ʂû.ljy.tɛɰ̃p.daχ dʑaɰ̃.θy pás ɮɑ̂χ.daχ]}}<br><br />
'''Gloss:''' look.PAST (sg they) toward behind door.GEN and (reflexive pronoun) like.NOT.PAST it.GEN what (reflexive pronoun) see PAST<br><br />
'''Translation:''' They looked behind the door and didn't like what they saw.<br />
<br />
===Table===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
!Latin<br />
!Middle Kyawcenni<br />
!Condition<br />
!Modern Kyawcenni<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |'''a'''<br />
| rowspan="2" |a<br />
|Normally<br />
|à<br />
|-<br />
|End of syllable<br />
|ə (Standard)<br />
∅ (Marcyland)<br />
|-<br />
|'''ai'''<br />
|ɛː<br />
|<br />
|ɛ́<br />
|-<br />
|'''au'''<br />
|ɔː<br />
|<br />
|ɑ́<br />
|-<br />
|'''b-'''<br />
|b<br />
|<br />
|b<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |'''c'''<br />
| rowspan="2" |ts<br />
|Onset<br />
|s (Standard)<br />
ts (Marcyland)<br />
|-<br />
|Coda<br />
|s (high vowel tone) (Standard)<br />
ts (Marcyland)<br />
|-<br />
|'''cy-'''<br />
|tsj<br />
|<br />
|tɕ<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |'''č'''<br />
| rowspan="2" |tʃ<br />
|Onset<br />
|ʈʂ<br />
|-<br />
|Coda<br />
|ʈʂ (high vowel tone)<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |'''d-'''<br />
| rowspan="2" |d<br />
|Normally<br />
|d<br />
|-<br />
|Intervocalically<br />
|ð<br />
|-<br />
|'''dy'''<br />
|dj<br />
|<br />
|dʑ (Standard)<br />
dʒ (Marcyland)<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |'''e'''<br />
| rowspan="2" |ɛ<br />
|Normally<br />
|ɛ̀<br />
|-<br />
|End of syllable<br />
|ɛ̀ (Standard)<br />
∅ (Marcyland)<br />
|-<br />
|'''ê'''<br />
|eː<br />
|<br />
|ɪ́<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |'''ę, er'''<ref><er> at the beginning of a syllable, <ę> anywhere else</ref><br />
| rowspan="2" |ɚ<br />
|Normally<br />
|ɚ<br />
|-<br />
|Before palatal consonants<br />
|ɘ<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |'''g-'''<br />
| rowspan="2" |ɡ<br />
|Normally<br />
|ɤ̯<br />
|-<br />
|Before /j, w, ɻ/<br />
|ɡ<br />
|-<br />
|'''gy-'''<br />
|ɡj<br />
|<br />
|dʑ<br />
|-<br />
|'''h'''<br />
|χ<br />
|<br />
|χ<br />
|-<br />
|'''i'''<br />
|i<br />
|<br />
|ì<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |'''j'''<br />
|dʒ<br />
|Onset<br />
|ɖʐ<br />
|-<br />
|ʒ<br />
|Coda<br />
|ʂ (low vowel tone)<br />
|-<br />
|'''k-'''<br />
|k<br />
|<br />
|k<br />
|-<br />
|'''ky-'''<br />
|kj<br />
|<br />
|tɕ<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |'''l'''<br />
| rowspan="2" |l<br />
|Onset<br />
|ɮ<br />
|-<br />
|Coda<br />
|w<br />
|-<br />
|'''-li'''<br />
|li<br />
|<br />
|lʲ<br />
|-<br />
|'''ly-'''<br />
|lj<br />
|<br />
|lj<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="4" |'''m'''<br />
| rowspan="4" |m<br />
|Onset<br />
Coda after /j, w, ɻ/<br />
|m<br />
|-<br />
|Coda normally<br />
|ɰ̃<br />
|-<br />
|Coda normally before vowel or /j, w, ɻ/<br />
|ɰ̃m<br />
|-<br />
|Coda before vowel or /j, w, ɻ/ and after /j, w, ɻ/<br />
|mm<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="4" |'''n'''<br />
| rowspan="4" |n<br />
|Onset<br />
Coda after /j, w, ɻ/<br />
|n<br />
|-<br />
|Coda normally<br />
|ɰ̃<br />
|-<br />
|Coda normally before vowel or /j, w, ɻ/<br />
|ɰ̃n<br />
|-<br />
|Coda before vowel or /j, w, ɻ/ and after /j, w, ɻ/<br />
|nn<br />
|-<br />
|'''-ni'''<br />
|ni<br />
|<br />
|nʲ<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="4" |'''-ng'''<br />
| rowspan="4" |ŋ<br />
|Normally<br />
|ɰ̃<br />
|-<br />
|After /j, w, ɻ/<br />
|ŋ<br />
|-<br />
|Coda normally before vowel or /j, w, ɻ/<br />
|ɰ̃ɡ<br />
|-<br />
|Coda before vowel or /j, w, ɻ/ and after /j, w, ɻ/<br />
|ŋɡ<br />
|-<br />
|'''o'''<br />
|ɔ<br />
|<br />
|ɔ̀<br />
|-<br />
|'''ô'''<br />
|oː<br />
|<br />
|ú<br />
|-<br />
|'''p-'''<br />
|p<br />
|<br />
|p<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |'''r'''<br />
| rowspan="2" |ɹ<br />
|Normally<br />
|ɹ<br />
|-<br />
|C_V<br />
|j<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" |'''s'''<br />
| rowspan="3" |s<br />
|Onset<br />
|θ (Standard)<br />
s (Marcyland)<br />
|-<br />
|Before /j, w, ɻ/<br />
|s<br />
|-<br />
|Coda<br />
|θ (high vowel tone) (Standard)<br />
s (high vowel tone) (Marcyland)<br />
|-<br />
|'''sy-'''<br />
|sj<br />
|<br />
|ɕ<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |'''š'''<br />
| rowspan="2" |ʃ<br />
|Onset<br />
|ʂ<br />
|-<br />
|Coda<br />
|ʂ (high vowel tone)<br />
|-<br />
|'''t'''<br />
|t<br />
|<br />
|t<br />
|-<br />
|'''ty-'''<br />
|tj<br />
|<br />
|tɕ (Standard)<br />
tʃ (Marcyland)<br />
|-<br />
|'''u'''<br />
|y<br />
|<br />
|y<br />
|-<br />
|'''w'''<br />
|w<br />
|<br />
|w<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |'''x'''<br />
| rowspan="2" |ç<br />
|Onset<br />
|c<br />
|-<br />
|Coda<br />
|ç<br />
|-<br />
|'''y'''<br />
|j<br />
|<br />
|j<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |'''z'''<br />
|dz<br />
|Onset<br />
|dz<br />
|-<br />
|z<br />
|Coda<br />
|s (low vowel tone)<br />
|-<br />
|'''zy-'''<br />
|dzj<br />
|<br />
|dʑ<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Phonology==<br />
<br />
===Consonants===<br />
<br />
Kyawcenni uses following consonants:<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
! rowspan="2" |<br />
! colspan="2" |Bilabial<br />
! colspan="2" |Dental<br />
! colspan="2" |Alveolar<br />
! colspan="2" |Postalveolar<br />
! colspan="2" |Retroflex<br />
! colspan="2" |Alveolo-Palatal<br />
!Palatal<br />
! colspan="2" |Velar-Uvular<br />
|-<br />
!unv<br />
!v<br />
!unv<br />
!v<br />
!unv<br />
!v<br />
!unv<br />
!v<br />
!unv<br />
!v<br />
!unv<br />
!v<br />
!<br />
!unv<br />
!v<br />
|-<br />
!Plosive<br />
|p<br />
|b<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|t<br />
|d<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|c [c, ç]<br />
|k<br />
|ɡ [ɡ, ɤ̯]<br />
|-<br />
!Nasal<br />
|<br />
|m [m, ɰ̃p, mp]'''⁵'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|n<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|(nʲ)²<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|ɰ̃, (ŋ)<br />
|-<br />
!Fricative<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|(θ)¹<br />
|(ð)¹<br />
|s<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|ʂ<br />
|<br />
|ɕ<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|χ<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!Affricate<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|(ts)¹<br />
|dz<br />
|(tʃ)¹<br />
|(dʒ)¹<br />
|ʈʂ<br />
|ɖʐ<br />
|tɕ<br />
|dʑ<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!Liquid<br />
|<br />
|w<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|ɮ<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|ɻ⁴<br />
|<br />
|lj~lʲ<br />
|j<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
¹ Depends on the dialect. These alveolar and postalveolar affricates only appear in Marcian Kyawcenni, which in turn does not have dental fricatives.<br />
<br />
² Allophonic realization of the sequence /ni/ after vowels<br />
<br />
³ Historically its own phoneme descended from /ŋ/, but can also seen as an allophone of /g/<br />
<br />
⁴ Realized as [ɘ̯] before palatal of palatalized consonants<br />
<br />
For more information on the pronunciation, take a look at the orthography table above.<br />
<br />
===Vowels===<br />
<br />
Kyawcenni uses following vowels:<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
!-<br />
!Front<br />
!Central<br />
!Back<br />
|-<br />
!Close<br />
|i, y<br />
|<br />
|(u)¹<br />
|-<br />
!Near-close<br />
|(ɪ)¹<br />
|(ɚ~ɘ)²<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!Open-mid<br />
|ɛ<br />
|<br />
|ɔ<br />
|-<br />
!Open<br />
|<br />
|a~ə<br />
|(ɑ)¹<br />
|}<br />
¹ [ɪ], [u] and [ɑ] can be treated either as seperate phonemes as allophones of [i], [ɔ] and [ɑ] respectively distinguished by pitch accent. /ɛ/ also has two tonemic realizations.<br />
<br />
² Allophonic realization of the sequence /ɛɻ/ (low tone) or /ɛ̂ɻ/ (high tone); realized as [ɘ] before palatal consonants.<br />
<br />
=== Pitch accent ===<br />
When a vowel with pitch accent (like <ai> /ɛ́/) comes before a consonant with pitch accent (like <z> /s/), these two pitch accents are combined (e.g. <aiz> /ɛ̂s/ vs. <ais> /ɛ́s/, <ez> /ɛ̀s/, <es> /ɛ̌s/). /y/ is a toneless vowel and therefore does not have an inherent pitch accent, but like all vowels, it can still have a tonemic pitch distinction if followed by certain consonants. All the other vowels ''can'' be categorized as only five phonemes with a pitch accent distinction and a slightly different realization, as visualized in the second next table. The low pitch-high pitch distinction evolved from a short-long distinction in middle Kyawcenni.<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+Middle Kyawcenni<br />
!Short<br />
!Long, open<br />
!Long, close<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="3" |<a> /a/<br />
|-<br />
|<e> /ɛ/<br />
|<ai> /ɛː/<br />
|<ê> /eː/<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="3" |<nowiki><i> /i/</nowiki><br />
|-<br />
|<o> /ɔ/<br />
|<au> /ɔː/<br />
|<ô> /oː/<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="3" |<nowiki><u> /y/</nowiki><br />
|}<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+Modern Kyawcenni<br />
!Phoneme<br />
!Low pitch<br />
!High pitch<br />
|-<br />
!/a/<br />
|<a> /à/<br />
|<au> /ɑ́/<br />
|-<br />
!/ɛ/<br />
|<e> /ɛ̀/<br />
|<ai> /ɛ́/<br />
|-<br />
!/i/<br />
|<nowiki><i> /ì/</nowiki><br />
|<ê> /ɪ́/<br />
|-<br />
!/ɔ/<br />
|<o> /ɔ̀/<br />
|<ô> /ú/<br />
|-<br />
!/y/<br />
| colspan="2" |<nowiki><u> /y/</nowiki><br />
|}<br />
The following chart shows how pitch accent (sometimes also called ''tones'') works in Kyawcenni.<br />
<br />
The italicized IPA are the toneless Middle Kyawcenni phonemes. As examples, this chart uses /ɛ/ and one of the listed coda consonants, but the tones apply to any vowel¹.<br />
<br />
KMTS = KMTS Transliteration<br />
<br />
Mid. = Middle Kyawcenni<br />
<br />
MSK = IPA in Modern Standard Kyawcenni<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+Toneme chart<br />
! rowspan="3" |Coda →<br />
Vowel ↓<br />
!KMTS: <c, s, č, š><br />
!<z, j><br />
!<m, n, ng><br />
!<x, h><br />
!<y, w, r><br />
!<br />
|-<br />
!''Mid.: ts, s, tʃ, ʃ''<br />
!''z, ʒ''<br />
!''m, n, ŋ''<br />
!''ç, χ''<br />
!''j, w, ɹ''<br />
!''∅''<br />
|-<br />
!MSK: ts, s, ʈʂ, ʂ<br />
!s, ʂ<br />
!ɰ̃p, ɰ̃t, ɰ̃<br />
!ç, χ<br />
!j, w, ɻ<br />
!∅<br />
|-<br />
|'''KMTS: <a, e, ę, o, i, u>'''<br />
|<ec><br />
|<ez><br />
|<eng><br />
|<ex><br />
|<ey><br />
|<e><br />
|-<br />
|'''''Mid.: a, ɛ, (ɚ), ɔ, i, y'''''<br />
|''ɛs''<br />
|''ɛs''<br />
|''ɛŋ''<br />
|''ɛç''<br />
|''ɛj''<br />
|''ɛ''<br />
|-<br />
|'''MSK: a, ɛ, (ɚ), ɔ, i, y¹'''<br />
|ɛs˩˥<br />
|ɛs˩<br />
|ɛɰ̃¹<br />
|ɛç¹<br />
|ɛj¹<br />
|ɛ¹<br />
|-<br />
|'''KMTS: <au, ai, ę, ê, ô>'''<br />
|<aic><br />
|<aiz><br />
|<aing><br />
|<aix><br />
|<aiy><br />
|<ai><br />
|-<br />
|'''''Mid.: ɔː, ɛː, (ɚ), eː, oː'''''<br />
|''ɛ'''ː'''ts''<br />
|''ɛ'''ː'''z''<br />
|''ɛːŋ''<br />
|''ɛ'''ː'''ç''<br />
|''ɛ'''ː'''j''<br />
|''ɛ'''ː'''''<br />
|-<br />
|'''MSK: ɑ, ɛ, (ɚ), ɪ, u'''<br />
|ɛs˥<br />
|ɛs˥˩<br />
|ɛɰ̃˥˩<br />
|ɛç˥˩<br />
|ɛj˥˩<br />
|ɛ˥˩<br />
|}<br />
¹ Toneless vowel: The tone can vary, but it usually contrasts the tone of the previous syllable. In a sequence of toneless syllables, the tone tends to drop. /y/ does not have an inherent pitch accent.<br />
<br />
==Phonotactics==<br />
''See also: [[Middle Kyawcenni#Phonotactics]]''<br />
<br />
Excluding vowels, a syllable can start with the following consonants:<br><br />
p b t d m n (θ) s (ts) dz ɮ lj ʃ tʃ dʒ c k χ ɡ j w ɻ<br><br />
Excluding vowels, a syllable can end in the following consonants:<br><br />
m n nʲ (θ) s (ts) z ʃ tʃ ʒ lʲ ç χ ŋ j w ɻ<br><br />
If none of them appear directly before or after each other, following consonants can be used between consonant and vowel:<br><br />
j w ɻ<br><br />
/w/ cannot appear after affricates<br><br />
A syllable can also begin with vowels, but it cannot begin with:<br><br />
y i<br><br />
/ɻ/ or /ɚ/ next to /ɮ/ or /lj/ is not possible in the same syllable<br><br />
/j, w, ɻ/ cannot appear directly after affricates (including <c> /(t)s/), /c/ or postalveolar and retroflex consonants in the same syllable<br><br />
[ɻ] and [ɚ] cannot appear in the same syllable<br><br />
<er> at the beginning of a syllable is pronounced as /ɚ/. <ę> cannot appear at the beginning of a syllable. <air> at the beginning of a syllable is pronounced as /ɛ́ɻ/.<br />
<br />
==Evolution from Middle Kyawcenni==<br />
''For now, please look at the orthography section for this''<br />
<br />
== Syntax ==<br />
The Syntax of Kyawcenni follows VSO word order, but it can be modified to an SVO word order by adding the particle ''em'' between the subject and the verb.<br />
Adjectives appear after the noun they modify. Prepositions appear before the noun and are used with the Genitive-Dative case, except for ''ar'' (“in, inside”) which comes after and uses the Nominative case:<br />
<br />
Example:<br><br />
cow = can; bęč = go/walk; aung = I (formal/non-binary); nay = to/towards; yi ja = Yija; ne = ''Gen-Dat case particle''; ar = in/inside<br><br />
* I can go to Yija = cow bęč aung nay yi ja ne<br />
* I am in Yija = aung yi ja ar<br />
* I was in Yija = dah aung yi ja ar<br />
<br />
== Morphology ==<br />
Kyawcenni words sometimes consist of the first syllable of one word, followed by another word:<br><br />
''jong yi tę nar = Ætérnalism''<br><br />
(First syllable of jong gyaw = religion + yi tę nar = Ætérnal)<br />
<br />
=== Pronouns ===<br />
There are several pronouns in Kyawcenni whose use depends on formality and gender identity.<br />
In order to show possession of something, that something is followed by a pronoun in Gen-Dat case:<br />
<br />
Example:<br><br />
tan tal = paper; aung = I (formal/non-binary); ne = ''Gen-Dat particle''<br><br />
My paper = tan tal aung ne<br />
<br />
====First person personal pronouns====<br />
There are three first person personal pronouns in Kyawcenni:<br />
* yi (feminine, informal)<br />
* hę (masculine, informal)<br />
* aung (formal or non-binary informal)<br />
* yew (plural)<br />
<br />
==== Second person personal pronouns ====<br />
There are three second person personal pronouns in Kyawcenni:<br />
* šo (informal, singular)<br />
* sow (informal, plural)<br />
* no ri (formal)<br />
<br />
When declined, the pronoun ''šo'' uses the declensions of ''sow'':<br />
* KMTS: Gen-Dat: sow ne, Acc: sow ni, Voc: sow ne!<br />
* KLA: Gen-Dat: sowen/swen, Acc: sowni, Voc: sowne!<br />
<br />
There is also the “hyperformal” pronoun ''san'', but nowadays it is only used in ceremonial contexts or when addressing a monarch.<br />
<br />
==== Third person personal pronouns ====<br />
Kyawcenni has two third person personal pronouns:<br />
* dya (singular)<br />
* dya pay (plural)<br />
<br />
==== Reflexive pronouns ====<br />
Kyawcenni has three reflexive pronouns:<br />
* pac (singular)<br />
* pa pay (plural)<br />
* pa ri (formal)<br />
<br />
In formal contexts, ''pa ri'' is only used if it references the person(s) that is/are being talked to, not if they reference a third person.<br />
<br />
Example:<br><br />
sang = have; no ri = you (formal); nuz ni = time (Acc); pa ri ne = ''reflexive pronoun'' (formal, Gen-Dat)<br><br />
<br />
* ''(formal)'' You have your time = sang no ri nuz ni pa ri ne<br />
<br />
=== Nouns ===<br />
==== Case ====<br />
Kyawcenni has four cases in total: <br />
Nominative<br />
Genitive-Dative<br />
Accusative<br />
Vocative<br />
<br />
===== Nominative =====<br />
The Nominative (Nom) case doesn’t have any ending, not sure what else to say here:<br><br />
KMTS: ''cun, bwis, bim, awč, kyaw, na wiy, ge šeng, en ka wa, boc wau na, yi kow, hwey''<br><br />
KLA: ''cun, bwis, bim, asč, kyaw, nawiy, gešeng, Enkawa, Bocwauna, Yikow, hwey''<br><br />
IPA: {{ipa|/syɰ̃t, bwǐs, biɰ̃p, awtʃ, tɕaw, na.wij, gɛ.ʂɛɰ̃, ɛɰ̃t.ka.wə, bɔs.wɑ̂.nə, ji.kɔw, χwɛj/}}<br><br />
<br />
===== Genitive-Dative =====<br />
The Genitive-Dative (Gen-Dat) case is used for indirect objects and after prepositions. It is formed by adding either [nɛ], [mɛ/, [ɛ], or [ɛɰ̃t] (always written as <ne> in KMTS) after the noun.<br><br />
<br />
* After most consonants, /ɛɰ̃t/ (written as <ne> in KMTS and <en> in KLA) is added. That consonant then becomes the onset of the syllable after. The tone changes accordingly.<br><br />
'''KMTS:''' ''bwis ne, awč ne, kyaw ne, na wiy ne''<br><br />
'''KLA:''' ''bwisen, awčen, kyawen, nawiyen''<br><br />
'''IPA:''' {{ipa|[bwi.sɛɰ̃t, aw.tʃɛɰ̃t, tɕa.wɛɰ̃t, na.wi.jɛɰ̃t]}}<br><br />
<br />
* Except for syllables ending in /-ɰ̃t/ <n> or /-ɰ̃/ <ng>, for which /nɛ/ (written as <ne> in both KMTS and KLA) is added. Phonetically, the nasal endings are replaced with /nɛ/. This is reflected in the KLA spelling by writing the nasal consonant as <nn>.<br />
'''KMTS:''' ''cen ne, ge šeng ne''<br><br />
'''KLA:''' ''cenne, gešenne''<br><br />
'''IPA:''' {{ipa|[sɛ.nɛ, gɛ.ʂɛ.nɛ]}}<br><br />
<br />
* For syllables ending in a vowel, /nɛ/ (written as <ne> in both KMTS and KLA) is added:<br />
'''KMTS:''' ''en ka wa ne''<br><br />
'''KLA:''' ''Enkawane''<br><br />
'''IPA:''' {{ipa|[ɛɰ̃t.ka.wa.nɛ]}}<br><br />
<br />
* For syllables ending in /ɰ̃p/ <m>, /mɛ/ (written as <ne> in KMTS and <me> in KLA) is added. The /mɛ/ thereby replaces the /-ɰ̃p/:<br><br />
'''KMTS:''' ''bim ne''<br><br />
'''KLA:''' ''bimme''<br><br />
'''IPA:''' {{ipa|[bi.mɛ]}}<br><br />
<br />
* For words ending in n(V), that syllable is replaced with /nɛ/ (written as <ne> in both KMTS and KLA):<br><br />
'''KMTS:''' ''boc wau ne''<br><br />
'''KLA:''' ''Bocwaune''<br><br />
'''IPA:''' {{ipa|[bɔs.wɑ̂.nɛ]}}<br><br />
<br />
* And for some geographic names ending in /-w/ and /-j/, just /ɛ/ is added (written as <ne> in KMTS and <e> in KLA):<br><br />
'''KMTS:''' ''yi kow ne, hwey ne''<br><br />
'''KLA:''' ''Yikowe, Hweye''<br><br />
'''IPA:''' {{ipa|[ji.ko.wɛ, χwɛ.jɛ]}}<br><br />
<br />
===== Accusative =====<br />
The Accusative (Acc) case is used for direct objects. It is formed by adding [ni], [nʲ], [ɡi] or [i] (always written as <ni> in KMTS) after the noun.<br><br />
* After words ending in /-ɰ̃/ <-ng>, /ɡi/ is added (written as <ni> in KMTS and <gi> in KLA):<br><br />
'''KMTS:''' ''ge šeng ni''<br><br />
'''KLA:''' ''gešenggi''<br><br />
'''IPA:''' {{ipa|[ɤ̯ɛ.ʂɛɰ̃.ɤ̯i]}}<br><br />
<br />
* After words ending in /-w/ <-w> or /-j/ <-y>, /i/ is added to the last consonant (written as <ni> in KMTS and <-i> in KLA):<br><br />
'''KMTS:''' ''kyaw ni, na wiy ni''<br><br />
'''KLA:''' ''kyawni, nawiyi''<br><br />
'''IPA:''' {{ipa|[tɕa.wi, na.wi.ji]}}<br><br />
<br />
* After words ending in /-ɰ̃t/ <-n>, the /-ɰ̃t/ is omitted and /ni/ is added (written as <ni> in both KMTS and KLA). Phonetically, the nasal ending is replaced with /ni/ (realized as [nʲ] after vowels) This is reflected in the KLA spelling by writing the nasal consonant as <nn>.<br><br />
'''KMTS:''' ''cun ni''<br><br />
'''KLA:''' ''cunni''<br><br />
'''IPA:''' {{ipa|[synʲ]}}<br><br />
<br />
* After words ending in /na/ <na>, that syllable is replaced with /ni/ <ni> (realized as [nʲ] after vowels). This is reflected in the KLA spelling by writing the nasal consonant as <nn>. In the KMTS spelling, the <na> ending persists.<br><br />
'''KMTS:''' ''boc wau na ni''<br><br />
'''KLA:''' ''Bocwaunni''<br><br />
'''IPA:''' {{ipa|[bɔ́s.wɑ̂nʲ]}}<br><br />
<br />
* In all other cases, the Accusative case is formed by adding /ni/ <ni>, (realized as [nʲ] after vowels).<br><br />
'''KMTS:''' ''bwis ni, bim ni, awč ni, en ka wa ni''<br><br />
'''KLA:''' ''bwisni, bimni, awčni, Enkawani''<br><br />
'''IPA:''' {{ipa|[bwís.ni, biɰ̃p.ni, áwtʃ.ni, eɰ̃t.ka.wanʲ]}}<br><br />
<br />
===== Vocative =====<br />
The Vocative (Voc) case is used to address a person directly. It is formed by adding either /nɛ/, /ɡɛ/, or /ɛ/ (always written as <ne> in KMTS) after the noun. In order to distinguish it from the Genitive-Dative case, an exclamation mark is always written after the noun.<br><br />
* After words ending in /-ɰ̃/ <-ng>, /ɡɛ/ is added (written as <ne> in KMTS and <ge> in KLA):<br><br />
'''KMTS:''' ''ge šeng ne!''<br><br />
'''KLA:''' ''gešengge!''<br><br />
'''IPA:''' {{ipa|[ɤ̯ɛ.ʂɛɰ̃.ɤ̯ɛ]}}<br><br />
<br />
* After words ending in /-w/ <-w> or /-j/ <-y>, /i/ is added to the last consonant (written as <ni> in KMTS and <-i> in KLA):<br><br />
'''KMTS:''' ''kyaw ne!, na wiy ne!''<br><br />
'''KLA:''' ''kyawne!, nawiye!''<br><br />
'''IPA:''' {{ipa|[tɕa.wɛ, na.wi.jɛ]}}<br><br />
<br />
* After words ending in /-ɰ̃t/ <-n>, the /-ɰ̃t/ is omitted and /nɛ/ is added (written as <ne> in both KMTS and KLA). Phonetically, the nasal ending is replaced with /nɛ/ This is reflected in the KLA spelling by writing the nasal consonant as <nn>.<br><br />
'''KMTS:''' ''cun ne!''<br><br />
'''KLA:''' ''cunne!''<br><br />
'''IPA:''' {{ipa|[sy.nɛ]}}<br><br />
<br />
* After words ending in /na/ <na>, that syllable is replaced with /nɛ/ <ne>. This is reflected in the KLA spelling by writing the nasal consonant as <nn>. In the KMTS spelling, the <na> ending persists.<br><br />
'''KMTS:''' ''boc waun na ne!''<br><br />
'''KLA:''' ''Bocwaunne!''<br><br />
'''IPA:''' {{ipa|[bɔ́s.wɑ̂.nɛ]}}<br><br />
<br />
* In all other cases, the Vocative case is formed by adding <ne>.<br><br />
'''KMTS:''' ''bwis ne!, bim ne!, awč ne!, en ka wa ne!''<br><br />
'''KLA:''' ''bwisne!, bimne!, awčne!, Enkawane!''<br><br />
'''IPA:''' {{ipa|[bwís.nɛ, biɰ́p.nɛ, áwtʃ.nɛ, eɰ̃t.ka.wa.nɛ]}}<br><br />
<br />
===Verbs===<br />
There are five particles that can be added to verbs in the following order:<br />
<br />
''ben zang'' x = x calculates<br><br />
<br />
* '''Negation:''' <kem> after <h> and <ng>, <tem> everywhere else<br />
** ''ben zang'' → ''ben zang kem'' x = x doesn't calculate<br><br />
* '''Assumption:''' <si><br />
** ''ben zang'' → ''ben zang si'' x = Apparently, x calculates<br><br />
* '''Subjunctive:''' <ga><br />
** ''ben zang'' → ''ben zang ga'' x = x would calculate<br><br />
* '''Past:''' <dah><br />
** ''ben zang'' → ''ben zang dah'' x = x calculated<br />
* '''Future:''' <yoj><br />
** ''ben zang'' → ''ben zang yoj'' x = x will calculate<br />
<br />
Those can also be combined:<br><br />
* ''benzang'' → ''ben zang kem si ga dah x'' ≈ Apparently, x would not have calculated<br />
<br />
Combining the past and future particle results in the future perfect:<br><br />
* ''benzang'' → ''ben zang dah yoj x'' ≈ x will have calculated<br />
<br />
In KLA romanization, these particles are attached to the verb directly without a space.<br />
<br />
Exceptions:<br />
There are a few exceptions for verbs that don’t just add suffixes, but change their stem:<br><br />
''bęč'' (walk) → ''bih'' in Past tense, not ''bęč dah''<br />
<br />
The copula is unwritten. When talking about an event in the past or the future for example, the past and future particles are used respectively:<br />
<br />
yi = I (female), cu tau = quing<br><br />
* I am the quing: ''aung cu tau''<br />
* I was the quing: ''tem aung cu tau''<br />
* I will be the quing: ''yoj aung cu tau''<br />
<br />
===Adjectives===<br />
For comparatives, you just double the last syllable of the adjective:<br />
<br />
'''paš''' (good) → '''paš paš''' (better)<br />
<br />
The object being compared to is in dative case:<br />
<br />
xin = bread<br><br />
* ''paš paš xin ne'' = better than bread<br />
<br />
If something is being compared to a clause, ''nay'' is used:<br />
<br />
cow = can, lauh = see, yi = I<br />
* ''paš paš nay cow lauh aung'' = better than i can see<br />
<br />
For superlatives, you just add the word for “all” in genitive case (KMTS: ''naj ne'', KLA: ''najen'') after the adjective.<br />
<br />
'''paš''' (good) → '''paš naj ne''' (best)<br />
<br />
==Vocabulary==<br />
''For a list of Kyawcenni words, take a look at [https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1t5nXo_04TuHrZApzPe1JpQodxBx6CoWc3nXqNRbMPyI/edit?usp=sharing the spreadsheet]''<br />
<br />
==Footnotes==<br />
<br />
[[Category:Language]]<br />
[[Category:Kyaw Cen]]</div>Sheikahhttps://mc.nguh.org/w/index.php?title=Kyawcenni&diff=41914Kyawcenni2026-07-23T21:28:53Z<p>Sheikah: /* Pitch accent */</p>
<hr />
<div>''This article is about the language. For the people, see [[Kyawcenni people]].''<br><br><br />
{{Infobox language<br />
|name=Kyawcenni<br />
|family=[[Sheikan languages|Sheikan]], [[Kyawcennic]]<br />
|early-forms=[[Middle Kyawcenni]]<br />
|scripts=[[Tanswaiy]], sometimes [[Latin alphabet|Latin]]<br />
|country=[[Kingdom of Kyaw Cen]]<br />
|regulator=Government of [[Kyaw Cen]]<br />
|demonym=Kyawcenni<br />
|usage=Government language<br />
|lang-code=KYC<br />
}}<br />
[[File:Kyawcenni-language.png|thumb|alt=Distribution of the Kyawcenni language|Distribution of the Kyawcenni language]]<br />
'''Kyawcenni''' {{ipa|/kjɒˈsɛn.ni/}} (Kyawcenni: {{script|script=tanswaiy|t=}}, [[KMTS]]: ''bôc kyaw cen ne'', [[KLA]]: ''bôc Kyawcenne'' {{ipa|/bûs tɕaw.sɛ.nɛ/}}<ref>* Middle Kyawcenni: {{ipa|/boːts ˈkjaw.tsɛn.nɛ/}}<br>* Standard Kyawcenni: {{ipa|[bûs tɕaw.sɛ.nɛ]}}<br>* Marcian Kyawcenni: {{ipa|[bûts tɕaw.tsɛ.nɛ]}}</ref>) is an analytic language spoken by [[Kyawcenni people|Kyawcennis]] in the [[Kingdom of Kyaw Cen]] and usually written in [[Tanswaiy]]. Its early speakers originated from [[Marcyland]], but it is now also spoken in the [[Kyawcenni archipelago]] and most of [[Shingtsun]].<br />
<br />
===History===<br />
Kyawcenni descends from the [[Sheikah language]] spoken in [[Marcyland]] before the migration to the [[Isles of Silly]] in late 2023. This later developed into Middle Kyawcenni, and later Modern Standard Kyawcenni, which is the variety of the language this article describes.<br />
<br />
== Orthography ==<br />
Kyawcenni officially uses the [[Tanswaiy]] script, but sometimes the [[Latin alphabet]] is used if Tanswaiy is unavailable. The Tanswaiy spelling is based on [[Middle Kyawcenni]].<br />
<br />
There are two official romanization methods for Tanswaiy: the Kyawcenni Morphological Transliteration System (KMTS) and the Kyawcenni Latin Alphabet (KLA). Unless specified otherwise, this article uses KMTS. When writing Kyawcenni in the Latin alphabet, both Romanization methods are commonly used or even mixed in informal contexts.<br />
<br />
=== Tanswaiy ===<br />
{{Note|Main article: [[Tanswaiy]]}}<br />
''Tanswaiy'' is the standard writing system of the Kyawcenni language. The orthography uses the Kyawcenni abugida alongside logographs.<br />
<br />
=== KMTS ===<br />
The '''Kyawcenni Morphological Transliteration System''' ('''KMTS''') is a literal transliteration system of the Tanswaiy script. Therefore, like in Tanswaiy, the spelling sometimes reflects the individual morphemes, rather than the pronunciation, and is based on Middle Kyawcenni. Foreign proper names written in the Latin alphabet need to be transcribed to match Kyawcenni phonotactics (e.g. Agma eats = ''lur sem ang ma''). In KMTS, every syllable is separated by a space.<br />
<br />
For example:<br><br />
* The word {{ipa|/sɔ.wɛɰ̃t~swɛɰ̃t/}}, meaning “your”, is written as ''sow ne'' in KMTS, because it was pronounced as {{ipa|/sɔw.nɛ/}} in Middle Kyawcenni and consists of the morphemes ''sow'' (“you”) and the genitive ending ''ne''. The genitive ending is always written as ''ne'' in KMTS, no matter how it's pronounced.<br />
<br />
* The word {{ipa|/ni caɰ̃/}}, meaning “(to) take”, is written as ''nę xam'' in KMTS, because it was pronounced as {{ipa|/ˈnɚ.çam/}} in Middle Kyawcenni. The modern pronunciation is irregular, but the spelling remains unchanged.<br />
<br />
=== KLA ===<br />
The '''Kyawcenni Latin Alphabet''' ('''KLA''') is an orthography for the Kyawcenni language that reflects the pronunciation of the words. The individual letters used are the same as in KMTS (also based on the Middle Kyawcenni spelling), but the spelling is regular and based on the modern pronunciation of the words. Foreign proper names written in the Latin alphabet are not transcribed in KLA (e.g. Agma eats = ''Lursem Agma''). In KLA, every word is separated by a space. As a result, it is sometimes not clear whether a consonant is a part of an onset or a coda (e.g. ''yo-lyu'' {{ipa|/jɔ ljy/}} vs. ''yol-yu'' {{ipa|/jɔw jy/}}), but when translating a text from Kyawcenni, a given KLA transcription can help you find out where the word boundaries are.<br />
<br />
For example:<br><br />
* The word {{ipa|/sɔ.wɛɰ̃t~swɛɰ̃t/}}, meaning “your”, can be written as ''sowen'' or ''swen'' in KLA. The case endings are always written how they are pronounced in Modern Standard Kyawcenni, unlike in Tanswaiy and KMTS, where they are always written the same.<br />
<br />
* The word {{ipa|/ni caɰ̃/}}, meaning “(to) take”, is written phonemically as ''nixang'' in KLA, despite it being pronounced like “nęxam” in Middle Kyawcenni.<br />
<br />
=== Comparison ===<br />
Here is an example sentence in both romanizations:<br />
<br />
'''KMTS:''' lauh dah hę nay nral bweng ne gô pac šô lyu tem dah dya ne su pac lauh dah.<br><br />
'''KLA:''' Lauhdah hę nay nral bwenne gô pac šôlyutemdah dyangsu pac lauhdah.<br><br />
'''IPA:''' {{ipa|[ɮɑ̂χ.daχ hɚ naj njaw bwɛ.nɛ ɤ̯û pás ʂû.ljy.tɛɰ̃p.daχ dʑaɰ̃.θy pás ɮɑ̂χ.daχ]}}<br><br />
'''Gloss:''' look.PAST (sg they) toward behind door.GEN and (reflexive pronoun) like.NOT.PAST it.GEN what (reflexive pronoun) see PAST<br><br />
'''Translation:''' They looked behind the door and didn't like what they saw.<br />
<br />
===Table===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
!Latin<br />
!Middle Kyawcenni<br />
!Condition<br />
!Modern Kyawcenni<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |'''a'''<br />
| rowspan="2" |a<br />
|Normally<br />
|à<br />
|-<br />
|End of syllable<br />
|ə (Standard)<br />
∅ (Marcyland)<br />
|-<br />
|'''ai'''<br />
|ɛː<br />
|<br />
|ɛ́<br />
|-<br />
|'''au'''<br />
|ɔː<br />
|<br />
|ɑ́<br />
|-<br />
|'''b-'''<br />
|b<br />
|<br />
|b<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |'''c'''<br />
| rowspan="2" |ts<br />
|Onset<br />
|s (Standard)<br />
ts (Marcyland)<br />
|-<br />
|Coda<br />
|s (high vowel tone) (Standard)<br />
ts (Marcyland)<br />
|-<br />
|'''cy-'''<br />
|tsj<br />
|<br />
|tɕ<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |'''č'''<br />
| rowspan="2" |tʃ<br />
|Onset<br />
|ʈʂ<br />
|-<br />
|Coda<br />
|ʈʂ (high vowel tone)<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |'''d-'''<br />
| rowspan="2" |d<br />
|Normally<br />
|d<br />
|-<br />
|Intervocalically<br />
|ð<br />
|-<br />
|'''dy'''<br />
|dj<br />
|<br />
|dʑ (Standard)<br />
dʒ (Marcyland)<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |'''e'''<br />
| rowspan="2" |ɛ<br />
|Normally<br />
|ɛ̀<br />
|-<br />
|End of syllable<br />
|ɛ̀ (Standard)<br />
∅ (Marcyland)<br />
|-<br />
|'''ê'''<br />
|eː<br />
|<br />
|ɪ́<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |'''ę, er'''<ref><er> at the beginning of a syllable, <ę> anywhere else</ref><br />
| rowspan="2" |ɚ<br />
|Normally<br />
|ɚ<br />
|-<br />
|Before palatal consonants<br />
|ɘ<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |'''g-'''<br />
| rowspan="2" |ɡ<br />
|Normally<br />
|ɤ̯<br />
|-<br />
|Before /j, w, ɻ/<br />
|ɡ<br />
|-<br />
|'''gy-'''<br />
|ɡj<br />
|<br />
|dʑ<br />
|-<br />
|'''h'''<br />
|χ<br />
|<br />
|χ<br />
|-<br />
|'''i'''<br />
|i<br />
|<br />
|ì<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |'''j'''<br />
|dʒ<br />
|Onset<br />
|ɖʐ<br />
|-<br />
|ʒ<br />
|Coda<br />
|ʂ (low vowel tone)<br />
|-<br />
|'''k-'''<br />
|k<br />
|<br />
|k<br />
|-<br />
|'''ky-'''<br />
|kj<br />
|<br />
|tɕ<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |'''l'''<br />
| rowspan="2" |l<br />
|Onset<br />
|ɮ<br />
|-<br />
|Coda<br />
|w<br />
|-<br />
|'''-li'''<br />
|li<br />
|<br />
|lʲ<br />
|-<br />
|'''ly-'''<br />
|lj<br />
|<br />
|lj<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="4" |'''m'''<br />
| rowspan="4" |m<br />
|Onset<br />
Coda after /j, w, ɻ/<br />
|m<br />
|-<br />
|Coda normally<br />
|ɰ̃<br />
|-<br />
|Coda normally before vowel or /j, w, ɻ/<br />
|ɰ̃m<br />
|-<br />
|Coda before vowel or /j, w, ɻ/ and after /j, w, ɻ/<br />
|mm<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="4" |'''n'''<br />
| rowspan="4" |n<br />
|Onset<br />
Coda after /j, w, ɻ/<br />
|n<br />
|-<br />
|Coda normally<br />
|ɰ̃<br />
|-<br />
|Coda normally before vowel or /j, w, ɻ/<br />
|ɰ̃n<br />
|-<br />
|Coda before vowel or /j, w, ɻ/ and after /j, w, ɻ/<br />
|nn<br />
|-<br />
|'''-ni'''<br />
|ni<br />
|<br />
|nʲ<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="4" |'''-ng'''<br />
| rowspan="4" |ŋ<br />
|Normally<br />
|ɰ̃<br />
|-<br />
|After /j, w, ɻ/<br />
|ŋ<br />
|-<br />
|Coda normally before vowel or /j, w, ɻ/<br />
|ɰ̃ɡ<br />
|-<br />
|Coda before vowel or /j, w, ɻ/ and after /j, w, ɻ/<br />
|ŋɡ<br />
|-<br />
|'''o'''<br />
|ɔ<br />
|<br />
|ɔ̀<br />
|-<br />
|'''ô'''<br />
|oː<br />
|<br />
|ú<br />
|-<br />
|'''p-'''<br />
|p<br />
|<br />
|p<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |'''r'''<br />
| rowspan="2" |ɹ<br />
|Normally<br />
|ɹ<br />
|-<br />
|C_V<br />
|j<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" |'''s'''<br />
| rowspan="3" |s<br />
|Onset<br />
|θ (Standard)<br />
s (Marcyland)<br />
|-<br />
|Before /j, w, ɻ/<br />
|s<br />
|-<br />
|Coda<br />
|θ (high vowel tone) (Standard)<br />
s (high vowel tone) (Marcyland)<br />
|-<br />
|'''sy-'''<br />
|sj<br />
|<br />
|ɕ<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |'''š'''<br />
| rowspan="2" |ʃ<br />
|Onset<br />
|ʂ<br />
|-<br />
|Coda<br />
|ʂ (high vowel tone)<br />
|-<br />
|'''t'''<br />
|t<br />
|<br />
|t<br />
|-<br />
|'''ty-'''<br />
|tj<br />
|<br />
|tɕ (Standard)<br />
tʃ (Marcyland)<br />
|-<br />
|'''u'''<br />
|y<br />
|<br />
|y<br />
|-<br />
|'''w'''<br />
|w<br />
|<br />
|w<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |'''x'''<br />
| rowspan="2" |ç<br />
|Onset<br />
|c<br />
|-<br />
|Coda<br />
|ç<br />
|-<br />
|'''y'''<br />
|j<br />
|<br />
|j<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |'''z'''<br />
|dz<br />
|Onset<br />
|dz<br />
|-<br />
|z<br />
|Coda<br />
|s (low vowel tone)<br />
|-<br />
|'''zy-'''<br />
|dzj<br />
|<br />
|dʑ<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Phonology==<br />
<br />
===Consonants===<br />
<br />
Kyawcenni uses following consonants:<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
! rowspan="2" |<br />
! colspan="2" |Bilabial<br />
! colspan="2" |Dental<br />
! colspan="2" |Alveolar<br />
! colspan="2" |Postalveolar<br />
! colspan="2" |Retroflex<br />
! colspan="2" |Alveolo-Palatal<br />
!Palatal<br />
! colspan="2" |Velar-Uvular<br />
|-<br />
!unv<br />
!v<br />
!unv<br />
!v<br />
!unv<br />
!v<br />
!unv<br />
!v<br />
!unv<br />
!v<br />
!unv<br />
!v<br />
!<br />
!unv<br />
!v<br />
|-<br />
!Plosive<br />
|p<br />
|b<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|t<br />
|d<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|c [c, ç]<br />
|k<br />
|ɡ [ɡ, ɤ̯]<br />
|-<br />
!Nasal<br />
|<br />
|m [m, ɰ̃p, mp]'''⁵'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|n<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|(nʲ)²<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|ɰ̃, (ŋ)<br />
|-<br />
!Fricative<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|(θ)¹<br />
|(ð)¹<br />
|s<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|ʂ<br />
|<br />
|ɕ<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|χ<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!Affricate<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|(ts)¹<br />
|dz<br />
|(tʃ)¹<br />
|(dʒ)¹<br />
|ʈʂ<br />
|ɖʐ<br />
|tɕ<br />
|dʑ<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!Liquid<br />
|<br />
|w<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|ɮ<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|ɻ⁴<br />
|<br />
|lj~lʲ<br />
|j<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
¹ Depends on the dialect. These alveolar and postalveolar affricates only appear in Marcian Kyawcenni, which in turn does not have dental fricatives.<br />
<br />
² Allophonic realization of the sequence /ni/ after vowels<br />
<br />
³ Historically its own phoneme descended from /ŋ/, but can also seen as an allophone of /g/<br />
<br />
⁴ Realized as [ɘ̯] before palatal of palatalized consonants<br />
<br />
For more information on the pronunciation, take a look at the orthography table above.<br />
<br />
===Vowels===<br />
<br />
Kyawcenni uses following vowels:<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
!-<br />
!Front<br />
!Central<br />
!Back<br />
|-<br />
!Close<br />
|i, y<br />
|<br />
|(u)¹<br />
|-<br />
!Near-close<br />
|(ɪ)¹<br />
|(ɚ~ɘ)²<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!Open-mid<br />
|ɛ<br />
|<br />
|ɔ<br />
|-<br />
!Open<br />
|<br />
|a~ə<br />
|(ɑ)¹<br />
|}<br />
¹ [ɪ], [u] and [ɑ] can be treated either as seperate phonemes as allophones of [i], [ɔ] and [ɑ] respectively distinguished by pitch accent. /ɛ/ also has two tonemic realizations.<br />
<br />
² Allophonic realization of the sequence /ɛɻ/ (low tone) or /ɛ̂ɻ/ (high tone); realized as [ɘ] before palatal consonants.<br />
<br />
=== Pitch accent ===<br />
When a vowel with pitch accent (like <ai> /ɛ́/) comes before a consonant with pitch accent (like <z> /s/), these two pitch accents are combined (e.g. <aiz> /ɛ̂s/ vs. <ais> /ɛ́s/, <ez> /ɛ̀s/, <es> /ɛ̌s/). /y/ is a toneless vowel and therefore does not have an inherent pitch accent, but like all vowels, it can still have a tonemic pitch distinction if followed by certain consonants. All the other vowels ''can'' be categorized as only five phonemes with a pitch accent distinction and a slightly different realization, as visualized in the second next table. The low pitch-high pitch distinction evolved from a short-long distinction in middle Kyawcenni.<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+Middle Kyawcenni<br />
!Short<br />
!Long, open<br />
!Long, close<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="3" |<a> /a/<br />
|-<br />
|<e> /ɛ/<br />
|<ai> /ɛː/<br />
|<ê> /eː/<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="3" |<nowiki><i> /i/</nowiki><br />
|-<br />
|<o> /ɔ/<br />
|<au> /ɔː/<br />
|<ô> /oː/<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="3" |<nowiki><u> /y/</nowiki><br />
|}<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+Modern Kyawcenni<br />
!Phoneme<br />
!Low pitch<br />
!High pitch<br />
|-<br />
!/a/<br />
|<a> /à/<br />
|<au> /ɑ́/<br />
|-<br />
!/ɛ/<br />
|<e> /ɛ̀/<br />
|<ai> /ɛ́/<br />
|-<br />
!/i/<br />
|<nowiki><i> /ì/</nowiki><br />
|<ê> /ɪ́/<br />
|-<br />
!/ɔ/<br />
|<o> /ɔ̀/<br />
|<ô> /ú/<br />
|-<br />
!/y/<br />
| colspan="2" |<nowiki><u> /y/</nowiki><br />
|}<br />
The following chart shows how pitch accent (sometimes also called ''tones'') works in Kyawcenni.<br />
<br />
The italicized IPA are the toneless Middle Kyawcenni phonemes. As examples, this chart uses /ɛ/ and one of the listed coda consonants, but the tones apply to any vowel¹.<br />
<br />
KMTS = KMTS Transliteration<br />
<br />
Mid. = Middle Kyawcenni<br />
<br />
MSK = IPA in Modern Standard Kyawcenni<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+Toneme chart<br />
! rowspan="3" |Coda →<br />
Vowel ↓<br />
!KMTS: <c, s, č, š><br />
!<z, j><br />
!<m, n, ng><br />
!<x, h><br />
!<y, w, r><br />
!<br />
|-<br />
!''Mid.: ts, s, tʃ, ʃ''<br />
!''z, ʒ''<br />
!''m, n, ŋ''<br />
!''ç, χ''<br />
!''j, w, ɹ''<br />
!''∅''<br />
|-<br />
!MSK: ts, s, ʈʂ, ʂ<br />
!s, ʂ<br />
!ɰ̃p, ɰ̃t, ɰ̃<br />
!ç, χ<br />
!j, w, ɻ<br />
!∅<br />
|-<br />
|'''KMTS: <a, e, ę, o, i, u>'''<br />
|<ec><br />
|<ez><br />
|<eng><br />
|<ex><br />
|<ey><br />
|<e><br />
|-<br />
|'''''Mid.: a, ɛ, (ɚ), ɔ, i, y'''''<br />
|''ɛs''<br />
|''ɛs''<br />
|''ɛŋ''<br />
|''ɛç''<br />
|''ɛj''<br />
|''ɛ''<br />
|-<br />
|'''MSK: a, ɛ, (ɚ), ɔ, i, y¹'''<br />
|ɛs˩˥<br />
|ɛs˩<br />
|ɛɰ̃¹<br />
|ɛç¹<br />
|ɛj¹<br />
|ɛ¹<br />
|-<br />
|'''KMTS: <au, ai, ę, ê, ô>'''<br />
|<aic><br />
|<aiz><br />
|<aing><br />
|<aix><br />
|<aiy><br />
|<ai><br />
|-<br />
|'''''Mid.: ɔː, ɛː, (ɚ), eː, oː'''''<br />
|''ɛ'''ː'''ts''<br />
|''ɛ'''ː'''z''<br />
|''ɛːŋ''<br />
|''ɛ'''ː'''ç''<br />
|''ɛ'''ː'''j''<br />
|''ɛ'''ː'''''<br />
|-<br />
|'''MSK: ɑ, ɛ, (ɚ), ɪ, u'''<br />
|ɛs˥<br />
|ɛs˥˩<br />
|ɛɰ̃˥˩<br />
|ɛç˥˩<br />
|ɛj˥˩<br />
|ɛ˥˩<br />
|}<br />
¹ Toneless vowel: The tone can vary, but it usually contrasts the tone of the previous syllable. In a sequence of toneless syllables, the tone tends to drop. /y/ does not have an inherent pitch accent.<br />
<br />
==Phonotactics==<br />
''See also: [[Middle Kyawcenni#Phonotactics]]''<br />
<br />
Excluding vowels, a syllable can start with the following consonants:<br><br />
p b t d m n (θ) s (ts) dz ɮ lj ʃ tʃ dʒ c k χ ɡ j w ɻ<br><br />
Excluding vowels, a syllable can end in the following consonants:<br><br />
m n nʲ (θ) s (ts) z ʃ tʃ ʒ lʲ ç χ ŋ j w ɻ<br><br />
If none of them appear directly before or after each other, following consonants can be used between consonant and vowel:<br><br />
j w ɻ<br><br />
/w/ cannot appear after affricates<br><br />
A syllable can also begin with vowels, but it cannot begin with:<br><br />
y i<br><br />
/ɻ/ or /ɚ/ next to /ɮ/ or /lj/ is not possible in the same syllable<br><br />
/j, w, ɻ/ cannot appear directly after affricates (including <c> /(t)s/), /c/ or postalveolar and retroflex consonants in the same syllable<br><br />
[ɻ] and [ɚ] cannot appear in the same syllable<br><br />
<er> at the beginning of a syllable is pronounced as /ɚ/. <ę> cannot appear at the beginning of a syllable. <air> at the beginning of a syllable is pronounced as /ɛ́ɻ/.<br />
<br />
==Evolution from Middle Kyawcenni==<br />
''For now, please look at the orthography section for this''<br />
<br />
== Syntax ==<br />
The Syntax of Kyawcenni follows VSO word order, but it can be modified to an SVO word order by adding the particle ''em'' between the subject and the verb.<br />
Adjectives appear after the noun they modify. Prepositions appear before the noun and are used with the Genitive-Dative case, except for ''ar'' (“in, inside”) which comes after and uses the Nominative case:<br />
<br />
Example:<br><br />
cow = can; bęč = go/walk; aung = I (formal/non-binary); nay = to/towards; yi ja = Yija; ne = ''Gen-Dat case particle''; ar = in/inside<br><br />
* I can go to Yija = cow bęč aung nay yi ja ne<br />
* I am in Yija = aung yi ja ar<br />
* I was in Yija = dah aung yi ja ar<br />
<br />
== Morphology ==<br />
Kyawcenni words sometimes consist of the first syllable of one word, followed by another word:<br><br />
''jong yi tę nar = Ætérnalism''<br><br />
(First syllable of jong gyaw = religion + yi tę nar = Ætérnal)<br />
<br />
=== Pronouns ===<br />
There are several pronouns in Kyawcenni whose use depends on formality and gender identity.<br />
In order to show possession of something, that something is followed by a pronoun in Gen-Dat case:<br />
<br />
Example:<br><br />
tan tal = paper; aung = I (formal/non-binary); ne = ''Gen-Dat particle''<br><br />
My paper = tan tal aung ne<br />
<br />
====First person personal pronouns====<br />
There are three first person personal pronouns in Kyawcenni:<br />
* yi (feminine, informal)<br />
* hę (masculine, informal)<br />
* aung (formal or non-binary informal)<br />
<br />
==== Second person personal pronouns ====<br />
There are three second person personal pronouns in Kyawcenni:<br />
* šo (informal, singular)<br />
* sow (informal, plural)<br />
* no ri (formal)<br />
<br />
When declined, the pronoun ''šo'' uses the declensions of ''sow'':<br />
* KMTS: Gen-Dat: sow ne, Acc: sow ni, Voc: sow ne!<br />
* KLA: Gen-Dat: sowen/swen, Acc: sowni, Voc: sowne!<br />
<br />
There is also the “hyperformal” pronoun ''san'', but nowadays it is only used in ceremonial contexts or when addressing a monarch.<br />
<br />
==== Third person personal pronouns ====<br />
Kyawcenni has two third person personal pronouns:<br />
* dya (singular)<br />
* dya pay (plural)<br />
<br />
==== Reflexive pronouns ====<br />
Kyawcenni has three reflexive pronouns:<br />
* pac (singular)<br />
* pa pay (plural)<br />
* pa ri (formal)<br />
<br />
In formal contexts, ''pa ri'' is only used if it references the person(s) that is/are being talked to, not if they reference a third person.<br />
<br />
Example:<br><br />
sang = have; no ri = you (formal); nuz ni = time (Acc); pa ri ne = ''reflexive pronoun'' (formal, Gen-Dat)<br><br />
<br />
* ''(formal)'' You have your time = sang no ri nuz ni pa ri ne<br />
<br />
=== Nouns ===<br />
==== Case ====<br />
Kyawcenni has four cases in total: <br />
Nominative<br />
Genitive-Dative<br />
Accusative<br />
Vocative<br />
<br />
===== Nominative =====<br />
The Nominative (Nom) case doesn’t have any ending, not sure what else to say here:<br><br />
KMTS: ''cun, bwis, bim, awč, kyaw, na wiy, ge šeng, en ka wa, boc wau na, yi kow, hwey''<br><br />
KLA: ''cun, bwis, bim, asč, kyaw, nawiy, gešeng, Enkawa, Bocwauna, Yikow, hwey''<br><br />
IPA: {{ipa|/syɰ̃t, bwǐs, biɰ̃p, awtʃ, tɕaw, na.wij, gɛ.ʂɛɰ̃, ɛɰ̃t.ka.wə, bɔs.wɑ̂.nə, ji.kɔw, χwɛj/}}<br><br />
<br />
===== Genitive-Dative =====<br />
The Genitive-Dative (Gen-Dat) case is used for indirect objects and after prepositions. It is formed by adding either [nɛ], [mɛ/, [ɛ], or [ɛɰ̃t] (always written as <ne> in KMTS) after the noun.<br><br />
<br />
* After most consonants, /ɛɰ̃t/ (written as <ne> in KMTS and <en> in KLA) is added. That consonant then becomes the onset of the syllable after. The tone changes accordingly.<br><br />
'''KMTS:''' ''bwis ne, awč ne, kyaw ne, na wiy ne''<br><br />
'''KLA:''' ''bwisen, awčen, kyawen, nawiyen''<br><br />
'''IPA:''' {{ipa|[bwi.sɛɰ̃t, aw.tʃɛɰ̃t, tɕa.wɛɰ̃t, na.wi.jɛɰ̃t]}}<br><br />
<br />
* Except for syllables ending in /-ɰ̃t/ <n> or /-ɰ̃/ <ng>, for which /nɛ/ (written as <ne> in both KMTS and KLA) is added. Phonetically, the nasal endings are replaced with /nɛ/. This is reflected in the KLA spelling by writing the nasal consonant as <nn>.<br />
'''KMTS:''' ''cen ne, ge šeng ne''<br><br />
'''KLA:''' ''cenne, gešenne''<br><br />
'''IPA:''' {{ipa|[sɛ.nɛ, gɛ.ʂɛ.nɛ]}}<br><br />
<br />
* For syllables ending in a vowel, /nɛ/ (written as <ne> in both KMTS and KLA) is added:<br />
'''KMTS:''' ''en ka wa ne''<br><br />
'''KLA:''' ''Enkawane''<br><br />
'''IPA:''' {{ipa|[ɛɰ̃t.ka.wa.nɛ]}}<br><br />
<br />
* For syllables ending in /ɰ̃p/ <m>, /mɛ/ (written as <ne> in KMTS and <me> in KLA) is added. The /mɛ/ thereby replaces the /-ɰ̃p/:<br><br />
'''KMTS:''' ''bim ne''<br><br />
'''KLA:''' ''bimme''<br><br />
'''IPA:''' {{ipa|[bi.mɛ]}}<br><br />
<br />
* For words ending in n(V), that syllable is replaced with /nɛ/ (written as <ne> in both KMTS and KLA):<br><br />
'''KMTS:''' ''boc wau ne''<br><br />
'''KLA:''' ''Bocwaune''<br><br />
'''IPA:''' {{ipa|[bɔs.wɑ̂.nɛ]}}<br><br />
<br />
* And for some geographic names ending in /-w/ and /-j/, just /ɛ/ is added (written as <ne> in KMTS and <e> in KLA):<br><br />
'''KMTS:''' ''yi kow ne, hwey ne''<br><br />
'''KLA:''' ''Yikowe, Hweye''<br><br />
'''IPA:''' {{ipa|[ji.ko.wɛ, χwɛ.jɛ]}}<br><br />
<br />
===== Accusative =====<br />
The Accusative (Acc) case is used for direct objects. It is formed by adding [ni], [nʲ], [ɡi] or [i] (always written as <ni> in KMTS) after the noun.<br><br />
* After words ending in /-ɰ̃/ <-ng>, /ɡi/ is added (written as <ni> in KMTS and <gi> in KLA):<br><br />
'''KMTS:''' ''ge šeng ni''<br><br />
'''KLA:''' ''gešenggi''<br><br />
'''IPA:''' {{ipa|[ɤ̯ɛ.ʂɛɰ̃.ɤ̯i]}}<br><br />
<br />
* After words ending in /-w/ <-w> or /-j/ <-y>, /i/ is added to the last consonant (written as <ni> in KMTS and <-i> in KLA):<br><br />
'''KMTS:''' ''kyaw ni, na wiy ni''<br><br />
'''KLA:''' ''kyawni, nawiyi''<br><br />
'''IPA:''' {{ipa|[tɕa.wi, na.wi.ji]}}<br><br />
<br />
* After words ending in /-ɰ̃t/ <-n>, the /-ɰ̃t/ is omitted and /ni/ is added (written as <ni> in both KMTS and KLA). Phonetically, the nasal ending is replaced with /ni/ (realized as [nʲ] after vowels) This is reflected in the KLA spelling by writing the nasal consonant as <nn>.<br><br />
'''KMTS:''' ''cun ni''<br><br />
'''KLA:''' ''cunni''<br><br />
'''IPA:''' {{ipa|[synʲ]}}<br><br />
<br />
* After words ending in /na/ <na>, that syllable is replaced with /ni/ <ni> (realized as [nʲ] after vowels). This is reflected in the KLA spelling by writing the nasal consonant as <nn>. In the KMTS spelling, the <na> ending persists.<br><br />
'''KMTS:''' ''boc wau na ni''<br><br />
'''KLA:''' ''Bocwaunni''<br><br />
'''IPA:''' {{ipa|[bɔ́s.wɑ̂nʲ]}}<br><br />
<br />
* In all other cases, the Accusative case is formed by adding /ni/ <ni>, (realized as [nʲ] after vowels).<br><br />
'''KMTS:''' ''bwis ni, bim ni, awč ni, en ka wa ni''<br><br />
'''KLA:''' ''bwisni, bimni, awčni, Enkawani''<br><br />
'''IPA:''' {{ipa|[bwís.ni, biɰ̃p.ni, áwtʃ.ni, eɰ̃t.ka.wanʲ]}}<br><br />
<br />
===== Vocative =====<br />
The Vocative (Voc) case is used to address a person directly. It is formed by adding either /nɛ/, /ɡɛ/, or /ɛ/ (always written as <ne> in KMTS) after the noun. In order to distinguish it from the Genitive-Dative case, an exclamation mark is always written after the noun.<br><br />
* After words ending in /-ɰ̃/ <-ng>, /ɡɛ/ is added (written as <ne> in KMTS and <ge> in KLA):<br><br />
'''KMTS:''' ''ge šeng ne!''<br><br />
'''KLA:''' ''gešengge!''<br><br />
'''IPA:''' {{ipa|[ɤ̯ɛ.ʂɛɰ̃.ɤ̯ɛ]}}<br><br />
<br />
* After words ending in /-w/ <-w> or /-j/ <-y>, /i/ is added to the last consonant (written as <ni> in KMTS and <-i> in KLA):<br><br />
'''KMTS:''' ''kyaw ne!, na wiy ne!''<br><br />
'''KLA:''' ''kyawne!, nawiye!''<br><br />
'''IPA:''' {{ipa|[tɕa.wɛ, na.wi.jɛ]}}<br><br />
<br />
* After words ending in /-ɰ̃t/ <-n>, the /-ɰ̃t/ is omitted and /nɛ/ is added (written as <ne> in both KMTS and KLA). Phonetically, the nasal ending is replaced with /nɛ/ This is reflected in the KLA spelling by writing the nasal consonant as <nn>.<br><br />
'''KMTS:''' ''cun ne!''<br><br />
'''KLA:''' ''cunne!''<br><br />
'''IPA:''' {{ipa|[sy.nɛ]}}<br><br />
<br />
* After words ending in /na/ <na>, that syllable is replaced with /nɛ/ <ne>. This is reflected in the KLA spelling by writing the nasal consonant as <nn>. In the KMTS spelling, the <na> ending persists.<br><br />
'''KMTS:''' ''boc waun na ne!''<br><br />
'''KLA:''' ''Bocwaunne!''<br><br />
'''IPA:''' {{ipa|[bɔ́s.wɑ̂.nɛ]}}<br><br />
<br />
* In all other cases, the Vocative case is formed by adding <ne>.<br><br />
'''KMTS:''' ''bwis ne!, bim ne!, awč ne!, en ka wa ne!''<br><br />
'''KLA:''' ''bwisne!, bimne!, awčne!, Enkawane!''<br><br />
'''IPA:''' {{ipa|[bwís.nɛ, biɰ́p.nɛ, áwtʃ.nɛ, eɰ̃t.ka.wa.nɛ]}}<br><br />
<br />
===Verbs===<br />
There are five particles that can be added to verbs in the following order:<br />
<br />
''ben zang'' x = x calculates<br><br />
<br />
* '''Negation:''' <kem> after <h> and <ng>, <tem> everywhere else<br />
** ''ben zang'' → ''ben zang kem'' x = x doesn't calculate<br><br />
* '''Assumption:''' <si><br />
** ''ben zang'' → ''ben zang si'' x = Apparently, x calculates<br><br />
* '''Subjunctive:''' <ga><br />
** ''ben zang'' → ''ben zang ga'' x = x would calculate<br><br />
* '''Past:''' <dah><br />
** ''ben zang'' → ''ben zang dah'' x = x calculated<br />
* '''Future:''' <yoj><br />
** ''ben zang'' → ''ben zang yoj'' x = x will calculate<br />
<br />
Those can also be combined:<br><br />
* ''benzang'' → ''ben zang kem si ga dah x'' ≈ Apparently, x would not have calculated<br />
<br />
Combining the past and future particle results in the future perfect:<br><br />
* ''benzang'' → ''ben zang dah yoj x'' ≈ x will have calculated<br />
<br />
In KLA romanization, these particles are attached to the verb directly without a space.<br />
<br />
Exceptions:<br />
There are a few exceptions for verbs that don’t just add suffixes, but change their stem:<br><br />
''bęč'' (walk) → ''bih'' in Past tense, not ''bęč dah''<br />
<br />
The copula is unwritten. When talking about an event in the past or the future for example, the past and future particles are used respectively:<br />
<br />
yi = I (female), cu tau = quing<br><br />
* I am the quing: ''aung cu tau''<br />
* I was the quing: ''tem aung cu tau''<br />
* I will be the quing: ''yoj aung cu tau''<br />
<br />
===Adjectives===<br />
For comparatives, you just double the last syllable of the adjective:<br />
<br />
'''paš''' (good) → '''paš paš''' (better)<br />
<br />
The object being compared to is in dative case:<br />
<br />
xin = bread<br><br />
* ''paš paš xin ne'' = better than bread<br />
<br />
If something is being compared to a clause, ''nay'' is used:<br />
<br />
cow = can, lauh = see, yi = I<br />
* ''paš paš nay cow lauh aung'' = better than i can see<br />
<br />
For superlatives, you just add the word for “all” in genitive case (KMTS: ''naj ne'', KLA: ''najen'') after the adjective.<br />
<br />
'''paš''' (good) → '''paš naj ne''' (best)<br />
<br />
==Vocabulary==<br />
''For a list of Kyawcenni words, take a look at [https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1t5nXo_04TuHrZApzPe1JpQodxBx6CoWc3nXqNRbMPyI/edit?usp=sharing the spreadsheet]''<br />
<br />
==Footnotes==<br />
<br />
[[Category:Language]]<br />
[[Category:Kyaw Cen]]</div>Sheikahhttps://mc.nguh.org/w/index.php?title=Kyawcenni&diff=41913Kyawcenni2026-07-23T21:28:08Z<p>Sheikah: /* Pitch accent */</p>
<hr />
<div>''This article is about the language. For the people, see [[Kyawcenni people]].''<br><br><br />
{{Infobox language<br />
|name=Kyawcenni<br />
|family=[[Sheikan languages|Sheikan]], [[Kyawcennic]]<br />
|early-forms=[[Middle Kyawcenni]]<br />
|scripts=[[Tanswaiy]], sometimes [[Latin alphabet|Latin]]<br />
|country=[[Kingdom of Kyaw Cen]]<br />
|regulator=Government of [[Kyaw Cen]]<br />
|demonym=Kyawcenni<br />
|usage=Government language<br />
|lang-code=KYC<br />
}}<br />
[[File:Kyawcenni-language.png|thumb|alt=Distribution of the Kyawcenni language|Distribution of the Kyawcenni language]]<br />
'''Kyawcenni''' {{ipa|/kjɒˈsɛn.ni/}} (Kyawcenni: {{script|script=tanswaiy|t=}}, [[KMTS]]: ''bôc kyaw cen ne'', [[KLA]]: ''bôc Kyawcenne'' {{ipa|/bûs tɕaw.sɛ.nɛ/}}<ref>* Middle Kyawcenni: {{ipa|/boːts ˈkjaw.tsɛn.nɛ/}}<br>* Standard Kyawcenni: {{ipa|[bûs tɕaw.sɛ.nɛ]}}<br>* Marcian Kyawcenni: {{ipa|[bûts tɕaw.tsɛ.nɛ]}}</ref>) is an analytic language spoken by [[Kyawcenni people|Kyawcennis]] in the [[Kingdom of Kyaw Cen]] and usually written in [[Tanswaiy]]. Its early speakers originated from [[Marcyland]], but it is now also spoken in the [[Kyawcenni archipelago]] and most of [[Shingtsun]].<br />
<br />
===History===<br />
Kyawcenni descends from the [[Sheikah language]] spoken in [[Marcyland]] before the migration to the [[Isles of Silly]] in late 2023. This later developed into Middle Kyawcenni, and later Modern Standard Kyawcenni, which is the variety of the language this article describes.<br />
<br />
== Orthography ==<br />
Kyawcenni officially uses the [[Tanswaiy]] script, but sometimes the [[Latin alphabet]] is used if Tanswaiy is unavailable. The Tanswaiy spelling is based on [[Middle Kyawcenni]].<br />
<br />
There are two official romanization methods for Tanswaiy: the Kyawcenni Morphological Transliteration System (KMTS) and the Kyawcenni Latin Alphabet (KLA). Unless specified otherwise, this article uses KMTS. When writing Kyawcenni in the Latin alphabet, both Romanization methods are commonly used or even mixed in informal contexts.<br />
<br />
=== Tanswaiy ===<br />
{{Note|Main article: [[Tanswaiy]]}}<br />
''Tanswaiy'' is the standard writing system of the Kyawcenni language. The orthography uses the Kyawcenni abugida alongside logographs.<br />
<br />
=== KMTS ===<br />
The '''Kyawcenni Morphological Transliteration System''' ('''KMTS''') is a literal transliteration system of the Tanswaiy script. Therefore, like in Tanswaiy, the spelling sometimes reflects the individual morphemes, rather than the pronunciation, and is based on Middle Kyawcenni. Foreign proper names written in the Latin alphabet need to be transcribed to match Kyawcenni phonotactics (e.g. Agma eats = ''lur sem ang ma''). In KMTS, every syllable is separated by a space.<br />
<br />
For example:<br><br />
* The word {{ipa|/sɔ.wɛɰ̃t~swɛɰ̃t/}}, meaning “your”, is written as ''sow ne'' in KMTS, because it was pronounced as {{ipa|/sɔw.nɛ/}} in Middle Kyawcenni and consists of the morphemes ''sow'' (“you”) and the genitive ending ''ne''. The genitive ending is always written as ''ne'' in KMTS, no matter how it's pronounced.<br />
<br />
* The word {{ipa|/ni caɰ̃/}}, meaning “(to) take”, is written as ''nę xam'' in KMTS, because it was pronounced as {{ipa|/ˈnɚ.çam/}} in Middle Kyawcenni. The modern pronunciation is irregular, but the spelling remains unchanged.<br />
<br />
=== KLA ===<br />
The '''Kyawcenni Latin Alphabet''' ('''KLA''') is an orthography for the Kyawcenni language that reflects the pronunciation of the words. The individual letters used are the same as in KMTS (also based on the Middle Kyawcenni spelling), but the spelling is regular and based on the modern pronunciation of the words. Foreign proper names written in the Latin alphabet are not transcribed in KLA (e.g. Agma eats = ''Lursem Agma''). In KLA, every word is separated by a space. As a result, it is sometimes not clear whether a consonant is a part of an onset or a coda (e.g. ''yo-lyu'' {{ipa|/jɔ ljy/}} vs. ''yol-yu'' {{ipa|/jɔw jy/}}), but when translating a text from Kyawcenni, a given KLA transcription can help you find out where the word boundaries are.<br />
<br />
For example:<br><br />
* The word {{ipa|/sɔ.wɛɰ̃t~swɛɰ̃t/}}, meaning “your”, can be written as ''sowen'' or ''swen'' in KLA. The case endings are always written how they are pronounced in Modern Standard Kyawcenni, unlike in Tanswaiy and KMTS, where they are always written the same.<br />
<br />
* The word {{ipa|/ni caɰ̃/}}, meaning “(to) take”, is written phonemically as ''nixang'' in KLA, despite it being pronounced like “nęxam” in Middle Kyawcenni.<br />
<br />
=== Comparison ===<br />
Here is an example sentence in both romanizations:<br />
<br />
'''KMTS:''' lauh dah hę nay nral bweng ne gô pac šô lyu tem dah dya ne su pac lauh dah.<br><br />
'''KLA:''' Lauhdah hę nay nral bwenne gô pac šôlyutemdah dyangsu pac lauhdah.<br><br />
'''IPA:''' {{ipa|[ɮɑ̂χ.daχ hɚ naj njaw bwɛ.nɛ ɤ̯û pás ʂû.ljy.tɛɰ̃p.daχ dʑaɰ̃.θy pás ɮɑ̂χ.daχ]}}<br><br />
'''Gloss:''' look.PAST (sg they) toward behind door.GEN and (reflexive pronoun) like.NOT.PAST it.GEN what (reflexive pronoun) see PAST<br><br />
'''Translation:''' They looked behind the door and didn't like what they saw.<br />
<br />
===Table===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
!Latin<br />
!Middle Kyawcenni<br />
!Condition<br />
!Modern Kyawcenni<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |'''a'''<br />
| rowspan="2" |a<br />
|Normally<br />
|à<br />
|-<br />
|End of syllable<br />
|ə (Standard)<br />
∅ (Marcyland)<br />
|-<br />
|'''ai'''<br />
|ɛː<br />
|<br />
|ɛ́<br />
|-<br />
|'''au'''<br />
|ɔː<br />
|<br />
|ɑ́<br />
|-<br />
|'''b-'''<br />
|b<br />
|<br />
|b<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |'''c'''<br />
| rowspan="2" |ts<br />
|Onset<br />
|s (Standard)<br />
ts (Marcyland)<br />
|-<br />
|Coda<br />
|s (high vowel tone) (Standard)<br />
ts (Marcyland)<br />
|-<br />
|'''cy-'''<br />
|tsj<br />
|<br />
|tɕ<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |'''č'''<br />
| rowspan="2" |tʃ<br />
|Onset<br />
|ʈʂ<br />
|-<br />
|Coda<br />
|ʈʂ (high vowel tone)<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |'''d-'''<br />
| rowspan="2" |d<br />
|Normally<br />
|d<br />
|-<br />
|Intervocalically<br />
|ð<br />
|-<br />
|'''dy'''<br />
|dj<br />
|<br />
|dʑ (Standard)<br />
dʒ (Marcyland)<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |'''e'''<br />
| rowspan="2" |ɛ<br />
|Normally<br />
|ɛ̀<br />
|-<br />
|End of syllable<br />
|ɛ̀ (Standard)<br />
∅ (Marcyland)<br />
|-<br />
|'''ê'''<br />
|eː<br />
|<br />
|ɪ́<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |'''ę, er'''<ref><er> at the beginning of a syllable, <ę> anywhere else</ref><br />
| rowspan="2" |ɚ<br />
|Normally<br />
|ɚ<br />
|-<br />
|Before palatal consonants<br />
|ɘ<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |'''g-'''<br />
| rowspan="2" |ɡ<br />
|Normally<br />
|ɤ̯<br />
|-<br />
|Before /j, w, ɻ/<br />
|ɡ<br />
|-<br />
|'''gy-'''<br />
|ɡj<br />
|<br />
|dʑ<br />
|-<br />
|'''h'''<br />
|χ<br />
|<br />
|χ<br />
|-<br />
|'''i'''<br />
|i<br />
|<br />
|ì<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |'''j'''<br />
|dʒ<br />
|Onset<br />
|ɖʐ<br />
|-<br />
|ʒ<br />
|Coda<br />
|ʂ (low vowel tone)<br />
|-<br />
|'''k-'''<br />
|k<br />
|<br />
|k<br />
|-<br />
|'''ky-'''<br />
|kj<br />
|<br />
|tɕ<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |'''l'''<br />
| rowspan="2" |l<br />
|Onset<br />
|ɮ<br />
|-<br />
|Coda<br />
|w<br />
|-<br />
|'''-li'''<br />
|li<br />
|<br />
|lʲ<br />
|-<br />
|'''ly-'''<br />
|lj<br />
|<br />
|lj<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="4" |'''m'''<br />
| rowspan="4" |m<br />
|Onset<br />
Coda after /j, w, ɻ/<br />
|m<br />
|-<br />
|Coda normally<br />
|ɰ̃<br />
|-<br />
|Coda normally before vowel or /j, w, ɻ/<br />
|ɰ̃m<br />
|-<br />
|Coda before vowel or /j, w, ɻ/ and after /j, w, ɻ/<br />
|mm<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="4" |'''n'''<br />
| rowspan="4" |n<br />
|Onset<br />
Coda after /j, w, ɻ/<br />
|n<br />
|-<br />
|Coda normally<br />
|ɰ̃<br />
|-<br />
|Coda normally before vowel or /j, w, ɻ/<br />
|ɰ̃n<br />
|-<br />
|Coda before vowel or /j, w, ɻ/ and after /j, w, ɻ/<br />
|nn<br />
|-<br />
|'''-ni'''<br />
|ni<br />
|<br />
|nʲ<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="4" |'''-ng'''<br />
| rowspan="4" |ŋ<br />
|Normally<br />
|ɰ̃<br />
|-<br />
|After /j, w, ɻ/<br />
|ŋ<br />
|-<br />
|Coda normally before vowel or /j, w, ɻ/<br />
|ɰ̃ɡ<br />
|-<br />
|Coda before vowel or /j, w, ɻ/ and after /j, w, ɻ/<br />
|ŋɡ<br />
|-<br />
|'''o'''<br />
|ɔ<br />
|<br />
|ɔ̀<br />
|-<br />
|'''ô'''<br />
|oː<br />
|<br />
|ú<br />
|-<br />
|'''p-'''<br />
|p<br />
|<br />
|p<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |'''r'''<br />
| rowspan="2" |ɹ<br />
|Normally<br />
|ɹ<br />
|-<br />
|C_V<br />
|j<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" |'''s'''<br />
| rowspan="3" |s<br />
|Onset<br />
|θ (Standard)<br />
s (Marcyland)<br />
|-<br />
|Before /j, w, ɻ/<br />
|s<br />
|-<br />
|Coda<br />
|θ (high vowel tone) (Standard)<br />
s (high vowel tone) (Marcyland)<br />
|-<br />
|'''sy-'''<br />
|sj<br />
|<br />
|ɕ<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |'''š'''<br />
| rowspan="2" |ʃ<br />
|Onset<br />
|ʂ<br />
|-<br />
|Coda<br />
|ʂ (high vowel tone)<br />
|-<br />
|'''t'''<br />
|t<br />
|<br />
|t<br />
|-<br />
|'''ty-'''<br />
|tj<br />
|<br />
|tɕ (Standard)<br />
tʃ (Marcyland)<br />
|-<br />
|'''u'''<br />
|y<br />
|<br />
|y<br />
|-<br />
|'''w'''<br />
|w<br />
|<br />
|w<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |'''x'''<br />
| rowspan="2" |ç<br />
|Onset<br />
|c<br />
|-<br />
|Coda<br />
|ç<br />
|-<br />
|'''y'''<br />
|j<br />
|<br />
|j<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |'''z'''<br />
|dz<br />
|Onset<br />
|dz<br />
|-<br />
|z<br />
|Coda<br />
|s (low vowel tone)<br />
|-<br />
|'''zy-'''<br />
|dzj<br />
|<br />
|dʑ<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Phonology==<br />
<br />
===Consonants===<br />
<br />
Kyawcenni uses following consonants:<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
! rowspan="2" |<br />
! colspan="2" |Bilabial<br />
! colspan="2" |Dental<br />
! colspan="2" |Alveolar<br />
! colspan="2" |Postalveolar<br />
! colspan="2" |Retroflex<br />
! colspan="2" |Alveolo-Palatal<br />
!Palatal<br />
! colspan="2" |Velar-Uvular<br />
|-<br />
!unv<br />
!v<br />
!unv<br />
!v<br />
!unv<br />
!v<br />
!unv<br />
!v<br />
!unv<br />
!v<br />
!unv<br />
!v<br />
!<br />
!unv<br />
!v<br />
|-<br />
!Plosive<br />
|p<br />
|b<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|t<br />
|d<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|c [c, ç]<br />
|k<br />
|ɡ [ɡ, ɤ̯]<br />
|-<br />
!Nasal<br />
|<br />
|m [m, ɰ̃p, mp]'''⁵'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|n<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|(nʲ)²<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|ɰ̃, (ŋ)<br />
|-<br />
!Fricative<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|(θ)¹<br />
|(ð)¹<br />
|s<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|ʂ<br />
|<br />
|ɕ<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|χ<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!Affricate<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|(ts)¹<br />
|dz<br />
|(tʃ)¹<br />
|(dʒ)¹<br />
|ʈʂ<br />
|ɖʐ<br />
|tɕ<br />
|dʑ<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!Liquid<br />
|<br />
|w<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|ɮ<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|ɻ⁴<br />
|<br />
|lj~lʲ<br />
|j<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
¹ Depends on the dialect. These alveolar and postalveolar affricates only appear in Marcian Kyawcenni, which in turn does not have dental fricatives.<br />
<br />
² Allophonic realization of the sequence /ni/ after vowels<br />
<br />
³ Historically its own phoneme descended from /ŋ/, but can also seen as an allophone of /g/<br />
<br />
⁴ Realized as [ɘ̯] before palatal of palatalized consonants<br />
<br />
For more information on the pronunciation, take a look at the orthography table above.<br />
<br />
===Vowels===<br />
<br />
Kyawcenni uses following vowels:<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
!-<br />
!Front<br />
!Central<br />
!Back<br />
|-<br />
!Close<br />
|i, y<br />
|<br />
|(u)¹<br />
|-<br />
!Near-close<br />
|(ɪ)¹<br />
|(ɚ~ɘ)²<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!Open-mid<br />
|ɛ<br />
|<br />
|ɔ<br />
|-<br />
!Open<br />
|<br />
|a~ə<br />
|(ɑ)¹<br />
|}<br />
¹ [ɪ], [u] and [ɑ] can be treated either as seperate phonemes as allophones of [i], [ɔ] and [ɑ] respectively distinguished by pitch accent. /ɛ/ also has two tonemic realizations.<br />
<br />
² Allophonic realization of the sequence /ɛɻ/ (low tone) or /ɛ̂ɻ/ (high tone); realized as [ɘ] before palatal consonants.<br />
<br />
=== Pitch accent ===<br />
When a vowel with pitch accent (like <ai> /ɛ́/) comes before a consonant with pitch accent (like <z> /s/), these two pitch accents are combined (e.g. <aiz> /ɛ̂s/ vs. <ais> /ɛ́s/, <ez> /ɛ̀s/, <es> /ɛ̌s/). /y/ is a toneless vowel and therefore does not have an inherent pitch accent, but like all vowels, it can still have a tonemic pitch distinction if followed by certain consonants. All the other vowels ''can'' be categorized as only five phonemes with a pitch accent distinction and a slightly different realization, like in the following tables. The low pitch-high pitch distinction evolved from a short-long distinction in middle Kyawcenni.<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+Middle Kyawcenni<br />
!Short<br />
!Long, open<br />
!Long, close<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="3" |<a> /a/<br />
|-<br />
|<e> /ɛ/<br />
|<ai> /ɛː/<br />
|<ê> /eː/<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="3" |<nowiki><i> /i/</nowiki><br />
|-<br />
|<o> /ɔ/<br />
|<au> /ɔː/<br />
|<ô> /oː/<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="3" |<nowiki><u> /y/</nowiki><br />
|}<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+Modern Kyawcenni<br />
!Phoneme<br />
!Low pitch<br />
!High pitch<br />
|-<br />
!/a/<br />
|<a> /à/<br />
|<au> /ɑ́/<br />
|-<br />
!/ɛ/<br />
|<e> /ɛ̀/<br />
|<ai> /ɛ́/<br />
|-<br />
!/i/<br />
|<nowiki><i> /ì/</nowiki><br />
|<ê> /ɪ́/<br />
|-<br />
!/ɔ/<br />
|<o> /ɔ̀/<br />
|<ô> /ú/<br />
|-<br />
!/y/<br />
| colspan="2" |<nowiki><u> /y/</nowiki><br />
|}<br />
The following chart shows how pitch accent (sometimes also called ''tones'') works in Kyawcenni.<br />
<br />
The italicized IPA are the toneless Middle Kyawcenni phonemes. As examples, this chart uses /ɛ/ and one of the listed coda consonants, but the tones apply to any vowel¹.<br />
<br />
KMTS = KMTS Transliteration<br />
<br />
Mid. = Middle Kyawcenni<br />
<br />
MSK = IPA in Modern Standard Kyawcenni<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+Toneme chart<br />
! rowspan="3" |Coda →<br />
Vowel ↓<br />
!KMTS: <c, s, č, š><br />
!<z, j><br />
!<m, n, ng><br />
!<x, h><br />
!<y, w, r><br />
!<br />
|-<br />
!''Mid.: ts, s, tʃ, ʃ''<br />
!''z, ʒ''<br />
!''m, n, ŋ''<br />
!''ç, χ''<br />
!''j, w, ɹ''<br />
!''∅''<br />
|-<br />
!MSK: ts, s, ʈʂ, ʂ<br />
!s, ʂ<br />
!ɰ̃p, ɰ̃t, ɰ̃<br />
!ç, χ<br />
!j, w, ɻ<br />
!∅<br />
|-<br />
|'''KMTS: <a, e, ę, o, i, u>'''<br />
|<ec><br />
|<ez><br />
|<eng><br />
|<ex><br />
|<ey><br />
|<e><br />
|-<br />
|'''''Mid.: a, ɛ, (ɚ), ɔ, i, y'''''<br />
|''ɛs''<br />
|''ɛs''<br />
|''ɛŋ''<br />
|''ɛç''<br />
|''ɛj''<br />
|''ɛ''<br />
|-<br />
|'''MSK: a, ɛ, (ɚ), ɔ, i, y¹'''<br />
|ɛs˩˥<br />
|ɛs˩<br />
|ɛɰ̃¹<br />
|ɛç¹<br />
|ɛj¹<br />
|ɛ¹<br />
|-<br />
|'''KMTS: <au, ai, ę, ê, ô>'''<br />
|<aic><br />
|<aiz><br />
|<aing><br />
|<aix><br />
|<aiy><br />
|<ai><br />
|-<br />
|'''''Mid.: ɔː, ɛː, (ɚ), eː, oː'''''<br />
|''ɛ'''ː'''ts''<br />
|''ɛ'''ː'''z''<br />
|''ɛːŋ''<br />
|''ɛ'''ː'''ç''<br />
|''ɛ'''ː'''j''<br />
|''ɛ'''ː'''''<br />
|-<br />
|'''MSK: ɑ, ɛ, (ɚ), ɪ, u'''<br />
|ɛs˥<br />
|ɛs˥˩<br />
|ɛɰ̃˥˩<br />
|ɛç˥˩<br />
|ɛj˥˩<br />
|ɛ˥˩<br />
|}<br />
¹ Toneless vowel: The tone can vary, but it usually contrasts the tone of the previous syllable. In a sequence of toneless syllables, the tone tends to drop. /y/ does not have an inherent pitch accent.<br />
<br />
==Phonotactics==<br />
''See also: [[Middle Kyawcenni#Phonotactics]]''<br />
<br />
Excluding vowels, a syllable can start with the following consonants:<br><br />
p b t d m n (θ) s (ts) dz ɮ lj ʃ tʃ dʒ c k χ ɡ j w ɻ<br><br />
Excluding vowels, a syllable can end in the following consonants:<br><br />
m n nʲ (θ) s (ts) z ʃ tʃ ʒ lʲ ç χ ŋ j w ɻ<br><br />
If none of them appear directly before or after each other, following consonants can be used between consonant and vowel:<br><br />
j w ɻ<br><br />
/w/ cannot appear after affricates<br><br />
A syllable can also begin with vowels, but it cannot begin with:<br><br />
y i<br><br />
/ɻ/ or /ɚ/ next to /ɮ/ or /lj/ is not possible in the same syllable<br><br />
/j, w, ɻ/ cannot appear directly after affricates (including <c> /(t)s/), /c/ or postalveolar and retroflex consonants in the same syllable<br><br />
[ɻ] and [ɚ] cannot appear in the same syllable<br><br />
<er> at the beginning of a syllable is pronounced as /ɚ/. <ę> cannot appear at the beginning of a syllable. <air> at the beginning of a syllable is pronounced as /ɛ́ɻ/.<br />
<br />
==Evolution from Middle Kyawcenni==<br />
''For now, please look at the orthography section for this''<br />
<br />
== Syntax ==<br />
The Syntax of Kyawcenni follows VSO word order, but it can be modified to an SVO word order by adding the particle ''em'' between the subject and the verb.<br />
Adjectives appear after the noun they modify. Prepositions appear before the noun and are used with the Genitive-Dative case, except for ''ar'' (“in, inside”) which comes after and uses the Nominative case:<br />
<br />
Example:<br><br />
cow = can; bęč = go/walk; aung = I (formal/non-binary); nay = to/towards; yi ja = Yija; ne = ''Gen-Dat case particle''; ar = in/inside<br><br />
* I can go to Yija = cow bęč aung nay yi ja ne<br />
* I am in Yija = aung yi ja ar<br />
* I was in Yija = dah aung yi ja ar<br />
<br />
== Morphology ==<br />
Kyawcenni words sometimes consist of the first syllable of one word, followed by another word:<br><br />
''jong yi tę nar = Ætérnalism''<br><br />
(First syllable of jong gyaw = religion + yi tę nar = Ætérnal)<br />
<br />
=== Pronouns ===<br />
There are several pronouns in Kyawcenni whose use depends on formality and gender identity.<br />
In order to show possession of something, that something is followed by a pronoun in Gen-Dat case:<br />
<br />
Example:<br><br />
tan tal = paper; aung = I (formal/non-binary); ne = ''Gen-Dat particle''<br><br />
My paper = tan tal aung ne<br />
<br />
====First person personal pronouns====<br />
There are three first person personal pronouns in Kyawcenni:<br />
* yi (feminine, informal)<br />
* hę (masculine, informal)<br />
* aung (formal or non-binary informal)<br />
<br />
==== Second person personal pronouns ====<br />
There are three second person personal pronouns in Kyawcenni:<br />
* šo (informal, singular)<br />
* sow (informal, plural)<br />
* no ri (formal)<br />
<br />
When declined, the pronoun ''šo'' uses the declensions of ''sow'':<br />
* KMTS: Gen-Dat: sow ne, Acc: sow ni, Voc: sow ne!<br />
* KLA: Gen-Dat: sowen/swen, Acc: sowni, Voc: sowne!<br />
<br />
There is also the “hyperformal” pronoun ''san'', but nowadays it is only used in ceremonial contexts or when addressing a monarch.<br />
<br />
==== Third person personal pronouns ====<br />
Kyawcenni has two third person personal pronouns:<br />
* dya (singular)<br />
* dya pay (plural)<br />
<br />
==== Reflexive pronouns ====<br />
Kyawcenni has three reflexive pronouns:<br />
* pac (singular)<br />
* pa pay (plural)<br />
* pa ri (formal)<br />
<br />
In formal contexts, ''pa ri'' is only used if it references the person(s) that is/are being talked to, not if they reference a third person.<br />
<br />
Example:<br><br />
sang = have; no ri = you (formal); nuz ni = time (Acc); pa ri ne = ''reflexive pronoun'' (formal, Gen-Dat)<br><br />
<br />
* ''(formal)'' You have your time = sang no ri nuz ni pa ri ne<br />
<br />
=== Nouns ===<br />
==== Case ====<br />
Kyawcenni has four cases in total: <br />
Nominative<br />
Genitive-Dative<br />
Accusative<br />
Vocative<br />
<br />
===== Nominative =====<br />
The Nominative (Nom) case doesn’t have any ending, not sure what else to say here:<br><br />
KMTS: ''cun, bwis, bim, awč, kyaw, na wiy, ge šeng, en ka wa, boc wau na, yi kow, hwey''<br><br />
KLA: ''cun, bwis, bim, asč, kyaw, nawiy, gešeng, Enkawa, Bocwauna, Yikow, hwey''<br><br />
IPA: {{ipa|/syɰ̃t, bwǐs, biɰ̃p, awtʃ, tɕaw, na.wij, gɛ.ʂɛɰ̃, ɛɰ̃t.ka.wə, bɔs.wɑ̂.nə, ji.kɔw, χwɛj/}}<br><br />
<br />
===== Genitive-Dative =====<br />
The Genitive-Dative (Gen-Dat) case is used for indirect objects and after prepositions. It is formed by adding either [nɛ], [mɛ/, [ɛ], or [ɛɰ̃t] (always written as <ne> in KMTS) after the noun.<br><br />
<br />
* After most consonants, /ɛɰ̃t/ (written as <ne> in KMTS and <en> in KLA) is added. That consonant then becomes the onset of the syllable after. The tone changes accordingly.<br><br />
'''KMTS:''' ''bwis ne, awč ne, kyaw ne, na wiy ne''<br><br />
'''KLA:''' ''bwisen, awčen, kyawen, nawiyen''<br><br />
'''IPA:''' {{ipa|[bwi.sɛɰ̃t, aw.tʃɛɰ̃t, tɕa.wɛɰ̃t, na.wi.jɛɰ̃t]}}<br><br />
<br />
* Except for syllables ending in /-ɰ̃t/ <n> or /-ɰ̃/ <ng>, for which /nɛ/ (written as <ne> in both KMTS and KLA) is added. Phonetically, the nasal endings are replaced with /nɛ/. This is reflected in the KLA spelling by writing the nasal consonant as <nn>.<br />
'''KMTS:''' ''cen ne, ge šeng ne''<br><br />
'''KLA:''' ''cenne, gešenne''<br><br />
'''IPA:''' {{ipa|[sɛ.nɛ, gɛ.ʂɛ.nɛ]}}<br><br />
<br />
* For syllables ending in a vowel, /nɛ/ (written as <ne> in both KMTS and KLA) is added:<br />
'''KMTS:''' ''en ka wa ne''<br><br />
'''KLA:''' ''Enkawane''<br><br />
'''IPA:''' {{ipa|[ɛɰ̃t.ka.wa.nɛ]}}<br><br />
<br />
* For syllables ending in /ɰ̃p/ <m>, /mɛ/ (written as <ne> in KMTS and <me> in KLA) is added. The /mɛ/ thereby replaces the /-ɰ̃p/:<br><br />
'''KMTS:''' ''bim ne''<br><br />
'''KLA:''' ''bimme''<br><br />
'''IPA:''' {{ipa|[bi.mɛ]}}<br><br />
<br />
* For words ending in n(V), that syllable is replaced with /nɛ/ (written as <ne> in both KMTS and KLA):<br><br />
'''KMTS:''' ''boc wau ne''<br><br />
'''KLA:''' ''Bocwaune''<br><br />
'''IPA:''' {{ipa|[bɔs.wɑ̂.nɛ]}}<br><br />
<br />
* And for some geographic names ending in /-w/ and /-j/, just /ɛ/ is added (written as <ne> in KMTS and <e> in KLA):<br><br />
'''KMTS:''' ''yi kow ne, hwey ne''<br><br />
'''KLA:''' ''Yikowe, Hweye''<br><br />
'''IPA:''' {{ipa|[ji.ko.wɛ, χwɛ.jɛ]}}<br><br />
<br />
===== Accusative =====<br />
The Accusative (Acc) case is used for direct objects. It is formed by adding [ni], [nʲ], [ɡi] or [i] (always written as <ni> in KMTS) after the noun.<br><br />
* After words ending in /-ɰ̃/ <-ng>, /ɡi/ is added (written as <ni> in KMTS and <gi> in KLA):<br><br />
'''KMTS:''' ''ge šeng ni''<br><br />
'''KLA:''' ''gešenggi''<br><br />
'''IPA:''' {{ipa|[ɤ̯ɛ.ʂɛɰ̃.ɤ̯i]}}<br><br />
<br />
* After words ending in /-w/ <-w> or /-j/ <-y>, /i/ is added to the last consonant (written as <ni> in KMTS and <-i> in KLA):<br><br />
'''KMTS:''' ''kyaw ni, na wiy ni''<br><br />
'''KLA:''' ''kyawni, nawiyi''<br><br />
'''IPA:''' {{ipa|[tɕa.wi, na.wi.ji]}}<br><br />
<br />
* After words ending in /-ɰ̃t/ <-n>, the /-ɰ̃t/ is omitted and /ni/ is added (written as <ni> in both KMTS and KLA). Phonetically, the nasal ending is replaced with /ni/ (realized as [nʲ] after vowels) This is reflected in the KLA spelling by writing the nasal consonant as <nn>.<br><br />
'''KMTS:''' ''cun ni''<br><br />
'''KLA:''' ''cunni''<br><br />
'''IPA:''' {{ipa|[synʲ]}}<br><br />
<br />
* After words ending in /na/ <na>, that syllable is replaced with /ni/ <ni> (realized as [nʲ] after vowels). This is reflected in the KLA spelling by writing the nasal consonant as <nn>. In the KMTS spelling, the <na> ending persists.<br><br />
'''KMTS:''' ''boc wau na ni''<br><br />
'''KLA:''' ''Bocwaunni''<br><br />
'''IPA:''' {{ipa|[bɔ́s.wɑ̂nʲ]}}<br><br />
<br />
* In all other cases, the Accusative case is formed by adding /ni/ <ni>, (realized as [nʲ] after vowels).<br><br />
'''KMTS:''' ''bwis ni, bim ni, awč ni, en ka wa ni''<br><br />
'''KLA:''' ''bwisni, bimni, awčni, Enkawani''<br><br />
'''IPA:''' {{ipa|[bwís.ni, biɰ̃p.ni, áwtʃ.ni, eɰ̃t.ka.wanʲ]}}<br><br />
<br />
===== Vocative =====<br />
The Vocative (Voc) case is used to address a person directly. It is formed by adding either /nɛ/, /ɡɛ/, or /ɛ/ (always written as <ne> in KMTS) after the noun. In order to distinguish it from the Genitive-Dative case, an exclamation mark is always written after the noun.<br><br />
* After words ending in /-ɰ̃/ <-ng>, /ɡɛ/ is added (written as <ne> in KMTS and <ge> in KLA):<br><br />
'''KMTS:''' ''ge šeng ne!''<br><br />
'''KLA:''' ''gešengge!''<br><br />
'''IPA:''' {{ipa|[ɤ̯ɛ.ʂɛɰ̃.ɤ̯ɛ]}}<br><br />
<br />
* After words ending in /-w/ <-w> or /-j/ <-y>, /i/ is added to the last consonant (written as <ni> in KMTS and <-i> in KLA):<br><br />
'''KMTS:''' ''kyaw ne!, na wiy ne!''<br><br />
'''KLA:''' ''kyawne!, nawiye!''<br><br />
'''IPA:''' {{ipa|[tɕa.wɛ, na.wi.jɛ]}}<br><br />
<br />
* After words ending in /-ɰ̃t/ <-n>, the /-ɰ̃t/ is omitted and /nɛ/ is added (written as <ne> in both KMTS and KLA). Phonetically, the nasal ending is replaced with /nɛ/ This is reflected in the KLA spelling by writing the nasal consonant as <nn>.<br><br />
'''KMTS:''' ''cun ne!''<br><br />
'''KLA:''' ''cunne!''<br><br />
'''IPA:''' {{ipa|[sy.nɛ]}}<br><br />
<br />
* After words ending in /na/ <na>, that syllable is replaced with /nɛ/ <ne>. This is reflected in the KLA spelling by writing the nasal consonant as <nn>. In the KMTS spelling, the <na> ending persists.<br><br />
'''KMTS:''' ''boc waun na ne!''<br><br />
'''KLA:''' ''Bocwaunne!''<br><br />
'''IPA:''' {{ipa|[bɔ́s.wɑ̂.nɛ]}}<br><br />
<br />
* In all other cases, the Vocative case is formed by adding <ne>.<br><br />
'''KMTS:''' ''bwis ne!, bim ne!, awč ne!, en ka wa ne!''<br><br />
'''KLA:''' ''bwisne!, bimne!, awčne!, Enkawane!''<br><br />
'''IPA:''' {{ipa|[bwís.nɛ, biɰ́p.nɛ, áwtʃ.nɛ, eɰ̃t.ka.wa.nɛ]}}<br><br />
<br />
===Verbs===<br />
There are five particles that can be added to verbs in the following order:<br />
<br />
''ben zang'' x = x calculates<br><br />
<br />
* '''Negation:''' <kem> after <h> and <ng>, <tem> everywhere else<br />
** ''ben zang'' → ''ben zang kem'' x = x doesn't calculate<br><br />
* '''Assumption:''' <si><br />
** ''ben zang'' → ''ben zang si'' x = Apparently, x calculates<br><br />
* '''Subjunctive:''' <ga><br />
** ''ben zang'' → ''ben zang ga'' x = x would calculate<br><br />
* '''Past:''' <dah><br />
** ''ben zang'' → ''ben zang dah'' x = x calculated<br />
* '''Future:''' <yoj><br />
** ''ben zang'' → ''ben zang yoj'' x = x will calculate<br />
<br />
Those can also be combined:<br><br />
* ''benzang'' → ''ben zang kem si ga dah x'' ≈ Apparently, x would not have calculated<br />
<br />
Combining the past and future particle results in the future perfect:<br><br />
* ''benzang'' → ''ben zang dah yoj x'' ≈ x will have calculated<br />
<br />
In KLA romanization, these particles are attached to the verb directly without a space.<br />
<br />
Exceptions:<br />
There are a few exceptions for verbs that don’t just add suffixes, but change their stem:<br><br />
''bęč'' (walk) → ''bih'' in Past tense, not ''bęč dah''<br />
<br />
The copula is unwritten. When talking about an event in the past or the future for example, the past and future particles are used respectively:<br />
<br />
yi = I (female), cu tau = quing<br><br />
* I am the quing: ''aung cu tau''<br />
* I was the quing: ''tem aung cu tau''<br />
* I will be the quing: ''yoj aung cu tau''<br />
<br />
===Adjectives===<br />
For comparatives, you just double the last syllable of the adjective:<br />
<br />
'''paš''' (good) → '''paš paš''' (better)<br />
<br />
The object being compared to is in dative case:<br />
<br />
xin = bread<br><br />
* ''paš paš xin ne'' = better than bread<br />
<br />
If something is being compared to a clause, ''nay'' is used:<br />
<br />
cow = can, lauh = see, yi = I<br />
* ''paš paš nay cow lauh aung'' = better than i can see<br />
<br />
For superlatives, you just add the word for “all” in genitive case (KMTS: ''naj ne'', KLA: ''najen'') after the adjective.<br />
<br />
'''paš''' (good) → '''paš naj ne''' (best)<br />
<br />
==Vocabulary==<br />
''For a list of Kyawcenni words, take a look at [https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1t5nXo_04TuHrZApzPe1JpQodxBx6CoWc3nXqNRbMPyI/edit?usp=sharing the spreadsheet]''<br />
<br />
==Footnotes==<br />
<br />
[[Category:Language]]<br />
[[Category:Kyaw Cen]]</div>Sheikahhttps://mc.nguh.org/w/index.php?title=Kyawcenni&diff=41912Kyawcenni2026-07-23T21:26:31Z<p>Sheikah: /* Consonants */</p>
<hr />
<div>''This article is about the language. For the people, see [[Kyawcenni people]].''<br><br><br />
{{Infobox language<br />
|name=Kyawcenni<br />
|family=[[Sheikan languages|Sheikan]], [[Kyawcennic]]<br />
|early-forms=[[Middle Kyawcenni]]<br />
|scripts=[[Tanswaiy]], sometimes [[Latin alphabet|Latin]]<br />
|country=[[Kingdom of Kyaw Cen]]<br />
|regulator=Government of [[Kyaw Cen]]<br />
|demonym=Kyawcenni<br />
|usage=Government language<br />
|lang-code=KYC<br />
}}<br />
[[File:Kyawcenni-language.png|thumb|alt=Distribution of the Kyawcenni language|Distribution of the Kyawcenni language]]<br />
'''Kyawcenni''' {{ipa|/kjɒˈsɛn.ni/}} (Kyawcenni: {{script|script=tanswaiy|t=}}, [[KMTS]]: ''bôc kyaw cen ne'', [[KLA]]: ''bôc Kyawcenne'' {{ipa|/bûs tɕaw.sɛ.nɛ/}}<ref>* Middle Kyawcenni: {{ipa|/boːts ˈkjaw.tsɛn.nɛ/}}<br>* Standard Kyawcenni: {{ipa|[bûs tɕaw.sɛ.nɛ]}}<br>* Marcian Kyawcenni: {{ipa|[bûts tɕaw.tsɛ.nɛ]}}</ref>) is an analytic language spoken by [[Kyawcenni people|Kyawcennis]] in the [[Kingdom of Kyaw Cen]] and usually written in [[Tanswaiy]]. Its early speakers originated from [[Marcyland]], but it is now also spoken in the [[Kyawcenni archipelago]] and most of [[Shingtsun]].<br />
<br />
===History===<br />
Kyawcenni descends from the [[Sheikah language]] spoken in [[Marcyland]] before the migration to the [[Isles of Silly]] in late 2023. This later developed into Middle Kyawcenni, and later Modern Standard Kyawcenni, which is the variety of the language this article describes.<br />
<br />
== Orthography ==<br />
Kyawcenni officially uses the [[Tanswaiy]] script, but sometimes the [[Latin alphabet]] is used if Tanswaiy is unavailable. The Tanswaiy spelling is based on [[Middle Kyawcenni]].<br />
<br />
There are two official romanization methods for Tanswaiy: the Kyawcenni Morphological Transliteration System (KMTS) and the Kyawcenni Latin Alphabet (KLA). Unless specified otherwise, this article uses KMTS. When writing Kyawcenni in the Latin alphabet, both Romanization methods are commonly used or even mixed in informal contexts.<br />
<br />
=== Tanswaiy ===<br />
{{Note|Main article: [[Tanswaiy]]}}<br />
''Tanswaiy'' is the standard writing system of the Kyawcenni language. The orthography uses the Kyawcenni abugida alongside logographs.<br />
<br />
=== KMTS ===<br />
The '''Kyawcenni Morphological Transliteration System''' ('''KMTS''') is a literal transliteration system of the Tanswaiy script. Therefore, like in Tanswaiy, the spelling sometimes reflects the individual morphemes, rather than the pronunciation, and is based on Middle Kyawcenni. Foreign proper names written in the Latin alphabet need to be transcribed to match Kyawcenni phonotactics (e.g. Agma eats = ''lur sem ang ma''). In KMTS, every syllable is separated by a space.<br />
<br />
For example:<br><br />
* The word {{ipa|/sɔ.wɛɰ̃t~swɛɰ̃t/}}, meaning “your”, is written as ''sow ne'' in KMTS, because it was pronounced as {{ipa|/sɔw.nɛ/}} in Middle Kyawcenni and consists of the morphemes ''sow'' (“you”) and the genitive ending ''ne''. The genitive ending is always written as ''ne'' in KMTS, no matter how it's pronounced.<br />
<br />
* The word {{ipa|/ni caɰ̃/}}, meaning “(to) take”, is written as ''nę xam'' in KMTS, because it was pronounced as {{ipa|/ˈnɚ.çam/}} in Middle Kyawcenni. The modern pronunciation is irregular, but the spelling remains unchanged.<br />
<br />
=== KLA ===<br />
The '''Kyawcenni Latin Alphabet''' ('''KLA''') is an orthography for the Kyawcenni language that reflects the pronunciation of the words. The individual letters used are the same as in KMTS (also based on the Middle Kyawcenni spelling), but the spelling is regular and based on the modern pronunciation of the words. Foreign proper names written in the Latin alphabet are not transcribed in KLA (e.g. Agma eats = ''Lursem Agma''). In KLA, every word is separated by a space. As a result, it is sometimes not clear whether a consonant is a part of an onset or a coda (e.g. ''yo-lyu'' {{ipa|/jɔ ljy/}} vs. ''yol-yu'' {{ipa|/jɔw jy/}}), but when translating a text from Kyawcenni, a given KLA transcription can help you find out where the word boundaries are.<br />
<br />
For example:<br><br />
* The word {{ipa|/sɔ.wɛɰ̃t~swɛɰ̃t/}}, meaning “your”, can be written as ''sowen'' or ''swen'' in KLA. The case endings are always written how they are pronounced in Modern Standard Kyawcenni, unlike in Tanswaiy and KMTS, where they are always written the same.<br />
<br />
* The word {{ipa|/ni caɰ̃/}}, meaning “(to) take”, is written phonemically as ''nixang'' in KLA, despite it being pronounced like “nęxam” in Middle Kyawcenni.<br />
<br />
=== Comparison ===<br />
Here is an example sentence in both romanizations:<br />
<br />
'''KMTS:''' lauh dah hę nay nral bweng ne gô pac šô lyu tem dah dya ne su pac lauh dah.<br><br />
'''KLA:''' Lauhdah hę nay nral bwenne gô pac šôlyutemdah dyangsu pac lauhdah.<br><br />
'''IPA:''' {{ipa|[ɮɑ̂χ.daχ hɚ naj njaw bwɛ.nɛ ɤ̯û pás ʂû.ljy.tɛɰ̃p.daχ dʑaɰ̃.θy pás ɮɑ̂χ.daχ]}}<br><br />
'''Gloss:''' look.PAST (sg they) toward behind door.GEN and (reflexive pronoun) like.NOT.PAST it.GEN what (reflexive pronoun) see PAST<br><br />
'''Translation:''' They looked behind the door and didn't like what they saw.<br />
<br />
===Table===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
!Latin<br />
!Middle Kyawcenni<br />
!Condition<br />
!Modern Kyawcenni<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |'''a'''<br />
| rowspan="2" |a<br />
|Normally<br />
|à<br />
|-<br />
|End of syllable<br />
|ə (Standard)<br />
∅ (Marcyland)<br />
|-<br />
|'''ai'''<br />
|ɛː<br />
|<br />
|ɛ́<br />
|-<br />
|'''au'''<br />
|ɔː<br />
|<br />
|ɑ́<br />
|-<br />
|'''b-'''<br />
|b<br />
|<br />
|b<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |'''c'''<br />
| rowspan="2" |ts<br />
|Onset<br />
|s (Standard)<br />
ts (Marcyland)<br />
|-<br />
|Coda<br />
|s (high vowel tone) (Standard)<br />
ts (Marcyland)<br />
|-<br />
|'''cy-'''<br />
|tsj<br />
|<br />
|tɕ<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |'''č'''<br />
| rowspan="2" |tʃ<br />
|Onset<br />
|ʈʂ<br />
|-<br />
|Coda<br />
|ʈʂ (high vowel tone)<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |'''d-'''<br />
| rowspan="2" |d<br />
|Normally<br />
|d<br />
|-<br />
|Intervocalically<br />
|ð<br />
|-<br />
|'''dy'''<br />
|dj<br />
|<br />
|dʑ (Standard)<br />
dʒ (Marcyland)<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |'''e'''<br />
| rowspan="2" |ɛ<br />
|Normally<br />
|ɛ̀<br />
|-<br />
|End of syllable<br />
|ɛ̀ (Standard)<br />
∅ (Marcyland)<br />
|-<br />
|'''ê'''<br />
|eː<br />
|<br />
|ɪ́<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |'''ę, er'''<ref><er> at the beginning of a syllable, <ę> anywhere else</ref><br />
| rowspan="2" |ɚ<br />
|Normally<br />
|ɚ<br />
|-<br />
|Before palatal consonants<br />
|ɘ<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |'''g-'''<br />
| rowspan="2" |ɡ<br />
|Normally<br />
|ɤ̯<br />
|-<br />
|Before /j, w, ɻ/<br />
|ɡ<br />
|-<br />
|'''gy-'''<br />
|ɡj<br />
|<br />
|dʑ<br />
|-<br />
|'''h'''<br />
|χ<br />
|<br />
|χ<br />
|-<br />
|'''i'''<br />
|i<br />
|<br />
|ì<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |'''j'''<br />
|dʒ<br />
|Onset<br />
|ɖʐ<br />
|-<br />
|ʒ<br />
|Coda<br />
|ʂ (low vowel tone)<br />
|-<br />
|'''k-'''<br />
|k<br />
|<br />
|k<br />
|-<br />
|'''ky-'''<br />
|kj<br />
|<br />
|tɕ<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |'''l'''<br />
| rowspan="2" |l<br />
|Onset<br />
|ɮ<br />
|-<br />
|Coda<br />
|w<br />
|-<br />
|'''-li'''<br />
|li<br />
|<br />
|lʲ<br />
|-<br />
|'''ly-'''<br />
|lj<br />
|<br />
|lj<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="4" |'''m'''<br />
| rowspan="4" |m<br />
|Onset<br />
Coda after /j, w, ɻ/<br />
|m<br />
|-<br />
|Coda normally<br />
|ɰ̃<br />
|-<br />
|Coda normally before vowel or /j, w, ɻ/<br />
|ɰ̃m<br />
|-<br />
|Coda before vowel or /j, w, ɻ/ and after /j, w, ɻ/<br />
|mm<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="4" |'''n'''<br />
| rowspan="4" |n<br />
|Onset<br />
Coda after /j, w, ɻ/<br />
|n<br />
|-<br />
|Coda normally<br />
|ɰ̃<br />
|-<br />
|Coda normally before vowel or /j, w, ɻ/<br />
|ɰ̃n<br />
|-<br />
|Coda before vowel or /j, w, ɻ/ and after /j, w, ɻ/<br />
|nn<br />
|-<br />
|'''-ni'''<br />
|ni<br />
|<br />
|nʲ<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="4" |'''-ng'''<br />
| rowspan="4" |ŋ<br />
|Normally<br />
|ɰ̃<br />
|-<br />
|After /j, w, ɻ/<br />
|ŋ<br />
|-<br />
|Coda normally before vowel or /j, w, ɻ/<br />
|ɰ̃ɡ<br />
|-<br />
|Coda before vowel or /j, w, ɻ/ and after /j, w, ɻ/<br />
|ŋɡ<br />
|-<br />
|'''o'''<br />
|ɔ<br />
|<br />
|ɔ̀<br />
|-<br />
|'''ô'''<br />
|oː<br />
|<br />
|ú<br />
|-<br />
|'''p-'''<br />
|p<br />
|<br />
|p<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |'''r'''<br />
| rowspan="2" |ɹ<br />
|Normally<br />
|ɹ<br />
|-<br />
|C_V<br />
|j<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" |'''s'''<br />
| rowspan="3" |s<br />
|Onset<br />
|θ (Standard)<br />
s (Marcyland)<br />
|-<br />
|Before /j, w, ɻ/<br />
|s<br />
|-<br />
|Coda<br />
|θ (high vowel tone) (Standard)<br />
s (high vowel tone) (Marcyland)<br />
|-<br />
|'''sy-'''<br />
|sj<br />
|<br />
|ɕ<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |'''š'''<br />
| rowspan="2" |ʃ<br />
|Onset<br />
|ʂ<br />
|-<br />
|Coda<br />
|ʂ (high vowel tone)<br />
|-<br />
|'''t'''<br />
|t<br />
|<br />
|t<br />
|-<br />
|'''ty-'''<br />
|tj<br />
|<br />
|tɕ (Standard)<br />
tʃ (Marcyland)<br />
|-<br />
|'''u'''<br />
|y<br />
|<br />
|y<br />
|-<br />
|'''w'''<br />
|w<br />
|<br />
|w<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |'''x'''<br />
| rowspan="2" |ç<br />
|Onset<br />
|c<br />
|-<br />
|Coda<br />
|ç<br />
|-<br />
|'''y'''<br />
|j<br />
|<br />
|j<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |'''z'''<br />
|dz<br />
|Onset<br />
|dz<br />
|-<br />
|z<br />
|Coda<br />
|s (low vowel tone)<br />
|-<br />
|'''zy-'''<br />
|dzj<br />
|<br />
|dʑ<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Phonology==<br />
<br />
===Consonants===<br />
<br />
Kyawcenni uses following consonants:<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
! rowspan="2" |<br />
! colspan="2" |Bilabial<br />
! colspan="2" |Dental<br />
! colspan="2" |Alveolar<br />
! colspan="2" |Postalveolar<br />
! colspan="2" |Retroflex<br />
! colspan="2" |Alveolo-Palatal<br />
!Palatal<br />
! colspan="2" |Velar-Uvular<br />
|-<br />
!unv<br />
!v<br />
!unv<br />
!v<br />
!unv<br />
!v<br />
!unv<br />
!v<br />
!unv<br />
!v<br />
!unv<br />
!v<br />
!<br />
!unv<br />
!v<br />
|-<br />
!Plosive<br />
|p<br />
|b<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|t<br />
|d<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|c [c, ç]<br />
|k<br />
|ɡ [ɡ, ɤ̯]<br />
|-<br />
!Nasal<br />
|<br />
|m [m, ɰ̃p, mp]'''⁵'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|n<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|(nʲ)²<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|ɰ̃, (ŋ)<br />
|-<br />
!Fricative<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|(θ)¹<br />
|(ð)¹<br />
|s<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|ʂ<br />
|<br />
|ɕ<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|χ<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!Affricate<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|(ts)¹<br />
|dz<br />
|(tʃ)¹<br />
|(dʒ)¹<br />
|ʈʂ<br />
|ɖʐ<br />
|tɕ<br />
|dʑ<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!Liquid<br />
|<br />
|w<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|ɮ<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|ɻ⁴<br />
|<br />
|lj~lʲ<br />
|j<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
¹ Depends on the dialect. These alveolar and postalveolar affricates only appear in Marcian Kyawcenni, which in turn does not have dental fricatives.<br />
<br />
² Allophonic realization of the sequence /ni/ after vowels<br />
<br />
³ Historically its own phoneme descended from /ŋ/, but can also seen as an allophone of /g/<br />
<br />
⁴ Realized as [ɘ̯] before palatal of palatalized consonants<br />
<br />
For more information on the pronunciation, take a look at the orthography table above.<br />
<br />
===Vowels===<br />
<br />
Kyawcenni uses following vowels:<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
!-<br />
!Front<br />
!Central<br />
!Back<br />
|-<br />
!Close<br />
|i, y<br />
|<br />
|(u)¹<br />
|-<br />
!Near-close<br />
|(ɪ)¹<br />
|(ɚ~ɘ)²<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!Open-mid<br />
|ɛ<br />
|<br />
|ɔ<br />
|-<br />
!Open<br />
|<br />
|a~ə<br />
|(ɑ)¹<br />
|}<br />
¹ [ɪ], [u] and [ɑ] can be treated either as seperate phonemes as allophones of [i], [ɔ] and [ɑ] respectively distinguished by pitch accent. /ɛ/ also has two tonemic realizations.<br />
<br />
² Allophonic realization of the sequence /ɛɻ/ (low tone) or /ɛ̂ɻ/ (high tone); realized as [ɘ] before palatal consonants.<br />
<br />
=== Pitch accent ===<br />
When a vowel with pitch accent (like <ai> /ɛ́/) comes before a consonant with pitch accent (like <z> /s/), these two pitch accents are combined (e.g. <aiz> /ɛ̂s/ vs. <ais> /ɛ́s/, <ez> /ɛ̀s/, <es> /ɛ̌s/). /y/ is a toneless vowel and therefore does not have an inherent pitch accent, but like all vowels, it can still have a tonemic pitch distinction if followed by certain consonants. All the other vowels ''can'' be categorized as only five phonemes with a pitch accent distinction and a slightly different realization, like in the following table. The low pitch-high pitch distinction evolved from a short-long distinction in middle Kyawcenni.<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+Middle Kyawcenni<br />
!Short<br />
!Long, open<br />
!Long, close<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="3" |<a> /a/<br />
|-<br />
|<e> /ɛ/<br />
|<ai> /ɛː/<br />
|<ê> /eː/<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="3" |<nowiki><i> /i/</nowiki><br />
|-<br />
|<o> /ɔ/<br />
|<au> /ɔː/<br />
|<ô> /oː/<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="3" |<nowiki><u> /y/</nowiki><br />
|}<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+Modern Kyawcenni<br />
!Phoneme<br />
!Low pitch<br />
!High pitch<br />
|-<br />
!/a/<br />
|<a> /à/<br />
|<au> /ɑ́/<br />
|-<br />
!/ɛ/<br />
|<e> /ɛ̀/<br />
|<ai> /ɛ́/<br />
|-<br />
!/i/<br />
|<nowiki><i> /ì/</nowiki><br />
|<ê> /ɪ́/<br />
|-<br />
!/ɔ/<br />
|<o> /ɔ̀/<br />
|<ô> /ú/<br />
|-<br />
!/y/<br />
| colspan="2" |<nowiki><u> /y/</nowiki><br />
|}<br />
The following chart shows how pitch accent (sometimes also called ''tones'') works in Kyawcenni.<br />
<br />
The italicized IPA are the toneless Middle Kyawcenni phonemes. As examples, this chart uses /ɛ/ and one of the listed coda consonants, but the tones apply to any vowel¹.<br />
<br />
KMTS = KMTS Transliteration<br />
<br />
Mid. = Middle Kyawcenni<br />
<br />
MSK = IPA in Modern Standard Kyawcenni<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+Toneme chart<br />
! rowspan="3" |Coda →<br />
Vowel ↓<br />
!KMTS: <c, s, č, š><br />
!<z, j><br />
!<m, n, ng><br />
!<x, h><br />
!<y, w, r><br />
!<br />
|-<br />
!''Mid.: ts, s, tʃ, ʃ''<br />
!''z, ʒ''<br />
!''m, n, ŋ''<br />
!''ç, χ''<br />
!''j, w, ɹ''<br />
!''∅''<br />
|-<br />
!MSK: ts, s, ʈʂ, ʂ<br />
!s, ʂ<br />
!ɰ̃p, ɰ̃t, ɰ̃<br />
!ç, χ<br />
!j, w, ɻ<br />
!∅<br />
|-<br />
|'''KMTS: <a, e, ę, o, i, u>'''<br />
|<ec><br />
|<ez><br />
|<eng><br />
|<ex><br />
|<ey><br />
|<e><br />
|-<br />
|'''''Mid.: a, ɛ, (ɚ), ɔ, i, y'''''<br />
|''ɛs''<br />
|''ɛs''<br />
|''ɛŋ''<br />
|''ɛç''<br />
|''ɛj''<br />
|''ɛ''<br />
|-<br />
|'''MSK: a, ɛ, (ɚ), ɔ, i, y¹'''<br />
|ɛs˩˥<br />
|ɛs˩<br />
|ɛɰ̃¹<br />
|ɛç¹<br />
|ɛj¹<br />
|ɛ¹<br />
|-<br />
|'''KMTS: <au, ai, ę, ê, ô>'''<br />
|<aic><br />
|<aiz><br />
|<aing><br />
|<aix><br />
|<aiy><br />
|<ai><br />
|-<br />
|'''''Mid.: ɔː, ɛː, (ɚ), eː, oː'''''<br />
|''ɛ'''ː'''ts''<br />
|''ɛ'''ː'''z''<br />
|''ɛːŋ''<br />
|''ɛ'''ː'''ç''<br />
|''ɛ'''ː'''j''<br />
|''ɛ'''ː'''''<br />
|-<br />
|'''MSK: ɑ, ɛ, (ɚ), ɪ, u'''<br />
|ɛs˥<br />
|ɛs˥˩<br />
|ɛɰ̃˥˩<br />
|ɛç˥˩<br />
|ɛj˥˩<br />
|ɛ˥˩<br />
|}<br />
¹ Toneless vowel: The tone can vary, but it usually contrasts the tone of the previous syllable. In a sequence of toneless syllables, the tone tends to drop. /y/ does not have an inherent pitch accent.<br />
<br />
==Phonotactics==<br />
''See also: [[Middle Kyawcenni#Phonotactics]]''<br />
<br />
Excluding vowels, a syllable can start with the following consonants:<br><br />
p b t d m n (θ) s (ts) dz ɮ lj ʃ tʃ dʒ c k χ ɡ j w ɻ<br><br />
Excluding vowels, a syllable can end in the following consonants:<br><br />
m n nʲ (θ) s (ts) z ʃ tʃ ʒ lʲ ç χ ŋ j w ɻ<br><br />
If none of them appear directly before or after each other, following consonants can be used between consonant and vowel:<br><br />
j w ɻ<br><br />
/w/ cannot appear after affricates<br><br />
A syllable can also begin with vowels, but it cannot begin with:<br><br />
y i<br><br />
/ɻ/ or /ɚ/ next to /ɮ/ or /lj/ is not possible in the same syllable<br><br />
/j, w, ɻ/ cannot appear directly after affricates (including <c> /(t)s/), /c/ or postalveolar and retroflex consonants in the same syllable<br><br />
[ɻ] and [ɚ] cannot appear in the same syllable<br><br />
<er> at the beginning of a syllable is pronounced as /ɚ/. <ę> cannot appear at the beginning of a syllable. <air> at the beginning of a syllable is pronounced as /ɛ́ɻ/.<br />
<br />
==Evolution from Middle Kyawcenni==<br />
''For now, please look at the orthography section for this''<br />
<br />
== Syntax ==<br />
The Syntax of Kyawcenni follows VSO word order, but it can be modified to an SVO word order by adding the particle ''em'' between the subject and the verb.<br />
Adjectives appear after the noun they modify. Prepositions appear before the noun and are used with the Genitive-Dative case, except for ''ar'' (“in, inside”) which comes after and uses the Nominative case:<br />
<br />
Example:<br><br />
cow = can; bęč = go/walk; aung = I (formal/non-binary); nay = to/towards; yi ja = Yija; ne = ''Gen-Dat case particle''; ar = in/inside<br><br />
* I can go to Yija = cow bęč aung nay yi ja ne<br />
* I am in Yija = aung yi ja ar<br />
* I was in Yija = dah aung yi ja ar<br />
<br />
== Morphology ==<br />
Kyawcenni words sometimes consist of the first syllable of one word, followed by another word:<br><br />
''jong yi tę nar = Ætérnalism''<br><br />
(First syllable of jong gyaw = religion + yi tę nar = Ætérnal)<br />
<br />
=== Pronouns ===<br />
There are several pronouns in Kyawcenni whose use depends on formality and gender identity.<br />
In order to show possession of something, that something is followed by a pronoun in Gen-Dat case:<br />
<br />
Example:<br><br />
tan tal = paper; aung = I (formal/non-binary); ne = ''Gen-Dat particle''<br><br />
My paper = tan tal aung ne<br />
<br />
====First person personal pronouns====<br />
There are three first person personal pronouns in Kyawcenni:<br />
* yi (feminine, informal)<br />
* hę (masculine, informal)<br />
* aung (formal or non-binary informal)<br />
<br />
==== Second person personal pronouns ====<br />
There are three second person personal pronouns in Kyawcenni:<br />
* šo (informal, singular)<br />
* sow (informal, plural)<br />
* no ri (formal)<br />
<br />
When declined, the pronoun ''šo'' uses the declensions of ''sow'':<br />
* KMTS: Gen-Dat: sow ne, Acc: sow ni, Voc: sow ne!<br />
* KLA: Gen-Dat: sowen/swen, Acc: sowni, Voc: sowne!<br />
<br />
There is also the “hyperformal” pronoun ''san'', but nowadays it is only used in ceremonial contexts or when addressing a monarch.<br />
<br />
==== Third person personal pronouns ====<br />
Kyawcenni has two third person personal pronouns:<br />
* dya (singular)<br />
* dya pay (plural)<br />
<br />
==== Reflexive pronouns ====<br />
Kyawcenni has three reflexive pronouns:<br />
* pac (singular)<br />
* pa pay (plural)<br />
* pa ri (formal)<br />
<br />
In formal contexts, ''pa ri'' is only used if it references the person(s) that is/are being talked to, not if they reference a third person.<br />
<br />
Example:<br><br />
sang = have; no ri = you (formal); nuz ni = time (Acc); pa ri ne = ''reflexive pronoun'' (formal, Gen-Dat)<br><br />
<br />
* ''(formal)'' You have your time = sang no ri nuz ni pa ri ne<br />
<br />
=== Nouns ===<br />
==== Case ====<br />
Kyawcenni has four cases in total: <br />
Nominative<br />
Genitive-Dative<br />
Accusative<br />
Vocative<br />
<br />
===== Nominative =====<br />
The Nominative (Nom) case doesn’t have any ending, not sure what else to say here:<br><br />
KMTS: ''cun, bwis, bim, awč, kyaw, na wiy, ge šeng, en ka wa, boc wau na, yi kow, hwey''<br><br />
KLA: ''cun, bwis, bim, asč, kyaw, nawiy, gešeng, Enkawa, Bocwauna, Yikow, hwey''<br><br />
IPA: {{ipa|/syɰ̃t, bwǐs, biɰ̃p, awtʃ, tɕaw, na.wij, gɛ.ʂɛɰ̃, ɛɰ̃t.ka.wə, bɔs.wɑ̂.nə, ji.kɔw, χwɛj/}}<br><br />
<br />
===== Genitive-Dative =====<br />
The Genitive-Dative (Gen-Dat) case is used for indirect objects and after prepositions. It is formed by adding either [nɛ], [mɛ/, [ɛ], or [ɛɰ̃t] (always written as <ne> in KMTS) after the noun.<br><br />
<br />
* After most consonants, /ɛɰ̃t/ (written as <ne> in KMTS and <en> in KLA) is added. That consonant then becomes the onset of the syllable after. The tone changes accordingly.<br><br />
'''KMTS:''' ''bwis ne, awč ne, kyaw ne, na wiy ne''<br><br />
'''KLA:''' ''bwisen, awčen, kyawen, nawiyen''<br><br />
'''IPA:''' {{ipa|[bwi.sɛɰ̃t, aw.tʃɛɰ̃t, tɕa.wɛɰ̃t, na.wi.jɛɰ̃t]}}<br><br />
<br />
* Except for syllables ending in /-ɰ̃t/ <n> or /-ɰ̃/ <ng>, for which /nɛ/ (written as <ne> in both KMTS and KLA) is added. Phonetically, the nasal endings are replaced with /nɛ/. This is reflected in the KLA spelling by writing the nasal consonant as <nn>.<br />
'''KMTS:''' ''cen ne, ge šeng ne''<br><br />
'''KLA:''' ''cenne, gešenne''<br><br />
'''IPA:''' {{ipa|[sɛ.nɛ, gɛ.ʂɛ.nɛ]}}<br><br />
<br />
* For syllables ending in a vowel, /nɛ/ (written as <ne> in both KMTS and KLA) is added:<br />
'''KMTS:''' ''en ka wa ne''<br><br />
'''KLA:''' ''Enkawane''<br><br />
'''IPA:''' {{ipa|[ɛɰ̃t.ka.wa.nɛ]}}<br><br />
<br />
* For syllables ending in /ɰ̃p/ <m>, /mɛ/ (written as <ne> in KMTS and <me> in KLA) is added. The /mɛ/ thereby replaces the /-ɰ̃p/:<br><br />
'''KMTS:''' ''bim ne''<br><br />
'''KLA:''' ''bimme''<br><br />
'''IPA:''' {{ipa|[bi.mɛ]}}<br><br />
<br />
* For words ending in n(V), that syllable is replaced with /nɛ/ (written as <ne> in both KMTS and KLA):<br><br />
'''KMTS:''' ''boc wau ne''<br><br />
'''KLA:''' ''Bocwaune''<br><br />
'''IPA:''' {{ipa|[bɔs.wɑ̂.nɛ]}}<br><br />
<br />
* And for some geographic names ending in /-w/ and /-j/, just /ɛ/ is added (written as <ne> in KMTS and <e> in KLA):<br><br />
'''KMTS:''' ''yi kow ne, hwey ne''<br><br />
'''KLA:''' ''Yikowe, Hweye''<br><br />
'''IPA:''' {{ipa|[ji.ko.wɛ, χwɛ.jɛ]}}<br><br />
<br />
===== Accusative =====<br />
The Accusative (Acc) case is used for direct objects. It is formed by adding [ni], [nʲ], [ɡi] or [i] (always written as <ni> in KMTS) after the noun.<br><br />
* After words ending in /-ɰ̃/ <-ng>, /ɡi/ is added (written as <ni> in KMTS and <gi> in KLA):<br><br />
'''KMTS:''' ''ge šeng ni''<br><br />
'''KLA:''' ''gešenggi''<br><br />
'''IPA:''' {{ipa|[ɤ̯ɛ.ʂɛɰ̃.ɤ̯i]}}<br><br />
<br />
* After words ending in /-w/ <-w> or /-j/ <-y>, /i/ is added to the last consonant (written as <ni> in KMTS and <-i> in KLA):<br><br />
'''KMTS:''' ''kyaw ni, na wiy ni''<br><br />
'''KLA:''' ''kyawni, nawiyi''<br><br />
'''IPA:''' {{ipa|[tɕa.wi, na.wi.ji]}}<br><br />
<br />
* After words ending in /-ɰ̃t/ <-n>, the /-ɰ̃t/ is omitted and /ni/ is added (written as <ni> in both KMTS and KLA). Phonetically, the nasal ending is replaced with /ni/ (realized as [nʲ] after vowels) This is reflected in the KLA spelling by writing the nasal consonant as <nn>.<br><br />
'''KMTS:''' ''cun ni''<br><br />
'''KLA:''' ''cunni''<br><br />
'''IPA:''' {{ipa|[synʲ]}}<br><br />
<br />
* After words ending in /na/ <na>, that syllable is replaced with /ni/ <ni> (realized as [nʲ] after vowels). This is reflected in the KLA spelling by writing the nasal consonant as <nn>. In the KMTS spelling, the <na> ending persists.<br><br />
'''KMTS:''' ''boc wau na ni''<br><br />
'''KLA:''' ''Bocwaunni''<br><br />
'''IPA:''' {{ipa|[bɔ́s.wɑ̂nʲ]}}<br><br />
<br />
* In all other cases, the Accusative case is formed by adding /ni/ <ni>, (realized as [nʲ] after vowels).<br><br />
'''KMTS:''' ''bwis ni, bim ni, awč ni, en ka wa ni''<br><br />
'''KLA:''' ''bwisni, bimni, awčni, Enkawani''<br><br />
'''IPA:''' {{ipa|[bwís.ni, biɰ̃p.ni, áwtʃ.ni, eɰ̃t.ka.wanʲ]}}<br><br />
<br />
===== Vocative =====<br />
The Vocative (Voc) case is used to address a person directly. It is formed by adding either /nɛ/, /ɡɛ/, or /ɛ/ (always written as <ne> in KMTS) after the noun. In order to distinguish it from the Genitive-Dative case, an exclamation mark is always written after the noun.<br><br />
* After words ending in /-ɰ̃/ <-ng>, /ɡɛ/ is added (written as <ne> in KMTS and <ge> in KLA):<br><br />
'''KMTS:''' ''ge šeng ne!''<br><br />
'''KLA:''' ''gešengge!''<br><br />
'''IPA:''' {{ipa|[ɤ̯ɛ.ʂɛɰ̃.ɤ̯ɛ]}}<br><br />
<br />
* After words ending in /-w/ <-w> or /-j/ <-y>, /i/ is added to the last consonant (written as <ni> in KMTS and <-i> in KLA):<br><br />
'''KMTS:''' ''kyaw ne!, na wiy ne!''<br><br />
'''KLA:''' ''kyawne!, nawiye!''<br><br />
'''IPA:''' {{ipa|[tɕa.wɛ, na.wi.jɛ]}}<br><br />
<br />
* After words ending in /-ɰ̃t/ <-n>, the /-ɰ̃t/ is omitted and /nɛ/ is added (written as <ne> in both KMTS and KLA). Phonetically, the nasal ending is replaced with /nɛ/ This is reflected in the KLA spelling by writing the nasal consonant as <nn>.<br><br />
'''KMTS:''' ''cun ne!''<br><br />
'''KLA:''' ''cunne!''<br><br />
'''IPA:''' {{ipa|[sy.nɛ]}}<br><br />
<br />
* After words ending in /na/ <na>, that syllable is replaced with /nɛ/ <ne>. This is reflected in the KLA spelling by writing the nasal consonant as <nn>. In the KMTS spelling, the <na> ending persists.<br><br />
'''KMTS:''' ''boc waun na ne!''<br><br />
'''KLA:''' ''Bocwaunne!''<br><br />
'''IPA:''' {{ipa|[bɔ́s.wɑ̂.nɛ]}}<br><br />
<br />
* In all other cases, the Vocative case is formed by adding <ne>.<br><br />
'''KMTS:''' ''bwis ne!, bim ne!, awč ne!, en ka wa ne!''<br><br />
'''KLA:''' ''bwisne!, bimne!, awčne!, Enkawane!''<br><br />
'''IPA:''' {{ipa|[bwís.nɛ, biɰ́p.nɛ, áwtʃ.nɛ, eɰ̃t.ka.wa.nɛ]}}<br><br />
<br />
===Verbs===<br />
There are five particles that can be added to verbs in the following order:<br />
<br />
''ben zang'' x = x calculates<br><br />
<br />
* '''Negation:''' <kem> after <h> and <ng>, <tem> everywhere else<br />
** ''ben zang'' → ''ben zang kem'' x = x doesn't calculate<br><br />
* '''Assumption:''' <si><br />
** ''ben zang'' → ''ben zang si'' x = Apparently, x calculates<br><br />
* '''Subjunctive:''' <ga><br />
** ''ben zang'' → ''ben zang ga'' x = x would calculate<br><br />
* '''Past:''' <dah><br />
** ''ben zang'' → ''ben zang dah'' x = x calculated<br />
* '''Future:''' <yoj><br />
** ''ben zang'' → ''ben zang yoj'' x = x will calculate<br />
<br />
Those can also be combined:<br><br />
* ''benzang'' → ''ben zang kem si ga dah x'' ≈ Apparently, x would not have calculated<br />
<br />
Combining the past and future particle results in the future perfect:<br><br />
* ''benzang'' → ''ben zang dah yoj x'' ≈ x will have calculated<br />
<br />
In KLA romanization, these particles are attached to the verb directly without a space.<br />
<br />
Exceptions:<br />
There are a few exceptions for verbs that don’t just add suffixes, but change their stem:<br><br />
''bęč'' (walk) → ''bih'' in Past tense, not ''bęč dah''<br />
<br />
The copula is unwritten. When talking about an event in the past or the future for example, the past and future particles are used respectively:<br />
<br />
yi = I (female), cu tau = quing<br><br />
* I am the quing: ''aung cu tau''<br />
* I was the quing: ''tem aung cu tau''<br />
* I will be the quing: ''yoj aung cu tau''<br />
<br />
===Adjectives===<br />
For comparatives, you just double the last syllable of the adjective:<br />
<br />
'''paš''' (good) → '''paš paš''' (better)<br />
<br />
The object being compared to is in dative case:<br />
<br />
xin = bread<br><br />
* ''paš paš xin ne'' = better than bread<br />
<br />
If something is being compared to a clause, ''nay'' is used:<br />
<br />
cow = can, lauh = see, yi = I<br />
* ''paš paš nay cow lauh aung'' = better than i can see<br />
<br />
For superlatives, you just add the word for “all” in genitive case (KMTS: ''naj ne'', KLA: ''najen'') after the adjective.<br />
<br />
'''paš''' (good) → '''paš naj ne''' (best)<br />
<br />
==Vocabulary==<br />
''For a list of Kyawcenni words, take a look at [https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1t5nXo_04TuHrZApzPe1JpQodxBx6CoWc3nXqNRbMPyI/edit?usp=sharing the spreadsheet]''<br />
<br />
==Footnotes==<br />
<br />
[[Category:Language]]<br />
[[Category:Kyaw Cen]]</div>Sheikahhttps://mc.nguh.org/w/index.php?title=Kyawcenni&diff=41911Kyawcenni2026-07-23T20:54:06Z<p>Sheikah: /* Table */</p>
<hr />
<div>''This article is about the language. For the people, see [[Kyawcenni people]].''<br><br><br />
{{Infobox language<br />
|name=Kyawcenni<br />
|family=[[Sheikan languages|Sheikan]], [[Kyawcennic]]<br />
|early-forms=[[Middle Kyawcenni]]<br />
|scripts=[[Tanswaiy]], sometimes [[Latin alphabet|Latin]]<br />
|country=[[Kingdom of Kyaw Cen]]<br />
|regulator=Government of [[Kyaw Cen]]<br />
|demonym=Kyawcenni<br />
|usage=Government language<br />
|lang-code=KYC<br />
}}<br />
[[File:Kyawcenni-language.png|thumb|alt=Distribution of the Kyawcenni language|Distribution of the Kyawcenni language]]<br />
'''Kyawcenni''' {{ipa|/kjɒˈsɛn.ni/}} (Kyawcenni: {{script|script=tanswaiy|t=}}, [[KMTS]]: ''bôc kyaw cen ne'', [[KLA]]: ''bôc Kyawcenne'' {{ipa|/bûs tɕaw.sɛ.nɛ/}}<ref>* Middle Kyawcenni: {{ipa|/boːts ˈkjaw.tsɛn.nɛ/}}<br>* Standard Kyawcenni: {{ipa|[bûs tɕaw.sɛ.nɛ]}}<br>* Marcian Kyawcenni: {{ipa|[bûts tɕaw.tsɛ.nɛ]}}</ref>) is an analytic language spoken by [[Kyawcenni people|Kyawcennis]] in the [[Kingdom of Kyaw Cen]] and usually written in [[Tanswaiy]]. Its early speakers originated from [[Marcyland]], but it is now also spoken in the [[Kyawcenni archipelago]] and most of [[Shingtsun]].<br />
<br />
===History===<br />
Kyawcenni descends from the [[Sheikah language]] spoken in [[Marcyland]] before the migration to the [[Isles of Silly]] in late 2023. This later developed into Middle Kyawcenni, and later Modern Standard Kyawcenni, which is the variety of the language this article describes.<br />
<br />
== Orthography ==<br />
Kyawcenni officially uses the [[Tanswaiy]] script, but sometimes the [[Latin alphabet]] is used if Tanswaiy is unavailable. The Tanswaiy spelling is based on [[Middle Kyawcenni]].<br />
<br />
There are two official romanization methods for Tanswaiy: the Kyawcenni Morphological Transliteration System (KMTS) and the Kyawcenni Latin Alphabet (KLA). Unless specified otherwise, this article uses KMTS. When writing Kyawcenni in the Latin alphabet, both Romanization methods are commonly used or even mixed in informal contexts.<br />
<br />
=== Tanswaiy ===<br />
{{Note|Main article: [[Tanswaiy]]}}<br />
''Tanswaiy'' is the standard writing system of the Kyawcenni language. The orthography uses the Kyawcenni abugida alongside logographs.<br />
<br />
=== KMTS ===<br />
The '''Kyawcenni Morphological Transliteration System''' ('''KMTS''') is a literal transliteration system of the Tanswaiy script. Therefore, like in Tanswaiy, the spelling sometimes reflects the individual morphemes, rather than the pronunciation, and is based on Middle Kyawcenni. Foreign proper names written in the Latin alphabet need to be transcribed to match Kyawcenni phonotactics (e.g. Agma eats = ''lur sem ang ma''). In KMTS, every syllable is separated by a space.<br />
<br />
For example:<br><br />
* The word {{ipa|/sɔ.wɛɰ̃t~swɛɰ̃t/}}, meaning “your”, is written as ''sow ne'' in KMTS, because it was pronounced as {{ipa|/sɔw.nɛ/}} in Middle Kyawcenni and consists of the morphemes ''sow'' (“you”) and the genitive ending ''ne''. The genitive ending is always written as ''ne'' in KMTS, no matter how it's pronounced.<br />
<br />
* The word {{ipa|/ni caɰ̃/}}, meaning “(to) take”, is written as ''nę xam'' in KMTS, because it was pronounced as {{ipa|/ˈnɚ.çam/}} in Middle Kyawcenni. The modern pronunciation is irregular, but the spelling remains unchanged.<br />
<br />
=== KLA ===<br />
The '''Kyawcenni Latin Alphabet''' ('''KLA''') is an orthography for the Kyawcenni language that reflects the pronunciation of the words. The individual letters used are the same as in KMTS (also based on the Middle Kyawcenni spelling), but the spelling is regular and based on the modern pronunciation of the words. Foreign proper names written in the Latin alphabet are not transcribed in KLA (e.g. Agma eats = ''Lursem Agma''). In KLA, every word is separated by a space. As a result, it is sometimes not clear whether a consonant is a part of an onset or a coda (e.g. ''yo-lyu'' {{ipa|/jɔ ljy/}} vs. ''yol-yu'' {{ipa|/jɔw jy/}}), but when translating a text from Kyawcenni, a given KLA transcription can help you find out where the word boundaries are.<br />
<br />
For example:<br><br />
* The word {{ipa|/sɔ.wɛɰ̃t~swɛɰ̃t/}}, meaning “your”, can be written as ''sowen'' or ''swen'' in KLA. The case endings are always written how they are pronounced in Modern Standard Kyawcenni, unlike in Tanswaiy and KMTS, where they are always written the same.<br />
<br />
* The word {{ipa|/ni caɰ̃/}}, meaning “(to) take”, is written phonemically as ''nixang'' in KLA, despite it being pronounced like “nęxam” in Middle Kyawcenni.<br />
<br />
=== Comparison ===<br />
Here is an example sentence in both romanizations:<br />
<br />
'''KMTS:''' lauh dah hę nay nral bweng ne gô pac šô lyu tem dah dya ne su pac lauh dah.<br><br />
'''KLA:''' Lauhdah hę nay nral bwenne gô pac šôlyutemdah dyangsu pac lauhdah.<br><br />
'''IPA:''' {{ipa|[ɮɑ̂χ.daχ hɚ naj njaw bwɛ.nɛ ɤ̯û pás ʂû.ljy.tɛɰ̃p.daχ dʑaɰ̃.θy pás ɮɑ̂χ.daχ]}}<br><br />
'''Gloss:''' look.PAST (sg they) toward behind door.GEN and (reflexive pronoun) like.NOT.PAST it.GEN what (reflexive pronoun) see PAST<br><br />
'''Translation:''' They looked behind the door and didn't like what they saw.<br />
<br />
===Table===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
!Latin<br />
!Middle Kyawcenni<br />
!Condition<br />
!Modern Kyawcenni<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |'''a'''<br />
| rowspan="2" |a<br />
|Normally<br />
|à<br />
|-<br />
|End of syllable<br />
|ə (Standard)<br />
∅ (Marcyland)<br />
|-<br />
|'''ai'''<br />
|ɛː<br />
|<br />
|ɛ́<br />
|-<br />
|'''au'''<br />
|ɔː<br />
|<br />
|ɑ́<br />
|-<br />
|'''b-'''<br />
|b<br />
|<br />
|b<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |'''c'''<br />
| rowspan="2" |ts<br />
|Onset<br />
|s (Standard)<br />
ts (Marcyland)<br />
|-<br />
|Coda<br />
|s (high vowel tone) (Standard)<br />
ts (Marcyland)<br />
|-<br />
|'''cy-'''<br />
|tsj<br />
|<br />
|tɕ<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |'''č'''<br />
| rowspan="2" |tʃ<br />
|Onset<br />
|ʈʂ<br />
|-<br />
|Coda<br />
|ʈʂ (high vowel tone)<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |'''d-'''<br />
| rowspan="2" |d<br />
|Normally<br />
|d<br />
|-<br />
|Intervocalically<br />
|ð<br />
|-<br />
|'''dy'''<br />
|dj<br />
|<br />
|dʑ (Standard)<br />
dʒ (Marcyland)<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |'''e'''<br />
| rowspan="2" |ɛ<br />
|Normally<br />
|ɛ̀<br />
|-<br />
|End of syllable<br />
|ɛ̀ (Standard)<br />
∅ (Marcyland)<br />
|-<br />
|'''ê'''<br />
|eː<br />
|<br />
|ɪ́<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |'''ę, er'''<ref><er> at the beginning of a syllable, <ę> anywhere else</ref><br />
| rowspan="2" |ɚ<br />
|Normally<br />
|ɚ<br />
|-<br />
|Before palatal consonants<br />
|ɘ<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |'''g-'''<br />
| rowspan="2" |ɡ<br />
|Normally<br />
|ɤ̯<br />
|-<br />
|Before /j, w, ɻ/<br />
|ɡ<br />
|-<br />
|'''gy-'''<br />
|ɡj<br />
|<br />
|dʑ<br />
|-<br />
|'''h'''<br />
|χ<br />
|<br />
|χ<br />
|-<br />
|'''i'''<br />
|i<br />
|<br />
|ì<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |'''j'''<br />
|dʒ<br />
|Onset<br />
|ɖʐ<br />
|-<br />
|ʒ<br />
|Coda<br />
|ʂ (low vowel tone)<br />
|-<br />
|'''k-'''<br />
|k<br />
|<br />
|k<br />
|-<br />
|'''ky-'''<br />
|kj<br />
|<br />
|tɕ<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |'''l'''<br />
| rowspan="2" |l<br />
|Onset<br />
|ɮ<br />
|-<br />
|Coda<br />
|w<br />
|-<br />
|'''-li'''<br />
|li<br />
|<br />
|lʲ<br />
|-<br />
|'''ly-'''<br />
|lj<br />
|<br />
|lj<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="4" |'''m'''<br />
| rowspan="4" |m<br />
|Onset<br />
Coda after /j, w, ɻ/<br />
|m<br />
|-<br />
|Coda normally<br />
|ɰ̃<br />
|-<br />
|Coda normally before vowel or /j, w, ɻ/<br />
|ɰ̃m<br />
|-<br />
|Coda before vowel or /j, w, ɻ/ and after /j, w, ɻ/<br />
|mm<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="4" |'''n'''<br />
| rowspan="4" |n<br />
|Onset<br />
Coda after /j, w, ɻ/<br />
|n<br />
|-<br />
|Coda normally<br />
|ɰ̃<br />
|-<br />
|Coda normally before vowel or /j, w, ɻ/<br />
|ɰ̃n<br />
|-<br />
|Coda before vowel or /j, w, ɻ/ and after /j, w, ɻ/<br />
|nn<br />
|-<br />
|'''-ni'''<br />
|ni<br />
|<br />
|nʲ<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="4" |'''-ng'''<br />
| rowspan="4" |ŋ<br />
|Normally<br />
|ɰ̃<br />
|-<br />
|After /j, w, ɻ/<br />
|ŋ<br />
|-<br />
|Coda normally before vowel or /j, w, ɻ/<br />
|ɰ̃ɡ<br />
|-<br />
|Coda before vowel or /j, w, ɻ/ and after /j, w, ɻ/<br />
|ŋɡ<br />
|-<br />
|'''o'''<br />
|ɔ<br />
|<br />
|ɔ̀<br />
|-<br />
|'''ô'''<br />
|oː<br />
|<br />
|ú<br />
|-<br />
|'''p-'''<br />
|p<br />
|<br />
|p<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |'''r'''<br />
| rowspan="2" |ɹ<br />
|Normally<br />
|ɹ<br />
|-<br />
|C_V<br />
|j<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" |'''s'''<br />
| rowspan="3" |s<br />
|Onset<br />
|θ (Standard)<br />
s (Marcyland)<br />
|-<br />
|Before /j, w, ɻ/<br />
|s<br />
|-<br />
|Coda<br />
|θ (high vowel tone) (Standard)<br />
s (high vowel tone) (Marcyland)<br />
|-<br />
|'''sy-'''<br />
|sj<br />
|<br />
|ɕ<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |'''š'''<br />
| rowspan="2" |ʃ<br />
|Onset<br />
|ʂ<br />
|-<br />
|Coda<br />
|ʂ (high vowel tone)<br />
|-<br />
|'''t'''<br />
|t<br />
|<br />
|t<br />
|-<br />
|'''ty-'''<br />
|tj<br />
|<br />
|tɕ (Standard)<br />
tʃ (Marcyland)<br />
|-<br />
|'''u'''<br />
|y<br />
|<br />
|y<br />
|-<br />
|'''w'''<br />
|w<br />
|<br />
|w<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |'''x'''<br />
| rowspan="2" |ç<br />
|Onset<br />
|c<br />
|-<br />
|Coda<br />
|ç<br />
|-<br />
|'''y'''<br />
|j<br />
|<br />
|j<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |'''z'''<br />
|dz<br />
|Onset<br />
|dz<br />
|-<br />
|z<br />
|Coda<br />
|s (low vowel tone)<br />
|-<br />
|'''zy-'''<br />
|dzj<br />
|<br />
|dʑ<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Phonology==<br />
<br />
===Consonants===<br />
<br />
Kyawcenni uses following consonants:<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
! rowspan="2" |<br />
! colspan="2" |Bilabial<br />
! colspan="2" |Dental<br />
! colspan="2" |Alveolar<br />
! colspan="2" |Postalveolar<br />
! colspan="2" |Retroflex<br />
! colspan="2" |Alveolo-Palatal<br />
!Palatal<br />
! colspan="2" |Velar-Uvular<br />
|-<br />
!unv<br />
!v<br />
!unv<br />
!v<br />
!unv<br />
!v<br />
!unv<br />
!v<br />
!unv<br />
!v<br />
!unv<br />
!v<br />
!<br />
!unv<br />
!v<br />
|-<br />
!Plosive<br />
|p<br />
|b<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|t<br />
|d<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|c [c, ç]<br />
|k<br />
|ɡ [ɡ, ɤ̯]<br />
|-<br />
!Nasal<br />
|<br />
|m [m, ɰ̃p, mp]'''⁵'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|n<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|(nʲ)²<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|ɰ̃, (ŋ)<br />
|-<br />
!Fricative<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|(θ)¹<br />
|(ð)¹<br />
|s<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|ʂ<br />
|<br />
|ɕ<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|χ<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!Affricate<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|(ts)¹<br />
|dz<br />
|(tʃ)¹<br />
|(dʒ)¹<br />
|ʈʂ<br />
|ɖʐ<br />
|tɕ<br />
|dʑ<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!Liquid<br />
|<br />
|w<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|ɮ<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|ɻ⁴<br />
|<br />
|lj~lʲ<br />
|j<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
¹ Depends on the dialect. The postalveolar fricatives only appear in Marcian Kyawcenni, which in turn does not have dental fricatives.<br />
<br />
² Allophonic realization of the sequence /ni/ after vowels<br />
<br />
³ Historically its own phoneme descended from /ŋ/, but can also seen as an allophone of /g/<br />
<br />
⁴ Realized as [ɘ̯] before palatal of palatalized consonants<br />
<br />
For more information on the pronunciation, take a look at the orthography table above.<br />
<br />
===Vowels===<br />
<br />
Kyawcenni uses following vowels:<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
!-<br />
!Front<br />
!Central<br />
!Back<br />
|-<br />
!Close<br />
|i, y<br />
|<br />
|(u)¹<br />
|-<br />
!Near-close<br />
|(ɪ)¹<br />
|(ɚ~ɘ)²<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!Open-mid<br />
|ɛ<br />
|<br />
|ɔ<br />
|-<br />
!Open<br />
|<br />
|a~ə<br />
|(ɑ)¹<br />
|}<br />
¹ [ɪ], [u] and [ɑ] can be treated either as seperate phonemes as allophones of [i], [ɔ] and [ɑ] respectively distinguished by pitch accent. /ɛ/ also has two tonemic realizations.<br />
<br />
² Allophonic realization of the sequence /ɛɻ/ (low tone) or /ɛ̂ɻ/ (high tone); realized as [ɘ] before palatal consonants.<br />
<br />
=== Pitch accent ===<br />
The following chart shows how pitch accent (sometimes also called ''tones'') works in Kyawcenni.<br />
<br />
The italicized IPA are the toneless Middle Kyawcenni phonemes. As examples, this chart uses /ɛ/ and one of the listed coda consonants, but the tones apply to any vowel¹.<br />
<br />
KMTS = KMTS Transliteration<br />
<br />
Mid. = Middle Kyawcenni<br />
<br />
MSK = IPA in Modern Standard Kyawcenni<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+Toneme chart<br />
! rowspan="3" |Coda →<br />
Vowel ↓<br />
!KMTS: <c, s, č, š><br />
!<z, j><br />
!<m, n, ng><br />
!<x, h><br />
!<y, w, r><br />
!<br />
|-<br />
!''Mid.: ts, s, tʃ, ʃ''<br />
!''z, ʒ''<br />
!''m, n, ŋ''<br />
!''ç, χ''<br />
!''j, w, ɹ''<br />
!''∅''<br />
|-<br />
!MSK: ts, s, ʈʂ, ʂ<br />
!s, ʂ<br />
!ɰ̃p, ɰ̃t, ɰ̃<br />
!ç, χ<br />
!j, w, ɻ<br />
!∅<br />
|-<br />
|'''KMTS: <a, e, ę, o, i, u>'''<br />
|<ec><br />
|<ez><br />
|<eng><br />
|<ex><br />
|<ey><br />
|<e><br />
|-<br />
|'''''Mid.: a, ɛ, (ɚ), ɔ, i, y'''''<br />
|''ɛs''<br />
|''ɛs''<br />
|''ɛŋ''<br />
|''ɛç''<br />
|''ɛj''<br />
|''ɛ''<br />
|-<br />
|'''MSK: a, ɛ, (ɚ), ɔ, i, y¹'''<br />
|ɛs˩˥<br />
|ɛs˩<br />
|ɛɰ̃¹<br />
|ɛç¹<br />
|ɛj¹<br />
|ɛ¹<br />
|-<br />
|'''KMTS: <au, ai, ę, ê, ô>'''<br />
|<aic><br />
|<aiz><br />
|<aing><br />
|<aix><br />
|<aiy><br />
|<ai><br />
|-<br />
|'''''Mid.: ɔː, ɛː, (ɚ), eː, oː'''''<br />
|''ɛ'''ː'''ts''<br />
|''ɛ'''ː'''z''<br />
|''ɛːŋ''<br />
|''ɛ'''ː'''ç''<br />
|''ɛ'''ː'''j''<br />
|''ɛ'''ː'''''<br />
|-<br />
|'''MSK: ɑ, ɛ, (ɚ), ɪ, u'''<br />
|ɛs˥<br />
|ɛs˥˩<br />
|ɛɰ̃˥˩<br />
|ɛç˥˩<br />
|ɛj˥˩<br />
|ɛ˥˩<br />
|}<br />
¹ Toneless vowel: The tone can vary, but it usually contrasts the tone of the previous syllable. In a sequence of toneless syllables the tone tends to drop. /y/ is always toneless.<br />
<br />
==Phonotactics==<br />
''See also: [[Middle Kyawcenni#Phonotactics]]''<br />
<br />
Excluding vowels, a syllable can start with the following consonants:<br><br />
p b t d m n (θ) s (ts) dz ɮ lj ʃ tʃ dʒ c k χ ɡ j w ɻ<br><br />
Excluding vowels, a syllable can end in the following consonants:<br><br />
m n nʲ (θ) s (ts) z ʃ tʃ ʒ lʲ ç χ ŋ j w ɻ<br><br />
If none of them appear directly before or after each other, following consonants can be used between consonant and vowel:<br><br />
j w ɻ<br><br />
/w/ cannot appear after affricates<br><br />
A syllable can also begin with vowels, but it cannot begin with:<br><br />
y i<br><br />
/ɻ/ or /ɚ/ next to /ɮ/ or /lj/ is not possible in the same syllable<br><br />
/j, w, ɻ/ cannot appear directly after affricates (including <c> /(t)s/), /c/ or postalveolar and retroflex consonants in the same syllable<br><br />
[ɻ] and [ɚ] cannot appear in the same syllable<br><br />
<er> at the beginning of a syllable is pronounced as /ɚ/. <ę> cannot appear at the beginning of a syllable. <air> at the beginning of a syllable is pronounced as /ɛ́ɻ/.<br />
<br />
==Evolution from Middle Kyawcenni==<br />
''For now, please look at the orthography section for this''<br />
<br />
== Syntax ==<br />
The Syntax of Kyawcenni follows VSO word order, but it can be modified to an SVO word order by adding the particle ''em'' between the subject and the verb.<br />
Adjectives appear after the noun they modify. Prepositions appear before the noun and are used with the Genitive-Dative case, except for ''ar'' (“in, inside”) which comes after and uses the Nominative case:<br />
<br />
Example:<br><br />
cow = can; bęč = go/walk; aung = I (formal/non-binary); nay = to/towards; yi ja = Yija; ne = ''Gen-Dat case particle''; ar = in/inside<br><br />
* I can go to Yija = cow bęč aung nay yi ja ne<br />
* I am in Yija = aung yi ja ar<br />
* I was in Yija = dah aung yi ja ar<br />
<br />
== Morphology ==<br />
Kyawcenni words sometimes consist of the first syllable of one word, followed by another word:<br><br />
''jong yi tę nar = Ætérnalism''<br><br />
(First syllable of jong gyaw = religion + yi tę nar = Ætérnal)<br />
<br />
=== Pronouns ===<br />
There are several pronouns in Kyawcenni whose use depends on formality and gender identity.<br />
In order to show possession of something, that something is followed by a pronoun in Gen-Dat case:<br />
<br />
Example:<br><br />
tan tal = paper; aung = I (formal/non-binary); ne = ''Gen-Dat particle''<br><br />
My paper = tan tal aung ne<br />
<br />
====First person personal pronouns====<br />
There are three first person personal pronouns in Kyawcenni:<br />
* yi (feminine, informal)<br />
* hę (masculine, informal)<br />
* aung (formal or non-binary informal)<br />
<br />
==== Second person personal pronouns ====<br />
There are three second person personal pronouns in Kyawcenni:<br />
* šo (informal, singular)<br />
* sow (informal, plural)<br />
* no ri (formal)<br />
<br />
When declined, the pronoun ''šo'' uses the declensions of ''sow'':<br />
* KMTS: Gen-Dat: sow ne, Acc: sow ni, Voc: sow ne!<br />
* KLA: Gen-Dat: sowen/swen, Acc: sowni, Voc: sowne!<br />
<br />
There is also the “hyperformal” pronoun ''san'', but nowadays it is only used in ceremonial contexts or when addressing a monarch.<br />
<br />
==== Third person personal pronouns ====<br />
Kyawcenni has two third person personal pronouns:<br />
* dya (singular)<br />
* dya pay (plural)<br />
<br />
==== Reflexive pronouns ====<br />
Kyawcenni has three reflexive pronouns:<br />
* pac (singular)<br />
* pa pay (plural)<br />
* pa ri (formal)<br />
<br />
In formal contexts, ''pa ri'' is only used if it references the person(s) that is/are being talked to, not if they reference a third person.<br />
<br />
Example:<br><br />
sang = have; no ri = you (formal); nuz ni = time (Acc); pa ri ne = ''reflexive pronoun'' (formal, Gen-Dat)<br><br />
<br />
* ''(formal)'' You have your time = sang no ri nuz ni pa ri ne<br />
<br />
=== Nouns ===<br />
==== Case ====<br />
Kyawcenni has four cases in total: <br />
Nominative<br />
Genitive-Dative<br />
Accusative<br />
Vocative<br />
<br />
===== Nominative =====<br />
The Nominative (Nom) case doesn’t have any ending, not sure what else to say here:<br><br />
KMTS: ''cun, bwis, bim, awč, kyaw, na wiy, ge šeng, en ka wa, boc wau na, yi kow, hwey''<br><br />
KLA: ''cun, bwis, bim, asč, kyaw, nawiy, gešeng, Enkawa, Bocwauna, Yikow, hwey''<br><br />
IPA: {{ipa|/syɰ̃t, bwǐs, biɰ̃p, awtʃ, tɕaw, na.wij, gɛ.ʂɛɰ̃, ɛɰ̃t.ka.wə, bɔs.wɑ̂.nə, ji.kɔw, χwɛj/}}<br><br />
<br />
===== Genitive-Dative =====<br />
The Genitive-Dative (Gen-Dat) case is used for indirect objects and after prepositions. It is formed by adding either [nɛ], [mɛ/, [ɛ], or [ɛɰ̃t] (always written as <ne> in KMTS) after the noun.<br><br />
<br />
* After most consonants, /ɛɰ̃t/ (written as <ne> in KMTS and <en> in KLA) is added. That consonant then becomes the onset of the syllable after. The tone changes accordingly.<br><br />
'''KMTS:''' ''bwis ne, awč ne, kyaw ne, na wiy ne''<br><br />
'''KLA:''' ''bwisen, awčen, kyawen, nawiyen''<br><br />
'''IPA:''' {{ipa|[bwi.sɛɰ̃t, aw.tʃɛɰ̃t, tɕa.wɛɰ̃t, na.wi.jɛɰ̃t]}}<br><br />
<br />
* Except for syllables ending in /-ɰ̃t/ <n> or /-ɰ̃/ <ng>, for which /nɛ/ (written as <ne> in both KMTS and KLA) is added. Phonetically, the nasal endings are replaced with /nɛ/. This is reflected in the KLA spelling by writing the nasal consonant as <nn>.<br />
'''KMTS:''' ''cen ne, ge šeng ne''<br><br />
'''KLA:''' ''cenne, gešenne''<br><br />
'''IPA:''' {{ipa|[sɛ.nɛ, gɛ.ʂɛ.nɛ]}}<br><br />
<br />
* For syllables ending in a vowel, /nɛ/ (written as <ne> in both KMTS and KLA) is added:<br />
'''KMTS:''' ''en ka wa ne''<br><br />
'''KLA:''' ''Enkawane''<br><br />
'''IPA:''' {{ipa|[ɛɰ̃t.ka.wa.nɛ]}}<br><br />
<br />
* For syllables ending in /ɰ̃p/ <m>, /mɛ/ (written as <ne> in KMTS and <me> in KLA) is added. The /mɛ/ thereby replaces the /-ɰ̃p/:<br><br />
'''KMTS:''' ''bim ne''<br><br />
'''KLA:''' ''bimme''<br><br />
'''IPA:''' {{ipa|[bi.mɛ]}}<br><br />
<br />
* For words ending in n(V), that syllable is replaced with /nɛ/ (written as <ne> in both KMTS and KLA):<br><br />
'''KMTS:''' ''boc wau ne''<br><br />
'''KLA:''' ''Bocwaune''<br><br />
'''IPA:''' {{ipa|[bɔs.wɑ̂.nɛ]}}<br><br />
<br />
* And for some geographic names ending in /-w/ and /-j/, just /ɛ/ is added (written as <ne> in KMTS and <e> in KLA):<br><br />
'''KMTS:''' ''yi kow ne, hwey ne''<br><br />
'''KLA:''' ''Yikowe, Hweye''<br><br />
'''IPA:''' {{ipa|[ji.ko.wɛ, χwɛ.jɛ]}}<br><br />
<br />
===== Accusative =====<br />
The Accusative (Acc) case is used for direct objects. It is formed by adding [ni], [nʲ], [ɡi] or [i] (always written as <ni> in KMTS) after the noun.<br><br />
* After words ending in /-ɰ̃/ <-ng>, /ɡi/ is added (written as <ni> in KMTS and <gi> in KLA):<br><br />
'''KMTS:''' ''ge šeng ni''<br><br />
'''KLA:''' ''gešenggi''<br><br />
'''IPA:''' {{ipa|[ɤ̯ɛ.ʂɛɰ̃.ɤ̯i]}}<br><br />
<br />
* After words ending in /-w/ <-w> or /-j/ <-y>, /i/ is added to the last consonant (written as <ni> in KMTS and <-i> in KLA):<br><br />
'''KMTS:''' ''kyaw ni, na wiy ni''<br><br />
'''KLA:''' ''kyawni, nawiyi''<br><br />
'''IPA:''' {{ipa|[tɕa.wi, na.wi.ji]}}<br><br />
<br />
* After words ending in /-ɰ̃t/ <-n>, the /-ɰ̃t/ is omitted and /ni/ is added (written as <ni> in both KMTS and KLA). Phonetically, the nasal ending is replaced with /ni/ (realized as [nʲ] after vowels) This is reflected in the KLA spelling by writing the nasal consonant as <nn>.<br><br />
'''KMTS:''' ''cun ni''<br><br />
'''KLA:''' ''cunni''<br><br />
'''IPA:''' {{ipa|[synʲ]}}<br><br />
<br />
* After words ending in /na/ <na>, that syllable is replaced with /ni/ <ni> (realized as [nʲ] after vowels). This is reflected in the KLA spelling by writing the nasal consonant as <nn>. In the KMTS spelling, the <na> ending persists.<br><br />
'''KMTS:''' ''boc wau na ni''<br><br />
'''KLA:''' ''Bocwaunni''<br><br />
'''IPA:''' {{ipa|[bɔ́s.wɑ̂nʲ]}}<br><br />
<br />
* In all other cases, the Accusative case is formed by adding /ni/ <ni>, (realized as [nʲ] after vowels).<br><br />
'''KMTS:''' ''bwis ni, bim ni, awč ni, en ka wa ni''<br><br />
'''KLA:''' ''bwisni, bimni, awčni, Enkawani''<br><br />
'''IPA:''' {{ipa|[bwís.ni, biɰ̃p.ni, áwtʃ.ni, eɰ̃t.ka.wanʲ]}}<br><br />
<br />
===== Vocative =====<br />
The Vocative (Voc) case is used to address a person directly. It is formed by adding either /nɛ/, /ɡɛ/, or /ɛ/ (always written as <ne> in KMTS) after the noun. In order to distinguish it from the Genitive-Dative case, an exclamation mark is always written after the noun.<br><br />
* After words ending in /-ɰ̃/ <-ng>, /ɡɛ/ is added (written as <ne> in KMTS and <ge> in KLA):<br><br />
'''KMTS:''' ''ge šeng ne!''<br><br />
'''KLA:''' ''gešengge!''<br><br />
'''IPA:''' {{ipa|[ɤ̯ɛ.ʂɛɰ̃.ɤ̯ɛ]}}<br><br />
<br />
* After words ending in /-w/ <-w> or /-j/ <-y>, /i/ is added to the last consonant (written as <ni> in KMTS and <-i> in KLA):<br><br />
'''KMTS:''' ''kyaw ne!, na wiy ne!''<br><br />
'''KLA:''' ''kyawne!, nawiye!''<br><br />
'''IPA:''' {{ipa|[tɕa.wɛ, na.wi.jɛ]}}<br><br />
<br />
* After words ending in /-ɰ̃t/ <-n>, the /-ɰ̃t/ is omitted and /nɛ/ is added (written as <ne> in both KMTS and KLA). Phonetically, the nasal ending is replaced with /nɛ/ This is reflected in the KLA spelling by writing the nasal consonant as <nn>.<br><br />
'''KMTS:''' ''cun ne!''<br><br />
'''KLA:''' ''cunne!''<br><br />
'''IPA:''' {{ipa|[sy.nɛ]}}<br><br />
<br />
* After words ending in /na/ <na>, that syllable is replaced with /nɛ/ <ne>. This is reflected in the KLA spelling by writing the nasal consonant as <nn>. In the KMTS spelling, the <na> ending persists.<br><br />
'''KMTS:''' ''boc waun na ne!''<br><br />
'''KLA:''' ''Bocwaunne!''<br><br />
'''IPA:''' {{ipa|[bɔ́s.wɑ̂.nɛ]}}<br><br />
<br />
* In all other cases, the Vocative case is formed by adding <ne>.<br><br />
'''KMTS:''' ''bwis ne!, bim ne!, awč ne!, en ka wa ne!''<br><br />
'''KLA:''' ''bwisne!, bimne!, awčne!, Enkawane!''<br><br />
'''IPA:''' {{ipa|[bwís.nɛ, biɰ́p.nɛ, áwtʃ.nɛ, eɰ̃t.ka.wa.nɛ]}}<br><br />
<br />
===Verbs===<br />
There are five particles that can be added to verbs in the following order:<br />
<br />
''ben zang'' x = x calculates<br><br />
<br />
* '''Negation:''' <kem> after <h> and <ng>, <tem> everywhere else<br />
** ''ben zang'' → ''ben zang kem'' x = x doesn't calculate<br><br />
* '''Assumption:''' <si><br />
** ''ben zang'' → ''ben zang si'' x = Apparently, x calculates<br><br />
* '''Subjunctive:''' <ga><br />
** ''ben zang'' → ''ben zang ga'' x = x would calculate<br><br />
* '''Past:''' <dah><br />
** ''ben zang'' → ''ben zang dah'' x = x calculated<br />
* '''Future:''' <yoj><br />
** ''ben zang'' → ''ben zang yoj'' x = x will calculate<br />
<br />
Those can also be combined:<br><br />
* ''benzang'' → ''ben zang kem si ga dah x'' ≈ Apparently, x would not have calculated<br />
<br />
Combining the past and future particle results in the future perfect:<br><br />
* ''benzang'' → ''ben zang dah yoj x'' ≈ x will have calculated<br />
<br />
In KLA romanization, these particles are attached to the verb directly without a space.<br />
<br />
Exceptions:<br />
There are a few exceptions for verbs that don’t just add suffixes, but change their stem:<br><br />
''bęč'' (walk) → ''bih'' in Past tense, not ''bęč dah''<br />
<br />
The copula is unwritten. When talking about an event in the past or the future for example, the past and future particles are used respectively:<br />
<br />
yi = I (female), cu tau = quing<br><br />
* I am the quing: ''aung cu tau''<br />
* I was the quing: ''tem aung cu tau''<br />
* I will be the quing: ''yoj aung cu tau''<br />
<br />
===Adjectives===<br />
For comparatives, you just double the last syllable of the adjective:<br />
<br />
'''paš''' (good) → '''paš paš''' (better)<br />
<br />
The object being compared to is in dative case:<br />
<br />
xin = bread<br><br />
* ''paš paš xin ne'' = better than bread<br />
<br />
If something is being compared to a clause, ''nay'' is used:<br />
<br />
cow = can, lauh = see, yi = I<br />
* ''paš paš nay cow lauh aung'' = better than i can see<br />
<br />
For superlatives, you just add the word for “all” in genitive case (KMTS: ''naj ne'', KLA: ''najen'') after the adjective.<br />
<br />
'''paš''' (good) → '''paš naj ne''' (best)<br />
<br />
==Vocabulary==<br />
''For a list of Kyawcenni words, take a look at [https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1t5nXo_04TuHrZApzPe1JpQodxBx6CoWc3nXqNRbMPyI/edit?usp=sharing the spreadsheet]''<br />
<br />
==Footnotes==<br />
<br />
[[Category:Language]]<br />
[[Category:Kyaw Cen]]</div>Sheikahhttps://mc.nguh.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Official_Languages&diff=41841List of Official Languages2026-07-22T20:31:07Z<p>Sheikah: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Notice|msg=This page is very outdated/incomplete (February 14, 2026)}}<br />
<br />
This is a list of the official languages of each sovereign [[ŋation]] in the [[Nguhcraft|Ŋorld]].<br />
<br />
== Ŋations ==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
!Ŋation (Common Name)<br />
!Official Languages<br />
!Language Family/Families<br />
!Regulating Institution/Institutions<br />
|-<br />
|{{Banner|AD}} [[Adaria]]<br />
|[[English]], [[Catalan]]<br />
|[[Saxo-Syzkynic languages|Saxo-Syzkynic]] (English), [[Pisco-Imerchali Languages|Pisco-Imerchali]] (Catalan)<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|{{Banner|AA}} [[Adnar]]<br />
|[[Vietnamese++]]<br />
|Adnarish<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|{{Banner|AO}} [[Amoria]]<br />
|[[Common Amorian]], [[Aristoamorian]], [[English]]<br />
|Lomaryn (Common Amorian, Aristoamorian), [[Saxo-Syzkynic languages|Saxo-Syzkynic]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|{{Banner|AN}} [[Anaqw]]<br />
|[[Anaqwte di Guazas]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|{{Banner|AT}} [[Antilvakia]]<br />
|[[English]]<br />
|[[Saxo-Syzkynic languages|Saxo-Syzkynic]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|{{Banner|AK}} [[Aomoī-Kaervaenan Commonwealth|Aomoī-Kaervaenan]]<br />
[[Aomoī-Kaervaenan Commonwealth|Commonwealth]]<br />
|[[Aomoī (langauge)|Aomoī]], [[Kaervaenan]]<br />
|[[Aomoic (language family)|Aomoic]] (Aomoī)<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|{{Banner|CX}} [[Appalliŋesia]]<br />
|[[English]], Cxihraitxanoaq<br />
|[[Saxo-Syzkynic languages|Saxo-Syzkynic]] (English)<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|{{Banner|AP}} [[Aprux Mexyrhat]]<br />
|[[Toli]], [[English]], others<br />
|[[Iuta-Karax]] (Toli), [[Saxo-Syzkynic languages|Saxo-Syzkynic]] (English)<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|{{Banner|AC}} [[Araçana]]<br />
|[[Araçanic]] (Official), [[Yiddish]] (Recognized)<br />
|Çana (Araçanic), [[Saxo-Syzkynic languages|Saxo-Syzkynic]] (Yiddish)<br />
|Xeçha University (Yiddish)<br />
|-<br />
|{{Banner|RK}} [[Arktsev]]<br />
|[[Kándsōō]], [[English]], [[Portuguese]]<br />
|[[Saxo-Syzkynic languages|Saxo-Syzkynic]] (English), [[Pisco-Imerchali Languages|Pisco-Imerchali]] (Portuguese)<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|{{Banner|AY}} [[Aylongam]]<br />
|[[Xindvâ]], (Regionally) [[Kygami]]<br />
|Liyuric (Xindvâ and Kygami)<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|{{Banner|BD}} [[B’hiy’aj Dchâjâ]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|{{Banner|CV}} [[Civuyiscajrn]]<br />
|[[Knrawi]], [[Soc'ul']]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|{{Banner|CB}} [[Coldba (Cuba)]]<br />
|[[English]], [[Paxelow]], [[Spanish]], [[Tcae'ru]]<br />
|[[Saxo-Syzkynic languages|Saxo-Syzkynic]] (English)<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|{{Banner|CP}} [[The Complex]]<br />
|[[Standard Information Transfer and Record Protocol|SITRP]], [[English]], [[Spanish]]<br />
|[[Saxo-Syzkynic languages|Saxo-Syzkynic]] (English), [[Pisco-Imerchali Languages|Pisco-Imerchali]] (Spanish)<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|{{Banner|CR}} [[Corneria, Anarchist Workers Republic of|Corneria]]<br />
|[[English]], [[Hlatim'Vjekjatan]]<br />
|[[Saxo-Syzkynic languages|Saxo-Syzkynic]] (English)<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|{{Banner|DH}} [[Dhourigkàn]]<br />
|[[Eirvau]], [[Gunerazantya]], [[Ippi]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|{{Banner|DT}} [[Dróstsiśtsi]]<br />
|[[Kośtsiśtsi]], [[Tosï]], [[Spanish]], Turis<br />
|[[Turisan languages|Turisan]] (Kośtsiśtsi, Tosï, Turis), [[Pisco-Imerchali Languages|Pisco-Imerchali]] (Spanish)<br />
|University of Dróstsiśtsi<br />
|-<br />
|{{Banner|SL}} [[Dulgarda]]<br />
|Chyati Dulg<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|{{Banner|EW}} [[Eistówú]]<br />
|[[Eistu]], Livonian<br />
|Aisti-Hummic (Livonian)<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|{{Banner|EL}} [[Emberland]]<br />
|[[English]], [[Hlatim'Vjekjatan|Emberish]]<br />
|[[Saxo-Syzkynic languages|Saxo-Syzkynic]] (English)<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|{{Banner|EK}} [[Enkavak]]<br />
|[[Laevanaak]], [[Atlantic German]], [[English]], [[Latin]], [[Ancient Greek]]<br />
|[[Laevanaaic Languages|Laevanaaic]] (Laevanaak), [[Saxo-Syzkynic languages|Saxo-Syzkynic]] (German and English), [[Pisco-Imerchali Languages|Pisco-Imerchali]] (Latin), [[Graecic Languages|Graecic]] (Ancient Greek)<br />
|[https://enkavak.xhesas.com/ministries/mfb Atlantic Ministry of Education] (Laevanaak)<br />
|-<br />
|{{Banner|ED}} [[Ettêre Ðiffyt]]<br />
|[[Syltanennie]], [[English]]<br />
|[[Saxo-Syzkynic languages|Saxo-Syzkynic]] (English)<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|{{Banner|FR}} [[Trévandroumélisse-Frossantiquervrâssonne-d’Prévallondurévrenne-en-Mijonnâ-Tourvléssourinde-pralondure-Méllontrévresse-Vrassédrinourde|Frossantiquervrâssone]]<br />
|Frathmârque<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|{{Banner|GN}} [[Gdaƨihr Ni̦xlo]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|{{Banner|GS}} [[Gevsaksavli]]<br />
|[[Tardigradian Dialect|Tardigradian Laevanaak]]<br />
|[[Laevanaaic Languages|Laevanaaic]] (Tardigradian)<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|{{Banner|HD}} [[Hajdislant]]<br />
|English, [[Hajdis-Vonavelt Mellanglossa]], [[Hajdossa]]<br />
|[[Saxo-Syzkynic languages|Saxo-Syzkynic]] (English), Vilantane (HVM), Hajdic (Hajdossa)<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|{{Banner|HR}} [[The Hertskomestat Syndicate|Hertskomestat Syndicate]]<br />
|[[Midelisk]]<br />
|[[Saxo-Syzkynic languages|Saxo-Syzkynic]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|{{Banner|HL}} [[Hummland]]<br />
|[[English]], [[Humild]], [[German]], [[Finnish]]<br />
|[[Saxo-Syzkynic languages|Saxo-Syzkynic]] (English and German), Aisti-Hummic (Finnish)<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|{{Banner|EM}} [[I Êpcêm Mûn-nan]]<br />
|[[Câynqasang]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|{{Banner|IM}} [[Free City of Yetch Bay|Imerchal]]<br />
|[[Mosici]], [[Occitan]]<br />
|Nyelavi (Mosici), Pisco-Imerchali (Occitan)<br />
|[[Imerchal|Imerchali Department of Language and Culture]] (Mosici)<br />
|-<br />
|{{Banner|ZG}} [[Islands of Ʒimh Gwynh]]<br />
|[[Middle Chinese (Tang Dynasty, Chang'an dialect)]]<br />
|Gwinic<br />
|Ʒimh Gwynh Government<br />
|-<br />
|{{Banner|JL}} [[Jotlond]]<br />
|[[Jutish]], Low Saxon<br />
|[[Saxo-Syzkynic languages|Saxo-Syzkynic]] (Jutish and Low Saxon)<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|{{Banner|KA}} [[Kaipa]]<br />
|[[Kaipanese Language|Kaipanese]], [[English]]<br />
|Okamic (Kaipanese), [[Saxo-Syzkynic languages|Saxo-Syzkynic]] (English)<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|{{Banner|KE}} [[Keltechra]]<br />
|[[English]], Adirni, African, Keltechran [[Śácamþaśá]]<br />
|[[Saxo-Syzkynic languages|Saxo-Syzkynic]] (English), [[Pisco-Imerchali Languages|Pisco-Imerchali]] (African), [[Sojåkaromåthan]] (Śácamþaśá)<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Kıltmo]]<br />
|[[English]], [[Iskel]]<br />
|[[Saxo-Syzkynic languages|Saxo-Syzkynic]] (English)<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|{{Banner|KL}} [[Kotland]]<br />
|Katlandic, LOLCAT, Pre-reform Russian<br />
|[[Mary-Moldovan languages|Mary-Moldovan]] (Pre-reform Russian)<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|{{Banner|KZ}} [[Kozdenen]]<br />
|[[Kozramva]]<br />
|[[Nanu-Keezhu Languages|Nanu-Keezhu]]<br />
|[[User:Total pleb|Doge of Kozdenen]]<br />
|-<br />
|{{Banner|KR}} [[Krīpetēpla]]<br />
|[[Krīpoti]]<br />
|Kripet<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|{{Banner|KC}} [[Kingdom of Kyaw Cen|Kyaw Cen]]<br />
|[[English]], [[Kyawcenni]], (Regionally) [[Yakkanogi]], [[Showhen language|Showhen]]<br />
|[[Saxo-Syzkynic languages|Saxo-Syzkynic]] (English), [[Sheikan languages|Sheikan]] (Kyawcenni and Showhen), [[Tsai-Chire languages|Tsai-Chire]] (Yakkanogi)<br />
|Government of Kyaw Cen (Kyawcenni)<br />
|-<br />
|{{Banner|LK}} [[Lavvakcesaa]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Lúy Huà]]<br />
|[[Nn]]<br />
|Isolate<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|{{Banner|MA}} [[Maize]]<br />
|Proto-Indo-European, English, [[Sämaizetewe]], Cornish, Proto-Germanic, Dutch, Finnish, Basque, Greenlandic, Old Chinese<br />
|[[Saxo-Syzkynic languages|Saxo-Syzkynic]] (English, Proto-Germanic, Dutch), Monke-Kiiamic (Cornish), Aisti-Hummic (Finnish), Gwinic (Old Chinese)<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|{{Banner|MP}} [[MápabaL]]<br />
|Old MápabaLa, [[Forðu]], [[Hungarian]], [[English]]<br />
|Aisti-Hummic (Hungarian), [[Saxo-Syzkynic languages|Saxo-Syzkynic]] (English)<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|{{Banner|MS}} [[Maraśa]]<br />
|[[Śácamþaśá]]<br />
|[[Sojåkaromåthan]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|{{Banner|MR}} [[Ḿaro]]<br />
|[[Southern Ḿaro]], [[Central Ḿaro]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|{{Banner|ML}} [[Maryland]]<br />
|[[Proto-Slavic]]<br />
|[[Mary-Moldovan languages]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|{{Banner|MZ}} [[Myžariky]]<br />
|[[Syzkyn]]<br />
|[[Saxo-Syzkynic languages|Saxo-Syzkynic]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Nan Hsüeh Kung Ssu]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|{{Banner|NA}} [[Nāroňpār]]<br />
|[[Isle Narkevin]], [[Toki Pona]], (Regionally) [[Albaŋia Albanian]], [[Bulŋarian]], [[Dvilish]], [[East Narkevin]], [[Gagauz]], [[Galician]], [[Moldovan]], [[Saxish]], [[Štokevin|Štokevian]], [[Ukrainian]], [[West Narkevin]], [[Ŋreek]]<br />
|Narkevic (Isle Narkevin, West Narkevin, East Narkevin), [[Pona languages|Pona]] (Toki Pona), [[Mary-Moldovan languages|Mary-Moldovan]] (Bulŋarian, Galician, Štokevian, Ukrainian), [[Saxo-Syzkynic languages|Saxo-Syzkynic]] (Dvilish, Saxish), [[Miŋejácáric languages|Miŋejácáric]] (Gagauz), [[Graecic Languages|Graecic]] (Ŋreek)<br />
|[[Szlanty|ẞlanty]] (Isle Narkevin)<br />
|-<br />
|{{Banner|NT}} [[Nošaterçe]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|{{Banner|OR}} [[Oressia]]<br />
|[[Ukrainian]]<br />
|[[Mary-Moldovan languages|Mary-Moldovan]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|{{Banner|OT}} [[Otslahue]]<br />
|[[Qhar]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|{{Banner|PK}} [[Paz Kiiam]]<br />
|[[English]], [[Kiiamic]], [[Quarry French]], [[Sand Welsh]]<br />
|[[Saxo-Syzkynic languages|Saxo-Syzkynic]] (English), [[Pisco-Imerchali Languages|Pisco-Imerchali]] (Quarry French), Monke-Kiiamic (Quarry Welsh)<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|{{Banner|PI}} [[Pihi]]<br />
|[[English]]<br />
|[[Saxo-Syzkynic languages|Saxo-Syzkynic]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|{{Banner|RP}} [[Pua]]<br />
|[[English]], (Regionally) [[German]]<br />
|[[Saxo-Syzkynic languages|Saxo-Syzkynic]] (English and German)<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|{{Banner|QO}} [[Qosculyn]]<br />
|Qosysyn, Hittite<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|{{Banner|RA}} [[Rauratoshan Kingdom|Rauratoshan]]<br />
|[[Rokadong]], (Working) [[English]], [[Spanish]]<br />
|[[Nentan languages|Nentan]], [[Saxo-Syzkynic languages|Saxo-Syzkynic]] (English), [[Pisco-Imerchali Languages|Pisco-Imerchali]] (Spanish)<br />
|[[Rauratoshan Vulgar Authority]]{{disputed}} (Rokadong)<br />
|-<br />
|{{Banner|LR}} [[Regnate Latium]]<br />
|[[Regnate Latin]]<br />
|[[Pisco-Imerchali Languages|Pisco-Imerchali]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|{{Banner|RI}} [[Ɍijeləm|Riyelum]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|{{Banner|ST}} [[Sofao Tâsi]]<br />
|[[Sasaian]], (Regionally) [[Chian]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|{{Banner|SG}} [[Spansos Gaming]]<br />
|[[English]]<br />
|[[Saxo-Syzkynic languages|Saxo-Syzkynic]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|{{Banner|SQ}} [[sq's Territories]]<br />
|[[English]]<br />
|[[Saxo-Syzkynic languages|Saxo-Syzkynic]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|{{Banner|SV}} [[Stej Ven]]<br />
|[[Stejvenni]], [[Swedish]]<br />
|[[Saxo-Syzkynic languages|Saxo-Syzkynic]] (Swedish)<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|{{Banner|TA}} [[T'anshilebs]]<br />
|[[English]], [[Naval Georgian]], [[T'ansholubi]]<br />
|[[Saxo-Syzkynic languages|Saxo-Syzkynic]] (English), [[Indo-Gadicintian]] (Georgian), (T'ansholubi)<br />
|T'anshilebs Social Department<br />
|-<br />
|{{Banner|TZ}} [[Tanzang]]<br />
|[[Tanzangi]]<br />
|[[Cangic Languages|Cangic]]<br />
|Government of Tanzang<br />
|-<br />
|{{Banner|TP}} [[Tauranga Puawai]]<br />
|[[English]], Māori, [[Toki Pua]], [[Herng]]<br />
|[[Saxo-Syzkynic languages|Saxo-Syzkynic]] (English), [[Paleo-Oberian]] (Māori), [[Pona languages|Pona]] (Toki Pua), [[Molang Languages|Molang]] (Herng)<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|{{Banner|VD}} [[Vallis Draconum]]<br />
|[[English]], [[Latin]], [[Regnate Latin]], [[Japanese]]<br />
|[[Saxo-Syzkynic languages|Saxo-Syzkynic]] (English), [[Pisco-Imerchali Languages|Pisco-Imerchali]] (Latin and Regnate Latin), Draconic (Japanese)<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|{{Banner|WA}} [[Wánade]]<br />
|[[Oge]], [[Herng]], [[English]]<br />
|[[Molang Languages|Molang]] (Herng), [[Saxo-Syzkynic languages|Saxo-Syzkynic]] (English)<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|{{Banner|WS}} [[Wekañu Skefo]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|{{Banner|AR}} [[Xarslasja]]<br />
|[[Arodjun]], [[English]]<br />
|[[Sern-Cahilan]] (Arodjun), [[Saxo-Syzkynic languages|Saxo-Syzkynic]] (English)<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|{{Banner|TR}} [[Xtrakva]]<br />
|[[Morytian]], [[Remÿsian]]<br />
|Morytic<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|{{Banner|YS}} [[Yysh]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|{{Banner|ZT}} [[Zotazil]]<br />
|Hurga ker Maja, [[English]]<br />
|[[Saxo-Syzkynic languages|Saxo-Syzkynic]] (English)<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:Yunaited Kaingdwm.jpg|20px]] [[Yunaited Kaingdwm]]<br />
|[[Nordilande]], [[English]]<br />
|[[Saxo-Syzkynic_languages|Lesser Saxic]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Disputed Ŋations ==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
!Ŋation (Common Name)<br />
!Official Languages<br />
!Language Family/Families<br />
!Regulating Institution/Institutions<br />
|-<br />
|{{Banner|ES}} [[Evil Scamming Country]]<br />
|[[Evil Scamming language]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|{{Banner|EC}} [[Evil Scamming Country (Condominium of Chaos)|Evil Scamming Country (C.o.C.)]]<br />
|[[Wafflehousperanto]], NHLJINw<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Evil Sqamming Country]]<br />
|[[Evil Scamming language]], [[English]], [[Portuguese]]<br />
|[[Saxo-Syzkynic languages|Saxo-Syzkynic]] (English), [[Pisco-Imerchali Languages|Pisco-Imerchali]] (Portuguese)<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|{{Banner|OW}} [[Oblane Wybrzeże]]<br />
|[[Polish]], [[English]]<br />
|[[Mary-Moldovan languages|Mary-Moldovan]] (Polish), [[Saxo-Syzkynic languages|Saxo-Syzkynic]] (English)<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Supraŋational Organizations ==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
!Ŋation (Common Name)<br />
!Official Languages<br />
!Language Family/Families<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:Banner of the United Ŋations.png|frameless|40x40px]] [[United Ŋations]]<br />
|[[English]]<br />
|[[Saxo-Syzkynic languages|Saxo-Syzkynic]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:Gulf-banner.png|frameless|40x40px]] [[Gulf Union]]<br />
|[[Ancient Greek]], [[Araçanic]], [[Atlantic German]], [[Câynqasang]], [[Kozramva]], [[Kyawcenni language|Kyawcenni]], [[Laevanaak]], [[Latin]], [[Mosici]], [[Occitan]]<br />
|[[Graecic Languages|Graecic]] (Ancient Greek), Çana (Araçanic), [[Saxo-Syzkynic languages|Saxo-Syzkynic]] (Atlantic German), [[Sheikan languages|Sheikan]] (Kyawcenni), [[Laevanaaic Languages|Laevanaaic]] (Laevanaak), [[Pisco-Imerchali Languages|Pisco-Imerchali]] (Latin and Occitan), Nyelavi (Mosici)<br />
|-<br />
|[[Thasusan Union]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:CompromiseLogo2.png|frameless|40x40px]] [[Far Eastern Rail and Road Association|F.E.R.R.A.]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Ŋafrican Union]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[LoCATE]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|{{Banner|KC}} [[Kyawcenni Realm]]<br />
|[[English]], [[Kyawcenni]], (Regionally) [[Showhen language|Showhen]], [[Ilankom]], [[Pyuwan language|Pyuwan]], [[Hebrew]], [[Arodjun]], [[Mosici]], [[Occitan]]<br />
|[[Saxo-Syzkynic languages|Saxo-Syzkynic]] (English), [[Sheikan languages|Sheikan]] (Kyawcenni, Showhen), Chirean (Ilankom), [[Mary-Moldovan languages|Mary-Moldovan]] (Pyuwan), [[Amuj-Shudrowan languages|Amuj-Shudrowan]] (Hebrew), [[Sern-Cahilan]] (Arodjun), Nyelavi (Mosici), [[Pisco-Imerchali Languages|Pisco-Imerchali]] (Occitan)<br />
|-<br />
|[[ŊATO]]<br />
|[[Kyawcenni]], [[English]], [[Humild]], [[Finnish]], [[Laevanaak]], [[Latin]], [[Morytian]], [[Remÿsian]], [[Isle Narkevin]], [[Kozramva]], [[Śácamþaśá]], [[Spanish]]<br />
|[[Sheikan languages|Sheikan]] (Kyawcenni), [[Saxo-Syzkynic languages|Saxo-Syzkynic]] (English), [[Aisti-Hummic languages|Aisti-Hummic]] (Finnish), [[Laevanaaic Languages|Laevanaaic]] (Laevanaak), [[Pisco-Imerchali Languages|Pisco-Imerchali]] (Latin, Spanish), [[Morytic languages|Morytic]] (Morytian, Remÿsian), [[Narkevic languages|Narkevic]] (Isle Narkevin), [[Nanu-Keezhu languages|Nanu-Keezhu]] (Kozramva), [[Khaajokhiilo]] (Śácamþaśá)<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<references /><br />
[[Category:Language]]<br />
[[Category:Lists]]</div>Sheikahhttps://mc.nguh.org/w/index.php?title=Wocl%C3%AAw,_Shingtsun&diff=41840Woclêw, Shingtsun2026-07-22T20:30:27Z<p>Sheikah: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Note|For the village in Marcyland, see [[Woclêw, Marcyland]].}}<br />
{{Infobox City<br />
|name=Woclêw <br> <span style="font-weight:500;">{{script|script=tanswaiy|t=}} <br> ''Nagjil'' ([[Yakkanogi]])</span><br />
|photo=Woclew-shingtsun.png<br />
|photo-label=Woclêw at night<br />
|country=[[Kingdom of Kyaw Cen]]<br />
|subdivision=[[Shingtsun|Republic of Shingtsun]]<br />
|founding=''prehistoric''<br />
|demonym=Woclêw, Nagjil<br />
|population=~5<br />
}}<br />
'''Woclêw''' ([[Kyawcenni]]: {{script|script=tanswaiy|t=}} ''Woclêw'' {{IPA|/wɔ.slɪ̂w/}}) or '''Nagjil''' ([[Yakkanogi]]: ''Nagjil'' {{IPA|[nagˈd͡ʒil]}}) is a village and municipality in [[Shingtsun]], [[Kingdom of Kyaw Cen]] which Marcy first visited on 07 July 2024. It is part of the area that still speaks [[Yakkanogi]], an indigenous language of Shingtsun before Kyawcenni settlement began.<br />
<br />
[[File:Woclew-101.png|thumb|left|alt=Photo of the Woclêw 101|The Woclêw 101]]<br />
The [[Gulf road]] G101 goes through the village, which crosses the bay south of Woclêw via the famous ''Woclêw 101'' bridge and the [[Tsai]] via the ''Tsai 101''.<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[List of bridges in Kyaw Cen]]<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category: Villages]]<br />
[[Category:Kyaw Cen]]</div>Sheikahhttps://mc.nguh.org/w/index.php?title=Sv%C3%A9rig%C3%A9&diff=41839Svérigé2026-07-22T20:30:05Z<p>Sheikah: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox City|name=Svérigé <br> <span style="font-weight:500;">{{script|script=tanswaiy|t=}} <br> ''Swairige'' ([[Kyawcenni]]) <br> Svérigé ([[Yakkanogi]])</span><br />
|photo=Mount_Xoran_entrance.png|map=Kyawcen mtxoran map.png|map-label=Location within Kyaw Cen|country=Kyaw Cen|subdivision=Shingtsun|photo-label=The main entrance of the Svérigé complex.|population=}}<br />
<br />
The '''Svérigé''' or '''Mount Svérigé''' {{ipa|/ˈsvɛɹi(j)ə, -ɡə/}} ([[Yakkanogi]] ''Svérigé'' {{ipa|[svəː.ri.ɣeː]}}, lit. ''Great Queen''; [[Kyawcenni]]: {{script|script=tanswaiy|t=}}, [[KLA]]: ''Swairige'') is a mountain in [[Shingtsun]], [[Kingdom of Kyaw Cen]]. With a total height of y=145, it is the highest peak in the Kingdom of Kyaw Cen. It, along with [[Woclêw, Shingtsun|Woclêw]], is one of the few places in Kyaw Cen where languages predating the Kyawcenni settlement of Shingtsun still cling on.<br />
<br />
It contains a large underground complex that used to function as the base of [[Xoran]] and administratively makes up its own municipality in [[Shingtsun]].<br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
The mountain was left more or less untouched by civilization until late July 2024, when Xoran dug into it to establish a starter base, not knowing that the land he was on was claimed as part of Kyaw Cen. [[Marcy I]], upon seeing this, let Xoran remain settled in the area. The complex has been continuously expanded ever since.<br />
<br />
== Svérigé Complex ==<br />
The base differs from most other settlements on Nguhcord by virtue of being almost entirely underground, with the only things above the surface being the main entrance, the back entrance, and the iron farm, which is located on top of the mountain. Everything else, such as crop farms, animals, and item storage, is located inside the mountain itself. <br />
<br />
The block palette consists mainly of stone bricks, deepslate, smooth stone, and oak and birch wood.<br />
<br />
== Environment ==<br />
The base is located near the [[Gulf road G1]] that connects it to [[Yija]] and the [[Gulf of Kozdenen]]. The settlement of [[Xêgwar]] is located only about 200 metres to the southwest of the Svérigé.<br />
<br />
The mountain is surrounded by temperate forests to the west, a taiga to the east, and a [[Cyerin Forest|birch forest]] to the south.<br />
<br />
The eastern side of the mountain has several openings into a massive cave that Xoran had been turning into an underground forest.<br />
<br />
[[Category:Kyaw Cen]]</div>Sheikahhttps://mc.nguh.org/w/index.php?title=Indigenous_nation&diff=41838Indigenous nation2026-07-22T20:29:38Z<p>Sheikah: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[File:Shingtsun-administrative.png|thumb|Administrative map of Shingtsun with the indigenous nations]]<br />
An '''indigenous nation''' is an area of land in the [[Kingdom of Kyaw Cen]] held and governed by a federally recognized native Shingtsunni tribal nation, whose government is autonomous and sovereign. There are currently seven indigenous nations in the [[Republic of Shingtsun]], the biggest of which is [[Yakkanogi Nation]].<br><br><br />
Indigenous nations have been created by the Shingtsunni government on 12 June 2025 due to them seeking friendlier relations with the natives. are in charge of holidays, taxation, finances, land management, language policy, cultural institutions and minor crimes.<br />
<br />
==List of indigenous nations in Shingtsun==<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
! Name !! Capital<br />
|-<br />
| [[Bârmə Nation]] || ''administered from [[Yija]]''<br />
|-<br />
| [[Cuwt:ltan Nation]] || ''administered from [[Šihayxden]]''<br />
|-<br />
| [[Heguan Nation]] || ''administered from [[Xêgwar]]''<br />
|-<br />
| [[Itsu Nation]] || [[Byukyi]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Yakkanogi Nation]] || [[Nagjil|Woclêw]] (''Nagjil'')<br />
|-<br />
| [[Kupang Nation]] || [[Kôpang]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Sazaian Nation]] || [[Tazsowäo]]<br />
|}</div>Sheikahhttps://mc.nguh.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Official_Languages&diff=41837List of Official Languages2026-07-22T20:29:16Z<p>Sheikah: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Notice|msg=This page is very outdated/incomplete (February 14, 2026)}}<br />
<br />
This is a list of the official languages of each sovereign [[ŋation]] in the [[Nguhcraft|Ŋorld]].<br />
<br />
== Ŋations ==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
!Ŋation (Common Name)<br />
!Official Languages<br />
!Language Family/Families<br />
!Regulating Institution/Institutions<br />
|-<br />
|{{Banner|AD}} [[Adaria]]<br />
|[[English]], [[Catalan]]<br />
|[[Saxo-Syzkynic languages|Saxo-Syzkynic]] (English), [[Pisco-Imerchali Languages|Pisco-Imerchali]] (Catalan)<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|{{Banner|AA}} [[Adnar]]<br />
|[[Vietnamese++]]<br />
|Adnarish<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|{{Banner|AO}} [[Amoria]]<br />
|[[Common Amorian]], [[Aristoamorian]], [[English]]<br />
|Lomaryn (Common Amorian, Aristoamorian), [[Saxo-Syzkynic languages|Saxo-Syzkynic]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|{{Banner|AN}} [[Anaqw]]<br />
|[[Anaqwte di Guazas]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|{{Banner|AT}} [[Antilvakia]]<br />
|[[English]]<br />
|[[Saxo-Syzkynic languages|Saxo-Syzkynic]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|{{Banner|AK}} [[Aomoī-Kaervaenan Commonwealth|Aomoī-Kaervaenan]]<br />
[[Aomoī-Kaervaenan Commonwealth|Commonwealth]]<br />
|[[Aomoī (langauge)|Aomoī]], [[Kaervaenan]]<br />
|[[Aomoic (language family)|Aomoic]] (Aomoī)<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|{{Banner|CX}} [[Appalliŋesia]]<br />
|[[English]], Cxihraitxanoaq<br />
|[[Saxo-Syzkynic languages|Saxo-Syzkynic]] (English)<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|{{Banner|AP}} [[Aprux Mexyrhat]]<br />
|[[Toli]], [[English]], others<br />
|[[Iuta-Karax]] (Toli), [[Saxo-Syzkynic languages|Saxo-Syzkynic]] (English)<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|{{Banner|AC}} [[Araçana]]<br />
|[[Araçanic]] (Official), [[Yiddish]] (Recognized)<br />
|Çana (Araçanic), [[Saxo-Syzkynic languages|Saxo-Syzkynic]] (Yiddish)<br />
|Xeçha University (Yiddish)<br />
|-<br />
|{{Banner|RK}} [[Arktsev]]<br />
|[[Kándsōō]], [[English]], [[Portuguese]]<br />
|[[Saxo-Syzkynic languages|Saxo-Syzkynic]] (English), [[Pisco-Imerchali Languages|Pisco-Imerchali]] (Portuguese)<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|{{Banner|AY}} [[Aylongam]]<br />
|[[Xindvâ]], (Regionally) [[Kygami]]<br />
|Liyuric (Xindvâ and Kygami)<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|{{Banner|BD}} [[B’hiy’aj Dchâjâ]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|{{Banner|CV}} [[Civuyiscajrn]]<br />
|[[Knrawi]], [[Soc'ul']]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|{{Banner|CB}} [[Coldba (Cuba)]]<br />
|[[English]], [[Paxelow]], [[Spanish]], [[Tcae'ru]]<br />
|[[Saxo-Syzkynic languages|Saxo-Syzkynic]] (English)<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|{{Banner|CP}} [[The Complex]]<br />
|[[Standard Information Transfer and Record Protocol|SITRP]], [[English]], [[Spanish]]<br />
|[[Saxo-Syzkynic languages|Saxo-Syzkynic]] (English), [[Pisco-Imerchali Languages|Pisco-Imerchali]] (Spanish)<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|{{Banner|CR}} [[Corneria, Anarchist Workers Republic of|Corneria]]<br />
|[[English]], [[Hlatim'Vjekjatan]]<br />
|[[Saxo-Syzkynic languages|Saxo-Syzkynic]] (English)<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|{{Banner|DH}} [[Dhourigkàn]]<br />
|[[Eirvau]], [[Gunerazantya]], [[Ippi]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|{{Banner|DT}} [[Dróstsiśtsi]]<br />
|[[Kośtsiśtsi]], [[Tosï]], [[Spanish]], Turis<br />
|[[Turisan languages|Turisan]] (Kośtsiśtsi, Tosï, Turis), [[Pisco-Imerchali Languages|Pisco-Imerchali]] (Spanish)<br />
|University of Dróstsiśtsi<br />
|-<br />
|{{Banner|SL}} [[Dulgarda]]<br />
|Chyati Dulg<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|{{Banner|EW}} [[Eistówú]]<br />
|[[Eistu]], Livonian<br />
|Aisti-Hummic (Livonian)<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|{{Banner|EL}} [[Emberland]]<br />
|[[English]], [[Hlatim'Vjekjatan|Emberish]]<br />
|[[Saxo-Syzkynic languages|Saxo-Syzkynic]] (English)<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|{{Banner|EK}} [[Enkavak]]<br />
|[[Laevanaak]], [[Atlantic German]], [[English]], [[Latin]], [[Ancient Greek]]<br />
|[[Laevanaaic Languages|Laevanaaic]] (Laevanaak), [[Saxo-Syzkynic languages|Saxo-Syzkynic]] (German and English), [[Pisco-Imerchali Languages|Pisco-Imerchali]] (Latin), [[Graecic Languages|Graecic]] (Ancient Greek)<br />
|[https://enkavak.xhesas.com/ministries/mfb Atlantic Ministry of Education] (Laevanaak)<br />
|-<br />
|{{Banner|ED}} [[Ettêre Ðiffyt]]<br />
|[[Syltanennie]], [[English]]<br />
|[[Saxo-Syzkynic languages|Saxo-Syzkynic]] (English)<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|{{Banner|FR}} [[Trévandroumélisse-Frossantiquervrâssonne-d’Prévallondurévrenne-en-Mijonnâ-Tourvléssourinde-pralondure-Méllontrévresse-Vrassédrinourde|Frossantiquervrâssone]]<br />
|Frathmârque<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|{{Banner|GN}} [[Gdaƨihr Ni̦xlo]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|{{Banner|GS}} [[Gevsaksavli]]<br />
|[[Tardigradian Dialect|Tardigradian Laevanaak]]<br />
|[[Laevanaaic Languages|Laevanaaic]] (Tardigradian)<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|{{Banner|HD}} [[Hajdislant]]<br />
|English, [[Hajdis-Vonavelt Mellanglossa]], [[Hajdossa]]<br />
|[[Saxo-Syzkynic languages|Saxo-Syzkynic]] (English), Vilantane (HVM), Hajdic (Hajdossa)<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|{{Banner|HR}} [[The Hertskomestat Syndicate|Hertskomestat Syndicate]]<br />
|[[Midelisk]]<br />
|[[Saxo-Syzkynic languages|Saxo-Syzkynic]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|{{Banner|HL}} [[Hummland]]<br />
|[[English]], [[Humild]], [[German]], [[Finnish]]<br />
|[[Saxo-Syzkynic languages|Saxo-Syzkynic]] (English and German), Aisti-Hummic (Finnish)<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|{{Banner|EM}} [[I Êpcêm Mûn-nan]]<br />
|[[Câynqasang]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|{{Banner|IM}} [[Free City of Yetch Bay|Imerchal]]<br />
|[[Mosici]], [[Occitan]]<br />
|Nyelavi (Mosici), Pisco-Imerchali (Occitan)<br />
|[[Imerchal|Imerchali Department of Language and Culture]] (Mosici)<br />
|-<br />
|{{Banner|ZG}} [[Islands of Ʒimh Gwynh]]<br />
|[[Middle Chinese (Tang Dynasty, Chang'an dialect)]]<br />
|Gwinic<br />
|Ʒimh Gwynh Government<br />
|-<br />
|{{Banner|JL}} [[Jotlond]]<br />
|[[Jutish]], Low Saxon<br />
|[[Saxo-Syzkynic languages|Saxo-Syzkynic]] (Jutish and Low Saxon)<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|{{Banner|KA}} [[Kaipa]]<br />
|[[Kaipanese Language|Kaipanese]], [[English]]<br />
|Okamic (Kaipanese), [[Saxo-Syzkynic languages|Saxo-Syzkynic]] (English)<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|{{Banner|KE}} [[Keltechra]]<br />
|[[English]], Adirni, African, Keltechran [[Śácamþaśá]]<br />
|[[Saxo-Syzkynic languages|Saxo-Syzkynic]] (English), [[Pisco-Imerchali Languages|Pisco-Imerchali]] (African), [[Sojåkaromåthan]] (Śácamþaśá)<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Kıltmo]]<br />
|[[English]], [[Iskel]]<br />
|[[Saxo-Syzkynic languages|Saxo-Syzkynic]] (English)<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|{{Banner|KL}} [[Kotland]]<br />
|Katlandic, LOLCAT, Pre-reform Russian<br />
|[[Mary-Moldovan languages|Mary-Moldovan]] (Pre-reform Russian)<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|{{Banner|KZ}} [[Kozdenen]]<br />
|[[Kozramva]]<br />
|[[Nanu-Keezhu Languages|Nanu-Keezhu]]<br />
|[[User:Total pleb|Doge of Kozdenen]]<br />
|-<br />
|{{Banner|KR}} [[Krīpetēpla]]<br />
|[[Krīpoti]]<br />
|Kripet<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|{{Banner|KC}} [[Kingdom of Kyaw Cen|Kyaw Cen]]<br />
|[[English]], [[Kyawcenni]], (Regionally) [[Yakkanogi]], [[Showhen language|Showhen]]<br />
|[[Saxo-Syzkynic languages|Saxo-Syzkynic]] (English), [[Sheikan languages|Sheikan]] (Kyawcenni and Showhen), Chirean (Ilankom)<br />
|Government of Kyaw Cen (Kyawcenni)<br />
|-<br />
|{{Banner|LK}} [[Lavvakcesaa]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Lúy Huà]]<br />
|[[Nn]]<br />
|Isolate<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|{{Banner|MA}} [[Maize]]<br />
|Proto-Indo-European, English, [[Sämaizetewe]], Cornish, Proto-Germanic, Dutch, Finnish, Basque, Greenlandic, Old Chinese<br />
|[[Saxo-Syzkynic languages|Saxo-Syzkynic]] (English, Proto-Germanic, Dutch), Monke-Kiiamic (Cornish), Aisti-Hummic (Finnish), Gwinic (Old Chinese)<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|{{Banner|MP}} [[MápabaL]]<br />
|Old MápabaLa, [[Forðu]], [[Hungarian]], [[English]]<br />
|Aisti-Hummic (Hungarian), [[Saxo-Syzkynic languages|Saxo-Syzkynic]] (English)<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|{{Banner|MS}} [[Maraśa]]<br />
|[[Śácamþaśá]]<br />
|[[Sojåkaromåthan]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|{{Banner|MR}} [[Ḿaro]]<br />
|[[Southern Ḿaro]], [[Central Ḿaro]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|{{Banner|ML}} [[Maryland]]<br />
|[[Proto-Slavic]]<br />
|[[Mary-Moldovan languages]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|{{Banner|MZ}} [[Myžariky]]<br />
|[[Syzkyn]]<br />
|[[Saxo-Syzkynic languages|Saxo-Syzkynic]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Nan Hsüeh Kung Ssu]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|{{Banner|NA}} [[Nāroňpār]]<br />
|[[Isle Narkevin]], [[Toki Pona]], (Regionally) [[Albaŋia Albanian]], [[Bulŋarian]], [[Dvilish]], [[East Narkevin]], [[Gagauz]], [[Galician]], [[Moldovan]], [[Saxish]], [[Štokevin|Štokevian]], [[Ukrainian]], [[West Narkevin]], [[Ŋreek]]<br />
|Narkevic (Isle Narkevin, West Narkevin, East Narkevin), [[Pona languages|Pona]] (Toki Pona), [[Mary-Moldovan languages|Mary-Moldovan]] (Bulŋarian, Galician, Štokevian, Ukrainian), [[Saxo-Syzkynic languages|Saxo-Syzkynic]] (Dvilish, Saxish), [[Miŋejácáric languages|Miŋejácáric]] (Gagauz), [[Graecic Languages|Graecic]] (Ŋreek)<br />
|[[Szlanty|ẞlanty]] (Isle Narkevin)<br />
|-<br />
|{{Banner|NT}} [[Nošaterçe]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|{{Banner|OR}} [[Oressia]]<br />
|[[Ukrainian]]<br />
|[[Mary-Moldovan languages|Mary-Moldovan]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|{{Banner|OT}} [[Otslahue]]<br />
|[[Qhar]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|{{Banner|PK}} [[Paz Kiiam]]<br />
|[[English]], [[Kiiamic]], [[Quarry French]], [[Sand Welsh]]<br />
|[[Saxo-Syzkynic languages|Saxo-Syzkynic]] (English), [[Pisco-Imerchali Languages|Pisco-Imerchali]] (Quarry French), Monke-Kiiamic (Quarry Welsh)<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|{{Banner|PI}} [[Pihi]]<br />
|[[English]]<br />
|[[Saxo-Syzkynic languages|Saxo-Syzkynic]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|{{Banner|RP}} [[Pua]]<br />
|[[English]], (Regionally) [[German]]<br />
|[[Saxo-Syzkynic languages|Saxo-Syzkynic]] (English and German)<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|{{Banner|QO}} [[Qosculyn]]<br />
|Qosysyn, Hittite<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|{{Banner|RA}} [[Rauratoshan Kingdom|Rauratoshan]]<br />
|[[Rokadong]], (Working) [[English]], [[Spanish]]<br />
|[[Nentan languages|Nentan]], [[Saxo-Syzkynic languages|Saxo-Syzkynic]] (English), [[Pisco-Imerchali Languages|Pisco-Imerchali]] (Spanish)<br />
|[[Rauratoshan Vulgar Authority]]{{disputed}} (Rokadong)<br />
|-<br />
|{{Banner|LR}} [[Regnate Latium]]<br />
|[[Regnate Latin]]<br />
|[[Pisco-Imerchali Languages|Pisco-Imerchali]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|{{Banner|RI}} [[Ɍijeləm|Riyelum]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|{{Banner|ST}} [[Sofao Tâsi]]<br />
|[[Sasaian]], (Regionally) [[Chian]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|{{Banner|SG}} [[Spansos Gaming]]<br />
|[[English]]<br />
|[[Saxo-Syzkynic languages|Saxo-Syzkynic]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|{{Banner|SQ}} [[sq's Territories]]<br />
|[[English]]<br />
|[[Saxo-Syzkynic languages|Saxo-Syzkynic]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|{{Banner|SV}} [[Stej Ven]]<br />
|[[Stejvenni]], [[Swedish]]<br />
|[[Saxo-Syzkynic languages|Saxo-Syzkynic]] (Swedish)<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|{{Banner|TA}} [[T'anshilebs]]<br />
|[[English]], [[Naval Georgian]], [[T'ansholubi]]<br />
|[[Saxo-Syzkynic languages|Saxo-Syzkynic]] (English), [[Indo-Gadicintian]] (Georgian), (T'ansholubi)<br />
|T'anshilebs Social Department<br />
|-<br />
|{{Banner|TZ}} [[Tanzang]]<br />
|[[Tanzangi]]<br />
|[[Cangic Languages|Cangic]]<br />
|Government of Tanzang<br />
|-<br />
|{{Banner|TP}} [[Tauranga Puawai]]<br />
|[[English]], Māori, [[Toki Pua]], [[Herng]]<br />
|[[Saxo-Syzkynic languages|Saxo-Syzkynic]] (English), [[Paleo-Oberian]] (Māori), [[Pona languages|Pona]] (Toki Pua), [[Molang Languages|Molang]] (Herng)<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|{{Banner|VD}} [[Vallis Draconum]]<br />
|[[English]], [[Latin]], [[Regnate Latin]], [[Japanese]]<br />
|[[Saxo-Syzkynic languages|Saxo-Syzkynic]] (English), [[Pisco-Imerchali Languages|Pisco-Imerchali]] (Latin and Regnate Latin), Draconic (Japanese)<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|{{Banner|WA}} [[Wánade]]<br />
|[[Oge]], [[Herng]], [[English]]<br />
|[[Molang Languages|Molang]] (Herng), [[Saxo-Syzkynic languages|Saxo-Syzkynic]] (English)<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|{{Banner|WS}} [[Wekañu Skefo]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|{{Banner|AR}} [[Xarslasja]]<br />
|[[Arodjun]], [[English]]<br />
|[[Sern-Cahilan]] (Arodjun), [[Saxo-Syzkynic languages|Saxo-Syzkynic]] (English)<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|{{Banner|TR}} [[Xtrakva]]<br />
|[[Morytian]], [[Remÿsian]]<br />
|Morytic<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|{{Banner|YS}} [[Yysh]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|{{Banner|ZT}} [[Zotazil]]<br />
|Hurga ker Maja, [[English]]<br />
|[[Saxo-Syzkynic languages|Saxo-Syzkynic]] (English)<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:Yunaited Kaingdwm.jpg|20px]] [[Yunaited Kaingdwm]]<br />
|[[Nordilande]], [[English]]<br />
|[[Saxo-Syzkynic_languages|Lesser Saxic]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Disputed Ŋations ==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
!Ŋation (Common Name)<br />
!Official Languages<br />
!Language Family/Families<br />
!Regulating Institution/Institutions<br />
|-<br />
|{{Banner|ES}} [[Evil Scamming Country]]<br />
|[[Evil Scamming language]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|{{Banner|EC}} [[Evil Scamming Country (Condominium of Chaos)|Evil Scamming Country (C.o.C.)]]<br />
|[[Wafflehousperanto]], NHLJINw<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Evil Sqamming Country]]<br />
|[[Evil Scamming language]], [[English]], [[Portuguese]]<br />
|[[Saxo-Syzkynic languages|Saxo-Syzkynic]] (English), [[Pisco-Imerchali Languages|Pisco-Imerchali]] (Portuguese)<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|{{Banner|OW}} [[Oblane Wybrzeże]]<br />
|[[Polish]], [[English]]<br />
|[[Mary-Moldovan languages|Mary-Moldovan]] (Polish), [[Saxo-Syzkynic languages|Saxo-Syzkynic]] (English)<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Supraŋational Organizations ==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
!Ŋation (Common Name)<br />
!Official Languages<br />
!Language Family/Families<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:Banner of the United Ŋations.png|frameless|40x40px]] [[United Ŋations]]<br />
|[[English]]<br />
|[[Saxo-Syzkynic languages|Saxo-Syzkynic]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:Gulf-banner.png|frameless|40x40px]] [[Gulf Union]]<br />
|[[Ancient Greek]], [[Araçanic]], [[Atlantic German]], [[Câynqasang]], [[Kozramva]], [[Kyawcenni language|Kyawcenni]], [[Laevanaak]], [[Latin]], [[Mosici]], [[Occitan]]<br />
|[[Graecic Languages|Graecic]] (Ancient Greek), Çana (Araçanic), [[Saxo-Syzkynic languages|Saxo-Syzkynic]] (Atlantic German), [[Sheikan languages|Sheikan]] (Kyawcenni), [[Laevanaaic Languages|Laevanaaic]] (Laevanaak), [[Pisco-Imerchali Languages|Pisco-Imerchali]] (Latin and Occitan), Nyelavi (Mosici)<br />
|-<br />
|[[Thasusan Union]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:CompromiseLogo2.png|frameless|40x40px]] [[Far Eastern Rail and Road Association|F.E.R.R.A.]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Ŋafrican Union]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[LoCATE]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|{{Banner|KC}} [[Kyawcenni Realm]]<br />
|[[English]], [[Kyawcenni]], (Regionally) [[Showhen language|Showhen]], [[Ilankom]], [[Pyuwan language|Pyuwan]], [[Hebrew]], [[Arodjun]], [[Mosici]], [[Occitan]]<br />
|[[Saxo-Syzkynic languages|Saxo-Syzkynic]] (English), [[Sheikan languages|Sheikan]] (Kyawcenni, Showhen), Chirean (Ilankom), [[Mary-Moldovan languages|Mary-Moldovan]] (Pyuwan), [[Amuj-Shudrowan languages|Amuj-Shudrowan]] (Hebrew), [[Sern-Cahilan]] (Arodjun), Nyelavi (Mosici), [[Pisco-Imerchali Languages|Pisco-Imerchali]] (Occitan)<br />
|-<br />
|[[ŊATO]]<br />
|[[Kyawcenni]], [[English]], [[Humild]], [[Finnish]], [[Laevanaak]], [[Latin]], [[Morytian]], [[Remÿsian]], [[Isle Narkevin]], [[Kozramva]], [[Śácamþaśá]], [[Spanish]]<br />
|[[Sheikan languages|Sheikan]] (Kyawcenni), [[Saxo-Syzkynic languages|Saxo-Syzkynic]] (English), [[Aisti-Hummic languages|Aisti-Hummic]] (Finnish), [[Laevanaaic Languages|Laevanaaic]] (Laevanaak), [[Pisco-Imerchali Languages|Pisco-Imerchali]] (Latin, Spanish), [[Morytic languages|Morytic]] (Morytian, Remÿsian), [[Narkevic languages|Narkevic]] (Isle Narkevin), [[Nanu-Keezhu languages|Nanu-Keezhu]] (Kozramva), [[Khaajokhiilo]] (Śácamþaśá)<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<references /><br />
[[Category:Language]]<br />
[[Category:Lists]]</div>Sheikahhttps://mc.nguh.org/w/index.php?title=Kyaw_Cen&diff=41836Kyaw Cen2026-07-22T20:28:59Z<p>Sheikah: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Note|This article is about the sovereign state. For its subdivision, see [[Republic of Kyaw Cen]]. Not to be confused with the [[Kyawcenni Realm]] or [[Parkow]], formerly known as “Kyaw Cen” or “Kyaw Cen City”. For other uses, see [[Kyaw Cen (disambiguation)]].}}<br />
{{Infobox ngation<br />
|name=Kingdom of Kyaw Cen <br> <span style="font-weight:500;">{{script|script=tanswaiy|t=}}<br>''Hwey Kyawcenne''</span><br />
|ung-member=yes<br />
|flag=Kyaw-cen-flag.svg<br />
|flag-label='''[[Kyawcenni vexillology|Flag]]'''<br />
|banner=Kyaw-cen-banner.png<br />
|banner-label='''[[Kyawcenni vexillology|Banner]]'''<br />
|coat-of-arms=Kcc-coa.png<br />
|coat-of-arms-label='''[[Kyawcenni vexillology|Coat of Arms]]'''<br />
|map=KKC-locator.png<br />
|map-label=Location of Kyaw Cen (green), and its territories and associated states (light green)<br />
|capital=[[Parkow]] (constitutional, executive, legislative)<br>[[Port Marcy]] (judicial)<br />
|demonym=[[Kyawcenni people|Kyawcenni]]<br />
|government=Federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy under a [[Transitional Sheikah cabinet|transitional government]]<br />
|ruler=[[Marcy I]];[[Marcy Sheikah]]<br />
|ruler-title=[[Quing of Kyaw Cen|Quing]];[[Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Kyaw Cen|Prime Minister]]<br />
|legislature=[[Temporary Federal Assembly of the Kingdom of Kyaw Cen]]<br />
|languages=[[English]], [[Kyawcenni language|Kyawcenni]]<br>'''Regional:'''<ref>Does not include languages official in other states of the [[Kyawcenni Realm]]</ref><br>[[Yakkanogi]] ([[Shingtsun]])<br>[[Occitan]] ([[Vansterèl]])<br />
|two-digit-code=KC<br />
|three-digit-code=KKC<br />
|currency=[[Kaema]]<ref>Formerly also the [[Kyawcenni Ætér]] (Æ) and the [[Petrified Oak Slab]] (POS)</ref><br />
|date-format=DD Month<ref>The month is never officially abbreviated as a number. For example: ''28 December 2024'' or ''28 Dec 2024''</ref> YYYY<br />
|military=[[Army of the White Sun]]<br />
}}<br />
'''Kyaw Cen''' {{IPA|/kjaʊ-, kjɒˈsɛn/}} ([[Kyawcenni]]: {{script|script=tanswaiy|t=}}, [[KLA]]: ''Kyawcen'' {{IPA|/tɕaw sɛɰ̃/}}), officially the '''Kingdom of Kyaw Cen''' ('''KKC''', Kyawcenni: {{script|script=tanswaiy|t=}}, KLA: ''Hwey Kyawcenne'' {{IPA|/χwɛj tɕaw.sɛ.nɛ/}}), is a bicontinental country east of the [[Great Sea]], west of [[Myžariky]] both west and north of [[Imerchal]] and both south and west of [[Sofao Tâsi]] comprising [[Shingtsun]], the [[Kyawcenni Archipelago]] and [[Marcyland]]. It is the oldest continuously existing [[ŋation]] founded in [[Nguhcraft]] and the only one whose borders were drawn in 2023. It is one of the founding members of the [[United Ŋations]] and [[ŊATO]], as well as being a member state of the [[Gulf Union]].<br />
<br />
The Kingdom of Kyaw Cen is a sovereign state with a democratically elected [[National Assembly of the Kingdom of Kyaw Cen|National Assembly]] and [[Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Kyaw Cen|Prime Minister]]. The [[Kyawcenni Realm]] also includes its federal territory (the [[Showhen Islands]]) and two [[Compact of Free Association|associated states]] ([[Ŋibraltar]] and [[Pyuwa]]).<br />
<br />
==Name==<br />
The Kingdom of Kyaw Cen was named after the city of Kyaw Cen (today [[Parkow]]), which served as the first capital of the kingdom. ''Kyaw Cen'' comes from Kyawcenni ''Kyawcen'' meaning "sand island". This is because the island the capital city has been built on consisted almost entirely out of sand. Due to being covered by a stone brick foundation, and later being greenified, the sand foundation of the city is now barely visible.<br />
<br />
{{note|Note: if you want to borrow the name “Kyaw Cen” into your language, I recommend loaning the name from the Middle Kyawcenni pronunciation {{ipa|[ˈkjaw.tsɛn]}} instead of the modern one}}<br><br />
{{Trans|<br />
{{Trans/item|Arabic|مملكة كياوسين ''Mâmlâkât Kyausin'' {{ipa|/məmləkət kjɔːsin/}}}}<br />
{{Trans/item|Araçanic|Kajhama Kijaçen {{ipa|[kadʒ.ɦã.ma kjːa.s̪ɪ̃n]}}}}<br />
{{Trans/item|Augish|Кесөви Кяуҵен ''Kesöwi Kyaucen'' {{ipa|[ˈkʼɛ.sœ.wi ˈkʼʲau̯.tsʼɛn]}}}}<br />
{{Trans/item|Áwaric|{{Script|script=nahan|t=Foísuéfráhti Ciotsen}} ''Fóísuéfráhti Ciotsen'' {{ipa|[ˈɸɨs.wiɸ.ʀɔː.te kjo.t͡sɛn]}}}}<br />
{{Trans/item|Chinese| ''沙岛'' {{ipa|/ʂa1 tɑʊ3/}}}}<br />
{{Trans/item|East Narkevin|Fwënan zda Kjawtsän {{Ipa|/ɸwəˈnan zda kjawˈtsɛn/}}}}<br />
{{Trans/item|German|Königreich Kiauzen {{Ipa|/ˈkønɪgʀaɪç ˈkjaʊtsən/}}}}<br />
{{Trans/item|Hebrew|ממלכת קיוצן ''Mamlekhet Kyotzen'' {{ipa|/mam.ˈle.xet kjo.ˈtsen/}}}}<br />
{{Trans/item|Iskel|Cósalégwa Kyaw Tsen {{Ipa|[t͡ʃósalégwa kjaw tsen]}}}}<br />
{{Trans/item|Isle Narkevin|Þunan zda Kjawtsæn {{Ipa|/θuˈnan zda kjawˈtsɛn/}}}}<br />
{{Trans/item|Japanese|キャウ・ツェン{{ruby|王|おぅ}}{{ruby|国|こく}} ''Kyau Tsen Ōkoku'' {{Ipa|/kʲaɯ tseɴ oːkokɯ/}}}}<br />
{{Trans/item|Kathyrian|Κιωτσεν ''Kjaotsen'' {{ipa|/ˈkjɒtsen/}}}}<br />
{{trans/item|Kilvanan|Cawceŋtanaƕat {{ipa|/t͡sawt͡seŋtanaɸat/}}}}<br />
{{Trans/item|Knrawi|Gùhivu Câupfin {{Ipa|[ŋʊ˩hɛwɔ k̟a˥˩wpɸɛn]}}}}<br />
{{Trans/item|Kozramva|{{script|script=koz|t=}} ''Kiause'' {{ipa|[kia'use̞]}}}}<br />
{{Trans/item|Kyawcenni|{{script|script=tanswaiy|t=}} ''Hwey Kyawcenne'' {{Ipa|/χwɛj tɕaw.sɛ.nɛ/}}}}<br />
{{Trans/item|Kygami|{{script|script=nuyxo|t= }} Mozēi Kiaucen {{ipa|[moˈd͡zeːi̯ ˈkjau̯.t͡sen]}}}}<br />
{{Trans/item|Laevanaak|{{script|script=laevanaak|t=}} {{Ipa|/gɐˑ.vɪ.ɑ.nɛ̆.glɑm.nɑːk/}}}}<br />
{{Trans/item|Léna|Kyaw Sen Ikochkahárwengógho {{Ipa|/kjaw sen i.koɕ.ka.há.rʷe.ŋó.ɣo/}}}}<br />
{{Trans/item|Middle Kyawcenni|Hwey Kyawcenne {{Ipa|/ˈχwɛi̯ ˈkjaʊ̯.tsɛn.nɛ/}}}}<br />
{{Trans/item|Morytian|Giküxonÿstak Kiä Censh {{Ipa|/gikuxonɯstak kiɑ tsɛnʃ/}}}}<br />
{{Trans/item|Old Narkevin|Funan zda Kjawtsen {{Ipa|/fuˈnan zda kjawˈtsɛn/}}}}<br />
{{Trans/item|Qgicauue| [[File:Kyawcen-qgicauue.png|frameless|150x20px]] Qelihā Caw Tse {{ipa|/qɛ.li.χaː caw tse/}}}}<br />
{{Trans/item|Regnate Latin|RÉCNVM CIAOSENVM {{Ipa|/ˈreːŋŋʊ̃ kʰi'ao̯sɛnʊ̃/}}}}<br />
{{Trans/item|Rokadong|{{rkdg| }} Sinyasan Kyoh Sen {{ipa|[ˈsíɲâsān ˈkʲɔ́ʔ sɛ̀n]}}}}<br />
{{Trans/item|Śácamþaśá|{{script|script=thl|t=jwi NSITwqA}} ''Caucśeń Wij'' {{Ipa|/'cɐ̹u̯cɕɪɲ wij/}}}}<br />
{{Trans/item|Saxish|{{script|script=thl|t=n/iTA ujAq f/Ou TjrO}} ''Riece of Ciou Cen'' {{Ipa|[rɑjt͡ʃ ɔf kjæw t͡sɛn]}}}}<br />
{{Trans/item|Sazaian|{{script|script=tajada|t=ka'w{{!}} se~}} ''K'äw Sę'' {{Ipa|/kʲaw sẽ/}}}}<br />
{{Trans/item|Sirenian|Làtcâ'āhnāhzǎk Zahwsen {{Ipa| /lât̚.t͡ɕʰá(ʔ).āː.nāː.t͡ɕàk̚ t͡ɕaːw.sen/ }}}}<br />
{{Trans/item|Soc'ul'|Ñéyan Ciautsen {{Ipa|[ŋəː˧ɰa˧n kʲa˧wt͡sə˧n]}}}}<br />
{{Trans/item|Spanish|Reino Quiaceño {{ipa|/ɾejno kiaseɲo/}}}}<br />
{{Trans/item|Stejvenni|(Stej Brejajen) Kjaw Sten {{Ipa|/(stej ˈbrejajen) kjaw sten/}}''}}<br />
{{Trans/item|Tanzangi|Sehabòs Ciaou Zèn {{Ipa|[seˈəvɔs cəʊ̯ tsɛn]}}}}<br />
{{Trans/item|Taylang|SpeakNow14-14:3 EndGame-27:4 tlgad-16:7 {{Ipa|/kɪŋdəm bit͡ʃ aɪ̯lɪnd/}}}}<br />
{{Trans/item|Toki Pona|ma Kasen {{Ipa|/ma ˈka.sen/}}}}<br />
{{Trans/item|T'ansholubi|"კიინგდუმიი ქჲავ-ცენიის" {{Ipa|/ˈk'iŋdumi kjauˈtsεnis/}}}}<br />
{{Trans/item|Ukrainian|Королівство Кявсену {{Ipa|/kɔroˈlʲiu̯stʋɔ kʲau̯ˈsɛnu/}}}}<br />
{{Trans/item|Viossa|Kjaucen {{Ipa|/ˈkjaut͡sɛn/}}}}<br />
{{Trans/item|West Narkevin|Fonan zda Kjawtsän {{Ipa|/ɸoˈnan zda kjawˈtsɛn/}}}}<br />
{{Trans/item|Xindvâ|{{script|script=nuyxo|t= }} Modreng Kyaotsen {{Ipa|[mo.drɛŋ kjæw.tsɛn]}}}}<br />
<br />
<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Geography ==<br />
Kyaw Cen has [[List of bridges in Kyaw Cen|lots of bridges]].<br />
<br />
=== Marcyland ===<br />
[[Marcyland]] is mostly covered in a dense jungle, which consists mainly of bamboo. The easternmost part, near Port Marcy, is less densely forested.<br />
<br />
=== Kyawcenni Archipelago ===<br />
The [[Kyawcenni Archipelago]], officially administered as the ''Republic of Kyaw Cen'', consist of several islands with their own unique geography. The uninhabited North Island is covered in jungle, Kyaw Cen Island is mainly covered by the city of Parkow, Sheep Island is mainly plains, and the smaller islands to the west are entirely covered in sand.<br />
<br />
=== Shingtsun ===<br />
[[Shingtsun]], as the largest republic of the Kingdom of Kyaw Cen, has the most varied geography. The western coast around [[Yija]] is a [[Yijan Savanna|savanna biome]], which becomes a more temperate plains region known as [[Shingtin]]. The eastern half of Shingtsun is covered in deciduous forests, with the terrain being flat in the centre of the republic (where [[Xêgwar]] is located) and more mountainous near the eastern border, rising to y=145 at the peak of [[Svérigé]]. The far east of the republic, past these hills, is covered in coniferous forest. [[Woclêw, Shingtsun|Woclêw]] is the only settlement in this area.<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
<br />
=== Settlement of Marcyland ===<br />
The first settlement in the modern-day Kingdom of Kyaw Cen began sometime in late October or early November 2023, when the later founder of Kyaw Cen, [[Marcy I|Marcy Sheikah]], migrated from their [[Marcy's Secret Conlang Lab|old home]] in [[Bažahažyn]] to Marcyland, hoping to found a first settlement on the archipelago.<ref>https://discord.com/channels/697450809390268467/767569743229747220/1170565611798143028, https://discord.com/channels/697450809390268467/835185858864218122/1170571196090290267</ref><br />
<br />
In response to the destruction of Marcyland in [[The Raid]] on 13 November 2023, a migration to the Kyawcenni Archipelago and the planning of the first ever city on the islands began.<br />
<br />
=== Early Kyaw Cen ===<br />
[[File:Kyaw-cen-first-claims.png|thumb|130px|left|alt=First map of Kyawcenni claims|First map of Kyawcenni claims]]<br />
[[File:Kyaw-cen-history.gif|thumb|260px|gif|Territorial history of the kingdom]]<br />
<br />
On 28 December 2023, the first borders of a Kyawcenni realm were drawn<ref>https://discord.com/channels/697450809390268467/835185858864218122/1189730774950346793</ref>, marking the establishment of the Kingdom of Kyaw Cen. On the first [[United Ŋations Office for Cartography|political map]] drawn by Quing Marcy on 02 January 2024, the border of [[Shingtsun]] (at that time known as ''Riverland'') has been defined more precisely, showing [[Esasne]] and [[Byukyi]] as a part of its territory, which has gradually been expanding eastward the months after.<br />
<br />
It was a founding member of the [[United Ŋations]] on 02 February 2024. The current ambassador of Kyaw Cen to the UŊ is [[Čęjen Hęstauy Dôwhôwm]].<br />
<br />
On 04 May of that year, the eastern border of Shingtsun was moved to include almost all of [[Transtsaia]], stretching all the way to modern-day [[Sofao Tâsi]]. Also on that day an agreement with [[Imerchal]] about the establishment of [[Vanstèrel]], a condominium between it and Shingtsun, has been signed.<br />
<br />
=== Contemporary Kingdom ===<br />
<br />
On 22 May, the [[Constitution of the Kingdom of Kyaw Cen]] has been signed and ratified by the Quing, the Prime Minister and the governors of the three republics. This day was declared a [[List of holidays in the Kingdom of Kyaw Cen|ŋational holiday]].<br />
<br />
On 01 July, the kingdom established [[Ŋibraltar]] as a condominium with [[Xarslasja]]. The city on the peninsula began construction just a few days after.<br />
<br />
On 24 July, an agreement with the newly founded [[Oberia|Peasants' Republic of Oberia]] was made about the annexation of the [[West Showhen Islands]] by both countries as a condominium. Because of that, the kingdom had transferred [[Grass Island]] from [[Marcyland]] to a new ''[[Territory of the Showhen Islands]]'', which partially administered the condominium.<br />
<br />
The country was a participant of the [[Scramble for Murbetia]] on 22 August 2024 following [[Dissolution of Murbetia|its dissolution]]. On that day, it has established the [[Territory of Kyawcenni Pua]] (today ''Pyuwa'') close to the former [[Murbetia|Murbetian]] subdivision of [[Scarecrow Harbour]], now bordering [[Pòjaj]] to the south and [[Coldba (Cuba)]] to the West.<br />
<br />
[[File:Marcy-in-drebzha.png|thumb|230px|alt=Quing Marcy in front of the Kyawcenni flag in Drebzha after capturing the city|Quing Marcy in front of the Kyawcenni flag in Drebzha after capturing the city]]<br />
Following the [[Amujxplosion]] on 08 October 2024, the kingdom started occupying the Thasusan part of [[North Amuj]] and [[Suspicion Island]] for peace in the region. On 4:06pm local time, [[Army of the White Sun|Kyawcenni forces]] have captured [[Drebzha]], hoisted the [[Flag of Kyaw Cen|Kyawcenni flag]] and established the [[Mandate of Amuj]], which was dissolved a month later on 02 November. On the same day, [[Kyaw Cen in the Nguhrovision Song Contest|Kyaw Cen won]] the [[Nguhrovision Song Contest 2024]] in [[Pfoas]].<br />
<br />
German has been one of the official languages of the kingdom until 01 March 2025, when it was officially abolished.<br />
<br />
On 14 May 2025, the kingdom annexed [[Mariland]], the area around [[Barzewmari]], which had previously just been a Shingtsunni outpost on the northern coast of [[Slabland]].<br />
<br />
Following the dissolution of Oberia, the Showhen Islands became fully administered by Kyaw Cen on 6 September 2025.<br />
<br />
Kyaw Cen is expected to host the [[Nguhrovision Song Contest 2025]] in [[Parkow Arena]] later this year.<br />
<br />
==Politics==<br />
{{Note|Main article: [[Politics of the Kingdom of Kyaw Cen]]}}<br />
<br />
===Government and political parties===<br />
{{Note|See also: [[List of political parties in the Kingdom of Kyaw Cen]]}}<br />
[[File:KC-NA-temp-color.svg|thumb|230px|alt=Distribution of seats in the National Assembly|<br />
Distribution of seats in the National Assembly<br>]]<br />
The Government is currently headed by [[Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Kyaw Cen|Prime Minister]] [[Marcy Sheikah]] ([[SPP]]).<br />
The legislature currently only consists of the [[Temporary National Assembly of the Kingdom of Kyaw Cen]], which hosts 14 seats in total.<br />
The seats are currently distributed among five different parties:<br />
* [[Kyawcenni Communist Party]] (2 seats, opposition)<br />
* [[Social Progressive Party]] (7 seats, government)<br />
* [[Federal Democratic Union]] (2 seats, opposition)<br />
* [[Union of Čanggu Mawgay Zen]] (2 seats, opposition)<br />
* [[Questionable Party]] (1 seat, opposition)<br />
<br />
===Administrative Divisions===<br />
[[File:Kyaw-cen-administrative.png|thumb|alt=Administrative Map of the Kingdom of Kyaw Cen|Administrative Map of the Kingdom of Kyaw Cen]]<br />
Kyaw Cen is administratively divided into three republics. The [[Kyawcenni Realm]] also includes its federal territory, three associated states and by extent one [[Extranguhcraftial Territories|extranguhcraftial territory]]. The republics are further subdivided into municipalities and unorganized areas. There are also seven [[indigenous nation|indigenous nations]] not listed here.<br />
<br />
* '''Constituent republics:'''<br />
** [[File:Shingcun-banner.png|link=|15px]] [[Shingtsun|Republic of Shingtsun]]<br />
*** [[Byukyi]]<br />
*** [[Esasne]]<br />
*** [[Kôpang]]<br />
*** [[Svérigé]]<br />
*** [[Šihayxden]]<br />
*** [[Twirne Šingtinne]]<br />
*** [[Nagjil|Woclêw]]<br />
*** [[Xêgwar]]<br />
*** [[Yija]]<br />
*** [[Vansterèl|District of Vansterèl]] (Condominium with [[Imerchal]])<br />
**** [[Pòrt d’Avets]]<br />
**** [[Vansterèl Unorganized Area]]<br />
** [[File:Kyaw-cen-flag.png|link=|15px]] [[Republic of Kyaw Cen]]<br />
*** [[Parkow]]<br />
*** [[Lobster Territory]]<br />
** [[File:Marcyland-banner.png|link=|15px]] [[Marcyland|Republic of Marcyland]]<br />
*** [[Port Marcy]]<br />
*** [[Wocwew|Woclêw]]<br />
*** [[West Marcyland|West Marcyland Unorganized Area]]<br />
* '''Federal territories:'''<br />
** [[File:Showhen-banner.png|link=|15px]] [[Showhen Islands|Territory of the Showhen Islands]]<br />
*** [[Grass Island]]<br />
*** [[Dolphin Island]]<br />
*** [[Choco Island and Engtland]]<br />
* '''Associated states:'''<br />
** [[File:Kyawcenni-pua-banner.png|link=|15px]] [[Pyuwa|Grand Duchy of Pyuwa]]<br />
*** [[Bernca]]<br />
*** [[Feṡegarād]]<br />
*** [[Fotōṡnisa]]<br />
*** [[Zelenȷ Ħib]]<br />
** [[File:Ngibraltar-banner.png|link=|15px]] [[Ŋibraltar|District of Ŋibraltar]] (condominium with [[Xarslasja]])<br />
* '''Extranguhcraftial territories:'''<br />
** [[Blåhaj Island|Territory of Blåhaj Island]]<br />
<br />
===Foreign Relations===<br />
Kyaw Cen has a good relationships with all of its neighbors, including, [[Imerchal]], [[Myžariky]] and [[Sofao Tâsi]]. It has especially close ties to the member states of the [[Gulf Union]], especially [[Enkavak]] and [[Kozdenen]]. [[Xarslasja]] is one of the most important political partners in [[Thasusa]].<br />
<br />
==== Enkavak ====<br />
[[Enkavak]] is usually considered one of the most important trading partners, as it is a popular travel destination and many Kyawcennis like to go shopping in [[Alnangaemak]].<br />
<br />
==== Hentzo ====<br />
On 3 March 2024, a street in [[Yija]] was named ''Hentzo Avenue'' due to its close proximity to [[Hentzo]] and to honor their diplomatic ties.<br />
<br />
When Pirate Lord [[Rutinde I]] died on 18 July 2024, [[Quing of Kyaw Cen|Quing]] [[Marcy I]] expressed her condolences. They are known to have visited the [[mausoleum]] on the day it has finished construction.<br />
<br />
==== Imerchal ====<br />
As a neighbor of the kingdom and one of the oldest ŋations on Nguhcraft, the Kyawcenni government considers the Free City of [[Imerchal]] one of its closest partners. According to a survey held in August 2024, 86% of Kyawcennis consider Imerchal an ''important diplomatic partner'' and a ''friendly ŋation''. The results of the survey also showed that those who have answered the opposite are more likely to vote for the [[Questionable Party|QP]]. The approval rate of Imerchal is the highest among people living in the [[Republic of Kyaw Cen]].<br />
<br />
The two countries also share control over the [[Vansterèl]] territory.<br />
<br />
==== Myžariky ====<br />
The majority of Kyawcennis think that [[Myžariky]] is an important ŋation in Kyawcenni history. This is likely because Quing Marcy I once [[Marcy's Secret Conlang Lab|lived in]] [[Bažahažyn]] and it's the country [[Spawn]] is in. For that reason, some people (usually QP voters), call for an annexation of the western part of Myžariky. The current government though accepts the current borders of the country and wants to seek closer ties. There are also foot and rail bridges on the border between the two ŋations at [[Port Marcy]], [[Marcyland]].<br />
<br />
==== Oberia ====<br />
Despite the Kingdom of Kyaw Cen's vision of colonizing the area of modern-day [[Oberia]] pior to its establishment, the relations between the two countries were generally seen as friendly, especially because of their joint control of the [[West Showhen Islands]] until 6 September 2025.<br />
<br />
==== Pua ====<br />
The kingdom was originally neutral towards the conflict in [[Pua (region)|Pua]], due to the current Kyawcenni government not knowing what the conflict is even about at all. But on 26 August 2024, [[East Pua]] has described the Kingdom of Kyaw Cen as “a potentially concerning agent of imperialism”<ref>https://mc.nguh.org/wiki/Pua#Kingdom_of_Kyaw_Cen</ref>, which [[Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Kyaw Cen|Prime Minister]] [[Marcy Sheikah]] rejected, describing the claims as “ridiculous” and saying that “The Kingdom of Kyaw Cen is not and never will be an imperialist state”.<br />
<br />
On 30 August, East Pua has supplied [[Kyawcenni Pua]] with sand and sandstone for buildings. This has pleased Grand Duke [[Matjāż I]], who even suggested founding an Economic Union similar to the [[Transpunese Economic Union|TEU]] in the future.<br />
<br />
==== Xarslasja ====<br />
The first embassy established in [[Xarslasja]] is one to the Kingdom of Kyaw Cen in [[Yuɱa]]. On 12 August 2024, the Bezuvate has also established a mutual embassy in [[Yija]].<br />
<br />
On 1 July 2024, the two countries have reached an agreement over the shared control of [[Ŋibraltar]].<br />
<br />
===Armed forces===<br />
''Main article: [[Army of the White Sun|OWO]]''<br />
<br />
The armed forces of the Kingdom of Kyaw Cen are the [[Army of the White Sun]].<br />
<br />
==Economy==<br />
Since the Kingdom of Kyaw Cen doesn't really have any unique exports, interŋational trade with the country is practically null. Therefore, most items that can be easily generated by an existing farm are free. Nevertheless, there are some stores and restaurants in [[Parkow]] and [[Yija]] that sell food and banners for [[Petrified Oak Slab|Slabs]].<br />
<br />
==Demographics==<br />
===Languages===<br />
[[File:Kkc-languages.png|thumb|alt=Map of languages in Kyaw Cen|Map of languages in Kyaw Cen]]<br />
The Kingdom of Kyaw Cen has tow official languages: [[English]] and its national language [[Kyawcenni language|Kyawcenni]]. The latter is spoken by the majority of the people as their first language, while English is usually used as a language for interŋational communication.<br />
<br />
According to a census held in September 2024, about 86% of the population is fluent in English. The number is lowest in the rural areas of [[Shingtsun]] like [[Šihayxden]] and [[Woclêw, Shingtsun|Woclêw]].<br />
<br />
===Religion===<br />
According to a census held in September 2024, 57% of the country is [[Ætérnalism|Ætérnalist]], 5% [[Aboism|Aboist]] and 38% Atheist.<br />
<br />
==Culture==<br />
Despite the federal subjects of the kingdom all having different cultures and ŋational identities, the three constituent republics are being united by language and religion.<br />
<br />
===Architecture===<br />
[[File:Yija-august.png|thumb|alt=yija|[[Yija]], Shingtsun in August 2024]]<br />
Every federal subject or even city has their own style of architecture, with most cities not being a mix of different looking buildings, but instead having strict building regulations to make their city have a unique style, which makes special buildings which don't apply to those regulations like the [[Palace of the Ŋations]] stand out.<br />
<br />
===White Sun===<br />
[[File:Kyaw-cen-sun-black.svg|70px|left|alt=The Kyawcenni Sun (in black for better visibility)|The Kyawcenni Sun (in black for better visibility)]]<br />
The ''White Sun'' or ''Kyawcenni Sun'' is a unifying ŋational Kyawcenni symbol used in a lot of Kyawcenni art or architecture, including the [[Flag of Kyaw Cen|flag]]. It depicts the sun with eight rays and is usually colored white. The armed forces of Kyaw Cen, the [[Army of the White Sun]], was named after it.<br />
<br />
===Cuisine===<br />
There are a lot of soup stores in the kingdom selling Kyawcenni and Marcian Soup (sometimes also called ''Stew'') made of mushrooms and flowers. Those are often considered overpriced, but Kyawcennis will usually tell you that you can commonly bribe the seller with bones or wheat to get them for free.<br />
<br />
===Music===<br />
{{Note|See also: [[Kyaw Cen in the Nguhrovision Song Contest]]}}<br />
<br />
[[Yijan Broadcasting]] is a company and public building in Yija where people can listen to a selection of music discs for free.<br />
<br />
Kyaw Cen is regularly participating in the [[Nguhrovision Song Contest]], winning [[Nguhrovision Song Contest 2024|its first edition]].<br />
<br />
===Sports===<br />
The kingdom will likely participate in the [[Nguhlympics]]. [[Parkow Arena|A multi-purpose indoor arena]] has been constructed in Parkow for concerts and sporting events.<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
[[City status in the Kingdom of Kyaw Cen]]<br />
<br />
==Footnotes and References==<br />
[[Category:Country]]<br />
[[Category:Kyaw Cen]]<br />
[[Category:Pages with translation sections]]</div>Sheikahhttps://mc.nguh.org/w/index.php?title=Shingtsun&diff=41835Shingtsun2026-07-22T20:28:22Z<p>Sheikah: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox ngation<br />
|name=Republic of Shingtsun <br> <span style="font-weight:500;">{{script|script=tanswaiy|t=<br />
}}<br>''Šingdwainkoylê Šingcunne'' ([[Kyawcenni]])<br>''Shonroawen Dalankom'' ([[Yakkanogi]])</span><br />
|flag=Shingtsun-flag.png<br />
|flag-label=[[Flag of Kyaw Cen#Subnational flags|'''Flag''']]<br />
|banner=shingcun-banner.png<br />
|banner-label=[[Flag of Kyaw Cen#Subnational banners|'''Banner''']]<br />
|map=nguhcraft_minimap_shingcun.png<br />
|map-label=Location of Shingtsun (red) in the Kingdom of Kyaw Cen (white)<br />
|capital=[[Yija]]<br />
|demonym=Shingtsunni, Chirean ''(archaic)''<br />
|government=Republic of the [[Kingdom of Kyaw Cen]]<br />
|ruler=[[Marcy I|Marcy Sheikah]]<br />
|ruler-title=Governor<br />
}}<br />
'''Shingtsun''' /ˈʃɪŋ.tsʊn/ ([[Kyawcenni language|Kyawcenni]]: {{script|script=tanswaiy|t=}}, [[KLA]]: ''Šingcun'' {{IPA|[ʂiɰ̃.syɰ̃]}}, [[Yakkanogi]]: Dalankom {{IPA|[da.laŋ.kom]}}), also spelled as ''Šingcun'' or ''Shingcun'' and formerly known as ''Riverland'' is the northernmost and most populous republic of the [[Kingdom of Kyaw Cen]]. It is situated in the southwest of [[Slabland]] and consists of the southern part of the [[Yijan Savanna]], most of [[Shingtin]], the [[Kôpang Archipelago]], [[Pereganesia]], [[Cistsaia]], [[Transtsaia]], [[Vanstèrel]], [[Mariland]] and other surrounding areas. Its biggest city, as well as its administrative and economic center, is [[Yija]].<br />
<br />
==Name==<br />
<br />
The name ''Shingtsun'' derives from the Kyawcenni word šingcun meaning ''Riverland'', which has also been the former English name of the region. This name comes from the many rivers that Kyawcenni settlers have found in the region, compared to their homeland of the [[Isles of Silly]] and [[Marcyland]], with both regions being riverless.<br />
<br />
In the Yakkanogi language of eastern Shingtsun, formerly spoken in most of Shingtsun until the arrival of Kyawcenni settlers, the area is called ''Dalankom'', meaning ''Bowlland'', referring to the flat nature of the area and its surrounding hills.<br />
<br />
Shingtsun was officially known as the ''Šingcun Autonomous Region'' until 09 April 2024, when it was renamed to just ''Šingcun Region''. On 18 May, the Kyawcenni Government has reformed the English transcription of Kyawcenni names, making the official name ''Shingtsun Region'' until 22 May 2024, when it was renamed to ''Republic of Shingtsun''.<br />
{{Trans|<br />
{{Trans/item|Araçanic|''i-Xingisun'' {{ipa|/i.'ʃiŋ.gi.sun/}}}}<br />
{{Trans/item|German|Schingzun {{ipa|/ˈʃɪŋ.tsʊn/}}}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Administrative Divisions==<br />
[[File:Shingtsun-administrative.png|thumb|alt=Administrative map of Shingtsun|Administrative map of Lower Shingtsun, not including Mariland]]<br />
Shingtsun is administratively divided into multiple administrative units. It consists of 10 municipalities, three [[Unorganized area|unorganized areas]], two districts and seven [[Indigenous nation|indigenous nations]].<br />
<br />
===Municipalities===<br />
* [[Byukyi]]<br />
* [[Esasne]]<br />
* [[Svérigé]]<br />
* [[Šihayxden]]<br />
* [[Twirne Šingtinne]]<br />
* [[Woclêw, Shingtsun|Woclêw]]<br />
* [[Xêgwar]]<br />
* [[Yija]]<br />
* [[Kôpang Archipelago|Kôpang Archipelago Unorganized Area]]<br />
* [[Mariland|District of Mariland]]<br />
** [[Barzewmari]]<br />
** [[Mariland Unorganized Area]]<br />
* [[Vansterèl|District of Vansterèl]] (Condominium with [[Imerchal]])<br />
** [[Pòrt d’Avets]]<br />
** [[Vansterèl Unorganized Area]]<br />
<br />
===Indigenous nations===<br />
{{Note|Main article: [[Indigenous nation]]}}<br />
* Bârmə Nation<br />
* Čuwt:llan Nation<br />
* Heguã Nation<br />
* Itsu Nation<br />
* Yakkanogi Nation<br />
* Kupang Nation<br />
* Sasaian Nation<br />
<br />
== Name in other languages ==<br />
{{Trans|{{Trans/item|Chinese (simplified)|''新村'' xīncūn }}}}<br />
[[Category:Kyaw Cen]]</div>Sheikahhttps://mc.nguh.org/w/index.php?title=Shingtsun&diff=41834Shingtsun2026-07-22T20:27:47Z<p>Sheikah: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox ngation<br />
|name=Republic of Shingtsun <br> <span style="font-weight:500;">{{script|script=tanswaiy|t=<br />
}}<br>''Šingdwainkoylê Šingcunne'' ([[Kyawcenni]])<br>''Shonroawen Dalankom'' ([[Yakkanogi]])</span><br />
|flag=Shingtsun-flag.png<br />
|flag-label=[[Flag of Kyaw Cen#Subnational flags|'''Flag''']]<br />
|banner=shingcun-banner.png<br />
|banner-label=[[Flag of Kyaw Cen#Subnational banners|'''Banner''']]<br />
|map=nguhcraft_minimap_shingcun.png<br />
|map-label=Location of Shingtsun (red) in the Kingdom of Kyaw Cen (white)<br />
|capital=[[Yija]]<br />
|demonym=Shingtsunni, Chirean ''(archaic)''<br />
|government=Republic of the [[Kingdom of Kyaw Cen]]<br />
|ruler=[[Marcy I|Marcy Sheikah]]<br />
|ruler-title=Governor<br />
}}<br />
'''Shingtsun''' /ˈʃɪŋ.tsʊn/ ([[Kyawcenni language|Kyawcenni]]: {{script|script=tanswaiy|t=}}, [[KLA]]: ''Šingcun'' {{IPA|[ʂiɰ̃.syɰ̃]}}, [[Yakkanogi language|Yakkanogi]]: Dalankom {{IPA|[da.laŋ.kom]}}), also spelled as ''Šingcun'' or ''Shingcun'' and formerly known as ''Riverland'' is the northernmost and most populous republic of the [[Kingdom of Kyaw Cen]]. It is situated in the southwest of [[Slabland]] and consists of the southern part of the [[Yijan Savanna]], most of [[Shingtin]], the [[Kôpang Archipelago]], [[Pereganesia]], [[Cistsaia]], [[Transtsaia]], [[Vanstèrel]], [[Mariland]] and other surrounding areas. Its biggest city, as well as its administrative and economic center, is [[Yija]].<br />
<br />
==Name==<br />
<br />
The name ''Shingtsun'' derives from the Kyawcenni word šingcun meaning ''Riverland'', which has also been the former English name of the region. This name comes from the many rivers that Kyawcenni settlers have found in the region, compared to their homeland of the [[Isles of Silly]] and [[Marcyland]], with both regions being riverless.<br />
<br />
In the Yakkanogi language of eastern Shingtsun, formerly spoken in most of Shingtsun until the arrival of Kyawcenni settlers, the area is called ''Dalankom'', meaning ''Bowlland'', referring to the flat nature of the area and its surrounding hills.<br />
<br />
Shingtsun was officially known as the ''Šingcun Autonomous Region'' until 09 April 2024, when it was renamed to just ''Šingcun Region''. On 18 May, the Kyawcenni Government has reformed the English transcription of Kyawcenni names, making the official name ''Shingtsun Region'' until 22 May 2024, when it was renamed to ''Republic of Shingtsun''.<br />
{{Trans|<br />
{{Trans/item|Araçanic|''i-Xingisun'' {{ipa|/i.'ʃiŋ.gi.sun/}}}}<br />
{{Trans/item|German|Schingzun {{ipa|/ˈʃɪŋ.tsʊn/}}}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Administrative Divisions==<br />
[[File:Shingtsun-administrative.png|thumb|alt=Administrative map of Shingtsun|Administrative map of Lower Shingtsun, not including Mariland]]<br />
Shingtsun is administratively divided into multiple administrative units. It consists of 10 municipalities, three [[Unorganized area|unorganized areas]], two districts and seven [[Indigenous nation|indigenous nations]].<br />
<br />
===Municipalities===<br />
* [[Byukyi]]<br />
* [[Esasne]]<br />
* [[Svérigé]]<br />
* [[Šihayxden]]<br />
* [[Twirne Šingtinne]]<br />
* [[Woclêw, Shingtsun|Woclêw]]<br />
* [[Xêgwar]]<br />
* [[Yija]]<br />
* [[Kôpang Archipelago|Kôpang Archipelago Unorganized Area]]<br />
* [[Mariland|District of Mariland]]<br />
** [[Barzewmari]]<br />
** [[Mariland Unorganized Area]]<br />
* [[Vansterèl|District of Vansterèl]] (Condominium with [[Imerchal]])<br />
** [[Pòrt d’Avets]]<br />
** [[Vansterèl Unorganized Area]]<br />
<br />
===Indigenous nations===<br />
{{Note|Main article: [[Indigenous nation]]}}<br />
* Bârmə Nation<br />
* Čuwt:llan Nation<br />
* Heguã Nation<br />
* Itsu Nation<br />
* Yakkanogi Nation<br />
* Kupang Nation<br />
* Sasaian Nation<br />
<br />
== Name in other languages ==<br />
{{Trans|{{Trans/item|Chinese (simplified)|''新村'' xīncūn }}}}<br />
[[Category:Kyaw Cen]]</div>Sheikahhttps://mc.nguh.org/w/index.php?title=Indigenous_nation&diff=41833Indigenous nation2026-07-22T20:25:35Z<p>Sheikah: /* List of indigenous nations in Shingtsun */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[File:Shingtsun-administrative.png|thumb|Administrative map of Shingtsun with the indigenous nations]]<br />
An '''indigenous nation''' is an area of land in the [[Kingdom of Kyaw Cen]] held and governed by a federally recognized native Shingtsunni tribal nation, whose government is autonomous and sovereign. There are currently seven indigenous nations in the [[Republic of Shingtsun]], the biggest of which is [[Ilankom]] Nation.<br><br><br />
Indigenous nations have been created by the Shingtsunni government on 12 June 2025 due to them seeking friendlier relations with the natives. are in charge of holidays, taxation, finances, land management, language policy, cultural institutions and minor crimes.<br />
<br />
==List of indigenous nations in Shingtsun==<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
! Name !! Capital<br />
|-<br />
| [[Bârmə Nation]] || ''administered from [[Yija]]''<br />
|-<br />
| [[Cuwt:ltan Nation]] || ''administered from [[Šihayxden]]''<br />
|-<br />
| [[Heguan Nation]] || ''administered from [[Xêgwar]]''<br />
|-<br />
| [[Itsu Nation]] || [[Byukyi]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Yakkanogi Nation]] || [[Nagjil|Woclêw]] (''Nagjil'')<br />
|-<br />
| [[Kupang Nation]] || [[Kôpang]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Sazaian Nation]] || [[Tazsowäo]]<br />
|}</div>Sheikahhttps://mc.nguh.org/w/index.php?title=Itulankom_language&diff=41832Itulankom language2026-07-22T20:25:14Z<p>Sheikah: Changed redirect target from Ilankom to Yakkanogi</p>
<hr />
<div>#REDIRECT [[Yakkanogi]]</div>Sheikahhttps://mc.nguh.org/w/index.php?title=Itulankom&diff=41831Itulankom2026-07-22T20:25:11Z<p>Sheikah: Changed redirect target from Ilankom to Yakkanogi</p>
<hr />
<div>#REDIRECT [[Yakkanogi]]</div>Sheikahhttps://mc.nguh.org/w/index.php?title=Ilankom_language&diff=41830Ilankom language2026-07-22T20:25:08Z<p>Sheikah: Changed redirect target from Ilankom to Yakkanogi</p>
<hr />
<div>#REDIRECT [[Yakkanogi]]</div>Sheikahhttps://mc.nguh.org/w/index.php?title=Ilankom&diff=41829Ilankom2026-07-22T20:24:45Z<p>Sheikah: Sheikah moved page Ilankom to Yakkanogi</p>
<hr />
<div>#REDIRECT [[Yakkanogi]]</div>Sheikahhttps://mc.nguh.org/w/index.php?title=Yakkanogi&diff=41828Yakkanogi2026-07-22T20:24:45Z<p>Sheikah: Sheikah moved page Ilankom to Yakkanogi</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Notice|This ŋarticle is under construction.}}<br />
{{Infobox language<br />
|name=Yakkanogi<br />
|family=[[Tsai-Chire]]<br />
|scripts=[[Tanswaiy]], sometimes [[Latin alphabet|Latin]]<br />
|country=[[Kingdom of Kyaw Cen]]<br />
|regulator=[[Yakkaongi Nation]]<br />
|demonym=Yakkanogi<br />
|lang-code=YAK<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Yakkanogi''' is a language spoken by the Yakkanogi people in eastern [[Shingtsun]], more precisely around the [[Svérigé]], [[Nagjil]] the [[Yakkanogi Nation]] in northern [[Cistsaia]].<br />
<br />
==Phonology==<br />
vowel harmony</div>Sheikahhttps://mc.nguh.org/w/index.php?title=Yakkanogi&diff=41827Yakkanogi2026-07-22T20:24:28Z<p>Sheikah: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Notice|This ŋarticle is under construction.}}<br />
{{Infobox language<br />
|name=Yakkanogi<br />
|family=[[Tsai-Chire]]<br />
|scripts=[[Tanswaiy]], sometimes [[Latin alphabet|Latin]]<br />
|country=[[Kingdom of Kyaw Cen]]<br />
|regulator=[[Yakkaongi Nation]]<br />
|demonym=Yakkanogi<br />
|lang-code=YAK<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Yakkanogi''' is a language spoken by the Yakkanogi people in eastern [[Shingtsun]], more precisely around the [[Svérigé]], [[Nagjil]] the [[Yakkanogi Nation]] in northern [[Cistsaia]].<br />
<br />
==Phonology==<br />
vowel harmony</div>Sheikahhttps://mc.nguh.org/w/index.php?title=Proto-Tsai-Chire&diff=41826Proto-Tsai-Chire2026-07-22T20:15:59Z<p>Sheikah: </p>
<hr />
<div>The '''Proto-Tsai-Chire''' language ('''PTC''', sometimes shortened to ''Proto-Tsachire'') is the ancestor of all [[Tsai-Chire languages]].<br />
<br />
==Phonology==<br />
===Vowels===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! !! Front !! Back<br />
|-<br />
! Close<br />
| i || u<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | Mid<br />
| ø || o<br />
|-<br />
| e || ɤ<br />
|-<br />
! Open<br />
| æ || ɑ <a><br />
|}<br />
<br />
Every vowel can be combined with each other for a diphthong.<br />
<br />
===Consonants===<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! !! Labial !! Alveolar !! Velar<br />
|-<br />
! Plosive<br />
| p || t || k<br />
|-<br />
! Nasal<br />
| m || n || ŋ<br />
|-<br />
! Fricative<br />
|f || s || h<br />
|-<br />
! Liquid<br />
| || l || <br />
|}<br />
<br />
Every consonant can also be geminated!!!! Isn't that fun<br />
<br />
==Grammar==<br />
Proto-Tsai-Chire is an agglutinative language.<br />
<br />
===Cases===<br />
PTC has four cases:<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! Name !! Suffix<br />
|-<br />
| Nominative || -∅<br />
|-<br />
| Genitive || -e, -i<br />
|-<br />
| Accusative || -ɑ<br />
|-<br />
| Instrumental || ''Gen +'' -iu<br />
|-<br />
| Locative || ''Gen +'' -n<br />
|-<br />
| Vocative || -iɑ<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Vocabulary==<br />
===Pronouns===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! !! colspan="3" | Singular !! colspan="3" | Plural <br />
|-<br />
! !! 1p !! 2p !! 3p !! 1p !! 2p !! 3p<br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| lø || itɤ || ŋka || kti || kitɤ || kænu<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| le || iti || ŋke || kte || kiti || kæne<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| la || ita || ŋkaa || kta || kita || kæna<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| leiu || iteiu || ŋkeiu || kteiu || kiteiu || kæneiu<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| len || itin || ŋken || kten || kitin || kænen<br />
|}</div>Sheikahhttps://mc.nguh.org/w/index.php?title=Proto-Tsai-Chire&diff=41825Proto-Tsai-Chire2026-07-22T20:09:02Z<p>Sheikah: /* Pronouns */</p>
<hr />
<div>The '''Proto-Tsai-Chire''' language ('''PTC''', sometimes shortened to ''Proto-Tsachire'') is the ancestor of all [[Tsai-Chire languages]].<br />
<br />
==Phonology==<br />
===Vowels===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! !! Front !! Back<br />
|-<br />
! Close<br />
| i || u<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | Mid<br />
| ø || o<br />
|-<br />
| e || ɤ<br />
|-<br />
! Open<br />
| æ || ɑ <a><br />
|}<br />
<br />
Every vowel can be combined with each other for a diphthong.<br />
<br />
===Consonants===<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! !! Labial !! Alveolar !! Velar<br />
|-<br />
! Plosive<br />
| p || t || k<br />
|-<br />
! Nasal<br />
| m || n || ŋ<br />
|-<br />
! Fricative<br />
|f || s || h<br />
|-<br />
! Liquid<br />
| || l || <br />
|}<br />
<br />
Every consonant can also be geminated!!!! Isn't that fun<br />
<br />
==Grammar==<br />
Proto-Tsai-Chire is an agglutinative language.<br />
<br />
===Cases===<br />
PTC has four cases:<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! Name !! Suffix<br />
|-<br />
| Nominative || -∅<br />
|-<br />
| Genitive || -e, -i<br />
|-<br />
| Accusative || -ɑ<br />
|-<br />
| Instrumental || ''Gen +'' -ju<br />
|-<br />
| Locative || ''Gen +'' -n<br />
|-<br />
| Vocative || -ijɑ<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Vocabulary==<br />
===Pronouns===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! !! colspan="3" | Singular !! colspan="3" | Plural <br />
|-<br />
! !! 1p !! 2p !! 3p !! 1p !! 2p !! 3p<br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| lø || itɤ || ŋka || kti || kitɤ || kænu<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| lø || itɤ || ŋka || kti || kitɤ || kænu<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| lø || itɤ || ŋka || kti || kitɤ || kænu<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| lø || itɤ || ŋka || kti || kitɤ || kænu<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| lø || itɤ || ŋka || kti || kitɤ || kænu<br />
|}</div>Sheikahhttps://mc.nguh.org/w/index.php?title=Proto-Tsai-Chire&diff=41824Proto-Tsai-Chire2026-07-22T20:07:09Z<p>Sheikah: /* Pronouns */</p>
<hr />
<div>The '''Proto-Tsai-Chire''' language ('''PTC''', sometimes shortened to ''Proto-Tsachire'') is the ancestor of all [[Tsai-Chire languages]].<br />
<br />
==Phonology==<br />
===Vowels===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! !! Front !! Back<br />
|-<br />
! Close<br />
| i || u<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | Mid<br />
| ø || o<br />
|-<br />
| e || ɤ<br />
|-<br />
! Open<br />
| æ || ɑ <a><br />
|}<br />
<br />
Every vowel can be combined with each other for a diphthong.<br />
<br />
===Consonants===<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! !! Labial !! Alveolar !! Velar<br />
|-<br />
! Plosive<br />
| p || t || k<br />
|-<br />
! Nasal<br />
| m || n || ŋ<br />
|-<br />
! Fricative<br />
|f || s || h<br />
|-<br />
! Liquid<br />
| || l || <br />
|}<br />
<br />
Every consonant can also be geminated!!!! Isn't that fun<br />
<br />
==Grammar==<br />
Proto-Tsai-Chire is an agglutinative language.<br />
<br />
===Cases===<br />
PTC has four cases:<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! Name !! Suffix<br />
|-<br />
| Nominative || -∅<br />
|-<br />
| Genitive || -e, -i<br />
|-<br />
| Accusative || -ɑ<br />
|-<br />
| Instrumental || ''Gen +'' -ju<br />
|-<br />
| Locative || ''Gen +'' -n<br />
|-<br />
| Vocative || -ijɑ<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Vocabulary==<br />
===Pronouns===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! !! colspan="3" | Singular !! colspan="3" | Plural <br />
|-<br />
! !! 1p !! 2p !! 3p !! 1p !! 2p !! 3p<br />
|-<br />
| lø || kti<br />
|-<br />
! 2p<br />
| itɤ || kitɤ<br />
|-<br />
! 3p<br />
| ŋka || kænu<br />
|}</div>Sheikahhttps://mc.nguh.org/w/index.php?title=Proto-Tsai-Chire&diff=41823Proto-Tsai-Chire2026-07-22T20:06:59Z<p>Sheikah: /* Pronouns */</p>
<hr />
<div>The '''Proto-Tsai-Chire''' language ('''PTC''', sometimes shortened to ''Proto-Tsachire'') is the ancestor of all [[Tsai-Chire languages]].<br />
<br />
==Phonology==<br />
===Vowels===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! !! Front !! Back<br />
|-<br />
! Close<br />
| i || u<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | Mid<br />
| ø || o<br />
|-<br />
| e || ɤ<br />
|-<br />
! Open<br />
| æ || ɑ <a><br />
|}<br />
<br />
Every vowel can be combined with each other for a diphthong.<br />
<br />
===Consonants===<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! !! Labial !! Alveolar !! Velar<br />
|-<br />
! Plosive<br />
| p || t || k<br />
|-<br />
! Nasal<br />
| m || n || ŋ<br />
|-<br />
! Fricative<br />
|f || s || h<br />
|-<br />
! Liquid<br />
| || l || <br />
|}<br />
<br />
Every consonant can also be geminated!!!! Isn't that fun<br />
<br />
==Grammar==<br />
Proto-Tsai-Chire is an agglutinative language.<br />
<br />
===Cases===<br />
PTC has four cases:<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! Name !! Suffix<br />
|-<br />
| Nominative || -∅<br />
|-<br />
| Genitive || -e, -i<br />
|-<br />
| Accusative || -ɑ<br />
|-<br />
| Instrumental || ''Gen +'' -ju<br />
|-<br />
| Locative || ''Gen +'' -n<br />
|-<br />
| Vocative || -ijɑ<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Vocabulary==<br />
===Pronouns===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! !! Singular !! Singular !! Singular !! Plural !! Plural !! Plural<br />
|-<br />
! !! 1p !! 2p !! 3p !! 1p !! 2p !! 3p<br />
|-<br />
| lø || kti<br />
|-<br />
! 2p<br />
| itɤ || kitɤ<br />
|-<br />
! 3p<br />
| ŋka || kænu<br />
|}</div>Sheikahhttps://mc.nguh.org/w/index.php?title=Proto-Tsai-Chire&diff=41822Proto-Tsai-Chire2026-07-22T20:00:19Z<p>Sheikah: /* Cases */</p>
<hr />
<div>The '''Proto-Tsai-Chire''' language ('''PTC''', sometimes shortened to ''Proto-Tsachire'') is the ancestor of all [[Tsai-Chire languages]].<br />
<br />
==Phonology==<br />
===Vowels===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! !! Front !! Back<br />
|-<br />
! Close<br />
| i || u<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | Mid<br />
| ø || o<br />
|-<br />
| e || ɤ<br />
|-<br />
! Open<br />
| æ || ɑ <a><br />
|}<br />
<br />
Every vowel can be combined with each other for a diphthong.<br />
<br />
===Consonants===<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! !! Labial !! Alveolar !! Velar<br />
|-<br />
! Plosive<br />
| p || t || k<br />
|-<br />
! Nasal<br />
| m || n || ŋ<br />
|-<br />
! Fricative<br />
|f || s || h<br />
|-<br />
! Liquid<br />
| || l || <br />
|}<br />
<br />
Every consonant can also be geminated!!!! Isn't that fun<br />
<br />
==Grammar==<br />
Proto-Tsai-Chire is an agglutinative language.<br />
<br />
===Cases===<br />
PTC has four cases:<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! Name !! Suffix<br />
|-<br />
| Nominative || -∅<br />
|-<br />
| Genitive || -e, -i<br />
|-<br />
| Accusative || -ɑ<br />
|-<br />
| Instrumental || ''Gen +'' -ju<br />
|-<br />
| Locative || ''Gen +'' -n<br />
|-<br />
| Vocative || -ijɑ<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Vocabulary==<br />
===Pronouns===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! !! Singular !! Plural<br />
|-<br />
! 1p<br />
| lø || kti<br />
|-<br />
! 2p<br />
| itɤ || kitɤ<br />
|-<br />
! 3p<br />
| ŋka || kænu<br />
|}</div>Sheikahhttps://mc.nguh.org/w/index.php?title=Proto-Tsai-Chire&diff=41821Proto-Tsai-Chire2026-07-22T19:59:47Z<p>Sheikah: /* Cases */</p>
<hr />
<div>The '''Proto-Tsai-Chire''' language ('''PTC''', sometimes shortened to ''Proto-Tsachire'') is the ancestor of all [[Tsai-Chire languages]].<br />
<br />
==Phonology==<br />
===Vowels===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! !! Front !! Back<br />
|-<br />
! Close<br />
| i || u<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | Mid<br />
| ø || o<br />
|-<br />
| e || ɤ<br />
|-<br />
! Open<br />
| æ || ɑ <a><br />
|}<br />
<br />
Every vowel can be combined with each other for a diphthong.<br />
<br />
===Consonants===<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! !! Labial !! Alveolar !! Velar<br />
|-<br />
! Plosive<br />
| p || t || k<br />
|-<br />
! Nasal<br />
| m || n || ŋ<br />
|-<br />
! Fricative<br />
|f || s || h<br />
|-<br />
! Liquid<br />
| || l || <br />
|}<br />
<br />
Every consonant can also be geminated!!!! Isn't that fun<br />
<br />
==Grammar==<br />
Proto-Tsai-Chire is an agglutinative language.<br />
<br />
===Cases===<br />
PTC has four cases:<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! Name !! Suffix<br />
|-<br />
| Nominative || -∅<br />
|-<br />
| Genitive || -e, -i<br />
|-<br />
| Accusative || -ɑ<br />
|-<br />
| Instrumental || ''Gen +'' -ju<br />
|-<br />
| Vocative || -ijɑ<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Vocabulary==<br />
===Pronouns===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! !! Singular !! Plural<br />
|-<br />
! 1p<br />
| lø || kti<br />
|-<br />
! 2p<br />
| itɤ || kitɤ<br />
|-<br />
! 3p<br />
| ŋka || kænu<br />
|}</div>Sheikahhttps://mc.nguh.org/w/index.php?title=Proto-Tsai-Chire&diff=41813Proto-Tsai-Chire2026-07-22T18:33:12Z<p>Sheikah: /* Pronouns */</p>
<hr />
<div>The '''Proto-Tsai-Chire''' language ('''PTC''', sometimes shortened to ''Proto-Tsachire'') is the ancestor of all [[Tsai-Chire languages]].<br />
<br />
==Phonology==<br />
===Vowels===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! !! Front !! Back<br />
|-<br />
! Close<br />
| i || u<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | Mid<br />
| ø || o<br />
|-<br />
| e || ɤ<br />
|-<br />
! Open<br />
| æ || ɑ <a><br />
|}<br />
<br />
Every vowel can be combined with each other for a diphthong.<br />
<br />
===Consonants===<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! !! Labial !! Alveolar !! Velar<br />
|-<br />
! Plosive<br />
| p || t || k<br />
|-<br />
! Nasal<br />
| m || n || ŋ<br />
|-<br />
! Fricative<br />
|f || s || h<br />
|-<br />
! Liquid<br />
| || l || <br />
|}<br />
<br />
Every consonant can also be geminated!!!! Isn't that fun<br />
<br />
==Grammar==<br />
Proto-Tsai-Chire is an agglutinative language.<br />
<br />
===Cases===<br />
PTC has five cases:<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! Name !! Suffix<br />
|-<br />
| Nominative || -∅<br />
|-<br />
| Genitive || -e, -i<br />
|-<br />
| Accusative || -ɑ<br />
|-<br />
| Instrumental || ''Gen +'' -ju<br />
|-<br />
| Locative || ''Gen +'' -n<br />
|-<br />
| Vocative || -ijɑ<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Vocabulary==<br />
===Pronouns===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! !! Singular !! Plural<br />
|-<br />
! 1p<br />
| lø || kti<br />
|-<br />
! 2p<br />
| itɤ || kitɤ<br />
|-<br />
! 3p<br />
| ŋka || kænu<br />
|}</div>Sheikahhttps://mc.nguh.org/w/index.php?title=Proto-Tsai-Chire&diff=41812Proto-Tsai-Chire2026-07-22T18:32:39Z<p>Sheikah: </p>
<hr />
<div>The '''Proto-Tsai-Chire''' language ('''PTC''', sometimes shortened to ''Proto-Tsachire'') is the ancestor of all [[Tsai-Chire languages]].<br />
<br />
==Phonology==<br />
===Vowels===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! !! Front !! Back<br />
|-<br />
! Close<br />
| i || u<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | Mid<br />
| ø || o<br />
|-<br />
| e || ɤ<br />
|-<br />
! Open<br />
| æ || ɑ <a><br />
|}<br />
<br />
Every vowel can be combined with each other for a diphthong.<br />
<br />
===Consonants===<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! !! Labial !! Alveolar !! Velar<br />
|-<br />
! Plosive<br />
| p || t || k<br />
|-<br />
! Nasal<br />
| m || n || ŋ<br />
|-<br />
! Fricative<br />
|f || s || h<br />
|-<br />
! Liquid<br />
| || l || <br />
|}<br />
<br />
Every consonant can also be geminated!!!! Isn't that fun<br />
<br />
==Grammar==<br />
Proto-Tsai-Chire is an agglutinative language.<br />
<br />
===Cases===<br />
PTC has five cases:<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! Name !! Suffix<br />
|-<br />
| Nominative || -∅<br />
|-<br />
| Genitive || -e, -i<br />
|-<br />
| Accusative || -ɑ<br />
|-<br />
| Instrumental || ''Gen +'' -ju<br />
|-<br />
| Locative || ''Gen +'' -n<br />
|-<br />
| Vocative || -ijɑ<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Vocabulary==<br />
===Pronouns===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! !! Singular !! Plural<br />
|-<br />
! 1p<br />
| lø || kti<br />
|-<br />
! 2p<br />
| itɤ || kitɤ<br />
|-<br />
! 3p<br />
| ŋka || kænu<br />
}}</div>Sheikahhttps://mc.nguh.org/w/index.php?title=Proto-Tsai-Chire&diff=41811Proto-Tsai-Chire2026-07-22T18:32:23Z<p>Sheikah: </p>
<hr />
<div>The '''Proto-Tsai-Chire''' language ('''PTC''', sometimes shortened to ''Proto-Tsachire'') is the ancestor of all [[Tsai-Chire languages]].<br />
<br />
==Phonology==<br />
===Vowels===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! !! Front !! Back<br />
|-<br />
! Close<br />
| i || u<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | Mid<br />
| ø || o<br />
|-<br />
| e || ɤ<br />
|-<br />
! Open<br />
| æ || ɑ <a><br />
|}<br />
<br />
Every vowel can be combined with each other for a diphthong.<br />
<br />
===Consonants===<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! !! Labial !! Alveolar !! Velar<br />
|-<br />
! Plosive<br />
| p || t || k<br />
|-<br />
! Nasal<br />
| m || n || ŋ<br />
|-<br />
! Fricative<br />
|f || s || h<br />
|-<br />
! Liquid<br />
| || l || <br />
|}<br />
<br />
Every consonant can also be geminated!!!! Isn't that fun<br />
<br />
==Grammar==<br />
Proto-Tsai-Chire is an agglutinative language.<br />
<br />
===Cases===<br />
PTC has five cases:<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! Name !! Suffix<br />
|-<br />
| Nominative || -∅<br />
|-<br />
| Genitive || -e, -i<br />
|-<br />
| Accusative || -ɑ<br />
|-<br />
| Instrumental || ''Gen +'' -ju<br />
|-<br />
| Locative || ''Gen +'' -n<br />
|-<br />
| Vocative || -ijɑ<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Vocabulary==<br />
==Pronouns==<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! !! Singular !! Plural<br />
|-<br />
! 1p<br />
| lø || kti<br />
|-<br />
! 2p<br />
| itɤ || kitɤ<br />
|-<br />
! 3p<br />
| ŋka || kænu<br />
}}</div>Sheikahhttps://mc.nguh.org/w/index.php?title=Proto-Tsai-Chire&diff=41810Proto-Tsai-Chire2026-07-22T18:31:36Z<p>Sheikah: </p>
<hr />
<div>The '''Proto-Tsai-Chire''' language ('''PTC''', sometimes shortened to ''Proto-Tsachire'') is the ancestor of all [[Tsai-Chire languages]].<br />
<br />
==Phonology==<br />
===Vowels===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! !! Front !! Back<br />
|-<br />
! Close<br />
| i || u<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | Mid<br />
| ø || o<br />
|-<br />
| e || ɤ<br />
|-<br />
! Open<br />
| æ || ɑ <a><br />
|}<br />
<br />
Every vowel can be combined with each other for a diphthong.<br />
<br />
===Consonants===<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! !! Labial !! Alveolar !! Velar<br />
|-<br />
! Plosive<br />
| p || t || k<br />
|-<br />
! Nasal<br />
| m || n || ŋ<br />
|-<br />
! Fricative<br />
|f || s || h<br />
|-<br />
! Liquid<br />
| || l || <br />
|}<br />
<br />
Every consonant can also be geminated!!!! Isn't that fun<br />
<br />
==Grammar==<br />
Proto-Tsai-Chire is an agglutinative language.<br />
<br />
===Cases===<br />
PTC has five cases:<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! Name !! Suffix<br />
|-<br />
| Nominative || -∅<br />
|-<br />
| Genitive || -e, -i<br />
|-<br />
| Accusative || -ɑ<br />
|-<br />
| Instrumental || ''Gen +'' -ju<br />
|-<br />
| Locative || ''Gen +'' -n<br />
|-<br />
| Vocative || -ijɑ<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Vocabulary==<br />
==Pronouns==<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! !! Singular !! Plural<br />
|-<br />
! 1p<br />
| lø || kti<br />
|-<br />
! 2p<br />
| itɤ || kitɤ<br />
|-<br />
! 3p<br />
| ŋka || kænu<br />
}}</div>Sheikahhttps://mc.nguh.org/w/index.php?title=Proto-Tsai-Chire&diff=41809Proto-Tsai-Chire2026-07-22T17:40:44Z<p>Sheikah: /* Vowels */</p>
<hr />
<div>The '''Proto-Tsai-Chire''' language ('''PTC''', sometimes shortened to ''Proto-Tsachire'') is the ancestor of all [[Tsai-Chire languages]].<br />
<br />
==Phonology==<br />
===Vowels===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! !! Front !! Back<br />
|-<br />
! Close<br />
| i || u<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | Mid<br />
| ø || o<br />
|-<br />
| e || ɤ<br />
|-<br />
! Open<br />
| æ || ɑ <a><br />
|}<br />
<br />
Every vowel can be combined with each other for a diphthong.<br />
<br />
===Consonants===<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! !! Labial !! Alveolar !! Velar<br />
|-<br />
! Plosive<br />
| p || t || k<br />
|-<br />
! Nasal<br />
| m || n || ŋ<br />
|-<br />
! Fricative<br />
|f || s || h<br />
|-<br />
! Liquid<br />
| || l || <br />
|}<br />
<br />
Every consonant can also be geminated!!!! Isn't that fun<br />
<br />
==Grammar==<br />
Proto-Tsai-Chire is an agglutinative language.<br />
<br />
===Cases===<br />
PTC has five cases:<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! Name !! Suffix<br />
|-<br />
| Nominative || -∅<br />
|-<br />
| Genitive || -e, -i<br />
|-<br />
| Accusative || -ɑ<br />
|-<br />
| Instrumental || ''Gen +'' -ju<br />
|-<br />
| Locative || ''Gen +'' -n<br />
|-<br />
| Vocative || -ijɑ<br />
}}</div>Sheikahhttps://mc.nguh.org/w/index.php?title=Tsai-Chire_languages&diff=41804Tsai-Chire languages2026-07-21T23:55:32Z<p>Sheikah: </p>
<hr />
<div>The '''[[Tsai]]-[[Chire]]''' languages (sometimes shortened to ''Tsachire languages'') are a language family native to [[Shingtsun]]. West Itsu used to be spoken in the [[Yijan Savanna]], while East Itsu used to be spoken in [[Shingtin]], but is now a critically endangered language with a handful of speakers from [[Byukyi]]. The Yakkanogi language is the most stable and widely known of all Shingtsunni indigenous languages. It is considered vulnerable, but revival efforts have helped elevate it to a second national language of Shingtsun studied by many non-indigenous people. The Tsai-Chire languages descended from [[Proto-Tsai-Chire]].<br />
<br />
==Classification==<br />
* [[Proto-Tsai-Chire]] ''(Tsai-Chire languages)''<br />
** [[Proto-Itsu]] ''(Itsu languages)''<br />
*** [[West Itsu]] †<br />
*** [[East Itsu]]<br />
** [[Yakkanogi]]</div>Sheikahhttps://mc.nguh.org/w/index.php?title=Tsai-Chire_languages&diff=41803Tsai-Chire languages2026-07-21T23:50:22Z<p>Sheikah: </p>
<hr />
<div>The '''[[Tsai]]-[[Chire]]''' languages (sometimes shortened to ''Tsachire languages'') are a language family native to [[Shingtsun]]. West Itsu used to be spoken in the [[Yijan Savanna]], while East Itsu used to be spoken in [[Shingtin]], but is now a critically endangered language with a handful of speakers from [[Byukyi]]. The Yakkanogi language is the most stable and widely known of all Shingtsunni indigenous languages. It is considered vulnerable, but revival efforts have helped elevate it to a second national language of Shingtsun studied by many non-indigenous people.<br />
<br />
==Classification==<br />
* [[Proto-Tsai-Chire]] ''(Tsai-Chire languages)''<br />
** [[Proto-Itsu]] ''(Itsu languages)''<br />
*** [[West Itsu]] †<br />
*** [[East Itsu]]<br />
** [[Yakkanogi]]</div>Sheikahhttps://mc.nguh.org/w/index.php?title=Proto-Tsai-Chire&diff=41802Proto-Tsai-Chire2026-07-21T23:50:01Z<p>Sheikah: </p>
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<div>The '''Proto-Tsai-Chire''' language ('''PTC''', sometimes shortened to ''Proto-Tsachire'') is the ancestor of all [[Tsai-Chire languages]].<br />
<br />
==Phonology==<br />
===Vowels===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! !! Front !! Back<br />
|-<br />
! Close<br />
| i || u<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | Mid<br />
| ø || o<br />
|-<br />
| e || ɤ<br />
|-<br />
! Open<br />
| æ || ɑ<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Every vowel can be combined with each other for a diphthong.<br />
<br />
===Consonants===<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! !! Labial !! Alveolar !! Velar<br />
|-<br />
! Plosive<br />
| p || t || k<br />
|-<br />
! Nasal<br />
| m || n || ŋ<br />
|-<br />
! Fricative<br />
|f || s || h<br />
|-<br />
! Liquid<br />
| || l || <br />
|}<br />
<br />
Every consonant can also be geminated!!!! Isn't that fun<br />
<br />
==Grammar==<br />
Proto-Tsai-Chire is an agglutinative language.<br />
<br />
===Cases===<br />
PTC has five cases:<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! Name !! Suffix<br />
|-<br />
| Nominative || -∅<br />
|-<br />
| Genitive || -e, -i<br />
|-<br />
| Accusative || -ɑ<br />
|-<br />
| Instrumental || ''Gen +'' -ju<br />
|-<br />
| Locative || ''Gen +'' -n<br />
|-<br />
| Vocative || -ijɑ<br />
}}</div>Sheikah