Nguhcraft Wiki - User contributions [en-gb]

https://mc.nguh.org/w/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=Suqi Nguhcraft Wiki - User contributions [en-gb] 2026-05-07T10:07:46Z User contributions MediaWiki 1.44.3 https://mc.nguh.org/w/index.php?title=Trace_Deeplects_2&diff=39628 Trace Deeplects 2 2026-05-07T01:49:45Z

<p>Suqi: </p> <hr /> <div>Im making this page because [[Trace Deeplects]] crashes every time I edit it now.<br /> <br /> == Deeplect -F ==<br /> Pink: onset only<br /> <br /> Blue: word-medial onset only<br /> <br /> Uncolored: any position<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="2" |<br /> !Bilabial<br /> !Alveolar<br /> !Palatal<br /> !Velar<br /> !Uvular<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Plosive<br /> !Voiceless<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> | style="background-color: #fde" |ŋ̊ nh<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Voiced<br /> |m m<br /> |n n<br /> |<br /> |ŋ g<br /> |ɴ gu<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Plosive<br /> !Aspirated<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> | style="background-color: #fde" |kʰ kh<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Tenuis<br /> |<br /> | style="background-color: #def" |t t<br /> |<br /> | style="background-color: #fde" |k k<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Affricate<br /> |<br /> |<br /> | style="background-color: #def" |dʑʱ j<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Fricative<br /> !Aspirated<br /> |<br /> | style="background-color: #fde" |sʰ sh<br /> | style="background-color: #fde" |ɕʰ ch<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Tenuis<br /> |ɸ f<br /> |s s<br /> |ɕ c<br /> | style="background-color: #fde" |x x<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Glide<br /> !Unrounded<br /> |<br /> |l l<br /> |j y<br /> |ɰ w<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Rounded<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɥ yu<br /> |w wu<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> # m > mʲ / _{i,e,a}[–RTR]<br /> # ŋ ɴ k x > ɲ ŋʷ k̟ x̟ / _{i,e}<br /> # kʰ > k̟ʰ / _{i,e,a}<br /> # k x > k̠ x̠ / _{a,o}<br /> # kʰ > k̠ʰ / _o<br /> # l > ɾ / {i,e}_{i,e}<br /> # dʑʱi dʑʱiʱ > dʑʑ̩ dʑʱʑ̩ʱ<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="3" |<br /> ! colspan="4" |Front<br /> ! colspan="4" |Back<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |High<br /> ! colspan="2" |Low<br /> ! colspan="2" |High<br /> ! colspan="2" |Low<br /> |-<br /> !-RTR<br /> !+RTR<br /> !-RTR<br /> !+RTR<br /> !-RTR<br /> !+RTR<br /> !-RTR<br /> !+RTR<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="3" |Close<br /> !Modal<br /> |i í<br /> |i̙ ír<br /> |i i<br /> |i̙ ir<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Breathy<br /> |iʱ íh<br /> |i̙ʱ írh<br /> |iʱ ih<br /> |i̙ʱ irh<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Glottalized<br /> |iˀ í'<br /> |i̙ˀ ír'<br /> |iˀ i'<br /> |i̙ˀ ir'<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="3" |Mid<br /> !Modal<br /> |e é<br /> |e̙ ér<br /> |e e<br /> |e̙ er<br /> |o ó<br /> |o̙ ór<br /> |o o<br /> |o̙ or<br /> |-<br /> !Breathy<br /> |eʱ éh<br /> |e̙ʱ érh<br /> |eʱ eh<br /> |e̙ʱ erh<br /> |oʱ óh<br /> |o̙ʱ órh<br /> |oʱ oh<br /> |o̙ʱ orh<br /> |-<br /> !Glottalized<br /> |eˀ é'<br /> |e̙ˀ ér'<br /> |eˀ e'<br /> |e̙ˀ er'<br /> |oˀ ó'<br /> |o̙ˀ ór'<br /> |oˀ o'<br /> |o̙ˀ or'<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="3" |Open<br /> !Modal<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |a á<br /> |a̙ ár<br /> |a a<br /> |a̙ ar<br /> |-<br /> !Breathy<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |aʱ áh<br /> |a̙ʱ árh<br /> |aʱ ah<br /> |a̙ʱ arh<br /> |-<br /> !Glottalized<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |aˀ á'<br /> |a̙ˀ ár'<br /> |aˀ a'<br /> |a̙ˀ ar'<br /> |}<br /> <br /> # /V́/ cannot occur after /m n ŋ ɴ t k ɸ s ɕ x/<br /> # /V̀/ cannot occur after /ŋ̊ kʰ dʑʱ sʰ ɕʰ/<br /> # /i̙ e̙ a̙ o̙/ cannot occur after /ŋ kʰ k dʑʱ/<br /> # i i̙ e e̙ a a̙ o o̙ > ʑ̩ i ɪ e ɛ a ø o / {ɕ(ʰ),j}_<br /> # i i̙ e e̙ a a̙ o o̙ > ɨ i ə e ɑ a ɔ o / {ɰ,w}_<br /> <br /> === Adjectives ===<br /> Adjectives all end in -ó.<br /> <br /> === Word Order ===<br /> Note to self: Make changes to word order at any point you would like!<br /> <br /> TOP - PP - ADJ - TAM - ADV - A1 - A2 - A3 - V1 - B1 - B2 - B3 - V2 - ADJ - AX - PP<br /> <br /> * TOP: A topic is op tional, and primarily only included for emphasis, introduction, change of situation, surprise, questions, and answers.<br /> * PP: The posposition following the topic marks its case if it is not the subject (i.e. agent or highly respected object). Postpositions following postverbal nouns mark their case as well.<br /> * ADJ: Adjectives follow a topic or its postposition. Preverbal nouns cannot have adjectives. Adjectives precede postverbal nouns.<br /> * TAM: TAM is a particle or two marking tense, aspect, and/or mood. Usually, the tense marker is separate from the aspect-mood marker, but it's only used if the implied tense from the AM is inaccurate.<br /> * ADV: Adverbs are only distinguished from arguments if there are few arguments mentioned (typically 3-4, no more than 6). When there are many arguments, any adverbial statements must be converted into arguments themselves, following the verbs.<br /> * A1-3: Arguments 1-3 are the subject, indirect object, and direct object, respectively. They are placed in that exact order when preceding the verb. The order for the others remains intact if one is placed in the position of topic. Arguments 1-3 retain their order but are all placed after the verbs if any one of them (that is not the topic) is modified by an adjective. When any of the 3 arguments are omitted, a prefix with the personhood and obviation of the omitted argument(s) is attached to the first verb.<br /> * V1: Verb 1 is the main verb.<br /> * B1-3: These are arguments 1-3 but of Verb 2 rather than Verb 1. These arguments cannot be modified, topicalized, or placed after the verbs.<br /> * V2: Verb 2 is a finite verb, where the order of V1-V2 is a converb. Any arguments beyond the primary three for Verb 2 cannot be included in the same sentence.<br /> * AX: Arguments X are the miscellaneous arguments of Verb 1.<br /> <br /> == Deeplect -E ==<br /> Pink: coda only<br /> <br /> Blue: onset only<br /> <br /> Purple: word-medial onset only<br /> <br /> Uncolored: any position<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |<br /> ! colspan="2" |Labial<br /> ! colspan="2" |Alveolar<br /> ! colspan="2" |Palatal<br /> ! colspan="3" |Velar<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Pharyngeal<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Glottal<br /> |-<br /> !Plain<br /> !Palatalized<br /> !Plain<br /> !Palatalized<br /> !Plain<br /> !Labialized<br /> !Plain<br /> !Palatalized<br /> !Labialized<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Nasal<br /> |m m<br /> |mʲ mj<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ŋ n<br /> |ŋʲ nj<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Plosive<br /> !Aspirated<br /> |<br /> |<br /> | style="background-color: #dcf" |tʰ t<br /> | style="background-color: #dcf" |tʰʲ tj<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |kʰ k<br /> |kʲʰ kj<br /> |kʷʰ ku<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Tenuis<br /> |<br /> |<br /> | style="background-color: #dcf" |t d<br /> | style="background-color: #dcf" |tʲ dj<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |k g<br /> |kʲ gj<br /> |kʷ gu<br /> |<br /> | style="background-color: #fde" |ʔ q<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Affricate<br /> !Aspirated<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |t͡sʰ c<br /> |t͡sʲʰ cj<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Tenuis<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |t͡s z<br /> |t͡sʲ zj<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Fricative<br /> !Short<br /> |ɸ f<br /> |ɸʲ fj<br /> | style="background-color: #def" |s s<br /> |sʲ sj<br /> | style="background-color: #dcf" |ɕ sjj<br /> |<br /> | style="background-color: #def" |x x<br /> |xʲ xj<br /> |<br /> | style="background-color: #def" |ħ h<br /> | style="background-color: #fde" |h '''''<nowiki/>'''''<nowiki/>'<br /> |-<br /> !Long<br /> |<br /> |<br /> | style="background-color: #def" |sː ss<br /> | colspan="2" style="background-color: #dcf" |ɕ̟ː ssj<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Glide<br /> |<br /> |<br /> | style="background-color: #def" |ɾ r<br /> |<br /> |j y<br /> |ɥ v<br /> |ɰ w<br /> |ɰʲ wj<br /> |w wu<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> kʷʰ kʷ w > pʰ p b / _($)(C)o<br /> <br /> /K(ʷ) Kʲ/ = [K̠(ʷ) K̟]<br /> <br /> /ħ/ can only precede /e(ː)/ or /a(ː)/<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> !<br /> ! colspan="2" |Front<br /> ! colspan="2" |Back<br /> |-<br /> !<br /> !Short<br /> !Long<br /> !Short<br /> !Long<br /> |-<br /> !High<br /> |i i<br /> |iː ī<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Mid<br /> |e e<br /> |eː ē<br /> |o o<br /> |oː ō<br /> |-<br /> !Low<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |a a<br /> |aː ā<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Noun Class ===<br /> The following are classes for nouns.<br /> <br /> # -o: blooming flower (associated with life, vulnerability, singular success, youth, love (all kinds), the self, spirit, soul, novelty, beginnings)<br /> # -ui: withering flower (associated with death, ends, cumulative success, maturity, wisdom, knowledge)<br /> # -enj: day (associated with colors, grandeur, vastness, the sea, water, light)<br /> # -ī: night (associated with darkness, sleep, dreams, black vs. white, simplicity, revelation)<br /> <br /> The following are classes for verbs, adjectives, adverbs and particles that agree with nouns. Adverbs agree with the topic noun. Verbs agree with the patient noun when it is animate. Verbs agree with the agent noun if the patient noun is inanimate.<br /> <br /> # -i, -e, -yV: cute<br /> # -a, -ā, -akj: beautiful<br /> # -n: alien<br /> <br /> Particles for verbs are marked for familiar (cute and beautiful are merged), and alien classes but unpredictably. These agree with the verb.</div>

Suqi https://mc.nguh.org/w/index.php?title=Trace_Deeplects_2&diff=39627 Trace Deeplects 2 2026-05-07T01:23:35Z

<p>Suqi: /* Deeplect -E */</p> <hr /> <div>Im making this page because [[Trace Deeplects]] crashes every time I edit it now.<br /> <br /> == Deeplect -F ==<br /> Pink: onset only<br /> <br /> Blue: word-medial onset only<br /> <br /> Uncolored: any position<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="2" |<br /> !Bilabial<br /> !Alveolar<br /> !Palatal<br /> !Velar<br /> !Uvular<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Plosive<br /> !Voiceless<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> | style="background-color: #fde" |ŋ̊ nh<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Voiced<br /> |m m<br /> |n n<br /> |<br /> |ŋ g<br /> |ɴ gu<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Plosive<br /> !Aspirated<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> | style="background-color: #fde" |kʰ kh<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Tenuis<br /> |<br /> | style="background-color: #def" |t t<br /> |<br /> | style="background-color: #fde" |k k<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Affricate<br /> |<br /> |<br /> | style="background-color: #def" |dʑʱ j<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Fricative<br /> !Aspirated<br /> |<br /> | style="background-color: #fde" |sʰ sh<br /> | style="background-color: #fde" |ɕʰ ch<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Tenuis<br /> |ɸ f<br /> |s s<br /> |ɕ c<br /> | style="background-color: #fde" |x x<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Glide<br /> !Unrounded<br /> |<br /> |l l<br /> |j y<br /> |ɰ w<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Rounded<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɥ yu<br /> |w wu<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> # m > mʲ / _{i,e,a}[–RTR]<br /> # ŋ ɴ k x > ɲ ŋʷ k̟ x̟ / _{i,e}<br /> # kʰ > k̟ʰ / _{i,e,a}<br /> # k x > k̠ x̠ / _{a,o}<br /> # kʰ > k̠ʰ / _o<br /> # l > ɾ / {i,e}_{i,e}<br /> # dʑʱi dʑʱiʱ > dʑʑ̩ dʑʱʑ̩ʱ<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="3" |<br /> ! colspan="4" |Front<br /> ! colspan="4" |Back<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |High<br /> ! colspan="2" |Low<br /> ! colspan="2" |High<br /> ! colspan="2" |Low<br /> |-<br /> !-RTR<br /> !+RTR<br /> !-RTR<br /> !+RTR<br /> !-RTR<br /> !+RTR<br /> !-RTR<br /> !+RTR<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="3" |Close<br /> !Modal<br /> |i í<br /> |i̙ ír<br /> |i i<br /> |i̙ ir<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Breathy<br /> |iʱ íh<br /> |i̙ʱ írh<br /> |iʱ ih<br /> |i̙ʱ irh<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Glottalized<br /> |iˀ í'<br /> |i̙ˀ ír'<br /> |iˀ i'<br /> |i̙ˀ ir'<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="3" |Mid<br /> !Modal<br /> |e é<br /> |e̙ ér<br /> |e e<br /> |e̙ er<br /> |o ó<br /> |o̙ ór<br /> |o o<br /> |o̙ or<br /> |-<br /> !Breathy<br /> |eʱ éh<br /> |e̙ʱ érh<br /> |eʱ eh<br /> |e̙ʱ erh<br /> |oʱ óh<br /> |o̙ʱ órh<br /> |oʱ oh<br /> |o̙ʱ orh<br /> |-<br /> !Glottalized<br /> |eˀ é'<br /> |e̙ˀ ér'<br /> |eˀ e'<br /> |e̙ˀ er'<br /> |oˀ ó'<br /> |o̙ˀ ór'<br /> |oˀ o'<br /> |o̙ˀ or'<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="3" |Open<br /> !Modal<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |a á<br /> |a̙ ár<br /> |a a<br /> |a̙ ar<br /> |-<br /> !Breathy<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |aʱ áh<br /> |a̙ʱ árh<br /> |aʱ ah<br /> |a̙ʱ arh<br /> |-<br /> !Glottalized<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |aˀ á'<br /> |a̙ˀ ár'<br /> |aˀ a'<br /> |a̙ˀ ar'<br /> |}<br /> <br /> # /V́/ cannot occur after /m n ŋ ɴ t k ɸ s ɕ x/<br /> # /V̀/ cannot occur after /ŋ̊ kʰ dʑʱ sʰ ɕʰ/<br /> # /i̙ e̙ a̙ o̙/ cannot occur after /ŋ kʰ k dʑʱ/<br /> # i i̙ e e̙ a a̙ o o̙ > ʑ̩ i ɪ e ɛ a ø o / {ɕ(ʰ),j}_<br /> # i i̙ e e̙ a a̙ o o̙ > ɨ i ə e ɑ a ɔ o / {ɰ,w}_<br /> <br /> === Adjectives ===<br /> Adjectives all end in -ó.<br /> <br /> === Word Order ===<br /> Note to self: Make changes to word order at any point you would like!<br /> <br /> TOP - PP - ADJ - TAM - ADV - A1 - A2 - A3 - V1 - B1 - B2 - B3 - V2 - ADJ - AX - PP<br /> <br /> * TOP: A topic is op tional, and primarily only included for emphasis, introduction, change of situation, surprise, questions, and answers.<br /> * PP: The posposition following the topic marks its case if it is not the subject (i.e. agent or highly respected object). Postpositions following postverbal nouns mark their case as well.<br /> * ADJ: Adjectives follow a topic or its postposition. Preverbal nouns cannot have adjectives. Adjectives precede postverbal nouns.<br /> * TAM: TAM is a particle or two marking tense, aspect, and/or mood. Usually, the tense marker is separate from the aspect-mood marker, but it's only used if the implied tense from the AM is inaccurate.<br /> * ADV: Adverbs are only distinguished from arguments if there are few arguments mentioned (typically 3-4, no more than 6). When there are many arguments, any adverbial statements must be converted into arguments themselves, following the verbs.<br /> * A1-3: Arguments 1-3 are the subject, indirect object, and direct object, respectively. They are placed in that exact order when preceding the verb. The order for the others remains intact if one is placed in the position of topic. Arguments 1-3 retain their order but are all placed after the verbs if any one of them (that is not the topic) is modified by an adjective. When any of the 3 arguments are omitted, a prefix with the personhood and obviation of the omitted argument(s) is attached to the first verb.<br /> * V1: Verb 1 is the main verb.<br /> * B1-3: These are arguments 1-3 but of Verb 2 rather than Verb 1. These arguments cannot be modified, topicalized, or placed after the verbs.<br /> * V2: Verb 2 is a finite verb, where the order of V1-V2 is a converb. Any arguments beyond the primary three for Verb 2 cannot be included in the same sentence.<br /> * AX: Arguments X are the miscellaneous arguments of Verb 1.<br /> <br /> == Deeplect -E ==<br /> Pink: coda only<br /> <br /> Blue: onset only<br /> <br /> Purple: word-medial onset only<br /> <br /> Uncolored: any position<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |<br /> ! colspan="2" |Labial<br /> ! colspan="2" |Alveolar<br /> ! colspan="2" |Palatal<br /> ! colspan="3" |Velar<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Pharyngeal<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Glottal<br /> |-<br /> !Plain<br /> !Palatalized<br /> !Plain<br /> !Palatalized<br /> !Plain<br /> !Labialized<br /> !Plain<br /> !Palatalized<br /> !Labialized<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Nasal<br /> |m m<br /> |mʲ mj<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ŋ n<br /> |ŋʲ nj<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Plosive<br /> !Aspirated<br /> |<br /> |<br /> | style="background-color: #dcf" |tʰ t<br /> | style="background-color: #dcf" |tʰʲ tj<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |kʰ k<br /> |kʲʰ kj<br /> |kʷʰ ku<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Tenuis<br /> |<br /> |<br /> | style="background-color: #dcf" |t d<br /> | style="background-color: #dcf" |tʲ dj<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |k g<br /> |kʲ gj<br /> |kʷ gu<br /> |<br /> | style="background-color: #fde" |ʔ q<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Affricate<br /> !Aspirated<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |t͡sʰ c<br /> |t͡sʲʰ cj<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Tenuis<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |t͡s z<br /> |t͡sʲ zj<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Fricative<br /> !Short<br /> |ɸ f<br /> |ɸʲ fj<br /> | style="background-color: #def" |s s<br /> |sʲ sj<br /> | style="background-color: #dcf" |ɕ sjj<br /> |<br /> | style="background-color: #def" |x x<br /> |xʲ xj<br /> |<br /> | style="background-color: #dcf" |ħ h<br /> | style="background-color: #fde" |h '''''<nowiki/>'''''<nowiki/>'<br /> |-<br /> !Long<br /> |<br /> |<br /> | style="background-color: #def" |sː ss<br /> | colspan="2" style="background-color: #dcf" |ɕ̟ː ssj<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Glide<br /> |<br /> |<br /> | style="background-color: #def" |ɾ r<br /> |<br /> |j y<br /> |ɥ v<br /> |ɰ w<br /> |ɰʲ wj<br /> |w wu<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> kʷʰ kʷ w > pʰ p b / _($)(C)o<br /> <br /> /K(ʷ) Kʲ/ = [K̠(ʷ) K̟]<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> !<br /> ! colspan="2" |Front<br /> ! colspan="2" |Back<br /> |-<br /> !<br /> !Short<br /> !Long<br /> !Short<br /> !Long<br /> |-<br /> !High<br /> |i i<br /> |iː ī<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Mid<br /> |e e<br /> |eː ē<br /> |o o<br /> |oː ō<br /> |-<br /> !Low<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |a a<br /> |aː ā<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Noun Class ===<br /> The following are classes for nouns.<br /> <br /> # -o: blooming flower (associated with life, vulnerability, singular success, youth, love (all kinds), the self, spirit, soul, novelty, beginnings)<br /> # -ui: withering flower (associated with death, ends, cumulative success, maturity, wisdom, knowledge)<br /> # -enj: day (associated with colors, grandeur, vastness, the sea, water, light)<br /> # -ī: night (associated with darkness, sleep, dreams, black vs. white, simplicity, revelation)<br /> <br /> The following are classes for verbs, adjectives, adverbs and particles that agree with nouns. Adverbs agree with the topic noun. Verbs agree with the patient noun when it is animate. Verbs agree with the agent noun if the patient noun is inanimate.<br /> <br /> # -i, -e, -yV: cute<br /> # -a, -ā, -akj: beautiful<br /> # -n: alien<br /> <br /> Particles for verbs are marked for familiar (cute and beautiful are merged), and alien classes but unpredictably. These agree with the verb.</div>

Suqi https://mc.nguh.org/w/index.php?title=Trace_Deeplects_2&diff=39611 Trace Deeplects 2 2026-05-06T21:32:49Z

<p>Suqi: </p> <hr /> <div>Im making this page because [[Trace Deeplects]] crashes every time I edit it now.<br /> <br /> == Deeplect -F ==<br /> Pink: onset only<br /> <br /> Blue: word-medial onset only<br /> <br /> Uncolored: any position<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="2" |<br /> !Bilabial<br /> !Alveolar<br /> !Palatal<br /> !Velar<br /> !Uvular<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Plosive<br /> !Voiceless<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> | style="background-color: #fde" |ŋ̊ nh<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Voiced<br /> |m m<br /> |n n<br /> |<br /> |ŋ g<br /> |ɴ gu<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Plosive<br /> !Aspirated<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> | style="background-color: #fde" |kʰ kh<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Tenuis<br /> |<br /> | style="background-color: #def" |t t<br /> |<br /> | style="background-color: #fde" |k k<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Affricate<br /> |<br /> |<br /> | style="background-color: #def" |dʑʱ j<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Fricative<br /> !Aspirated<br /> |<br /> | style="background-color: #fde" |sʰ sh<br /> | style="background-color: #fde" |ɕʰ ch<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Tenuis<br /> |ɸ f<br /> |s s<br /> |ɕ c<br /> | style="background-color: #fde" |x x<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Glide<br /> !Unrounded<br /> |<br /> |l l<br /> |j y<br /> |ɰ w<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Rounded<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɥ yu<br /> |w wu<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> # m > mʲ / _{i,e,a}[–RTR]<br /> # ŋ ɴ k x > ɲ ŋʷ k̟ x̟ / _{i,e}<br /> # kʰ > k̟ʰ / _{i,e,a}<br /> # k x > k̠ x̠ / _{a,o}<br /> # kʰ > k̠ʰ / _o<br /> # l > ɾ / {i,e}_{i,e}<br /> # dʑʱi dʑʱiʱ > dʑʑ̩ dʑʱʑ̩ʱ<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="3" |<br /> ! colspan="4" |Front<br /> ! colspan="4" |Back<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |High<br /> ! colspan="2" |Low<br /> ! colspan="2" |High<br /> ! colspan="2" |Low<br /> |-<br /> !-RTR<br /> !+RTR<br /> !-RTR<br /> !+RTR<br /> !-RTR<br /> !+RTR<br /> !-RTR<br /> !+RTR<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="3" |Close<br /> !Modal<br /> |i í<br /> |i̙ ír<br /> |i i<br /> |i̙ ir<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Breathy<br /> |iʱ íh<br /> |i̙ʱ írh<br /> |iʱ ih<br /> |i̙ʱ irh<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Glottalized<br /> |iˀ í'<br /> |i̙ˀ ír'<br /> |iˀ i'<br /> |i̙ˀ ir'<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="3" |Mid<br /> !Modal<br /> |e é<br /> |e̙ ér<br /> |e e<br /> |e̙ er<br /> |o ó<br /> |o̙ ór<br /> |o o<br /> |o̙ or<br /> |-<br /> !Breathy<br /> |eʱ éh<br /> |e̙ʱ érh<br /> |eʱ eh<br /> |e̙ʱ erh<br /> |oʱ óh<br /> |o̙ʱ órh<br /> |oʱ oh<br /> |o̙ʱ orh<br /> |-<br /> !Glottalized<br /> |eˀ é'<br /> |e̙ˀ ér'<br /> |eˀ e'<br /> |e̙ˀ er'<br /> |oˀ ó'<br /> |o̙ˀ ór'<br /> |oˀ o'<br /> |o̙ˀ or'<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="3" |Open<br /> !Modal<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |a á<br /> |a̙ ár<br /> |a a<br /> |a̙ ar<br /> |-<br /> !Breathy<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |aʱ áh<br /> |a̙ʱ árh<br /> |aʱ ah<br /> |a̙ʱ arh<br /> |-<br /> !Glottalized<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |aˀ á'<br /> |a̙ˀ ár'<br /> |aˀ a'<br /> |a̙ˀ ar'<br /> |}<br /> <br /> # /V́/ cannot occur after /m n ŋ ɴ t k ɸ s ɕ x/<br /> # /V̀/ cannot occur after /ŋ̊ kʰ dʑʱ sʰ ɕʰ/<br /> # /i̙ e̙ a̙ o̙/ cannot occur after /ŋ kʰ k dʑʱ/<br /> # i i̙ e e̙ a a̙ o o̙ > ʑ̩ i ɪ e ɛ a ø o / {ɕ(ʰ),j}_<br /> # i i̙ e e̙ a a̙ o o̙ > ɨ i ə e ɑ a ɔ o / {ɰ,w}_<br /> <br /> === Adjectives ===<br /> Adjectives all end in -ó.<br /> <br /> === Word Order ===<br /> Note to self: Make changes to word order at any point you would like!<br /> <br /> TOP - PP - ADJ - TAM - ADV - A1 - A2 - A3 - V1 - B1 - B2 - B3 - V2 - ADJ - AX - PP<br /> <br /> * TOP: A topic is op tional, and primarily only included for emphasis, introduction, change of situation, surprise, questions, and answers.<br /> * PP: The posposition following the topic marks its case if it is not the subject (i.e. agent or highly respected object). Postpositions following postverbal nouns mark their case as well.<br /> * ADJ: Adjectives follow a topic or its postposition. Preverbal nouns cannot have adjectives. Adjectives precede postverbal nouns.<br /> * TAM: TAM is a particle or two marking tense, aspect, and/or mood. Usually, the tense marker is separate from the aspect-mood marker, but it's only used if the implied tense from the AM is inaccurate.<br /> * ADV: Adverbs are only distinguished from arguments if there are few arguments mentioned (typically 3-4, no more than 6). When there are many arguments, any adverbial statements must be converted into arguments themselves, following the verbs.<br /> * A1-3: Arguments 1-3 are the subject, indirect object, and direct object, respectively. They are placed in that exact order when preceding the verb. The order for the others remains intact if one is placed in the position of topic. Arguments 1-3 retain their order but are all placed after the verbs if any one of them (that is not the topic) is modified by an adjective. When any of the 3 arguments are omitted, a prefix with the personhood and obviation of the omitted argument(s) is attached to the first verb.<br /> * V1: Verb 1 is the main verb.<br /> * B1-3: These are arguments 1-3 but of Verb 2 rather than Verb 1. These arguments cannot be modified, topicalized, or placed after the verbs.<br /> * V2: Verb 2 is a finite verb, where the order of V1-V2 is a converb. Any arguments beyond the primary three for Verb 2 cannot be included in the same sentence.<br /> * AX: Arguments X are the miscellaneous arguments of Verb 1.<br /> <br /> == Deeplect -E ==<br /> Pink: coda only<br /> <br /> Green: onset only<br /> <br /> Purple: word-medial onset only<br /> <br /> Uncolored: any position<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |<br /> ! colspan="2" |Labial<br /> ! colspan="2" |Alveolar<br /> ! colspan="2" |Palatal<br /> ! colspan="3" |Velar<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Pharyngeal<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Glottal<br /> |-<br /> !Plain<br /> !Palatalized<br /> !Plain<br /> !Palatalized<br /> !Plain<br /> !Labialized<br /> !Plain<br /> !Palatalized<br /> !Labialized<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Nasal<br /> |m m<br /> |mʲ mj<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ŋ n<br /> |ŋʲ nj<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Plosive<br /> !Aspirated<br /> |<br /> |<br /> | style="background-color: #dcf" |tʰ t<br /> | style="background-color: #dcf" |tʰʲ tj<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |kʰ k<br /> |kʲʰ kj<br /> |kʷʰ ku<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Tenuis<br /> |<br /> |<br /> | style="background-color: #dcf" |t d<br /> | style="background-color: #dcf" |tʲ dj<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |k g<br /> |kʲ gj<br /> |kʷ gu<br /> |<br /> | style="background-color: #fde" |ʔ q<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Affricate<br /> !Aspirated<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |t͡sʰ c<br /> |t͡sʲʰ cj<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Tenuis<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |t͡s z<br /> |t͡sʲ zj<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Fricative<br /> !Short<br /> |ɸ f<br /> |ɸʲ fj<br /> | style="background-color: #def" |s s<br /> |sʲ sj<br /> | style="background-color: #dcf" |ɕ sjj<br /> |<br /> | style="background-color: #def" |x x<br /> |xʲ xj<br /> |<br /> | style="background-color: #dcf" |ħ h<br /> | style="background-color: #fde" |h '''''<nowiki/>'''''<nowiki/>'<br /> |-<br /> !Long<br /> |<br /> |<br /> | style="background-color: #def" |sː ss<br /> | colspan="2" style="background-color: #dcf" |ɕ̟ː ssj<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Glide<br /> |<br /> |<br /> | style="background-color: #def" |ɾ r<br /> |<br /> |j y<br /> |ɥ v<br /> |ɰ w<br /> |ɰʲ wj<br /> |w wu<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> kʷʰ kʷ w > pʰ p b / _($)(C)o<br /> <br /> /K(ʷ) Kʲ/ = [K̠(ʷ) K̟]<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> !<br /> ! colspan="2" |Front<br /> ! colspan="2" |Back<br /> |-<br /> !<br /> !Short<br /> !Long<br /> !Short<br /> !Long<br /> |-<br /> !High<br /> |i i<br /> |iː ī<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Mid<br /> |e e<br /> |eː ē<br /> |o o<br /> |oː ō<br /> |-<br /> !Low<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |a a<br /> |aː ā<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Noun Class ===<br /> The following are classes for nouns.<br /> <br /> # -o: blooming flower (associated with life, vulnerability, singular success, youth, love (all kinds), the self, spirit, soul, novelty, beginnings)<br /> # -ui: withering flower (associated with death, ends, cumulative success, maturity, wisdom, knowledge)<br /> # -enj: day (associated with colors, grandeur, vastness, the sea, water, light)<br /> # -ī: night (associated with darkness, sleep, dreams, black vs. white, simplicity, revelation)<br /> <br /> The following are classes for verbs, adjectives, adverbs and particles that agree with nouns. Adverbs agree with the topic noun. Verbs agree with the patient noun when it is animate. Verbs agree with the agent noun if the patient noun is inanimate.<br /> <br /> # -i, -e, -yV: cute<br /> # -a, -ā, -akj: beautiful<br /> # -n: alien<br /> <br /> Particles for verbs are marked for familiar (cute and beautiful are merged), and alien classes but unpredictably. These agree with the verb.</div>

Suqi https://mc.nguh.org/w/index.php?title=Trace_Deeplects&diff=39609 Trace Deeplects 2026-05-06T20:32:27Z

<p>Suqi: </p> <hr /> <div>'''Trace Deeplects''' are incomplete portions of languages that have been detected in experiments attempting to verif’ the [[Deep Dimensional]] theory. While the strongest evidence for Deep Dimensional is the languages that have inexplicably appeared, [[MARA]] experiments have found trace amounts of languages in their investigations, giving it more credibility. However, measurement error is not ruled out. This article will contain all the information on every Trace Deeplect. Trace Deeplects are listed in order of their negative discovery.<br /> <br /> There is a continuation of this page in [[Trace Deeplects 2]].<br /> <br /> == Deeplect -D ==<br /> === Consonants ===<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |<br /> ! colspan="2" |Bilabial<br /> ! colspan="2" |Alveolar<br /> ! colspan="2" |Prepalatal<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Palatal<br /> ! colspan="2" |Prevelar<br /> ! colspan="2" |Postvelar<br /> ! colspan="2" |Uvular<br /> ! colspan="2" |Epiglottal<br /> ! colspan="2" |Glottal<br /> |-<br /> !Plain<br /> !Emphatic<br /> !Plain<br /> !Emphatic<br /> !Plain<br /> !Labial<br /> !Plain<br /> !Labial<br /> !Plain<br /> !Labial<br /> !Plain<br /> !Labial<br /> !Plain<br /> !Labial<br /> !Plain<br /> !Labial<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Nasal<br /> |m '''m'''<br /> |mˤ '''ṃ'''<br /> |n '''n'''<br /> |nˤ '''ṇ'''<br /> |ɲ̟ '''ň'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ŋ '''ŋ'''<br /> |ŋʷ '''ŋw'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="3" |Plosive<br /> !Aspirated<br /> |pʰ '''ph'''<br /> |pʰˤ '''ṗh'''<br /> |tʰ '''th'''<br /> |tʰˤ '''ṭh'''<br /> |c̟ʰ '''ch'''<br /> |c̟ʰʷ '''cv'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |kʰ '''kh'''<br /> |kʰʷ '''kv'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Lax<br /> |p '''p'''<br /> |pˤ '''ṗ'''<br /> |t '''t'''<br /> |tˤ '''ṭ'''<br /> |c̟ '''c'''<br /> |c̟ʷ '''cw'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |k '''k'''<br /> |kʷ '''kw'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ʡ '''q'''<br /> |ʡʷ '''qw'''<br /> |ʔ '''<nowiki/>''''<br /> |ʔʷ '''<nowiki/>'w'''<br /> |-<br /> !Tense<br /> |b '''b'''<br /> |bˤ '''ḅ'''<br /> |tʼ '''d'''<br /> |tˤʼ '''ḍ'''<br /> |c̟ʼ '''j'''<br /> |c̟ʷʼ '''jw'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |kʼ '''g'''<br /> |kʷʼ '''gw'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Continuant<br /> !Voiceless<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |s '''s'''<br /> |sˤ '''ṣ'''<br /> |ɕ '''š'''<br /> |ɕʷ '''šw'''<br /> |ç '''hy'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |x '''ḫ'''<br /> |xʷ '''ḫw'''<br /> |χ '''x'''<br /> |χʷ '''xw'''<br /> |ħ '''ħ'''<br /> |ħʷ '''ħw'''<br /> |h '''h'''<br /> |hʷ '''hw'''<br /> |-<br /> !Voiced<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |l '''l'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |j '''i'''<br /> |ɣʲ '''ǧy'''<br /> |w '''u'''<br /> |ɣ '''ǧ'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ʕ '''ġ'''<br /> |ʕʷ '''ġw'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Trill<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |r '''r'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ʀ '''ṛ'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==== Syllabic Consonants ====<br /> Syllabic consonants are romanized as double letters only when adjacent to two vowels or a nonsyllabic variant of each other.<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> !<br /> !Bilabial<br /> !Alveolar<br /> !Prepalatal<br /> !Postvelar<br /> !Uvular<br /> !Epiglottal<br /> |-<br /> !Nasal<br /> |m̩ '''m, mm'''<br /> |n̩ '''n, nn'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɴ̩ '''ŋ, ŋŋ'''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Fricative<br /> |<br /> |s̩ '''s, ss'''<br /> |ɕ̩ '''š, šš'''<br /> |x̩ '''ḫ, ḫḫ'''<br /> |χ̍ '''x, xx'''<br /> |ħ̩ '''ħ, ħħ'''<br /> |-<br /> !Lateral<br /> |<br /> |l̩ '''l, ll'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Trill<br /> |<br /> |r̩ '''r, rr'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Vowels ===<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> !<br /> !Front<br /> !Central<br /> !Back<br /> |-<br /> !Mid<br /> |e '''e'''<br /> |ɵ '''oy'''<br /> |o '''o'''<br /> |-<br /> !Near-Open<br /> |<br /> |ɐ '''ay'''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Open<br /> |<br /> |a '''a'''<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Pitch-Accent ===<br /> Deeplect -D uses seven pitch accents: high (ā [ꜛaꜜ]), mid (a [a]), low (ȧ [ꜜaꜛ]), falling (à [ꜛâꜜ]), rising (á [ǎꜛ]), high-falling (â [âꜜ]), and dipping (ǎ [â]), which can be placed on any mora except for the final one. All vowels and all syllabic consonants can receive a pitch accent.<br /> <br /> * '''High''' pitch accent gives only one mora a high tone while the rest have low tone (L-<u>H</u>-L)<br /> * '''Mid''' pitch accent makes a word retain low tone throughout (L-<u>L</u>-L)<br /> * '''Low''' pitch accent gives one more a low tone while the rest have high tone (H-<u>L</u>-H)<br /> * '''Falling''' pitch accent takes the tone of one mora from high to low while the rest of the morae have a low tone (L-<u>HL</u>-L)<br /> * '''Rising''' pitch accent takes one mora's tone from low to high while the preceding morae have a low tone and the following morae have a high tone (L-<u>LH</u>-H)<br /> * '''High-falling''' pitch accent takes one mora's tone from high to mid while the preceding morae have a high tone and the following morae have a low tone (H-<u>HM</u>-L)<br /> * '''Dipping''' pitch accent takes the tone of one mora from high to low while the rest of the morae have a mid tone (M-<u>HL</u>-M)<br /> <br /> === Phonotactics ===<br /> (C)V<br /> <br /> * Three of the same phoneme cannot occur in a row; syllabic consonants count as consonants in this rule.<br /> <br /> === Allophony ===<br /> E: /e/, [i ɪ e̞ ɛ]<br /> <br /> Y: /ɲ̟ c̟ʰ c̟ʰʷ c̟ c̟ʷ c̟ʼ c̟ʷʼ ɕ ɕʷ ç j/<br /> <br /> # /C₁C̩₁ C̩₁C₁/ = [C₁ːː C₁ːː]<br /> # /C̩V VC̩/ = [CːV VCː]<br /> # /e ɵ o/ = [e̞ ɵ̞ o̞]<br /> # e̞ o̞ ɵ̞ → ɛ ɞ ɔ / {_#,#_%,V_%}<br /> # e̞ ɵ̞ o̞ ɐ a → ɪ ɵ ʊ ɘ ɜ / _Cː<br /> # e̞ ɵ̞ o̞ ɐ a → i ʉ u ɨ ə / _Cːː<br /> # ɵ̞ o̞ ɐ a → ø̞ ɵ̞ æ̝ æ / {EC,Y}_<br /> # ɞ ɔ → œ ɞ / {EC,Y}_<br /> # ʊ ɵ ɘ ɜ → ʉ̞ ø e ɛ / {EC,Y}_<br /> # u ʉ ɨ ə → ʉ y ɪ e̞ / {EC,Y}_<br /> # ŋ(ʷ) → ɴ(ʷ) / _{a,ɐ,ɔ,o,ʊ}<br /> # ŋ(ʷ) → ɴ(ʷ) / {a,ɐ,ɔ,o,ʊ}_%<br /> # C̩[-labial] → C̩[-labial]ʷ / C[+labial]_<br /> # F̩[-voice] → F̩[+voice] / C[+voice]_<br /> <br /> === Word Formation ===<br /> Deeplect -D's word formation is unusual. The etymology of words comes from an abstract dimension where tracing the language consistently to its proto-form becomes impossible.<br /> <br /> == Deeplect -C ṡżṠŻǎǔǐěǒẽĩũẙů ==<br /> === Phonemic Inventory ===<br /> ==== Onsets ====<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |<br /> ! colspan="4" |Coronal<br /> ! colspan="4" |Peripheral<br /> |-<br /> !Plain<br /> !Lab.<br /> !Pal.<br /> !Lar.<br /> !Plain<br /> !Lab.<br /> !Pal.<br /> !Lar.<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Nasal<br /> !Plain<br /> |n<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ŋ<br /> |m<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Geminated<br /> |nː<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |mː<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Plosive<br /> !Plain<br /> |t<br /> |tʷ<br /> |tʲ<br /> |tˤ<br /> |k<br /> |kʷ<br /> |kʲ<br /> |kˤ<br /> |-<br /> !Geminated<br /> |tː<br /> |tʷː<br /> |tʲː<br /> |tˤː<br /> |kː<br /> |kʷː<br /> |kʲː<br /> |kˤː<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Affricate<br /> !Plain<br /> |t͡s<br /> |t͡sʷ<br /> |t͡sʲ<br /> |t͡sˤ<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Geminated<br /> |t͡sː<br /> |t͡sʷː<br /> |t͡sʲː<br /> |t͡sˤː<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Fricative<br /> !Plain<br /> |s<br /> |sʷ<br /> |sʲ<br /> |sˤ<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |h<br /> |-<br /> !Geminated<br /> |sː<br /> |sʷː<br /> |sʲː<br /> |sˤː<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Approximant<br /> |l<br /> |lʷ<br /> |lʲ<br /> |lˤ<br /> |ɰ<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==== Nuclei ====<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Labial<br /> ! colspan="4" |Coronal<br /> ! colspan="4" |Dorsal<br /> |-<br /> !Plain<br /> !Lab.<br /> !Pal.<br /> !Lar.<br /> !Plain<br /> !Lab.<br /> !Pal.<br /> !Lar.<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Occlusive<br /> !Spread glottis<br /> |ḿ̩<br /> |ń̩<br /> |t̩ʷʰ<br /> |t̩ʲʰ<br /> |t̩ˤʰ<br /> |ŋ̩́<br /> |k̩ʷʰ<br /> |k̩ʲʰ<br /> |k̩ˤʰ<br /> |-<br /> !Constricted glottis<br /> |m̩̀<br /> |ǹ̩<br /> |t̩ʷ<br /> |t̩ʲ<br /> |t̩ˤ<br /> |ŋ̩̀<br /> |k̩ʷ<br /> |k̩ʲ<br /> |k̩ˤ<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Continuant<br /> !Spread glottis<br /> |<br /> |ŕ̩<br /> |s̩ʷʰ<br /> |s̩ʲʰ<br /> |s̩ˤʰ<br /> |<br /> |ó<br /> |é<br /> |á<br /> |-<br /> !Constricted glottis<br /> |<br /> |r̩̀<br /> |s̩ʷ<br /> |s̩ʲ<br /> |s̩ˤ<br /> |<br /> |ò<br /> |è<br /> |à<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Phonotactics ===<br /> <br /> # (C)V<br /> # Geminates can only occur word-medially<br /> # Syllabic obstruents cannot immediately precede a syllabic resonant.<br /> # /n̩/ and /ŋ̩/ cannot be word-intial.<br /> # Syllabic nasals can only be adjacent to vowels or other syllabic nasals.<br /> <br /> === Allophony ===<br /> <br /> # Secondary articulations in onsets are typically contained within the time of articulation of the main articulation. There may be an onglide, but never an offglide.<br /> # Secondary articulations in nuclei very often result in an offglide, which is fricated in the case of aspirated consonants.<br /> # Tenuis syllabic obstruents are geminated.<br /> # /t͡sʷ(ː) sʷ(ː) s̩ʷ(ː) sʲ(ː) s̩ʲ(ː)/ are realized as [t͜s͡ɸ(ː) s͡ɸ(ː) s̩͡ɸ(ː) ɕ(ː) ɕ̩(ː)]<br /> # /e o/ become [ɛ ɔ] following a pharyngealized consonant.<br /> # /a/ becomes [e] after /e/, except when /e/ is [ɛ], then /a/ becomes [ɛ].<br /> # /a/ becomes [o] after /o/, except when /o/ is [ɔ], then /a/ becomes [ɔ].<br /> # /e/ becomes [i] after /e/.<br /> # /o/ becomes [u] after /o/.<br /> # When /t(ː) t͡s(ː) s(ː) l n h/ precede /e/, they become [c(ː) c͡ɕ(ː) ɕ(ː) ɾ ɲ ç] and /e/ becomes [i].<br /> #* /tʲ(ː) t͡sʲ(ː) sʲ(ː) lʲ/ merge with /t(ː) t͡s(ː) s(ː) l/ before /e/.<br /> # When /tʷ(ː) t͡sʷ(ː) sʷ(ː) lʷ/ precede /e/, they become [c(ː) c͡ɕ(ː) ɕ(ː) ɾ] and /e/ becomes [y].<br /> # When /tˤ(ː) t͡sˤ(ː) sˤ(ː) lˤ/ precede /e/, they become [c(ː) c͡ɕ(ː) ɕ(ː) ɾ] and /e/ becomes [ɛ].<br /> # /t(ː) s(ː) l n h/ become [p(ː) s͡ɸ(ː) ⱱ̟ m ʍ] before /o/.<br /> #* /tʷ(ː) sʷ(ː) lʷ/ merge with /t(ː) s(ː) l/ before /o/.<br /> #* /n/ merges with [m] before /o/, but /nː/ remains [nː].<br /> # /tʲ(ː) lʲ/ become [pʲ(ː) ⱱ̟ʲ] before /o/.<br /> # When /tˤ(ː) lˤ/ precede /o/, they become [pˤ(ː) ⱱ̟ˤ] and /o/ becomes [ɔ].<br /> # Word-initial /m̩/ assimilates to the place of articulation of the last phone of the previous word. If it cannot do so, it assimilates to the place of articulation of the following phone. If it cannot do so either, it remains [m̩].<br /> # Word-initial /m̩/ experiences sandhi from the tone of the previous word's final syllable.<br /> # /r̩/ becomes [l̩] when next to a vowel.<br /> # Low tones become falling tones when preceded by only one phonemic high tone.<br /> # High tones become rising tones when preceded by only one phonemic low tone.<br /> # Low tones merge with high tones when preceded by a rising tone<br /> # High tones merge with low tones when preceded by a falling tone<br /> <br /> === Romanization ===<br /> {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"<br /> ! colspan="4" |Onsets<br /> ! colspan="4" |Nuclei<br /> |-<br /> !Phone<br /> !Romanization<br /> !Phone<br /> !Romanization<br /> !Phone<br /> !Romanization<br /> !Phone<br /> !Romanization<br /> |-<br /> ![m]<br /> |m<br /> ![mː]<br /> |mm<br /> ![í]<br /> |i<br /> ![ì]<br /> |ī<br /> |-<br /> ![n]<br /> |n<br /> ![nː]<br /> |nn<br /> ![ý]<br /> |ü<br /> ![ỳ]<br /> |û<br /> |-<br /> ![ɲ]<br /> |nj<br /> !<br /> |<br /> ![é]<br /> |e<br /> ![è]<br /> |ē<br /> |-<br /> ![ŋ]<br /> |ng<br /> !<br /> |<br /> ![ɛ́]<br /> |ë<br /> ![ɛ̀]<br /> |ê<br /> |-<br /> ![p]<br /> |p<br /> ![pː]<br /> |pp<br /> ![á]<br /> |a<br /> ![à]<br /> |ā<br /> |-<br /> ![pʲ]<br /> |pj<br /> ![pʲː]<br /> |ppj<br /> ![ú]<br /> |u<br /> ![ù]<br /> |ū<br /> |-<br /> ![pˤ]<br /> |pg<br /> ![pˤː]<br /> |ppg<br /> ![ó]<br /> |o<br /> ![ò]<br /> |ō<br /> |-<br /> ![t]<br /> |t<br /> ![tː]<br /> |tt<br /> ![ɔ́]<br /> |ö<br /> ![ɔ̀]<br /> |ô<br /> |-<br /> ![tʷ]<br /> |tv<br /> ![tʷː]<br /> |ttv<br /> ![ḿ̩, ḿ̩ʲ, ḿ̩ˤ]<br /> |ym<ref name=":03">⟨y⟩ may optionally be omitted if the syllabic consonant follows a vowel but does not precede one.</ref><br /> ![m̩̀, m̩̀ʲ, m̩̀ˤ]<br /> |’m<br /> |-<br /> ![tʲ]<br /> |tj<br /> ![tʲː]<br /> |ttj<br /> ![ń̩, ń̩ʷ, ń̩ʲ, ń̩ˤ]<br /> |yn<ref name=":03" /><br /> ![ǹ̩, ǹ̩ʷ, ǹ̩ʲ, ǹ̩ˤ]<br /> |’n<br /> |-<br /> ![tˤ]<br /> |tg<br /> ![tˤː]<br /> |ttg<br /> ![ɲ̩́]<br /> |ynj<ref name=":03" /><br /> ![ɲ̩̀]<br /> |’nj<br /> |-<br /> ![c]<br /> |c<br /> ![cː]<br /> |cc<br /> ![ŋ̩́, ŋ̩́ʷ, ŋ̩́ʲ, ŋ̩́ˤ]<br /> |yng<ref name=":03" /><br /> ![ŋ̩̀, ŋ̩̀ʷ, ŋ̩̀ʲ, ŋ̩̀ˤ]<br /> |’ng<br /> |-<br /> ![k]<br /> |k<br /> ![kː]<br /> |kk<br /> ![ŕ̩]<br /> |yr<ref name=":03" /><br /> ![r̩̀]<br /> |’r<br /> |-<br /> ![kʷ]<br /> |kv<br /> ![kʷː]<br /> |kkv<br /> ![ĺ̩]<br /> |yl<ref name=":03" /><br /> ![l̩̀]<br /> |’l<br /> |-<br /> ![kʲ]<br /> |kj<br /> ![kʲː]<br /> |kkj<br /> ![t̩ʷʰ]<br /> |ytv<ref name=":03" /><br /> ![t̩ʷː]<br /> |’tv<br /> |-<br /> ![kˤ]<br /> |kg<br /> ![kˤː]<br /> |kkg<br /> ![t̩ʲʰ]<br /> |ytj<ref name=":03" /><br /> ![t̩ʲː]<br /> |’tj<br /> |-<br /> ![t͡s]<br /> |z<br /> ![t͡sː]<br /> |zz<br /> ![t̩ˤʰ]<br /> |yt<ref name=":03" /><br /> ![t̩ˤː]<br /> |’t<br /> |-<br /> ![t͜s͡ɸ]<br /> |zv<br /> ![t͜s͡ɸː]<br /> |zzv<br /> ![k̩ʷʰ]<br /> |ykv<ref name=":03" /><br /> ![k̩ʷː]<br /> |’kv<br /> |-<br /> ![t͡sʲ]<br /> |zj<br /> ![t͡sʲː]<br /> |zzj<br /> ![k̩ʲʰ]<br /> |ykj<ref name=":03" /><br /> ![k̩ʲː]<br /> |’kj<br /> |-<br /> ![t͡sˤ]<br /> |zg<br /> ![t͡sˤː]<br /> |zzg<br /> ![k̩ˤʰ]<br /> |yk<ref name=":03" /><br /> ![k̩ˤː]<br /> |’k<br /> |-<br /> ![c͡ɕ]<br /> |x<br /> ![c͡ɕː]<br /> |xx<br /> ![s̩͡ɸʰ]<br /> |ysv<ref name=":03" /><br /> ![s̩͡ɸː]<br /> |’sv<br /> |-<br /> ![s]<br /> |s<br /> ![sː]<br /> |ss<br /> ![s̩ˤʰ]<br /> |ys<ref name=":03" /><br /> ![s̩ˤː]<br /> |’s<br /> |-<br /> ![s͡ɸ]<br /> |sv<br /> ![s͡ɸː]<br /> |ssv<br /> ![ɕ̩ʰ]<br /> |ysj<ref name=":03" /><br /> ![ɕ̩ː]<br /> |’sj<br /> |-<br /> ![sˤ]<br /> |sg<br /> ![sˤː]<br /> |ssg<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ![ɕ]<br /> |sj<br /> ![ɕː]<br /> |ssj<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ![ç]<br /> |hj<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ![ʍ]<br /> |hv<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ![h]<br /> |h<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ![ⱱ̟]<br /> |b<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ![ⱱ̟ʲ]<br /> |bj<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ![ⱱ̟ˤ]<br /> |bg<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ![ɾ]<br /> |r<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ![l]<br /> |l<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ![lʷ]<br /> |lv<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ![lʲ]<br /> |lj<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ![lˤ]<br /> |lg<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ![ɰ]<br /> |w<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Vocabulary ===<br /> mākvylo (car) {{Ipa|/màkʷŕ̩ó/ [ma˩kʷl̩˩˥o˥]}}<br /> <br /> haerī (bicycle) {{Ipa|/háélì/ [ha˥e˥ɾi˥˩]}}<br /> <br /> boccü (dog) {{Ipa|/lótʷːé/ [ⱱ̟o˥cːy˥]}}<br /> <br /> mō’kv (person) {{Ipa|/mòk̩ʷː/ [mo˩k̩ːʷ]}}<br /> <br /> akām (dot) {{Ipa|/ákàm̩̀/ [a˥ka˥˩m̩˩]}}<br /> <br /> == Deeplect -B ==<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |PULMONIC<br /> CONSONANTS<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Labial<br /> ! colspan="4" |Alveolar<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Palatal<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Velar<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Pharyngeal<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Glottal<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Plain<br /> ! colspan="2" |Palatal<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Nasal<br /> !plain<br /> |m~w̃<br /> |'''m'''<br /> |n~ɾ̃<br /> |'''n'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɲ~j̃<br /> |'''ny'''<br /> |ŋ~ɰ̃<br /> |'''ng'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !glottal<br /> |ˀm<br /> |'''’m'''<br /> |ˀn<br /> |'''’n'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ˀɲ<br /> |'''’ny'''<br /> |ˀŋ<br /> |'''’ng'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="4" |Plosive<br /> !plain<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |t<br /> |'''t'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |c<br /> |'''c'''<br /> |ɢ<br /> |'''rg'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ʔ<br /> |'''q'''<br /> |-<br /> !aspirated<br /> |b͡pʰ<br /> |'''bp'''<br /> |tʰ d͡tʰ<br /> |'''th dt'''<br /> |tʲʰ d͡tʲʰ<br /> |'''ch dc'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |qʰ ɡ͡kʰ<br /> |'''kh gk'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !ejective<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |tʼ d͡tʼ<br /> |'''t’ dt’'''<br /> |tʲʼ d͡tʲʼ<br /> |'''c’ dc’'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |kʼ ɢ͡qʼ<br /> |'''k’ gk’'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !implosive<br /> |ɓ<br /> |'''b’'''<br /> |ɗ<br /> |'''d’'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ʄ<br /> |'''y’'''<br /> |ɠ<br /> |'''g’'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="3" |Affricate<br /> !plain<br /> |b͡β<br /> |'''bv'''<br /> |d͡z<br /> |'''dz'''<br /> |t͡ɕ<br /> |'''cs'''<br /> |ɟ͡ʝ<br /> |'''yy'''<br /> |k͡x ɡ͡ɣ<br /> |'''kx gx'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !aspirated<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |d͡t͜sʰ<br /> |'''ds'''<br /> |d͡t͜ɕʰ<br /> |'''dcs'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɡ͡k͜xʰ<br /> |'''gkx'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !ejective<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |t͡ɕʼ d͡t͜ɕʼ<br /> |'''cs’ dcs’'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |k͡xʼ ɡ͡k͜xʼ<br /> |'''kx’ gx’'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Fricative<br /> |β<br /> |'''v'''<br /> |ɮ<br /> |'''z'''<br /> |ɕ ɮʲ<br /> |'''s zy'''<br /> |ʝ<br /> |'''hy'''<br /> |x~χ ʁ<br /> |'''x r'''<br /> |ħ<br /> |'''h’'''<br /> |h<br /> |'''h'''<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Glide<br /> |w~b<br /> |'''w'''<br /> |l~d<br /> |'''l'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɰ~ɡ<br /> |'''gh'''<br /> |ʜ<br /> |'''rh'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> p ś ł ṭ ṣ j<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |CLICKS<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Labial<br /> ! colspan="4" |Prealveolar<br /> ! colspan="4" |Postalveolar<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Palatal<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Plain<br /> ! colspan="2" |Lateral<br /> ! colspan="2" |Plain<br /> ! colspan="2" |Lateral<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="3" |Nasal<br /> !plain<br /> |ŋ͡ʘ<br /> |'''mp'''<br /> |ŋ͡ǀ<br /> |'''nś'''<br /> |ŋ͡ǁ<br /> |'''nł'''<br /> |ŋ͡ǃ<br /> |'''nṭ'''<br /> |ŋ͡‼<br /> |'''nṣ'''<br /> |ŋ͡𝼋<br /> |'''nj'''<br /> |-<br /> !aspirated<br /> |ŋ͡ʘʰ<br /> |'''mph'''<br /> |ŋ͡ǀʰ<br /> |'''nśh'''<br /> |ŋ͡ǁʰ<br /> |'''nłh'''<br /> |ŋ͡ǃʰ<br /> |'''nṭh'''<br /> |ŋ͡‼ʰ<br /> |'''nṣh'''<br /> |ŋ͡𝼋ʰ<br /> |'''njh'''<br /> |-<br /> !glottalized<br /> |ŋ͡ʘˀ<br /> |'''mp’'''<br /> |ŋ͡ǀˀ<br /> |'''nś’'''<br /> |ŋ͡ǁˀ<br /> |'''nł’'''<br /> |ŋ͡ǃˀ<br /> |'''nṭ’'''<br /> |ŋ͡‼ˀ<br /> |'''nṣ’'''<br /> |ŋ͡𝼋ˀ<br /> |'''nj’'''<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="5" |Voiceless<br /> !plain<br /> |k͡ʘ<br /> |'''p'''<br /> |k͡ǀ<br /> |'''ś'''<br /> |k͡ǁ<br /> |'''ł'''<br /> |k͡ǃ<br /> |'''ṭ'''<br /> |k͡‼<br /> |'''ṣ'''<br /> |k͡𝼋<br /> |'''j'''<br /> |-<br /> !aspirated<br /> |k͡ʘʰ<br /> |'''ph'''<br /> |k͡ǀʰ<br /> |'''śh'''<br /> |k͡ǁʰ<br /> |'''łh'''<br /> |k͡ǃʰ<br /> |'''ṭh'''<br /> |k͡‼ʰ<br /> |'''ṣh'''<br /> |k͡𝼋ʰ<br /> |'''jh'''<br /> |-<br /> !glottalized<br /> |k͡ʘˀ<br /> |'''p’'''<br /> |k͡ǀˀ<br /> |'''ś’'''<br /> |k͡ǁˀ<br /> |'''ł’'''<br /> |k͡ǃˀ<br /> |'''ṭ’'''<br /> |k͡‼ˀ<br /> |'''ṣ’'''<br /> |k͡𝼋ˀ<br /> |'''j’'''<br /> |-<br /> !delayed release<br /> |ʘ͡kʰ<br /> |'''pk'''<br /> |ǀ͡kʰ<br /> |'''śk'''<br /> |ǁ͡kʰ<br /> |'''łk'''<br /> |ǃ͡kʰ<br /> |'''ṭk'''<br /> |‼͡kʰ<br /> |'''ṣk'''<br /> |𝼋͡kʰ<br /> |'''jk'''<br /> |-<br /> !ejective<br /> |ʘ͡kʼ<br /> |'''pk’'''<br /> |ǀ͡kʼ<br /> |'''śk’'''<br /> |ǁ͡kʼ<br /> |'''łk’'''<br /> |ǃ͡kʼ<br /> |'''ṭk’'''<br /> |‼͡kʼ<br /> |'''ṣk’'''<br /> |𝼋͡kʼ<br /> |'''jk’'''<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="3" |Voiced<br /> !plain<br /> |ɡ͡ʘ<br /> |'''gp'''<br /> |ɡ͡ǀ<br /> |'''gś'''<br /> |ɡ͡ǁ<br /> |'''gł'''<br /> |ɡ͡ǃ<br /> |'''gṭ'''<br /> |ɡ͡‼<br /> |'''gṣ'''<br /> |ɡ͡𝼋<br /> |'''gj'''<br /> |-<br /> !aspirated<br /> |ɡ͡ʘʰ<br /> |'''gph'''<br /> |ɡ͡ǀʰ<br /> |'''gśh'''<br /> |ɡ͡ǁʰ<br /> |'''głh'''<br /> |ɡ͡ǃʰ<br /> |'''gṭh'''<br /> |ɡ͡‼ʰ<br /> |'''gṣh'''<br /> |ɡ͡𝼋ʰ<br /> |'''gjh'''<br /> |-<br /> !glottalized<br /> |ɡ͡ʘˀ<br /> |'''gp’'''<br /> |ɡ͡ǀˀ<br /> |'''gś’'''<br /> |ɡ͡ǁˀ<br /> |'''gł’'''<br /> |ɡ͡ǃˀ<br /> |'''gṭ’'''<br /> |ɡ͡‼ˀ<br /> |'''gṣ’'''<br /> |ɡ͡𝼋ˀ<br /> |'''gj’'''<br /> |}<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> !VOWELS<br /> ! colspan="2" |Front<br /> ! colspan="2" |Central<br /> ! colspan="2" |Back<br /> |-<br /> !Fricated<br /> |i̝<br /> |'''ii'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |u̝<br /> |'''uu'''<br /> |-<br /> !Close<br /> |i~ɪ<br /> |'''i'''<br /> |ʉ<br /> |'''uy'''<br /> |u~ʊ<br /> |'''u'''<br /> |-<br /> !Close-Mid<br /> |e<br /> |'''e'''<br /> |ə ɵ<br /> |'''ẹ oy'''<br /> |o<br /> |'''o'''<br /> |-<br /> !Open-Mid<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɞ<br /> |'''ọy'''<br /> |ɔ<br /> |'''ọ'''<br /> |-<br /> !Open<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |a<br /> |'''a'''<br /> |ɑ<br /> |'''ạ'''<br /> |}<br /> Words can either be monosyllabic and contain contour or level tones, or be polysyllabic and only contain level tones.<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> !TONES<br /> !High<br /> !Mid<br /> !Low<br /> |-<br /> !High<br /> |H<br /> |HM<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Mid<br /> |<br /> |M<br /> |ML<br /> |-<br /> !Low<br /> |<br /> |LM<br /> |L<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Deeplect -A ==<br /> Deeplect -A is intended to create a manner of communication that involves very little complexity, whether that be phonological, grammatical, semantic, or pragmatic, and therefore easy and intuitive to learn from any linguistic background. Words do not take on parts of speech (noun, verb, etc.) or grammatical roles (subject, object, etc.) typical of natural languages. The syntactic structure is based purely on the relationships of emphasized words, unemphasized words, and pauses.<br /> <br /> '''Vocabulary'''<br /> <br /> * small: ki<br /> ** can be used to describe small size, quantity, height, social position, etc.<br /> * big: on<br /> ** can be used to describe large size, quantity, height, social position, etc.<br /> * move: ne<br /> ** can be used to describe living things, fluids, motion, etc.<br /> * stay: at<br /> ** can be used to describe unmoving things, solids, the ground, some locations, etc.<br /> * subject: e (subject of discussion, not gramamtical subject)<br /> * not: su<br /> <br /> '''Syntax'''<br /> <br /> ''u'' = unemphasized word; ''E'' = emphasized word<br /> <br /> * uE: ''u'' performs as a topic, ''E'' performs as a comment modifying the topic.<br /> * Eu: ''E'' performs as a novel topic, ''u'' performs as a comment modifying the novel topic.<br /> * u<sub>1</sub>u<sub>1</sub>: marks plurality<br /> * E<sub>1</sub>E<sub>1</sub>: marks emphasis<br /> * u<sub>1</sub>u<sub>2</sub>/E<sub>1</sub>E<sub>2</sub>: marks addition or comparison depending on context<br /> * Lack of pauses indicate a continuous idea.<br /> * Brief pauses (marked with commas) indicate the beginning of a new idea related to the previous one.<br /> * Medial pauses (marked with periods ) indicate the beginning of a new idea related to the multiple previous ideas. Which previous ideas they are is left up to context.<br /> * Long pauses (marked with elipses) indicate the beginning of an idea unrelates to the previous ones.<br /> <br /> '''Expressions'''<br /> <br /> * Ownership is expressed with "e ON e KI", translating to "This is big and/but that is small." This can also be used to compare sizes or quantities of "this" and "that", depending on context.<br /> ** "e ON KI" translates to "This is big and small."<br /> ** "e on e ki" translates to "This, a big thing, that, and a small thing."<br /> ** "e ON E KI" translates to "This is big, the other thing, and small."<br /> ** "e ON, e KI" translates to "This is big, meanwhile that is small." This is more often used for comparison of the sizes between "this" and "that".<br /> ** "e ON. e KI" translates to "...and this is big. Additionally, that is small."<br /> ** "E on, e KI" translates to "As for this, this is big, and/but that is small."<br /> ** "E on e KI" translates to "As for this, this is big and the other thing. There is also a small thing."<br /> <br /> == Deeplect -9 ==<br /> === Consonant ===<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Consonants<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Bilabial<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Dental<br /> ! colspan="3" |Alveolar<br /> ! colspan="4" |Palatal<br /> ! colspan="6" |Velar<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Laryngeal<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Plain<br /> !Palatal<br /> ! colspan="2" |Plain<br /> ! colspan="2" |Labial<br /> ! colspan="2" |Plain<br /> ! colspan="2" |Palatal<br /> ! colspan="2" |Labial<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Nasal<br /> |m̥<br /> |m<br /> |<br /> |ᵑʇ<br /> |n̥<br /> |n<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɲ<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ŋ̊<br /> |ŋ<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |'''''mh/ṁ'''''<br /> |'''''m'''''<br /> |<br /> |'''''nz'''''<br /> |'''''nh/ṅ'''''<br /> |'''''n'''''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |'''''ny/ņ'''''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |'''''ňh'''''<br /> |'''''ň'''''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="6" |Plosive<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Aspirated<br /> |pʰ<br /> |bʰ<br /> |ᵏʇʰ<br /> |<br /> |tʰ<br /> |dʰ<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɟʰ<br /> |<br /> |ɟʰʷ<br /> |kʰ<br /> |<br /> |kʰʲ<br /> |<br /> |kʰᶣ<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |'''''ph'''''<br /> |'''''bh'''''<br /> |'''''zh'''''<br /> |<br /> |'''''th'''''<br /> |'''''dh'''''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |'''''jh'''''<br /> |<br /> |'''''ǰh'''''<br /> |'''''kh'''''<br /> |<br /> |'''''ķh'''''<br /> |<br /> |'''''ǩh'''''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Plain<br /> |p<br /> |b<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |t<br /> |d<br /> |tɕ<br /> |c<br /> |ɟ<br /> |cʷ<br /> |ɟʷ<br /> |k<br /> |<br /> |kʲ<br /> |<br /> |kᶣ<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |'''''p'''''<br /> |'''''b'''''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |'''''t'''''<br /> |'''''d'''''<br /> |'''''ch'''''<br /> |'''''c'''''<br /> |'''''j'''''<br /> |'''''č'''''<br /> |'''''ǰ'''''<br /> |'''''k'''''<br /> |<br /> |'''''ķ'''''<br /> |<br /> |'''''ǩ'''''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Rhinoglottic<br /> |pʼ<br /> |ᵐb<br /> |ᵏʇˀ<br /> |<br /> |tʼ<br /> |ⁿd<br /> |tɕʼ<br /> |<br /> |ᶮɟ<br /> |<br /> |ᶮɟʷ<br /> |kʼ<br /> |ᵑg<br /> |kʲʼ<br /> |ᵑgʲ<br /> |kᶣʼ<br /> |ᵑgᶣ<br /> |ʔ<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |'''''pp'''''<br /> |'''''nb'''''<br /> |'''''zz'''''<br /> |<br /> |'''''tt'''''<br /> |'''''nd'''''<br /> |'''''cc'''''<br /> |<br /> |'''''jj'''''<br /> |<br /> |'''''nǰ'''''<br /> |'''''kk'''''<br /> |'''''ng'''''<br /> |'''''ḱḱ'''''<br /> |'''''nǵ'''''<br /> |'''''ǩǩ'''''<br /> |'''''nǧ'''''<br /> |'''''<nowiki/>''''''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Fricative<br /> |ɸ<br /> |β<br /> |θ~s̪<br /> |ð~z̪<br /> |s<br /> |<br /> |ʃ<br /> |ç<br /> |ʝ<br /> |çʷ<br /> |ʝʷ<br /> |<br /> |ʁ<br /> |<br /> |ʁʲ<br /> |<br /> |ʁᶣ<br /> |h<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |'''''f'''''<br /> |'''''v'''''<br /> |'''''ç'''''<br /> |'''''z'''''<br /> |'''''s'''''<br /> |<br /> |'''''x'''''<br /> |'''''ś'''''<br /> |'''''ź'''''<br /> |'''''š'''''<br /> |'''''ž'''''<br /> |<br /> |'''''g'''''<br /> |<br /> |'''''ǵ'''''<br /> |<br /> |'''''ǧ'''''<br /> |'''''h'''''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Approximant<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |l̥<br /> |l<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |j<br /> |<br /> |ɥ<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ʕ̞<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |'''''lh'''''<br /> |'''''l'''''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |'''''y'''''<br /> |<br /> |'''''w'''''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |'''''q'''''<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Tap<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɾ̥<br /> |ɾ<br /> |<br /> |ɾ̥ʲ<br /> |ɾʲ<br /> |ɾ̥ᶣ<br /> |ɾᶣ<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |'''''rh'''''<br /> |'''''r'''''<br /> |<br /> |'''''ŕh'''''<br /> |'''''ŕ'''''<br /> |'''''řh'''''<br /> |'''''ř'''''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Trill<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |r̥<br /> |r<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |'''''ŗh'''''<br /> |'''''ŗ'''''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Vowels ===<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! rowspan="3" |Vowels<br /> ! colspan="3" |Front<br /> ! colspan="2" |Central<br /> ! colspan="2" |Back<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Oral<br /> ! colspan="2" |Nasal<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Oral<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Nasal<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Oral<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Nasal<br /> |-<br /> !Unround<br /> !Round<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |High<br /> |i<br /> |ĩ<br /> |ỹ<br /> |ɨ<br /> |ɨ̃<br /> |<br /> |ʊ̃<br /> |-<br /> |'''''i'''''<br /> |'''''ĩ'''''<br /> |'''''ü'''''<br /> |'''''u'''''<br /> |'''''ũ'''''<br /> |<br /> |'''''õ'''''<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Mid<br /> |e<br /> |ẽ<br /> |ø̃<br /> |ɘ<br /> |<br /> |o<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |'''''e'''''<br /> |'''''ẽ'''''<br /> |'''''ö'''''<br /> |'''''ë'''''<br /> |<br /> |'''''o'''''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Low<br /> |ɛ~æ<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɔ~ɑ<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |'''''ä'''''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |'''''a'''''<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Grammar ===<br /> Nouns usually have either feminine or masculine gender. Nouns and proper nouns referring to people can have feminine, masculine, or femasculine. Proper nouns not referring to people are always femasculine. There is some precedent for nouns or proper nouns with the opposite gender that they're supposed to have being used for alternative versions of the original word. This is primarily used in fiction and physics.<br /> <br /> Deeplect -9 has a complex way of marking gender, topic, number, transitivity, specificity, and adjectives that makes them interconnected.<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> !Masc //-bʰi//, //-te//<br /> |-<br /> !Fem //-ⁿd//, //-l//<br /> |-<br /> !Femasc //-bʰiⁿd//, //-tel//<br /> |}<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="3" rowspan="3" |Noun Declensions (''lhaadh'')<br /> ! colspan="4" |Topic within noun phrase<br /> ! colspan="2" |Topic not within noun phrase<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Subject<br /> ! colspan="2" |Object<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Subject<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Object<br /> |-<br /> !Noun Topic<br /> !Adjective Topic<br /> !Noun Topic<br /> !Adjective Topic<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="3" |Generic<br /> | colspan="2" |''lhaadh'' V O<br /> | colspan="2" |V ''lhaadh'' S<br /> |V O ''lhaadh''<br /> |S V ''lhaadh''<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="6" |Singular<br /> ! rowspan="3" |Non-specific<br /> !Masc<br /> |''lhaadte'' V O<br /> |''lhaadbhi'' V O<br /> |V ''lhaachte'' S<br /> |V ''lhaach'' S<br /> |V O ''lhaadhbhi''<br /> |S V ''lhaach''<br /> |-<br /> !Fem<br /> |''lhaadhal'' V O<br /> |''lhaadhand'' V O<br /> |V ''lhaadhol'' S<br /> |V ''lhaadhon'' S<br /> |V O ''lhaadhand''<br /> |S V ''lhaadhon''<br /> |-<br /> !Femasc<br /> |''lhaadtel'' V O<br /> |''lhaadhbhind'' V O<br /> |V ''lhaachontel'' S<br /> |V ''lhaachon'' S<br /> |V O ''lhaadhbhind''<br /> |S V ''lhaachon''<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="3" |Specific<br /> !Masc<br /> |''lhaadte'' V O<br /> |''lhaadbhi'' V O<br /> |V ''lhaadhbhite'' S<br /> |''lhaadbhi'' V O<br /> |V O ''lhaadhbhi''<br /> |S V ''lhaadhbhi''<br /> |-<br /> !Fem<br /> |''lhaadhal'' V O<br /> |''lhaadhand'' V O<br /> |V ''lhaadhandal'' S<br /> |''lhaadhand'' V O<br /> |V O ''lhaadhand''<br /> |S V ''lhaadhand''<br /> |-<br /> !Femasc<br /> |''lhaadtel'' V O<br /> |''lhaadhbhind'' V O<br /> |V ''lhaadhbhindel'' S<br /> |''lhaadhbhind'' V O<br /> |V O ''lhaadhbhind''<br /> |S V ''lhaadhbhind''<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="4" |Plural<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Non-specific<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Specific<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="4" |Distributive<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Non-specific<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Specific<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Verbs<br /> ! colspan="2" |Intransitive<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Transitive<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> !Adjectives<br /> !<br /> !<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> In the following charts, small asterisked words are atypical declensions.<br /> {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Nouns<br /> !Plain<br /> !Fem<br /> !Masc<br /> !Femasc<br /> !Fem Topic<br /> !Masc Topic<br /> !Femasc Topic<br /> !Fem Singular<br /> !Masc Singular<br /> !Femasc Singular<br /> |-<br /> !//Ø//<br /> !//-ⁿd//<br /> !//-bʰi//<br /> !//-bʰiⁿd//<br /> !//-l//<br /> !//-te//<br /> !//-tel//<br /> !//-on//<br /> !//-js//<br /> !//-json//<br /> |-<br /> !friend<br /> |chẽ<br /> |chẽnd<br /> |chẽbhi<br /> |chẽbhind<br /> |chẽl<br /> |chẽte<br /> |chẽtel<br /> |chẽon<br /> |chẽys<br /> |chẽyson<br /> |-<br /> !watermelon<br /> |vilh<br /> |*vilnd<br /> |vilhbhi<br /> |*vilhbhind<br /> |*vill<br /> |vilhte<br /> |*vilhtel<br /> |*vilhon<br /> |vilhx<br /> |*vilhxon<br /> |-<br /> !sun<br /> |ńaṁ<br /> |*ńamnd<br /> |ńaṁbhi<br /> |*ńaṁbhind<br /> |*ńaml<br /> |ńaṁte<br /> |*ńaṁtel<br /> |*ńaṁon<br /> |ńaṁx<br /> |*ńaṁxon<br /> |-<br /> !moon<br /> |ḱḱuŗh<br /> |*ḱḱuŗnd<br /> |ḱḱuŗhbhi<br /> |*ḱḱuŗhbhind<br /> |ḱḱuŗl<br /> |ḱḱuŗhte<br /> |*ḱḱuŗhtel<br /> |*ḱḱuŗhon<br /> |ḱḱuŗhx<br /> |*ḱḱuŗhxon<br /> |-<br /> !day<br /> |ma<br /> |mand<br /> |*mabhi<br /> |*mabhind<br /> |mal<br /> |*mate<br /> |*matel<br /> |maon<br /> |*mays<br /> |*mayson<br /> |-<br /> !night<br /> |bhai<br /> |bhaind<br /> |*bhaibhi<br /> |*bhaibhind<br /> |bhail<br /> |*bhaite<br /> |*bhaitel<br /> |bhaion<br /> |*bhaiys<br /> |*bhaiyson<br /> |-<br /> !day sky<br /> |cĩĩ<br /> |cĩĩnd<br /> |*cĩĩbhi<br /> |*cĩĩbhind<br /> |cĩĩl<br /> |*cĩĩte<br /> |*cĩĩtel<br /> |cĩĩon<br /> |*cĩĩys<br /> |*cĩĩyson<br /> |-<br /> !night sky<br /> |'att<br /> |*'attand<br /> |'attibhi<br /> |*'attibhind<br /> |*'attal<br /> |'atte<br /> |*'attel<br /> |*'atton<br /> |'attis<br /> |*'attison<br /> |-<br /> !cloud<br /> |lhä<br /> |lhänd<br /> |*lhäbhi<br /> |*lhäbhind<br /> |lhäl<br /> |*lhäte<br /> |*lhätel<br /> |lhäon<br /> |*lhäys<br /> |*lhäyson<br /> |-<br /> !paper<br /> |nzũ'<br /> |nzũnd<br /> |*nzũ'bhi<br /> |*nzũ'bhind<br /> |nzũl<br /> |*nzũ'te<br /> |*nzũ'tel<br /> |nzũ'on<br /> |*nzũ'x<br /> |*nzũ'xon<br /> |-<br /> !computer<br /> |zhoto<br /> |*zhotond<br /> |zhotobhi<br /> |*zhotobhind<br /> |*zhotol<br /> |zhotote<br /> |*zhototel<br /> |*zhotoon<br /> |zhotoys<br /> |*zhotoyson<br /> |-<br /> !person<br /> |lhaadh<br /> |lhaadhand<br /> |lhaadhbhi<br /> |lhaadhbhind<br /> |lhaadhal<br /> |lhaadte<br /> |lhaadtel<br /> |lhaadhon<br /> |lhaadhx<br /> |lhaadhxon<br /> |}<br /> {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Verbs<br /> !Intransitive<br /> !Fem Transitive<br /> !Masc Transitive<br /> !Femasc Transitive<br /> |-<br /> !//Ø//<br /> !//-r̥//<br /> !//-ʊ̃//<br /> !//-ʊ̃r̥//<br /> |-<br /> !like<br /> |qad<br /> |qatŗh<br /> |qadõ<br /> |qadõŗh<br /> |-<br /> !want<br /> |chëk<br /> |chëkŗh<br /> |chëkõ<br /> |chëkõŗh<br /> |-<br /> !have<br /> |ṁẽ<br /> |ṁẽŗh<br /> |ṁẽõ<br /> |ṁẽõŗh<br /> |-<br /> !give<br /> |zzõ<br /> |zzõŗh<br /> |zzõõ<br /> |zzõõŗh<br /> |-<br /> !receive/take<br /> |ń'e<br /> |ń'eŗh<br /> |ń'eõ<br /> |ń'eõŗh<br /> |-<br /> !eat/drink<br /> |mäx<br /> |mäxŗh<br /> |mäxõ<br /> |mäxõŗh<br /> |-<br /> !breathe<br /> |ňhim<br /> |ňhimŗh<br /> |ňhimõ<br /> |ňhimõŗh<br /> |-<br /> !say<br /> |ää<br /> |ääŗh<br /> |ääõ<br /> |ääõŗh<br /> |-<br /> !sing<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !go to<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !leave<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Adjectives<br /> !Fem<br /> !Masc<br /> !Femasc<br /> !Fem Topic<br /> !Masc Topic<br /> !Femasc Topic<br /> |-<br /> !//-β//<br /> !//-i//<br /> !//-ɥ//<br /> !//-l//<br /> !//-te//<br /> !//-tel//<br /> |-<br /> !happy<br /> |zzaav<br /> |zzaai<br /> |zzaaw<br /> |zaal<br /> |zzaate<br /> |zaatel<br /> |-<br /> !blue<br /> |ǵëv<br /> |ǵëi<br /> |ǵëw<br /> |ǵël<br /> |ǵëte<br /> |ǵëtel<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Deeplect -8 ==<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> !C<br /> ! colspan="2" |Bilabial<br /> ! colspan="2" |Alveolar<br /> ! colspan="2" |Dorsal<br /> ! colspan="2" |Glottal<br /> !V<br /> !Non-Back<br /> !Back<br /> |-<br /> !Nasal<br /> |{{ipa|m̥}}<br /> |{{ipa|m}}<br /> |{{ipa|n̥}}<br /> |{{ipa|n}}<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|ɲ}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> !Close<br /> |{{ipa|i̞}}<br /> |{{ipa|ɯ}}<br /> |-<br /> !Plosive<br /> |{{ipa|pʰ}}<br /> |{{ipa|bʰ}}<br /> |{{ipa|tʰ}}<br /> |{{ipa|dʰ}}<br /> |{{ipa|kʰ}}<br /> |{{ipa|ɡʰ}}<br /> |{{ipa|ʔ}}<br /> |<br /> !Mid<br /> |{{ipa|ə}}<br /> |{{ipa|o}}<br /> |-<br /> !Fricative<br /> |{{ipa|ɸ}}<br /> |{{ipa|β}}<br /> |{{ipa|ʃ}}<br /> |{{ipa|ʒ}}<br /> |{{ipa|x}}<br /> |{{ipa|ɣ}}<br /> |{{ipa|h}}<br /> |{{ipa|ɦ}}<br /> !Open<br /> |{{ipa|a}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Sonorant<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|w}}<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|ɾ}}<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|j}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> ! colspan="3" |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> * VS̥ʰ VS̬ʰ > V́S̥ V̀S̥ / _%<br /> <br /> (C<sub>1</sub>)V(C<sub>2</sub>)<br /> <br /> * C<sub>1</sub>: any consonant except /ʔ h ɦ/<br /> * V: any vowel<br /> * C<sub>2</sub>: any consonant<br /> <br /> === Transliterations ===<br /> ==== Latin ====<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> !IPA<br /> |{{ipa|m̥}}<br /> |{{ipa|m}}<br /> |{{ipa|n̥}}<br /> |{{ipa|n}}<br /> |{{ipa|ɲ}}<br /> |{{ipa|pʰ}}<br /> |{{ipa|bʰ}}<br /> |{{ipa|tʰ}}<br /> |{{ipa|dʰ}}<br /> |{{ipa|kʰ}}<br /> |{{ipa|ɡʰ}}<br /> |{{ipa|ʔ}}<br /> |{{ipa|ɸ}}<br /> |{{ipa|β}}<br /> |{{ipa|ʃ}}<br /> |{{ipa|ʒ}}<br /> |{{ipa|x}}<br /> |{{ipa|ɣ}}<br /> |{{ipa|h}}<br /> |{{ipa|ɦ}}<br /> |{{ipa|w}}<br /> |{{ipa|ɾ}}<br /> |{{ipa|j}}<br /> |{{ipa|i̞}}<br /> |{{ipa|ɯ}}<br /> |{{ipa|ə}}<br /> |{{ipa|o}}<br /> |{{ipa|a}}<br /> |-<br /> !Romanization<br /> |'''mh'''<br /> |'''m'''<br /> |'''nh'''<br /> |'''n'''<br /> |'''ny'''<br /> |'''p'''<br /> |'''b'''<br /> |'''t'''<br /> |'''d'''<br /> |'''k'''<br /> |'''g'''<br /> |'''c'''<br /> |'''f'''<br /> |'''v'''<br /> |'''s'''<br /> |'''j'''<br /> |'''x'''<br /> |'''q'''<br /> |'''h'''<br /> |'''’'''<br /> |'''w'''<br /> |'''r'''<br /> |'''y'''<br /> |'''i'''<br /> |'''u'''<br /> |'''e'''<br /> |'''o'''<br /> |'''a'''<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==== Kana ====<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> !<br /> !{{ipa|Ø}}<br /> !{{ipa|m̥}}<br /> !{{ipa|m}}<br /> !{{ipa|n̥}}<br /> !{{ipa|n}}<br /> !{{ipa|ɲ}}<br /> !{{ipa|pʰ}}<br /> !{{ipa|bʰ}}<br /> !{{ipa|tʰ}}<br /> !{{ipa|dʰ}}<br /> !{{ipa|kʰ}}<br /> !{{ipa|ɡʰ}}<br /> !{{ipa|ʔ}}<br /> !{{ipa|ɸ}}<br /> !{{ipa|β}}<br /> !{{ipa|ʃ}}<br /> !{{ipa|ʒ}}<br /> !{{ipa|x}}<br /> !{{ipa|ɣ}}<br /> !{{ipa|h}}<br /> !{{ipa|ɦ}}<br /> !{{ipa|w}}<br /> !{{ipa|ɾ}}<br /> !{{ipa|j}}<br /> |-<br /> !{{ipa|i̞}}<br /> |'''い'''<br /> |'''ミ'''<br /> |'''み'''<br /> |'''ニ'''<br /> |'''に'''<br /> |'''にぃ'''<br /> |'''ぴ'''<br /> |'''び'''<br /> |'''ち'''<br /> |'''ぢ'''<br /> |'''き'''<br /> |'''ぎ'''<br /> |<br /> |'''ふぃ'''<br /> |'''ゔぃ'''<br /> |'''し'''<br /> |'''じ'''<br /> |'''キ'''<br /> |'''ギ'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |'''ゐ'''<br /> |'''り'''<br /> |'''いぃ'''<br /> |-<br /> !{{ipa|ɯ}}<br /> |'''う'''<br /> |'''ム'''<br /> |'''む'''<br /> |'''ヌ'''<br /> |'''ぬ'''<br /> |'''にゅ'''<br /> |'''ぷ'''<br /> |'''び'''<br /> |'''つ'''<br /> |'''づ'''<br /> |'''く'''<br /> |'''ぐ'''<br /> |<br /> |'''ふ'''<br /> |'''ゔ'''<br /> |'''しゅ'''<br /> |'''じゅ'''<br /> |'''ク'''<br /> |'''グ'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |'''うぅ'''<br /> |'''る'''<br /> |'''ゆ'''<br /> |-<br /> !{{ipa|ə}}<br /> |'''え'''<br /> |'''メ'''<br /> |'''め'''<br /> |'''ネ'''<br /> |'''ね'''<br /> |'''にぇ'''<br /> |'''ぺ'''<br /> |'''べ'''<br /> |'''て'''<br /> |'''で'''<br /> |'''け'''<br /> |'''げ'''<br /> |<br /> |'''ふぇ'''<br /> |'''ゔぇ'''<br /> |'''しぇ'''<br /> |'''じぇ'''<br /> |'''ケ'''<br /> |'''ゲ'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |'''ゑ'''<br /> |'''れ'''<br /> |'''いぇ'''<br /> |-<br /> !{{ipa|o}}<br /> |'''お'''<br /> |'''モ'''<br /> |'''も'''<br /> |'''ノ'''<br /> |'''の'''<br /> |'''にょ'''<br /> |'''ぽ'''<br /> |'''ぼ'''<br /> |'''と'''<br /> |'''ど'''<br /> |'''こ'''<br /> |'''ご'''<br /> |<br /> |'''ふぉ'''<br /> |'''ゔぉ'''<br /> |'''しょ'''<br /> |'''じょ'''<br /> |'''コ'''<br /> |'''ゴ'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |'''を'''<br /> |'''ろ'''<br /> |'''よ'''<br /> |-<br /> !{{ipa|a}}<br /> |'''あ'''<br /> |'''マ'''<br /> |'''ま'''<br /> |'''ナ'''<br /> |'''な'''<br /> |'''にゃ'''<br /> |'''ぱ'''<br /> |'''ば'''<br /> |'''た'''<br /> |'''だ'''<br /> |'''か'''<br /> |'''が'''<br /> |<br /> |'''ふぁ'''<br /> |'''ゔぁ'''<br /> |'''しゃ'''<br /> |'''じゃ'''<br /> |'''カ'''<br /> |'''ガ'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |'''わ'''<br /> |'''ら'''<br /> |'''や'''<br /> |-<br /> !{{ipa|Ø}}<br /> |<br /> |'''ム゚'''<br /> |'''ム゙'''<br /> |'''ヌ゚'''<br /> |'''ヌ゙'''<br /> |'''ニ゙'''<br /> |'''プ'''<br /> |'''ブ'''<br /> |'''ト'''<br /> |'''ド'''<br /> |'''ク゚'''<br /> |'''ん'''<br /> |'''っ'''<br /> |'''フ'''<br /> |'''ヴ'''<br /> |'''シ'''<br /> |'''ジ'''<br /> |'''ホ'''<br /> |'''ン'''<br /> |'''ゝ'''<br /> |'''ゞ'''<br /> |'''ウ'''<br /> |'''ル'''<br /> |'''イ'''<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Deeplect -7 ==<br /> Deeplect-7 divides words into 3 categories depending on how they can be perceived by the senses: proximal sensation, distal sensation, and general sensation. Deeplect -7-speakers recognize 6 senses in terms of these divisions: sight, sound, smell, taste, touch, and memory. The emotional sense refers to an individual being made to feel an emotion. The memorial sense refers to an individual forming a memory or recalling past memories.<br /> <br /> * Proximal sensation includes things whose perception is limited to a close range:<br /> ** any object by its texture<br /> ** whispering by sound<br /> ** blood by flavor<br /> ** paper by scent<br /> ** small insects by sight<br /> ** a dream by memory<br /> * Distal sensation includes things whose perception is '''not''' limited to a close range:<br /> ** weather by its temperature<br /> ** shouting by sound<br /> ** chocolate by expectation-induced flavor<br /> ** a fart by scent<br /> ** a building by sight<br /> ** a bear at a zoo by memory<br /> * General sensation always includes the conceptualization of an object, and senses that are more strongly associated with the concept of it than the sensation of it. Some objects have no associated sensations with them such as<br /> <br /> Often, what translates to a single word in English is split into two or three words depending on how they are experienced in a sentence.<br /> {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"<br /> ! colspan="4" |Vocabulary List<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Deeplect -7<br /> ! colspan="2" |English<br /> |-<br /> !Word<br /> !IPA<br /> !Translation<br /> !Context<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|[nâˀ]|test=}}<br /> |paper<br /> |general: ''visual, conceptual''<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|[sâˀ]|test=}}<br /> |paper<br /> |distal: ''auditory, memorial''<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|[θâˀ]|test=}}<br /> |paper<br /> |proximal: ''tactile, olfactory, gustatory''<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|[nâˀ]|test=}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|[nâˀ]|test=}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|[nâˀ]|test=}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|[nâˀ]|test=}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|[nâˀ]|test=}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|[nâˀ]|test=}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|[nâˀ]|test=}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|[nâˀ]|test=}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|[nâˀ]|test=}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|[nâˀ]|test=}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|[nâˀ]|test=}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|[nâˀ]|test=}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|[nâˀ]|test=}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|[nâˀ]|test=}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|[nâˀ]|test=}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|[nâˀ]|test=}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Deeplect -6 ==<br /> Every word is 6 morae long.<br /> <br /> == Deeplect -5 ==<br /> === Consonants ===<br /> Deeplect -5 has a small consonant inventory with about half of its consonants being clicks. This small size is made up for in extreme allophony.<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="2" |Consonant<br /> !Labial<br /> !Dental<br /> !Alveolar<br /> !Palatal<br /> !Glottal<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="3" |Pulmonic<br /> !Stop<br /> |p<br /> |<br /> |t<br /> |<br /> |ʔ<br /> |-<br /> !Fricative<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |s<br /> |<br /> |hʲ<br /> |-<br /> !Glide<br /> |w<br /> |<br /> |l<br /> |j<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="3" |Click<br /> !Nasal<br /> |<br /> |ᵑǀ<br /> |ᵑǃ<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Aspirated<br /> |<br /> |ᵏǀʰ<br /> |ᵏǃʰ<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Glottalized<br /> |<br /> |ᵏǀˀ<br /> |ᵏǃˀ<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Vowels ===<br /> X language has two levels of stress: primary and secondary. Primary stress is marked with vowel length and can have a high, low, falling, or rising tone. Secondary stress is marked with either a high or low tone. Primary stress is word-initial, but secondary stress is lexical.<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Vowels<br /> ! colspan="2" |Oral<br /> ! colspan="2" |Nasal<br /> |-<br /> !Front<br /> !Back<br /> !Front<br /> !Back<br /> |-<br /> !Close<br /> |i<br /> |u<br /> |ĩ<br /> |ũ<br /> |-<br /> !Mid<br /> |e<br /> |o<br /> |ẽ<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Open<br /> |<br /> |a<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Phonotactics ===<br /> (C)(G)V(C); C = consonant; G = /t ʔ w j/; Q = click; V = vowel<br /> <br /> # pʔ tʔ > pʼ tʼ<br /> # p t c ʔ s > b d ɟ ʔ̞ z / _{i,e} !{#,C̥}_<br /> # d ǃ > ɟ ǂ / _i<br /> # w l j > m n ɲ / {Ṽ_,_Ṽ}<br /> # n t > ŋ k / _{u,ũ}<br /> # l > ɾ / _{u,o,a}<br /> # V > Ṽ / ᵑQ_<br /> # ᵑǀw ᵑǃj > ᵑʘ ᵑǂ<br /> # hʲ / Ø !_{i,ĩ,e,ẽ}<br /> # QC / Ø !QC=!w<br /> # CCC VVV ṼV VṼ CQ jʔ hʲʔ / Ø<br /> <br /> === Romanization ===<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> !Consonant<br /> ! colspan="8" |Romanization<br /> !Vowel<br /> ! colspan="4" |Romanization<br /> |-<br /> !/p/<br /> ![p]<br /> |p<br /> ![b]<br /> |b<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !/i/<br /> ![i]<br /> |i<br /> ![ĩ]<br /> |i<br /> |-<br /> !/t/<br /> ![t]<br /> |t<br /> ![d]<br /> |d<br /> ![ɟ]<br /> |dj<br /> ![k]<br /> |k<br /> !/ĩ/<br /> ![ĩ]<br /> |in<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !/ʔ/<br /> ![ʔ]<br /> |'<br /> ![ʔ̞]<br /> |'<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !/u/<br /> ![u]<br /> |u<br /> ![ũ]<br /> |u<br /> |-<br /> !/s/<br /> ![s]<br /> |s<br /> ![z]<br /> |z<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !/ũ/<br /> ![ũ]<br /> |un<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !/hʲ/<br /> ![hʲ]<br /> |h<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !/e/<br /> ![e]<br /> |e<br /> ![ẽ]<br /> |e<br /> |-<br /> !/w/<br /> ![w]<br /> |w<br /> ![m]<br /> |m<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !/ẽ/<br /> ![ẽ]<br /> |en<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !/l/<br /> ![l]<br /> |l<br /> ![ɾ]<br /> |r<br /> ![n]<br /> |n<br /> ![ŋ]<br /> |ng<br /> !/o/<br /> ![o]<br /> |o<br /> ![õ]<br /> |o<br /> |-<br /> !/j/<br /> ![j]<br /> |y<br /> ![ɲ]<br /> |nj<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !/a/<br /> ![a]<br /> |a<br /> ![ã]<br /> |a<br /> |-<br /> !/ᵑǀ/<br /> ![ᵑǀ]<br /> |cn<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !Tone<br /> ! colspan="4" |Romanization<br /> |-<br /> !/ᵑǃ/<br /> ![ᵑǃ]<br /> |qn<br /> ![ᵑǂ]<br /> |qny<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !/H/<br /> ![H]<br /> |¯<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !/ᵏǀʰ/<br /> ![ᵏǀʰ]<br /> |ch<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !/L/<br /> ![L]<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !/ᵏǃʰ/<br /> ![ᵏǃʰ]<br /> |qh<br /> ![ᵏǂʰ]<br /> |qh<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !/HL/<br /> ![HL]<br /> |ˋ<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !/ᵏǀˀ/<br /> ![ᵏǀˀ]<br /> |c'<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !/LH<br /> ![LH]<br /> |´<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !/ᵏǃˀ/<br /> ![ᵏǃˀ]<br /> |q'<br /> ![ᵏǂˀ]<br /> |q'<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> ! colspan="5" rowspan="3" |<br /> |-<br /> !/ᵑǀw/<br /> ![ᵑʘ]<br /> |cm<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !/ᵑǃj/<br /> ![ᵑǂ]<br /> |qny<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Deeplect -4.5 ==<br /> This is a naturalistic dialect of Deeplect -4, used for situations where Deeplect -4 would be required to be naturalistic.<br /> <br /> === Consonants ===<br /> All consonants can be lengthened except for /r̥ ɽ͡r ˀɽ/. All velars become palatal or palatalized after front vowels.<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="3" |Consonants<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Labial<br /> ! colspan="4" |Dental<br /> ! colspan="4" |Postalveolar<br /> ! colspan="4" |Velar<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Glottal<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Plain<br /> ! colspan="2" |Glottalized<br /> ! colspan="2" |Plain<br /> ! colspan="2" |Glottalized<br /> ! colspan="2" |Plain<br /> ! colspan="2" |Glottalized<br /> |-<br /> !IPA<br /> !Rom<br /> !IPA<br /> !Rom<br /> !IPA<br /> !Rom<br /> !IPA<br /> !Rom<br /> !IPA<br /> !Rom<br /> !IPA<br /> !Rom<br /> !IPA<br /> !Rom<br /> !IPA<br /> !Rom<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Nasal<br /> |ɱ<br /> |'''m'''<br /> |n<br /> |'''n'''<br /> |ˀn<br /> |'''’n'''<br /> |ɳ<br /> |'''nr'''<br /> |ˀɳ<br /> |'''’nr'''<br /> |ŋ<br /> |'''nj'''<br /> |ˀŋ<br /> |'''’nj'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Plosive<br /> !Voiceless<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |t<br /> |'''t'''<br /> |tʼ<br /> |'''tʼ'''<br /> |ʈ<br /> |'''tr'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |k<br /> |'''k'''<br /> |kʼ<br /> |'''k’'''<br /> |ʔ<br /> |'''’'''<br /> |-<br /> !Voiced<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |d<br /> |'''d'''<br /> |ɗ<br /> |'''d’'''<br /> |ɖ<br /> |'''dr'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |g<br /> |'''g'''<br /> |ɠ<br /> |'''g’'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Affricate<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |t͡s<br /> |'''c'''<br /> |t͡sʼ<br /> |'''c’'''<br /> |t͡ʃ<br /> |'''x'''<br /> |t͡ʃʼ<br /> |'''x’'''<br /> |k͡x<br /> |'''cj'''<br /> |k͡xʼ<br /> |'''cj’'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Fricative<br /> !Voiceless<br /> |f<br /> |'''f'''<br /> |s<br /> |'''s'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ʃ<br /> |'''sr'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |x<br /> |'''sj'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |h<br /> |'''h'''<br /> |-<br /> !Voiced<br /> |v<br /> |'''v'''<br /> |z<br /> |'''z'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ʒ<br /> |'''zr'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɣ<br /> |'''zj'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Approximant<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ð<br /> |'''ð'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Liquid<br /> !Voiceless<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɬ<br /> |'''hl'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |r̥<br /> |'''hr'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Voiced<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |l<br /> |'''l'''<br /> |ˀl<br /> |'''’l'''<br /> |ɽ͡r<br /> |'''rr'''<br /> |ˀɽ<br /> |'''’r'''<br /> |ʟ<br /> |'''lj'''<br /> |ˀʟ<br /> |'''’lj'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Vowels and Tones ===<br /> All vowels have one of four tones: high, low, falling, and rising. Falling and rising tones are closer to the middle range than high or low. High tone is accompanied by preaspiration. On a word-initial vowel, the preaspiration is breathy. The preaspiration is converted into voiceless aspiration on any preceding voiceless consonant, and breathy voice on any preceding voiced consonant. Low tone is accompanied by creaky voice on the vowel.<br /> <br /> Vowels are separated into 2 classes based on their phonotactic behavior and evolutionary history. Class 1 vowels have no phonotactic restrictions other than that they cannot form diphthongs with each other. These vowels originated from the proto-language's 3-vowel system /e a o/.<br /> <br /> Class 2 vowels must be preceded or followed by a consonant, or both, and cannot be adjacent to a Class 1 vowel. Class 2 vowels can form diphthongs with each other. These diphthongs use the same tone system as other vowels. Diphthongs with consonants involve sliding articulation. Class 2 diphthongs cannot be adjacent to each other and adhere to the same restrictions as Class 2 monophthongs. They are excluded from the charts because all Class 2 vowels can form diphthongs (or long vowels) with another and it is not specially notated in romanization.<br /> <br /> There are three romanizations systems for Deeplect -4 which differ in vowel and tone notation. The Vohnegien<ref name=":022">Name created by [[Janus]].</ref> notation prioritized representing historical pronunciation such as syllabic consonants and their descendants being written with an vowel-initial diagraph upon which tones would be marked with diacritics. Vohnegien notation is seen as more outdated by some, but still used by a few scattered Deeplect -4-speaking regions and by linguists.<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="12" |Vohnegien Notation<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="3" |Vowels<br /> ! colspan="6" |Non-labial<br /> ! colspan="4" |Labial<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Extra-Front<br /> ! colspan="2" |Front<br /> ! colspan="2" |Back<br /> ! colspan="2" |Front<br /> ! colspan="2" |Back<br /> |-<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Class 1<br /> !Monophthong<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |e<br /> |'''e'''<br /> |ɤ<br /> |'''y'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |o<br /> |'''o'''<br /> |-<br /> !Diphthong<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |je<br /> |'''ie'''<br /> |ɰɤ<br /> |'''uy'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |wo<br /> |'''uo'''<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="3" |Class 2<br /> !Nasal<br /> |n̩<br /> |'''an'''<br /> |ĩ<br /> |'''in'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɱ̍<br /> |'''am'''<br /> |ũ<br /> |'''un'''<br /> |-<br /> !Close<br /> |l̩<br /> |'''al'''<br /> |i<br /> |'''iy'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |y<br /> |'''iu'''<br /> |ʉ<br /> |'''eu'''<br /> |-<br /> !Open<br /> |r̩<br /> |'''ar'''<br /> |æ<br /> |'''ae'''<br /> |ɑ<br /> |'''ao'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɵ<br /> |'''au'''<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Tones<br /> ! colspan="2" |-H<br /> ! colspan="2" |-L<br /> | colspan="6" rowspan="4" |⟨V⟩ here is used to represent a vowel, not the letter V.<br /> |-<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |H-<br /> |ʰV́<br /> |'''V̄'''<br /> |V̂<br /> |'''V̀'''<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |L-<br /> |V̌<br /> |'''V́'''<br /> |V̰̀<br /> |'''V'''<br /> |}<br /> Gritchend<ref name=":022" /> approached notation from a modern pronunciation in which diacritics are used on consonants to show syllabicity and on vowels to show vowel quality. Gritchend elected to romanize tones with unused consonant letters. Gritchend notation is broadly considered the modern notation of the language and is used in most formal and informal contexts.<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="12" |Gritchend Notation<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="3" |Vowels<br /> ! colspan="6" |Non-labial<br /> ! colspan="4" |Labial<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Extra-Front<br /> ! colspan="2" |Front<br /> ! colspan="2" |Back<br /> ! colspan="2" |Front<br /> ! colspan="2" |Back<br /> |-<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Class 1<br /> !Monophthong<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |e<br /> |'''e'''<br /> |ɤ<br /> |'''y'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |o<br /> |'''o'''<br /> |-<br /> !Diphthong<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |je<br /> |'''ie'''<br /> |ɰɤ<br /> |'''uy'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |wo<br /> |'''uo'''<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="3" |Class 2<br /> !Nasal<br /> |n̩<br /> |'''ń'''<br /> |ĩ<br /> |'''ĩ'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɱ̍<br /> |'''ḿ'''<br /> |ũ<br /> |'''ũ'''<br /> |-<br /> !Close<br /> |l̩<br /> |'''ĺ'''<br /> |i<br /> |'''i'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |y<br /> |'''u'''<br /> |ʉ<br /> |'''ü'''<br /> |-<br /> !Open<br /> |r̩<br /> |'''ŕ'''<br /> |æ<br /> |'''ä'''<br /> |ɑ<br /> |'''a'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɵ<br /> |'''ö'''<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Tones<br /> ! colspan="2" |-H<br /> ! colspan="2" |-L<br /> | colspan="6" rowspan="4" |⟨S⟩ here is used to represent a syllable, not the letter S.<br /> |-<br /> !IPA<br /> !Grit.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Grit.<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |H-<br /> |ʰV́<br /> |'''S'''<br /> |V̂<br /> |'''Sb'''<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |L-<br /> |V̌<br /> |'''Sp'''<br /> |V̰̀<br /> |'''Sq'''<br /> |}<br /> In the interest of avoiding the use of diacritics altogether, Vondenberg<ref name=":022" /> combined the vowel notation of Vohnegien and tone notation of Gritchend. This more modern romanization is most often used in informal text messages and typing with decorative fonts, which often have poor diacritic support.<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="12" |Vondenberg Notation<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="3" |Vowels<br /> ! colspan="6" |Non-labial<br /> ! colspan="4" |Labial<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Extra-Front<br /> ! colspan="2" |Front<br /> ! colspan="2" |Back<br /> ! colspan="2" |Front<br /> ! colspan="2" |Back<br /> |-<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vond.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vond.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vond.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vond.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vond.<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Class 1<br /> !Monophthong<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |e<br /> |'''e'''<br /> |ɤ<br /> |'''y'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |o<br /> |'''o'''<br /> |-<br /> !Diphthong<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |je<br /> |'''ie'''<br /> |ɰɤ<br /> |'''uy'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |wo<br /> |'''uo'''<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="3" |Class 2<br /> !Nasal<br /> |n̩<br /> |'''an'''<br /> |ĩ<br /> |'''in'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɱ̍<br /> |'''am'''<br /> |ũ<br /> |'''un'''<br /> |-<br /> !Close<br /> |l̩<br /> |'''al'''<br /> |i<br /> |'''iy'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |y<br /> |'''iu'''<br /> |ʉ<br /> |'''eu'''<br /> |-<br /> !Open<br /> |r̩<br /> |'''ar'''<br /> |æ<br /> |'''ae'''<br /> |ɑ<br /> |'''ao'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɵ<br /> |'''au'''<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Tones<br /> ! colspan="2" |-H<br /> ! colspan="2" |-L<br /> | colspan="6" rowspan="4" |⟨S⟩ here is used to represent a syllable, not the letter S.<br /> |-<br /> !IPA<br /> !Grit.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Grit.<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |H-<br /> |ʰV́<br /> |'''S'''<br /> |V̂<br /> |'''Sb'''<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |L-<br /> |V̌<br /> |'''Sp'''<br /> |V̰̀<br /> |'''Sq'''<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Deeplect -4 ==<br /> === Consonants ===<br /> All consonants can be lengthened except for /r̥ ɽ͡r ˀɽ/.<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="3" |Consonants<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Labial<br /> ! colspan="4" |Dental<br /> ! colspan="4" |Postalveolar<br /> ! colspan="4" |Palatal<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Glottal<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Plain<br /> ! colspan="2" |Glottalized<br /> ! colspan="2" |Plain<br /> ! colspan="2" |Glottalized<br /> ! colspan="2" |Plain<br /> ! colspan="2" |Glottalized<br /> |-<br /> !IPA<br /> !Rom<br /> !IPA<br /> !Rom<br /> !IPA<br /> !Rom<br /> !IPA<br /> !Rom<br /> !IPA<br /> !Rom<br /> !IPA<br /> !Rom<br /> !IPA<br /> !Rom<br /> !IPA<br /> !Rom<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Nasal<br /> |ɱ<br /> |'''m'''<br /> |n<br /> |'''n'''<br /> |ˀn<br /> |'''’n'''<br /> |ɳ<br /> |'''nr'''<br /> |ˀɳ<br /> |'''’nr'''<br /> |ɲ<br /> |'''nj'''<br /> |ˀɲ<br /> |'''’nj'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Plosive<br /> !Voiceless<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |t<br /> |'''t'''<br /> |tʼ<br /> |'''tʼ'''<br /> |ʈ<br /> |'''tr'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |c<br /> |'''k'''<br /> |cʼ<br /> |'''k’'''<br /> |ʔ<br /> |'''’'''<br /> |-<br /> !Voiced<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |d<br /> |'''d'''<br /> |ɗ<br /> |'''d’'''<br /> |ɖ<br /> |'''dr'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɟ<br /> |'''g'''<br /> |ʄ<br /> |'''g’'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Affricate<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |t͡s<br /> |'''c'''<br /> |t͡sʼ<br /> |'''c’'''<br /> |t͡ʃ<br /> |'''x'''<br /> |t͡ʃʼ<br /> |'''x’'''<br /> |c͡ç<br /> |'''cj'''<br /> |c͡çʼ<br /> |'''cj’'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Fricative<br /> !Voiceless<br /> |f<br /> |'''f'''<br /> |s<br /> |'''s'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ʃ<br /> |'''sr'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ç<br /> |'''sj'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |h<br /> |'''h'''<br /> |-<br /> !Voiced<br /> |v<br /> |'''v'''<br /> |z<br /> |'''z'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ʒ<br /> |'''zr'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ʝ<br /> |'''zj'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Approximant<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ð<br /> |'''ð'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Liquid<br /> !Voiceless<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɬ<br /> |'''hl'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |r̥<br /> |'''hr'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Voiced<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |l<br /> |'''l'''<br /> |ˀl<br /> |'''’l'''<br /> |ɽ͡r<br /> |'''rr'''<br /> |ˀɽ<br /> |'''’r'''<br /> |ʎ<br /> |'''lj'''<br /> |ˀʎ<br /> |'''’lj'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Vowels and Tones ===<br /> All vowels have one of four tones: high, low, falling, and rising. Falling and rising tones are closer to the middle range than high or low. High tone is accompanied by preaspiration. On a word-initial vowel, the preaspiration is breathy. The preaspiration is converted into voiceless aspiration on any preceding voiceless consonant, and breathy voice on any preceding voiced consonant. Low tone is accompanied by creaky voice on the vowel.<br /> <br /> Vowels are separated into 2 classes based on their phonotactic behavior and evolutionary history. Class 1 vowels have no phonotactic restrictions other than that they cannot form diphthongs with each other. These vowels originated from the proto-language's 3-vowel system /e a o/.<br /> <br /> Class 2 vowels must be preceded or followed by a consonant, or both, and cannot be adjacent to a Class 1 vowel. Class 2 vowels can form diphthongs with each other. These diphthongs use the same tone system as other vowels. Diphthongs with consonants involve sliding articulation. Class 2 diphthongs cannot be adjacent to each other and adhere to the same restrictions as Class 2 monophthongs. They are excluded from the charts because all Class 2 vowels can form diphthongs (or long vowels) with another and it is not specially notated in romanization.<br /> <br /> There are three romanizations systems for Deeplect -4 which differ in vowel and tone notation. The Vohnegien<ref name=":022" /> notation prioritized representing historical pronunciation such as syllabic consonants and their descendants being written with an vowel-initial diagraph upon which tones would be marked with diacritics. Vohnegien notation is seen as more outdated by some, but still used by a few scattered Deeplect -4-speaking regions and by linguists.<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="12" |Vohnegien Notation<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="3" |Vowels<br /> ! colspan="6" |Non-labial<br /> ! colspan="4" |Labial<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Extra-Front<br /> ! colspan="2" |Front<br /> ! colspan="2" |Back<br /> ! colspan="2" |Front<br /> ! colspan="2" |Back<br /> |-<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Class 1<br /> !Monophthong<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |e<br /> |'''e'''<br /> |ɤ<br /> |'''y'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |o<br /> |'''o'''<br /> |-<br /> !Diphthong<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |je<br /> |'''ie'''<br /> |ɰɤ<br /> |'''uy'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |wo<br /> |'''uo'''<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="3" |Class 2<br /> !Nasal<br /> |n̩<br /> |'''an'''<br /> |ĩ<br /> |'''in'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɱ̍<br /> |'''am'''<br /> |ũ<br /> |'''un'''<br /> |-<br /> !Close<br /> |l̩<br /> |'''al'''<br /> |i<br /> |'''iy'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |y<br /> |'''iu'''<br /> |ʉ<br /> |'''eu'''<br /> |-<br /> !Open<br /> |r̩<br /> |'''ar'''<br /> |æ<br /> |'''ae'''<br /> |ɑ<br /> |'''ao'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɵ<br /> |'''au'''<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Tones<br /> ! colspan="2" |-H<br /> ! colspan="2" |-L<br /> | colspan="6" rowspan="4" |⟨V⟩ here is used to represent a vowel, not the letter V.<br /> |-<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |H-<br /> |ʰV́<br /> |'''V̄'''<br /> |V̂<br /> |'''V̀'''<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |L-<br /> |V̌<br /> |'''V́'''<br /> |V̰̀<br /> |'''V'''<br /> |}<br /> Gritchend<ref name=":022" /> approached notation from a modern pronunciation in which diacritics are used on consonants to show syllabicity and on vowels to show vowel quality. Gritchend elected to romanize tones with unused consonant letters. Gritchend notation is broadly considered the modern notation of the language and is used in most formal and informal contexts.<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="12" |Gritchend Notation<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="3" |Vowels<br /> ! colspan="6" |Non-labial<br /> ! colspan="4" |Labial<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Extra-Front<br /> ! colspan="2" |Front<br /> ! colspan="2" |Back<br /> ! colspan="2" |Front<br /> ! colspan="2" |Back<br /> |-<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Class 1<br /> !Monophthong<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |e<br /> |'''e'''<br /> |ɤ<br /> |'''y'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |o<br /> |'''o'''<br /> |-<br /> !Diphthong<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |je<br /> |'''ie'''<br /> |ɰɤ<br /> |'''uy'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |wo<br /> |'''uo'''<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="3" |Class 2<br /> !Nasal<br /> |n̩<br /> |'''ń'''<br /> |ĩ<br /> |'''ĩ'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɱ̍<br /> |'''ḿ'''<br /> |ũ<br /> |'''ũ'''<br /> |-<br /> !Close<br /> |l̩<br /> |'''ĺ'''<br /> |i<br /> |'''i'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |y<br /> |'''u'''<br /> |ʉ<br /> |'''ü'''<br /> |-<br /> !Open<br /> |r̩<br /> |'''ŕ'''<br /> |æ<br /> |'''ä'''<br /> |ɑ<br /> |'''a'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɵ<br /> |'''ö'''<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Tones<br /> ! colspan="2" |-H<br /> ! colspan="2" |-L<br /> | colspan="6" rowspan="4" |⟨S⟩ here is used to represent a syllable, not the letter S.<br /> |-<br /> !IPA<br /> !Grit.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Grit.<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |H-<br /> |ʰV́<br /> |'''S'''<br /> |V̂<br /> |'''Sb'''<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |L-<br /> |V̌<br /> |'''Sp'''<br /> |V̰̀<br /> |'''Sq'''<br /> |}<br /> In the interest of avoiding the use of diacritics altogether, Vondenberg<ref name=":022" /> combined the vowel notation of Vohnegien and tone notation of Gritchend. This more modern romanization is most often used in informal text messages and typing with decorative fonts, which often have poor diacritic support.<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="12" |Vondenberg Notation<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="3" |Vowels<br /> ! colspan="6" |Non-labial<br /> ! colspan="4" |Labial<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Extra-Front<br /> ! colspan="2" |Front<br /> ! colspan="2" |Back<br /> ! colspan="2" |Front<br /> ! colspan="2" |Back<br /> |-<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vond.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vond.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vond.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vond.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vond.<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Class 1<br /> !Monophthong<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |e<br /> |'''e'''<br /> |ɤ<br /> |'''y'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |o<br /> |'''o'''<br /> |-<br /> !Diphthong<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |je<br /> |'''ie'''<br /> |ɰɤ<br /> |'''uy'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |wo<br /> |'''uo'''<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="3" |Class 2<br /> !Nasal<br /> |n̩<br /> |'''an'''<br /> |ĩ<br /> |'''in'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɱ̍<br /> |'''am'''<br /> |ũ<br /> |'''un'''<br /> |-<br /> !Close<br /> |l̩<br /> |'''al'''<br /> |i<br /> |'''iy'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |y<br /> |'''iu'''<br /> |ʉ<br /> |'''eu'''<br /> |-<br /> !Open<br /> |r̩<br /> |'''ar'''<br /> |æ<br /> |'''ae'''<br /> |ɑ<br /> |'''ao'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɵ<br /> |'''au'''<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Tones<br /> ! colspan="2" |-H<br /> ! colspan="2" |-L<br /> | colspan="6" rowspan="4" |⟨S⟩ here is used to represent a syllable, not the letter S.<br /> |-<br /> !IPA<br /> !Grit.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Grit.<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |H-<br /> |ʰV́<br /> |'''S'''<br /> |V̂<br /> |'''Sb'''<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |L-<br /> |V̌<br /> |'''Sp'''<br /> |V̰̀<br /> |'''Sq'''<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Deeplect -3 ==<br /> === Consonants ===<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Non-Click Consonant<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Bilabial<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Dental<br /> ! colspan="2" |Alveolar<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Palatal<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Velar/Uvular<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Laryngeal<br /> |-<br /> !Plain<br /> !Fricated<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="4" |Stop<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Plain<br /> |p '''p'''<br /> |t͡θ '''th'''<br /> |t '''t'''<br /> |t͡s '''ts'''<br /> |t͡ʃ '''ch'''<br /> |k '''c'''<br /> |ʡ '''q'''<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |d '''d'''<br /> |d͡z '''dz'''<br /> |d͡ʒ '''gh'''<br /> |g '''g'''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Glottalized<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |t͡s’ '''ts’'''<br /> |t͡ʃʼ '''ch’'''<br /> |kʼ '''c’'''<br /> |ʔˤ '''q’'''<br /> |-<br /> |ɓ '''b’'''<br /> |<br /> |ɗ '''d’'''<br /> |<br /> |ʄ '''gh’'''<br /> |ɠ '''g’'''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="3" |Fricative<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Plain<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |s '''s'''<br /> |ʃ '''š'''<br /> |χ '''x'''<br /> |ħ '''h'''<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ʒ '''ž'''<br /> |<br /> |ʕ '''ǧ'''<br /> |-<br /> !Glottalized<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ʃʼ '''š’'''<br /> |χʼ '''x’'''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Nasal<br /> |m '''m'''<br /> |n '''n'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ŋ '''ň'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Sonorant<br /> |β̞ '''v'''<br /> |lː '''l'''<br /> |r '''r'''<br /> |r̝ '''rz'''<br /> |j '''y'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==== Allophony ====<br /> <br /> * /t͡ʃ d͡ʒ t͡ʃʼ ʄ k ɡ kʼ ɠ/ become [k͡x g͡ɣ k͡xʼ ɠ q ɢ qʼ ʛ] before low or back vowels.<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Click Consonant<br /> ! colspan="2" |Bilabial<br /> ! colspan="2" |Dental<br /> ! colspan="2" |Alveolar<br /> ! colspan="2" |Lateral<br /> ! colspan="2" |Palatal<br /> |-<br /> !Velar<br /> !Uvular<br /> !Velar<br /> !Uvular<br /> !Velar<br /> !Uvular<br /> !Velar<br /> !Uvular<br /> !Velar<br /> !Uvular<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="3" |Nasal<br /> !Fricated<br /> |ŋʘʰ '''mwh'''<br /> |ɴʘχ '''mwx'''<br /> |ŋǀʰ '''nzh'''<br /> |ɴǀχ '''nzx'''<br /> |ŋǃʰ '''nkh'''<br /> |ɴǃχ '''nkx'''<br /> |ŋǁʰ '''nllh'''<br /> |ɴǁχ '''nllx'''<br /> |ŋǂʰ '''njh'''<br /> |ɴǂχ '''njx'''<br /> |-<br /> !Plain<br /> |ŋʘ '''mw'''<br /> |ɴʘ '''wm'''<br /> |ŋǀ '''nz'''<br /> |ɴǀ '''zn'''<br /> |ŋǃ '''nk'''<br /> |ɴǃ '''kn'''<br /> |ŋǁ '''nll'''<br /> |ɴǁ '''lln'''<br /> |ŋǂ '''nj'''<br /> |ɴǂ '''jn'''<br /> |-<br /> !Ploded<br /> |ŋʘˀ '''mw’'''<br /> |ɴʘq '''mwq'''<br /> |ŋǀˀ '''nz’'''<br /> |ɴǀq '''nzq'''<br /> |ŋǃˀ '''nk’'''<br /> |ɴǃq '''nkq'''<br /> |ŋǁˀ '''nll’'''<br /> |ɴǁq '''nllq'''<br /> |ŋǂˀ '''nj’'''<br /> |ɴǂq '''njq'''<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="9" |Oral<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Affricate<br /> |ʘk͡x '''wch'''<br /> |qʘχ '''wx'''<br /> |ǀk͡x '''zch'''<br /> |qǀχ '''zx'''<br /> |ǃk͡x '''kch'''<br /> |qǃχ '''kx'''<br /> |ǁk͡x '''llch'''<br /> |qǁχ '''llx'''<br /> |ǂk͡x '''jch'''<br /> |qǂχ '''jx'''<br /> |-<br /> |gʘx '''gwx'''<br /> |<br /> |gǀx '''gzx'''<br /> |<br /> |gǃx '''gkx'''<br /> |<br /> |gǁx '''gllx'''<br /> |<br /> |gǂx '''gjx'''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Aspirated<br /> |kʘʰ '''wh'''<br /> |<br /> |kǀʰ '''zh'''<br /> |<br /> |kǃʰ '''kh'''<br /> |<br /> |kǁʰ '''llh'''<br /> |<br /> |kǂʰ '''jh'''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |gʘʱ '''gwh'''<br /> |<br /> |gǀʱ '''gzh'''<br /> |<br /> |gǃʱ '''gkh'''<br /> |<br /> |gǁʱ '''gllh'''<br /> |<br /> |gǂʱ '''gjh'''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Plain<br /> |kʘ '''cw'''<br /> |ʘq '''wq'''<br /> |kǀ '''cz'''<br /> |ǀq '''zq'''<br /> |kǃ '''ck'''<br /> |ǃq '''kq'''<br /> |kǁ '''cll'''<br /> |ǁq '''llq'''<br /> |kǂ '''cj'''<br /> |ǂq '''jq'''<br /> |-<br /> |gʘ '''gw'''<br /> |ʘɢ '''wg'''<br /> |gǀ '''gz'''<br /> |ǀɢ '''zg'''<br /> |gǃ '''gk'''<br /> |ǃɢ '''kg'''<br /> |gǁ '''gll'''<br /> |ǁɢ '''llg'''<br /> |gǂ '''gj'''<br /> |ǂɢ '''jg'''<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Glottalized<br /> |kʘˀ '''w’'''<br /> |<br /> |kǀˀ '''z’'''<br /> |<br /> |kǃˀ '''k’'''<br /> |<br /> |kǁˀ '''ll’'''<br /> |<br /> |kǂˀ '''j’'''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |gkʘˀ '''gcw’'''<br /> |ɢqʘˀ '''gqw’'''<br /> |gkǀˀ '''gcz’'''<br /> |ɢqǀˀ '''gqz’'''<br /> |gkǃˀ '''gck’'''<br /> |ɢqǃˀ '''gqk’'''<br /> |gkǁˀ '''gcll’'''<br /> |ɢqǁˀ '''gqll’'''<br /> |gkǂˀ '''gcj’'''<br /> |ɢqǂˀ '''gqj’'''<br /> |-<br /> !Ejective<br /> |ʘkʼ '''wc’'''<br /> |ʘqʼ '''wq’'''<br /> |ǀkʼ '''zc’'''<br /> |ǀqʼ '''zq’'''<br /> |ǃkʼ '''kc’'''<br /> |ǃqʼ '''kq’'''<br /> |ǁkʼ '''llc’'''<br /> |ǁqʼ '''llq’'''<br /> |ǂkʼ '''jc’'''<br /> |ǂqʼ '''jq’'''<br /> |}<br /> An apostrophe is placed between grapheme clusters that may be confused with whole graphemes, e.g. ⟨amwha⟩ is /a.ŋʘʰa/ and ⟨am’wha⟩ is /am.kʘʰa/.<br /> <br /> === Vowels ===<br /> The vowel qualities are /i u e o a ã/ ⟨i u e o a ã⟩, with the long vowels /iː uː ɛː ɔː ɑː ãː/ ⟨ī ū ē ō ā ãa⟩ and overlong vowels /iːː uːː eːːː oːːː aːːː ãːːː/ ⟨ii uu ee oo aa ãā⟩.<br /> <br /> The possible diphthongs are /ei eo oe oi ou oa ue ua ai ae au ao oã uã ãi ãe ãu ão/.<br /> <br /> Phonations include modal, breathy ⟨◌h⟩, creaky ⟨◌’⟩, (all three of which can be pharyngealized ⟨◌·⟩), and strident ⟨◌ħ⟩. A long vowels and diphthongs can contain more than one phonation, but short and overlong vowels cannot.<br /> <br /> All vowels can be -ATR or +ATR ⟨◌y⟩, corresponding to tongue root harmony. This harmony can change voiceless plain stops to breathy stops (except /p/ which becomes [b]). It is a progressive harmony that begins from the start of a root word and is blocked by ejective and uvular consonants. +ATR is only romanized on the first vowel of a root word.<br /> <br /> ==== Allophony ====<br /> <br /> * Vowels are nasalized whenever adjacent to nasal phonemes. /ã/ merges with /a/, so ⟨ã⟩ is not used adjacent to nasal phonemes.<br /> <br /> == Deeplect -2 ==<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Labiodental<br /> ! colspan="4" |Dental<br /> ! colspan="4" |Alveolar<br /> ! colspan="4" |Palatal<br /> ! colspan="4" |Uvular<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Epiglottal<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Plain<br /> ! colspan="2" |Labial<br /> ! colspan="2" |Plain<br /> ! colspan="2" |Labial<br /> ! colspan="2" |Plain<br /> ! colspan="2" |Labial<br /> ! colspan="2" |Plain<br /> ! colspan="2" |Labial<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Nasal<br /> |{{ipa|ɱ}}<br /> |'''m'''<br /> |{{ipa|n̪}}<br /> |'''’n'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|n}}<br /> |'''n'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|ɲ}}<br /> |'''nj'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|ɴ}}<br /> |'''ng'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="3" |Plosive<br /> !Tense<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|ʔ͡d̪̊}}<br /> |'''’t'''<br /> |{{ipa|ʔ͡d̪̊ʷ}}<br /> |'''’tw'''<br /> |{{ipa|ʔ͡d̥}}<br /> |'''t'''<br /> |{{ipa|ʔ͡d̥ʷ}}<br /> |'''tw'''<br /> |{{ipa|ʔ͡ɟ̊}}<br /> |'''c'''<br /> |{{ipa|ʔ͡ɟ̊ʷ}}<br /> |'''cw'''<br /> |{{ipa|ʔ͡ɢ̥}}<br /> |'''k'''<br /> |{{ipa|ʔ͡ɢ̥ʷ}}<br /> |'''kw'''<br /> |{{ipa|ʡ}}<br /> |'''q'''<br /> |-<br /> !Lax<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|d̪𐞖}}<br /> |'''’dh'''<br /> |{{ipa|d̪𐞖ʷ}}<br /> |'''’dhw'''<br /> |{{ipa|d𐞖}}<br /> |'''dh'''<br /> |{{ipa|d𐞖ʷ}}<br /> |'''dhw'''<br /> |{{ipa|ɟ𐞖}}<br /> |'''jh'''<br /> |{{ipa|ɟ𐞖ʷ}}<br /> |'''jhw'''<br /> |{{ipa|ɢ𐞖}}<br /> |'''gh'''<br /> |{{ipa|ɢ𐞖ʷ}}<br /> |'''ghw'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Voiced<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|d̪}}<br /> |'''’d'''<br /> |{{ipa|d̪ʷ}}<br /> |'''’nw'''<br /> |{{ipa|d}}<br /> |'''d'''<br /> |{{ipa|dʷ}}<br /> |'''dw'''<br /> |{{ipa|ɟ}}<br /> |'''j'''<br /> |{{ipa|ɟʷ}}<br /> |'''jw'''<br /> |{{ipa|ɢ}}<br /> |'''g'''<br /> |{{ipa|ɢʷ}}<br /> |'''gw'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Fricative<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|ð}}<br /> |'''ð'''<br /> |{{ipa|ðʷ}}<br /> |'''ðw'''<br /> |{{ipa|z}}<br /> |'''z'''<br /> |{{ipa|zʷ}}<br /> |'''zw'''<br /> |{{ipa|ʝ}}<br /> |'''y'''<br /> |{{ipa|ʝʷ}}<br /> |'''yw'''<br /> |{{ipa|ʁ}}<br /> |'''x'''<br /> |{{ipa|ʁʷ}}<br /> |'''xw'''<br /> |{{ipa|ʜ}}<br /> |'''h'''<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Vibrant<br /> |{{ipa|ⱱ}}<br /> |'''v'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|r}}<br /> |'''r'''<br /> |{{ipa|rʷ}}<br /> |'''rw'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Lateral<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|l̪}}<br /> |'''’l'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|l}}<br /> |'''l'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|ʎ}}<br /> |'''lj'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|ʟ}}<br /> |'''lg'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! rowspan="2" |<br /> ! colspan="4" |Front<br /> ! colspan="4" |Non-Front<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |High<br /> ! colspan="2" |Low<br /> ! colspan="2" |High<br /> ! colspan="2" |Low<br /> |-<br /> !Close<br /> |{{ipa|í}}<br /> |'''í'''<br /> |{{ipa|ì}}<br /> |'''i'''<br /> |{{ipa|ɨ́}}<br /> |'''ú'''<br /> |{{ipa|ɨ̀}}<br /> |'''u'''<br /> |-<br /> !Close-Mid<br /> |{{ipa|é}}<br /> |'''é'''<br /> |{{ipa|è}}<br /> |'''e'''<br /> |{{ipa|ɘ́}}<br /> |'''ó'''<br /> |{{ipa|ɘ̀}}<br /> |'''o'''<br /> |-<br /> !Open<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|ɐ́}}<br /> |'''á'''<br /> |{{ipa|ɐ̀}}<br /> |'''a'''<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Deeplect -1 ==<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="3" |Grammar<br /> !<br /> |-<br /> !Gloss<br /> !IPA<br /> !Description<br /> !Examples<br /> |-<br /> !CAUS.GNO<br /> |jɾa-<br /> |''production, resultation, consequence (gnomic and nouns)''<br /> |kesˈteltɔ jɾaˈmiawa (earth brings life)<br /> |-<br /> !CAUS<br /> |ko-<br /> |''caused (tense, verbs only)''<br /> |kes'teltɔ koˈmiawe̤ (earth is causing life to exist)<br /> |-<br /> !MOA<br /> | -a,ɔ > -e̤<br /> |''verbalizer (motion of agent, MOA). MOA verbs receive an adverb? auxiliary verb? after, showing the precise action taking place if it isn't clear from the primary verb (it would be clear if the prim. verb was "to go to" but not if it's "to water"). unclear primary verbs used without secondary verbs are said to simply "be occuring" or "be existing".''<br /> |ˈbiːje̤ (approaching water)<br /> kesˈtelte̤ (kicking the ground)<br /> |-<br /> !MOS<br /> | -a,ɔ > -ʕu<br /> |''verbalizer (motion of secondary thing, MOS). MOS places the object after the verb. objects and "secondary verbs" (referenced above) do not differ in marking''<br /> |ˈbiːjʕu (splashing water on someone/watering something)<br /> kesˈteltʕu (kicking dirt at something/someone)<br /> |-<br /> !MOP<br /> | -a,ɔ > -a(ʕim)<br /> |''verbalizer (motion of patient, MOP). MOP places its object before the verb. -ʕim is only added for formality, emphasis, or syntactic disambiguation.''<br /> |ˈbiːja(ʕim) ~ spraying water around<br /> kesˈtela(ʕim) ~ kicking up dirt<br /> |}<br /> whether a verb is conjugated to MOA/MOS/MOP is determined by which action the speaker wants to focus on the most, even though usually 2 or 3 of them will be actually occuring<br /> <br /> topic pronouns (marked for person, number, and obviation) are clitics that attach to a particle with some of their grammatical information (cases).<br /> <br /> # 1P.SG.OBV1 ~ ũ=<br /> # 1P.SG.OBV2 ~ nã=<br /> # 1P.SG.OBV3 ~ ˈdeu=<br /> # 2P.SG.OBV1 ~ in=<br /> # 2P.SG.OBV2 ~ ja̤=<br /> # 2P.SG.OBV3 ~ tḛːŋ=<br /> # 3P.SG.OBV1 ~ ki=<br /> # 3P.SG.OBV2 ~ ɾḛj=<br /> # 3P.SG.OBV3 ~ aːn=<br /> # 1P.PL.INCL ~ eˈdo=<br /> # 1P.PL.EXCL ~ kʼe=<br /> # 2P.PL.INCL ~ ˈkimi=<br /> # 2P.PL.EXCL ~ ˈhuku=<br /> # 3P.PL.OBV1 ~ sto=<br /> # 3P.PL.OBV2 ~ ˈmihi=<br /> # 3P.PL.OBV3 ~ aˈdoː=<br /> # REFL ~ pi<br /> #* used in stuff like drinking(MOS), eating(MOS), etc.<br /> # nominative ~ i<br /> # vocative ~ -ʃa̤,ja̤/i'ja̤<br /> # benefactive ~ -(ɾ)e/ri<br /> # malefactive ~ -ḛːse/ḛːse<br /> # dative ~ -ãw/ŋaw<br /> # commitative ~ -(k,ɡ,ʼ)iː/kiː<br /> # instrumental ~ -(s,z)ãʰː/zãʰː<br /> # other case particles can be derived using class-less variants of words, which can get prefixed to a non-topic noun<br /> <br /> * sometimes the particle may be used alone instead of the pronoun clitic.<br /> * the pronoun clitic can be attached to a word to show stronger volition toward that aspect of the action described in the sentence (i.e. TOP=[verb] for showing stronger intent for the action than the object, or TOP=[object] for the opposite). stronger volition toward one aspect often implies weaker volition or intent toward the rest (TOP=[verb] may imply accidentally affecting the object, and TOP=[object] may imply accidentally performing the action, but meaning to do something to the object).<br /> * both or either of the pronoun clitic and particle may be omitted. omission only occurs in the event of redundance.<br /> * there is a subject case particle.<br /> * other NPs are listed in the beginning of the sentence in order of decreasing relevance. their cases (and conjunctions) are expressed in affixes, not a particle.<br /> <br /> * every part of speech has its own set of classes (they do not correspond to each other).<br /> * modifiers are added by affixing the modifiee's class suffix and changing the modifiee's suffix to -aː (this assumes all classes affixes will be suffixes but maybe i wont do that)<br /> *# kesˈteltɔ ''modified by'' beˈʔaɾa (cooled lava ground) > kesˈtelt'''-ɔ''' beˈʔa-ɾa > kesˈtelt-aː beˈʔa-ɾa'''-ɔ''' > kesˈteltaː beˈʔaɔ<br /> * noun classes (suffixes and prefixes):<br /> <br /> # -a, -ɔ ~ fluid, changing (animals, thoughts, breath, wind, clothing, some gods)<br /> # -ɾa ~ dangerous (lava, fire, poisonous food, weapon used, some gods)<br /> # zũː- ~ machinery (car, computer, lock, some weapons merely existing)<br /> # kʰ- ~ valuable natural item (diamond, gold, ivory)<br /> # tʰe- ~ material for use (wood, paper, ink, glue, metal, cloth)<br /> # -ʔiː ~ natural (plants, sun, moon, dirt, some gods)<br /> # -nõ ~ human, human-related concept, or thing altered by humanity (person, domesticated animals, weapon created, gods from secular perspective)<br /> <br /> * verb classes (suffixes):<br /> <br /> # -e ~<br /> # -l ~<br /> # -a ~<br /> <br /> * adjective/adverb classes (prefixes):<br /> * ''unmarked'' ~ quality<br /> * xe- ~ identity<br /> * o- ~ relation<br /> * adposition classes (suffixes):<br /> <br /> * when creating a phrase or description, go with more actually-occurs options before hypothetical or culturally-specific ones (i.e. kesˈteltaː beˈʔaɾɔ is a ground of cooled lava, not the ground being molten lava as is pretended in the game "the floor is lava", since the former is more likely to be used in a real situation than the latter)<br /> <br /> kesˈtelt'''ɔ''' ~ earth<br /> <br /> ˈbiːj'''a''' ~ water<br /> <br /> kṵː'''ɾa''' ~ fire<br /> <br /> ˈmiaw'''a''' ~ life<br /> <br /> ˈ'''zũː'''kũː ~ metal, mechanical<br /> <br /> ˈ'''kʰ'''uːihu ~ gold<br /> <br /> beˈʔa'''ɾa''' ~ lava<br /> <br /> ˈ'''tʰe'''ːsʼaː ~ wood<br /> <br /> liˈ'''ʔiː''' ~ plant<br /> <br /> oˈŋãi'''nõ''' ~ human<br /> <br /> eˈumĩ'''a''' ~ love<br /> <br /> çiː'''a''' ~ emotion(s)<br /> <br /> xkiˈ'''ʔiː''' ~ think, mind<br /> <br /> ˈ'''tʰe'''nũː ~ paper<br /> <br /> '''tʰe'''ˈʔjul ~ ink<br /> <br /> ˈ'''zũː'''mãi ~ pen<br /> <br /> he ~ move to<br /> <br /> iːl ~ move at/in<br /> <br /> ɬaː ~ express, release, secrete<br /> <br /> ˈtʰeŋ'''ʔiː''' ~ visible attribute<br /> <br /> kɔʔj'''ɔ''' ~ color, shadow, brightness, angle<br /> <br /> tḛjjɔ ~ red, hot pink, orange, brown, violet<br /> <br /> vɾiː ~ yellow, orange, lime, beige, white, pink<br /> <br /> ħaːn ~ green, lime, evergreen<br /> <br /> ˈijaɲ ~ cyan, mint<br /> <br /> ˈṳba ~ blue, indigo, purple, black<br /> <br /> naːˈħal ~ dark yellow, muddy green<br /> <br /> ħũːe ~ correct, factual, verified, verifiable<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <references /></div>

Suqi https://mc.nguh.org/w/index.php?title=Trace_Deeplects&diff=39608 Trace Deeplects 2026-05-06T20:32:00Z

<p>Suqi: </p> <hr /> <div>'''Trace Deeplects''' are incomplete portions of languages that have been detected in experiments attempting to verif’ the [[Deep Dimensional]] theory. While the strongest evidence for Deep Dimensional is the languages that have inexplicably appeared, [[MARA]] experiments have found trace amounts of languages in their investigations, giving it more credibility. However, measurement error is not ruled out. This article will contain all the information on every Trace Deeplect. Trace Deeplects are listed in order of their negative discovery.<br /> <br /> == Deeplect -D ==<br /> === Consonants ===<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |<br /> ! colspan="2" |Bilabial<br /> ! colspan="2" |Alveolar<br /> ! colspan="2" |Prepalatal<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Palatal<br /> ! colspan="2" |Prevelar<br /> ! colspan="2" |Postvelar<br /> ! colspan="2" |Uvular<br /> ! colspan="2" |Epiglottal<br /> ! colspan="2" |Glottal<br /> |-<br /> !Plain<br /> !Emphatic<br /> !Plain<br /> !Emphatic<br /> !Plain<br /> !Labial<br /> !Plain<br /> !Labial<br /> !Plain<br /> !Labial<br /> !Plain<br /> !Labial<br /> !Plain<br /> !Labial<br /> !Plain<br /> !Labial<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Nasal<br /> |m '''m'''<br /> |mˤ '''ṃ'''<br /> |n '''n'''<br /> |nˤ '''ṇ'''<br /> |ɲ̟ '''ň'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ŋ '''ŋ'''<br /> |ŋʷ '''ŋw'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="3" |Plosive<br /> !Aspirated<br /> |pʰ '''ph'''<br /> |pʰˤ '''ṗh'''<br /> |tʰ '''th'''<br /> |tʰˤ '''ṭh'''<br /> |c̟ʰ '''ch'''<br /> |c̟ʰʷ '''cv'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |kʰ '''kh'''<br /> |kʰʷ '''kv'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Lax<br /> |p '''p'''<br /> |pˤ '''ṗ'''<br /> |t '''t'''<br /> |tˤ '''ṭ'''<br /> |c̟ '''c'''<br /> |c̟ʷ '''cw'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |k '''k'''<br /> |kʷ '''kw'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ʡ '''q'''<br /> |ʡʷ '''qw'''<br /> |ʔ '''<nowiki/>''''<br /> |ʔʷ '''<nowiki/>'w'''<br /> |-<br /> !Tense<br /> |b '''b'''<br /> |bˤ '''ḅ'''<br /> |tʼ '''d'''<br /> |tˤʼ '''ḍ'''<br /> |c̟ʼ '''j'''<br /> |c̟ʷʼ '''jw'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |kʼ '''g'''<br /> |kʷʼ '''gw'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Continuant<br /> !Voiceless<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |s '''s'''<br /> |sˤ '''ṣ'''<br /> |ɕ '''š'''<br /> |ɕʷ '''šw'''<br /> |ç '''hy'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |x '''ḫ'''<br /> |xʷ '''ḫw'''<br /> |χ '''x'''<br /> |χʷ '''xw'''<br /> |ħ '''ħ'''<br /> |ħʷ '''ħw'''<br /> |h '''h'''<br /> |hʷ '''hw'''<br /> |-<br /> !Voiced<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |l '''l'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |j '''i'''<br /> |ɣʲ '''ǧy'''<br /> |w '''u'''<br /> |ɣ '''ǧ'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ʕ '''ġ'''<br /> |ʕʷ '''ġw'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Trill<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |r '''r'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ʀ '''ṛ'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==== Syllabic Consonants ====<br /> Syllabic consonants are romanized as double letters only when adjacent to two vowels or a nonsyllabic variant of each other.<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> !<br /> !Bilabial<br /> !Alveolar<br /> !Prepalatal<br /> !Postvelar<br /> !Uvular<br /> !Epiglottal<br /> |-<br /> !Nasal<br /> |m̩ '''m, mm'''<br /> |n̩ '''n, nn'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɴ̩ '''ŋ, ŋŋ'''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Fricative<br /> |<br /> |s̩ '''s, ss'''<br /> |ɕ̩ '''š, šš'''<br /> |x̩ '''ḫ, ḫḫ'''<br /> |χ̍ '''x, xx'''<br /> |ħ̩ '''ħ, ħħ'''<br /> |-<br /> !Lateral<br /> |<br /> |l̩ '''l, ll'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Trill<br /> |<br /> |r̩ '''r, rr'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Vowels ===<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> !<br /> !Front<br /> !Central<br /> !Back<br /> |-<br /> !Mid<br /> |e '''e'''<br /> |ɵ '''oy'''<br /> |o '''o'''<br /> |-<br /> !Near-Open<br /> |<br /> |ɐ '''ay'''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Open<br /> |<br /> |a '''a'''<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Pitch-Accent ===<br /> Deeplect -D uses seven pitch accents: high (ā [ꜛaꜜ]), mid (a [a]), low (ȧ [ꜜaꜛ]), falling (à [ꜛâꜜ]), rising (á [ǎꜛ]), high-falling (â [âꜜ]), and dipping (ǎ [â]), which can be placed on any mora except for the final one. All vowels and all syllabic consonants can receive a pitch accent.<br /> <br /> * '''High''' pitch accent gives only one mora a high tone while the rest have low tone (L-<u>H</u>-L)<br /> * '''Mid''' pitch accent makes a word retain low tone throughout (L-<u>L</u>-L)<br /> * '''Low''' pitch accent gives one more a low tone while the rest have high tone (H-<u>L</u>-H)<br /> * '''Falling''' pitch accent takes the tone of one mora from high to low while the rest of the morae have a low tone (L-<u>HL</u>-L)<br /> * '''Rising''' pitch accent takes one mora's tone from low to high while the preceding morae have a low tone and the following morae have a high tone (L-<u>LH</u>-H)<br /> * '''High-falling''' pitch accent takes one mora's tone from high to mid while the preceding morae have a high tone and the following morae have a low tone (H-<u>HM</u>-L)<br /> * '''Dipping''' pitch accent takes the tone of one mora from high to low while the rest of the morae have a mid tone (M-<u>HL</u>-M)<br /> <br /> === Phonotactics ===<br /> (C)V<br /> <br /> * Three of the same phoneme cannot occur in a row; syllabic consonants count as consonants in this rule.<br /> <br /> === Allophony ===<br /> E: /e/, [i ɪ e̞ ɛ]<br /> <br /> Y: /ɲ̟ c̟ʰ c̟ʰʷ c̟ c̟ʷ c̟ʼ c̟ʷʼ ɕ ɕʷ ç j/<br /> <br /> # /C₁C̩₁ C̩₁C₁/ = [C₁ːː C₁ːː]<br /> # /C̩V VC̩/ = [CːV VCː]<br /> # /e ɵ o/ = [e̞ ɵ̞ o̞]<br /> # e̞ o̞ ɵ̞ → ɛ ɞ ɔ / {_#,#_%,V_%}<br /> # e̞ ɵ̞ o̞ ɐ a → ɪ ɵ ʊ ɘ ɜ / _Cː<br /> # e̞ ɵ̞ o̞ ɐ a → i ʉ u ɨ ə / _Cːː<br /> # ɵ̞ o̞ ɐ a → ø̞ ɵ̞ æ̝ æ / {EC,Y}_<br /> # ɞ ɔ → œ ɞ / {EC,Y}_<br /> # ʊ ɵ ɘ ɜ → ʉ̞ ø e ɛ / {EC,Y}_<br /> # u ʉ ɨ ə → ʉ y ɪ e̞ / {EC,Y}_<br /> # ŋ(ʷ) → ɴ(ʷ) / _{a,ɐ,ɔ,o,ʊ}<br /> # ŋ(ʷ) → ɴ(ʷ) / {a,ɐ,ɔ,o,ʊ}_%<br /> # C̩[-labial] → C̩[-labial]ʷ / C[+labial]_<br /> # F̩[-voice] → F̩[+voice] / C[+voice]_<br /> <br /> === Word Formation ===<br /> Deeplect -D's word formation is unusual. The etymology of words comes from an abstract dimension where tracing the language consistently to its proto-form becomes impossible.<br /> <br /> == Deeplect -C ṡżṠŻǎǔǐěǒẽĩũẙů ==<br /> === Phonemic Inventory ===<br /> ==== Onsets ====<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |<br /> ! colspan="4" |Coronal<br /> ! colspan="4" |Peripheral<br /> |-<br /> !Plain<br /> !Lab.<br /> !Pal.<br /> !Lar.<br /> !Plain<br /> !Lab.<br /> !Pal.<br /> !Lar.<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Nasal<br /> !Plain<br /> |n<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ŋ<br /> |m<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Geminated<br /> |nː<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |mː<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Plosive<br /> !Plain<br /> |t<br /> |tʷ<br /> |tʲ<br /> |tˤ<br /> |k<br /> |kʷ<br /> |kʲ<br /> |kˤ<br /> |-<br /> !Geminated<br /> |tː<br /> |tʷː<br /> |tʲː<br /> |tˤː<br /> |kː<br /> |kʷː<br /> |kʲː<br /> |kˤː<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Affricate<br /> !Plain<br /> |t͡s<br /> |t͡sʷ<br /> |t͡sʲ<br /> |t͡sˤ<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Geminated<br /> |t͡sː<br /> |t͡sʷː<br /> |t͡sʲː<br /> |t͡sˤː<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Fricative<br /> !Plain<br /> |s<br /> |sʷ<br /> |sʲ<br /> |sˤ<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |h<br /> |-<br /> !Geminated<br /> |sː<br /> |sʷː<br /> |sʲː<br /> |sˤː<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Approximant<br /> |l<br /> |lʷ<br /> |lʲ<br /> |lˤ<br /> |ɰ<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==== Nuclei ====<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Labial<br /> ! colspan="4" |Coronal<br /> ! colspan="4" |Dorsal<br /> |-<br /> !Plain<br /> !Lab.<br /> !Pal.<br /> !Lar.<br /> !Plain<br /> !Lab.<br /> !Pal.<br /> !Lar.<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Occlusive<br /> !Spread glottis<br /> |ḿ̩<br /> |ń̩<br /> |t̩ʷʰ<br /> |t̩ʲʰ<br /> |t̩ˤʰ<br /> |ŋ̩́<br /> |k̩ʷʰ<br /> |k̩ʲʰ<br /> |k̩ˤʰ<br /> |-<br /> !Constricted glottis<br /> |m̩̀<br /> |ǹ̩<br /> |t̩ʷ<br /> |t̩ʲ<br /> |t̩ˤ<br /> |ŋ̩̀<br /> |k̩ʷ<br /> |k̩ʲ<br /> |k̩ˤ<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Continuant<br /> !Spread glottis<br /> |<br /> |ŕ̩<br /> |s̩ʷʰ<br /> |s̩ʲʰ<br /> |s̩ˤʰ<br /> |<br /> |ó<br /> |é<br /> |á<br /> |-<br /> !Constricted glottis<br /> |<br /> |r̩̀<br /> |s̩ʷ<br /> |s̩ʲ<br /> |s̩ˤ<br /> |<br /> |ò<br /> |è<br /> |à<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Phonotactics ===<br /> <br /> # (C)V<br /> # Geminates can only occur word-medially<br /> # Syllabic obstruents cannot immediately precede a syllabic resonant.<br /> # /n̩/ and /ŋ̩/ cannot be word-intial.<br /> # Syllabic nasals can only be adjacent to vowels or other syllabic nasals.<br /> <br /> === Allophony ===<br /> <br /> # Secondary articulations in onsets are typically contained within the time of articulation of the main articulation. There may be an onglide, but never an offglide.<br /> # Secondary articulations in nuclei very often result in an offglide, which is fricated in the case of aspirated consonants.<br /> # Tenuis syllabic obstruents are geminated.<br /> # /t͡sʷ(ː) sʷ(ː) s̩ʷ(ː) sʲ(ː) s̩ʲ(ː)/ are realized as [t͜s͡ɸ(ː) s͡ɸ(ː) s̩͡ɸ(ː) ɕ(ː) ɕ̩(ː)]<br /> # /e o/ become [ɛ ɔ] following a pharyngealized consonant.<br /> # /a/ becomes [e] after /e/, except when /e/ is [ɛ], then /a/ becomes [ɛ].<br /> # /a/ becomes [o] after /o/, except when /o/ is [ɔ], then /a/ becomes [ɔ].<br /> # /e/ becomes [i] after /e/.<br /> # /o/ becomes [u] after /o/.<br /> # When /t(ː) t͡s(ː) s(ː) l n h/ precede /e/, they become [c(ː) c͡ɕ(ː) ɕ(ː) ɾ ɲ ç] and /e/ becomes [i].<br /> #* /tʲ(ː) t͡sʲ(ː) sʲ(ː) lʲ/ merge with /t(ː) t͡s(ː) s(ː) l/ before /e/.<br /> # When /tʷ(ː) t͡sʷ(ː) sʷ(ː) lʷ/ precede /e/, they become [c(ː) c͡ɕ(ː) ɕ(ː) ɾ] and /e/ becomes [y].<br /> # When /tˤ(ː) t͡sˤ(ː) sˤ(ː) lˤ/ precede /e/, they become [c(ː) c͡ɕ(ː) ɕ(ː) ɾ] and /e/ becomes [ɛ].<br /> # /t(ː) s(ː) l n h/ become [p(ː) s͡ɸ(ː) ⱱ̟ m ʍ] before /o/.<br /> #* /tʷ(ː) sʷ(ː) lʷ/ merge with /t(ː) s(ː) l/ before /o/.<br /> #* /n/ merges with [m] before /o/, but /nː/ remains [nː].<br /> # /tʲ(ː) lʲ/ become [pʲ(ː) ⱱ̟ʲ] before /o/.<br /> # When /tˤ(ː) lˤ/ precede /o/, they become [pˤ(ː) ⱱ̟ˤ] and /o/ becomes [ɔ].<br /> # Word-initial /m̩/ assimilates to the place of articulation of the last phone of the previous word. If it cannot do so, it assimilates to the place of articulation of the following phone. If it cannot do so either, it remains [m̩].<br /> # Word-initial /m̩/ experiences sandhi from the tone of the previous word's final syllable.<br /> # /r̩/ becomes [l̩] when next to a vowel.<br /> # Low tones become falling tones when preceded by only one phonemic high tone.<br /> # High tones become rising tones when preceded by only one phonemic low tone.<br /> # Low tones merge with high tones when preceded by a rising tone<br /> # High tones merge with low tones when preceded by a falling tone<br /> <br /> === Romanization ===<br /> {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"<br /> ! colspan="4" |Onsets<br /> ! colspan="4" |Nuclei<br /> |-<br /> !Phone<br /> !Romanization<br /> !Phone<br /> !Romanization<br /> !Phone<br /> !Romanization<br /> !Phone<br /> !Romanization<br /> |-<br /> ![m]<br /> |m<br /> ![mː]<br /> |mm<br /> ![í]<br /> |i<br /> ![ì]<br /> |ī<br /> |-<br /> ![n]<br /> |n<br /> ![nː]<br /> |nn<br /> ![ý]<br /> |ü<br /> ![ỳ]<br /> |û<br /> |-<br /> ![ɲ]<br /> |nj<br /> !<br /> |<br /> ![é]<br /> |e<br /> ![è]<br /> |ē<br /> |-<br /> ![ŋ]<br /> |ng<br /> !<br /> |<br /> ![ɛ́]<br /> |ë<br /> ![ɛ̀]<br /> |ê<br /> |-<br /> ![p]<br /> |p<br /> ![pː]<br /> |pp<br /> ![á]<br /> |a<br /> ![à]<br /> |ā<br /> |-<br /> ![pʲ]<br /> |pj<br /> ![pʲː]<br /> |ppj<br /> ![ú]<br /> |u<br /> ![ù]<br /> |ū<br /> |-<br /> ![pˤ]<br /> |pg<br /> ![pˤː]<br /> |ppg<br /> ![ó]<br /> |o<br /> ![ò]<br /> |ō<br /> |-<br /> ![t]<br /> |t<br /> ![tː]<br /> |tt<br /> ![ɔ́]<br /> |ö<br /> ![ɔ̀]<br /> |ô<br /> |-<br /> ![tʷ]<br /> |tv<br /> ![tʷː]<br /> |ttv<br /> ![ḿ̩, ḿ̩ʲ, ḿ̩ˤ]<br /> |ym<ref name=":03">⟨y⟩ may optionally be omitted if the syllabic consonant follows a vowel but does not precede one.</ref><br /> ![m̩̀, m̩̀ʲ, m̩̀ˤ]<br /> |’m<br /> |-<br /> ![tʲ]<br /> |tj<br /> ![tʲː]<br /> |ttj<br /> ![ń̩, ń̩ʷ, ń̩ʲ, ń̩ˤ]<br /> |yn<ref name=":03" /><br /> ![ǹ̩, ǹ̩ʷ, ǹ̩ʲ, ǹ̩ˤ]<br /> |’n<br /> |-<br /> ![tˤ]<br /> |tg<br /> ![tˤː]<br /> |ttg<br /> ![ɲ̩́]<br /> |ynj<ref name=":03" /><br /> ![ɲ̩̀]<br /> |’nj<br /> |-<br /> ![c]<br /> |c<br /> ![cː]<br /> |cc<br /> ![ŋ̩́, ŋ̩́ʷ, ŋ̩́ʲ, ŋ̩́ˤ]<br /> |yng<ref name=":03" /><br /> ![ŋ̩̀, ŋ̩̀ʷ, ŋ̩̀ʲ, ŋ̩̀ˤ]<br /> |’ng<br /> |-<br /> ![k]<br /> |k<br /> ![kː]<br /> |kk<br /> ![ŕ̩]<br /> |yr<ref name=":03" /><br /> ![r̩̀]<br /> |’r<br /> |-<br /> ![kʷ]<br /> |kv<br /> ![kʷː]<br /> |kkv<br /> ![ĺ̩]<br /> |yl<ref name=":03" /><br /> ![l̩̀]<br /> |’l<br /> |-<br /> ![kʲ]<br /> |kj<br /> ![kʲː]<br /> |kkj<br /> ![t̩ʷʰ]<br /> |ytv<ref name=":03" /><br /> ![t̩ʷː]<br /> |’tv<br /> |-<br /> ![kˤ]<br /> |kg<br /> ![kˤː]<br /> |kkg<br /> ![t̩ʲʰ]<br /> |ytj<ref name=":03" /><br /> ![t̩ʲː]<br /> |’tj<br /> |-<br /> ![t͡s]<br /> |z<br /> ![t͡sː]<br /> |zz<br /> ![t̩ˤʰ]<br /> |yt<ref name=":03" /><br /> ![t̩ˤː]<br /> |’t<br /> |-<br /> ![t͜s͡ɸ]<br /> |zv<br /> ![t͜s͡ɸː]<br /> |zzv<br /> ![k̩ʷʰ]<br /> |ykv<ref name=":03" /><br /> ![k̩ʷː]<br /> |’kv<br /> |-<br /> ![t͡sʲ]<br /> |zj<br /> ![t͡sʲː]<br /> |zzj<br /> ![k̩ʲʰ]<br /> |ykj<ref name=":03" /><br /> ![k̩ʲː]<br /> |’kj<br /> |-<br /> ![t͡sˤ]<br /> |zg<br /> ![t͡sˤː]<br /> |zzg<br /> ![k̩ˤʰ]<br /> |yk<ref name=":03" /><br /> ![k̩ˤː]<br /> |’k<br /> |-<br /> ![c͡ɕ]<br /> |x<br /> ![c͡ɕː]<br /> |xx<br /> ![s̩͡ɸʰ]<br /> |ysv<ref name=":03" /><br /> ![s̩͡ɸː]<br /> |’sv<br /> |-<br /> ![s]<br /> |s<br /> ![sː]<br /> |ss<br /> ![s̩ˤʰ]<br /> |ys<ref name=":03" /><br /> ![s̩ˤː]<br /> |’s<br /> |-<br /> ![s͡ɸ]<br /> |sv<br /> ![s͡ɸː]<br /> |ssv<br /> ![ɕ̩ʰ]<br /> |ysj<ref name=":03" /><br /> ![ɕ̩ː]<br /> |’sj<br /> |-<br /> ![sˤ]<br /> |sg<br /> ![sˤː]<br /> |ssg<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ![ɕ]<br /> |sj<br /> ![ɕː]<br /> |ssj<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ![ç]<br /> |hj<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ![ʍ]<br /> |hv<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ![h]<br /> |h<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ![ⱱ̟]<br /> |b<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ![ⱱ̟ʲ]<br /> |bj<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ![ⱱ̟ˤ]<br /> |bg<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ![ɾ]<br /> |r<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ![l]<br /> |l<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ![lʷ]<br /> |lv<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ![lʲ]<br /> |lj<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ![lˤ]<br /> |lg<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ![ɰ]<br /> |w<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Vocabulary ===<br /> mākvylo (car) {{Ipa|/màkʷŕ̩ó/ [ma˩kʷl̩˩˥o˥]}}<br /> <br /> haerī (bicycle) {{Ipa|/háélì/ [ha˥e˥ɾi˥˩]}}<br /> <br /> boccü (dog) {{Ipa|/lótʷːé/ [ⱱ̟o˥cːy˥]}}<br /> <br /> mō’kv (person) {{Ipa|/mòk̩ʷː/ [mo˩k̩ːʷ]}}<br /> <br /> akām (dot) {{Ipa|/ákàm̩̀/ [a˥ka˥˩m̩˩]}}<br /> <br /> == Deeplect -B ==<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |PULMONIC<br /> CONSONANTS<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Labial<br /> ! colspan="4" |Alveolar<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Palatal<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Velar<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Pharyngeal<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Glottal<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Plain<br /> ! colspan="2" |Palatal<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Nasal<br /> !plain<br /> |m~w̃<br /> |'''m'''<br /> |n~ɾ̃<br /> |'''n'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɲ~j̃<br /> |'''ny'''<br /> |ŋ~ɰ̃<br /> |'''ng'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !glottal<br /> |ˀm<br /> |'''’m'''<br /> |ˀn<br /> |'''’n'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ˀɲ<br /> |'''’ny'''<br /> |ˀŋ<br /> |'''’ng'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="4" |Plosive<br /> !plain<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |t<br /> |'''t'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |c<br /> |'''c'''<br /> |ɢ<br /> |'''rg'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ʔ<br /> |'''q'''<br /> |-<br /> !aspirated<br /> |b͡pʰ<br /> |'''bp'''<br /> |tʰ d͡tʰ<br /> |'''th dt'''<br /> |tʲʰ d͡tʲʰ<br /> |'''ch dc'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |qʰ ɡ͡kʰ<br /> |'''kh gk'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !ejective<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |tʼ d͡tʼ<br /> |'''t’ dt’'''<br /> |tʲʼ d͡tʲʼ<br /> |'''c’ dc’'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |kʼ ɢ͡qʼ<br /> |'''k’ gk’'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !implosive<br /> |ɓ<br /> |'''b’'''<br /> |ɗ<br /> |'''d’'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ʄ<br /> |'''y’'''<br /> |ɠ<br /> |'''g’'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="3" |Affricate<br /> !plain<br /> |b͡β<br /> |'''bv'''<br /> |d͡z<br /> |'''dz'''<br /> |t͡ɕ<br /> |'''cs'''<br /> |ɟ͡ʝ<br /> |'''yy'''<br /> |k͡x ɡ͡ɣ<br /> |'''kx gx'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !aspirated<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |d͡t͜sʰ<br /> |'''ds'''<br /> |d͡t͜ɕʰ<br /> |'''dcs'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɡ͡k͜xʰ<br /> |'''gkx'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !ejective<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |t͡ɕʼ d͡t͜ɕʼ<br /> |'''cs’ dcs’'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |k͡xʼ ɡ͡k͜xʼ<br /> |'''kx’ gx’'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Fricative<br /> |β<br /> |'''v'''<br /> |ɮ<br /> |'''z'''<br /> |ɕ ɮʲ<br /> |'''s zy'''<br /> |ʝ<br /> |'''hy'''<br /> |x~χ ʁ<br /> |'''x r'''<br /> |ħ<br /> |'''h’'''<br /> |h<br /> |'''h'''<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Glide<br /> |w~b<br /> |'''w'''<br /> |l~d<br /> |'''l'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɰ~ɡ<br /> |'''gh'''<br /> |ʜ<br /> |'''rh'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> p ś ł ṭ ṣ j<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |CLICKS<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Labial<br /> ! colspan="4" |Prealveolar<br /> ! colspan="4" |Postalveolar<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Palatal<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Plain<br /> ! colspan="2" |Lateral<br /> ! colspan="2" |Plain<br /> ! colspan="2" |Lateral<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="3" |Nasal<br /> !plain<br /> |ŋ͡ʘ<br /> |'''mp'''<br /> |ŋ͡ǀ<br /> |'''nś'''<br /> |ŋ͡ǁ<br /> |'''nł'''<br /> |ŋ͡ǃ<br /> |'''nṭ'''<br /> |ŋ͡‼<br /> |'''nṣ'''<br /> |ŋ͡𝼋<br /> |'''nj'''<br /> |-<br /> !aspirated<br /> |ŋ͡ʘʰ<br /> |'''mph'''<br /> |ŋ͡ǀʰ<br /> |'''nśh'''<br /> |ŋ͡ǁʰ<br /> |'''nłh'''<br /> |ŋ͡ǃʰ<br /> |'''nṭh'''<br /> |ŋ͡‼ʰ<br /> |'''nṣh'''<br /> |ŋ͡𝼋ʰ<br /> |'''njh'''<br /> |-<br /> !glottalized<br /> |ŋ͡ʘˀ<br /> |'''mp’'''<br /> |ŋ͡ǀˀ<br /> |'''nś’'''<br /> |ŋ͡ǁˀ<br /> |'''nł’'''<br /> |ŋ͡ǃˀ<br /> |'''nṭ’'''<br /> |ŋ͡‼ˀ<br /> |'''nṣ’'''<br /> |ŋ͡𝼋ˀ<br /> |'''nj’'''<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="5" |Voiceless<br /> !plain<br /> |k͡ʘ<br /> |'''p'''<br /> |k͡ǀ<br /> |'''ś'''<br /> |k͡ǁ<br /> |'''ł'''<br /> |k͡ǃ<br /> |'''ṭ'''<br /> |k͡‼<br /> |'''ṣ'''<br /> |k͡𝼋<br /> |'''j'''<br /> |-<br /> !aspirated<br /> |k͡ʘʰ<br /> |'''ph'''<br /> |k͡ǀʰ<br /> |'''śh'''<br /> |k͡ǁʰ<br /> |'''łh'''<br /> |k͡ǃʰ<br /> |'''ṭh'''<br /> |k͡‼ʰ<br /> |'''ṣh'''<br /> |k͡𝼋ʰ<br /> |'''jh'''<br /> |-<br /> !glottalized<br /> |k͡ʘˀ<br /> |'''p’'''<br /> |k͡ǀˀ<br /> |'''ś’'''<br /> |k͡ǁˀ<br /> |'''ł’'''<br /> |k͡ǃˀ<br /> |'''ṭ’'''<br /> |k͡‼ˀ<br /> |'''ṣ’'''<br /> |k͡𝼋ˀ<br /> |'''j’'''<br /> |-<br /> !delayed release<br /> |ʘ͡kʰ<br /> |'''pk'''<br /> |ǀ͡kʰ<br /> |'''śk'''<br /> |ǁ͡kʰ<br /> |'''łk'''<br /> |ǃ͡kʰ<br /> |'''ṭk'''<br /> |‼͡kʰ<br /> |'''ṣk'''<br /> |𝼋͡kʰ<br /> |'''jk'''<br /> |-<br /> !ejective<br /> |ʘ͡kʼ<br /> |'''pk’'''<br /> |ǀ͡kʼ<br /> |'''śk’'''<br /> |ǁ͡kʼ<br /> |'''łk’'''<br /> |ǃ͡kʼ<br /> |'''ṭk’'''<br /> |‼͡kʼ<br /> |'''ṣk’'''<br /> |𝼋͡kʼ<br /> |'''jk’'''<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="3" |Voiced<br /> !plain<br /> |ɡ͡ʘ<br /> |'''gp'''<br /> |ɡ͡ǀ<br /> |'''gś'''<br /> |ɡ͡ǁ<br /> |'''gł'''<br /> |ɡ͡ǃ<br /> |'''gṭ'''<br /> |ɡ͡‼<br /> |'''gṣ'''<br /> |ɡ͡𝼋<br /> |'''gj'''<br /> |-<br /> !aspirated<br /> |ɡ͡ʘʰ<br /> |'''gph'''<br /> |ɡ͡ǀʰ<br /> |'''gśh'''<br /> |ɡ͡ǁʰ<br /> |'''głh'''<br /> |ɡ͡ǃʰ<br /> |'''gṭh'''<br /> |ɡ͡‼ʰ<br /> |'''gṣh'''<br /> |ɡ͡𝼋ʰ<br /> |'''gjh'''<br /> |-<br /> !glottalized<br /> |ɡ͡ʘˀ<br /> |'''gp’'''<br /> |ɡ͡ǀˀ<br /> |'''gś’'''<br /> |ɡ͡ǁˀ<br /> |'''gł’'''<br /> |ɡ͡ǃˀ<br /> |'''gṭ’'''<br /> |ɡ͡‼ˀ<br /> |'''gṣ’'''<br /> |ɡ͡𝼋ˀ<br /> |'''gj’'''<br /> |}<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> !VOWELS<br /> ! colspan="2" |Front<br /> ! colspan="2" |Central<br /> ! colspan="2" |Back<br /> |-<br /> !Fricated<br /> |i̝<br /> |'''ii'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |u̝<br /> |'''uu'''<br /> |-<br /> !Close<br /> |i~ɪ<br /> |'''i'''<br /> |ʉ<br /> |'''uy'''<br /> |u~ʊ<br /> |'''u'''<br /> |-<br /> !Close-Mid<br /> |e<br /> |'''e'''<br /> |ə ɵ<br /> |'''ẹ oy'''<br /> |o<br /> |'''o'''<br /> |-<br /> !Open-Mid<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɞ<br /> |'''ọy'''<br /> |ɔ<br /> |'''ọ'''<br /> |-<br /> !Open<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |a<br /> |'''a'''<br /> |ɑ<br /> |'''ạ'''<br /> |}<br /> Words can either be monosyllabic and contain contour or level tones, or be polysyllabic and only contain level tones.<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> !TONES<br /> !High<br /> !Mid<br /> !Low<br /> |-<br /> !High<br /> |H<br /> |HM<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Mid<br /> |<br /> |M<br /> |ML<br /> |-<br /> !Low<br /> |<br /> |LM<br /> |L<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Deeplect -A ==<br /> Deeplect -A is intended to create a manner of communication that involves very little complexity, whether that be phonological, grammatical, semantic, or pragmatic, and therefore easy and intuitive to learn from any linguistic background. Words do not take on parts of speech (noun, verb, etc.) or grammatical roles (subject, object, etc.) typical of natural languages. The syntactic structure is based purely on the relationships of emphasized words, unemphasized words, and pauses.<br /> <br /> '''Vocabulary'''<br /> <br /> * small: ki<br /> ** can be used to describe small size, quantity, height, social position, etc.<br /> * big: on<br /> ** can be used to describe large size, quantity, height, social position, etc.<br /> * move: ne<br /> ** can be used to describe living things, fluids, motion, etc.<br /> * stay: at<br /> ** can be used to describe unmoving things, solids, the ground, some locations, etc.<br /> * subject: e (subject of discussion, not gramamtical subject)<br /> * not: su<br /> <br /> '''Syntax'''<br /> <br /> ''u'' = unemphasized word; ''E'' = emphasized word<br /> <br /> * uE: ''u'' performs as a topic, ''E'' performs as a comment modifying the topic.<br /> * Eu: ''E'' performs as a novel topic, ''u'' performs as a comment modifying the novel topic.<br /> * u<sub>1</sub>u<sub>1</sub>: marks plurality<br /> * E<sub>1</sub>E<sub>1</sub>: marks emphasis<br /> * u<sub>1</sub>u<sub>2</sub>/E<sub>1</sub>E<sub>2</sub>: marks addition or comparison depending on context<br /> * Lack of pauses indicate a continuous idea.<br /> * Brief pauses (marked with commas) indicate the beginning of a new idea related to the previous one.<br /> * Medial pauses (marked with periods ) indicate the beginning of a new idea related to the multiple previous ideas. Which previous ideas they are is left up to context.<br /> * Long pauses (marked with elipses) indicate the beginning of an idea unrelates to the previous ones.<br /> <br /> '''Expressions'''<br /> <br /> * Ownership is expressed with "e ON e KI", translating to "This is big and/but that is small." This can also be used to compare sizes or quantities of "this" and "that", depending on context.<br /> ** "e ON KI" translates to "This is big and small."<br /> ** "e on e ki" translates to "This, a big thing, that, and a small thing."<br /> ** "e ON E KI" translates to "This is big, the other thing, and small."<br /> ** "e ON, e KI" translates to "This is big, meanwhile that is small." This is more often used for comparison of the sizes between "this" and "that".<br /> ** "e ON. e KI" translates to "...and this is big. Additionally, that is small."<br /> ** "E on, e KI" translates to "As for this, this is big, and/but that is small."<br /> ** "E on e KI" translates to "As for this, this is big and the other thing. There is also a small thing."<br /> <br /> == Deeplect -9 ==<br /> === Consonant ===<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Consonants<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Bilabial<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Dental<br /> ! colspan="3" |Alveolar<br /> ! colspan="4" |Palatal<br /> ! colspan="6" |Velar<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Laryngeal<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Plain<br /> !Palatal<br /> ! colspan="2" |Plain<br /> ! colspan="2" |Labial<br /> ! colspan="2" |Plain<br /> ! colspan="2" |Palatal<br /> ! colspan="2" |Labial<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Nasal<br /> |m̥<br /> |m<br /> |<br /> |ᵑʇ<br /> |n̥<br /> |n<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɲ<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ŋ̊<br /> |ŋ<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |'''''mh/ṁ'''''<br /> |'''''m'''''<br /> |<br /> |'''''nz'''''<br /> |'''''nh/ṅ'''''<br /> |'''''n'''''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |'''''ny/ņ'''''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |'''''ňh'''''<br /> |'''''ň'''''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="6" |Plosive<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Aspirated<br /> |pʰ<br /> |bʰ<br /> |ᵏʇʰ<br /> |<br /> |tʰ<br /> |dʰ<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɟʰ<br /> |<br /> |ɟʰʷ<br /> |kʰ<br /> |<br /> |kʰʲ<br /> |<br /> |kʰᶣ<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |'''''ph'''''<br /> |'''''bh'''''<br /> |'''''zh'''''<br /> |<br /> |'''''th'''''<br /> |'''''dh'''''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |'''''jh'''''<br /> |<br /> |'''''ǰh'''''<br /> |'''''kh'''''<br /> |<br /> |'''''ķh'''''<br /> |<br /> |'''''ǩh'''''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Plain<br /> |p<br /> |b<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |t<br /> |d<br /> |tɕ<br /> |c<br /> |ɟ<br /> |cʷ<br /> |ɟʷ<br /> |k<br /> |<br /> |kʲ<br /> |<br /> |kᶣ<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |'''''p'''''<br /> |'''''b'''''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |'''''t'''''<br /> |'''''d'''''<br /> |'''''ch'''''<br /> |'''''c'''''<br /> |'''''j'''''<br /> |'''''č'''''<br /> |'''''ǰ'''''<br /> |'''''k'''''<br /> |<br /> |'''''ķ'''''<br /> |<br /> |'''''ǩ'''''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Rhinoglottic<br /> |pʼ<br /> |ᵐb<br /> |ᵏʇˀ<br /> |<br /> |tʼ<br /> |ⁿd<br /> |tɕʼ<br /> |<br /> |ᶮɟ<br /> |<br /> |ᶮɟʷ<br /> |kʼ<br /> |ᵑg<br /> |kʲʼ<br /> |ᵑgʲ<br /> |kᶣʼ<br /> |ᵑgᶣ<br /> |ʔ<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |'''''pp'''''<br /> |'''''nb'''''<br /> |'''''zz'''''<br /> |<br /> |'''''tt'''''<br /> |'''''nd'''''<br /> |'''''cc'''''<br /> |<br /> |'''''jj'''''<br /> |<br /> |'''''nǰ'''''<br /> |'''''kk'''''<br /> |'''''ng'''''<br /> |'''''ḱḱ'''''<br /> |'''''nǵ'''''<br /> |'''''ǩǩ'''''<br /> |'''''nǧ'''''<br /> |'''''<nowiki/>''''''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Fricative<br /> |ɸ<br /> |β<br /> |θ~s̪<br /> |ð~z̪<br /> |s<br /> |<br /> |ʃ<br /> |ç<br /> |ʝ<br /> |çʷ<br /> |ʝʷ<br /> |<br /> |ʁ<br /> |<br /> |ʁʲ<br /> |<br /> |ʁᶣ<br /> |h<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |'''''f'''''<br /> |'''''v'''''<br /> |'''''ç'''''<br /> |'''''z'''''<br /> |'''''s'''''<br /> |<br /> |'''''x'''''<br /> |'''''ś'''''<br /> |'''''ź'''''<br /> |'''''š'''''<br /> |'''''ž'''''<br /> |<br /> |'''''g'''''<br /> |<br /> |'''''ǵ'''''<br /> |<br /> |'''''ǧ'''''<br /> |'''''h'''''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Approximant<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |l̥<br /> |l<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |j<br /> |<br /> |ɥ<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ʕ̞<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |'''''lh'''''<br /> |'''''l'''''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |'''''y'''''<br /> |<br /> |'''''w'''''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |'''''q'''''<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Tap<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɾ̥<br /> |ɾ<br /> |<br /> |ɾ̥ʲ<br /> |ɾʲ<br /> |ɾ̥ᶣ<br /> |ɾᶣ<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |'''''rh'''''<br /> |'''''r'''''<br /> |<br /> |'''''ŕh'''''<br /> |'''''ŕ'''''<br /> |'''''řh'''''<br /> |'''''ř'''''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Trill<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |r̥<br /> |r<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |'''''ŗh'''''<br /> |'''''ŗ'''''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Vowels ===<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! rowspan="3" |Vowels<br /> ! colspan="3" |Front<br /> ! colspan="2" |Central<br /> ! colspan="2" |Back<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Oral<br /> ! colspan="2" |Nasal<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Oral<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Nasal<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Oral<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Nasal<br /> |-<br /> !Unround<br /> !Round<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |High<br /> |i<br /> |ĩ<br /> |ỹ<br /> |ɨ<br /> |ɨ̃<br /> |<br /> |ʊ̃<br /> |-<br /> |'''''i'''''<br /> |'''''ĩ'''''<br /> |'''''ü'''''<br /> |'''''u'''''<br /> |'''''ũ'''''<br /> |<br /> |'''''õ'''''<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Mid<br /> |e<br /> |ẽ<br /> |ø̃<br /> |ɘ<br /> |<br /> |o<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |'''''e'''''<br /> |'''''ẽ'''''<br /> |'''''ö'''''<br /> |'''''ë'''''<br /> |<br /> |'''''o'''''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Low<br /> |ɛ~æ<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɔ~ɑ<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |'''''ä'''''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |'''''a'''''<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Grammar ===<br /> Nouns usually have either feminine or masculine gender. Nouns and proper nouns referring to people can have feminine, masculine, or femasculine. Proper nouns not referring to people are always femasculine. There is some precedent for nouns or proper nouns with the opposite gender that they're supposed to have being used for alternative versions of the original word. This is primarily used in fiction and physics.<br /> <br /> Deeplect -9 has a complex way of marking gender, topic, number, transitivity, specificity, and adjectives that makes them interconnected.<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> !Masc //-bʰi//, //-te//<br /> |-<br /> !Fem //-ⁿd//, //-l//<br /> |-<br /> !Femasc //-bʰiⁿd//, //-tel//<br /> |}<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="3" rowspan="3" |Noun Declensions (''lhaadh'')<br /> ! colspan="4" |Topic within noun phrase<br /> ! colspan="2" |Topic not within noun phrase<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Subject<br /> ! colspan="2" |Object<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Subject<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Object<br /> |-<br /> !Noun Topic<br /> !Adjective Topic<br /> !Noun Topic<br /> !Adjective Topic<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="3" |Generic<br /> | colspan="2" |''lhaadh'' V O<br /> | colspan="2" |V ''lhaadh'' S<br /> |V O ''lhaadh''<br /> |S V ''lhaadh''<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="6" |Singular<br /> ! rowspan="3" |Non-specific<br /> !Masc<br /> |''lhaadte'' V O<br /> |''lhaadbhi'' V O<br /> |V ''lhaachte'' S<br /> |V ''lhaach'' S<br /> |V O ''lhaadhbhi''<br /> |S V ''lhaach''<br /> |-<br /> !Fem<br /> |''lhaadhal'' V O<br /> |''lhaadhand'' V O<br /> |V ''lhaadhol'' S<br /> |V ''lhaadhon'' S<br /> |V O ''lhaadhand''<br /> |S V ''lhaadhon''<br /> |-<br /> !Femasc<br /> |''lhaadtel'' V O<br /> |''lhaadhbhind'' V O<br /> |V ''lhaachontel'' S<br /> |V ''lhaachon'' S<br /> |V O ''lhaadhbhind''<br /> |S V ''lhaachon''<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="3" |Specific<br /> !Masc<br /> |''lhaadte'' V O<br /> |''lhaadbhi'' V O<br /> |V ''lhaadhbhite'' S<br /> |''lhaadbhi'' V O<br /> |V O ''lhaadhbhi''<br /> |S V ''lhaadhbhi''<br /> |-<br /> !Fem<br /> |''lhaadhal'' V O<br /> |''lhaadhand'' V O<br /> |V ''lhaadhandal'' S<br /> |''lhaadhand'' V O<br /> |V O ''lhaadhand''<br /> |S V ''lhaadhand''<br /> |-<br /> !Femasc<br /> |''lhaadtel'' V O<br /> |''lhaadhbhind'' V O<br /> |V ''lhaadhbhindel'' S<br /> |''lhaadhbhind'' V O<br /> |V O ''lhaadhbhind''<br /> |S V ''lhaadhbhind''<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="4" |Plural<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Non-specific<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Specific<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="4" |Distributive<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Non-specific<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Specific<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Verbs<br /> ! colspan="2" |Intransitive<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Transitive<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> !Adjectives<br /> !<br /> !<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> In the following charts, small asterisked words are atypical declensions.<br /> {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Nouns<br /> !Plain<br /> !Fem<br /> !Masc<br /> !Femasc<br /> !Fem Topic<br /> !Masc Topic<br /> !Femasc Topic<br /> !Fem Singular<br /> !Masc Singular<br /> !Femasc Singular<br /> |-<br /> !//Ø//<br /> !//-ⁿd//<br /> !//-bʰi//<br /> !//-bʰiⁿd//<br /> !//-l//<br /> !//-te//<br /> !//-tel//<br /> !//-on//<br /> !//-js//<br /> !//-json//<br /> |-<br /> !friend<br /> |chẽ<br /> |chẽnd<br /> |chẽbhi<br /> |chẽbhind<br /> |chẽl<br /> |chẽte<br /> |chẽtel<br /> |chẽon<br /> |chẽys<br /> |chẽyson<br /> |-<br /> !watermelon<br /> |vilh<br /> |*vilnd<br /> |vilhbhi<br /> |*vilhbhind<br /> |*vill<br /> |vilhte<br /> |*vilhtel<br /> |*vilhon<br /> |vilhx<br /> |*vilhxon<br /> |-<br /> !sun<br /> |ńaṁ<br /> |*ńamnd<br /> |ńaṁbhi<br /> |*ńaṁbhind<br /> |*ńaml<br /> |ńaṁte<br /> |*ńaṁtel<br /> |*ńaṁon<br /> |ńaṁx<br /> |*ńaṁxon<br /> |-<br /> !moon<br /> |ḱḱuŗh<br /> |*ḱḱuŗnd<br /> |ḱḱuŗhbhi<br /> |*ḱḱuŗhbhind<br /> |ḱḱuŗl<br /> |ḱḱuŗhte<br /> |*ḱḱuŗhtel<br /> |*ḱḱuŗhon<br /> |ḱḱuŗhx<br /> |*ḱḱuŗhxon<br /> |-<br /> !day<br /> |ma<br /> |mand<br /> |*mabhi<br /> |*mabhind<br /> |mal<br /> |*mate<br /> |*matel<br /> |maon<br /> |*mays<br /> |*mayson<br /> |-<br /> !night<br /> |bhai<br /> |bhaind<br /> |*bhaibhi<br /> |*bhaibhind<br /> |bhail<br /> |*bhaite<br /> |*bhaitel<br /> |bhaion<br /> |*bhaiys<br /> |*bhaiyson<br /> |-<br /> !day sky<br /> |cĩĩ<br /> |cĩĩnd<br /> |*cĩĩbhi<br /> |*cĩĩbhind<br /> |cĩĩl<br /> |*cĩĩte<br /> |*cĩĩtel<br /> |cĩĩon<br /> |*cĩĩys<br /> |*cĩĩyson<br /> |-<br /> !night sky<br /> |'att<br /> |*'attand<br /> |'attibhi<br /> |*'attibhind<br /> |*'attal<br /> |'atte<br /> |*'attel<br /> |*'atton<br /> |'attis<br /> |*'attison<br /> |-<br /> !cloud<br /> |lhä<br /> |lhänd<br /> |*lhäbhi<br /> |*lhäbhind<br /> |lhäl<br /> |*lhäte<br /> |*lhätel<br /> |lhäon<br /> |*lhäys<br /> |*lhäyson<br /> |-<br /> !paper<br /> |nzũ'<br /> |nzũnd<br /> |*nzũ'bhi<br /> |*nzũ'bhind<br /> |nzũl<br /> |*nzũ'te<br /> |*nzũ'tel<br /> |nzũ'on<br /> |*nzũ'x<br /> |*nzũ'xon<br /> |-<br /> !computer<br /> |zhoto<br /> |*zhotond<br /> |zhotobhi<br /> |*zhotobhind<br /> |*zhotol<br /> |zhotote<br /> |*zhototel<br /> |*zhotoon<br /> |zhotoys<br /> |*zhotoyson<br /> |-<br /> !person<br /> |lhaadh<br /> |lhaadhand<br /> |lhaadhbhi<br /> |lhaadhbhind<br /> |lhaadhal<br /> |lhaadte<br /> |lhaadtel<br /> |lhaadhon<br /> |lhaadhx<br /> |lhaadhxon<br /> |}<br /> {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Verbs<br /> !Intransitive<br /> !Fem Transitive<br /> !Masc Transitive<br /> !Femasc Transitive<br /> |-<br /> !//Ø//<br /> !//-r̥//<br /> !//-ʊ̃//<br /> !//-ʊ̃r̥//<br /> |-<br /> !like<br /> |qad<br /> |qatŗh<br /> |qadõ<br /> |qadõŗh<br /> |-<br /> !want<br /> |chëk<br /> |chëkŗh<br /> |chëkõ<br /> |chëkõŗh<br /> |-<br /> !have<br /> |ṁẽ<br /> |ṁẽŗh<br /> |ṁẽõ<br /> |ṁẽõŗh<br /> |-<br /> !give<br /> |zzõ<br /> |zzõŗh<br /> |zzõõ<br /> |zzõõŗh<br /> |-<br /> !receive/take<br /> |ń'e<br /> |ń'eŗh<br /> |ń'eõ<br /> |ń'eõŗh<br /> |-<br /> !eat/drink<br /> |mäx<br /> |mäxŗh<br /> |mäxõ<br /> |mäxõŗh<br /> |-<br /> !breathe<br /> |ňhim<br /> |ňhimŗh<br /> |ňhimõ<br /> |ňhimõŗh<br /> |-<br /> !say<br /> |ää<br /> |ääŗh<br /> |ääõ<br /> |ääõŗh<br /> |-<br /> !sing<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !go to<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !leave<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Adjectives<br /> !Fem<br /> !Masc<br /> !Femasc<br /> !Fem Topic<br /> !Masc Topic<br /> !Femasc Topic<br /> |-<br /> !//-β//<br /> !//-i//<br /> !//-ɥ//<br /> !//-l//<br /> !//-te//<br /> !//-tel//<br /> |-<br /> !happy<br /> |zzaav<br /> |zzaai<br /> |zzaaw<br /> |zaal<br /> |zzaate<br /> |zaatel<br /> |-<br /> !blue<br /> |ǵëv<br /> |ǵëi<br /> |ǵëw<br /> |ǵël<br /> |ǵëte<br /> |ǵëtel<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Deeplect -8 ==<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> !C<br /> ! colspan="2" |Bilabial<br /> ! colspan="2" |Alveolar<br /> ! colspan="2" |Dorsal<br /> ! colspan="2" |Glottal<br /> !V<br /> !Non-Back<br /> !Back<br /> |-<br /> !Nasal<br /> |{{ipa|m̥}}<br /> |{{ipa|m}}<br /> |{{ipa|n̥}}<br /> |{{ipa|n}}<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|ɲ}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> !Close<br /> |{{ipa|i̞}}<br /> |{{ipa|ɯ}}<br /> |-<br /> !Plosive<br /> |{{ipa|pʰ}}<br /> |{{ipa|bʰ}}<br /> |{{ipa|tʰ}}<br /> |{{ipa|dʰ}}<br /> |{{ipa|kʰ}}<br /> |{{ipa|ɡʰ}}<br /> |{{ipa|ʔ}}<br /> |<br /> !Mid<br /> |{{ipa|ə}}<br /> |{{ipa|o}}<br /> |-<br /> !Fricative<br /> |{{ipa|ɸ}}<br /> |{{ipa|β}}<br /> |{{ipa|ʃ}}<br /> |{{ipa|ʒ}}<br /> |{{ipa|x}}<br /> |{{ipa|ɣ}}<br /> |{{ipa|h}}<br /> |{{ipa|ɦ}}<br /> !Open<br /> |{{ipa|a}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Sonorant<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|w}}<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|ɾ}}<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|j}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> ! colspan="3" |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> * VS̥ʰ VS̬ʰ > V́S̥ V̀S̥ / _%<br /> <br /> (C<sub>1</sub>)V(C<sub>2</sub>)<br /> <br /> * C<sub>1</sub>: any consonant except /ʔ h ɦ/<br /> * V: any vowel<br /> * C<sub>2</sub>: any consonant<br /> <br /> === Transliterations ===<br /> ==== Latin ====<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> !IPA<br /> |{{ipa|m̥}}<br /> |{{ipa|m}}<br /> |{{ipa|n̥}}<br /> |{{ipa|n}}<br /> |{{ipa|ɲ}}<br /> |{{ipa|pʰ}}<br /> |{{ipa|bʰ}}<br /> |{{ipa|tʰ}}<br /> |{{ipa|dʰ}}<br /> |{{ipa|kʰ}}<br /> |{{ipa|ɡʰ}}<br /> |{{ipa|ʔ}}<br /> |{{ipa|ɸ}}<br /> |{{ipa|β}}<br /> |{{ipa|ʃ}}<br /> |{{ipa|ʒ}}<br /> |{{ipa|x}}<br /> |{{ipa|ɣ}}<br /> |{{ipa|h}}<br /> |{{ipa|ɦ}}<br /> |{{ipa|w}}<br /> |{{ipa|ɾ}}<br /> |{{ipa|j}}<br /> |{{ipa|i̞}}<br /> |{{ipa|ɯ}}<br /> |{{ipa|ə}}<br /> |{{ipa|o}}<br /> |{{ipa|a}}<br /> |-<br /> !Romanization<br /> |'''mh'''<br /> |'''m'''<br /> |'''nh'''<br /> |'''n'''<br /> |'''ny'''<br /> |'''p'''<br /> |'''b'''<br /> |'''t'''<br /> |'''d'''<br /> |'''k'''<br /> |'''g'''<br /> |'''c'''<br /> |'''f'''<br /> |'''v'''<br /> |'''s'''<br /> |'''j'''<br /> |'''x'''<br /> |'''q'''<br /> |'''h'''<br /> |'''’'''<br /> |'''w'''<br /> |'''r'''<br /> |'''y'''<br /> |'''i'''<br /> |'''u'''<br /> |'''e'''<br /> |'''o'''<br /> |'''a'''<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==== Kana ====<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> !<br /> !{{ipa|Ø}}<br /> !{{ipa|m̥}}<br /> !{{ipa|m}}<br /> !{{ipa|n̥}}<br /> !{{ipa|n}}<br /> !{{ipa|ɲ}}<br /> !{{ipa|pʰ}}<br /> !{{ipa|bʰ}}<br /> !{{ipa|tʰ}}<br /> !{{ipa|dʰ}}<br /> !{{ipa|kʰ}}<br /> !{{ipa|ɡʰ}}<br /> !{{ipa|ʔ}}<br /> !{{ipa|ɸ}}<br /> !{{ipa|β}}<br /> !{{ipa|ʃ}}<br /> !{{ipa|ʒ}}<br /> !{{ipa|x}}<br /> !{{ipa|ɣ}}<br /> !{{ipa|h}}<br /> !{{ipa|ɦ}}<br /> !{{ipa|w}}<br /> !{{ipa|ɾ}}<br /> !{{ipa|j}}<br /> |-<br /> !{{ipa|i̞}}<br /> |'''い'''<br /> |'''ミ'''<br /> |'''み'''<br /> |'''ニ'''<br /> |'''に'''<br /> |'''にぃ'''<br /> |'''ぴ'''<br /> |'''び'''<br /> |'''ち'''<br /> |'''ぢ'''<br /> |'''き'''<br /> |'''ぎ'''<br /> |<br /> |'''ふぃ'''<br /> |'''ゔぃ'''<br /> |'''し'''<br /> |'''じ'''<br /> |'''キ'''<br /> |'''ギ'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |'''ゐ'''<br /> |'''り'''<br /> |'''いぃ'''<br /> |-<br /> !{{ipa|ɯ}}<br /> |'''う'''<br /> |'''ム'''<br /> |'''む'''<br /> |'''ヌ'''<br /> |'''ぬ'''<br /> |'''にゅ'''<br /> |'''ぷ'''<br /> |'''び'''<br /> |'''つ'''<br /> |'''づ'''<br /> |'''く'''<br /> |'''ぐ'''<br /> |<br /> |'''ふ'''<br /> |'''ゔ'''<br /> |'''しゅ'''<br /> |'''じゅ'''<br /> |'''ク'''<br /> |'''グ'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |'''うぅ'''<br /> |'''る'''<br /> |'''ゆ'''<br /> |-<br /> !{{ipa|ə}}<br /> |'''え'''<br /> |'''メ'''<br /> |'''め'''<br /> |'''ネ'''<br /> |'''ね'''<br /> |'''にぇ'''<br /> |'''ぺ'''<br /> |'''べ'''<br /> |'''て'''<br /> |'''で'''<br /> |'''け'''<br /> |'''げ'''<br /> |<br /> |'''ふぇ'''<br /> |'''ゔぇ'''<br /> |'''しぇ'''<br /> |'''じぇ'''<br /> |'''ケ'''<br /> |'''ゲ'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |'''ゑ'''<br /> |'''れ'''<br /> |'''いぇ'''<br /> |-<br /> !{{ipa|o}}<br /> |'''お'''<br /> |'''モ'''<br /> |'''も'''<br /> |'''ノ'''<br /> |'''の'''<br /> |'''にょ'''<br /> |'''ぽ'''<br /> |'''ぼ'''<br /> |'''と'''<br /> |'''ど'''<br /> |'''こ'''<br /> |'''ご'''<br /> |<br /> |'''ふぉ'''<br /> |'''ゔぉ'''<br /> |'''しょ'''<br /> |'''じょ'''<br /> |'''コ'''<br /> |'''ゴ'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |'''を'''<br /> |'''ろ'''<br /> |'''よ'''<br /> |-<br /> !{{ipa|a}}<br /> |'''あ'''<br /> |'''マ'''<br /> |'''ま'''<br /> |'''ナ'''<br /> |'''な'''<br /> |'''にゃ'''<br /> |'''ぱ'''<br /> |'''ば'''<br /> |'''た'''<br /> |'''だ'''<br /> |'''か'''<br /> |'''が'''<br /> |<br /> |'''ふぁ'''<br /> |'''ゔぁ'''<br /> |'''しゃ'''<br /> |'''じゃ'''<br /> |'''カ'''<br /> |'''ガ'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |'''わ'''<br /> |'''ら'''<br /> |'''や'''<br /> |-<br /> !{{ipa|Ø}}<br /> |<br /> |'''ム゚'''<br /> |'''ム゙'''<br /> |'''ヌ゚'''<br /> |'''ヌ゙'''<br /> |'''ニ゙'''<br /> |'''プ'''<br /> |'''ブ'''<br /> |'''ト'''<br /> |'''ド'''<br /> |'''ク゚'''<br /> |'''ん'''<br /> |'''っ'''<br /> |'''フ'''<br /> |'''ヴ'''<br /> |'''シ'''<br /> |'''ジ'''<br /> |'''ホ'''<br /> |'''ン'''<br /> |'''ゝ'''<br /> |'''ゞ'''<br /> |'''ウ'''<br /> |'''ル'''<br /> |'''イ'''<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Deeplect -7 ==<br /> Deeplect-7 divides words into 3 categories depending on how they can be perceived by the senses: proximal sensation, distal sensation, and general sensation. Deeplect -7-speakers recognize 6 senses in terms of these divisions: sight, sound, smell, taste, touch, and memory. The emotional sense refers to an individual being made to feel an emotion. The memorial sense refers to an individual forming a memory or recalling past memories.<br /> <br /> * Proximal sensation includes things whose perception is limited to a close range:<br /> ** any object by its texture<br /> ** whispering by sound<br /> ** blood by flavor<br /> ** paper by scent<br /> ** small insects by sight<br /> ** a dream by memory<br /> * Distal sensation includes things whose perception is '''not''' limited to a close range:<br /> ** weather by its temperature<br /> ** shouting by sound<br /> ** chocolate by expectation-induced flavor<br /> ** a fart by scent<br /> ** a building by sight<br /> ** a bear at a zoo by memory<br /> * General sensation always includes the conceptualization of an object, and senses that are more strongly associated with the concept of it than the sensation of it. Some objects have no associated sensations with them such as<br /> <br /> Often, what translates to a single word in English is split into two or three words depending on how they are experienced in a sentence.<br /> {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"<br /> ! colspan="4" |Vocabulary List<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Deeplect -7<br /> ! colspan="2" |English<br /> |-<br /> !Word<br /> !IPA<br /> !Translation<br /> !Context<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|[nâˀ]|test=}}<br /> |paper<br /> |general: ''visual, conceptual''<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|[sâˀ]|test=}}<br /> |paper<br /> |distal: ''auditory, memorial''<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|[θâˀ]|test=}}<br /> |paper<br /> |proximal: ''tactile, olfactory, gustatory''<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|[nâˀ]|test=}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|[nâˀ]|test=}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|[nâˀ]|test=}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|[nâˀ]|test=}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|[nâˀ]|test=}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|[nâˀ]|test=}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|[nâˀ]|test=}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|[nâˀ]|test=}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|[nâˀ]|test=}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|[nâˀ]|test=}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|[nâˀ]|test=}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|[nâˀ]|test=}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|[nâˀ]|test=}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|[nâˀ]|test=}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|[nâˀ]|test=}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|[nâˀ]|test=}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Deeplect -6 ==<br /> Every word is 6 morae long.<br /> <br /> == Deeplect -5 ==<br /> === Consonants ===<br /> Deeplect -5 has a small consonant inventory with about half of its consonants being clicks. This small size is made up for in extreme allophony.<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="2" |Consonant<br /> !Labial<br /> !Dental<br /> !Alveolar<br /> !Palatal<br /> !Glottal<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="3" |Pulmonic<br /> !Stop<br /> |p<br /> |<br /> |t<br /> |<br /> |ʔ<br /> |-<br /> !Fricative<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |s<br /> |<br /> |hʲ<br /> |-<br /> !Glide<br /> |w<br /> |<br /> |l<br /> |j<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="3" |Click<br /> !Nasal<br /> |<br /> |ᵑǀ<br /> |ᵑǃ<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Aspirated<br /> |<br /> |ᵏǀʰ<br /> |ᵏǃʰ<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Glottalized<br /> |<br /> |ᵏǀˀ<br /> |ᵏǃˀ<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Vowels ===<br /> X language has two levels of stress: primary and secondary. Primary stress is marked with vowel length and can have a high, low, falling, or rising tone. Secondary stress is marked with either a high or low tone. Primary stress is word-initial, but secondary stress is lexical.<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Vowels<br /> ! colspan="2" |Oral<br /> ! colspan="2" |Nasal<br /> |-<br /> !Front<br /> !Back<br /> !Front<br /> !Back<br /> |-<br /> !Close<br /> |i<br /> |u<br /> |ĩ<br /> |ũ<br /> |-<br /> !Mid<br /> |e<br /> |o<br /> |ẽ<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Open<br /> |<br /> |a<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Phonotactics ===<br /> (C)(G)V(C); C = consonant; G = /t ʔ w j/; Q = click; V = vowel<br /> <br /> # pʔ tʔ > pʼ tʼ<br /> # p t c ʔ s > b d ɟ ʔ̞ z / _{i,e} !{#,C̥}_<br /> # d ǃ > ɟ ǂ / _i<br /> # w l j > m n ɲ / {Ṽ_,_Ṽ}<br /> # n t > ŋ k / _{u,ũ}<br /> # l > ɾ / _{u,o,a}<br /> # V > Ṽ / ᵑQ_<br /> # ᵑǀw ᵑǃj > ᵑʘ ᵑǂ<br /> # hʲ / Ø !_{i,ĩ,e,ẽ}<br /> # QC / Ø !QC=!w<br /> # CCC VVV ṼV VṼ CQ jʔ hʲʔ / Ø<br /> <br /> === Romanization ===<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> !Consonant<br /> ! colspan="8" |Romanization<br /> !Vowel<br /> ! colspan="4" |Romanization<br /> |-<br /> !/p/<br /> ![p]<br /> |p<br /> ![b]<br /> |b<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !/i/<br /> ![i]<br /> |i<br /> ![ĩ]<br /> |i<br /> |-<br /> !/t/<br /> ![t]<br /> |t<br /> ![d]<br /> |d<br /> ![ɟ]<br /> |dj<br /> ![k]<br /> |k<br /> !/ĩ/<br /> ![ĩ]<br /> |in<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !/ʔ/<br /> ![ʔ]<br /> |'<br /> ![ʔ̞]<br /> |'<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !/u/<br /> ![u]<br /> |u<br /> ![ũ]<br /> |u<br /> |-<br /> !/s/<br /> ![s]<br /> |s<br /> ![z]<br /> |z<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !/ũ/<br /> ![ũ]<br /> |un<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !/hʲ/<br /> ![hʲ]<br /> |h<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !/e/<br /> ![e]<br /> |e<br /> ![ẽ]<br /> |e<br /> |-<br /> !/w/<br /> ![w]<br /> |w<br /> ![m]<br /> |m<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !/ẽ/<br /> ![ẽ]<br /> |en<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !/l/<br /> ![l]<br /> |l<br /> ![ɾ]<br /> |r<br /> ![n]<br /> |n<br /> ![ŋ]<br /> |ng<br /> !/o/<br /> ![o]<br /> |o<br /> ![õ]<br /> |o<br /> |-<br /> !/j/<br /> ![j]<br /> |y<br /> ![ɲ]<br /> |nj<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !/a/<br /> ![a]<br /> |a<br /> ![ã]<br /> |a<br /> |-<br /> !/ᵑǀ/<br /> ![ᵑǀ]<br /> |cn<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !Tone<br /> ! colspan="4" |Romanization<br /> |-<br /> !/ᵑǃ/<br /> ![ᵑǃ]<br /> |qn<br /> ![ᵑǂ]<br /> |qny<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !/H/<br /> ![H]<br /> |¯<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !/ᵏǀʰ/<br /> ![ᵏǀʰ]<br /> |ch<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !/L/<br /> ![L]<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !/ᵏǃʰ/<br /> ![ᵏǃʰ]<br /> |qh<br /> ![ᵏǂʰ]<br /> |qh<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !/HL/<br /> ![HL]<br /> |ˋ<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !/ᵏǀˀ/<br /> ![ᵏǀˀ]<br /> |c'<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !/LH<br /> ![LH]<br /> |´<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !/ᵏǃˀ/<br /> ![ᵏǃˀ]<br /> |q'<br /> ![ᵏǂˀ]<br /> |q'<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> ! colspan="5" rowspan="3" |<br /> |-<br /> !/ᵑǀw/<br /> ![ᵑʘ]<br /> |cm<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !/ᵑǃj/<br /> ![ᵑǂ]<br /> |qny<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Deeplect -4.5 ==<br /> This is a naturalistic dialect of Deeplect -4, used for situations where Deeplect -4 would be required to be naturalistic.<br /> <br /> === Consonants ===<br /> All consonants can be lengthened except for /r̥ ɽ͡r ˀɽ/. All velars become palatal or palatalized after front vowels.<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="3" |Consonants<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Labial<br /> ! colspan="4" |Dental<br /> ! colspan="4" |Postalveolar<br /> ! colspan="4" |Velar<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Glottal<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Plain<br /> ! colspan="2" |Glottalized<br /> ! colspan="2" |Plain<br /> ! colspan="2" |Glottalized<br /> ! colspan="2" |Plain<br /> ! colspan="2" |Glottalized<br /> |-<br /> !IPA<br /> !Rom<br /> !IPA<br /> !Rom<br /> !IPA<br /> !Rom<br /> !IPA<br /> !Rom<br /> !IPA<br /> !Rom<br /> !IPA<br /> !Rom<br /> !IPA<br /> !Rom<br /> !IPA<br /> !Rom<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Nasal<br /> |ɱ<br /> |'''m'''<br /> |n<br /> |'''n'''<br /> |ˀn<br /> |'''’n'''<br /> |ɳ<br /> |'''nr'''<br /> |ˀɳ<br /> |'''’nr'''<br /> |ŋ<br /> |'''nj'''<br /> |ˀŋ<br /> |'''’nj'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Plosive<br /> !Voiceless<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |t<br /> |'''t'''<br /> |tʼ<br /> |'''tʼ'''<br /> |ʈ<br /> |'''tr'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |k<br /> |'''k'''<br /> |kʼ<br /> |'''k’'''<br /> |ʔ<br /> |'''’'''<br /> |-<br /> !Voiced<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |d<br /> |'''d'''<br /> |ɗ<br /> |'''d’'''<br /> |ɖ<br /> |'''dr'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |g<br /> |'''g'''<br /> |ɠ<br /> |'''g’'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Affricate<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |t͡s<br /> |'''c'''<br /> |t͡sʼ<br /> |'''c’'''<br /> |t͡ʃ<br /> |'''x'''<br /> |t͡ʃʼ<br /> |'''x’'''<br /> |k͡x<br /> |'''cj'''<br /> |k͡xʼ<br /> |'''cj’'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Fricative<br /> !Voiceless<br /> |f<br /> |'''f'''<br /> |s<br /> |'''s'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ʃ<br /> |'''sr'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |x<br /> |'''sj'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |h<br /> |'''h'''<br /> |-<br /> !Voiced<br /> |v<br /> |'''v'''<br /> |z<br /> |'''z'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ʒ<br /> |'''zr'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɣ<br /> |'''zj'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Approximant<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ð<br /> |'''ð'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Liquid<br /> !Voiceless<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɬ<br /> |'''hl'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |r̥<br /> |'''hr'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Voiced<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |l<br /> |'''l'''<br /> |ˀl<br /> |'''’l'''<br /> |ɽ͡r<br /> |'''rr'''<br /> |ˀɽ<br /> |'''’r'''<br /> |ʟ<br /> |'''lj'''<br /> |ˀʟ<br /> |'''’lj'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Vowels and Tones ===<br /> All vowels have one of four tones: high, low, falling, and rising. Falling and rising tones are closer to the middle range than high or low. High tone is accompanied by preaspiration. On a word-initial vowel, the preaspiration is breathy. The preaspiration is converted into voiceless aspiration on any preceding voiceless consonant, and breathy voice on any preceding voiced consonant. Low tone is accompanied by creaky voice on the vowel.<br /> <br /> Vowels are separated into 2 classes based on their phonotactic behavior and evolutionary history. Class 1 vowels have no phonotactic restrictions other than that they cannot form diphthongs with each other. These vowels originated from the proto-language's 3-vowel system /e a o/.<br /> <br /> Class 2 vowels must be preceded or followed by a consonant, or both, and cannot be adjacent to a Class 1 vowel. Class 2 vowels can form diphthongs with each other. These diphthongs use the same tone system as other vowels. Diphthongs with consonants involve sliding articulation. Class 2 diphthongs cannot be adjacent to each other and adhere to the same restrictions as Class 2 monophthongs. They are excluded from the charts because all Class 2 vowels can form diphthongs (or long vowels) with another and it is not specially notated in romanization.<br /> <br /> There are three romanizations systems for Deeplect -4 which differ in vowel and tone notation. The Vohnegien<ref name=":022">Name created by [[Janus]].</ref> notation prioritized representing historical pronunciation such as syllabic consonants and their descendants being written with an vowel-initial diagraph upon which tones would be marked with diacritics. Vohnegien notation is seen as more outdated by some, but still used by a few scattered Deeplect -4-speaking regions and by linguists.<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="12" |Vohnegien Notation<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="3" |Vowels<br /> ! colspan="6" |Non-labial<br /> ! colspan="4" |Labial<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Extra-Front<br /> ! colspan="2" |Front<br /> ! colspan="2" |Back<br /> ! colspan="2" |Front<br /> ! colspan="2" |Back<br /> |-<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Class 1<br /> !Monophthong<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |e<br /> |'''e'''<br /> |ɤ<br /> |'''y'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |o<br /> |'''o'''<br /> |-<br /> !Diphthong<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |je<br /> |'''ie'''<br /> |ɰɤ<br /> |'''uy'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |wo<br /> |'''uo'''<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="3" |Class 2<br /> !Nasal<br /> |n̩<br /> |'''an'''<br /> |ĩ<br /> |'''in'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɱ̍<br /> |'''am'''<br /> |ũ<br /> |'''un'''<br /> |-<br /> !Close<br /> |l̩<br /> |'''al'''<br /> |i<br /> |'''iy'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |y<br /> |'''iu'''<br /> |ʉ<br /> |'''eu'''<br /> |-<br /> !Open<br /> |r̩<br /> |'''ar'''<br /> |æ<br /> |'''ae'''<br /> |ɑ<br /> |'''ao'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɵ<br /> |'''au'''<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Tones<br /> ! colspan="2" |-H<br /> ! colspan="2" |-L<br /> | colspan="6" rowspan="4" |⟨V⟩ here is used to represent a vowel, not the letter V.<br /> |-<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |H-<br /> |ʰV́<br /> |'''V̄'''<br /> |V̂<br /> |'''V̀'''<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |L-<br /> |V̌<br /> |'''V́'''<br /> |V̰̀<br /> |'''V'''<br /> |}<br /> Gritchend<ref name=":022" /> approached notation from a modern pronunciation in which diacritics are used on consonants to show syllabicity and on vowels to show vowel quality. Gritchend elected to romanize tones with unused consonant letters. Gritchend notation is broadly considered the modern notation of the language and is used in most formal and informal contexts.<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="12" |Gritchend Notation<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="3" |Vowels<br /> ! colspan="6" |Non-labial<br /> ! colspan="4" |Labial<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Extra-Front<br /> ! colspan="2" |Front<br /> ! colspan="2" |Back<br /> ! colspan="2" |Front<br /> ! colspan="2" |Back<br /> |-<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Class 1<br /> !Monophthong<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |e<br /> |'''e'''<br /> |ɤ<br /> |'''y'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |o<br /> |'''o'''<br /> |-<br /> !Diphthong<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |je<br /> |'''ie'''<br /> |ɰɤ<br /> |'''uy'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |wo<br /> |'''uo'''<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="3" |Class 2<br /> !Nasal<br /> |n̩<br /> |'''ń'''<br /> |ĩ<br /> |'''ĩ'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɱ̍<br /> |'''ḿ'''<br /> |ũ<br /> |'''ũ'''<br /> |-<br /> !Close<br /> |l̩<br /> |'''ĺ'''<br /> |i<br /> |'''i'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |y<br /> |'''u'''<br /> |ʉ<br /> |'''ü'''<br /> |-<br /> !Open<br /> |r̩<br /> |'''ŕ'''<br /> |æ<br /> |'''ä'''<br /> |ɑ<br /> |'''a'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɵ<br /> |'''ö'''<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Tones<br /> ! colspan="2" |-H<br /> ! colspan="2" |-L<br /> | colspan="6" rowspan="4" |⟨S⟩ here is used to represent a syllable, not the letter S.<br /> |-<br /> !IPA<br /> !Grit.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Grit.<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |H-<br /> |ʰV́<br /> |'''S'''<br /> |V̂<br /> |'''Sb'''<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |L-<br /> |V̌<br /> |'''Sp'''<br /> |V̰̀<br /> |'''Sq'''<br /> |}<br /> In the interest of avoiding the use of diacritics altogether, Vondenberg<ref name=":022" /> combined the vowel notation of Vohnegien and tone notation of Gritchend. This more modern romanization is most often used in informal text messages and typing with decorative fonts, which often have poor diacritic support.<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="12" |Vondenberg Notation<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="3" |Vowels<br /> ! colspan="6" |Non-labial<br /> ! colspan="4" |Labial<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Extra-Front<br /> ! colspan="2" |Front<br /> ! colspan="2" |Back<br /> ! colspan="2" |Front<br /> ! colspan="2" |Back<br /> |-<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vond.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vond.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vond.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vond.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vond.<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Class 1<br /> !Monophthong<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |e<br /> |'''e'''<br /> |ɤ<br /> |'''y'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |o<br /> |'''o'''<br /> |-<br /> !Diphthong<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |je<br /> |'''ie'''<br /> |ɰɤ<br /> |'''uy'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |wo<br /> |'''uo'''<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="3" |Class 2<br /> !Nasal<br /> |n̩<br /> |'''an'''<br /> |ĩ<br /> |'''in'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɱ̍<br /> |'''am'''<br /> |ũ<br /> |'''un'''<br /> |-<br /> !Close<br /> |l̩<br /> |'''al'''<br /> |i<br /> |'''iy'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |y<br /> |'''iu'''<br /> |ʉ<br /> |'''eu'''<br /> |-<br /> !Open<br /> |r̩<br /> |'''ar'''<br /> |æ<br /> |'''ae'''<br /> |ɑ<br /> |'''ao'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɵ<br /> |'''au'''<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Tones<br /> ! colspan="2" |-H<br /> ! colspan="2" |-L<br /> | colspan="6" rowspan="4" |⟨S⟩ here is used to represent a syllable, not the letter S.<br /> |-<br /> !IPA<br /> !Grit.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Grit.<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |H-<br /> |ʰV́<br /> |'''S'''<br /> |V̂<br /> |'''Sb'''<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |L-<br /> |V̌<br /> |'''Sp'''<br /> |V̰̀<br /> |'''Sq'''<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Deeplect -4 ==<br /> === Consonants ===<br /> All consonants can be lengthened except for /r̥ ɽ͡r ˀɽ/.<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="3" |Consonants<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Labial<br /> ! colspan="4" |Dental<br /> ! colspan="4" |Postalveolar<br /> ! colspan="4" |Palatal<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Glottal<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Plain<br /> ! colspan="2" |Glottalized<br /> ! colspan="2" |Plain<br /> ! colspan="2" |Glottalized<br /> ! colspan="2" |Plain<br /> ! colspan="2" |Glottalized<br /> |-<br /> !IPA<br /> !Rom<br /> !IPA<br /> !Rom<br /> !IPA<br /> !Rom<br /> !IPA<br /> !Rom<br /> !IPA<br /> !Rom<br /> !IPA<br /> !Rom<br /> !IPA<br /> !Rom<br /> !IPA<br /> !Rom<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Nasal<br /> |ɱ<br /> |'''m'''<br /> |n<br /> |'''n'''<br /> |ˀn<br /> |'''’n'''<br /> |ɳ<br /> |'''nr'''<br /> |ˀɳ<br /> |'''’nr'''<br /> |ɲ<br /> |'''nj'''<br /> |ˀɲ<br /> |'''’nj'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Plosive<br /> !Voiceless<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |t<br /> |'''t'''<br /> |tʼ<br /> |'''tʼ'''<br /> |ʈ<br /> |'''tr'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |c<br /> |'''k'''<br /> |cʼ<br /> |'''k’'''<br /> |ʔ<br /> |'''’'''<br /> |-<br /> !Voiced<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |d<br /> |'''d'''<br /> |ɗ<br /> |'''d’'''<br /> |ɖ<br /> |'''dr'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɟ<br /> |'''g'''<br /> |ʄ<br /> |'''g’'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Affricate<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |t͡s<br /> |'''c'''<br /> |t͡sʼ<br /> |'''c’'''<br /> |t͡ʃ<br /> |'''x'''<br /> |t͡ʃʼ<br /> |'''x’'''<br /> |c͡ç<br /> |'''cj'''<br /> |c͡çʼ<br /> |'''cj’'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Fricative<br /> !Voiceless<br /> |f<br /> |'''f'''<br /> |s<br /> |'''s'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ʃ<br /> |'''sr'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ç<br /> |'''sj'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |h<br /> |'''h'''<br /> |-<br /> !Voiced<br /> |v<br /> |'''v'''<br /> |z<br /> |'''z'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ʒ<br /> |'''zr'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ʝ<br /> |'''zj'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Approximant<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ð<br /> |'''ð'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Liquid<br /> !Voiceless<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɬ<br /> |'''hl'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |r̥<br /> |'''hr'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Voiced<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |l<br /> |'''l'''<br /> |ˀl<br /> |'''’l'''<br /> |ɽ͡r<br /> |'''rr'''<br /> |ˀɽ<br /> |'''’r'''<br /> |ʎ<br /> |'''lj'''<br /> |ˀʎ<br /> |'''’lj'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Vowels and Tones ===<br /> All vowels have one of four tones: high, low, falling, and rising. Falling and rising tones are closer to the middle range than high or low. High tone is accompanied by preaspiration. On a word-initial vowel, the preaspiration is breathy. The preaspiration is converted into voiceless aspiration on any preceding voiceless consonant, and breathy voice on any preceding voiced consonant. Low tone is accompanied by creaky voice on the vowel.<br /> <br /> Vowels are separated into 2 classes based on their phonotactic behavior and evolutionary history. Class 1 vowels have no phonotactic restrictions other than that they cannot form diphthongs with each other. These vowels originated from the proto-language's 3-vowel system /e a o/.<br /> <br /> Class 2 vowels must be preceded or followed by a consonant, or both, and cannot be adjacent to a Class 1 vowel. Class 2 vowels can form diphthongs with each other. These diphthongs use the same tone system as other vowels. Diphthongs with consonants involve sliding articulation. Class 2 diphthongs cannot be adjacent to each other and adhere to the same restrictions as Class 2 monophthongs. They are excluded from the charts because all Class 2 vowels can form diphthongs (or long vowels) with another and it is not specially notated in romanization.<br /> <br /> There are three romanizations systems for Deeplect -4 which differ in vowel and tone notation. The Vohnegien<ref name=":022" /> notation prioritized representing historical pronunciation such as syllabic consonants and their descendants being written with an vowel-initial diagraph upon which tones would be marked with diacritics. Vohnegien notation is seen as more outdated by some, but still used by a few scattered Deeplect -4-speaking regions and by linguists.<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="12" |Vohnegien Notation<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="3" |Vowels<br /> ! colspan="6" |Non-labial<br /> ! colspan="4" |Labial<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Extra-Front<br /> ! colspan="2" |Front<br /> ! colspan="2" |Back<br /> ! colspan="2" |Front<br /> ! colspan="2" |Back<br /> |-<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Class 1<br /> !Monophthong<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |e<br /> |'''e'''<br /> |ɤ<br /> |'''y'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |o<br /> |'''o'''<br /> |-<br /> !Diphthong<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |je<br /> |'''ie'''<br /> |ɰɤ<br /> |'''uy'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |wo<br /> |'''uo'''<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="3" |Class 2<br /> !Nasal<br /> |n̩<br /> |'''an'''<br /> |ĩ<br /> |'''in'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɱ̍<br /> |'''am'''<br /> |ũ<br /> |'''un'''<br /> |-<br /> !Close<br /> |l̩<br /> |'''al'''<br /> |i<br /> |'''iy'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |y<br /> |'''iu'''<br /> |ʉ<br /> |'''eu'''<br /> |-<br /> !Open<br /> |r̩<br /> |'''ar'''<br /> |æ<br /> |'''ae'''<br /> |ɑ<br /> |'''ao'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɵ<br /> |'''au'''<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Tones<br /> ! colspan="2" |-H<br /> ! colspan="2" |-L<br /> | colspan="6" rowspan="4" |⟨V⟩ here is used to represent a vowel, not the letter V.<br /> |-<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |H-<br /> |ʰV́<br /> |'''V̄'''<br /> |V̂<br /> |'''V̀'''<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |L-<br /> |V̌<br /> |'''V́'''<br /> |V̰̀<br /> |'''V'''<br /> |}<br /> Gritchend<ref name=":022" /> approached notation from a modern pronunciation in which diacritics are used on consonants to show syllabicity and on vowels to show vowel quality. Gritchend elected to romanize tones with unused consonant letters. Gritchend notation is broadly considered the modern notation of the language and is used in most formal and informal contexts.<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="12" |Gritchend Notation<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="3" |Vowels<br /> ! colspan="6" |Non-labial<br /> ! colspan="4" |Labial<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Extra-Front<br /> ! colspan="2" |Front<br /> ! colspan="2" |Back<br /> ! colspan="2" |Front<br /> ! colspan="2" |Back<br /> |-<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Class 1<br /> !Monophthong<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |e<br /> |'''e'''<br /> |ɤ<br /> |'''y'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |o<br /> |'''o'''<br /> |-<br /> !Diphthong<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |je<br /> |'''ie'''<br /> |ɰɤ<br /> |'''uy'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |wo<br /> |'''uo'''<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="3" |Class 2<br /> !Nasal<br /> |n̩<br /> |'''ń'''<br /> |ĩ<br /> |'''ĩ'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɱ̍<br /> |'''ḿ'''<br /> |ũ<br /> |'''ũ'''<br /> |-<br /> !Close<br /> |l̩<br /> |'''ĺ'''<br /> |i<br /> |'''i'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |y<br /> |'''u'''<br /> |ʉ<br /> |'''ü'''<br /> |-<br /> !Open<br /> |r̩<br /> |'''ŕ'''<br /> |æ<br /> |'''ä'''<br /> |ɑ<br /> |'''a'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɵ<br /> |'''ö'''<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Tones<br /> ! colspan="2" |-H<br /> ! colspan="2" |-L<br /> | colspan="6" rowspan="4" |⟨S⟩ here is used to represent a syllable, not the letter S.<br /> |-<br /> !IPA<br /> !Grit.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Grit.<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |H-<br /> |ʰV́<br /> |'''S'''<br /> |V̂<br /> |'''Sb'''<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |L-<br /> |V̌<br /> |'''Sp'''<br /> |V̰̀<br /> |'''Sq'''<br /> |}<br /> In the interest of avoiding the use of diacritics altogether, Vondenberg<ref name=":022" /> combined the vowel notation of Vohnegien and tone notation of Gritchend. This more modern romanization is most often used in informal text messages and typing with decorative fonts, which often have poor diacritic support.<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="12" |Vondenberg Notation<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="3" |Vowels<br /> ! colspan="6" |Non-labial<br /> ! colspan="4" |Labial<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Extra-Front<br /> ! colspan="2" |Front<br /> ! colspan="2" |Back<br /> ! colspan="2" |Front<br /> ! colspan="2" |Back<br /> |-<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vond.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vond.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vond.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vond.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vond.<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Class 1<br /> !Monophthong<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |e<br /> |'''e'''<br /> |ɤ<br /> |'''y'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |o<br /> |'''o'''<br /> |-<br /> !Diphthong<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |je<br /> |'''ie'''<br /> |ɰɤ<br /> |'''uy'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |wo<br /> |'''uo'''<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="3" |Class 2<br /> !Nasal<br /> |n̩<br /> |'''an'''<br /> |ĩ<br /> |'''in'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɱ̍<br /> |'''am'''<br /> |ũ<br /> |'''un'''<br /> |-<br /> !Close<br /> |l̩<br /> |'''al'''<br /> |i<br /> |'''iy'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |y<br /> |'''iu'''<br /> |ʉ<br /> |'''eu'''<br /> |-<br /> !Open<br /> |r̩<br /> |'''ar'''<br /> |æ<br /> |'''ae'''<br /> |ɑ<br /> |'''ao'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɵ<br /> |'''au'''<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Tones<br /> ! colspan="2" |-H<br /> ! colspan="2" |-L<br /> | colspan="6" rowspan="4" |⟨S⟩ here is used to represent a syllable, not the letter S.<br /> |-<br /> !IPA<br /> !Grit.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Grit.<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |H-<br /> |ʰV́<br /> |'''S'''<br /> |V̂<br /> |'''Sb'''<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |L-<br /> |V̌<br /> |'''Sp'''<br /> |V̰̀<br /> |'''Sq'''<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Deeplect -3 ==<br /> === Consonants ===<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Non-Click Consonant<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Bilabial<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Dental<br /> ! colspan="2" |Alveolar<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Palatal<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Velar/Uvular<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Laryngeal<br /> |-<br /> !Plain<br /> !Fricated<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="4" |Stop<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Plain<br /> |p '''p'''<br /> |t͡θ '''th'''<br /> |t '''t'''<br /> |t͡s '''ts'''<br /> |t͡ʃ '''ch'''<br /> |k '''c'''<br /> |ʡ '''q'''<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |d '''d'''<br /> |d͡z '''dz'''<br /> |d͡ʒ '''gh'''<br /> |g '''g'''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Glottalized<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |t͡s’ '''ts’'''<br /> |t͡ʃʼ '''ch’'''<br /> |kʼ '''c’'''<br /> |ʔˤ '''q’'''<br /> |-<br /> |ɓ '''b’'''<br /> |<br /> |ɗ '''d’'''<br /> |<br /> |ʄ '''gh’'''<br /> |ɠ '''g’'''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="3" |Fricative<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Plain<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |s '''s'''<br /> |ʃ '''š'''<br /> |χ '''x'''<br /> |ħ '''h'''<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ʒ '''ž'''<br /> |<br /> |ʕ '''ǧ'''<br /> |-<br /> !Glottalized<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ʃʼ '''š’'''<br /> |χʼ '''x’'''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Nasal<br /> |m '''m'''<br /> |n '''n'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ŋ '''ň'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Sonorant<br /> |β̞ '''v'''<br /> |lː '''l'''<br /> |r '''r'''<br /> |r̝ '''rz'''<br /> |j '''y'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==== Allophony ====<br /> <br /> * /t͡ʃ d͡ʒ t͡ʃʼ ʄ k ɡ kʼ ɠ/ become [k͡x g͡ɣ k͡xʼ ɠ q ɢ qʼ ʛ] before low or back vowels.<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Click Consonant<br /> ! colspan="2" |Bilabial<br /> ! colspan="2" |Dental<br /> ! colspan="2" |Alveolar<br /> ! colspan="2" |Lateral<br /> ! colspan="2" |Palatal<br /> |-<br /> !Velar<br /> !Uvular<br /> !Velar<br /> !Uvular<br /> !Velar<br /> !Uvular<br /> !Velar<br /> !Uvular<br /> !Velar<br /> !Uvular<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="3" |Nasal<br /> !Fricated<br /> |ŋʘʰ '''mwh'''<br /> |ɴʘχ '''mwx'''<br /> |ŋǀʰ '''nzh'''<br /> |ɴǀχ '''nzx'''<br /> |ŋǃʰ '''nkh'''<br /> |ɴǃχ '''nkx'''<br /> |ŋǁʰ '''nllh'''<br /> |ɴǁχ '''nllx'''<br /> |ŋǂʰ '''njh'''<br /> |ɴǂχ '''njx'''<br /> |-<br /> !Plain<br /> |ŋʘ '''mw'''<br /> |ɴʘ '''wm'''<br /> |ŋǀ '''nz'''<br /> |ɴǀ '''zn'''<br /> |ŋǃ '''nk'''<br /> |ɴǃ '''kn'''<br /> |ŋǁ '''nll'''<br /> |ɴǁ '''lln'''<br /> |ŋǂ '''nj'''<br /> |ɴǂ '''jn'''<br /> |-<br /> !Ploded<br /> |ŋʘˀ '''mw’'''<br /> |ɴʘq '''mwq'''<br /> |ŋǀˀ '''nz’'''<br /> |ɴǀq '''nzq'''<br /> |ŋǃˀ '''nk’'''<br /> |ɴǃq '''nkq'''<br /> |ŋǁˀ '''nll’'''<br /> |ɴǁq '''nllq'''<br /> |ŋǂˀ '''nj’'''<br /> |ɴǂq '''njq'''<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="9" |Oral<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Affricate<br /> |ʘk͡x '''wch'''<br /> |qʘχ '''wx'''<br /> |ǀk͡x '''zch'''<br /> |qǀχ '''zx'''<br /> |ǃk͡x '''kch'''<br /> |qǃχ '''kx'''<br /> |ǁk͡x '''llch'''<br /> |qǁχ '''llx'''<br /> |ǂk͡x '''jch'''<br /> |qǂχ '''jx'''<br /> |-<br /> |gʘx '''gwx'''<br /> |<br /> |gǀx '''gzx'''<br /> |<br /> |gǃx '''gkx'''<br /> |<br /> |gǁx '''gllx'''<br /> |<br /> |gǂx '''gjx'''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Aspirated<br /> |kʘʰ '''wh'''<br /> |<br /> |kǀʰ '''zh'''<br /> |<br /> |kǃʰ '''kh'''<br /> |<br /> |kǁʰ '''llh'''<br /> |<br /> |kǂʰ '''jh'''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |gʘʱ '''gwh'''<br /> |<br /> |gǀʱ '''gzh'''<br /> |<br /> |gǃʱ '''gkh'''<br /> |<br /> |gǁʱ '''gllh'''<br /> |<br /> |gǂʱ '''gjh'''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Plain<br /> |kʘ '''cw'''<br /> |ʘq '''wq'''<br /> |kǀ '''cz'''<br /> |ǀq '''zq'''<br /> |kǃ '''ck'''<br /> |ǃq '''kq'''<br /> |kǁ '''cll'''<br /> |ǁq '''llq'''<br /> |kǂ '''cj'''<br /> |ǂq '''jq'''<br /> |-<br /> |gʘ '''gw'''<br /> |ʘɢ '''wg'''<br /> |gǀ '''gz'''<br /> |ǀɢ '''zg'''<br /> |gǃ '''gk'''<br /> |ǃɢ '''kg'''<br /> |gǁ '''gll'''<br /> |ǁɢ '''llg'''<br /> |gǂ '''gj'''<br /> |ǂɢ '''jg'''<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Glottalized<br /> |kʘˀ '''w’'''<br /> |<br /> |kǀˀ '''z’'''<br /> |<br /> |kǃˀ '''k’'''<br /> |<br /> |kǁˀ '''ll’'''<br /> |<br /> |kǂˀ '''j’'''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |gkʘˀ '''gcw’'''<br /> |ɢqʘˀ '''gqw’'''<br /> |gkǀˀ '''gcz’'''<br /> |ɢqǀˀ '''gqz’'''<br /> |gkǃˀ '''gck’'''<br /> |ɢqǃˀ '''gqk’'''<br /> |gkǁˀ '''gcll’'''<br /> |ɢqǁˀ '''gqll’'''<br /> |gkǂˀ '''gcj’'''<br /> |ɢqǂˀ '''gqj’'''<br /> |-<br /> !Ejective<br /> |ʘkʼ '''wc’'''<br /> |ʘqʼ '''wq’'''<br /> |ǀkʼ '''zc’'''<br /> |ǀqʼ '''zq’'''<br /> |ǃkʼ '''kc’'''<br /> |ǃqʼ '''kq’'''<br /> |ǁkʼ '''llc’'''<br /> |ǁqʼ '''llq’'''<br /> |ǂkʼ '''jc’'''<br /> |ǂqʼ '''jq’'''<br /> |}<br /> An apostrophe is placed between grapheme clusters that may be confused with whole graphemes, e.g. ⟨amwha⟩ is /a.ŋʘʰa/ and ⟨am’wha⟩ is /am.kʘʰa/.<br /> <br /> === Vowels ===<br /> The vowel qualities are /i u e o a ã/ ⟨i u e o a ã⟩, with the long vowels /iː uː ɛː ɔː ɑː ãː/ ⟨ī ū ē ō ā ãa⟩ and overlong vowels /iːː uːː eːːː oːːː aːːː ãːːː/ ⟨ii uu ee oo aa ãā⟩.<br /> <br /> The possible diphthongs are /ei eo oe oi ou oa ue ua ai ae au ao oã uã ãi ãe ãu ão/.<br /> <br /> Phonations include modal, breathy ⟨◌h⟩, creaky ⟨◌’⟩, (all three of which can be pharyngealized ⟨◌·⟩), and strident ⟨◌ħ⟩. A long vowels and diphthongs can contain more than one phonation, but short and overlong vowels cannot.<br /> <br /> All vowels can be -ATR or +ATR ⟨◌y⟩, corresponding to tongue root harmony. This harmony can change voiceless plain stops to breathy stops (except /p/ which becomes [b]). It is a progressive harmony that begins from the start of a root word and is blocked by ejective and uvular consonants. +ATR is only romanized on the first vowel of a root word.<br /> <br /> ==== Allophony ====<br /> <br /> * Vowels are nasalized whenever adjacent to nasal phonemes. /ã/ merges with /a/, so ⟨ã⟩ is not used adjacent to nasal phonemes.<br /> <br /> == Deeplect -2 ==<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Labiodental<br /> ! colspan="4" |Dental<br /> ! colspan="4" |Alveolar<br /> ! colspan="4" |Palatal<br /> ! colspan="4" |Uvular<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Epiglottal<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Plain<br /> ! colspan="2" |Labial<br /> ! colspan="2" |Plain<br /> ! colspan="2" |Labial<br /> ! colspan="2" |Plain<br /> ! colspan="2" |Labial<br /> ! colspan="2" |Plain<br /> ! colspan="2" |Labial<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Nasal<br /> |{{ipa|ɱ}}<br /> |'''m'''<br /> |{{ipa|n̪}}<br /> |'''’n'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|n}}<br /> |'''n'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|ɲ}}<br /> |'''nj'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|ɴ}}<br /> |'''ng'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="3" |Plosive<br /> !Tense<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|ʔ͡d̪̊}}<br /> |'''’t'''<br /> |{{ipa|ʔ͡d̪̊ʷ}}<br /> |'''’tw'''<br /> |{{ipa|ʔ͡d̥}}<br /> |'''t'''<br /> |{{ipa|ʔ͡d̥ʷ}}<br /> |'''tw'''<br /> |{{ipa|ʔ͡ɟ̊}}<br /> |'''c'''<br /> |{{ipa|ʔ͡ɟ̊ʷ}}<br /> |'''cw'''<br /> |{{ipa|ʔ͡ɢ̥}}<br /> |'''k'''<br /> |{{ipa|ʔ͡ɢ̥ʷ}}<br /> |'''kw'''<br /> |{{ipa|ʡ}}<br /> |'''q'''<br /> |-<br /> !Lax<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|d̪𐞖}}<br /> |'''’dh'''<br /> |{{ipa|d̪𐞖ʷ}}<br /> |'''’dhw'''<br /> |{{ipa|d𐞖}}<br /> |'''dh'''<br /> |{{ipa|d𐞖ʷ}}<br /> |'''dhw'''<br /> |{{ipa|ɟ𐞖}}<br /> |'''jh'''<br /> |{{ipa|ɟ𐞖ʷ}}<br /> |'''jhw'''<br /> |{{ipa|ɢ𐞖}}<br /> |'''gh'''<br /> |{{ipa|ɢ𐞖ʷ}}<br /> |'''ghw'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Voiced<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|d̪}}<br /> |'''’d'''<br /> |{{ipa|d̪ʷ}}<br /> |'''’nw'''<br /> |{{ipa|d}}<br /> |'''d'''<br /> |{{ipa|dʷ}}<br /> |'''dw'''<br /> |{{ipa|ɟ}}<br /> |'''j'''<br /> |{{ipa|ɟʷ}}<br /> |'''jw'''<br /> |{{ipa|ɢ}}<br /> |'''g'''<br /> |{{ipa|ɢʷ}}<br /> |'''gw'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Fricative<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|ð}}<br /> |'''ð'''<br /> |{{ipa|ðʷ}}<br /> |'''ðw'''<br /> |{{ipa|z}}<br /> |'''z'''<br /> |{{ipa|zʷ}}<br /> |'''zw'''<br /> |{{ipa|ʝ}}<br /> |'''y'''<br /> |{{ipa|ʝʷ}}<br /> |'''yw'''<br /> |{{ipa|ʁ}}<br /> |'''x'''<br /> |{{ipa|ʁʷ}}<br /> |'''xw'''<br /> |{{ipa|ʜ}}<br /> |'''h'''<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Vibrant<br /> |{{ipa|ⱱ}}<br /> |'''v'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|r}}<br /> |'''r'''<br /> |{{ipa|rʷ}}<br /> |'''rw'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Lateral<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|l̪}}<br /> |'''’l'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|l}}<br /> |'''l'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|ʎ}}<br /> |'''lj'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|ʟ}}<br /> |'''lg'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! rowspan="2" |<br /> ! colspan="4" |Front<br /> ! colspan="4" |Non-Front<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |High<br /> ! colspan="2" |Low<br /> ! colspan="2" |High<br /> ! colspan="2" |Low<br /> |-<br /> !Close<br /> |{{ipa|í}}<br /> |'''í'''<br /> |{{ipa|ì}}<br /> |'''i'''<br /> |{{ipa|ɨ́}}<br /> |'''ú'''<br /> |{{ipa|ɨ̀}}<br /> |'''u'''<br /> |-<br /> !Close-Mid<br /> |{{ipa|é}}<br /> |'''é'''<br /> |{{ipa|è}}<br /> |'''e'''<br /> |{{ipa|ɘ́}}<br /> |'''ó'''<br /> |{{ipa|ɘ̀}}<br /> |'''o'''<br /> |-<br /> !Open<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|ɐ́}}<br /> |'''á'''<br /> |{{ipa|ɐ̀}}<br /> |'''a'''<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Deeplect -1 ==<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="3" |Grammar<br /> !<br /> |-<br /> !Gloss<br /> !IPA<br /> !Description<br /> !Examples<br /> |-<br /> !CAUS.GNO<br /> |jɾa-<br /> |''production, resultation, consequence (gnomic and nouns)''<br /> |kesˈteltɔ jɾaˈmiawa (earth brings life)<br /> |-<br /> !CAUS<br /> |ko-<br /> |''caused (tense, verbs only)''<br /> |kes'teltɔ koˈmiawe̤ (earth is causing life to exist)<br /> |-<br /> !MOA<br /> | -a,ɔ > -e̤<br /> |''verbalizer (motion of agent, MOA). MOA verbs receive an adverb? auxiliary verb? after, showing the precise action taking place if it isn't clear from the primary verb (it would be clear if the prim. verb was "to go to" but not if it's "to water"). unclear primary verbs used without secondary verbs are said to simply "be occuring" or "be existing".''<br /> |ˈbiːje̤ (approaching water)<br /> kesˈtelte̤ (kicking the ground)<br /> |-<br /> !MOS<br /> | -a,ɔ > -ʕu<br /> |''verbalizer (motion of secondary thing, MOS). MOS places the object after the verb. objects and "secondary verbs" (referenced above) do not differ in marking''<br /> |ˈbiːjʕu (splashing water on someone/watering something)<br /> kesˈteltʕu (kicking dirt at something/someone)<br /> |-<br /> !MOP<br /> | -a,ɔ > -a(ʕim)<br /> |''verbalizer (motion of patient, MOP). MOP places its object before the verb. -ʕim is only added for formality, emphasis, or syntactic disambiguation.''<br /> |ˈbiːja(ʕim) ~ spraying water around<br /> kesˈtela(ʕim) ~ kicking up dirt<br /> |}<br /> whether a verb is conjugated to MOA/MOS/MOP is determined by which action the speaker wants to focus on the most, even though usually 2 or 3 of them will be actually occuring<br /> <br /> topic pronouns (marked for person, number, and obviation) are clitics that attach to a particle with some of their grammatical information (cases).<br /> <br /> # 1P.SG.OBV1 ~ ũ=<br /> # 1P.SG.OBV2 ~ nã=<br /> # 1P.SG.OBV3 ~ ˈdeu=<br /> # 2P.SG.OBV1 ~ in=<br /> # 2P.SG.OBV2 ~ ja̤=<br /> # 2P.SG.OBV3 ~ tḛːŋ=<br /> # 3P.SG.OBV1 ~ ki=<br /> # 3P.SG.OBV2 ~ ɾḛj=<br /> # 3P.SG.OBV3 ~ aːn=<br /> # 1P.PL.INCL ~ eˈdo=<br /> # 1P.PL.EXCL ~ kʼe=<br /> # 2P.PL.INCL ~ ˈkimi=<br /> # 2P.PL.EXCL ~ ˈhuku=<br /> # 3P.PL.OBV1 ~ sto=<br /> # 3P.PL.OBV2 ~ ˈmihi=<br /> # 3P.PL.OBV3 ~ aˈdoː=<br /> # REFL ~ pi<br /> #* used in stuff like drinking(MOS), eating(MOS), etc.<br /> # nominative ~ i<br /> # vocative ~ -ʃa̤,ja̤/i'ja̤<br /> # benefactive ~ -(ɾ)e/ri<br /> # malefactive ~ -ḛːse/ḛːse<br /> # dative ~ -ãw/ŋaw<br /> # commitative ~ -(k,ɡ,ʼ)iː/kiː<br /> # instrumental ~ -(s,z)ãʰː/zãʰː<br /> # other case particles can be derived using class-less variants of words, which can get prefixed to a non-topic noun<br /> <br /> * sometimes the particle may be used alone instead of the pronoun clitic.<br /> * the pronoun clitic can be attached to a word to show stronger volition toward that aspect of the action described in the sentence (i.e. TOP=[verb] for showing stronger intent for the action than the object, or TOP=[object] for the opposite). stronger volition toward one aspect often implies weaker volition or intent toward the rest (TOP=[verb] may imply accidentally affecting the object, and TOP=[object] may imply accidentally performing the action, but meaning to do something to the object).<br /> * both or either of the pronoun clitic and particle may be omitted. omission only occurs in the event of redundance.<br /> * there is a subject case particle.<br /> * other NPs are listed in the beginning of the sentence in order of decreasing relevance. their cases (and conjunctions) are expressed in affixes, not a particle.<br /> <br /> * every part of speech has its own set of classes (they do not correspond to each other).<br /> * modifiers are added by affixing the modifiee's class suffix and changing the modifiee's suffix to -aː (this assumes all classes affixes will be suffixes but maybe i wont do that)<br /> *# kesˈteltɔ ''modified by'' beˈʔaɾa (cooled lava ground) > kesˈtelt'''-ɔ''' beˈʔa-ɾa > kesˈtelt-aː beˈʔa-ɾa'''-ɔ''' > kesˈteltaː beˈʔaɔ<br /> * noun classes (suffixes and prefixes):<br /> <br /> # -a, -ɔ ~ fluid, changing (animals, thoughts, breath, wind, clothing, some gods)<br /> # -ɾa ~ dangerous (lava, fire, poisonous food, weapon used, some gods)<br /> # zũː- ~ machinery (car, computer, lock, some weapons merely existing)<br /> # kʰ- ~ valuable natural item (diamond, gold, ivory)<br /> # tʰe- ~ material for use (wood, paper, ink, glue, metal, cloth)<br /> # -ʔiː ~ natural (plants, sun, moon, dirt, some gods)<br /> # -nõ ~ human, human-related concept, or thing altered by humanity (person, domesticated animals, weapon created, gods from secular perspective)<br /> <br /> * verb classes (suffixes):<br /> <br /> # -e ~<br /> # -l ~<br /> # -a ~<br /> <br /> * adjective/adverb classes (prefixes):<br /> * ''unmarked'' ~ quality<br /> * xe- ~ identity<br /> * o- ~ relation<br /> * adposition classes (suffixes):<br /> <br /> * when creating a phrase or description, go with more actually-occurs options before hypothetical or culturally-specific ones (i.e. kesˈteltaː beˈʔaɾɔ is a ground of cooled lava, not the ground being molten lava as is pretended in the game "the floor is lava", since the former is more likely to be used in a real situation than the latter)<br /> <br /> kesˈtelt'''ɔ''' ~ earth<br /> <br /> ˈbiːj'''a''' ~ water<br /> <br /> kṵː'''ɾa''' ~ fire<br /> <br /> ˈmiaw'''a''' ~ life<br /> <br /> ˈ'''zũː'''kũː ~ metal, mechanical<br /> <br /> ˈ'''kʰ'''uːihu ~ gold<br /> <br /> beˈʔa'''ɾa''' ~ lava<br /> <br /> ˈ'''tʰe'''ːsʼaː ~ wood<br /> <br /> liˈ'''ʔiː''' ~ plant<br /> <br /> oˈŋãi'''nõ''' ~ human<br /> <br /> eˈumĩ'''a''' ~ love<br /> <br /> çiː'''a''' ~ emotion(s)<br /> <br /> xkiˈ'''ʔiː''' ~ think, mind<br /> <br /> ˈ'''tʰe'''nũː ~ paper<br /> <br /> '''tʰe'''ˈʔjul ~ ink<br /> <br /> ˈ'''zũː'''mãi ~ pen<br /> <br /> he ~ move to<br /> <br /> iːl ~ move at/in<br /> <br /> ɬaː ~ express, release, secrete<br /> <br /> ˈtʰeŋ'''ʔiː''' ~ visible attribute<br /> <br /> kɔʔj'''ɔ''' ~ color, shadow, brightness, angle<br /> <br /> tḛjjɔ ~ red, hot pink, orange, brown, violet<br /> <br /> vɾiː ~ yellow, orange, lime, beige, white, pink<br /> <br /> ħaːn ~ green, lime, evergreen<br /> <br /> ˈijaɲ ~ cyan, mint<br /> <br /> ˈṳba ~ blue, indigo, purple, black<br /> <br /> naːˈħal ~ dark yellow, muddy green<br /> <br /> ħũːe ~ correct, factual, verified, verifiable<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <references /></div>

Suqi https://mc.nguh.org/w/index.php?title=Trace_Deeplects_2&diff=39607 Trace Deeplects 2 2026-05-06T20:31:55Z

<p>Suqi: Created page with "Im making this page because Trace Deeplects crashes every time I edit it now. == Deeplect -F == Pink: onset only Blue: word-medial onset only Uncolored: any position {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="2" | !Bilabial !Alveolar !Palatal !Velar !Uvular |- ! rowspan="2" |Plosive !Voiceless | | | | style="background-color: #fde" |ŋ̊ nh | |- !Voiced |m m |n n | |ŋ g |ɴ gu |- ! rowspan="2" |Plosive !Aspirated | | | | style="background-color: #fde" |kʰ kh | |- !Tenuis |..."</p> <hr /> <div>Im making this page because [[Trace Deeplects]] crashes every time I edit it now.<br /> <br /> == Deeplect -F ==<br /> Pink: onset only<br /> <br /> Blue: word-medial onset only<br /> <br /> Uncolored: any position<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="2" |<br /> !Bilabial<br /> !Alveolar<br /> !Palatal<br /> !Velar<br /> !Uvular<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Plosive<br /> !Voiceless<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> | style="background-color: #fde" |ŋ̊ nh<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Voiced<br /> |m m<br /> |n n<br /> |<br /> |ŋ g<br /> |ɴ gu<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Plosive<br /> !Aspirated<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> | style="background-color: #fde" |kʰ kh<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Tenuis<br /> |<br /> | style="background-color: #def" |t t<br /> |<br /> | style="background-color: #fde" |k k<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Affricate<br /> |<br /> |<br /> | style="background-color: #def" |dʑʱ j<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Fricative<br /> !Aspirated<br /> |<br /> | style="background-color: #fde" |sʰ sh<br /> | style="background-color: #fde" |ɕʰ ch<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Tenuis<br /> |ɸ f<br /> |s s<br /> |ɕ c<br /> | style="background-color: #fde" |x x<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Glide<br /> !Unrounded<br /> |<br /> |l l<br /> |j y<br /> |ɰ w<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Rounded<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɥ yu<br /> |w wu<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> # m > mʲ / _{i,e,a}[–RTR]<br /> # ŋ ɴ k x > ɲ ŋʷ k̟ x̟ / _{i,e}<br /> # kʰ > k̟ʰ / _{i,e,a}<br /> # k x > k̠ x̠ / _{a,o}<br /> # kʰ > k̠ʰ / _o<br /> # l > ɾ / {i,e}_{i,e}<br /> # dʑʱi dʑʱiʱ > dʑʑ̩ dʑʱʑ̩ʱ<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="3" |<br /> ! colspan="4" |Front<br /> ! colspan="4" |Back<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |High<br /> ! colspan="2" |Low<br /> ! colspan="2" |High<br /> ! colspan="2" |Low<br /> |-<br /> !-RTR<br /> !+RTR<br /> !-RTR<br /> !+RTR<br /> !-RTR<br /> !+RTR<br /> !-RTR<br /> !+RTR<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="3" |Close<br /> !Modal<br /> |i í<br /> |i̙ ír<br /> |i i<br /> |i̙ ir<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Breathy<br /> |iʱ íh<br /> |i̙ʱ írh<br /> |iʱ ih<br /> |i̙ʱ irh<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Glottalized<br /> |iˀ í'<br /> |i̙ˀ ír'<br /> |iˀ i'<br /> |i̙ˀ ir'<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="3" |Mid<br /> !Modal<br /> |e é<br /> |e̙ ér<br /> |e e<br /> |e̙ er<br /> |o ó<br /> |o̙ ór<br /> |o o<br /> |o̙ or<br /> |-<br /> !Breathy<br /> |eʱ éh<br /> |e̙ʱ érh<br /> |eʱ eh<br /> |e̙ʱ erh<br /> |oʱ óh<br /> |o̙ʱ órh<br /> |oʱ oh<br /> |o̙ʱ orh<br /> |-<br /> !Glottalized<br /> |eˀ é'<br /> |e̙ˀ ér'<br /> |eˀ e'<br /> |e̙ˀ er'<br /> |oˀ ó'<br /> |o̙ˀ ór'<br /> |oˀ o'<br /> |o̙ˀ or'<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="3" |Open<br /> !Modal<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |a á<br /> |a̙ ár<br /> |a a<br /> |a̙ ar<br /> |-<br /> !Breathy<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |aʱ áh<br /> |a̙ʱ árh<br /> |aʱ ah<br /> |a̙ʱ arh<br /> |-<br /> !Glottalized<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |aˀ á'<br /> |a̙ˀ ár'<br /> |aˀ a'<br /> |a̙ˀ ar'<br /> |}<br /> <br /> # /V́/ cannot occur after /m n ŋ ɴ t k ɸ s ɕ x/<br /> # /V̀/ cannot occur after /ŋ̊ kʰ dʑʱ sʰ ɕʰ/<br /> # /i̙ e̙ a̙ o̙/ cannot occur after /ŋ kʰ k dʑʱ/<br /> # i i̙ e e̙ a a̙ o o̙ > ʑ̩ i ɪ e ɛ a ø o / {ɕ(ʰ),j}_<br /> # i i̙ e e̙ a a̙ o o̙ > ɨ i ə e ɑ a ɔ o / {ɰ,w}_<br /> <br /> === Adjectives ===<br /> Adjectives all end in -ó.<br /> <br /> === Word Order ===<br /> Note to self: Make changes to word order at any point you would like!<br /> <br /> TOP - PP - ADJ - TAM - ADV - A1 - A2 - A3 - V1 - B1 - B2 - B3 - V2 - ADJ - AX - PP<br /> <br /> TOP: A topic is optional, and primarily only included for emphasis, introduction, change of situation, surprise, questions, and answers.<br /> <br /> PP: The posposition following the topic marks its case if it is not the subject (i.e. agent or highly respected object). Postpositions following postverbal nouns mark their case as well.<br /> <br /> ADJ: Adjectives follow a topic or its postposition. Preverbal nouns cannot have adjectives. Adjectives precede postverbal nouns.<br /> <br /> TAM: TAM is a particle or two marking tense, aspect, and/or mood. Usually, the tense marker is separate from the aspect-mood marker, but it's only used if the implied tense from the AM is inaccurate.<br /> <br /> ADV: Adverbs are only distinguished from arguments if there are few arguments mentioned (typically 3-4, no more than 6). When there are many arguments, any adverbial statements must be converted into arguments themselves, following the verbs.<br /> <br /> A1-3: Arguments 1-3 are the subject, indirect object, and direct object, respectively. They are placed in that exact order when preceding the verb. The order for the others remains intact if one is placed in the position of topic. Arguments 1-3 retain their order but are all placed after the verbs if any one of them (that is not the topic) is modified by an adjective. When any of the 3 arguments are omitted, a prefix with the personhood and obviation of the omitted argument(s) is attached to the first verb.<br /> <br /> V1: Verb 1 is the main verb.<br /> <br /> B1-3: These are arguments 1-3 but of Verb 2 rather than Verb 1. These arguments cannot be modified, topicalized, or placed after the verbs.<br /> <br /> V2: Verb 2 is a finite verb, where the order of V1-V2 is a converb. Any arguments beyond the primary three for Verb 2 cannot be included in the same sentence.<br /> <br /> AX: Arguments X are the miscellaneous arguments of Verb 1.<br /> <br /> == Deeplect -E ==<br /> Pink: coda only<br /> <br /> Green: onset only<br /> <br /> Purple: word-medial onset only<br /> <br /> Uncolored: any position<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |<br /> ! colspan="2" |Labial<br /> ! colspan="2" |Alveolar<br /> ! colspan="2" |Palatal<br /> ! colspan="3" |Velar<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Pharyngeal<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Glottal<br /> |-<br /> !Plain<br /> !Palatalized<br /> !Plain<br /> !Palatalized<br /> !Plain<br /> !Labialized<br /> !Plain<br /> !Palatalized<br /> !Labialized<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Nasal<br /> |m '''''m'''''<br /> |mʲ '''''mj'''''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ŋ '''''n'''''<br /> |ŋʲ '''''nj'''''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Plosive<br /> !Aspirated<br /> |<br /> |<br /> | style="background-color: #dcf" |tʰ '''''t'''''<br /> | style="background-color: #dcf" |tʰʲ '''''tj'''''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |kʰ '''''k'''''<br /> |kʲʰ '''''kj'''''<br /> |kʷʰ '''''ku'''''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Tenuis<br /> |<br /> |<br /> | style="background-color: #dcf" |t '''''d'''''<br /> | style="background-color: #dcf" |tʲ '''''dj'''''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |k '''''g'''''<br /> |kʲ '''''gj'''''<br /> |kʷ '''''gu'''''<br /> |<br /> | style="background-color: #fde" |ʔ '''''q'''''<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Affricate<br /> !Aspirated<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |t͡sʰ '''''c'''''<br /> |t͡sʲʰ '''''cj'''''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Tenuis<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |t͡s '''''z'''''<br /> |t͡sʲ '''''zj'''''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Fricative<br /> !Short<br /> |ɸ '''''f'''''<br /> |ɸʲ '''''fj'''''<br /> | style="background-color: #def" |s '''''s'''''<br /> |sʲ '''''sj'''''<br /> | style="background-color: #dcf" |ɕ '''''sjj'''''<br /> |<br /> | style="background-color: #def" |x '''''x'''''<br /> |xʲ '''''xj'''''<br /> |<br /> | style="background-color: #dcf" |ħ '''''h'''''<br /> | style="background-color: #fde" |h '''''<nowiki/>''''''<br /> |-<br /> !Long<br /> |<br /> |<br /> | style="background-color: #def" |sː '''''ss'''''<br /> | colspan="2" style="background-color: #dcf" |ɕ̟ː '''''ssj'''''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Glide<br /> |<br /> |<br /> | style="background-color: #def" |ɾ '''''r'''''<br /> |<br /> |j '''''y'''''<br /> |ɥ '''''v'''''<br /> |ɰ '''''w'''''<br /> |ɰʲ '''''wj'''''<br /> |w '''''wu'''''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> kʷʰ kʷ w > pʰ p b / _($)(C)o<br /> <br /> /K(ʷ) Kʲ/ = [K̠(ʷ) K̟]<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> !<br /> ! colspan="2" |Front<br /> ! colspan="2" |Back<br /> |-<br /> !<br /> !Short<br /> !Long<br /> !Short<br /> !Long<br /> |-<br /> !High<br /> |i '''''i'''''<br /> |iː '''''ī'''''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Mid<br /> |e '''''e'''''<br /> |eː '''''ē'''''<br /> |o '''''o'''''<br /> |oː '''''ō'''''<br /> |-<br /> !Low<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |a '''''a'''''<br /> |aː '''''ā'''''<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Noun Class ===<br /> The following are classes for nouns.<br /> <br /> # -o: blooming flower (associated with life, vulnerability, singular success, youth, love (all kinds), the self, spirit, soul, novelty, beginnings)<br /> # -ui: withering flower (associated with death, ends, cumulative success, maturity, wisdom, knowledge)<br /> # -enj: day (associated with colors, grandeur, vastness, the sea, water, light)<br /> # -ī: night (associated with darkness, sleep, dreams, black vs. white, simplicity, revelation)<br /> <br /> The following are classes for verbs, adjectives, adverbs and particles that agree with nouns. Adverbs agree with the topic noun. Verbs agree with the patient noun when it is animate. Verbs agree with the agent noun if the patient noun is inanimate.<br /> <br /> # -i, -e, -yV: cute<br /> # -a, -ā, -akj: beautiful<br /> # -n: alien<br /> <br /> Particles for verbs are marked for familiar (cute and beautiful are merged), and alien classes but unpredictably. These agree with the verb.</div>

Suqi https://mc.nguh.org/w/index.php?title=Trace_Deeplects&diff=39606 Trace Deeplects 2026-05-06T20:30:41Z

<p>Suqi: </p> <hr /> <div><br /> '''Trace Deeplects''' are incomplete portions of languages that have been detected in experiments attempting to verif’ the [[Deep Dimensional]] theory. While the strongest evidence for Deep Dimensional is the languages that have inexplicably appeared, [[MARA]] experiments have found trace amounts of languages in their investigations, giving it more credibility. However, measurement error is not ruled out. This article will contain all the information on every Trace Deeplect. Trace Deeplects are listed in order of their negative discovery.<br /> <br /> == Deeplect -F ==<br /> Pink: onset only<br /> <br /> Blue: word-medial onset only<br /> <br /> Uncolored: any position<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="2" |<br /> !Bilabial<br /> !Alveolar<br /> !Palatal<br /> !Velar<br /> !Uvular<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Plosive<br /> !Voiceless<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> | style="background-color: #fde" |ŋ̊ nh<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Voiced<br /> |m m<br /> |n n<br /> |<br /> |ŋ g<br /> |ɴ gu<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Plosive<br /> !Aspirated<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> | style="background-color: #fde" |kʰ kh<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Tenuis<br /> |<br /> | style="background-color: #def" |t t<br /> |<br /> | style="background-color: #fde" |k k<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Affricate<br /> |<br /> |<br /> | style="background-color: #def" |dʑʱ j<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Fricative<br /> !Aspirated<br /> |<br /> | style="background-color: #fde" |sʰ sh<br /> | style="background-color: #fde" |ɕʰ ch<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Tenuis<br /> |ɸ f<br /> |s s<br /> |ɕ c<br /> | style="background-color: #fde" |x x<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Glide<br /> !Unrounded<br /> |<br /> |l l<br /> |j y<br /> |ɰ w<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Rounded<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɥ yu<br /> |w wu<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> # m > mʲ / _{i,e,a}[–RTR]<br /> # ŋ ɴ k x > ɲ ŋʷ k̟ x̟ / _{i,e}<br /> # kʰ > k̟ʰ / _{i,e,a}<br /> # k x > k̠ x̠ / _{a,o}<br /> # kʰ > k̠ʰ / _o<br /> # l > ɾ / {i,e}_{i,e}<br /> # dʑʱi dʑʱiʱ > dʑʑ̩ dʑʱʑ̩ʱ<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="3" |<br /> ! colspan="4" |Front<br /> ! colspan="4" |Back<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |High<br /> ! colspan="2" |Low<br /> ! colspan="2" |High<br /> ! colspan="2" |Low<br /> |-<br /> !-RTR<br /> !+RTR<br /> !-RTR<br /> !+RTR<br /> !-RTR<br /> !+RTR<br /> !-RTR<br /> !+RTR<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="3" |Close<br /> !Modal<br /> |i í<br /> |i̙ ír<br /> |i i<br /> |i̙ ir<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Breathy<br /> |iʱ íh<br /> |i̙ʱ írh<br /> |iʱ ih<br /> |i̙ʱ irh<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Glottalized<br /> |iˀ í'<br /> |i̙ˀ ír'<br /> |iˀ i'<br /> |i̙ˀ ir'<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="3" |Mid<br /> !Modal<br /> |e é<br /> |e̙ ér<br /> |e e<br /> |e̙ er<br /> |o ó<br /> |o̙ ór<br /> |o o<br /> |o̙ or<br /> |-<br /> !Breathy<br /> |eʱ éh<br /> |e̙ʱ érh<br /> |eʱ eh<br /> |e̙ʱ erh<br /> |oʱ óh<br /> |o̙ʱ órh<br /> |oʱ oh<br /> |o̙ʱ orh<br /> |-<br /> !Glottalized<br /> |eˀ é'<br /> |e̙ˀ ér'<br /> |eˀ e'<br /> |e̙ˀ er'<br /> |oˀ ó'<br /> |o̙ˀ ór'<br /> |oˀ o'<br /> |o̙ˀ or'<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="3" |Open<br /> !Modal<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |a á<br /> |a̙ ár<br /> |a a<br /> |a̙ ar<br /> |-<br /> !Breathy<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |aʱ áh<br /> |a̙ʱ árh<br /> |aʱ ah<br /> |a̙ʱ arh<br /> |-<br /> !Glottalized<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |aˀ á'<br /> |a̙ˀ ár'<br /> |aˀ a'<br /> |a̙ˀ ar'<br /> |}<br /> <br /> # /V́/ cannot occur after /m n ŋ ɴ t k ɸ s ɕ x/<br /> # /V̀/ cannot occur after /ŋ̊ kʰ dʑʱ sʰ ɕʰ/<br /> # /i̙ e̙ a̙ o̙/ cannot occur after /ŋ kʰ k dʑʱ/<br /> # i i̙ e e̙ a a̙ o o̙ > ʑ̩ i ɪ e ɛ a ø o / {ɕ(ʰ),j}_<br /> # i i̙ e e̙ a a̙ o o̙ > ɨ i ə e ɑ a ɔ o / {ɰ,w}_<br /> <br /> === Adjectives ===<br /> Adjectives all end in -ó.<br /> <br /> === Word Order ===<br /> Note to self: Make changes to word order at any point you would like!<br /> <br /> TOP - PP - ADJ - TAM - ADV - A1 - A2 - A3 - V1 - B1 - B2 - B3 - V2 - ADJ - AX - PP<br /> <br /> TOP: A topic is optional, and primarily only included for emphasis, introduction, change of situation, surprise, questions, and answers.<br /> <br /> PP: The posposition following the topic marks its case if it is not the subject (i.e. agent or highly respected object). Postpositions following postverbal nouns mark their case as well.<br /> <br /> ADJ: Adjectives follow a topic or its postposition. Preverbal nouns cannot have adjectives. Adjectives precede postverbal nouns.<br /> <br /> TAM: TAM is a particle or two marking tense, aspect, and/or mood. Usually, the tense marker is separate from the aspect-mood marker, but it's only used if the implied tense from the AM is inaccurate.<br /> <br /> ADV: Adverbs are only distinguished from arguments if there are few arguments mentioned (typically 3-4, no more than 6). When there are many arguments, any adverbial statements must be converted into arguments themselves, following the verbs.<br /> <br /> A1-3: Arguments 1-3 are the subject, indirect object, and direct object, respectively. They are placed in that exact order when preceding the verb. The order for the others remains intact if one is placed in the position of topic. Arguments 1-3 retain their order but are all placed after the verbs if any one of them (that is not the topic) is modified by an adjective. When any of the 3 arguments are omitted, a prefix with the personhood and obviation of the omitted argument(s) is attached to the first verb.<br /> <br /> V1: Verb 1 is the main verb.<br /> <br /> B1-3: These are arguments 1-3 but of Verb 2 rather than Verb 1. These arguments cannot be modified, topicalized, or placed after the verbs.<br /> <br /> V2: Verb 2 is a finite verb, where the order of V1-V2 is a converb. Any arguments beyond the primary three for Verb 2 cannot be included in the same sentence.<br /> <br /> AX: Arguments X are the miscellaneous arguments of Verb 1.<br /> <br /> == Deeplect -E ==<br /> Pink: coda only<br /> <br /> Green: onset only<br /> <br /> Purple: word-medial onset only<br /> <br /> Uncolored: any position<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |<br /> ! colspan="2" |Labial<br /> ! colspan="2" |Alveolar<br /> ! colspan="2" |Palatal<br /> ! colspan="3" |Velar<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Pharyngeal<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Glottal<br /> |-<br /> !Plain<br /> !Palatalized<br /> !Plain<br /> !Palatalized<br /> !Plain<br /> !Labialized<br /> !Plain<br /> !Palatalized<br /> !Labialized<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Nasal<br /> |m '''''m'''''<br /> |mʲ '''''mj'''''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ŋ '''''n'''''<br /> |ŋʲ '''''nj'''''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Plosive<br /> !Aspirated<br /> |<br /> |<br /> | style="background-color: #dcf" |tʰ '''''t'''''<br /> | style="background-color: #dcf" |tʰʲ '''''tj'''''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |kʰ '''''k'''''<br /> |kʲʰ '''''kj'''''<br /> |kʷʰ '''''ku'''''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Tenuis<br /> |<br /> |<br /> | style="background-color: #dcf" |t '''''d'''''<br /> | style="background-color: #dcf" |tʲ '''''dj'''''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |k '''''g'''''<br /> |kʲ '''''gj'''''<br /> |kʷ '''''gu'''''<br /> |<br /> | style="background-color: #fde" |ʔ '''''q'''''<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Affricate<br /> !Aspirated<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |t͡sʰ '''''c'''''<br /> |t͡sʲʰ '''''cj'''''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Tenuis<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |t͡s '''''z'''''<br /> |t͡sʲ '''''zj'''''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Fricative<br /> !Short<br /> |ɸ '''''f'''''<br /> |ɸʲ '''''fj'''''<br /> | style="background-color: #def" |s '''''s'''''<br /> |sʲ '''''sj'''''<br /> | style="background-color: #dcf" |ɕ '''''sjj'''''<br /> |<br /> | style="background-color: #def" |x '''''x'''''<br /> |xʲ '''''xj'''''<br /> |<br /> | style="background-color: #dcf" |ħ '''''h'''''<br /> | style="background-color: #fde" |h '''''<nowiki/>''''''<br /> |-<br /> !Long<br /> |<br /> |<br /> | style="background-color: #def" |sː '''''ss'''''<br /> | colspan="2" style="background-color: #dcf" |ɕ̟ː '''''ssj'''''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Glide<br /> |<br /> |<br /> | style="background-color: #def" |ɾ '''''r'''''<br /> |<br /> |j '''''y'''''<br /> |ɥ '''''v'''''<br /> |ɰ '''''w'''''<br /> |ɰʲ '''''wj'''''<br /> |w '''''wu'''''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> kʷʰ kʷ w > pʰ p b / _($)(C)o<br /> <br /> /K(ʷ) Kʲ/ = [K̠(ʷ) K̟]<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> !<br /> ! colspan="2" |Front<br /> ! colspan="2" |Back<br /> |-<br /> !<br /> !Short<br /> !Long<br /> !Short<br /> !Long<br /> |-<br /> !High<br /> |i '''''i'''''<br /> |iː '''''ī'''''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Mid<br /> |e '''''e'''''<br /> |eː '''''ē'''''<br /> |o '''''o'''''<br /> |oː '''''ō'''''<br /> |-<br /> !Low<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |a '''''a'''''<br /> |aː '''''ā'''''<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Noun Class ===<br /> The following are classes for nouns.<br /> <br /> # -o: blooming flower (associated with life, vulnerability, singular success, youth, love (all kinds), the self, spirit, soul, novelty, beginnings)<br /> # -ui: withering flower (associated with death, ends, cumulative success, maturity, wisdom, knowledge)<br /> # -enj: day (associated with colors, grandeur, vastness, the sea, water, light)<br /> # -ī: night (associated with darkness, sleep, dreams, black vs. white, simplicity, revelation)<br /> <br /> The following are classes for verbs, adjectives, adverbs and particles that agree with nouns. Adverbs agree with the topic noun. Verbs agree with the patient noun when it is animate. Verbs agree with the agent noun if the patient noun is inanimate.<br /> <br /> # -i, -e, -yV: cute<br /> # -a, -ā, -akj: beautiful<br /> # -n: alien<br /> <br /> Particles for verbs are marked for familiar (cute and beautiful are merged), and alien classes but unpredictably. These agree with the verb.<br /> <br /> == Deeplect -D ==<br /> === Consonants ===<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |<br /> ! colspan="2" |Bilabial<br /> ! colspan="2" |Alveolar<br /> ! colspan="2" |Prepalatal<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Palatal<br /> ! colspan="2" |Prevelar<br /> ! colspan="2" |Postvelar<br /> ! colspan="2" |Uvular<br /> ! colspan="2" |Epiglottal<br /> ! colspan="2" |Glottal<br /> |-<br /> !Plain<br /> !Emphatic<br /> !Plain<br /> !Emphatic<br /> !Plain<br /> !Labial<br /> !Plain<br /> !Labial<br /> !Plain<br /> !Labial<br /> !Plain<br /> !Labial<br /> !Plain<br /> !Labial<br /> !Plain<br /> !Labial<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Nasal<br /> |m '''m'''<br /> |mˤ '''ṃ'''<br /> |n '''n'''<br /> |nˤ '''ṇ'''<br /> |ɲ̟ '''ň'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ŋ '''ŋ'''<br /> |ŋʷ '''ŋw'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="3" |Plosive<br /> !Aspirated<br /> |pʰ '''ph'''<br /> |pʰˤ '''ṗh'''<br /> |tʰ '''th'''<br /> |tʰˤ '''ṭh'''<br /> |c̟ʰ '''ch'''<br /> |c̟ʰʷ '''cv'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |kʰ '''kh'''<br /> |kʰʷ '''kv'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Lax<br /> |p '''p'''<br /> |pˤ '''ṗ'''<br /> |t '''t'''<br /> |tˤ '''ṭ'''<br /> |c̟ '''c'''<br /> |c̟ʷ '''cw'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |k '''k'''<br /> |kʷ '''kw'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ʡ '''q'''<br /> |ʡʷ '''qw'''<br /> |ʔ '''<nowiki/>''''<br /> |ʔʷ '''<nowiki/>'w'''<br /> |-<br /> !Tense<br /> |b '''b'''<br /> |bˤ '''ḅ'''<br /> |tʼ '''d'''<br /> |tˤʼ '''ḍ'''<br /> |c̟ʼ '''j'''<br /> |c̟ʷʼ '''jw'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |kʼ '''g'''<br /> |kʷʼ '''gw'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Continuant<br /> !Voiceless<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |s '''s'''<br /> |sˤ '''ṣ'''<br /> |ɕ '''š'''<br /> |ɕʷ '''šw'''<br /> |ç '''hy'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |x '''ḫ'''<br /> |xʷ '''ḫw'''<br /> |χ '''x'''<br /> |χʷ '''xw'''<br /> |ħ '''ħ'''<br /> |ħʷ '''ħw'''<br /> |h '''h'''<br /> |hʷ '''hw'''<br /> |-<br /> !Voiced<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |l '''l'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |j '''i'''<br /> |ɣʲ '''ǧy'''<br /> |w '''u'''<br /> |ɣ '''ǧ'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ʕ '''ġ'''<br /> |ʕʷ '''ġw'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Trill<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |r '''r'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ʀ '''ṛ'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==== Syllabic Consonants ====<br /> Syllabic consonants are romanized as double letters only when adjacent to two vowels or a nonsyllabic variant of each other.<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> !<br /> !Bilabial<br /> !Alveolar<br /> !Prepalatal<br /> !Postvelar<br /> !Uvular<br /> !Epiglottal<br /> |-<br /> !Nasal<br /> |m̩ '''m, mm'''<br /> |n̩ '''n, nn'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɴ̩ '''ŋ, ŋŋ'''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Fricative<br /> |<br /> |s̩ '''s, ss'''<br /> |ɕ̩ '''š, šš'''<br /> |x̩ '''ḫ, ḫḫ'''<br /> |χ̍ '''x, xx'''<br /> |ħ̩ '''ħ, ħħ'''<br /> |-<br /> !Lateral<br /> |<br /> |l̩ '''l, ll'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Trill<br /> |<br /> |r̩ '''r, rr'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Vowels ===<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> !<br /> !Front<br /> !Central<br /> !Back<br /> |-<br /> !Mid<br /> |e '''e'''<br /> |ɵ '''oy'''<br /> |o '''o'''<br /> |-<br /> !Near-Open<br /> |<br /> |ɐ '''ay'''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Open<br /> |<br /> |a '''a'''<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Pitch-Accent ===<br /> Deeplect -D uses seven pitch accents: high (ā [ꜛaꜜ]), mid (a [a]), low (ȧ [ꜜaꜛ]), falling (à [ꜛâꜜ]), rising (á [ǎꜛ]), high-falling (â [âꜜ]), and dipping (ǎ [â]), which can be placed on any mora except for the final one. All vowels and all syllabic consonants can receive a pitch accent.<br /> <br /> * '''High''' pitch accent gives only one mora a high tone while the rest have low tone (L-<u>H</u>-L)<br /> * '''Mid''' pitch accent makes a word retain low tone throughout (L-<u>L</u>-L)<br /> * '''Low''' pitch accent gives one more a low tone while the rest have high tone (H-<u>L</u>-H)<br /> * '''Falling''' pitch accent takes the tone of one mora from high to low while the rest of the morae have a low tone (L-<u>HL</u>-L)<br /> * '''Rising''' pitch accent takes one mora's tone from low to high while the preceding morae have a low tone and the following morae have a high tone (L-<u>LH</u>-H)<br /> * '''High-falling''' pitch accent takes one mora's tone from high to mid while the preceding morae have a high tone and the following morae have a low tone (H-<u>HM</u>-L)<br /> * '''Dipping''' pitch accent takes the tone of one mora from high to low while the rest of the morae have a mid tone (M-<u>HL</u>-M)<br /> <br /> === Phonotactics ===<br /> (C)V<br /> <br /> * Three of the same phoneme cannot occur in a row; syllabic consonants count as consonants in this rule.<br /> <br /> === Allophony ===<br /> E: /e/, [i ɪ e̞ ɛ]<br /> <br /> Y: /ɲ̟ c̟ʰ c̟ʰʷ c̟ c̟ʷ c̟ʼ c̟ʷʼ ɕ ɕʷ ç j/<br /> <br /> # /C₁C̩₁ C̩₁C₁/ = [C₁ːː C₁ːː]<br /> # /C̩V VC̩/ = [CːV VCː]<br /> # /e ɵ o/ = [e̞ ɵ̞ o̞]<br /> # e̞ o̞ ɵ̞ → ɛ ɞ ɔ / {_#,#_%,V_%}<br /> # e̞ ɵ̞ o̞ ɐ a → ɪ ɵ ʊ ɘ ɜ / _Cː<br /> # e̞ ɵ̞ o̞ ɐ a → i ʉ u ɨ ə / _Cːː<br /> # ɵ̞ o̞ ɐ a → ø̞ ɵ̞ æ̝ æ / {EC,Y}_<br /> # ɞ ɔ → œ ɞ / {EC,Y}_<br /> # ʊ ɵ ɘ ɜ → ʉ̞ ø e ɛ / {EC,Y}_<br /> # u ʉ ɨ ə → ʉ y ɪ e̞ / {EC,Y}_<br /> # ŋ(ʷ) → ɴ(ʷ) / _{a,ɐ,ɔ,o,ʊ}<br /> # ŋ(ʷ) → ɴ(ʷ) / {a,ɐ,ɔ,o,ʊ}_%<br /> # C̩[-labial] → C̩[-labial]ʷ / C[+labial]_<br /> # F̩[-voice] → F̩[+voice] / C[+voice]_<br /> <br /> === Word Formation ===<br /> Deeplect -D's word formation is unusual. The etymology of words comes from an abstract dimension where tracing the language consistently to its proto-form becomes impossible.<br /> <br /> == Deeplect -C ṡżṠŻǎǔǐěǒẽĩũẙů ==<br /> === Phonemic Inventory ===<br /> ==== Onsets ====<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |<br /> ! colspan="4" |Coronal<br /> ! colspan="4" |Peripheral<br /> |-<br /> !Plain<br /> !Lab.<br /> !Pal.<br /> !Lar.<br /> !Plain<br /> !Lab.<br /> !Pal.<br /> !Lar.<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Nasal<br /> !Plain<br /> |n<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ŋ<br /> |m<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Geminated<br /> |nː<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |mː<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Plosive<br /> !Plain<br /> |t<br /> |tʷ<br /> |tʲ<br /> |tˤ<br /> |k<br /> |kʷ<br /> |kʲ<br /> |kˤ<br /> |-<br /> !Geminated<br /> |tː<br /> |tʷː<br /> |tʲː<br /> |tˤː<br /> |kː<br /> |kʷː<br /> |kʲː<br /> |kˤː<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Affricate<br /> !Plain<br /> |t͡s<br /> |t͡sʷ<br /> |t͡sʲ<br /> |t͡sˤ<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Geminated<br /> |t͡sː<br /> |t͡sʷː<br /> |t͡sʲː<br /> |t͡sˤː<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Fricative<br /> !Plain<br /> |s<br /> |sʷ<br /> |sʲ<br /> |sˤ<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |h<br /> |-<br /> !Geminated<br /> |sː<br /> |sʷː<br /> |sʲː<br /> |sˤː<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Approximant<br /> |l<br /> |lʷ<br /> |lʲ<br /> |lˤ<br /> |ɰ<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==== Nuclei ====<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Labial<br /> ! colspan="4" |Coronal<br /> ! colspan="4" |Dorsal<br /> |-<br /> !Plain<br /> !Lab.<br /> !Pal.<br /> !Lar.<br /> !Plain<br /> !Lab.<br /> !Pal.<br /> !Lar.<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Occlusive<br /> !Spread glottis<br /> |ḿ̩<br /> |ń̩<br /> |t̩ʷʰ<br /> |t̩ʲʰ<br /> |t̩ˤʰ<br /> |ŋ̩́<br /> |k̩ʷʰ<br /> |k̩ʲʰ<br /> |k̩ˤʰ<br /> |-<br /> !Constricted glottis<br /> |m̩̀<br /> |ǹ̩<br /> |t̩ʷ<br /> |t̩ʲ<br /> |t̩ˤ<br /> |ŋ̩̀<br /> |k̩ʷ<br /> |k̩ʲ<br /> |k̩ˤ<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Continuant<br /> !Spread glottis<br /> |<br /> |ŕ̩<br /> |s̩ʷʰ<br /> |s̩ʲʰ<br /> |s̩ˤʰ<br /> |<br /> |ó<br /> |é<br /> |á<br /> |-<br /> !Constricted glottis<br /> |<br /> |r̩̀<br /> |s̩ʷ<br /> |s̩ʲ<br /> |s̩ˤ<br /> |<br /> |ò<br /> |è<br /> |à<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Phonotactics ===<br /> <br /> # (C)V<br /> # Geminates can only occur word-medially<br /> # Syllabic obstruents cannot immediately precede a syllabic resonant.<br /> # /n̩/ and /ŋ̩/ cannot be word-intial.<br /> # Syllabic nasals can only be adjacent to vowels or other syllabic nasals.<br /> <br /> === Allophony ===<br /> <br /> # Secondary articulations in onsets are typically contained within the time of articulation of the main articulation. There may be an onglide, but never an offglide.<br /> # Secondary articulations in nuclei very often result in an offglide, which is fricated in the case of aspirated consonants.<br /> # Tenuis syllabic obstruents are geminated.<br /> # /t͡sʷ(ː) sʷ(ː) s̩ʷ(ː) sʲ(ː) s̩ʲ(ː)/ are realized as [t͜s͡ɸ(ː) s͡ɸ(ː) s̩͡ɸ(ː) ɕ(ː) ɕ̩(ː)]<br /> # /e o/ become [ɛ ɔ] following a pharyngealized consonant.<br /> # /a/ becomes [e] after /e/, except when /e/ is [ɛ], then /a/ becomes [ɛ].<br /> # /a/ becomes [o] after /o/, except when /o/ is [ɔ], then /a/ becomes [ɔ].<br /> # /e/ becomes [i] after /e/.<br /> # /o/ becomes [u] after /o/.<br /> # When /t(ː) t͡s(ː) s(ː) l n h/ precede /e/, they become [c(ː) c͡ɕ(ː) ɕ(ː) ɾ ɲ ç] and /e/ becomes [i].<br /> #* /tʲ(ː) t͡sʲ(ː) sʲ(ː) lʲ/ merge with /t(ː) t͡s(ː) s(ː) l/ before /e/.<br /> # When /tʷ(ː) t͡sʷ(ː) sʷ(ː) lʷ/ precede /e/, they become [c(ː) c͡ɕ(ː) ɕ(ː) ɾ] and /e/ becomes [y].<br /> # When /tˤ(ː) t͡sˤ(ː) sˤ(ː) lˤ/ precede /e/, they become [c(ː) c͡ɕ(ː) ɕ(ː) ɾ] and /e/ becomes [ɛ].<br /> # /t(ː) s(ː) l n h/ become [p(ː) s͡ɸ(ː) ⱱ̟ m ʍ] before /o/.<br /> #* /tʷ(ː) sʷ(ː) lʷ/ merge with /t(ː) s(ː) l/ before /o/.<br /> #* /n/ merges with [m] before /o/, but /nː/ remains [nː].<br /> # /tʲ(ː) lʲ/ become [pʲ(ː) ⱱ̟ʲ] before /o/.<br /> # When /tˤ(ː) lˤ/ precede /o/, they become [pˤ(ː) ⱱ̟ˤ] and /o/ becomes [ɔ].<br /> # Word-initial /m̩/ assimilates to the place of articulation of the last phone of the previous word. If it cannot do so, it assimilates to the place of articulation of the following phone. If it cannot do so either, it remains [m̩].<br /> # Word-initial /m̩/ experiences sandhi from the tone of the previous word's final syllable.<br /> # /r̩/ becomes [l̩] when next to a vowel.<br /> # Low tones become falling tones when preceded by only one phonemic high tone.<br /> # High tones become rising tones when preceded by only one phonemic low tone.<br /> # Low tones merge with high tones when preceded by a rising tone<br /> # High tones merge with low tones when preceded by a falling tone<br /> <br /> === Romanization ===<br /> {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"<br /> ! colspan="4" |Onsets<br /> ! colspan="4" |Nuclei<br /> |-<br /> !Phone<br /> !Romanization<br /> !Phone<br /> !Romanization<br /> !Phone<br /> !Romanization<br /> !Phone<br /> !Romanization<br /> |-<br /> ![m]<br /> |m<br /> ![mː]<br /> |mm<br /> ![í]<br /> |i<br /> ![ì]<br /> |ī<br /> |-<br /> ![n]<br /> |n<br /> ![nː]<br /> |nn<br /> ![ý]<br /> |ü<br /> ![ỳ]<br /> |û<br /> |-<br /> ![ɲ]<br /> |nj<br /> !<br /> |<br /> ![é]<br /> |e<br /> ![è]<br /> |ē<br /> |-<br /> ![ŋ]<br /> |ng<br /> !<br /> |<br /> ![ɛ́]<br /> |ë<br /> ![ɛ̀]<br /> |ê<br /> |-<br /> ![p]<br /> |p<br /> ![pː]<br /> |pp<br /> ![á]<br /> |a<br /> ![à]<br /> |ā<br /> |-<br /> ![pʲ]<br /> |pj<br /> ![pʲː]<br /> |ppj<br /> ![ú]<br /> |u<br /> ![ù]<br /> |ū<br /> |-<br /> ![pˤ]<br /> |pg<br /> ![pˤː]<br /> |ppg<br /> ![ó]<br /> |o<br /> ![ò]<br /> |ō<br /> |-<br /> ![t]<br /> |t<br /> ![tː]<br /> |tt<br /> ![ɔ́]<br /> |ö<br /> ![ɔ̀]<br /> |ô<br /> |-<br /> ![tʷ]<br /> |tv<br /> ![tʷː]<br /> |ttv<br /> ![ḿ̩, ḿ̩ʲ, ḿ̩ˤ]<br /> |ym<ref name=":03">⟨y⟩ may optionally be omitted if the syllabic consonant follows a vowel but does not precede one.</ref><br /> ![m̩̀, m̩̀ʲ, m̩̀ˤ]<br /> |’m<br /> |-<br /> ![tʲ]<br /> |tj<br /> ![tʲː]<br /> |ttj<br /> ![ń̩, ń̩ʷ, ń̩ʲ, ń̩ˤ]<br /> |yn<ref name=":03" /><br /> ![ǹ̩, ǹ̩ʷ, ǹ̩ʲ, ǹ̩ˤ]<br /> |’n<br /> |-<br /> ![tˤ]<br /> |tg<br /> ![tˤː]<br /> |ttg<br /> ![ɲ̩́]<br /> |ynj<ref name=":03" /><br /> ![ɲ̩̀]<br /> |’nj<br /> |-<br /> ![c]<br /> |c<br /> ![cː]<br /> |cc<br /> ![ŋ̩́, ŋ̩́ʷ, ŋ̩́ʲ, ŋ̩́ˤ]<br /> |yng<ref name=":03" /><br /> ![ŋ̩̀, ŋ̩̀ʷ, ŋ̩̀ʲ, ŋ̩̀ˤ]<br /> |’ng<br /> |-<br /> ![k]<br /> |k<br /> ![kː]<br /> |kk<br /> ![ŕ̩]<br /> |yr<ref name=":03" /><br /> ![r̩̀]<br /> |’r<br /> |-<br /> ![kʷ]<br /> |kv<br /> ![kʷː]<br /> |kkv<br /> ![ĺ̩]<br /> |yl<ref name=":03" /><br /> ![l̩̀]<br /> |’l<br /> |-<br /> ![kʲ]<br /> |kj<br /> ![kʲː]<br /> |kkj<br /> ![t̩ʷʰ]<br /> |ytv<ref name=":03" /><br /> ![t̩ʷː]<br /> |’tv<br /> |-<br /> ![kˤ]<br /> |kg<br /> ![kˤː]<br /> |kkg<br /> ![t̩ʲʰ]<br /> |ytj<ref name=":03" /><br /> ![t̩ʲː]<br /> |’tj<br /> |-<br /> ![t͡s]<br /> |z<br /> ![t͡sː]<br /> |zz<br /> ![t̩ˤʰ]<br /> |yt<ref name=":03" /><br /> ![t̩ˤː]<br /> |’t<br /> |-<br /> ![t͜s͡ɸ]<br /> |zv<br /> ![t͜s͡ɸː]<br /> |zzv<br /> ![k̩ʷʰ]<br /> |ykv<ref name=":03" /><br /> ![k̩ʷː]<br /> |’kv<br /> |-<br /> ![t͡sʲ]<br /> |zj<br /> ![t͡sʲː]<br /> |zzj<br /> ![k̩ʲʰ]<br /> |ykj<ref name=":03" /><br /> ![k̩ʲː]<br /> |’kj<br /> |-<br /> ![t͡sˤ]<br /> |zg<br /> ![t͡sˤː]<br /> |zzg<br /> ![k̩ˤʰ]<br /> |yk<ref name=":03" /><br /> ![k̩ˤː]<br /> |’k<br /> |-<br /> ![c͡ɕ]<br /> |x<br /> ![c͡ɕː]<br /> |xx<br /> ![s̩͡ɸʰ]<br /> |ysv<ref name=":03" /><br /> ![s̩͡ɸː]<br /> |’sv<br /> |-<br /> ![s]<br /> |s<br /> ![sː]<br /> |ss<br /> ![s̩ˤʰ]<br /> |ys<ref name=":03" /><br /> ![s̩ˤː]<br /> |’s<br /> |-<br /> ![s͡ɸ]<br /> |sv<br /> ![s͡ɸː]<br /> |ssv<br /> ![ɕ̩ʰ]<br /> |ysj<ref name=":03" /><br /> ![ɕ̩ː]<br /> |’sj<br /> |-<br /> ![sˤ]<br /> |sg<br /> ![sˤː]<br /> |ssg<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ![ɕ]<br /> |sj<br /> ![ɕː]<br /> |ssj<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ![ç]<br /> |hj<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ![ʍ]<br /> |hv<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ![h]<br /> |h<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ![ⱱ̟]<br /> |b<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ![ⱱ̟ʲ]<br /> |bj<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ![ⱱ̟ˤ]<br /> |bg<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ![ɾ]<br /> |r<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ![l]<br /> |l<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ![lʷ]<br /> |lv<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ![lʲ]<br /> |lj<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ![lˤ]<br /> |lg<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ![ɰ]<br /> |w<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Vocabulary ===<br /> mākvylo (car) {{Ipa|/màkʷŕ̩ó/ [ma˩kʷl̩˩˥o˥]}}<br /> <br /> haerī (bicycle) {{Ipa|/háélì/ [ha˥e˥ɾi˥˩]}}<br /> <br /> boccü (dog) {{Ipa|/lótʷːé/ [ⱱ̟o˥cːy˥]}}<br /> <br /> mō’kv (person) {{Ipa|/mòk̩ʷː/ [mo˩k̩ːʷ]}}<br /> <br /> akām (dot) {{Ipa|/ákàm̩̀/ [a˥ka˥˩m̩˩]}}<br /> <br /> == Deeplect -B ==<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |PULMONIC<br /> CONSONANTS<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Labial<br /> ! colspan="4" |Alveolar<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Palatal<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Velar<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Pharyngeal<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Glottal<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Plain<br /> ! colspan="2" |Palatal<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Nasal<br /> !plain<br /> |m~w̃<br /> |'''m'''<br /> |n~ɾ̃<br /> |'''n'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɲ~j̃<br /> |'''ny'''<br /> |ŋ~ɰ̃<br /> |'''ng'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !glottal<br /> |ˀm<br /> |'''’m'''<br /> |ˀn<br /> |'''’n'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ˀɲ<br /> |'''’ny'''<br /> |ˀŋ<br /> |'''’ng'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="4" |Plosive<br /> !plain<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |t<br /> |'''t'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |c<br /> |'''c'''<br /> |ɢ<br /> |'''rg'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ʔ<br /> |'''q'''<br /> |-<br /> !aspirated<br /> |b͡pʰ<br /> |'''bp'''<br /> |tʰ d͡tʰ<br /> |'''th dt'''<br /> |tʲʰ d͡tʲʰ<br /> |'''ch dc'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |qʰ ɡ͡kʰ<br /> |'''kh gk'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !ejective<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |tʼ d͡tʼ<br /> |'''t’ dt’'''<br /> |tʲʼ d͡tʲʼ<br /> |'''c’ dc’'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |kʼ ɢ͡qʼ<br /> |'''k’ gk’'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !implosive<br /> |ɓ<br /> |'''b’'''<br /> |ɗ<br /> |'''d’'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ʄ<br /> |'''y’'''<br /> |ɠ<br /> |'''g’'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="3" |Affricate<br /> !plain<br /> |b͡β<br /> |'''bv'''<br /> |d͡z<br /> |'''dz'''<br /> |t͡ɕ<br /> |'''cs'''<br /> |ɟ͡ʝ<br /> |'''yy'''<br /> |k͡x ɡ͡ɣ<br /> |'''kx gx'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !aspirated<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |d͡t͜sʰ<br /> |'''ds'''<br /> |d͡t͜ɕʰ<br /> |'''dcs'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɡ͡k͜xʰ<br /> |'''gkx'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !ejective<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |t͡ɕʼ d͡t͜ɕʼ<br /> |'''cs’ dcs’'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |k͡xʼ ɡ͡k͜xʼ<br /> |'''kx’ gx’'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Fricative<br /> |β<br /> |'''v'''<br /> |ɮ<br /> |'''z'''<br /> |ɕ ɮʲ<br /> |'''s zy'''<br /> |ʝ<br /> |'''hy'''<br /> |x~χ ʁ<br /> |'''x r'''<br /> |ħ<br /> |'''h’'''<br /> |h<br /> |'''h'''<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Glide<br /> |w~b<br /> |'''w'''<br /> |l~d<br /> |'''l'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɰ~ɡ<br /> |'''gh'''<br /> |ʜ<br /> |'''rh'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> p ś ł ṭ ṣ j<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |CLICKS<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Labial<br /> ! colspan="4" |Prealveolar<br /> ! colspan="4" |Postalveolar<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Palatal<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Plain<br /> ! colspan="2" |Lateral<br /> ! colspan="2" |Plain<br /> ! colspan="2" |Lateral<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="3" |Nasal<br /> !plain<br /> |ŋ͡ʘ<br /> |'''mp'''<br /> |ŋ͡ǀ<br /> |'''nś'''<br /> |ŋ͡ǁ<br /> |'''nł'''<br /> |ŋ͡ǃ<br /> |'''nṭ'''<br /> |ŋ͡‼<br /> |'''nṣ'''<br /> |ŋ͡𝼋<br /> |'''nj'''<br /> |-<br /> !aspirated<br /> |ŋ͡ʘʰ<br /> |'''mph'''<br /> |ŋ͡ǀʰ<br /> |'''nśh'''<br /> |ŋ͡ǁʰ<br /> |'''nłh'''<br /> |ŋ͡ǃʰ<br /> |'''nṭh'''<br /> |ŋ͡‼ʰ<br /> |'''nṣh'''<br /> |ŋ͡𝼋ʰ<br /> |'''njh'''<br /> |-<br /> !glottalized<br /> |ŋ͡ʘˀ<br /> |'''mp’'''<br /> |ŋ͡ǀˀ<br /> |'''nś’'''<br /> |ŋ͡ǁˀ<br /> |'''nł’'''<br /> |ŋ͡ǃˀ<br /> |'''nṭ’'''<br /> |ŋ͡‼ˀ<br /> |'''nṣ’'''<br /> |ŋ͡𝼋ˀ<br /> |'''nj’'''<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="5" |Voiceless<br /> !plain<br /> |k͡ʘ<br /> |'''p'''<br /> |k͡ǀ<br /> |'''ś'''<br /> |k͡ǁ<br /> |'''ł'''<br /> |k͡ǃ<br /> |'''ṭ'''<br /> |k͡‼<br /> |'''ṣ'''<br /> |k͡𝼋<br /> |'''j'''<br /> |-<br /> !aspirated<br /> |k͡ʘʰ<br /> |'''ph'''<br /> |k͡ǀʰ<br /> |'''śh'''<br /> |k͡ǁʰ<br /> |'''łh'''<br /> |k͡ǃʰ<br /> |'''ṭh'''<br /> |k͡‼ʰ<br /> |'''ṣh'''<br /> |k͡𝼋ʰ<br /> |'''jh'''<br /> |-<br /> !glottalized<br /> |k͡ʘˀ<br /> |'''p’'''<br /> |k͡ǀˀ<br /> |'''ś’'''<br /> |k͡ǁˀ<br /> |'''ł’'''<br /> |k͡ǃˀ<br /> |'''ṭ’'''<br /> |k͡‼ˀ<br /> |'''ṣ’'''<br /> |k͡𝼋ˀ<br /> |'''j’'''<br /> |-<br /> !delayed release<br /> |ʘ͡kʰ<br /> |'''pk'''<br /> |ǀ͡kʰ<br /> |'''śk'''<br /> |ǁ͡kʰ<br /> |'''łk'''<br /> |ǃ͡kʰ<br /> |'''ṭk'''<br /> |‼͡kʰ<br /> |'''ṣk'''<br /> |𝼋͡kʰ<br /> |'''jk'''<br /> |-<br /> !ejective<br /> |ʘ͡kʼ<br /> |'''pk’'''<br /> |ǀ͡kʼ<br /> |'''śk’'''<br /> |ǁ͡kʼ<br /> |'''łk’'''<br /> |ǃ͡kʼ<br /> |'''ṭk’'''<br /> |‼͡kʼ<br /> |'''ṣk’'''<br /> |𝼋͡kʼ<br /> |'''jk’'''<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="3" |Voiced<br /> !plain<br /> |ɡ͡ʘ<br /> |'''gp'''<br /> |ɡ͡ǀ<br /> |'''gś'''<br /> |ɡ͡ǁ<br /> |'''gł'''<br /> |ɡ͡ǃ<br /> |'''gṭ'''<br /> |ɡ͡‼<br /> |'''gṣ'''<br /> |ɡ͡𝼋<br /> |'''gj'''<br /> |-<br /> !aspirated<br /> |ɡ͡ʘʰ<br /> |'''gph'''<br /> |ɡ͡ǀʰ<br /> |'''gśh'''<br /> |ɡ͡ǁʰ<br /> |'''głh'''<br /> |ɡ͡ǃʰ<br /> |'''gṭh'''<br /> |ɡ͡‼ʰ<br /> |'''gṣh'''<br /> |ɡ͡𝼋ʰ<br /> |'''gjh'''<br /> |-<br /> !glottalized<br /> |ɡ͡ʘˀ<br /> |'''gp’'''<br /> |ɡ͡ǀˀ<br /> |'''gś’'''<br /> |ɡ͡ǁˀ<br /> |'''gł’'''<br /> |ɡ͡ǃˀ<br /> |'''gṭ’'''<br /> |ɡ͡‼ˀ<br /> |'''gṣ’'''<br /> |ɡ͡𝼋ˀ<br /> |'''gj’'''<br /> |}<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> !VOWELS<br /> ! colspan="2" |Front<br /> ! colspan="2" |Central<br /> ! colspan="2" |Back<br /> |-<br /> !Fricated<br /> |i̝<br /> |'''ii'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |u̝<br /> |'''uu'''<br /> |-<br /> !Close<br /> |i~ɪ<br /> |'''i'''<br /> |ʉ<br /> |'''uy'''<br /> |u~ʊ<br /> |'''u'''<br /> |-<br /> !Close-Mid<br /> |e<br /> |'''e'''<br /> |ə ɵ<br /> |'''ẹ oy'''<br /> |o<br /> |'''o'''<br /> |-<br /> !Open-Mid<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɞ<br /> |'''ọy'''<br /> |ɔ<br /> |'''ọ'''<br /> |-<br /> !Open<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |a<br /> |'''a'''<br /> |ɑ<br /> |'''ạ'''<br /> |}<br /> Words can either be monosyllabic and contain contour or level tones, or be polysyllabic and only contain level tones.<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> !TONES<br /> !High<br /> !Mid<br /> !Low<br /> |-<br /> !High<br /> |H<br /> |HM<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Mid<br /> |<br /> |M<br /> |ML<br /> |-<br /> !Low<br /> |<br /> |LM<br /> |L<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Deeplect -A ==<br /> Deeplect -A is intended to create a manner of communication that involves very little complexity, whether that be phonological, grammatical, semantic, or pragmatic, and therefore easy and intuitive to learn from any linguistic background. Words do not take on parts of speech (noun, verb, etc.) or grammatical roles (subject, object, etc.) typical of natural languages. The syntactic structure is based purely on the relationships of emphasized words, unemphasized words, and pauses.<br /> <br /> '''Vocabulary'''<br /> <br /> * small: ki<br /> ** can be used to describe small size, quantity, height, social position, etc.<br /> * big: on<br /> ** can be used to describe large size, quantity, height, social position, etc.<br /> * move: ne<br /> ** can be used to describe living things, fluids, motion, etc.<br /> * stay: at<br /> ** can be used to describe unmoving things, solids, the ground, some locations, etc.<br /> * subject: e (subject of discussion, not gramamtical subject)<br /> * not: su<br /> <br /> '''Syntax'''<br /> <br /> ''u'' = unemphasized word; ''E'' = emphasized word<br /> <br /> * uE: ''u'' performs as a topic, ''E'' performs as a comment modifying the topic.<br /> * Eu: ''E'' performs as a novel topic, ''u'' performs as a comment modifying the novel topic.<br /> * u<sub>1</sub>u<sub>1</sub>: marks plurality<br /> * E<sub>1</sub>E<sub>1</sub>: marks emphasis<br /> * u<sub>1</sub>u<sub>2</sub>/E<sub>1</sub>E<sub>2</sub>: marks addition or comparison depending on context<br /> * Lack of pauses indicate a continuous idea.<br /> * Brief pauses (marked with commas) indicate the beginning of a new idea related to the previous one.<br /> * Medial pauses (marked with periods ) indicate the beginning of a new idea related to the multiple previous ideas. Which previous ideas they are is left up to context.<br /> * Long pauses (marked with elipses) indicate the beginning of an idea unrelates to the previous ones.<br /> <br /> '''Expressions'''<br /> <br /> * Ownership is expressed with "e ON e KI", translating to "This is big and/but that is small." This can also be used to compare sizes or quantities of "this" and "that", depending on context.<br /> ** "e ON KI" translates to "This is big and small."<br /> ** "e on e ki" translates to "This, a big thing, that, and a small thing."<br /> ** "e ON E KI" translates to "This is big, the other thing, and small."<br /> ** "e ON, e KI" translates to "This is big, meanwhile that is small." This is more often used for comparison of the sizes between "this" and "that".<br /> ** "e ON. e KI" translates to "...and this is big. Additionally, that is small."<br /> ** "E on, e KI" translates to "As for this, this is big, and/but that is small."<br /> ** "E on e KI" translates to "As for this, this is big and the other thing. There is also a small thing."<br /> <br /> == Deeplect -9 ==<br /> === Consonant ===<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Consonants<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Bilabial<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Dental<br /> ! colspan="3" |Alveolar<br /> ! colspan="4" |Palatal<br /> ! colspan="6" |Velar<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Laryngeal<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Plain<br /> !Palatal<br /> ! colspan="2" |Plain<br /> ! colspan="2" |Labial<br /> ! colspan="2" |Plain<br /> ! colspan="2" |Palatal<br /> ! colspan="2" |Labial<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Nasal<br /> |m̥<br /> |m<br /> |<br /> |ᵑʇ<br /> |n̥<br /> |n<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɲ<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ŋ̊<br /> |ŋ<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |'''''mh/ṁ'''''<br /> |'''''m'''''<br /> |<br /> |'''''nz'''''<br /> |'''''nh/ṅ'''''<br /> |'''''n'''''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |'''''ny/ņ'''''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |'''''ňh'''''<br /> |'''''ň'''''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="6" |Plosive<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Aspirated<br /> |pʰ<br /> |bʰ<br /> |ᵏʇʰ<br /> |<br /> |tʰ<br /> |dʰ<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɟʰ<br /> |<br /> |ɟʰʷ<br /> |kʰ<br /> |<br /> |kʰʲ<br /> |<br /> |kʰᶣ<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |'''''ph'''''<br /> |'''''bh'''''<br /> |'''''zh'''''<br /> |<br /> |'''''th'''''<br /> |'''''dh'''''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |'''''jh'''''<br /> |<br /> |'''''ǰh'''''<br /> |'''''kh'''''<br /> |<br /> |'''''ķh'''''<br /> |<br /> |'''''ǩh'''''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Plain<br /> |p<br /> |b<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |t<br /> |d<br /> |tɕ<br /> |c<br /> |ɟ<br /> |cʷ<br /> |ɟʷ<br /> |k<br /> |<br /> |kʲ<br /> |<br /> |kᶣ<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |'''''p'''''<br /> |'''''b'''''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |'''''t'''''<br /> |'''''d'''''<br /> |'''''ch'''''<br /> |'''''c'''''<br /> |'''''j'''''<br /> |'''''č'''''<br /> |'''''ǰ'''''<br /> |'''''k'''''<br /> |<br /> |'''''ķ'''''<br /> |<br /> |'''''ǩ'''''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Rhinoglottic<br /> |pʼ<br /> |ᵐb<br /> |ᵏʇˀ<br /> |<br /> |tʼ<br /> |ⁿd<br /> |tɕʼ<br /> |<br /> |ᶮɟ<br /> |<br /> |ᶮɟʷ<br /> |kʼ<br /> |ᵑg<br /> |kʲʼ<br /> |ᵑgʲ<br /> |kᶣʼ<br /> |ᵑgᶣ<br /> |ʔ<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |'''''pp'''''<br /> |'''''nb'''''<br /> |'''''zz'''''<br /> |<br /> |'''''tt'''''<br /> |'''''nd'''''<br /> |'''''cc'''''<br /> |<br /> |'''''jj'''''<br /> |<br /> |'''''nǰ'''''<br /> |'''''kk'''''<br /> |'''''ng'''''<br /> |'''''ḱḱ'''''<br /> |'''''nǵ'''''<br /> |'''''ǩǩ'''''<br /> |'''''nǧ'''''<br /> |'''''<nowiki/>''''''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Fricative<br /> |ɸ<br /> |β<br /> |θ~s̪<br /> |ð~z̪<br /> |s<br /> |<br /> |ʃ<br /> |ç<br /> |ʝ<br /> |çʷ<br /> |ʝʷ<br /> |<br /> |ʁ<br /> |<br /> |ʁʲ<br /> |<br /> |ʁᶣ<br /> |h<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |'''''f'''''<br /> |'''''v'''''<br /> |'''''ç'''''<br /> |'''''z'''''<br /> |'''''s'''''<br /> |<br /> |'''''x'''''<br /> |'''''ś'''''<br /> |'''''ź'''''<br /> |'''''š'''''<br /> |'''''ž'''''<br /> |<br /> |'''''g'''''<br /> |<br /> |'''''ǵ'''''<br /> |<br /> |'''''ǧ'''''<br /> |'''''h'''''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Approximant<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |l̥<br /> |l<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |j<br /> |<br /> |ɥ<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ʕ̞<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |'''''lh'''''<br /> |'''''l'''''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |'''''y'''''<br /> |<br /> |'''''w'''''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |'''''q'''''<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Tap<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɾ̥<br /> |ɾ<br /> |<br /> |ɾ̥ʲ<br /> |ɾʲ<br /> |ɾ̥ᶣ<br /> |ɾᶣ<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |'''''rh'''''<br /> |'''''r'''''<br /> |<br /> |'''''ŕh'''''<br /> |'''''ŕ'''''<br /> |'''''řh'''''<br /> |'''''ř'''''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Trill<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |r̥<br /> |r<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |'''''ŗh'''''<br /> |'''''ŗ'''''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Vowels ===<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! rowspan="3" |Vowels<br /> ! colspan="3" |Front<br /> ! colspan="2" |Central<br /> ! colspan="2" |Back<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Oral<br /> ! colspan="2" |Nasal<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Oral<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Nasal<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Oral<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Nasal<br /> |-<br /> !Unround<br /> !Round<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |High<br /> |i<br /> |ĩ<br /> |ỹ<br /> |ɨ<br /> |ɨ̃<br /> |<br /> |ʊ̃<br /> |-<br /> |'''''i'''''<br /> |'''''ĩ'''''<br /> |'''''ü'''''<br /> |'''''u'''''<br /> |'''''ũ'''''<br /> |<br /> |'''''õ'''''<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Mid<br /> |e<br /> |ẽ<br /> |ø̃<br /> |ɘ<br /> |<br /> |o<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |'''''e'''''<br /> |'''''ẽ'''''<br /> |'''''ö'''''<br /> |'''''ë'''''<br /> |<br /> |'''''o'''''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Low<br /> |ɛ~æ<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɔ~ɑ<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |'''''ä'''''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |'''''a'''''<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Grammar ===<br /> Nouns usually have either feminine or masculine gender. Nouns and proper nouns referring to people can have feminine, masculine, or femasculine. Proper nouns not referring to people are always femasculine. There is some precedent for nouns or proper nouns with the opposite gender that they're supposed to have being used for alternative versions of the original word. This is primarily used in fiction and physics.<br /> <br /> Deeplect -9 has a complex way of marking gender, topic, number, transitivity, specificity, and adjectives that makes them interconnected.<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> !Masc //-bʰi//, //-te//<br /> |-<br /> !Fem //-ⁿd//, //-l//<br /> |-<br /> !Femasc //-bʰiⁿd//, //-tel//<br /> |}<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="3" rowspan="3" |Noun Declensions (''lhaadh'')<br /> ! colspan="4" |Topic within noun phrase<br /> ! colspan="2" |Topic not within noun phrase<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Subject<br /> ! colspan="2" |Object<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Subject<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Object<br /> |-<br /> !Noun Topic<br /> !Adjective Topic<br /> !Noun Topic<br /> !Adjective Topic<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="3" |Generic<br /> | colspan="2" |''lhaadh'' V O<br /> | colspan="2" |V ''lhaadh'' S<br /> |V O ''lhaadh''<br /> |S V ''lhaadh''<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="6" |Singular<br /> ! rowspan="3" |Non-specific<br /> !Masc<br /> |''lhaadte'' V O<br /> |''lhaadbhi'' V O<br /> |V ''lhaachte'' S<br /> |V ''lhaach'' S<br /> |V O ''lhaadhbhi''<br /> |S V ''lhaach''<br /> |-<br /> !Fem<br /> |''lhaadhal'' V O<br /> |''lhaadhand'' V O<br /> |V ''lhaadhol'' S<br /> |V ''lhaadhon'' S<br /> |V O ''lhaadhand''<br /> |S V ''lhaadhon''<br /> |-<br /> !Femasc<br /> |''lhaadtel'' V O<br /> |''lhaadhbhind'' V O<br /> |V ''lhaachontel'' S<br /> |V ''lhaachon'' S<br /> |V O ''lhaadhbhind''<br /> |S V ''lhaachon''<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="3" |Specific<br /> !Masc<br /> |''lhaadte'' V O<br /> |''lhaadbhi'' V O<br /> |V ''lhaadhbhite'' S<br /> |''lhaadbhi'' V O<br /> |V O ''lhaadhbhi''<br /> |S V ''lhaadhbhi''<br /> |-<br /> !Fem<br /> |''lhaadhal'' V O<br /> |''lhaadhand'' V O<br /> |V ''lhaadhandal'' S<br /> |''lhaadhand'' V O<br /> |V O ''lhaadhand''<br /> |S V ''lhaadhand''<br /> |-<br /> !Femasc<br /> |''lhaadtel'' V O<br /> |''lhaadhbhind'' V O<br /> |V ''lhaadhbhindel'' S<br /> |''lhaadhbhind'' V O<br /> |V O ''lhaadhbhind''<br /> |S V ''lhaadhbhind''<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="4" |Plural<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Non-specific<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Specific<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="4" |Distributive<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Non-specific<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Specific<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Verbs<br /> ! colspan="2" |Intransitive<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Transitive<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> !Adjectives<br /> !<br /> !<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> In the following charts, small asterisked words are atypical declensions.<br /> {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Nouns<br /> !Plain<br /> !Fem<br /> !Masc<br /> !Femasc<br /> !Fem Topic<br /> !Masc Topic<br /> !Femasc Topic<br /> !Fem Singular<br /> !Masc Singular<br /> !Femasc Singular<br /> |-<br /> !//Ø//<br /> !//-ⁿd//<br /> !//-bʰi//<br /> !//-bʰiⁿd//<br /> !//-l//<br /> !//-te//<br /> !//-tel//<br /> !//-on//<br /> !//-js//<br /> !//-json//<br /> |-<br /> !friend<br /> |chẽ<br /> |chẽnd<br /> |chẽbhi<br /> |chẽbhind<br /> |chẽl<br /> |chẽte<br /> |chẽtel<br /> |chẽon<br /> |chẽys<br /> |chẽyson<br /> |-<br /> !watermelon<br /> |vilh<br /> |*vilnd<br /> |vilhbhi<br /> |*vilhbhind<br /> |*vill<br /> |vilhte<br /> |*vilhtel<br /> |*vilhon<br /> |vilhx<br /> |*vilhxon<br /> |-<br /> !sun<br /> |ńaṁ<br /> |*ńamnd<br /> |ńaṁbhi<br /> |*ńaṁbhind<br /> |*ńaml<br /> |ńaṁte<br /> |*ńaṁtel<br /> |*ńaṁon<br /> |ńaṁx<br /> |*ńaṁxon<br /> |-<br /> !moon<br /> |ḱḱuŗh<br /> |*ḱḱuŗnd<br /> |ḱḱuŗhbhi<br /> |*ḱḱuŗhbhind<br /> |ḱḱuŗl<br /> |ḱḱuŗhte<br /> |*ḱḱuŗhtel<br /> |*ḱḱuŗhon<br /> |ḱḱuŗhx<br /> |*ḱḱuŗhxon<br /> |-<br /> !day<br /> |ma<br /> |mand<br /> |*mabhi<br /> |*mabhind<br /> |mal<br /> |*mate<br /> |*matel<br /> |maon<br /> |*mays<br /> |*mayson<br /> |-<br /> !night<br /> |bhai<br /> |bhaind<br /> |*bhaibhi<br /> |*bhaibhind<br /> |bhail<br /> |*bhaite<br /> |*bhaitel<br /> |bhaion<br /> |*bhaiys<br /> |*bhaiyson<br /> |-<br /> !day sky<br /> |cĩĩ<br /> |cĩĩnd<br /> |*cĩĩbhi<br /> |*cĩĩbhind<br /> |cĩĩl<br /> |*cĩĩte<br /> |*cĩĩtel<br /> |cĩĩon<br /> |*cĩĩys<br /> |*cĩĩyson<br /> |-<br /> !night sky<br /> |'att<br /> |*'attand<br /> |'attibhi<br /> |*'attibhind<br /> |*'attal<br /> |'atte<br /> |*'attel<br /> |*'atton<br /> |'attis<br /> |*'attison<br /> |-<br /> !cloud<br /> |lhä<br /> |lhänd<br /> |*lhäbhi<br /> |*lhäbhind<br /> |lhäl<br /> |*lhäte<br /> |*lhätel<br /> |lhäon<br /> |*lhäys<br /> |*lhäyson<br /> |-<br /> !paper<br /> |nzũ'<br /> |nzũnd<br /> |*nzũ'bhi<br /> |*nzũ'bhind<br /> |nzũl<br /> |*nzũ'te<br /> |*nzũ'tel<br /> |nzũ'on<br /> |*nzũ'x<br /> |*nzũ'xon<br /> |-<br /> !computer<br /> |zhoto<br /> |*zhotond<br /> |zhotobhi<br /> |*zhotobhind<br /> |*zhotol<br /> |zhotote<br /> |*zhototel<br /> |*zhotoon<br /> |zhotoys<br /> |*zhotoyson<br /> |-<br /> !person<br /> |lhaadh<br /> |lhaadhand<br /> |lhaadhbhi<br /> |lhaadhbhind<br /> |lhaadhal<br /> |lhaadte<br /> |lhaadtel<br /> |lhaadhon<br /> |lhaadhx<br /> |lhaadhxon<br /> |}<br /> {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Verbs<br /> !Intransitive<br /> !Fem Transitive<br /> !Masc Transitive<br /> !Femasc Transitive<br /> |-<br /> !//Ø//<br /> !//-r̥//<br /> !//-ʊ̃//<br /> !//-ʊ̃r̥//<br /> |-<br /> !like<br /> |qad<br /> |qatŗh<br /> |qadõ<br /> |qadõŗh<br /> |-<br /> !want<br /> |chëk<br /> |chëkŗh<br /> |chëkõ<br /> |chëkõŗh<br /> |-<br /> !have<br /> |ṁẽ<br /> |ṁẽŗh<br /> |ṁẽõ<br /> |ṁẽõŗh<br /> |-<br /> !give<br /> |zzõ<br /> |zzõŗh<br /> |zzõõ<br /> |zzõõŗh<br /> |-<br /> !receive/take<br /> |ń'e<br /> |ń'eŗh<br /> |ń'eõ<br /> |ń'eõŗh<br /> |-<br /> !eat/drink<br /> |mäx<br /> |mäxŗh<br /> |mäxõ<br /> |mäxõŗh<br /> |-<br /> !breathe<br /> |ňhim<br /> |ňhimŗh<br /> |ňhimõ<br /> |ňhimõŗh<br /> |-<br /> !say<br /> |ää<br /> |ääŗh<br /> |ääõ<br /> |ääõŗh<br /> |-<br /> !sing<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !go to<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !leave<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Adjectives<br /> !Fem<br /> !Masc<br /> !Femasc<br /> !Fem Topic<br /> !Masc Topic<br /> !Femasc Topic<br /> |-<br /> !//-β//<br /> !//-i//<br /> !//-ɥ//<br /> !//-l//<br /> !//-te//<br /> !//-tel//<br /> |-<br /> !happy<br /> |zzaav<br /> |zzaai<br /> |zzaaw<br /> |zaal<br /> |zzaate<br /> |zaatel<br /> |-<br /> !blue<br /> |ǵëv<br /> |ǵëi<br /> |ǵëw<br /> |ǵël<br /> |ǵëte<br /> |ǵëtel<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Deeplect -8 ==<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> !C<br /> ! colspan="2" |Bilabial<br /> ! colspan="2" |Alveolar<br /> ! colspan="2" |Dorsal<br /> ! colspan="2" |Glottal<br /> !V<br /> !Non-Back<br /> !Back<br /> |-<br /> !Nasal<br /> |{{ipa|m̥}}<br /> |{{ipa|m}}<br /> |{{ipa|n̥}}<br /> |{{ipa|n}}<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|ɲ}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> !Close<br /> |{{ipa|i̞}}<br /> |{{ipa|ɯ}}<br /> |-<br /> !Plosive<br /> |{{ipa|pʰ}}<br /> |{{ipa|bʰ}}<br /> |{{ipa|tʰ}}<br /> |{{ipa|dʰ}}<br /> |{{ipa|kʰ}}<br /> |{{ipa|ɡʰ}}<br /> |{{ipa|ʔ}}<br /> |<br /> !Mid<br /> |{{ipa|ə}}<br /> |{{ipa|o}}<br /> |-<br /> !Fricative<br /> |{{ipa|ɸ}}<br /> |{{ipa|β}}<br /> |{{ipa|ʃ}}<br /> |{{ipa|ʒ}}<br /> |{{ipa|x}}<br /> |{{ipa|ɣ}}<br /> |{{ipa|h}}<br /> |{{ipa|ɦ}}<br /> !Open<br /> |{{ipa|a}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Sonorant<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|w}}<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|ɾ}}<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|j}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> ! colspan="3" |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> * VS̥ʰ VS̬ʰ > V́S̥ V̀S̥ / _%<br /> <br /> (C<sub>1</sub>)V(C<sub>2</sub>)<br /> <br /> * C<sub>1</sub>: any consonant except /ʔ h ɦ/<br /> * V: any vowel<br /> * C<sub>2</sub>: any consonant<br /> <br /> === Transliterations ===<br /> ==== Latin ====<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> !IPA<br /> |{{ipa|m̥}}<br /> |{{ipa|m}}<br /> |{{ipa|n̥}}<br /> |{{ipa|n}}<br /> |{{ipa|ɲ}}<br /> |{{ipa|pʰ}}<br /> |{{ipa|bʰ}}<br /> |{{ipa|tʰ}}<br /> |{{ipa|dʰ}}<br /> |{{ipa|kʰ}}<br /> |{{ipa|ɡʰ}}<br /> |{{ipa|ʔ}}<br /> |{{ipa|ɸ}}<br /> |{{ipa|β}}<br /> |{{ipa|ʃ}}<br /> |{{ipa|ʒ}}<br /> |{{ipa|x}}<br /> |{{ipa|ɣ}}<br /> |{{ipa|h}}<br /> |{{ipa|ɦ}}<br /> |{{ipa|w}}<br /> |{{ipa|ɾ}}<br /> |{{ipa|j}}<br /> |{{ipa|i̞}}<br /> |{{ipa|ɯ}}<br /> |{{ipa|ə}}<br /> |{{ipa|o}}<br /> |{{ipa|a}}<br /> |-<br /> !Romanization<br /> |'''mh'''<br /> |'''m'''<br /> |'''nh'''<br /> |'''n'''<br /> |'''ny'''<br /> |'''p'''<br /> |'''b'''<br /> |'''t'''<br /> |'''d'''<br /> |'''k'''<br /> |'''g'''<br /> |'''c'''<br /> |'''f'''<br /> |'''v'''<br /> |'''s'''<br /> |'''j'''<br /> |'''x'''<br /> |'''q'''<br /> |'''h'''<br /> |'''’'''<br /> |'''w'''<br /> |'''r'''<br /> |'''y'''<br /> |'''i'''<br /> |'''u'''<br /> |'''e'''<br /> |'''o'''<br /> |'''a'''<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==== Kana ====<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> !<br /> !{{ipa|Ø}}<br /> !{{ipa|m̥}}<br /> !{{ipa|m}}<br /> !{{ipa|n̥}}<br /> !{{ipa|n}}<br /> !{{ipa|ɲ}}<br /> !{{ipa|pʰ}}<br /> !{{ipa|bʰ}}<br /> !{{ipa|tʰ}}<br /> !{{ipa|dʰ}}<br /> !{{ipa|kʰ}}<br /> !{{ipa|ɡʰ}}<br /> !{{ipa|ʔ}}<br /> !{{ipa|ɸ}}<br /> !{{ipa|β}}<br /> !{{ipa|ʃ}}<br /> !{{ipa|ʒ}}<br /> !{{ipa|x}}<br /> !{{ipa|ɣ}}<br /> !{{ipa|h}}<br /> !{{ipa|ɦ}}<br /> !{{ipa|w}}<br /> !{{ipa|ɾ}}<br /> !{{ipa|j}}<br /> |-<br /> !{{ipa|i̞}}<br /> |'''い'''<br /> |'''ミ'''<br /> |'''み'''<br /> |'''ニ'''<br /> |'''に'''<br /> |'''にぃ'''<br /> |'''ぴ'''<br /> |'''び'''<br /> |'''ち'''<br /> |'''ぢ'''<br /> |'''き'''<br /> |'''ぎ'''<br /> |<br /> |'''ふぃ'''<br /> |'''ゔぃ'''<br /> |'''し'''<br /> |'''じ'''<br /> |'''キ'''<br /> |'''ギ'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |'''ゐ'''<br /> |'''り'''<br /> |'''いぃ'''<br /> |-<br /> !{{ipa|ɯ}}<br /> |'''う'''<br /> |'''ム'''<br /> |'''む'''<br /> |'''ヌ'''<br /> |'''ぬ'''<br /> |'''にゅ'''<br /> |'''ぷ'''<br /> |'''び'''<br /> |'''つ'''<br /> |'''づ'''<br /> |'''く'''<br /> |'''ぐ'''<br /> |<br /> |'''ふ'''<br /> |'''ゔ'''<br /> |'''しゅ'''<br /> |'''じゅ'''<br /> |'''ク'''<br /> |'''グ'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |'''うぅ'''<br /> |'''る'''<br /> |'''ゆ'''<br /> |-<br /> !{{ipa|ə}}<br /> |'''え'''<br /> |'''メ'''<br /> |'''め'''<br /> |'''ネ'''<br /> |'''ね'''<br /> |'''にぇ'''<br /> |'''ぺ'''<br /> |'''べ'''<br /> |'''て'''<br /> |'''で'''<br /> |'''け'''<br /> |'''げ'''<br /> |<br /> |'''ふぇ'''<br /> |'''ゔぇ'''<br /> |'''しぇ'''<br /> |'''じぇ'''<br /> |'''ケ'''<br /> |'''ゲ'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |'''ゑ'''<br /> |'''れ'''<br /> |'''いぇ'''<br /> |-<br /> !{{ipa|o}}<br /> |'''お'''<br /> |'''モ'''<br /> |'''も'''<br /> |'''ノ'''<br /> |'''の'''<br /> |'''にょ'''<br /> |'''ぽ'''<br /> |'''ぼ'''<br /> |'''と'''<br /> |'''ど'''<br /> |'''こ'''<br /> |'''ご'''<br /> |<br /> |'''ふぉ'''<br /> |'''ゔぉ'''<br /> |'''しょ'''<br /> |'''じょ'''<br /> |'''コ'''<br /> |'''ゴ'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |'''を'''<br /> |'''ろ'''<br /> |'''よ'''<br /> |-<br /> !{{ipa|a}}<br /> |'''あ'''<br /> |'''マ'''<br /> |'''ま'''<br /> |'''ナ'''<br /> |'''な'''<br /> |'''にゃ'''<br /> |'''ぱ'''<br /> |'''ば'''<br /> |'''た'''<br /> |'''だ'''<br /> |'''か'''<br /> |'''が'''<br /> |<br /> |'''ふぁ'''<br /> |'''ゔぁ'''<br /> |'''しゃ'''<br /> |'''じゃ'''<br /> |'''カ'''<br /> |'''ガ'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |'''わ'''<br /> |'''ら'''<br /> |'''や'''<br /> |-<br /> !{{ipa|Ø}}<br /> |<br /> |'''ム゚'''<br /> |'''ム゙'''<br /> |'''ヌ゚'''<br /> |'''ヌ゙'''<br /> |'''ニ゙'''<br /> |'''プ'''<br /> |'''ブ'''<br /> |'''ト'''<br /> |'''ド'''<br /> |'''ク゚'''<br /> |'''ん'''<br /> |'''っ'''<br /> |'''フ'''<br /> |'''ヴ'''<br /> |'''シ'''<br /> |'''ジ'''<br /> |'''ホ'''<br /> |'''ン'''<br /> |'''ゝ'''<br /> |'''ゞ'''<br /> |'''ウ'''<br /> |'''ル'''<br /> |'''イ'''<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Deeplect -7 ==<br /> Deeplect-7 divides words into 3 categories depending on how they can be perceived by the senses: proximal sensation, distal sensation, and general sensation. Deeplect -7-speakers recognize 6 senses in terms of these divisions: sight, sound, smell, taste, touch, and memory. The emotional sense refers to an individual being made to feel an emotion. The memorial sense refers to an individual forming a memory or recalling past memories.<br /> <br /> * Proximal sensation includes things whose perception is limited to a close range:<br /> ** any object by its texture<br /> ** whispering by sound<br /> ** blood by flavor<br /> ** paper by scent<br /> ** small insects by sight<br /> ** a dream by memory<br /> * Distal sensation includes things whose perception is '''not''' limited to a close range:<br /> ** weather by its temperature<br /> ** shouting by sound<br /> ** chocolate by expectation-induced flavor<br /> ** a fart by scent<br /> ** a building by sight<br /> ** a bear at a zoo by memory<br /> * General sensation always includes the conceptualization of an object, and senses that are more strongly associated with the concept of it than the sensation of it. Some objects have no associated sensations with them such as<br /> <br /> Often, what translates to a single word in English is split into two or three words depending on how they are experienced in a sentence.<br /> {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"<br /> ! colspan="4" |Vocabulary List<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Deeplect -7<br /> ! colspan="2" |English<br /> |-<br /> !Word<br /> !IPA<br /> !Translation<br /> !Context<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|[nâˀ]|test=}}<br /> |paper<br /> |general: ''visual, conceptual''<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|[sâˀ]|test=}}<br /> |paper<br /> |distal: ''auditory, memorial''<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|[θâˀ]|test=}}<br /> |paper<br /> |proximal: ''tactile, olfactory, gustatory''<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|[nâˀ]|test=}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|[nâˀ]|test=}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|[nâˀ]|test=}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|[nâˀ]|test=}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|[nâˀ]|test=}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|[nâˀ]|test=}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|[nâˀ]|test=}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|[nâˀ]|test=}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|[nâˀ]|test=}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|[nâˀ]|test=}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|[nâˀ]|test=}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|[nâˀ]|test=}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|[nâˀ]|test=}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|[nâˀ]|test=}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|[nâˀ]|test=}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|[nâˀ]|test=}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Deeplect -6 ==<br /> Every word is 6 morae long.<br /> <br /> == Deeplect -5 ==<br /> === Consonants ===<br /> Deeplect -5 has a small consonant inventory with about half of its consonants being clicks. This small size is made up for in extreme allophony.<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="2" |Consonant<br /> !Labial<br /> !Dental<br /> !Alveolar<br /> !Palatal<br /> !Glottal<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="3" |Pulmonic<br /> !Stop<br /> |p<br /> |<br /> |t<br /> |<br /> |ʔ<br /> |-<br /> !Fricative<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |s<br /> |<br /> |hʲ<br /> |-<br /> !Glide<br /> |w<br /> |<br /> |l<br /> |j<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="3" |Click<br /> !Nasal<br /> |<br /> |ᵑǀ<br /> |ᵑǃ<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Aspirated<br /> |<br /> |ᵏǀʰ<br /> |ᵏǃʰ<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Glottalized<br /> |<br /> |ᵏǀˀ<br /> |ᵏǃˀ<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Vowels ===<br /> X language has two levels of stress: primary and secondary. Primary stress is marked with vowel length and can have a high, low, falling, or rising tone. Secondary stress is marked with either a high or low tone. Primary stress is word-initial, but secondary stress is lexical.<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Vowels<br /> ! colspan="2" |Oral<br /> ! colspan="2" |Nasal<br /> |-<br /> !Front<br /> !Back<br /> !Front<br /> !Back<br /> |-<br /> !Close<br /> |i<br /> |u<br /> |ĩ<br /> |ũ<br /> |-<br /> !Mid<br /> |e<br /> |o<br /> |ẽ<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Open<br /> |<br /> |a<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Phonotactics ===<br /> (C)(G)V(C); C = consonant; G = /t ʔ w j/; Q = click; V = vowel<br /> <br /> # pʔ tʔ > pʼ tʼ<br /> # p t c ʔ s > b d ɟ ʔ̞ z / _{i,e} !{#,C̥}_<br /> # d ǃ > ɟ ǂ / _i<br /> # w l j > m n ɲ / {Ṽ_,_Ṽ}<br /> # n t > ŋ k / _{u,ũ}<br /> # l > ɾ / _{u,o,a}<br /> # V > Ṽ / ᵑQ_<br /> # ᵑǀw ᵑǃj > ᵑʘ ᵑǂ<br /> # hʲ / Ø !_{i,ĩ,e,ẽ}<br /> # QC / Ø !QC=!w<br /> # CCC VVV ṼV VṼ CQ jʔ hʲʔ / Ø<br /> <br /> === Romanization ===<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> !Consonant<br /> ! colspan="8" |Romanization<br /> !Vowel<br /> ! colspan="4" |Romanization<br /> |-<br /> !/p/<br /> ![p]<br /> |p<br /> ![b]<br /> |b<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !/i/<br /> ![i]<br /> |i<br /> ![ĩ]<br /> |i<br /> |-<br /> !/t/<br /> ![t]<br /> |t<br /> ![d]<br /> |d<br /> ![ɟ]<br /> |dj<br /> ![k]<br /> |k<br /> !/ĩ/<br /> ![ĩ]<br /> |in<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !/ʔ/<br /> ![ʔ]<br /> |'<br /> ![ʔ̞]<br /> |'<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !/u/<br /> ![u]<br /> |u<br /> ![ũ]<br /> |u<br /> |-<br /> !/s/<br /> ![s]<br /> |s<br /> ![z]<br /> |z<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !/ũ/<br /> ![ũ]<br /> |un<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !/hʲ/<br /> ![hʲ]<br /> |h<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !/e/<br /> ![e]<br /> |e<br /> ![ẽ]<br /> |e<br /> |-<br /> !/w/<br /> ![w]<br /> |w<br /> ![m]<br /> |m<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !/ẽ/<br /> ![ẽ]<br /> |en<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !/l/<br /> ![l]<br /> |l<br /> ![ɾ]<br /> |r<br /> ![n]<br /> |n<br /> ![ŋ]<br /> |ng<br /> !/o/<br /> ![o]<br /> |o<br /> ![õ]<br /> |o<br /> |-<br /> !/j/<br /> ![j]<br /> |y<br /> ![ɲ]<br /> |nj<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !/a/<br /> ![a]<br /> |a<br /> ![ã]<br /> |a<br /> |-<br /> !/ᵑǀ/<br /> ![ᵑǀ]<br /> |cn<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !Tone<br /> ! colspan="4" |Romanization<br /> |-<br /> !/ᵑǃ/<br /> ![ᵑǃ]<br /> |qn<br /> ![ᵑǂ]<br /> |qny<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !/H/<br /> ![H]<br /> |¯<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !/ᵏǀʰ/<br /> ![ᵏǀʰ]<br /> |ch<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !/L/<br /> ![L]<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !/ᵏǃʰ/<br /> ![ᵏǃʰ]<br /> |qh<br /> ![ᵏǂʰ]<br /> |qh<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !/HL/<br /> ![HL]<br /> |ˋ<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !/ᵏǀˀ/<br /> ![ᵏǀˀ]<br /> |c'<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !/LH<br /> ![LH]<br /> |´<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !/ᵏǃˀ/<br /> ![ᵏǃˀ]<br /> |q'<br /> ![ᵏǂˀ]<br /> |q'<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> ! colspan="5" rowspan="3" |<br /> |-<br /> !/ᵑǀw/<br /> ![ᵑʘ]<br /> |cm<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !/ᵑǃj/<br /> ![ᵑǂ]<br /> |qny<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Deeplect -4.5 ==<br /> This is a naturalistic dialect of Deeplect -4, used for situations where Deeplect -4 would be required to be naturalistic.<br /> <br /> === Consonants ===<br /> All consonants can be lengthened except for /r̥ ɽ͡r ˀɽ/. All velars become palatal or palatalized after front vowels.<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="3" |Consonants<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Labial<br /> ! colspan="4" |Dental<br /> ! colspan="4" |Postalveolar<br /> ! colspan="4" |Velar<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Glottal<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Plain<br /> ! colspan="2" |Glottalized<br /> ! colspan="2" |Plain<br /> ! colspan="2" |Glottalized<br /> ! colspan="2" |Plain<br /> ! colspan="2" |Glottalized<br /> |-<br /> !IPA<br /> !Rom<br /> !IPA<br /> !Rom<br /> !IPA<br /> !Rom<br /> !IPA<br /> !Rom<br /> !IPA<br /> !Rom<br /> !IPA<br /> !Rom<br /> !IPA<br /> !Rom<br /> !IPA<br /> !Rom<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Nasal<br /> |ɱ<br /> |'''m'''<br /> |n<br /> |'''n'''<br /> |ˀn<br /> |'''’n'''<br /> |ɳ<br /> |'''nr'''<br /> |ˀɳ<br /> |'''’nr'''<br /> |ŋ<br /> |'''nj'''<br /> |ˀŋ<br /> |'''’nj'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Plosive<br /> !Voiceless<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |t<br /> |'''t'''<br /> |tʼ<br /> |'''tʼ'''<br /> |ʈ<br /> |'''tr'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |k<br /> |'''k'''<br /> |kʼ<br /> |'''k’'''<br /> |ʔ<br /> |'''’'''<br /> |-<br /> !Voiced<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |d<br /> |'''d'''<br /> |ɗ<br /> |'''d’'''<br /> |ɖ<br /> |'''dr'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |g<br /> |'''g'''<br /> |ɠ<br /> |'''g’'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Affricate<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |t͡s<br /> |'''c'''<br /> |t͡sʼ<br /> |'''c’'''<br /> |t͡ʃ<br /> |'''x'''<br /> |t͡ʃʼ<br /> |'''x’'''<br /> |k͡x<br /> |'''cj'''<br /> |k͡xʼ<br /> |'''cj’'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Fricative<br /> !Voiceless<br /> |f<br /> |'''f'''<br /> |s<br /> |'''s'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ʃ<br /> |'''sr'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |x<br /> |'''sj'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |h<br /> |'''h'''<br /> |-<br /> !Voiced<br /> |v<br /> |'''v'''<br /> |z<br /> |'''z'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ʒ<br /> |'''zr'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɣ<br /> |'''zj'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Approximant<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ð<br /> |'''ð'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Liquid<br /> !Voiceless<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɬ<br /> |'''hl'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |r̥<br /> |'''hr'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Voiced<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |l<br /> |'''l'''<br /> |ˀl<br /> |'''’l'''<br /> |ɽ͡r<br /> |'''rr'''<br /> |ˀɽ<br /> |'''’r'''<br /> |ʟ<br /> |'''lj'''<br /> |ˀʟ<br /> |'''’lj'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Vowels and Tones ===<br /> All vowels have one of four tones: high, low, falling, and rising. Falling and rising tones are closer to the middle range than high or low. High tone is accompanied by preaspiration. On a word-initial vowel, the preaspiration is breathy. The preaspiration is converted into voiceless aspiration on any preceding voiceless consonant, and breathy voice on any preceding voiced consonant. Low tone is accompanied by creaky voice on the vowel.<br /> <br /> Vowels are separated into 2 classes based on their phonotactic behavior and evolutionary history. Class 1 vowels have no phonotactic restrictions other than that they cannot form diphthongs with each other. These vowels originated from the proto-language's 3-vowel system /e a o/.<br /> <br /> Class 2 vowels must be preceded or followed by a consonant, or both, and cannot be adjacent to a Class 1 vowel. Class 2 vowels can form diphthongs with each other. These diphthongs use the same tone system as other vowels. Diphthongs with consonants involve sliding articulation. Class 2 diphthongs cannot be adjacent to each other and adhere to the same restrictions as Class 2 monophthongs. They are excluded from the charts because all Class 2 vowels can form diphthongs (or long vowels) with another and it is not specially notated in romanization.<br /> <br /> There are three romanizations systems for Deeplect -4 which differ in vowel and tone notation. The Vohnegien<ref name=":022">Name created by [[Janus]].</ref> notation prioritized representing historical pronunciation such as syllabic consonants and their descendants being written with an vowel-initial diagraph upon which tones would be marked with diacritics. Vohnegien notation is seen as more outdated by some, but still used by a few scattered Deeplect -4-speaking regions and by linguists.<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="12" |Vohnegien Notation<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="3" |Vowels<br /> ! colspan="6" |Non-labial<br /> ! colspan="4" |Labial<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Extra-Front<br /> ! colspan="2" |Front<br /> ! colspan="2" |Back<br /> ! colspan="2" |Front<br /> ! colspan="2" |Back<br /> |-<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Class 1<br /> !Monophthong<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |e<br /> |'''e'''<br /> |ɤ<br /> |'''y'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |o<br /> |'''o'''<br /> |-<br /> !Diphthong<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |je<br /> |'''ie'''<br /> |ɰɤ<br /> |'''uy'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |wo<br /> |'''uo'''<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="3" |Class 2<br /> !Nasal<br /> |n̩<br /> |'''an'''<br /> |ĩ<br /> |'''in'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɱ̍<br /> |'''am'''<br /> |ũ<br /> |'''un'''<br /> |-<br /> !Close<br /> |l̩<br /> |'''al'''<br /> |i<br /> |'''iy'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |y<br /> |'''iu'''<br /> |ʉ<br /> |'''eu'''<br /> |-<br /> !Open<br /> |r̩<br /> |'''ar'''<br /> |æ<br /> |'''ae'''<br /> |ɑ<br /> |'''ao'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɵ<br /> |'''au'''<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Tones<br /> ! colspan="2" |-H<br /> ! colspan="2" |-L<br /> | colspan="6" rowspan="4" |⟨V⟩ here is used to represent a vowel, not the letter V.<br /> |-<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |H-<br /> |ʰV́<br /> |'''V̄'''<br /> |V̂<br /> |'''V̀'''<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |L-<br /> |V̌<br /> |'''V́'''<br /> |V̰̀<br /> |'''V'''<br /> |}<br /> Gritchend<ref name=":022" /> approached notation from a modern pronunciation in which diacritics are used on consonants to show syllabicity and on vowels to show vowel quality. Gritchend elected to romanize tones with unused consonant letters. Gritchend notation is broadly considered the modern notation of the language and is used in most formal and informal contexts.<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="12" |Gritchend Notation<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="3" |Vowels<br /> ! colspan="6" |Non-labial<br /> ! colspan="4" |Labial<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Extra-Front<br /> ! colspan="2" |Front<br /> ! colspan="2" |Back<br /> ! colspan="2" |Front<br /> ! colspan="2" |Back<br /> |-<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Class 1<br /> !Monophthong<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |e<br /> |'''e'''<br /> |ɤ<br /> |'''y'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |o<br /> |'''o'''<br /> |-<br /> !Diphthong<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |je<br /> |'''ie'''<br /> |ɰɤ<br /> |'''uy'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |wo<br /> |'''uo'''<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="3" |Class 2<br /> !Nasal<br /> |n̩<br /> |'''ń'''<br /> |ĩ<br /> |'''ĩ'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɱ̍<br /> |'''ḿ'''<br /> |ũ<br /> |'''ũ'''<br /> |-<br /> !Close<br /> |l̩<br /> |'''ĺ'''<br /> |i<br /> |'''i'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |y<br /> |'''u'''<br /> |ʉ<br /> |'''ü'''<br /> |-<br /> !Open<br /> |r̩<br /> |'''ŕ'''<br /> |æ<br /> |'''ä'''<br /> |ɑ<br /> |'''a'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɵ<br /> |'''ö'''<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Tones<br /> ! colspan="2" |-H<br /> ! colspan="2" |-L<br /> | colspan="6" rowspan="4" |⟨S⟩ here is used to represent a syllable, not the letter S.<br /> |-<br /> !IPA<br /> !Grit.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Grit.<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |H-<br /> |ʰV́<br /> |'''S'''<br /> |V̂<br /> |'''Sb'''<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |L-<br /> |V̌<br /> |'''Sp'''<br /> |V̰̀<br /> |'''Sq'''<br /> |}<br /> In the interest of avoiding the use of diacritics altogether, Vondenberg<ref name=":022" /> combined the vowel notation of Vohnegien and tone notation of Gritchend. This more modern romanization is most often used in informal text messages and typing with decorative fonts, which often have poor diacritic support.<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="12" |Vondenberg Notation<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="3" |Vowels<br /> ! colspan="6" |Non-labial<br /> ! colspan="4" |Labial<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Extra-Front<br /> ! colspan="2" |Front<br /> ! colspan="2" |Back<br /> ! colspan="2" |Front<br /> ! colspan="2" |Back<br /> |-<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vond.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vond.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vond.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vond.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vond.<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Class 1<br /> !Monophthong<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |e<br /> |'''e'''<br /> |ɤ<br /> |'''y'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |o<br /> |'''o'''<br /> |-<br /> !Diphthong<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |je<br /> |'''ie'''<br /> |ɰɤ<br /> |'''uy'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |wo<br /> |'''uo'''<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="3" |Class 2<br /> !Nasal<br /> |n̩<br /> |'''an'''<br /> |ĩ<br /> |'''in'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɱ̍<br /> |'''am'''<br /> |ũ<br /> |'''un'''<br /> |-<br /> !Close<br /> |l̩<br /> |'''al'''<br /> |i<br /> |'''iy'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |y<br /> |'''iu'''<br /> |ʉ<br /> |'''eu'''<br /> |-<br /> !Open<br /> |r̩<br /> |'''ar'''<br /> |æ<br /> |'''ae'''<br /> |ɑ<br /> |'''ao'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɵ<br /> |'''au'''<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Tones<br /> ! colspan="2" |-H<br /> ! colspan="2" |-L<br /> | colspan="6" rowspan="4" |⟨S⟩ here is used to represent a syllable, not the letter S.<br /> |-<br /> !IPA<br /> !Grit.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Grit.<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |H-<br /> |ʰV́<br /> |'''S'''<br /> |V̂<br /> |'''Sb'''<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |L-<br /> |V̌<br /> |'''Sp'''<br /> |V̰̀<br /> |'''Sq'''<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Deeplect -4 ==<br /> === Consonants ===<br /> All consonants can be lengthened except for /r̥ ɽ͡r ˀɽ/.<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="3" |Consonants<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Labial<br /> ! colspan="4" |Dental<br /> ! colspan="4" |Postalveolar<br /> ! colspan="4" |Palatal<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Glottal<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Plain<br /> ! colspan="2" |Glottalized<br /> ! colspan="2" |Plain<br /> ! colspan="2" |Glottalized<br /> ! colspan="2" |Plain<br /> ! colspan="2" |Glottalized<br /> |-<br /> !IPA<br /> !Rom<br /> !IPA<br /> !Rom<br /> !IPA<br /> !Rom<br /> !IPA<br /> !Rom<br /> !IPA<br /> !Rom<br /> !IPA<br /> !Rom<br /> !IPA<br /> !Rom<br /> !IPA<br /> !Rom<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Nasal<br /> |ɱ<br /> |'''m'''<br /> |n<br /> |'''n'''<br /> |ˀn<br /> |'''’n'''<br /> |ɳ<br /> |'''nr'''<br /> |ˀɳ<br /> |'''’nr'''<br /> |ɲ<br /> |'''nj'''<br /> |ˀɲ<br /> |'''’nj'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Plosive<br /> !Voiceless<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |t<br /> |'''t'''<br /> |tʼ<br /> |'''tʼ'''<br /> |ʈ<br /> |'''tr'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |c<br /> |'''k'''<br /> |cʼ<br /> |'''k’'''<br /> |ʔ<br /> |'''’'''<br /> |-<br /> !Voiced<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |d<br /> |'''d'''<br /> |ɗ<br /> |'''d’'''<br /> |ɖ<br /> |'''dr'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɟ<br /> |'''g'''<br /> |ʄ<br /> |'''g’'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Affricate<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |t͡s<br /> |'''c'''<br /> |t͡sʼ<br /> |'''c’'''<br /> |t͡ʃ<br /> |'''x'''<br /> |t͡ʃʼ<br /> |'''x’'''<br /> |c͡ç<br /> |'''cj'''<br /> |c͡çʼ<br /> |'''cj’'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Fricative<br /> !Voiceless<br /> |f<br /> |'''f'''<br /> |s<br /> |'''s'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ʃ<br /> |'''sr'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ç<br /> |'''sj'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |h<br /> |'''h'''<br /> |-<br /> !Voiced<br /> |v<br /> |'''v'''<br /> |z<br /> |'''z'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ʒ<br /> |'''zr'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ʝ<br /> |'''zj'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Approximant<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ð<br /> |'''ð'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Liquid<br /> !Voiceless<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɬ<br /> |'''hl'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |r̥<br /> |'''hr'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Voiced<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |l<br /> |'''l'''<br /> |ˀl<br /> |'''’l'''<br /> |ɽ͡r<br /> |'''rr'''<br /> |ˀɽ<br /> |'''’r'''<br /> |ʎ<br /> |'''lj'''<br /> |ˀʎ<br /> |'''’lj'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Vowels and Tones ===<br /> All vowels have one of four tones: high, low, falling, and rising. Falling and rising tones are closer to the middle range than high or low. High tone is accompanied by preaspiration. On a word-initial vowel, the preaspiration is breathy. The preaspiration is converted into voiceless aspiration on any preceding voiceless consonant, and breathy voice on any preceding voiced consonant. Low tone is accompanied by creaky voice on the vowel.<br /> <br /> Vowels are separated into 2 classes based on their phonotactic behavior and evolutionary history. Class 1 vowels have no phonotactic restrictions other than that they cannot form diphthongs with each other. These vowels originated from the proto-language's 3-vowel system /e a o/.<br /> <br /> Class 2 vowels must be preceded or followed by a consonant, or both, and cannot be adjacent to a Class 1 vowel. Class 2 vowels can form diphthongs with each other. These diphthongs use the same tone system as other vowels. Diphthongs with consonants involve sliding articulation. Class 2 diphthongs cannot be adjacent to each other and adhere to the same restrictions as Class 2 monophthongs. They are excluded from the charts because all Class 2 vowels can form diphthongs (or long vowels) with another and it is not specially notated in romanization.<br /> <br /> There are three romanizations systems for Deeplect -4 which differ in vowel and tone notation. The Vohnegien<ref name=":022" /> notation prioritized representing historical pronunciation such as syllabic consonants and their descendants being written with an vowel-initial diagraph upon which tones would be marked with diacritics. Vohnegien notation is seen as more outdated by some, but still used by a few scattered Deeplect -4-speaking regions and by linguists.<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="12" |Vohnegien Notation<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="3" |Vowels<br /> ! colspan="6" |Non-labial<br /> ! colspan="4" |Labial<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Extra-Front<br /> ! colspan="2" |Front<br /> ! colspan="2" |Back<br /> ! colspan="2" |Front<br /> ! colspan="2" |Back<br /> |-<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Class 1<br /> !Monophthong<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |e<br /> |'''e'''<br /> |ɤ<br /> |'''y'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |o<br /> |'''o'''<br /> |-<br /> !Diphthong<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |je<br /> |'''ie'''<br /> |ɰɤ<br /> |'''uy'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |wo<br /> |'''uo'''<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="3" |Class 2<br /> !Nasal<br /> |n̩<br /> |'''an'''<br /> |ĩ<br /> |'''in'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɱ̍<br /> |'''am'''<br /> |ũ<br /> |'''un'''<br /> |-<br /> !Close<br /> |l̩<br /> |'''al'''<br /> |i<br /> |'''iy'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |y<br /> |'''iu'''<br /> |ʉ<br /> |'''eu'''<br /> |-<br /> !Open<br /> |r̩<br /> |'''ar'''<br /> |æ<br /> |'''ae'''<br /> |ɑ<br /> |'''ao'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɵ<br /> |'''au'''<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Tones<br /> ! colspan="2" |-H<br /> ! colspan="2" |-L<br /> | colspan="6" rowspan="4" |⟨V⟩ here is used to represent a vowel, not the letter V.<br /> |-<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |H-<br /> |ʰV́<br /> |'''V̄'''<br /> |V̂<br /> |'''V̀'''<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |L-<br /> |V̌<br /> |'''V́'''<br /> |V̰̀<br /> |'''V'''<br /> |}<br /> Gritchend<ref name=":022" /> approached notation from a modern pronunciation in which diacritics are used on consonants to show syllabicity and on vowels to show vowel quality. Gritchend elected to romanize tones with unused consonant letters. Gritchend notation is broadly considered the modern notation of the language and is used in most formal and informal contexts.<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="12" |Gritchend Notation<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="3" |Vowels<br /> ! colspan="6" |Non-labial<br /> ! colspan="4" |Labial<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Extra-Front<br /> ! colspan="2" |Front<br /> ! colspan="2" |Back<br /> ! colspan="2" |Front<br /> ! colspan="2" |Back<br /> |-<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Class 1<br /> !Monophthong<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |e<br /> |'''e'''<br /> |ɤ<br /> |'''y'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |o<br /> |'''o'''<br /> |-<br /> !Diphthong<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |je<br /> |'''ie'''<br /> |ɰɤ<br /> |'''uy'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |wo<br /> |'''uo'''<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="3" |Class 2<br /> !Nasal<br /> |n̩<br /> |'''ń'''<br /> |ĩ<br /> |'''ĩ'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɱ̍<br /> |'''ḿ'''<br /> |ũ<br /> |'''ũ'''<br /> |-<br /> !Close<br /> |l̩<br /> |'''ĺ'''<br /> |i<br /> |'''i'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |y<br /> |'''u'''<br /> |ʉ<br /> |'''ü'''<br /> |-<br /> !Open<br /> |r̩<br /> |'''ŕ'''<br /> |æ<br /> |'''ä'''<br /> |ɑ<br /> |'''a'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɵ<br /> |'''ö'''<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Tones<br /> ! colspan="2" |-H<br /> ! colspan="2" |-L<br /> | colspan="6" rowspan="4" |⟨S⟩ here is used to represent a syllable, not the letter S.<br /> |-<br /> !IPA<br /> !Grit.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Grit.<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |H-<br /> |ʰV́<br /> |'''S'''<br /> |V̂<br /> |'''Sb'''<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |L-<br /> |V̌<br /> |'''Sp'''<br /> |V̰̀<br /> |'''Sq'''<br /> |}<br /> In the interest of avoiding the use of diacritics altogether, Vondenberg<ref name=":022" /> combined the vowel notation of Vohnegien and tone notation of Gritchend. This more modern romanization is most often used in informal text messages and typing with decorative fonts, which often have poor diacritic support.<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="12" |Vondenberg Notation<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="3" |Vowels<br /> ! colspan="6" |Non-labial<br /> ! colspan="4" |Labial<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Extra-Front<br /> ! colspan="2" |Front<br /> ! colspan="2" |Back<br /> ! colspan="2" |Front<br /> ! colspan="2" |Back<br /> |-<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vond.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vond.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vond.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vond.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vond.<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Class 1<br /> !Monophthong<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |e<br /> |'''e'''<br /> |ɤ<br /> |'''y'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |o<br /> |'''o'''<br /> |-<br /> !Diphthong<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |je<br /> |'''ie'''<br /> |ɰɤ<br /> |'''uy'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |wo<br /> |'''uo'''<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="3" |Class 2<br /> !Nasal<br /> |n̩<br /> |'''an'''<br /> |ĩ<br /> |'''in'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɱ̍<br /> |'''am'''<br /> |ũ<br /> |'''un'''<br /> |-<br /> !Close<br /> |l̩<br /> |'''al'''<br /> |i<br /> |'''iy'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |y<br /> |'''iu'''<br /> |ʉ<br /> |'''eu'''<br /> |-<br /> !Open<br /> |r̩<br /> |'''ar'''<br /> |æ<br /> |'''ae'''<br /> |ɑ<br /> |'''ao'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɵ<br /> |'''au'''<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Tones<br /> ! colspan="2" |-H<br /> ! colspan="2" |-L<br /> | colspan="6" rowspan="4" |⟨S⟩ here is used to represent a syllable, not the letter S.<br /> |-<br /> !IPA<br /> !Grit.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Grit.<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |H-<br /> |ʰV́<br /> |'''S'''<br /> |V̂<br /> |'''Sb'''<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |L-<br /> |V̌<br /> |'''Sp'''<br /> |V̰̀<br /> |'''Sq'''<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Deeplect -3 ==<br /> === Consonants ===<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Non-Click Consonant<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Bilabial<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Dental<br /> ! colspan="2" |Alveolar<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Palatal<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Velar/Uvular<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Laryngeal<br /> |-<br /> !Plain<br /> !Fricated<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="4" |Stop<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Plain<br /> |p '''p'''<br /> |t͡θ '''th'''<br /> |t '''t'''<br /> |t͡s '''ts'''<br /> |t͡ʃ '''ch'''<br /> |k '''c'''<br /> |ʡ '''q'''<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |d '''d'''<br /> |d͡z '''dz'''<br /> |d͡ʒ '''gh'''<br /> |g '''g'''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Glottalized<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |t͡s’ '''ts’'''<br /> |t͡ʃʼ '''ch’'''<br /> |kʼ '''c’'''<br /> |ʔˤ '''q’'''<br /> |-<br /> |ɓ '''b’'''<br /> |<br /> |ɗ '''d’'''<br /> |<br /> |ʄ '''gh’'''<br /> |ɠ '''g’'''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="3" |Fricative<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Plain<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |s '''s'''<br /> |ʃ '''š'''<br /> |χ '''x'''<br /> |ħ '''h'''<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ʒ '''ž'''<br /> |<br /> |ʕ '''ǧ'''<br /> |-<br /> !Glottalized<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ʃʼ '''š’'''<br /> |χʼ '''x’'''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Nasal<br /> |m '''m'''<br /> |n '''n'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ŋ '''ň'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Sonorant<br /> |β̞ '''v'''<br /> |lː '''l'''<br /> |r '''r'''<br /> |r̝ '''rz'''<br /> |j '''y'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==== Allophony ====<br /> <br /> * /t͡ʃ d͡ʒ t͡ʃʼ ʄ k ɡ kʼ ɠ/ become [k͡x g͡ɣ k͡xʼ ɠ q ɢ qʼ ʛ] before low or back vowels.<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Click Consonant<br /> ! colspan="2" |Bilabial<br /> ! colspan="2" |Dental<br /> ! colspan="2" |Alveolar<br /> ! colspan="2" |Lateral<br /> ! colspan="2" |Palatal<br /> |-<br /> !Velar<br /> !Uvular<br /> !Velar<br /> !Uvular<br /> !Velar<br /> !Uvular<br /> !Velar<br /> !Uvular<br /> !Velar<br /> !Uvular<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="3" |Nasal<br /> !Fricated<br /> |ŋʘʰ '''mwh'''<br /> |ɴʘχ '''mwx'''<br /> |ŋǀʰ '''nzh'''<br /> |ɴǀχ '''nzx'''<br /> |ŋǃʰ '''nkh'''<br /> |ɴǃχ '''nkx'''<br /> |ŋǁʰ '''nllh'''<br /> |ɴǁχ '''nllx'''<br /> |ŋǂʰ '''njh'''<br /> |ɴǂχ '''njx'''<br /> |-<br /> !Plain<br /> |ŋʘ '''mw'''<br /> |ɴʘ '''wm'''<br /> |ŋǀ '''nz'''<br /> |ɴǀ '''zn'''<br /> |ŋǃ '''nk'''<br /> |ɴǃ '''kn'''<br /> |ŋǁ '''nll'''<br /> |ɴǁ '''lln'''<br /> |ŋǂ '''nj'''<br /> |ɴǂ '''jn'''<br /> |-<br /> !Ploded<br /> |ŋʘˀ '''mw’'''<br /> |ɴʘq '''mwq'''<br /> |ŋǀˀ '''nz’'''<br /> |ɴǀq '''nzq'''<br /> |ŋǃˀ '''nk’'''<br /> |ɴǃq '''nkq'''<br /> |ŋǁˀ '''nll’'''<br /> |ɴǁq '''nllq'''<br /> |ŋǂˀ '''nj’'''<br /> |ɴǂq '''njq'''<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="9" |Oral<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Affricate<br /> |ʘk͡x '''wch'''<br /> |qʘχ '''wx'''<br /> |ǀk͡x '''zch'''<br /> |qǀχ '''zx'''<br /> |ǃk͡x '''kch'''<br /> |qǃχ '''kx'''<br /> |ǁk͡x '''llch'''<br /> |qǁχ '''llx'''<br /> |ǂk͡x '''jch'''<br /> |qǂχ '''jx'''<br /> |-<br /> |gʘx '''gwx'''<br /> |<br /> |gǀx '''gzx'''<br /> |<br /> |gǃx '''gkx'''<br /> |<br /> |gǁx '''gllx'''<br /> |<br /> |gǂx '''gjx'''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Aspirated<br /> |kʘʰ '''wh'''<br /> |<br /> |kǀʰ '''zh'''<br /> |<br /> |kǃʰ '''kh'''<br /> |<br /> |kǁʰ '''llh'''<br /> |<br /> |kǂʰ '''jh'''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |gʘʱ '''gwh'''<br /> |<br /> |gǀʱ '''gzh'''<br /> |<br /> |gǃʱ '''gkh'''<br /> |<br /> |gǁʱ '''gllh'''<br /> |<br /> |gǂʱ '''gjh'''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Plain<br /> |kʘ '''cw'''<br /> |ʘq '''wq'''<br /> |kǀ '''cz'''<br /> |ǀq '''zq'''<br /> |kǃ '''ck'''<br /> |ǃq '''kq'''<br /> |kǁ '''cll'''<br /> |ǁq '''llq'''<br /> |kǂ '''cj'''<br /> |ǂq '''jq'''<br /> |-<br /> |gʘ '''gw'''<br /> |ʘɢ '''wg'''<br /> |gǀ '''gz'''<br /> |ǀɢ '''zg'''<br /> |gǃ '''gk'''<br /> |ǃɢ '''kg'''<br /> |gǁ '''gll'''<br /> |ǁɢ '''llg'''<br /> |gǂ '''gj'''<br /> |ǂɢ '''jg'''<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Glottalized<br /> |kʘˀ '''w’'''<br /> |<br /> |kǀˀ '''z’'''<br /> |<br /> |kǃˀ '''k’'''<br /> |<br /> |kǁˀ '''ll’'''<br /> |<br /> |kǂˀ '''j’'''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |gkʘˀ '''gcw’'''<br /> |ɢqʘˀ '''gqw’'''<br /> |gkǀˀ '''gcz’'''<br /> |ɢqǀˀ '''gqz’'''<br /> |gkǃˀ '''gck’'''<br /> |ɢqǃˀ '''gqk’'''<br /> |gkǁˀ '''gcll’'''<br /> |ɢqǁˀ '''gqll’'''<br /> |gkǂˀ '''gcj’'''<br /> |ɢqǂˀ '''gqj’'''<br /> |-<br /> !Ejective<br /> |ʘkʼ '''wc’'''<br /> |ʘqʼ '''wq’'''<br /> |ǀkʼ '''zc’'''<br /> |ǀqʼ '''zq’'''<br /> |ǃkʼ '''kc’'''<br /> |ǃqʼ '''kq’'''<br /> |ǁkʼ '''llc’'''<br /> |ǁqʼ '''llq’'''<br /> |ǂkʼ '''jc’'''<br /> |ǂqʼ '''jq’'''<br /> |}<br /> An apostrophe is placed between grapheme clusters that may be confused with whole graphemes, e.g. ⟨amwha⟩ is /a.ŋʘʰa/ and ⟨am’wha⟩ is /am.kʘʰa/.<br /> <br /> === Vowels ===<br /> The vowel qualities are /i u e o a ã/ ⟨i u e o a ã⟩, with the long vowels /iː uː ɛː ɔː ɑː ãː/ ⟨ī ū ē ō ā ãa⟩ and overlong vowels /iːː uːː eːːː oːːː aːːː ãːːː/ ⟨ii uu ee oo aa ãā⟩.<br /> <br /> The possible diphthongs are /ei eo oe oi ou oa ue ua ai ae au ao oã uã ãi ãe ãu ão/.<br /> <br /> Phonations include modal, breathy ⟨◌h⟩, creaky ⟨◌’⟩, (all three of which can be pharyngealized ⟨◌·⟩), and strident ⟨◌ħ⟩. A long vowels and diphthongs can contain more than one phonation, but short and overlong vowels cannot.<br /> <br /> All vowels can be -ATR or +ATR ⟨◌y⟩, corresponding to tongue root harmony. This harmony can change voiceless plain stops to breathy stops (except /p/ which becomes [b]). It is a progressive harmony that begins from the start of a root word and is blocked by ejective and uvular consonants. +ATR is only romanized on the first vowel of a root word.<br /> <br /> ==== Allophony ====<br /> <br /> * Vowels are nasalized whenever adjacent to nasal phonemes. /ã/ merges with /a/, so ⟨ã⟩ is not used adjacent to nasal phonemes.<br /> <br /> == Deeplect -2 ==<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Labiodental<br /> ! colspan="4" |Dental<br /> ! colspan="4" |Alveolar<br /> ! colspan="4" |Palatal<br /> ! colspan="4" |Uvular<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Epiglottal<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Plain<br /> ! colspan="2" |Labial<br /> ! colspan="2" |Plain<br /> ! colspan="2" |Labial<br /> ! colspan="2" |Plain<br /> ! colspan="2" |Labial<br /> ! colspan="2" |Plain<br /> ! colspan="2" |Labial<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Nasal<br /> |{{ipa|ɱ}}<br /> |'''m'''<br /> |{{ipa|n̪}}<br /> |'''’n'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|n}}<br /> |'''n'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|ɲ}}<br /> |'''nj'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|ɴ}}<br /> |'''ng'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="3" |Plosive<br /> !Tense<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|ʔ͡d̪̊}}<br /> |'''’t'''<br /> |{{ipa|ʔ͡d̪̊ʷ}}<br /> |'''’tw'''<br /> |{{ipa|ʔ͡d̥}}<br /> |'''t'''<br /> |{{ipa|ʔ͡d̥ʷ}}<br /> |'''tw'''<br /> |{{ipa|ʔ͡ɟ̊}}<br /> |'''c'''<br /> |{{ipa|ʔ͡ɟ̊ʷ}}<br /> |'''cw'''<br /> |{{ipa|ʔ͡ɢ̥}}<br /> |'''k'''<br /> |{{ipa|ʔ͡ɢ̥ʷ}}<br /> |'''kw'''<br /> |{{ipa|ʡ}}<br /> |'''q'''<br /> |-<br /> !Lax<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|d̪𐞖}}<br /> |'''’dh'''<br /> |{{ipa|d̪𐞖ʷ}}<br /> |'''’dhw'''<br /> |{{ipa|d𐞖}}<br /> |'''dh'''<br /> |{{ipa|d𐞖ʷ}}<br /> |'''dhw'''<br /> |{{ipa|ɟ𐞖}}<br /> |'''jh'''<br /> |{{ipa|ɟ𐞖ʷ}}<br /> |'''jhw'''<br /> |{{ipa|ɢ𐞖}}<br /> |'''gh'''<br /> |{{ipa|ɢ𐞖ʷ}}<br /> |'''ghw'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Voiced<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|d̪}}<br /> |'''’d'''<br /> |{{ipa|d̪ʷ}}<br /> |'''’nw'''<br /> |{{ipa|d}}<br /> |'''d'''<br /> |{{ipa|dʷ}}<br /> |'''dw'''<br /> |{{ipa|ɟ}}<br /> |'''j'''<br /> |{{ipa|ɟʷ}}<br /> |'''jw'''<br /> |{{ipa|ɢ}}<br /> |'''g'''<br /> |{{ipa|ɢʷ}}<br /> |'''gw'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Fricative<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|ð}}<br /> |'''ð'''<br /> |{{ipa|ðʷ}}<br /> |'''ðw'''<br /> |{{ipa|z}}<br /> |'''z'''<br /> |{{ipa|zʷ}}<br /> |'''zw'''<br /> |{{ipa|ʝ}}<br /> |'''y'''<br /> |{{ipa|ʝʷ}}<br /> |'''yw'''<br /> |{{ipa|ʁ}}<br /> |'''x'''<br /> |{{ipa|ʁʷ}}<br /> |'''xw'''<br /> |{{ipa|ʜ}}<br /> |'''h'''<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Vibrant<br /> |{{ipa|ⱱ}}<br /> |'''v'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|r}}<br /> |'''r'''<br /> |{{ipa|rʷ}}<br /> |'''rw'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Lateral<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|l̪}}<br /> |'''’l'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|l}}<br /> |'''l'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|ʎ}}<br /> |'''lj'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|ʟ}}<br /> |'''lg'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! rowspan="2" |<br /> ! colspan="4" |Front<br /> ! colspan="4" |Non-Front<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |High<br /> ! colspan="2" |Low<br /> ! colspan="2" |High<br /> ! colspan="2" |Low<br /> |-<br /> !Close<br /> |{{ipa|í}}<br /> |'''í'''<br /> |{{ipa|ì}}<br /> |'''i'''<br /> |{{ipa|ɨ́}}<br /> |'''ú'''<br /> |{{ipa|ɨ̀}}<br /> |'''u'''<br /> |-<br /> !Close-Mid<br /> |{{ipa|é}}<br /> |'''é'''<br /> |{{ipa|è}}<br /> |'''e'''<br /> |{{ipa|ɘ́}}<br /> |'''ó'''<br /> |{{ipa|ɘ̀}}<br /> |'''o'''<br /> |-<br /> !Open<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|ɐ́}}<br /> |'''á'''<br /> |{{ipa|ɐ̀}}<br /> |'''a'''<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Deeplect -1 ==<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="3" |Grammar<br /> !<br /> |-<br /> !Gloss<br /> !IPA<br /> !Description<br /> !Examples<br /> |-<br /> !CAUS.GNO<br /> |jɾa-<br /> |''production, resultation, consequence (gnomic and nouns)''<br /> |kesˈteltɔ jɾaˈmiawa (earth brings life)<br /> |-<br /> !CAUS<br /> |ko-<br /> |''caused (tense, verbs only)''<br /> |kes'teltɔ koˈmiawe̤ (earth is causing life to exist)<br /> |-<br /> !MOA<br /> | -a,ɔ > -e̤<br /> |''verbalizer (motion of agent, MOA). MOA verbs receive an adverb? auxiliary verb? after, showing the precise action taking place if it isn't clear from the primary verb (it would be clear if the prim. verb was "to go to" but not if it's "to water"). unclear primary verbs used without secondary verbs are said to simply "be occuring" or "be existing".''<br /> |ˈbiːje̤ (approaching water)<br /> kesˈtelte̤ (kicking the ground)<br /> |-<br /> !MOS<br /> | -a,ɔ > -ʕu<br /> |''verbalizer (motion of secondary thing, MOS). MOS places the object after the verb. objects and "secondary verbs" (referenced above) do not differ in marking''<br /> |ˈbiːjʕu (splashing water on someone/watering something)<br /> kesˈteltʕu (kicking dirt at something/someone)<br /> |-<br /> !MOP<br /> | -a,ɔ > -a(ʕim)<br /> |''verbalizer (motion of patient, MOP). MOP places its object before the verb. -ʕim is only added for formality, emphasis, or syntactic disambiguation.''<br /> |ˈbiːja(ʕim) ~ spraying water around<br /> kesˈtela(ʕim) ~ kicking up dirt<br /> |}<br /> whether a verb is conjugated to MOA/MOS/MOP is determined by which action the speaker wants to focus on the most, even though usually 2 or 3 of them will be actually occuring<br /> <br /> topic pronouns (marked for person, number, and obviation) are clitics that attach to a particle with some of their grammatical information (cases).<br /> <br /> # 1P.SG.OBV1 ~ ũ=<br /> # 1P.SG.OBV2 ~ nã=<br /> # 1P.SG.OBV3 ~ ˈdeu=<br /> # 2P.SG.OBV1 ~ in=<br /> # 2P.SG.OBV2 ~ ja̤=<br /> # 2P.SG.OBV3 ~ tḛːŋ=<br /> # 3P.SG.OBV1 ~ ki=<br /> # 3P.SG.OBV2 ~ ɾḛj=<br /> # 3P.SG.OBV3 ~ aːn=<br /> # 1P.PL.INCL ~ eˈdo=<br /> # 1P.PL.EXCL ~ kʼe=<br /> # 2P.PL.INCL ~ ˈkimi=<br /> # 2P.PL.EXCL ~ ˈhuku=<br /> # 3P.PL.OBV1 ~ sto=<br /> # 3P.PL.OBV2 ~ ˈmihi=<br /> # 3P.PL.OBV3 ~ aˈdoː=<br /> # REFL ~ pi<br /> #* used in stuff like drinking(MOS), eating(MOS), etc.<br /> # nominative ~ i<br /> # vocative ~ -ʃa̤,ja̤/i'ja̤<br /> # benefactive ~ -(ɾ)e/ri<br /> # malefactive ~ -ḛːse/ḛːse<br /> # dative ~ -ãw/ŋaw<br /> # commitative ~ -(k,ɡ,ʼ)iː/kiː<br /> # instrumental ~ -(s,z)ãʰː/zãʰː<br /> # other case particles can be derived using class-less variants of words, which can get prefixed to a non-topic noun<br /> <br /> * sometimes the particle may be used alone instead of the pronoun clitic.<br /> * the pronoun clitic can be attached to a word to show stronger volition toward that aspect of the action described in the sentence (i.e. TOP=[verb] for showing stronger intent for the action than the object, or TOP=[object] for the opposite). stronger volition toward one aspect often implies weaker volition or intent toward the rest (TOP=[verb] may imply accidentally affecting the object, and TOP=[object] may imply accidentally performing the action, but meaning to do something to the object).<br /> * both or either of the pronoun clitic and particle may be omitted. omission only occurs in the event of redundance.<br /> * there is a subject case particle.<br /> * other NPs are listed in the beginning of the sentence in order of decreasing relevance. their cases (and conjunctions) are expressed in affixes, not a particle.<br /> <br /> * every part of speech has its own set of classes (they do not correspond to each other).<br /> * modifiers are added by affixing the modifiee's class suffix and changing the modifiee's suffix to -aː (this assumes all classes affixes will be suffixes but maybe i wont do that)<br /> *# kesˈteltɔ ''modified by'' beˈʔaɾa (cooled lava ground) > kesˈtelt'''-ɔ''' beˈʔa-ɾa > kesˈtelt-aː beˈʔa-ɾa'''-ɔ''' > kesˈteltaː beˈʔaɔ<br /> * noun classes (suffixes and prefixes):<br /> <br /> # -a, -ɔ ~ fluid, changing (animals, thoughts, breath, wind, clothing, some gods)<br /> # -ɾa ~ dangerous (lava, fire, poisonous food, weapon used, some gods)<br /> # zũː- ~ machinery (car, computer, lock, some weapons merely existing)<br /> # kʰ- ~ valuable natural item (diamond, gold, ivory)<br /> # tʰe- ~ material for use (wood, paper, ink, glue, metal, cloth)<br /> # -ʔiː ~ natural (plants, sun, moon, dirt, some gods)<br /> # -nõ ~ human, human-related concept, or thing altered by humanity (person, domesticated animals, weapon created, gods from secular perspective)<br /> <br /> * verb classes (suffixes):<br /> <br /> # -e ~<br /> # -l ~<br /> # -a ~<br /> <br /> * adjective/adverb classes (prefixes):<br /> * ''unmarked'' ~ quality<br /> * xe- ~ identity<br /> * o- ~ relation<br /> * adposition classes (suffixes):<br /> <br /> * when creating a phrase or description, go with more actually-occurs options before hypothetical or culturally-specific ones (i.e. kesˈteltaː beˈʔaɾɔ is a ground of cooled lava, not the ground being molten lava as is pretended in the game "the floor is lava", since the former is more likely to be used in a real situation than the latter)<br /> <br /> kesˈtelt'''ɔ''' ~ earth<br /> <br /> ˈbiːj'''a''' ~ water<br /> <br /> kṵː'''ɾa''' ~ fire<br /> <br /> ˈmiaw'''a''' ~ life<br /> <br /> ˈ'''zũː'''kũː ~ metal, mechanical<br /> <br /> ˈ'''kʰ'''uːihu ~ gold<br /> <br /> beˈʔa'''ɾa''' ~ lava<br /> <br /> ˈ'''tʰe'''ːsʼaː ~ wood<br /> <br /> liˈ'''ʔiː''' ~ plant<br /> <br /> oˈŋãi'''nõ''' ~ human<br /> <br /> eˈumĩ'''a''' ~ love<br /> <br /> çiː'''a''' ~ emotion(s)<br /> <br /> xkiˈ'''ʔiː''' ~ think, mind<br /> <br /> ˈ'''tʰe'''nũː ~ paper<br /> <br /> '''tʰe'''ˈʔjul ~ ink<br /> <br /> ˈ'''zũː'''mãi ~ pen<br /> <br /> he ~ move to<br /> <br /> iːl ~ move at/in<br /> <br /> ɬaː ~ express, release, secrete<br /> <br /> ˈtʰeŋ'''ʔiː''' ~ visible attribute<br /> <br /> kɔʔj'''ɔ''' ~ color, shadow, brightness, angle<br /> <br /> tḛjjɔ ~ red, hot pink, orange, brown, violet<br /> <br /> vɾiː ~ yellow, orange, lime, beige, white, pink<br /> <br /> ħaːn ~ green, lime, evergreen<br /> <br /> ˈijaɲ ~ cyan, mint<br /> <br /> ˈṳba ~ blue, indigo, purple, black<br /> <br /> naːˈħal ~ dark yellow, muddy green<br /> <br /> ħũːe ~ correct, factual, verified, verifiable<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <references /></div>

Suqi https://mc.nguh.org/w/index.php?title=Trace_Deeplects&diff=39605 Trace Deeplects 2026-05-06T20:07:26Z

<p>Suqi: </p> <hr /> <div><br /> '''Trace Deeplects''' are incomplete portions of languages that have been detected in experiments attempting to verif’ the [[Deep Dimensional]] theory. While the strongest evidence for Deep Dimensional is the languages that have inexplicably appeared, [[MARA]] experiments have found trace amounts of languages in their investigations, giving it more credibility. However, measurement error is not ruled out. This article will contain all the information on every Trace Deeplect. Trace Deeplects are listed in order of their negative discovery.<br /> <br /> == Deeplect -F ==<br /> Pink: onset only<br /> <br /> Blue: word-medial onset only<br /> <br /> Uncolored: any position<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="2" |<br /> !Bilabial<br /> !Alveolar<br /> !Palatal<br /> !Velar<br /> !Uvular<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Plosive<br /> !Voiceless<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> | style="background-color: #fde" |ŋ̊ nh<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Voiced<br /> |m m<br /> |n n<br /> |<br /> |ŋ g<br /> |ɴ gu<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Plosive<br /> !Aspirated<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> | style="background-color: #fde" |kʰ kh<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Tenuis<br /> |<br /> | style="background-color: #def" |t t<br /> |<br /> | style="background-color: #fde" |k k<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Affricate<br /> |<br /> |<br /> | style="background-color: #def" |dʑʱ j<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Fricative<br /> !Aspirated<br /> |<br /> | style="background-color: #fde" |sʰ sh<br /> | style="background-color: #fde" |ɕʰ ch<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Tenuis<br /> |ɸ f<br /> |s s<br /> |ɕ c<br /> | style="background-color: #fde" |x x<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Glide<br /> !Unrounded<br /> |<br /> |l l<br /> |j y<br /> |ɰ w<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Rounded<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɥ yu<br /> |w wu<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> # m > mʲ / _{i,e,a}[–RTR]<br /> # ŋ ɴ k x > ɲ ŋʷ k̟ x̟ / _{i,e}<br /> # kʰ > k̟ʰ / _{i,e,a}<br /> # k x > k̠ x̠ / _{a,o}<br /> # kʰ > k̠ʰ / _o<br /> # l > ɾ / {i,e}_{i,e}<br /> # dʑʱi dʑʱiʱ > dʑʑ̩ dʑʱʑ̩ʱ<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="3" |<br /> ! colspan="4" |Front<br /> ! colspan="4" |Back<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |High<br /> ! colspan="2" |Low<br /> ! colspan="2" |High<br /> ! colspan="2" |Low<br /> |-<br /> !-RTR<br /> !+RTR<br /> !-RTR<br /> !+RTR<br /> !-RTR<br /> !+RTR<br /> !-RTR<br /> !+RTR<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="3" |Close<br /> !Modal<br /> |i í<br /> |i̙ ír<br /> |i i<br /> |i̙ ir<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Breathy<br /> |iʱ íh<br /> |i̙ʱ írh<br /> |iʱ ih<br /> |i̙ʱ irh<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Glottalized<br /> |iˀ í'<br /> |i̙ˀ ír'<br /> |iˀ i'<br /> |i̙ˀ ir'<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="3" |Mid<br /> !Modal<br /> |e é<br /> |e̙ ér<br /> |e e<br /> |e̙ er<br /> |o ó<br /> |o̙ ór<br /> |o o<br /> |o̙ or<br /> |-<br /> !Breathy<br /> |eʱ éh<br /> |e̙ʱ érh<br /> |eʱ eh<br /> |e̙ʱ erh<br /> |oʱ óh<br /> |o̙ʱ órh<br /> |oʱ oh<br /> |o̙ʱ orh<br /> |-<br /> !Glottalized<br /> |eˀ é'<br /> |e̙ˀ ér'<br /> |eˀ e'<br /> |e̙ˀ er'<br /> |oˀ ó'<br /> |o̙ˀ ór'<br /> |oˀ o'<br /> |o̙ˀ or'<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="3" |Open<br /> !Modal<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |a á<br /> |a̙ ár<br /> |a a<br /> |a̙ ar<br /> |-<br /> !Breathy<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |aʱ áh<br /> |a̙ʱ árh<br /> |aʱ ah<br /> |a̙ʱ arh<br /> |-<br /> !Glottalized<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |aˀ á'<br /> |a̙ˀ ár'<br /> |aˀ a'<br /> |a̙ˀ ar'<br /> |}<br /> <br /> # /V́/ cannot occur after /m n ŋ ɴ t k ɸ s ɕ x/<br /> # /V̀/ cannot occur after /ŋ̊ kʰ dʑʱ sʰ ɕʰ/<br /> # /i̙ e̙ a̙ o̙/ cannot occur after /ŋ kʰ k dʑʱ/<br /> # i i̙ e e̙ a a̙ o o̙ > ʑ̩ i ɪ e ɛ a ø o / {ɕ(ʰ),j}_<br /> # i i̙ e e̙ a a̙ o o̙ > ɨ i ə e ɑ a ɔ o / {ɰ,w}_<br /> <br /> === Adjectives ===<br /> Adjectives all end in -ó.<br /> <br /> === Word Order ===<br /> TOP - PP - ADJ - TAM - ADV - A1 - A2 - A3 - V1 - V2 - ADJ - A - PP<br /> <br /> TOP: A topic is optional, and primarily only included for emphasis, introduction, change of situation, surprise, questions, and answers.<br /> <br /> PP: The posposition following the topic marks its case if it is not the subject (i.e. agent or highly respected object).<br /> <br /> ADJ: Adjectives follow a topic or its postposition. Preverbal nouns cannot have adjectives<br /> <br /> TAM: TAM is a particle or two marking tense, aspect, and/or mood. Usually, the tense marker is separate from the aspect-mood marker, but it's only used if the implied tense from the AM is inaccurate.<br /> <br /> ADV: Adverbs are only distinguished from arguments if there are few arguments mentioned (typically 3-4, no more than 6). When there are many arguments, any adverbial statements must be converted into arguments themselves, following the verbs.<br /> <br /> A1-3: Arguments 1-3 are the subject, indirect object, and direct object, respectively. They are placed in that exact order when preceding the verb. The order for the others remains intact if one is placed in the position of topic. Arguments 1-3 retain their order but are all placed after the verbs if any one of them (that is not the topic) is modified by an adjective. When any of the 3 arguments are omitted, a prefix with the personhood and obviation of the omitted argument(s) is attached to the first verb.<br /> <br /> V1: Verb 1 is the main verb.<br /> <br /> V2: Verb 2 is a<br /> <br /> == Deeplect -E ==<br /> Pink: coda only<br /> <br /> Green: onset only<br /> <br /> Purple: word-medial onset only<br /> <br /> Uncolored: any position<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |<br /> ! colspan="2" |Labial<br /> ! colspan="2" |Alveolar<br /> ! colspan="2" |Palatal<br /> ! colspan="3" |Velar<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Pharyngeal<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Glottal<br /> |-<br /> !Plain<br /> !Palatalized<br /> !Plain<br /> !Palatalized<br /> !Plain<br /> !Labialized<br /> !Plain<br /> !Palatalized<br /> !Labialized<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Nasal<br /> |m '''''m'''''<br /> |mʲ '''''mj'''''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ŋ '''''n'''''<br /> |ŋʲ '''''nj'''''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Plosive<br /> !Aspirated<br /> |<br /> |<br /> | style="background-color: #dcf" |tʰ '''''t'''''<br /> | style="background-color: #dcf" |tʰʲ '''''tj'''''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |kʰ '''''k'''''<br /> |kʲʰ '''''kj'''''<br /> |kʷʰ '''''ku'''''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Tenuis<br /> |<br /> |<br /> | style="background-color: #dcf" |t '''''d'''''<br /> | style="background-color: #dcf" |tʲ '''''dj'''''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |k '''''g'''''<br /> |kʲ '''''gj'''''<br /> |kʷ '''''gu'''''<br /> |<br /> | style="background-color: #fde" |ʔ '''''q'''''<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Affricate<br /> !Aspirated<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |t͡sʰ '''''c'''''<br /> |t͡sʲʰ '''''cj'''''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Tenuis<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |t͡s '''''z'''''<br /> |t͡sʲ '''''zj'''''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Fricative<br /> !Short<br /> |ɸ '''''f'''''<br /> |ɸʲ '''''fj'''''<br /> | style="background-color: #def" |s '''''s'''''<br /> |sʲ '''''sj'''''<br /> | style="background-color: #dcf" |ɕ '''''sjj'''''<br /> |<br /> | style="background-color: #def" |x '''''x'''''<br /> |xʲ '''''xj'''''<br /> |<br /> | style="background-color: #dcf" |ħ '''''h'''''<br /> | style="background-color: #fde" |h '''''<nowiki/>''''''<br /> |-<br /> !Long<br /> |<br /> |<br /> | style="background-color: #def" |sː '''''ss'''''<br /> | colspan="2" style="background-color: #dcf" |ɕ̟ː '''''ssj'''''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Glide<br /> |<br /> |<br /> | style="background-color: #def" |ɾ '''''r'''''<br /> |<br /> |j '''''y'''''<br /> |ɥ '''''v'''''<br /> |ɰ '''''w'''''<br /> |ɰʲ '''''wj'''''<br /> |w '''''wu'''''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> kʷʰ kʷ w > pʰ p b / _($)(C)o<br /> <br /> /K(ʷ) Kʲ/ = [K̠(ʷ) K̟]<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> !<br /> ! colspan="2" |Front<br /> ! colspan="2" |Back<br /> |-<br /> !<br /> !Short<br /> !Long<br /> !Short<br /> !Long<br /> |-<br /> !High<br /> |i '''''i'''''<br /> |iː '''''ī'''''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Mid<br /> |e '''''e'''''<br /> |eː '''''ē'''''<br /> |o '''''o'''''<br /> |oː '''''ō'''''<br /> |-<br /> !Low<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |a '''''a'''''<br /> |aː '''''ā'''''<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Noun Class ===<br /> The following are classes for nouns.<br /> <br /> # -o: blooming flower (associated with life, vulnerability, singular success, youth, love (all kinds), the self, spirit, soul, novelty, beginnings)<br /> # -ui: withering flower (associated with death, ends, cumulative success, maturity, wisdom, knowledge)<br /> # -enj: day (associated with colors, grandeur, vastness, the sea, water, light)<br /> # -ī: night (associated with darkness, sleep, dreams, black vs. white, simplicity, revelation)<br /> <br /> The following are classes for verbs, adjectives, adverbs and particles that agree with nouns. Adverbs agree with the topic noun. Verbs agree with the patient noun when it is animate. Verbs agree with the agent noun if the patient noun is inanimate.<br /> <br /> # -i, -e, -yV: cute<br /> # -a, -ā, -akj: beautiful<br /> # -n: alien<br /> <br /> Particles for verbs are marked for familiar (cute and beautiful are merged), and alien classes but unpredictably. These agree with the verb.<br /> <br /> == Deeplect -D ==<br /> === Consonants ===<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |<br /> ! colspan="2" |Bilabial<br /> ! colspan="2" |Alveolar<br /> ! colspan="2" |Prepalatal<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Palatal<br /> ! colspan="2" |Prevelar<br /> ! colspan="2" |Postvelar<br /> ! colspan="2" |Uvular<br /> ! colspan="2" |Epiglottal<br /> ! colspan="2" |Glottal<br /> |-<br /> !Plain<br /> !Emphatic<br /> !Plain<br /> !Emphatic<br /> !Plain<br /> !Labial<br /> !Plain<br /> !Labial<br /> !Plain<br /> !Labial<br /> !Plain<br /> !Labial<br /> !Plain<br /> !Labial<br /> !Plain<br /> !Labial<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Nasal<br /> |m '''m'''<br /> |mˤ '''ṃ'''<br /> |n '''n'''<br /> |nˤ '''ṇ'''<br /> |ɲ̟ '''ň'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ŋ '''ŋ'''<br /> |ŋʷ '''ŋw'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="3" |Plosive<br /> !Aspirated<br /> |pʰ '''ph'''<br /> |pʰˤ '''ṗh'''<br /> |tʰ '''th'''<br /> |tʰˤ '''ṭh'''<br /> |c̟ʰ '''ch'''<br /> |c̟ʰʷ '''cv'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |kʰ '''kh'''<br /> |kʰʷ '''kv'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Lax<br /> |p '''p'''<br /> |pˤ '''ṗ'''<br /> |t '''t'''<br /> |tˤ '''ṭ'''<br /> |c̟ '''c'''<br /> |c̟ʷ '''cw'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |k '''k'''<br /> |kʷ '''kw'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ʡ '''q'''<br /> |ʡʷ '''qw'''<br /> |ʔ '''<nowiki/>''''<br /> |ʔʷ '''<nowiki/>'w'''<br /> |-<br /> !Tense<br /> |b '''b'''<br /> |bˤ '''ḅ'''<br /> |tʼ '''d'''<br /> |tˤʼ '''ḍ'''<br /> |c̟ʼ '''j'''<br /> |c̟ʷʼ '''jw'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |kʼ '''g'''<br /> |kʷʼ '''gw'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Continuant<br /> !Voiceless<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |s '''s'''<br /> |sˤ '''ṣ'''<br /> |ɕ '''š'''<br /> |ɕʷ '''šw'''<br /> |ç '''hy'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |x '''ḫ'''<br /> |xʷ '''ḫw'''<br /> |χ '''x'''<br /> |χʷ '''xw'''<br /> |ħ '''ħ'''<br /> |ħʷ '''ħw'''<br /> |h '''h'''<br /> |hʷ '''hw'''<br /> |-<br /> !Voiced<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |l '''l'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |j '''i'''<br /> |ɣʲ '''ǧy'''<br /> |w '''u'''<br /> |ɣ '''ǧ'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ʕ '''ġ'''<br /> |ʕʷ '''ġw'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Trill<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |r '''r'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ʀ '''ṛ'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==== Syllabic Consonants ====<br /> Syllabic consonants are romanized as double letters only when adjacent to two vowels or a nonsyllabic variant of each other.<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> !<br /> !Bilabial<br /> !Alveolar<br /> !Prepalatal<br /> !Postvelar<br /> !Uvular<br /> !Epiglottal<br /> |-<br /> !Nasal<br /> |m̩ '''m, mm'''<br /> |n̩ '''n, nn'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɴ̩ '''ŋ, ŋŋ'''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Fricative<br /> |<br /> |s̩ '''s, ss'''<br /> |ɕ̩ '''š, šš'''<br /> |x̩ '''ḫ, ḫḫ'''<br /> |χ̍ '''x, xx'''<br /> |ħ̩ '''ħ, ħħ'''<br /> |-<br /> !Lateral<br /> |<br /> |l̩ '''l, ll'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Trill<br /> |<br /> |r̩ '''r, rr'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Vowels ===<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> !<br /> !Front<br /> !Central<br /> !Back<br /> |-<br /> !Mid<br /> |e '''e'''<br /> |ɵ '''oy'''<br /> |o '''o'''<br /> |-<br /> !Near-Open<br /> |<br /> |ɐ '''ay'''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Open<br /> |<br /> |a '''a'''<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Pitch-Accent ===<br /> Deeplect -D uses seven pitch accents: high (ā [ꜛaꜜ]), mid (a [a]), low (ȧ [ꜜaꜛ]), falling (à [ꜛâꜜ]), rising (á [ǎꜛ]), high-falling (â [âꜜ]), and dipping (ǎ [â]), which can be placed on any mora except for the final one. All vowels and all syllabic consonants can receive a pitch accent.<br /> <br /> * '''High''' pitch accent gives only one mora a high tone while the rest have low tone (L-<u>H</u>-L)<br /> * '''Mid''' pitch accent makes a word retain low tone throughout (L-<u>L</u>-L)<br /> * '''Low''' pitch accent gives one more a low tone while the rest have high tone (H-<u>L</u>-H)<br /> * '''Falling''' pitch accent takes the tone of one mora from high to low while the rest of the morae have a low tone (L-<u>HL</u>-L)<br /> * '''Rising''' pitch accent takes one mora's tone from low to high while the preceding morae have a low tone and the following morae have a high tone (L-<u>LH</u>-H)<br /> * '''High-falling''' pitch accent takes one mora's tone from high to mid while the preceding morae have a high tone and the following morae have a low tone (H-<u>HM</u>-L)<br /> * '''Dipping''' pitch accent takes the tone of one mora from high to low while the rest of the morae have a mid tone (M-<u>HL</u>-M)<br /> <br /> === Phonotactics ===<br /> (C)V<br /> <br /> * Three of the same phoneme cannot occur in a row; syllabic consonants count as consonants in this rule.<br /> <br /> === Allophony ===<br /> E: /e/, [i ɪ e̞ ɛ]<br /> <br /> Y: /ɲ̟ c̟ʰ c̟ʰʷ c̟ c̟ʷ c̟ʼ c̟ʷʼ ɕ ɕʷ ç j/<br /> <br /> # /C₁C̩₁ C̩₁C₁/ = [C₁ːː C₁ːː]<br /> # /C̩V VC̩/ = [CːV VCː]<br /> # /e ɵ o/ = [e̞ ɵ̞ o̞]<br /> # e̞ o̞ ɵ̞ → ɛ ɞ ɔ / {_#,#_%,V_%}<br /> # e̞ ɵ̞ o̞ ɐ a → ɪ ɵ ʊ ɘ ɜ / _Cː<br /> # e̞ ɵ̞ o̞ ɐ a → i ʉ u ɨ ə / _Cːː<br /> # ɵ̞ o̞ ɐ a → ø̞ ɵ̞ æ̝ æ / {EC,Y}_<br /> # ɞ ɔ → œ ɞ / {EC,Y}_<br /> # ʊ ɵ ɘ ɜ → ʉ̞ ø e ɛ / {EC,Y}_<br /> # u ʉ ɨ ə → ʉ y ɪ e̞ / {EC,Y}_<br /> # ŋ(ʷ) → ɴ(ʷ) / _{a,ɐ,ɔ,o,ʊ}<br /> # ŋ(ʷ) → ɴ(ʷ) / {a,ɐ,ɔ,o,ʊ}_%<br /> # C̩[-labial] → C̩[-labial]ʷ / C[+labial]_<br /> # F̩[-voice] → F̩[+voice] / C[+voice]_<br /> <br /> === Word Formation ===<br /> Deeplect -D's word formation is unusual. The etymology of words comes from an abstract dimension where tracing the language consistently to its proto-form becomes impossible.<br /> <br /> == Deeplect -C ṡżṠŻǎǔǐěǒẽĩũẙů ==<br /> === Phonemic Inventory ===<br /> ==== Onsets ====<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |<br /> ! colspan="4" |Coronal<br /> ! colspan="4" |Peripheral<br /> |-<br /> !Plain<br /> !Lab.<br /> !Pal.<br /> !Lar.<br /> !Plain<br /> !Lab.<br /> !Pal.<br /> !Lar.<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Nasal<br /> !Plain<br /> |n<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ŋ<br /> |m<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Geminated<br /> |nː<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |mː<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Plosive<br /> !Plain<br /> |t<br /> |tʷ<br /> |tʲ<br /> |tˤ<br /> |k<br /> |kʷ<br /> |kʲ<br /> |kˤ<br /> |-<br /> !Geminated<br /> |tː<br /> |tʷː<br /> |tʲː<br /> |tˤː<br /> |kː<br /> |kʷː<br /> |kʲː<br /> |kˤː<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Affricate<br /> !Plain<br /> |t͡s<br /> |t͡sʷ<br /> |t͡sʲ<br /> |t͡sˤ<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Geminated<br /> |t͡sː<br /> |t͡sʷː<br /> |t͡sʲː<br /> |t͡sˤː<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Fricative<br /> !Plain<br /> |s<br /> |sʷ<br /> |sʲ<br /> |sˤ<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |h<br /> |-<br /> !Geminated<br /> |sː<br /> |sʷː<br /> |sʲː<br /> |sˤː<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Approximant<br /> |l<br /> |lʷ<br /> |lʲ<br /> |lˤ<br /> |ɰ<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==== Nuclei ====<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Labial<br /> ! colspan="4" |Coronal<br /> ! colspan="4" |Dorsal<br /> |-<br /> !Plain<br /> !Lab.<br /> !Pal.<br /> !Lar.<br /> !Plain<br /> !Lab.<br /> !Pal.<br /> !Lar.<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Occlusive<br /> !Spread glottis<br /> |ḿ̩<br /> |ń̩<br /> |t̩ʷʰ<br /> |t̩ʲʰ<br /> |t̩ˤʰ<br /> |ŋ̩́<br /> |k̩ʷʰ<br /> |k̩ʲʰ<br /> |k̩ˤʰ<br /> |-<br /> !Constricted glottis<br /> |m̩̀<br /> |ǹ̩<br /> |t̩ʷ<br /> |t̩ʲ<br /> |t̩ˤ<br /> |ŋ̩̀<br /> |k̩ʷ<br /> |k̩ʲ<br /> |k̩ˤ<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Continuant<br /> !Spread glottis<br /> |<br /> |ŕ̩<br /> |s̩ʷʰ<br /> |s̩ʲʰ<br /> |s̩ˤʰ<br /> |<br /> |ó<br /> |é<br /> |á<br /> |-<br /> !Constricted glottis<br /> |<br /> |r̩̀<br /> |s̩ʷ<br /> |s̩ʲ<br /> |s̩ˤ<br /> |<br /> |ò<br /> |è<br /> |à<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Phonotactics ===<br /> <br /> # (C)V<br /> # Geminates can only occur word-medially<br /> # Syllabic obstruents cannot immediately precede a syllabic resonant.<br /> # /n̩/ and /ŋ̩/ cannot be word-intial.<br /> # Syllabic nasals can only be adjacent to vowels or other syllabic nasals.<br /> <br /> === Allophony ===<br /> <br /> # Secondary articulations in onsets are typically contained within the time of articulation of the main articulation. There may be an onglide, but never an offglide.<br /> # Secondary articulations in nuclei very often result in an offglide, which is fricated in the case of aspirated consonants.<br /> # Tenuis syllabic obstruents are geminated.<br /> # /t͡sʷ(ː) sʷ(ː) s̩ʷ(ː) sʲ(ː) s̩ʲ(ː)/ are realized as [t͜s͡ɸ(ː) s͡ɸ(ː) s̩͡ɸ(ː) ɕ(ː) ɕ̩(ː)]<br /> # /e o/ become [ɛ ɔ] following a pharyngealized consonant.<br /> # /a/ becomes [e] after /e/, except when /e/ is [ɛ], then /a/ becomes [ɛ].<br /> # /a/ becomes [o] after /o/, except when /o/ is [ɔ], then /a/ becomes [ɔ].<br /> # /e/ becomes [i] after /e/.<br /> # /o/ becomes [u] after /o/.<br /> # When /t(ː) t͡s(ː) s(ː) l n h/ precede /e/, they become [c(ː) c͡ɕ(ː) ɕ(ː) ɾ ɲ ç] and /e/ becomes [i].<br /> #* /tʲ(ː) t͡sʲ(ː) sʲ(ː) lʲ/ merge with /t(ː) t͡s(ː) s(ː) l/ before /e/.<br /> # When /tʷ(ː) t͡sʷ(ː) sʷ(ː) lʷ/ precede /e/, they become [c(ː) c͡ɕ(ː) ɕ(ː) ɾ] and /e/ becomes [y].<br /> # When /tˤ(ː) t͡sˤ(ː) sˤ(ː) lˤ/ precede /e/, they become [c(ː) c͡ɕ(ː) ɕ(ː) ɾ] and /e/ becomes [ɛ].<br /> # /t(ː) s(ː) l n h/ become [p(ː) s͡ɸ(ː) ⱱ̟ m ʍ] before /o/.<br /> #* /tʷ(ː) sʷ(ː) lʷ/ merge with /t(ː) s(ː) l/ before /o/.<br /> #* /n/ merges with [m] before /o/, but /nː/ remains [nː].<br /> # /tʲ(ː) lʲ/ become [pʲ(ː) ⱱ̟ʲ] before /o/.<br /> # When /tˤ(ː) lˤ/ precede /o/, they become [pˤ(ː) ⱱ̟ˤ] and /o/ becomes [ɔ].<br /> # Word-initial /m̩/ assimilates to the place of articulation of the last phone of the previous word. If it cannot do so, it assimilates to the place of articulation of the following phone. If it cannot do so either, it remains [m̩].<br /> # Word-initial /m̩/ experiences sandhi from the tone of the previous word's final syllable.<br /> # /r̩/ becomes [l̩] when next to a vowel.<br /> # Low tones become falling tones when preceded by only one phonemic high tone.<br /> # High tones become rising tones when preceded by only one phonemic low tone.<br /> # Low tones merge with high tones when preceded by a rising tone<br /> # High tones merge with low tones when preceded by a falling tone<br /> <br /> === Romanization ===<br /> {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"<br /> ! colspan="4" |Onsets<br /> ! colspan="4" |Nuclei<br /> |-<br /> !Phone<br /> !Romanization<br /> !Phone<br /> !Romanization<br /> !Phone<br /> !Romanization<br /> !Phone<br /> !Romanization<br /> |-<br /> ![m]<br /> |m<br /> ![mː]<br /> |mm<br /> ![í]<br /> |i<br /> ![ì]<br /> |ī<br /> |-<br /> ![n]<br /> |n<br /> ![nː]<br /> |nn<br /> ![ý]<br /> |ü<br /> ![ỳ]<br /> |û<br /> |-<br /> ![ɲ]<br /> |nj<br /> !<br /> |<br /> ![é]<br /> |e<br /> ![è]<br /> |ē<br /> |-<br /> ![ŋ]<br /> |ng<br /> !<br /> |<br /> ![ɛ́]<br /> |ë<br /> ![ɛ̀]<br /> |ê<br /> |-<br /> ![p]<br /> |p<br /> ![pː]<br /> |pp<br /> ![á]<br /> |a<br /> ![à]<br /> |ā<br /> |-<br /> ![pʲ]<br /> |pj<br /> ![pʲː]<br /> |ppj<br /> ![ú]<br /> |u<br /> ![ù]<br /> |ū<br /> |-<br /> ![pˤ]<br /> |pg<br /> ![pˤː]<br /> |ppg<br /> ![ó]<br /> |o<br /> ![ò]<br /> |ō<br /> |-<br /> ![t]<br /> |t<br /> ![tː]<br /> |tt<br /> ![ɔ́]<br /> |ö<br /> ![ɔ̀]<br /> |ô<br /> |-<br /> ![tʷ]<br /> |tv<br /> ![tʷː]<br /> |ttv<br /> ![ḿ̩, ḿ̩ʲ, ḿ̩ˤ]<br /> |ym<ref name=":03">⟨y⟩ may optionally be omitted if the syllabic consonant follows a vowel but does not precede one.</ref><br /> ![m̩̀, m̩̀ʲ, m̩̀ˤ]<br /> |’m<br /> |-<br /> ![tʲ]<br /> |tj<br /> ![tʲː]<br /> |ttj<br /> ![ń̩, ń̩ʷ, ń̩ʲ, ń̩ˤ]<br /> |yn<ref name=":03" /><br /> ![ǹ̩, ǹ̩ʷ, ǹ̩ʲ, ǹ̩ˤ]<br /> |’n<br /> |-<br /> ![tˤ]<br /> |tg<br /> ![tˤː]<br /> |ttg<br /> ![ɲ̩́]<br /> |ynj<ref name=":03" /><br /> ![ɲ̩̀]<br /> |’nj<br /> |-<br /> ![c]<br /> |c<br /> ![cː]<br /> |cc<br /> ![ŋ̩́, ŋ̩́ʷ, ŋ̩́ʲ, ŋ̩́ˤ]<br /> |yng<ref name=":03" /><br /> ![ŋ̩̀, ŋ̩̀ʷ, ŋ̩̀ʲ, ŋ̩̀ˤ]<br /> |’ng<br /> |-<br /> ![k]<br /> |k<br /> ![kː]<br /> |kk<br /> ![ŕ̩]<br /> |yr<ref name=":03" /><br /> ![r̩̀]<br /> |’r<br /> |-<br /> ![kʷ]<br /> |kv<br /> ![kʷː]<br /> |kkv<br /> ![ĺ̩]<br /> |yl<ref name=":03" /><br /> ![l̩̀]<br /> |’l<br /> |-<br /> ![kʲ]<br /> |kj<br /> ![kʲː]<br /> |kkj<br /> ![t̩ʷʰ]<br /> |ytv<ref name=":03" /><br /> ![t̩ʷː]<br /> |’tv<br /> |-<br /> ![kˤ]<br /> |kg<br /> ![kˤː]<br /> |kkg<br /> ![t̩ʲʰ]<br /> |ytj<ref name=":03" /><br /> ![t̩ʲː]<br /> |’tj<br /> |-<br /> ![t͡s]<br /> |z<br /> ![t͡sː]<br /> |zz<br /> ![t̩ˤʰ]<br /> |yt<ref name=":03" /><br /> ![t̩ˤː]<br /> |’t<br /> |-<br /> ![t͜s͡ɸ]<br /> |zv<br /> ![t͜s͡ɸː]<br /> |zzv<br /> ![k̩ʷʰ]<br /> |ykv<ref name=":03" /><br /> ![k̩ʷː]<br /> |’kv<br /> |-<br /> ![t͡sʲ]<br /> |zj<br /> ![t͡sʲː]<br /> |zzj<br /> ![k̩ʲʰ]<br /> |ykj<ref name=":03" /><br /> ![k̩ʲː]<br /> |’kj<br /> |-<br /> ![t͡sˤ]<br /> |zg<br /> ![t͡sˤː]<br /> |zzg<br /> ![k̩ˤʰ]<br /> |yk<ref name=":03" /><br /> ![k̩ˤː]<br /> |’k<br /> |-<br /> ![c͡ɕ]<br /> |x<br /> ![c͡ɕː]<br /> |xx<br /> ![s̩͡ɸʰ]<br /> |ysv<ref name=":03" /><br /> ![s̩͡ɸː]<br /> |’sv<br /> |-<br /> ![s]<br /> |s<br /> ![sː]<br /> |ss<br /> ![s̩ˤʰ]<br /> |ys<ref name=":03" /><br /> ![s̩ˤː]<br /> |’s<br /> |-<br /> ![s͡ɸ]<br /> |sv<br /> ![s͡ɸː]<br /> |ssv<br /> ![ɕ̩ʰ]<br /> |ysj<ref name=":03" /><br /> ![ɕ̩ː]<br /> |’sj<br /> |-<br /> ![sˤ]<br /> |sg<br /> ![sˤː]<br /> |ssg<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ![ɕ]<br /> |sj<br /> ![ɕː]<br /> |ssj<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ![ç]<br /> |hj<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ![ʍ]<br /> |hv<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ![h]<br /> |h<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ![ⱱ̟]<br /> |b<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ![ⱱ̟ʲ]<br /> |bj<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ![ⱱ̟ˤ]<br /> |bg<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ![ɾ]<br /> |r<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ![l]<br /> |l<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ![lʷ]<br /> |lv<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ![lʲ]<br /> |lj<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ![lˤ]<br /> |lg<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ![ɰ]<br /> |w<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Vocabulary ===<br /> mākvylo (car) {{Ipa|/màkʷŕ̩ó/ [ma˩kʷl̩˩˥o˥]}}<br /> <br /> haerī (bicycle) {{Ipa|/háélì/ [ha˥e˥ɾi˥˩]}}<br /> <br /> boccü (dog) {{Ipa|/lótʷːé/ [ⱱ̟o˥cːy˥]}}<br /> <br /> mō’kv (person) {{Ipa|/mòk̩ʷː/ [mo˩k̩ːʷ]}}<br /> <br /> akām (dot) {{Ipa|/ákàm̩̀/ [a˥ka˥˩m̩˩]}}<br /> <br /> == Deeplect -B ==<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |PULMONIC<br /> CONSONANTS<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Labial<br /> ! colspan="4" |Alveolar<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Palatal<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Velar<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Pharyngeal<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Glottal<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Plain<br /> ! colspan="2" |Palatal<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Nasal<br /> !plain<br /> |m~w̃<br /> |'''m'''<br /> |n~ɾ̃<br /> |'''n'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɲ~j̃<br /> |'''ny'''<br /> |ŋ~ɰ̃<br /> |'''ng'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !glottal<br /> |ˀm<br /> |'''’m'''<br /> |ˀn<br /> |'''’n'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ˀɲ<br /> |'''’ny'''<br /> |ˀŋ<br /> |'''’ng'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="4" |Plosive<br /> !plain<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |t<br /> |'''t'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |c<br /> |'''c'''<br /> |ɢ<br /> |'''rg'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ʔ<br /> |'''q'''<br /> |-<br /> !aspirated<br /> |b͡pʰ<br /> |'''bp'''<br /> |tʰ d͡tʰ<br /> |'''th dt'''<br /> |tʲʰ d͡tʲʰ<br /> |'''ch dc'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |qʰ ɡ͡kʰ<br /> |'''kh gk'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !ejective<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |tʼ d͡tʼ<br /> |'''t’ dt’'''<br /> |tʲʼ d͡tʲʼ<br /> |'''c’ dc’'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |kʼ ɢ͡qʼ<br /> |'''k’ gk’'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !implosive<br /> |ɓ<br /> |'''b’'''<br /> |ɗ<br /> |'''d’'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ʄ<br /> |'''y’'''<br /> |ɠ<br /> |'''g’'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="3" |Affricate<br /> !plain<br /> |b͡β<br /> |'''bv'''<br /> |d͡z<br /> |'''dz'''<br /> |t͡ɕ<br /> |'''cs'''<br /> |ɟ͡ʝ<br /> |'''yy'''<br /> |k͡x ɡ͡ɣ<br /> |'''kx gx'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !aspirated<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |d͡t͜sʰ<br /> |'''ds'''<br /> |d͡t͜ɕʰ<br /> |'''dcs'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɡ͡k͜xʰ<br /> |'''gkx'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !ejective<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |t͡ɕʼ d͡t͜ɕʼ<br /> |'''cs’ dcs’'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |k͡xʼ ɡ͡k͜xʼ<br /> |'''kx’ gx’'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Fricative<br /> |β<br /> |'''v'''<br /> |ɮ<br /> |'''z'''<br /> |ɕ ɮʲ<br /> |'''s zy'''<br /> |ʝ<br /> |'''hy'''<br /> |x~χ ʁ<br /> |'''x r'''<br /> |ħ<br /> |'''h’'''<br /> |h<br /> |'''h'''<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Glide<br /> |w~b<br /> |'''w'''<br /> |l~d<br /> |'''l'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɰ~ɡ<br /> |'''gh'''<br /> |ʜ<br /> |'''rh'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> p ś ł ṭ ṣ j<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |CLICKS<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Labial<br /> ! colspan="4" |Prealveolar<br /> ! colspan="4" |Postalveolar<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Palatal<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Plain<br /> ! colspan="2" |Lateral<br /> ! colspan="2" |Plain<br /> ! colspan="2" |Lateral<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="3" |Nasal<br /> !plain<br /> |ŋ͡ʘ<br /> |'''mp'''<br /> |ŋ͡ǀ<br /> |'''nś'''<br /> |ŋ͡ǁ<br /> |'''nł'''<br /> |ŋ͡ǃ<br /> |'''nṭ'''<br /> |ŋ͡‼<br /> |'''nṣ'''<br /> |ŋ͡𝼋<br /> |'''nj'''<br /> |-<br /> !aspirated<br /> |ŋ͡ʘʰ<br /> |'''mph'''<br /> |ŋ͡ǀʰ<br /> |'''nśh'''<br /> |ŋ͡ǁʰ<br /> |'''nłh'''<br /> |ŋ͡ǃʰ<br /> |'''nṭh'''<br /> |ŋ͡‼ʰ<br /> |'''nṣh'''<br /> |ŋ͡𝼋ʰ<br /> |'''njh'''<br /> |-<br /> !glottalized<br /> |ŋ͡ʘˀ<br /> |'''mp’'''<br /> |ŋ͡ǀˀ<br /> |'''nś’'''<br /> |ŋ͡ǁˀ<br /> |'''nł’'''<br /> |ŋ͡ǃˀ<br /> |'''nṭ’'''<br /> |ŋ͡‼ˀ<br /> |'''nṣ’'''<br /> |ŋ͡𝼋ˀ<br /> |'''nj’'''<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="5" |Voiceless<br /> !plain<br /> |k͡ʘ<br /> |'''p'''<br /> |k͡ǀ<br /> |'''ś'''<br /> |k͡ǁ<br /> |'''ł'''<br /> |k͡ǃ<br /> |'''ṭ'''<br /> |k͡‼<br /> |'''ṣ'''<br /> |k͡𝼋<br /> |'''j'''<br /> |-<br /> !aspirated<br /> |k͡ʘʰ<br /> |'''ph'''<br /> |k͡ǀʰ<br /> |'''śh'''<br /> |k͡ǁʰ<br /> |'''łh'''<br /> |k͡ǃʰ<br /> |'''ṭh'''<br /> |k͡‼ʰ<br /> |'''ṣh'''<br /> |k͡𝼋ʰ<br /> |'''jh'''<br /> |-<br /> !glottalized<br /> |k͡ʘˀ<br /> |'''p’'''<br /> |k͡ǀˀ<br /> |'''ś’'''<br /> |k͡ǁˀ<br /> |'''ł’'''<br /> |k͡ǃˀ<br /> |'''ṭ’'''<br /> |k͡‼ˀ<br /> |'''ṣ’'''<br /> |k͡𝼋ˀ<br /> |'''j’'''<br /> |-<br /> !delayed release<br /> |ʘ͡kʰ<br /> |'''pk'''<br /> |ǀ͡kʰ<br /> |'''śk'''<br /> |ǁ͡kʰ<br /> |'''łk'''<br /> |ǃ͡kʰ<br /> |'''ṭk'''<br /> |‼͡kʰ<br /> |'''ṣk'''<br /> |𝼋͡kʰ<br /> |'''jk'''<br /> |-<br /> !ejective<br /> |ʘ͡kʼ<br /> |'''pk’'''<br /> |ǀ͡kʼ<br /> |'''śk’'''<br /> |ǁ͡kʼ<br /> |'''łk’'''<br /> |ǃ͡kʼ<br /> |'''ṭk’'''<br /> |‼͡kʼ<br /> |'''ṣk’'''<br /> |𝼋͡kʼ<br /> |'''jk’'''<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="3" |Voiced<br /> !plain<br /> |ɡ͡ʘ<br /> |'''gp'''<br /> |ɡ͡ǀ<br /> |'''gś'''<br /> |ɡ͡ǁ<br /> |'''gł'''<br /> |ɡ͡ǃ<br /> |'''gṭ'''<br /> |ɡ͡‼<br /> |'''gṣ'''<br /> |ɡ͡𝼋<br /> |'''gj'''<br /> |-<br /> !aspirated<br /> |ɡ͡ʘʰ<br /> |'''gph'''<br /> |ɡ͡ǀʰ<br /> |'''gśh'''<br /> |ɡ͡ǁʰ<br /> |'''głh'''<br /> |ɡ͡ǃʰ<br /> |'''gṭh'''<br /> |ɡ͡‼ʰ<br /> |'''gṣh'''<br /> |ɡ͡𝼋ʰ<br /> |'''gjh'''<br /> |-<br /> !glottalized<br /> |ɡ͡ʘˀ<br /> |'''gp’'''<br /> |ɡ͡ǀˀ<br /> |'''gś’'''<br /> |ɡ͡ǁˀ<br /> |'''gł’'''<br /> |ɡ͡ǃˀ<br /> |'''gṭ’'''<br /> |ɡ͡‼ˀ<br /> |'''gṣ’'''<br /> |ɡ͡𝼋ˀ<br /> |'''gj’'''<br /> |}<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> !VOWELS<br /> ! colspan="2" |Front<br /> ! colspan="2" |Central<br /> ! colspan="2" |Back<br /> |-<br /> !Fricated<br /> |i̝<br /> |'''ii'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |u̝<br /> |'''uu'''<br /> |-<br /> !Close<br /> |i~ɪ<br /> |'''i'''<br /> |ʉ<br /> |'''uy'''<br /> |u~ʊ<br /> |'''u'''<br /> |-<br /> !Close-Mid<br /> |e<br /> |'''e'''<br /> |ə ɵ<br /> |'''ẹ oy'''<br /> |o<br /> |'''o'''<br /> |-<br /> !Open-Mid<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɞ<br /> |'''ọy'''<br /> |ɔ<br /> |'''ọ'''<br /> |-<br /> !Open<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |a<br /> |'''a'''<br /> |ɑ<br /> |'''ạ'''<br /> |}<br /> Words can either be monosyllabic and contain contour or level tones, or be polysyllabic and only contain level tones.<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> !TONES<br /> !High<br /> !Mid<br /> !Low<br /> |-<br /> !High<br /> |H<br /> |HM<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Mid<br /> |<br /> |M<br /> |ML<br /> |-<br /> !Low<br /> |<br /> |LM<br /> |L<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Deeplect -A ==<br /> Deeplect -A is intended to create a manner of communication that involves very little complexity, whether that be phonological, grammatical, semantic, or pragmatic, and therefore easy and intuitive to learn from any linguistic background. Words do not take on parts of speech (noun, verb, etc.) or grammatical roles (subject, object, etc.) typical of natural languages. The syntactic structure is based purely on the relationships of emphasized words, unemphasized words, and pauses.<br /> <br /> '''Vocabulary'''<br /> <br /> * small: ki<br /> ** can be used to describe small size, quantity, height, social position, etc.<br /> * big: on<br /> ** can be used to describe large size, quantity, height, social position, etc.<br /> * move: ne<br /> ** can be used to describe living things, fluids, motion, etc.<br /> * stay: at<br /> ** can be used to describe unmoving things, solids, the ground, some locations, etc.<br /> * subject: e (subject of discussion, not gramamtical subject)<br /> * not: su<br /> <br /> '''Syntax'''<br /> <br /> ''u'' = unemphasized word; ''E'' = emphasized word<br /> <br /> * uE: ''u'' performs as a topic, ''E'' performs as a comment modifying the topic.<br /> * Eu: ''E'' performs as a novel topic, ''u'' performs as a comment modifying the novel topic.<br /> * u<sub>1</sub>u<sub>1</sub>: marks plurality<br /> * E<sub>1</sub>E<sub>1</sub>: marks emphasis<br /> * u<sub>1</sub>u<sub>2</sub>/E<sub>1</sub>E<sub>2</sub>: marks addition or comparison depending on context<br /> * Lack of pauses indicate a continuous idea.<br /> * Brief pauses (marked with commas) indicate the beginning of a new idea related to the previous one.<br /> * Medial pauses (marked with periods ) indicate the beginning of a new idea related to the multiple previous ideas. Which previous ideas they are is left up to context.<br /> * Long pauses (marked with elipses) indicate the beginning of an idea unrelates to the previous ones.<br /> <br /> '''Expressions'''<br /> <br /> * Ownership is expressed with "e ON e KI", translating to "This is big and/but that is small." This can also be used to compare sizes or quantities of "this" and "that", depending on context.<br /> ** "e ON KI" translates to "This is big and small."<br /> ** "e on e ki" translates to "This, a big thing, that, and a small thing."<br /> ** "e ON E KI" translates to "This is big, the other thing, and small."<br /> ** "e ON, e KI" translates to "This is big, meanwhile that is small." This is more often used for comparison of the sizes between "this" and "that".<br /> ** "e ON. e KI" translates to "...and this is big. Additionally, that is small."<br /> ** "E on, e KI" translates to "As for this, this is big, and/but that is small."<br /> ** "E on e KI" translates to "As for this, this is big and the other thing. There is also a small thing."<br /> <br /> == Deeplect -9 ==<br /> === Consonant ===<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Consonants<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Bilabial<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Dental<br /> ! colspan="3" |Alveolar<br /> ! colspan="4" |Palatal<br /> ! colspan="6" |Velar<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Laryngeal<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Plain<br /> !Palatal<br /> ! colspan="2" |Plain<br /> ! colspan="2" |Labial<br /> ! colspan="2" |Plain<br /> ! colspan="2" |Palatal<br /> ! colspan="2" |Labial<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Nasal<br /> |m̥<br /> |m<br /> |<br /> |ᵑʇ<br /> |n̥<br /> |n<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɲ<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ŋ̊<br /> |ŋ<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |'''''mh/ṁ'''''<br /> |'''''m'''''<br /> |<br /> |'''''nz'''''<br /> |'''''nh/ṅ'''''<br /> |'''''n'''''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |'''''ny/ņ'''''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |'''''ňh'''''<br /> |'''''ň'''''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="6" |Plosive<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Aspirated<br /> |pʰ<br /> |bʰ<br /> |ᵏʇʰ<br /> |<br /> |tʰ<br /> |dʰ<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɟʰ<br /> |<br /> |ɟʰʷ<br /> |kʰ<br /> |<br /> |kʰʲ<br /> |<br /> |kʰᶣ<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |'''''ph'''''<br /> |'''''bh'''''<br /> |'''''zh'''''<br /> |<br /> |'''''th'''''<br /> |'''''dh'''''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |'''''jh'''''<br /> |<br /> |'''''ǰh'''''<br /> |'''''kh'''''<br /> |<br /> |'''''ķh'''''<br /> |<br /> |'''''ǩh'''''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Plain<br /> |p<br /> |b<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |t<br /> |d<br /> |tɕ<br /> |c<br /> |ɟ<br /> |cʷ<br /> |ɟʷ<br /> |k<br /> |<br /> |kʲ<br /> |<br /> |kᶣ<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |'''''p'''''<br /> |'''''b'''''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |'''''t'''''<br /> |'''''d'''''<br /> |'''''ch'''''<br /> |'''''c'''''<br /> |'''''j'''''<br /> |'''''č'''''<br /> |'''''ǰ'''''<br /> |'''''k'''''<br /> |<br /> |'''''ķ'''''<br /> |<br /> |'''''ǩ'''''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Rhinoglottic<br /> |pʼ<br /> |ᵐb<br /> |ᵏʇˀ<br /> |<br /> |tʼ<br /> |ⁿd<br /> |tɕʼ<br /> |<br /> |ᶮɟ<br /> |<br /> |ᶮɟʷ<br /> |kʼ<br /> |ᵑg<br /> |kʲʼ<br /> |ᵑgʲ<br /> |kᶣʼ<br /> |ᵑgᶣ<br /> |ʔ<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |'''''pp'''''<br /> |'''''nb'''''<br /> |'''''zz'''''<br /> |<br /> |'''''tt'''''<br /> |'''''nd'''''<br /> |'''''cc'''''<br /> |<br /> |'''''jj'''''<br /> |<br /> |'''''nǰ'''''<br /> |'''''kk'''''<br /> |'''''ng'''''<br /> |'''''ḱḱ'''''<br /> |'''''nǵ'''''<br /> |'''''ǩǩ'''''<br /> |'''''nǧ'''''<br /> |'''''<nowiki/>''''''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Fricative<br /> |ɸ<br /> |β<br /> |θ~s̪<br /> |ð~z̪<br /> |s<br /> |<br /> |ʃ<br /> |ç<br /> |ʝ<br /> |çʷ<br /> |ʝʷ<br /> |<br /> |ʁ<br /> |<br /> |ʁʲ<br /> |<br /> |ʁᶣ<br /> |h<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |'''''f'''''<br /> |'''''v'''''<br /> |'''''ç'''''<br /> |'''''z'''''<br /> |'''''s'''''<br /> |<br /> |'''''x'''''<br /> |'''''ś'''''<br /> |'''''ź'''''<br /> |'''''š'''''<br /> |'''''ž'''''<br /> |<br /> |'''''g'''''<br /> |<br /> |'''''ǵ'''''<br /> |<br /> |'''''ǧ'''''<br /> |'''''h'''''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Approximant<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |l̥<br /> |l<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |j<br /> |<br /> |ɥ<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ʕ̞<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |'''''lh'''''<br /> |'''''l'''''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |'''''y'''''<br /> |<br /> |'''''w'''''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |'''''q'''''<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Tap<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɾ̥<br /> |ɾ<br /> |<br /> |ɾ̥ʲ<br /> |ɾʲ<br /> |ɾ̥ᶣ<br /> |ɾᶣ<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |'''''rh'''''<br /> |'''''r'''''<br /> |<br /> |'''''ŕh'''''<br /> |'''''ŕ'''''<br /> |'''''řh'''''<br /> |'''''ř'''''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Trill<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |r̥<br /> |r<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |'''''ŗh'''''<br /> |'''''ŗ'''''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Vowels ===<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! rowspan="3" |Vowels<br /> ! colspan="3" |Front<br /> ! colspan="2" |Central<br /> ! colspan="2" |Back<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Oral<br /> ! colspan="2" |Nasal<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Oral<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Nasal<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Oral<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Nasal<br /> |-<br /> !Unround<br /> !Round<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |High<br /> |i<br /> |ĩ<br /> |ỹ<br /> |ɨ<br /> |ɨ̃<br /> |<br /> |ʊ̃<br /> |-<br /> |'''''i'''''<br /> |'''''ĩ'''''<br /> |'''''ü'''''<br /> |'''''u'''''<br /> |'''''ũ'''''<br /> |<br /> |'''''õ'''''<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Mid<br /> |e<br /> |ẽ<br /> |ø̃<br /> |ɘ<br /> |<br /> |o<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |'''''e'''''<br /> |'''''ẽ'''''<br /> |'''''ö'''''<br /> |'''''ë'''''<br /> |<br /> |'''''o'''''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Low<br /> |ɛ~æ<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɔ~ɑ<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |'''''ä'''''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |'''''a'''''<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Grammar ===<br /> Nouns usually have either feminine or masculine gender. Nouns and proper nouns referring to people can have feminine, masculine, or femasculine. Proper nouns not referring to people are always femasculine. There is some precedent for nouns or proper nouns with the opposite gender that they're supposed to have being used for alternative versions of the original word. This is primarily used in fiction and physics.<br /> <br /> Deeplect -9 has a complex way of marking gender, topic, number, transitivity, specificity, and adjectives that makes them interconnected.<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> !Masc //-bʰi//, //-te//<br /> |-<br /> !Fem //-ⁿd//, //-l//<br /> |-<br /> !Femasc //-bʰiⁿd//, //-tel//<br /> |}<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="3" rowspan="3" |Noun Declensions (''lhaadh'')<br /> ! colspan="4" |Topic within noun phrase<br /> ! colspan="2" |Topic not within noun phrase<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Subject<br /> ! colspan="2" |Object<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Subject<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Object<br /> |-<br /> !Noun Topic<br /> !Adjective Topic<br /> !Noun Topic<br /> !Adjective Topic<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="3" |Generic<br /> | colspan="2" |''lhaadh'' V O<br /> | colspan="2" |V ''lhaadh'' S<br /> |V O ''lhaadh''<br /> |S V ''lhaadh''<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="6" |Singular<br /> ! rowspan="3" |Non-specific<br /> !Masc<br /> |''lhaadte'' V O<br /> |''lhaadbhi'' V O<br /> |V ''lhaachte'' S<br /> |V ''lhaach'' S<br /> |V O ''lhaadhbhi''<br /> |S V ''lhaach''<br /> |-<br /> !Fem<br /> |''lhaadhal'' V O<br /> |''lhaadhand'' V O<br /> |V ''lhaadhol'' S<br /> |V ''lhaadhon'' S<br /> |V O ''lhaadhand''<br /> |S V ''lhaadhon''<br /> |-<br /> !Femasc<br /> |''lhaadtel'' V O<br /> |''lhaadhbhind'' V O<br /> |V ''lhaachontel'' S<br /> |V ''lhaachon'' S<br /> |V O ''lhaadhbhind''<br /> |S V ''lhaachon''<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="3" |Specific<br /> !Masc<br /> |''lhaadte'' V O<br /> |''lhaadbhi'' V O<br /> |V ''lhaadhbhite'' S<br /> |''lhaadbhi'' V O<br /> |V O ''lhaadhbhi''<br /> |S V ''lhaadhbhi''<br /> |-<br /> !Fem<br /> |''lhaadhal'' V O<br /> |''lhaadhand'' V O<br /> |V ''lhaadhandal'' S<br /> |''lhaadhand'' V O<br /> |V O ''lhaadhand''<br /> |S V ''lhaadhand''<br /> |-<br /> !Femasc<br /> |''lhaadtel'' V O<br /> |''lhaadhbhind'' V O<br /> |V ''lhaadhbhindel'' S<br /> |''lhaadhbhind'' V O<br /> |V O ''lhaadhbhind''<br /> |S V ''lhaadhbhind''<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="4" |Plural<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Non-specific<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Specific<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="4" |Distributive<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Non-specific<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Specific<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Verbs<br /> ! colspan="2" |Intransitive<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Transitive<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> !Adjectives<br /> !<br /> !<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> In the following charts, small asterisked words are atypical declensions.<br /> {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Nouns<br /> !Plain<br /> !Fem<br /> !Masc<br /> !Femasc<br /> !Fem Topic<br /> !Masc Topic<br /> !Femasc Topic<br /> !Fem Singular<br /> !Masc Singular<br /> !Femasc Singular<br /> |-<br /> !//Ø//<br /> !//-ⁿd//<br /> !//-bʰi//<br /> !//-bʰiⁿd//<br /> !//-l//<br /> !//-te//<br /> !//-tel//<br /> !//-on//<br /> !//-js//<br /> !//-json//<br /> |-<br /> !friend<br /> |chẽ<br /> |chẽnd<br /> |chẽbhi<br /> |chẽbhind<br /> |chẽl<br /> |chẽte<br /> |chẽtel<br /> |chẽon<br /> |chẽys<br /> |chẽyson<br /> |-<br /> !watermelon<br /> |vilh<br /> |*vilnd<br /> |vilhbhi<br /> |*vilhbhind<br /> |*vill<br /> |vilhte<br /> |*vilhtel<br /> |*vilhon<br /> |vilhx<br /> |*vilhxon<br /> |-<br /> !sun<br /> |ńaṁ<br /> |*ńamnd<br /> |ńaṁbhi<br /> |*ńaṁbhind<br /> |*ńaml<br /> |ńaṁte<br /> |*ńaṁtel<br /> |*ńaṁon<br /> |ńaṁx<br /> |*ńaṁxon<br /> |-<br /> !moon<br /> |ḱḱuŗh<br /> |*ḱḱuŗnd<br /> |ḱḱuŗhbhi<br /> |*ḱḱuŗhbhind<br /> |ḱḱuŗl<br /> |ḱḱuŗhte<br /> |*ḱḱuŗhtel<br /> |*ḱḱuŗhon<br /> |ḱḱuŗhx<br /> |*ḱḱuŗhxon<br /> |-<br /> !day<br /> |ma<br /> |mand<br /> |*mabhi<br /> |*mabhind<br /> |mal<br /> |*mate<br /> |*matel<br /> |maon<br /> |*mays<br /> |*mayson<br /> |-<br /> !night<br /> |bhai<br /> |bhaind<br /> |*bhaibhi<br /> |*bhaibhind<br /> |bhail<br /> |*bhaite<br /> |*bhaitel<br /> |bhaion<br /> |*bhaiys<br /> |*bhaiyson<br /> |-<br /> !day sky<br /> |cĩĩ<br /> |cĩĩnd<br /> |*cĩĩbhi<br /> |*cĩĩbhind<br /> |cĩĩl<br /> |*cĩĩte<br /> |*cĩĩtel<br /> |cĩĩon<br /> |*cĩĩys<br /> |*cĩĩyson<br /> |-<br /> !night sky<br /> |'att<br /> |*'attand<br /> |'attibhi<br /> |*'attibhind<br /> |*'attal<br /> |'atte<br /> |*'attel<br /> |*'atton<br /> |'attis<br /> |*'attison<br /> |-<br /> !cloud<br /> |lhä<br /> |lhänd<br /> |*lhäbhi<br /> |*lhäbhind<br /> |lhäl<br /> |*lhäte<br /> |*lhätel<br /> |lhäon<br /> |*lhäys<br /> |*lhäyson<br /> |-<br /> !paper<br /> |nzũ'<br /> |nzũnd<br /> |*nzũ'bhi<br /> |*nzũ'bhind<br /> |nzũl<br /> |*nzũ'te<br /> |*nzũ'tel<br /> |nzũ'on<br /> |*nzũ'x<br /> |*nzũ'xon<br /> |-<br /> !computer<br /> |zhoto<br /> |*zhotond<br /> |zhotobhi<br /> |*zhotobhind<br /> |*zhotol<br /> |zhotote<br /> |*zhototel<br /> |*zhotoon<br /> |zhotoys<br /> |*zhotoyson<br /> |-<br /> !person<br /> |lhaadh<br /> |lhaadhand<br /> |lhaadhbhi<br /> |lhaadhbhind<br /> |lhaadhal<br /> |lhaadte<br /> |lhaadtel<br /> |lhaadhon<br /> |lhaadhx<br /> |lhaadhxon<br /> |}<br /> {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Verbs<br /> !Intransitive<br /> !Fem Transitive<br /> !Masc Transitive<br /> !Femasc Transitive<br /> |-<br /> !//Ø//<br /> !//-r̥//<br /> !//-ʊ̃//<br /> !//-ʊ̃r̥//<br /> |-<br /> !like<br /> |qad<br /> |qatŗh<br /> |qadõ<br /> |qadõŗh<br /> |-<br /> !want<br /> |chëk<br /> |chëkŗh<br /> |chëkõ<br /> |chëkõŗh<br /> |-<br /> !have<br /> |ṁẽ<br /> |ṁẽŗh<br /> |ṁẽõ<br /> |ṁẽõŗh<br /> |-<br /> !give<br /> |zzõ<br /> |zzõŗh<br /> |zzõõ<br /> |zzõõŗh<br /> |-<br /> !receive/take<br /> |ń'e<br /> |ń'eŗh<br /> |ń'eõ<br /> |ń'eõŗh<br /> |-<br /> !eat/drink<br /> |mäx<br /> |mäxŗh<br /> |mäxõ<br /> |mäxõŗh<br /> |-<br /> !breathe<br /> |ňhim<br /> |ňhimŗh<br /> |ňhimõ<br /> |ňhimõŗh<br /> |-<br /> !say<br /> |ää<br /> |ääŗh<br /> |ääõ<br /> |ääõŗh<br /> |-<br /> !sing<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !go to<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !leave<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Adjectives<br /> !Fem<br /> !Masc<br /> !Femasc<br /> !Fem Topic<br /> !Masc Topic<br /> !Femasc Topic<br /> |-<br /> !//-β//<br /> !//-i//<br /> !//-ɥ//<br /> !//-l//<br /> !//-te//<br /> !//-tel//<br /> |-<br /> !happy<br /> |zzaav<br /> |zzaai<br /> |zzaaw<br /> |zaal<br /> |zzaate<br /> |zaatel<br /> |-<br /> !blue<br /> |ǵëv<br /> |ǵëi<br /> |ǵëw<br /> |ǵël<br /> |ǵëte<br /> |ǵëtel<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Deeplect -8 ==<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> !C<br /> ! colspan="2" |Bilabial<br /> ! colspan="2" |Alveolar<br /> ! colspan="2" |Dorsal<br /> ! colspan="2" |Glottal<br /> !V<br /> !Non-Back<br /> !Back<br /> |-<br /> !Nasal<br /> |{{ipa|m̥}}<br /> |{{ipa|m}}<br /> |{{ipa|n̥}}<br /> |{{ipa|n}}<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|ɲ}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> !Close<br /> |{{ipa|i̞}}<br /> |{{ipa|ɯ}}<br /> |-<br /> !Plosive<br /> |{{ipa|pʰ}}<br /> |{{ipa|bʰ}}<br /> |{{ipa|tʰ}}<br /> |{{ipa|dʰ}}<br /> |{{ipa|kʰ}}<br /> |{{ipa|ɡʰ}}<br /> |{{ipa|ʔ}}<br /> |<br /> !Mid<br /> |{{ipa|ə}}<br /> |{{ipa|o}}<br /> |-<br /> !Fricative<br /> |{{ipa|ɸ}}<br /> |{{ipa|β}}<br /> |{{ipa|ʃ}}<br /> |{{ipa|ʒ}}<br /> |{{ipa|x}}<br /> |{{ipa|ɣ}}<br /> |{{ipa|h}}<br /> |{{ipa|ɦ}}<br /> !Open<br /> |{{ipa|a}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Sonorant<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|w}}<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|ɾ}}<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|j}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> ! colspan="3" |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> * VS̥ʰ VS̬ʰ > V́S̥ V̀S̥ / _%<br /> <br /> (C<sub>1</sub>)V(C<sub>2</sub>)<br /> <br /> * C<sub>1</sub>: any consonant except /ʔ h ɦ/<br /> * V: any vowel<br /> * C<sub>2</sub>: any consonant<br /> <br /> === Transliterations ===<br /> ==== Latin ====<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> !IPA<br /> |{{ipa|m̥}}<br /> |{{ipa|m}}<br /> |{{ipa|n̥}}<br /> |{{ipa|n}}<br /> |{{ipa|ɲ}}<br /> |{{ipa|pʰ}}<br /> |{{ipa|bʰ}}<br /> |{{ipa|tʰ}}<br /> |{{ipa|dʰ}}<br /> |{{ipa|kʰ}}<br /> |{{ipa|ɡʰ}}<br /> |{{ipa|ʔ}}<br /> |{{ipa|ɸ}}<br /> |{{ipa|β}}<br /> |{{ipa|ʃ}}<br /> |{{ipa|ʒ}}<br /> |{{ipa|x}}<br /> |{{ipa|ɣ}}<br /> |{{ipa|h}}<br /> |{{ipa|ɦ}}<br /> |{{ipa|w}}<br /> |{{ipa|ɾ}}<br /> |{{ipa|j}}<br /> |{{ipa|i̞}}<br /> |{{ipa|ɯ}}<br /> |{{ipa|ə}}<br /> |{{ipa|o}}<br /> |{{ipa|a}}<br /> |-<br /> !Romanization<br /> |'''mh'''<br /> |'''m'''<br /> |'''nh'''<br /> |'''n'''<br /> |'''ny'''<br /> |'''p'''<br /> |'''b'''<br /> |'''t'''<br /> |'''d'''<br /> |'''k'''<br /> |'''g'''<br /> |'''c'''<br /> |'''f'''<br /> |'''v'''<br /> |'''s'''<br /> |'''j'''<br /> |'''x'''<br /> |'''q'''<br /> |'''h'''<br /> |'''’'''<br /> |'''w'''<br /> |'''r'''<br /> |'''y'''<br /> |'''i'''<br /> |'''u'''<br /> |'''e'''<br /> |'''o'''<br /> |'''a'''<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==== Kana ====<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> !<br /> !{{ipa|Ø}}<br /> !{{ipa|m̥}}<br /> !{{ipa|m}}<br /> !{{ipa|n̥}}<br /> !{{ipa|n}}<br /> !{{ipa|ɲ}}<br /> !{{ipa|pʰ}}<br /> !{{ipa|bʰ}}<br /> !{{ipa|tʰ}}<br /> !{{ipa|dʰ}}<br /> !{{ipa|kʰ}}<br /> !{{ipa|ɡʰ}}<br /> !{{ipa|ʔ}}<br /> !{{ipa|ɸ}}<br /> !{{ipa|β}}<br /> !{{ipa|ʃ}}<br /> !{{ipa|ʒ}}<br /> !{{ipa|x}}<br /> !{{ipa|ɣ}}<br /> !{{ipa|h}}<br /> !{{ipa|ɦ}}<br /> !{{ipa|w}}<br /> !{{ipa|ɾ}}<br /> !{{ipa|j}}<br /> |-<br /> !{{ipa|i̞}}<br /> |'''い'''<br /> |'''ミ'''<br /> |'''み'''<br /> |'''ニ'''<br /> |'''に'''<br /> |'''にぃ'''<br /> |'''ぴ'''<br /> |'''び'''<br /> |'''ち'''<br /> |'''ぢ'''<br /> |'''き'''<br /> |'''ぎ'''<br /> |<br /> |'''ふぃ'''<br /> |'''ゔぃ'''<br /> |'''し'''<br /> |'''じ'''<br /> |'''キ'''<br /> |'''ギ'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |'''ゐ'''<br /> |'''り'''<br /> |'''いぃ'''<br /> |-<br /> !{{ipa|ɯ}}<br /> |'''う'''<br /> |'''ム'''<br /> |'''む'''<br /> |'''ヌ'''<br /> |'''ぬ'''<br /> |'''にゅ'''<br /> |'''ぷ'''<br /> |'''び'''<br /> |'''つ'''<br /> |'''づ'''<br /> |'''く'''<br /> |'''ぐ'''<br /> |<br /> |'''ふ'''<br /> |'''ゔ'''<br /> |'''しゅ'''<br /> |'''じゅ'''<br /> |'''ク'''<br /> |'''グ'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |'''うぅ'''<br /> |'''る'''<br /> |'''ゆ'''<br /> |-<br /> !{{ipa|ə}}<br /> |'''え'''<br /> |'''メ'''<br /> |'''め'''<br /> |'''ネ'''<br /> |'''ね'''<br /> |'''にぇ'''<br /> |'''ぺ'''<br /> |'''べ'''<br /> |'''て'''<br /> |'''で'''<br /> |'''け'''<br /> |'''げ'''<br /> |<br /> |'''ふぇ'''<br /> |'''ゔぇ'''<br /> |'''しぇ'''<br /> |'''じぇ'''<br /> |'''ケ'''<br /> |'''ゲ'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |'''ゑ'''<br /> |'''れ'''<br /> |'''いぇ'''<br /> |-<br /> !{{ipa|o}}<br /> |'''お'''<br /> |'''モ'''<br /> |'''も'''<br /> |'''ノ'''<br /> |'''の'''<br /> |'''にょ'''<br /> |'''ぽ'''<br /> |'''ぼ'''<br /> |'''と'''<br /> |'''ど'''<br /> |'''こ'''<br /> |'''ご'''<br /> |<br /> |'''ふぉ'''<br /> |'''ゔぉ'''<br /> |'''しょ'''<br /> |'''じょ'''<br /> |'''コ'''<br /> |'''ゴ'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |'''を'''<br /> |'''ろ'''<br /> |'''よ'''<br /> |-<br /> !{{ipa|a}}<br /> |'''あ'''<br /> |'''マ'''<br /> |'''ま'''<br /> |'''ナ'''<br /> |'''な'''<br /> |'''にゃ'''<br /> |'''ぱ'''<br /> |'''ば'''<br /> |'''た'''<br /> |'''だ'''<br /> |'''か'''<br /> |'''が'''<br /> |<br /> |'''ふぁ'''<br /> |'''ゔぁ'''<br /> |'''しゃ'''<br /> |'''じゃ'''<br /> |'''カ'''<br /> |'''ガ'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |'''わ'''<br /> |'''ら'''<br /> |'''や'''<br /> |-<br /> !{{ipa|Ø}}<br /> |<br /> |'''ム゚'''<br /> |'''ム゙'''<br /> |'''ヌ゚'''<br /> |'''ヌ゙'''<br /> |'''ニ゙'''<br /> |'''プ'''<br /> |'''ブ'''<br /> |'''ト'''<br /> |'''ド'''<br /> |'''ク゚'''<br /> |'''ん'''<br /> |'''っ'''<br /> |'''フ'''<br /> |'''ヴ'''<br /> |'''シ'''<br /> |'''ジ'''<br /> |'''ホ'''<br /> |'''ン'''<br /> |'''ゝ'''<br /> |'''ゞ'''<br /> |'''ウ'''<br /> |'''ル'''<br /> |'''イ'''<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Deeplect -7 ==<br /> Deeplect-7 divides words into 3 categories depending on how they can be perceived by the senses: proximal sensation, distal sensation, and general sensation. Deeplect -7-speakers recognize 6 senses in terms of these divisions: sight, sound, smell, taste, touch, and memory. The emotional sense refers to an individual being made to feel an emotion. The memorial sense refers to an individual forming a memory or recalling past memories.<br /> <br /> * Proximal sensation includes things whose perception is limited to a close range:<br /> ** any object by its texture<br /> ** whispering by sound<br /> ** blood by flavor<br /> ** paper by scent<br /> ** small insects by sight<br /> ** a dream by memory<br /> * Distal sensation includes things whose perception is '''not''' limited to a close range:<br /> ** weather by its temperature<br /> ** shouting by sound<br /> ** chocolate by expectation-induced flavor<br /> ** a fart by scent<br /> ** a building by sight<br /> ** a bear at a zoo by memory<br /> * General sensation always includes the conceptualization of an object, and senses that are more strongly associated with the concept of it than the sensation of it. Some objects have no associated sensations with them such as<br /> <br /> Often, what translates to a single word in English is split into two or three words depending on how they are experienced in a sentence.<br /> {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"<br /> ! colspan="4" |Vocabulary List<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Deeplect -7<br /> ! colspan="2" |English<br /> |-<br /> !Word<br /> !IPA<br /> !Translation<br /> !Context<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|[nâˀ]|test=}}<br /> |paper<br /> |general: ''visual, conceptual''<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|[sâˀ]|test=}}<br /> |paper<br /> |distal: ''auditory, memorial''<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|[θâˀ]|test=}}<br /> |paper<br /> |proximal: ''tactile, olfactory, gustatory''<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|[nâˀ]|test=}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|[nâˀ]|test=}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|[nâˀ]|test=}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|[nâˀ]|test=}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|[nâˀ]|test=}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|[nâˀ]|test=}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|[nâˀ]|test=}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|[nâˀ]|test=}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|[nâˀ]|test=}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|[nâˀ]|test=}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|[nâˀ]|test=}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|[nâˀ]|test=}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|[nâˀ]|test=}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|[nâˀ]|test=}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|[nâˀ]|test=}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|[nâˀ]|test=}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Deeplect -6 ==<br /> Every word is 6 morae long.<br /> <br /> == Deeplect -5 ==<br /> === Consonants ===<br /> Deeplect -5 has a small consonant inventory with about half of its consonants being clicks. This small size is made up for in extreme allophony.<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="2" |Consonant<br /> !Labial<br /> !Dental<br /> !Alveolar<br /> !Palatal<br /> !Glottal<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="3" |Pulmonic<br /> !Stop<br /> |p<br /> |<br /> |t<br /> |<br /> |ʔ<br /> |-<br /> !Fricative<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |s<br /> |<br /> |hʲ<br /> |-<br /> !Glide<br /> |w<br /> |<br /> |l<br /> |j<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="3" |Click<br /> !Nasal<br /> |<br /> |ᵑǀ<br /> |ᵑǃ<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Aspirated<br /> |<br /> |ᵏǀʰ<br /> |ᵏǃʰ<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Glottalized<br /> |<br /> |ᵏǀˀ<br /> |ᵏǃˀ<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Vowels ===<br /> X language has two levels of stress: primary and secondary. Primary stress is marked with vowel length and can have a high, low, falling, or rising tone. Secondary stress is marked with either a high or low tone. Primary stress is word-initial, but secondary stress is lexical.<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Vowels<br /> ! colspan="2" |Oral<br /> ! colspan="2" |Nasal<br /> |-<br /> !Front<br /> !Back<br /> !Front<br /> !Back<br /> |-<br /> !Close<br /> |i<br /> |u<br /> |ĩ<br /> |ũ<br /> |-<br /> !Mid<br /> |e<br /> |o<br /> |ẽ<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Open<br /> |<br /> |a<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Phonotactics ===<br /> (C)(G)V(C); C = consonant; G = /t ʔ w j/; Q = click; V = vowel<br /> <br /> # pʔ tʔ > pʼ tʼ<br /> # p t c ʔ s > b d ɟ ʔ̞ z / _{i,e} !{#,C̥}_<br /> # d ǃ > ɟ ǂ / _i<br /> # w l j > m n ɲ / {Ṽ_,_Ṽ}<br /> # n t > ŋ k / _{u,ũ}<br /> # l > ɾ / _{u,o,a}<br /> # V > Ṽ / ᵑQ_<br /> # ᵑǀw ᵑǃj > ᵑʘ ᵑǂ<br /> # hʲ / Ø !_{i,ĩ,e,ẽ}<br /> # QC / Ø !QC=!w<br /> # CCC VVV ṼV VṼ CQ jʔ hʲʔ / Ø<br /> <br /> === Romanization ===<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> !Consonant<br /> ! colspan="8" |Romanization<br /> !Vowel<br /> ! colspan="4" |Romanization<br /> |-<br /> !/p/<br /> ![p]<br /> |p<br /> ![b]<br /> |b<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !/i/<br /> ![i]<br /> |i<br /> ![ĩ]<br /> |i<br /> |-<br /> !/t/<br /> ![t]<br /> |t<br /> ![d]<br /> |d<br /> ![ɟ]<br /> |dj<br /> ![k]<br /> |k<br /> !/ĩ/<br /> ![ĩ]<br /> |in<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !/ʔ/<br /> ![ʔ]<br /> |'<br /> ![ʔ̞]<br /> |'<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !/u/<br /> ![u]<br /> |u<br /> ![ũ]<br /> |u<br /> |-<br /> !/s/<br /> ![s]<br /> |s<br /> ![z]<br /> |z<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !/ũ/<br /> ![ũ]<br /> |un<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !/hʲ/<br /> ![hʲ]<br /> |h<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !/e/<br /> ![e]<br /> |e<br /> ![ẽ]<br /> |e<br /> |-<br /> !/w/<br /> ![w]<br /> |w<br /> ![m]<br /> |m<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !/ẽ/<br /> ![ẽ]<br /> |en<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !/l/<br /> ![l]<br /> |l<br /> ![ɾ]<br /> |r<br /> ![n]<br /> |n<br /> ![ŋ]<br /> |ng<br /> !/o/<br /> ![o]<br /> |o<br /> ![õ]<br /> |o<br /> |-<br /> !/j/<br /> ![j]<br /> |y<br /> ![ɲ]<br /> |nj<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !/a/<br /> ![a]<br /> |a<br /> ![ã]<br /> |a<br /> |-<br /> !/ᵑǀ/<br /> ![ᵑǀ]<br /> |cn<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !Tone<br /> ! colspan="4" |Romanization<br /> |-<br /> !/ᵑǃ/<br /> ![ᵑǃ]<br /> |qn<br /> ![ᵑǂ]<br /> |qny<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !/H/<br /> ![H]<br /> |¯<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !/ᵏǀʰ/<br /> ![ᵏǀʰ]<br /> |ch<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !/L/<br /> ![L]<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !/ᵏǃʰ/<br /> ![ᵏǃʰ]<br /> |qh<br /> ![ᵏǂʰ]<br /> |qh<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !/HL/<br /> ![HL]<br /> |ˋ<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !/ᵏǀˀ/<br /> ![ᵏǀˀ]<br /> |c'<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !/LH<br /> ![LH]<br /> |´<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !/ᵏǃˀ/<br /> ![ᵏǃˀ]<br /> |q'<br /> ![ᵏǂˀ]<br /> |q'<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> ! colspan="5" rowspan="3" |<br /> |-<br /> !/ᵑǀw/<br /> ![ᵑʘ]<br /> |cm<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !/ᵑǃj/<br /> ![ᵑǂ]<br /> |qny<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Deeplect -4.5 ==<br /> This is a naturalistic dialect of Deeplect -4, used for situations where Deeplect -4 would be required to be naturalistic.<br /> <br /> === Consonants ===<br /> All consonants can be lengthened except for /r̥ ɽ͡r ˀɽ/. All velars become palatal or palatalized after front vowels.<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="3" |Consonants<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Labial<br /> ! colspan="4" |Dental<br /> ! colspan="4" |Postalveolar<br /> ! colspan="4" |Velar<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Glottal<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Plain<br /> ! colspan="2" |Glottalized<br /> ! colspan="2" |Plain<br /> ! colspan="2" |Glottalized<br /> ! colspan="2" |Plain<br /> ! colspan="2" |Glottalized<br /> |-<br /> !IPA<br /> !Rom<br /> !IPA<br /> !Rom<br /> !IPA<br /> !Rom<br /> !IPA<br /> !Rom<br /> !IPA<br /> !Rom<br /> !IPA<br /> !Rom<br /> !IPA<br /> !Rom<br /> !IPA<br /> !Rom<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Nasal<br /> |ɱ<br /> |'''m'''<br /> |n<br /> |'''n'''<br /> |ˀn<br /> |'''’n'''<br /> |ɳ<br /> |'''nr'''<br /> |ˀɳ<br /> |'''’nr'''<br /> |ŋ<br /> |'''nj'''<br /> |ˀŋ<br /> |'''’nj'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Plosive<br /> !Voiceless<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |t<br /> |'''t'''<br /> |tʼ<br /> |'''tʼ'''<br /> |ʈ<br /> |'''tr'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |k<br /> |'''k'''<br /> |kʼ<br /> |'''k’'''<br /> |ʔ<br /> |'''’'''<br /> |-<br /> !Voiced<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |d<br /> |'''d'''<br /> |ɗ<br /> |'''d’'''<br /> |ɖ<br /> |'''dr'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |g<br /> |'''g'''<br /> |ɠ<br /> |'''g’'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Affricate<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |t͡s<br /> |'''c'''<br /> |t͡sʼ<br /> |'''c’'''<br /> |t͡ʃ<br /> |'''x'''<br /> |t͡ʃʼ<br /> |'''x’'''<br /> |k͡x<br /> |'''cj'''<br /> |k͡xʼ<br /> |'''cj’'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Fricative<br /> !Voiceless<br /> |f<br /> |'''f'''<br /> |s<br /> |'''s'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ʃ<br /> |'''sr'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |x<br /> |'''sj'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |h<br /> |'''h'''<br /> |-<br /> !Voiced<br /> |v<br /> |'''v'''<br /> |z<br /> |'''z'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ʒ<br /> |'''zr'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɣ<br /> |'''zj'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Approximant<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ð<br /> |'''ð'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Liquid<br /> !Voiceless<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɬ<br /> |'''hl'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |r̥<br /> |'''hr'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Voiced<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |l<br /> |'''l'''<br /> |ˀl<br /> |'''’l'''<br /> |ɽ͡r<br /> |'''rr'''<br /> |ˀɽ<br /> |'''’r'''<br /> |ʟ<br /> |'''lj'''<br /> |ˀʟ<br /> |'''’lj'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Vowels and Tones ===<br /> All vowels have one of four tones: high, low, falling, and rising. Falling and rising tones are closer to the middle range than high or low. High tone is accompanied by preaspiration. On a word-initial vowel, the preaspiration is breathy. The preaspiration is converted into voiceless aspiration on any preceding voiceless consonant, and breathy voice on any preceding voiced consonant. Low tone is accompanied by creaky voice on the vowel.<br /> <br /> Vowels are separated into 2 classes based on their phonotactic behavior and evolutionary history. Class 1 vowels have no phonotactic restrictions other than that they cannot form diphthongs with each other. These vowels originated from the proto-language's 3-vowel system /e a o/.<br /> <br /> Class 2 vowels must be preceded or followed by a consonant, or both, and cannot be adjacent to a Class 1 vowel. Class 2 vowels can form diphthongs with each other. These diphthongs use the same tone system as other vowels. Diphthongs with consonants involve sliding articulation. Class 2 diphthongs cannot be adjacent to each other and adhere to the same restrictions as Class 2 monophthongs. They are excluded from the charts because all Class 2 vowels can form diphthongs (or long vowels) with another and it is not specially notated in romanization.<br /> <br /> There are three romanizations systems for Deeplect -4 which differ in vowel and tone notation. The Vohnegien<ref name=":022">Name created by [[Janus]].</ref> notation prioritized representing historical pronunciation such as syllabic consonants and their descendants being written with an vowel-initial diagraph upon which tones would be marked with diacritics. Vohnegien notation is seen as more outdated by some, but still used by a few scattered Deeplect -4-speaking regions and by linguists.<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="12" |Vohnegien Notation<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="3" |Vowels<br /> ! colspan="6" |Non-labial<br /> ! colspan="4" |Labial<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Extra-Front<br /> ! colspan="2" |Front<br /> ! colspan="2" |Back<br /> ! colspan="2" |Front<br /> ! colspan="2" |Back<br /> |-<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Class 1<br /> !Monophthong<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |e<br /> |'''e'''<br /> |ɤ<br /> |'''y'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |o<br /> |'''o'''<br /> |-<br /> !Diphthong<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |je<br /> |'''ie'''<br /> |ɰɤ<br /> |'''uy'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |wo<br /> |'''uo'''<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="3" |Class 2<br /> !Nasal<br /> |n̩<br /> |'''an'''<br /> |ĩ<br /> |'''in'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɱ̍<br /> |'''am'''<br /> |ũ<br /> |'''un'''<br /> |-<br /> !Close<br /> |l̩<br /> |'''al'''<br /> |i<br /> |'''iy'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |y<br /> |'''iu'''<br /> |ʉ<br /> |'''eu'''<br /> |-<br /> !Open<br /> |r̩<br /> |'''ar'''<br /> |æ<br /> |'''ae'''<br /> |ɑ<br /> |'''ao'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɵ<br /> |'''au'''<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Tones<br /> ! colspan="2" |-H<br /> ! colspan="2" |-L<br /> | colspan="6" rowspan="4" |⟨V⟩ here is used to represent a vowel, not the letter V.<br /> |-<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |H-<br /> |ʰV́<br /> |'''V̄'''<br /> |V̂<br /> |'''V̀'''<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |L-<br /> |V̌<br /> |'''V́'''<br /> |V̰̀<br /> |'''V'''<br /> |}<br /> Gritchend<ref name=":022" /> approached notation from a modern pronunciation in which diacritics are used on consonants to show syllabicity and on vowels to show vowel quality. Gritchend elected to romanize tones with unused consonant letters. Gritchend notation is broadly considered the modern notation of the language and is used in most formal and informal contexts.<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="12" |Gritchend Notation<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="3" |Vowels<br /> ! colspan="6" |Non-labial<br /> ! colspan="4" |Labial<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Extra-Front<br /> ! colspan="2" |Front<br /> ! colspan="2" |Back<br /> ! colspan="2" |Front<br /> ! colspan="2" |Back<br /> |-<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Class 1<br /> !Monophthong<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |e<br /> |'''e'''<br /> |ɤ<br /> |'''y'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |o<br /> |'''o'''<br /> |-<br /> !Diphthong<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |je<br /> |'''ie'''<br /> |ɰɤ<br /> |'''uy'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |wo<br /> |'''uo'''<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="3" |Class 2<br /> !Nasal<br /> |n̩<br /> |'''ń'''<br /> |ĩ<br /> |'''ĩ'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɱ̍<br /> |'''ḿ'''<br /> |ũ<br /> |'''ũ'''<br /> |-<br /> !Close<br /> |l̩<br /> |'''ĺ'''<br /> |i<br /> |'''i'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |y<br /> |'''u'''<br /> |ʉ<br /> |'''ü'''<br /> |-<br /> !Open<br /> |r̩<br /> |'''ŕ'''<br /> |æ<br /> |'''ä'''<br /> |ɑ<br /> |'''a'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɵ<br /> |'''ö'''<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Tones<br /> ! colspan="2" |-H<br /> ! colspan="2" |-L<br /> | colspan="6" rowspan="4" |⟨S⟩ here is used to represent a syllable, not the letter S.<br /> |-<br /> !IPA<br /> !Grit.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Grit.<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |H-<br /> |ʰV́<br /> |'''S'''<br /> |V̂<br /> |'''Sb'''<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |L-<br /> |V̌<br /> |'''Sp'''<br /> |V̰̀<br /> |'''Sq'''<br /> |}<br /> In the interest of avoiding the use of diacritics altogether, Vondenberg<ref name=":022" /> combined the vowel notation of Vohnegien and tone notation of Gritchend. This more modern romanization is most often used in informal text messages and typing with decorative fonts, which often have poor diacritic support.<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="12" |Vondenberg Notation<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="3" |Vowels<br /> ! colspan="6" |Non-labial<br /> ! colspan="4" |Labial<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Extra-Front<br /> ! colspan="2" |Front<br /> ! colspan="2" |Back<br /> ! colspan="2" |Front<br /> ! colspan="2" |Back<br /> |-<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vond.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vond.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vond.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vond.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vond.<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Class 1<br /> !Monophthong<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |e<br /> |'''e'''<br /> |ɤ<br /> |'''y'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |o<br /> |'''o'''<br /> |-<br /> !Diphthong<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |je<br /> |'''ie'''<br /> |ɰɤ<br /> |'''uy'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |wo<br /> |'''uo'''<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="3" |Class 2<br /> !Nasal<br /> |n̩<br /> |'''an'''<br /> |ĩ<br /> |'''in'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɱ̍<br /> |'''am'''<br /> |ũ<br /> |'''un'''<br /> |-<br /> !Close<br /> |l̩<br /> |'''al'''<br /> |i<br /> |'''iy'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |y<br /> |'''iu'''<br /> |ʉ<br /> |'''eu'''<br /> |-<br /> !Open<br /> |r̩<br /> |'''ar'''<br /> |æ<br /> |'''ae'''<br /> |ɑ<br /> |'''ao'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɵ<br /> |'''au'''<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Tones<br /> ! colspan="2" |-H<br /> ! colspan="2" |-L<br /> | colspan="6" rowspan="4" |⟨S⟩ here is used to represent a syllable, not the letter S.<br /> |-<br /> !IPA<br /> !Grit.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Grit.<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |H-<br /> |ʰV́<br /> |'''S'''<br /> |V̂<br /> |'''Sb'''<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |L-<br /> |V̌<br /> |'''Sp'''<br /> |V̰̀<br /> |'''Sq'''<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Deeplect -4 ==<br /> === Consonants ===<br /> All consonants can be lengthened except for /r̥ ɽ͡r ˀɽ/.<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="3" |Consonants<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Labial<br /> ! colspan="4" |Dental<br /> ! colspan="4" |Postalveolar<br /> ! colspan="4" |Palatal<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Glottal<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Plain<br /> ! colspan="2" |Glottalized<br /> ! colspan="2" |Plain<br /> ! colspan="2" |Glottalized<br /> ! colspan="2" |Plain<br /> ! colspan="2" |Glottalized<br /> |-<br /> !IPA<br /> !Rom<br /> !IPA<br /> !Rom<br /> !IPA<br /> !Rom<br /> !IPA<br /> !Rom<br /> !IPA<br /> !Rom<br /> !IPA<br /> !Rom<br /> !IPA<br /> !Rom<br /> !IPA<br /> !Rom<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Nasal<br /> |ɱ<br /> |'''m'''<br /> |n<br /> |'''n'''<br /> |ˀn<br /> |'''’n'''<br /> |ɳ<br /> |'''nr'''<br /> |ˀɳ<br /> |'''’nr'''<br /> |ɲ<br /> |'''nj'''<br /> |ˀɲ<br /> |'''’nj'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Plosive<br /> !Voiceless<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |t<br /> |'''t'''<br /> |tʼ<br /> |'''tʼ'''<br /> |ʈ<br /> |'''tr'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |c<br /> |'''k'''<br /> |cʼ<br /> |'''k’'''<br /> |ʔ<br /> |'''’'''<br /> |-<br /> !Voiced<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |d<br /> |'''d'''<br /> |ɗ<br /> |'''d’'''<br /> |ɖ<br /> |'''dr'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɟ<br /> |'''g'''<br /> |ʄ<br /> |'''g’'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Affricate<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |t͡s<br /> |'''c'''<br /> |t͡sʼ<br /> |'''c’'''<br /> |t͡ʃ<br /> |'''x'''<br /> |t͡ʃʼ<br /> |'''x’'''<br /> |c͡ç<br /> |'''cj'''<br /> |c͡çʼ<br /> |'''cj’'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Fricative<br /> !Voiceless<br /> |f<br /> |'''f'''<br /> |s<br /> |'''s'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ʃ<br /> |'''sr'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ç<br /> |'''sj'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |h<br /> |'''h'''<br /> |-<br /> !Voiced<br /> |v<br /> |'''v'''<br /> |z<br /> |'''z'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ʒ<br /> |'''zr'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ʝ<br /> |'''zj'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Approximant<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ð<br /> |'''ð'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Liquid<br /> !Voiceless<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɬ<br /> |'''hl'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |r̥<br /> |'''hr'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Voiced<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |l<br /> |'''l'''<br /> |ˀl<br /> |'''’l'''<br /> |ɽ͡r<br /> |'''rr'''<br /> |ˀɽ<br /> |'''’r'''<br /> |ʎ<br /> |'''lj'''<br /> |ˀʎ<br /> |'''’lj'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Vowels and Tones ===<br /> All vowels have one of four tones: high, low, falling, and rising. Falling and rising tones are closer to the middle range than high or low. High tone is accompanied by preaspiration. On a word-initial vowel, the preaspiration is breathy. The preaspiration is converted into voiceless aspiration on any preceding voiceless consonant, and breathy voice on any preceding voiced consonant. Low tone is accompanied by creaky voice on the vowel.<br /> <br /> Vowels are separated into 2 classes based on their phonotactic behavior and evolutionary history. Class 1 vowels have no phonotactic restrictions other than that they cannot form diphthongs with each other. These vowels originated from the proto-language's 3-vowel system /e a o/.<br /> <br /> Class 2 vowels must be preceded or followed by a consonant, or both, and cannot be adjacent to a Class 1 vowel. Class 2 vowels can form diphthongs with each other. These diphthongs use the same tone system as other vowels. Diphthongs with consonants involve sliding articulation. Class 2 diphthongs cannot be adjacent to each other and adhere to the same restrictions as Class 2 monophthongs. They are excluded from the charts because all Class 2 vowels can form diphthongs (or long vowels) with another and it is not specially notated in romanization.<br /> <br /> There are three romanizations systems for Deeplect -4 which differ in vowel and tone notation. The Vohnegien<ref name=":022" /> notation prioritized representing historical pronunciation such as syllabic consonants and their descendants being written with an vowel-initial diagraph upon which tones would be marked with diacritics. Vohnegien notation is seen as more outdated by some, but still used by a few scattered Deeplect -4-speaking regions and by linguists.<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="12" |Vohnegien Notation<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="3" |Vowels<br /> ! colspan="6" |Non-labial<br /> ! colspan="4" |Labial<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Extra-Front<br /> ! colspan="2" |Front<br /> ! colspan="2" |Back<br /> ! colspan="2" |Front<br /> ! colspan="2" |Back<br /> |-<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Class 1<br /> !Monophthong<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |e<br /> |'''e'''<br /> |ɤ<br /> |'''y'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |o<br /> |'''o'''<br /> |-<br /> !Diphthong<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |je<br /> |'''ie'''<br /> |ɰɤ<br /> |'''uy'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |wo<br /> |'''uo'''<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="3" |Class 2<br /> !Nasal<br /> |n̩<br /> |'''an'''<br /> |ĩ<br /> |'''in'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɱ̍<br /> |'''am'''<br /> |ũ<br /> |'''un'''<br /> |-<br /> !Close<br /> |l̩<br /> |'''al'''<br /> |i<br /> |'''iy'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |y<br /> |'''iu'''<br /> |ʉ<br /> |'''eu'''<br /> |-<br /> !Open<br /> |r̩<br /> |'''ar'''<br /> |æ<br /> |'''ae'''<br /> |ɑ<br /> |'''ao'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɵ<br /> |'''au'''<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Tones<br /> ! colspan="2" |-H<br /> ! colspan="2" |-L<br /> | colspan="6" rowspan="4" |⟨V⟩ here is used to represent a vowel, not the letter V.<br /> |-<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |H-<br /> |ʰV́<br /> |'''V̄'''<br /> |V̂<br /> |'''V̀'''<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |L-<br /> |V̌<br /> |'''V́'''<br /> |V̰̀<br /> |'''V'''<br /> |}<br /> Gritchend<ref name=":022" /> approached notation from a modern pronunciation in which diacritics are used on consonants to show syllabicity and on vowels to show vowel quality. Gritchend elected to romanize tones with unused consonant letters. Gritchend notation is broadly considered the modern notation of the language and is used in most formal and informal contexts.<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="12" |Gritchend Notation<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="3" |Vowels<br /> ! colspan="6" |Non-labial<br /> ! colspan="4" |Labial<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Extra-Front<br /> ! colspan="2" |Front<br /> ! colspan="2" |Back<br /> ! colspan="2" |Front<br /> ! colspan="2" |Back<br /> |-<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Class 1<br /> !Monophthong<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |e<br /> |'''e'''<br /> |ɤ<br /> |'''y'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |o<br /> |'''o'''<br /> |-<br /> !Diphthong<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |je<br /> |'''ie'''<br /> |ɰɤ<br /> |'''uy'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |wo<br /> |'''uo'''<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="3" |Class 2<br /> !Nasal<br /> |n̩<br /> |'''ń'''<br /> |ĩ<br /> |'''ĩ'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɱ̍<br /> |'''ḿ'''<br /> |ũ<br /> |'''ũ'''<br /> |-<br /> !Close<br /> |l̩<br /> |'''ĺ'''<br /> |i<br /> |'''i'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |y<br /> |'''u'''<br /> |ʉ<br /> |'''ü'''<br /> |-<br /> !Open<br /> |r̩<br /> |'''ŕ'''<br /> |æ<br /> |'''ä'''<br /> |ɑ<br /> |'''a'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɵ<br /> |'''ö'''<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Tones<br /> ! colspan="2" |-H<br /> ! colspan="2" |-L<br /> | colspan="6" rowspan="4" |⟨S⟩ here is used to represent a syllable, not the letter S.<br /> |-<br /> !IPA<br /> !Grit.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Grit.<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |H-<br /> |ʰV́<br /> |'''S'''<br /> |V̂<br /> |'''Sb'''<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |L-<br /> |V̌<br /> |'''Sp'''<br /> |V̰̀<br /> |'''Sq'''<br /> |}<br /> In the interest of avoiding the use of diacritics altogether, Vondenberg<ref name=":022" /> combined the vowel notation of Vohnegien and tone notation of Gritchend. This more modern romanization is most often used in informal text messages and typing with decorative fonts, which often have poor diacritic support.<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="12" |Vondenberg Notation<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="3" |Vowels<br /> ! colspan="6" |Non-labial<br /> ! colspan="4" |Labial<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Extra-Front<br /> ! colspan="2" |Front<br /> ! colspan="2" |Back<br /> ! colspan="2" |Front<br /> ! colspan="2" |Back<br /> |-<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vond.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vond.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vond.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vond.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vond.<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Class 1<br /> !Monophthong<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |e<br /> |'''e'''<br /> |ɤ<br /> |'''y'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |o<br /> |'''o'''<br /> |-<br /> !Diphthong<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |je<br /> |'''ie'''<br /> |ɰɤ<br /> |'''uy'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |wo<br /> |'''uo'''<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="3" |Class 2<br /> !Nasal<br /> |n̩<br /> |'''an'''<br /> |ĩ<br /> |'''in'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɱ̍<br /> |'''am'''<br /> |ũ<br /> |'''un'''<br /> |-<br /> !Close<br /> |l̩<br /> |'''al'''<br /> |i<br /> |'''iy'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |y<br /> |'''iu'''<br /> |ʉ<br /> |'''eu'''<br /> |-<br /> !Open<br /> |r̩<br /> |'''ar'''<br /> |æ<br /> |'''ae'''<br /> |ɑ<br /> |'''ao'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɵ<br /> |'''au'''<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Tones<br /> ! colspan="2" |-H<br /> ! colspan="2" |-L<br /> | colspan="6" rowspan="4" |⟨S⟩ here is used to represent a syllable, not the letter S.<br /> |-<br /> !IPA<br /> !Grit.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Grit.<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |H-<br /> |ʰV́<br /> |'''S'''<br /> |V̂<br /> |'''Sb'''<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |L-<br /> |V̌<br /> |'''Sp'''<br /> |V̰̀<br /> |'''Sq'''<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Deeplect -3 ==<br /> === Consonants ===<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Non-Click Consonant<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Bilabial<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Dental<br /> ! colspan="2" |Alveolar<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Palatal<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Velar/Uvular<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Laryngeal<br /> |-<br /> !Plain<br /> !Fricated<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="4" |Stop<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Plain<br /> |p '''p'''<br /> |t͡θ '''th'''<br /> |t '''t'''<br /> |t͡s '''ts'''<br /> |t͡ʃ '''ch'''<br /> |k '''c'''<br /> |ʡ '''q'''<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |d '''d'''<br /> |d͡z '''dz'''<br /> |d͡ʒ '''gh'''<br /> |g '''g'''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Glottalized<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |t͡s’ '''ts’'''<br /> |t͡ʃʼ '''ch’'''<br /> |kʼ '''c’'''<br /> |ʔˤ '''q’'''<br /> |-<br /> |ɓ '''b’'''<br /> |<br /> |ɗ '''d’'''<br /> |<br /> |ʄ '''gh’'''<br /> |ɠ '''g’'''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="3" |Fricative<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Plain<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |s '''s'''<br /> |ʃ '''š'''<br /> |χ '''x'''<br /> |ħ '''h'''<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ʒ '''ž'''<br /> |<br /> |ʕ '''ǧ'''<br /> |-<br /> !Glottalized<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ʃʼ '''š’'''<br /> |χʼ '''x’'''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Nasal<br /> |m '''m'''<br /> |n '''n'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ŋ '''ň'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Sonorant<br /> |β̞ '''v'''<br /> |lː '''l'''<br /> |r '''r'''<br /> |r̝ '''rz'''<br /> |j '''y'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==== Allophony ====<br /> <br /> * /t͡ʃ d͡ʒ t͡ʃʼ ʄ k ɡ kʼ ɠ/ become [k͡x g͡ɣ k͡xʼ ɠ q ɢ qʼ ʛ] before low or back vowels.<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Click Consonant<br /> ! colspan="2" |Bilabial<br /> ! colspan="2" |Dental<br /> ! colspan="2" |Alveolar<br /> ! colspan="2" |Lateral<br /> ! colspan="2" |Palatal<br /> |-<br /> !Velar<br /> !Uvular<br /> !Velar<br /> !Uvular<br /> !Velar<br /> !Uvular<br /> !Velar<br /> !Uvular<br /> !Velar<br /> !Uvular<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="3" |Nasal<br /> !Fricated<br /> |ŋʘʰ '''mwh'''<br /> |ɴʘχ '''mwx'''<br /> |ŋǀʰ '''nzh'''<br /> |ɴǀχ '''nzx'''<br /> |ŋǃʰ '''nkh'''<br /> |ɴǃχ '''nkx'''<br /> |ŋǁʰ '''nllh'''<br /> |ɴǁχ '''nllx'''<br /> |ŋǂʰ '''njh'''<br /> |ɴǂχ '''njx'''<br /> |-<br /> !Plain<br /> |ŋʘ '''mw'''<br /> |ɴʘ '''wm'''<br /> |ŋǀ '''nz'''<br /> |ɴǀ '''zn'''<br /> |ŋǃ '''nk'''<br /> |ɴǃ '''kn'''<br /> |ŋǁ '''nll'''<br /> |ɴǁ '''lln'''<br /> |ŋǂ '''nj'''<br /> |ɴǂ '''jn'''<br /> |-<br /> !Ploded<br /> |ŋʘˀ '''mw’'''<br /> |ɴʘq '''mwq'''<br /> |ŋǀˀ '''nz’'''<br /> |ɴǀq '''nzq'''<br /> |ŋǃˀ '''nk’'''<br /> |ɴǃq '''nkq'''<br /> |ŋǁˀ '''nll’'''<br /> |ɴǁq '''nllq'''<br /> |ŋǂˀ '''nj’'''<br /> |ɴǂq '''njq'''<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="9" |Oral<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Affricate<br /> |ʘk͡x '''wch'''<br /> |qʘχ '''wx'''<br /> |ǀk͡x '''zch'''<br /> |qǀχ '''zx'''<br /> |ǃk͡x '''kch'''<br /> |qǃχ '''kx'''<br /> |ǁk͡x '''llch'''<br /> |qǁχ '''llx'''<br /> |ǂk͡x '''jch'''<br /> |qǂχ '''jx'''<br /> |-<br /> |gʘx '''gwx'''<br /> |<br /> |gǀx '''gzx'''<br /> |<br /> |gǃx '''gkx'''<br /> |<br /> |gǁx '''gllx'''<br /> |<br /> |gǂx '''gjx'''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Aspirated<br /> |kʘʰ '''wh'''<br /> |<br /> |kǀʰ '''zh'''<br /> |<br /> |kǃʰ '''kh'''<br /> |<br /> |kǁʰ '''llh'''<br /> |<br /> |kǂʰ '''jh'''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |gʘʱ '''gwh'''<br /> |<br /> |gǀʱ '''gzh'''<br /> |<br /> |gǃʱ '''gkh'''<br /> |<br /> |gǁʱ '''gllh'''<br /> |<br /> |gǂʱ '''gjh'''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Plain<br /> |kʘ '''cw'''<br /> |ʘq '''wq'''<br /> |kǀ '''cz'''<br /> |ǀq '''zq'''<br /> |kǃ '''ck'''<br /> |ǃq '''kq'''<br /> |kǁ '''cll'''<br /> |ǁq '''llq'''<br /> |kǂ '''cj'''<br /> |ǂq '''jq'''<br /> |-<br /> |gʘ '''gw'''<br /> |ʘɢ '''wg'''<br /> |gǀ '''gz'''<br /> |ǀɢ '''zg'''<br /> |gǃ '''gk'''<br /> |ǃɢ '''kg'''<br /> |gǁ '''gll'''<br /> |ǁɢ '''llg'''<br /> |gǂ '''gj'''<br /> |ǂɢ '''jg'''<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Glottalized<br /> |kʘˀ '''w’'''<br /> |<br /> |kǀˀ '''z’'''<br /> |<br /> |kǃˀ '''k’'''<br /> |<br /> |kǁˀ '''ll’'''<br /> |<br /> |kǂˀ '''j’'''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |gkʘˀ '''gcw’'''<br /> |ɢqʘˀ '''gqw’'''<br /> |gkǀˀ '''gcz’'''<br /> |ɢqǀˀ '''gqz’'''<br /> |gkǃˀ '''gck’'''<br /> |ɢqǃˀ '''gqk’'''<br /> |gkǁˀ '''gcll’'''<br /> |ɢqǁˀ '''gqll’'''<br /> |gkǂˀ '''gcj’'''<br /> |ɢqǂˀ '''gqj’'''<br /> |-<br /> !Ejective<br /> |ʘkʼ '''wc’'''<br /> |ʘqʼ '''wq’'''<br /> |ǀkʼ '''zc’'''<br /> |ǀqʼ '''zq’'''<br /> |ǃkʼ '''kc’'''<br /> |ǃqʼ '''kq’'''<br /> |ǁkʼ '''llc’'''<br /> |ǁqʼ '''llq’'''<br /> |ǂkʼ '''jc’'''<br /> |ǂqʼ '''jq’'''<br /> |}<br /> An apostrophe is placed between grapheme clusters that may be confused with whole graphemes, e.g. ⟨amwha⟩ is /a.ŋʘʰa/ and ⟨am’wha⟩ is /am.kʘʰa/.<br /> <br /> === Vowels ===<br /> The vowel qualities are /i u e o a ã/ ⟨i u e o a ã⟩, with the long vowels /iː uː ɛː ɔː ɑː ãː/ ⟨ī ū ē ō ā ãa⟩ and overlong vowels /iːː uːː eːːː oːːː aːːː ãːːː/ ⟨ii uu ee oo aa ãā⟩.<br /> <br /> The possible diphthongs are /ei eo oe oi ou oa ue ua ai ae au ao oã uã ãi ãe ãu ão/.<br /> <br /> Phonations include modal, breathy ⟨◌h⟩, creaky ⟨◌’⟩, (all three of which can be pharyngealized ⟨◌·⟩), and strident ⟨◌ħ⟩. A long vowels and diphthongs can contain more than one phonation, but short and overlong vowels cannot.<br /> <br /> All vowels can be -ATR or +ATR ⟨◌y⟩, corresponding to tongue root harmony. This harmony can change voiceless plain stops to breathy stops (except /p/ which becomes [b]). It is a progressive harmony that begins from the start of a root word and is blocked by ejective and uvular consonants. +ATR is only romanized on the first vowel of a root word.<br /> <br /> ==== Allophony ====<br /> <br /> * Vowels are nasalized whenever adjacent to nasal phonemes. /ã/ merges with /a/, so ⟨ã⟩ is not used adjacent to nasal phonemes.<br /> <br /> == Deeplect -2 ==<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Labiodental<br /> ! colspan="4" |Dental<br /> ! colspan="4" |Alveolar<br /> ! colspan="4" |Palatal<br /> ! colspan="4" |Uvular<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Epiglottal<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Plain<br /> ! colspan="2" |Labial<br /> ! colspan="2" |Plain<br /> ! colspan="2" |Labial<br /> ! colspan="2" |Plain<br /> ! colspan="2" |Labial<br /> ! colspan="2" |Plain<br /> ! colspan="2" |Labial<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Nasal<br /> |{{ipa|ɱ}}<br /> |'''m'''<br /> |{{ipa|n̪}}<br /> |'''’n'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|n}}<br /> |'''n'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|ɲ}}<br /> |'''nj'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|ɴ}}<br /> |'''ng'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="3" |Plosive<br /> !Tense<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|ʔ͡d̪̊}}<br /> |'''’t'''<br /> |{{ipa|ʔ͡d̪̊ʷ}}<br /> |'''’tw'''<br /> |{{ipa|ʔ͡d̥}}<br /> |'''t'''<br /> |{{ipa|ʔ͡d̥ʷ}}<br /> |'''tw'''<br /> |{{ipa|ʔ͡ɟ̊}}<br /> |'''c'''<br /> |{{ipa|ʔ͡ɟ̊ʷ}}<br /> |'''cw'''<br /> |{{ipa|ʔ͡ɢ̥}}<br /> |'''k'''<br /> |{{ipa|ʔ͡ɢ̥ʷ}}<br /> |'''kw'''<br /> |{{ipa|ʡ}}<br /> |'''q'''<br /> |-<br /> !Lax<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|d̪𐞖}}<br /> |'''’dh'''<br /> |{{ipa|d̪𐞖ʷ}}<br /> |'''’dhw'''<br /> |{{ipa|d𐞖}}<br /> |'''dh'''<br /> |{{ipa|d𐞖ʷ}}<br /> |'''dhw'''<br /> |{{ipa|ɟ𐞖}}<br /> |'''jh'''<br /> |{{ipa|ɟ𐞖ʷ}}<br /> |'''jhw'''<br /> |{{ipa|ɢ𐞖}}<br /> |'''gh'''<br /> |{{ipa|ɢ𐞖ʷ}}<br /> |'''ghw'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Voiced<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|d̪}}<br /> |'''’d'''<br /> |{{ipa|d̪ʷ}}<br /> |'''’nw'''<br /> |{{ipa|d}}<br /> |'''d'''<br /> |{{ipa|dʷ}}<br /> |'''dw'''<br /> |{{ipa|ɟ}}<br /> |'''j'''<br /> |{{ipa|ɟʷ}}<br /> |'''jw'''<br /> |{{ipa|ɢ}}<br /> |'''g'''<br /> |{{ipa|ɢʷ}}<br /> |'''gw'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Fricative<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|ð}}<br /> |'''ð'''<br /> |{{ipa|ðʷ}}<br /> |'''ðw'''<br /> |{{ipa|z}}<br /> |'''z'''<br /> |{{ipa|zʷ}}<br /> |'''zw'''<br /> |{{ipa|ʝ}}<br /> |'''y'''<br /> |{{ipa|ʝʷ}}<br /> |'''yw'''<br /> |{{ipa|ʁ}}<br /> |'''x'''<br /> |{{ipa|ʁʷ}}<br /> |'''xw'''<br /> |{{ipa|ʜ}}<br /> |'''h'''<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Vibrant<br /> |{{ipa|ⱱ}}<br /> |'''v'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|r}}<br /> |'''r'''<br /> |{{ipa|rʷ}}<br /> |'''rw'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Lateral<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|l̪}}<br /> |'''’l'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|l}}<br /> |'''l'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|ʎ}}<br /> |'''lj'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|ʟ}}<br /> |'''lg'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! rowspan="2" |<br /> ! colspan="4" |Front<br /> ! colspan="4" |Non-Front<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |High<br /> ! colspan="2" |Low<br /> ! colspan="2" |High<br /> ! colspan="2" |Low<br /> |-<br /> !Close<br /> |{{ipa|í}}<br /> |'''í'''<br /> |{{ipa|ì}}<br /> |'''i'''<br /> |{{ipa|ɨ́}}<br /> |'''ú'''<br /> |{{ipa|ɨ̀}}<br /> |'''u'''<br /> |-<br /> !Close-Mid<br /> |{{ipa|é}}<br /> |'''é'''<br /> |{{ipa|è}}<br /> |'''e'''<br /> |{{ipa|ɘ́}}<br /> |'''ó'''<br /> |{{ipa|ɘ̀}}<br /> |'''o'''<br /> |-<br /> !Open<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|ɐ́}}<br /> |'''á'''<br /> |{{ipa|ɐ̀}}<br /> |'''a'''<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Deeplect -1 ==<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="3" |Grammar<br /> !<br /> |-<br /> !Gloss<br /> !IPA<br /> !Description<br /> !Examples<br /> |-<br /> !CAUS.GNO<br /> |jɾa-<br /> |''production, resultation, consequence (gnomic and nouns)''<br /> |kesˈteltɔ jɾaˈmiawa (earth brings life)<br /> |-<br /> !CAUS<br /> |ko-<br /> |''caused (tense, verbs only)''<br /> |kes'teltɔ koˈmiawe̤ (earth is causing life to exist)<br /> |-<br /> !MOA<br /> | -a,ɔ > -e̤<br /> |''verbalizer (motion of agent, MOA). MOA verbs receive an adverb? auxiliary verb? after, showing the precise action taking place if it isn't clear from the primary verb (it would be clear if the prim. verb was "to go to" but not if it's "to water"). unclear primary verbs used without secondary verbs are said to simply "be occuring" or "be existing".''<br /> |ˈbiːje̤ (approaching water)<br /> kesˈtelte̤ (kicking the ground)<br /> |-<br /> !MOS<br /> | -a,ɔ > -ʕu<br /> |''verbalizer (motion of secondary thing, MOS). MOS places the object after the verb. objects and "secondary verbs" (referenced above) do not differ in marking''<br /> |ˈbiːjʕu (splashing water on someone/watering something)<br /> kesˈteltʕu (kicking dirt at something/someone)<br /> |-<br /> !MOP<br /> | -a,ɔ > -a(ʕim)<br /> |''verbalizer (motion of patient, MOP). MOP places its object before the verb. -ʕim is only added for formality, emphasis, or syntactic disambiguation.''<br /> |ˈbiːja(ʕim) ~ spraying water around<br /> kesˈtela(ʕim) ~ kicking up dirt<br /> |}<br /> whether a verb is conjugated to MOA/MOS/MOP is determined by which action the speaker wants to focus on the most, even though usually 2 or 3 of them will be actually occuring<br /> <br /> topic pronouns (marked for person, number, and obviation) are clitics that attach to a particle with some of their grammatical information (cases).<br /> <br /> # 1P.SG.OBV1 ~ ũ=<br /> # 1P.SG.OBV2 ~ nã=<br /> # 1P.SG.OBV3 ~ ˈdeu=<br /> # 2P.SG.OBV1 ~ in=<br /> # 2P.SG.OBV2 ~ ja̤=<br /> # 2P.SG.OBV3 ~ tḛːŋ=<br /> # 3P.SG.OBV1 ~ ki=<br /> # 3P.SG.OBV2 ~ ɾḛj=<br /> # 3P.SG.OBV3 ~ aːn=<br /> # 1P.PL.INCL ~ eˈdo=<br /> # 1P.PL.EXCL ~ kʼe=<br /> # 2P.PL.INCL ~ ˈkimi=<br /> # 2P.PL.EXCL ~ ˈhuku=<br /> # 3P.PL.OBV1 ~ sto=<br /> # 3P.PL.OBV2 ~ ˈmihi=<br /> # 3P.PL.OBV3 ~ aˈdoː=<br /> # REFL ~ pi<br /> #* used in stuff like drinking(MOS), eating(MOS), etc.<br /> # nominative ~ i<br /> # vocative ~ -ʃa̤,ja̤/i'ja̤<br /> # benefactive ~ -(ɾ)e/ri<br /> # malefactive ~ -ḛːse/ḛːse<br /> # dative ~ -ãw/ŋaw<br /> # commitative ~ -(k,ɡ,ʼ)iː/kiː<br /> # instrumental ~ -(s,z)ãʰː/zãʰː<br /> # other case particles can be derived using class-less variants of words, which can get prefixed to a non-topic noun<br /> <br /> * sometimes the particle may be used alone instead of the pronoun clitic.<br /> * the pronoun clitic can be attached to a word to show stronger volition toward that aspect of the action described in the sentence (i.e. TOP=[verb] for showing stronger intent for the action than the object, or TOP=[object] for the opposite). stronger volition toward one aspect often implies weaker volition or intent toward the rest (TOP=[verb] may imply accidentally affecting the object, and TOP=[object] may imply accidentally performing the action, but meaning to do something to the object).<br /> * both or either of the pronoun clitic and particle may be omitted. omission only occurs in the event of redundance.<br /> * there is a subject case particle.<br /> * other NPs are listed in the beginning of the sentence in order of decreasing relevance. their cases (and conjunctions) are expressed in affixes, not a particle.<br /> <br /> * every part of speech has its own set of classes (they do not correspond to each other).<br /> * modifiers are added by affixing the modifiee's class suffix and changing the modifiee's suffix to -aː (this assumes all classes affixes will be suffixes but maybe i wont do that)<br /> *# kesˈteltɔ ''modified by'' beˈʔaɾa (cooled lava ground) > kesˈtelt'''-ɔ''' beˈʔa-ɾa > kesˈtelt-aː beˈʔa-ɾa'''-ɔ''' > kesˈteltaː beˈʔaɔ<br /> * noun classes (suffixes and prefixes):<br /> <br /> # -a, -ɔ ~ fluid, changing (animals, thoughts, breath, wind, clothing, some gods)<br /> # -ɾa ~ dangerous (lava, fire, poisonous food, weapon used, some gods)<br /> # zũː- ~ machinery (car, computer, lock, some weapons merely existing)<br /> # kʰ- ~ valuable natural item (diamond, gold, ivory)<br /> # tʰe- ~ material for use (wood, paper, ink, glue, metal, cloth)<br /> # -ʔiː ~ natural (plants, sun, moon, dirt, some gods)<br /> # -nõ ~ human, human-related concept, or thing altered by humanity (person, domesticated animals, weapon created, gods from secular perspective)<br /> <br /> * verb classes (suffixes):<br /> <br /> # -e ~<br /> # -l ~<br /> # -a ~<br /> <br /> * adjective/adverb classes (prefixes):<br /> * ''unmarked'' ~ quality<br /> * xe- ~ identity<br /> * o- ~ relation<br /> * adposition classes (suffixes):<br /> <br /> * when creating a phrase or description, go with more actually-occurs options before hypothetical or culturally-specific ones (i.e. kesˈteltaː beˈʔaɾɔ is a ground of cooled lava, not the ground being molten lava as is pretended in the game "the floor is lava", since the former is more likely to be used in a real situation than the latter)<br /> <br /> kesˈtelt'''ɔ''' ~ earth<br /> <br /> ˈbiːj'''a''' ~ water<br /> <br /> kṵː'''ɾa''' ~ fire<br /> <br /> ˈmiaw'''a''' ~ life<br /> <br /> ˈ'''zũː'''kũː ~ metal, mechanical<br /> <br /> ˈ'''kʰ'''uːihu ~ gold<br /> <br /> beˈʔa'''ɾa''' ~ lava<br /> <br /> ˈ'''tʰe'''ːsʼaː ~ wood<br /> <br /> liˈ'''ʔiː''' ~ plant<br /> <br /> oˈŋãi'''nõ''' ~ human<br /> <br /> eˈumĩ'''a''' ~ love<br /> <br /> çiː'''a''' ~ emotion(s)<br /> <br /> xkiˈ'''ʔiː''' ~ think, mind<br /> <br /> ˈ'''tʰe'''nũː ~ paper<br /> <br /> '''tʰe'''ˈʔjul ~ ink<br /> <br /> ˈ'''zũː'''mãi ~ pen<br /> <br /> he ~ move to<br /> <br /> iːl ~ move at/in<br /> <br /> ɬaː ~ express, release, secrete<br /> <br /> ˈtʰeŋ'''ʔiː''' ~ visible attribute<br /> <br /> kɔʔj'''ɔ''' ~ color, shadow, brightness, angle<br /> <br /> tḛjjɔ ~ red, hot pink, orange, brown, violet<br /> <br /> vɾiː ~ yellow, orange, lime, beige, white, pink<br /> <br /> ħaːn ~ green, lime, evergreen<br /> <br /> ˈijaɲ ~ cyan, mint<br /> <br /> ˈṳba ~ blue, indigo, purple, black<br /> <br /> naːˈħal ~ dark yellow, muddy green<br /> <br /> ħũːe ~ correct, factual, verified, verifiable<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <references /></div>

Suqi https://mc.nguh.org/w/index.php?title=Trace_Deeplects&diff=39603 Trace Deeplects 2026-05-06T18:00:06Z

<p>Suqi: /* Deeplect -E */</p> <hr /> <div><br /> '''Trace Deeplects''' are incomplete portions of languages that have been detected in experiments attempting to verif’ the [[Deep Dimensional]] theory. While the strongest evidence for Deep Dimensional is the languages that have inexplicably appeared, [[MARA]] experiments have found trace amounts of languages in their investigations, giving it more credibility. However, measurement error is not ruled out. This article will contain all the information on every Trace Deeplect. Trace Deeplects are listed in order of their negative discovery.<br /> <br /> == Deeplect -F ==<br /> Pink: coda only<br /> <br /> Green: onset only<br /> <br /> Purple: word-medial onset only<br /> <br /> Uncolored: any position<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Labial<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Alveolar<br /> ! colspan="2" |Palatal<br /> ! colspan="2" |Velar<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Uvular<br /> |-<br /> !Plain<br /> !Labialized<br /> !Plain<br /> !Labialized<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Plosive<br /> !Voiceless<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ŋ-̊<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Voiced<br /> |m <br /> |n<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ŋ<br /> |<br /> |ɴ<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Plosive<br /> !Aspirated<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |kʰ-<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Tenuis<br /> |<br /> | -t-<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |k-<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Affricate<br /> |<br /> |<br /> | -dʑʱ-<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Fricative<br /> !Aspirated<br /> |<br /> |sʰ-<br /> |ɕʰ-<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Tenuis<br /> |ɸ<br /> |s<br /> |ɕ<br /> |<br /> |x-<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Approximant<br /> |<br /> |l<br /> |j<br /> |ɥ<br /> |ɰ<br /> |w<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Labial<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Alveolar<br /> ! colspan="2" |Palatal<br /> ! colspan="2" |Velar<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Uvular<br /> |-<br /> !Plain<br /> !Labialized<br /> !Plain<br /> !Labialized<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Plosive<br /> !Voiceless<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ŋ-̊<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Voiced<br /> |m <br /> |n<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ŋ<br /> |<br /> |ɴ<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Plosive<br /> !Aspirated<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |kʰ-<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Tenuis<br /> |<br /> | -t-<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |k-<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Affricate<br /> |<br /> |<br /> | -dʑʱ-<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Fricative<br /> !Aspirated<br /> |<br /> |sʰ-<br /> |ɕʰ-<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Tenuis<br /> |ɸ<br /> |s<br /> |ɕ<br /> |<br /> |x-<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Approximant<br /> |<br /> |l<br /> |j<br /> |ɥ<br /> |ɰ<br /> |w<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> == Deeplect -E ==<br /> Pink: coda only<br /> <br /> Green: onset only<br /> <br /> Purple: word-medial onset only<br /> <br /> Uncolored: any position<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |<br /> ! colspan="2" |Labial<br /> ! colspan="2" |Alveolar<br /> ! colspan="2" |Palatal<br /> ! colspan="3" |Velar<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Pharyngeal<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Glottal<br /> |-<br /> !Plain<br /> !Palatalized<br /> !Plain<br /> !Palatalized<br /> !Plain<br /> !Labialized<br /> !Plain<br /> !Palatalized<br /> !Labialized<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Nasal<br /> |m '''''m'''''<br /> |mʲ '''''mj'''''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ŋ '''''n'''''<br /> |ŋʲ '''''nj'''''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Plosive<br /> !Aspirated<br /> |<br /> |<br /> | style="background-color: #dcf" |tʰ '''''t'''''<br /> | style="background-color: #dcf" |tʰʲ '''''tj'''''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |kʰ '''''k'''''<br /> |kʲʰ '''''kj'''''<br /> |kʷʰ '''''ku'''''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Tenuis<br /> |<br /> |<br /> | style="background-color: #dcf" |t '''''d'''''<br /> | style="background-color: #dcf" |tʲ '''''dj'''''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |k '''''g'''''<br /> |kʲ '''''gj'''''<br /> |kʷ '''''gu'''''<br /> |<br /> | style="background-color: #fde" |ʔ '''''q'''''<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Affricate<br /> !Aspirated<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |t͡sʰ '''''c'''''<br /> |t͡sʲʰ '''''cj'''''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Tenuis<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |t͡s '''''z'''''<br /> |t͡sʲ '''''zj'''''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Fricative<br /> !Short<br /> |ɸ '''''f'''''<br /> |ɸʲ '''''fj'''''<br /> | style="background-color: #def" |s '''''s'''''<br /> |sʲ '''''sj'''''<br /> | style="background-color: #dcf" |ɕ '''''sjj'''''<br /> |<br /> | style="background-color: #def" |x '''''x'''''<br /> |xʲ '''''xj'''''<br /> |<br /> | style="background-color: #dcf" |ħ '''''h'''''<br /> | style="background-color: #fde" |h '''''<nowiki/>''''''<br /> |-<br /> !Long<br /> |<br /> |<br /> | style="background-color: #def" |sː '''''ss'''''<br /> | style="background-color: #dcf" colspan="2" |ɕ̟ː '''''ssj'''''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Glide<br /> |<br /> |<br /> | style="background-color: #def" |ɾ '''''r'''''<br /> |<br /> |j '''''y'''''<br /> |ɥ '''''v'''''<br /> |ɰ '''''w'''''<br /> |ɰʲ '''''wj'''''<br /> |w '''''wu'''''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> kʷʰ kʷ w > pʰ p b / _($)(C)o<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |-<br /> !<br /> ! colspan="2" |Front<br /> ! colspan="2" |Back<br /> |-<br /> !<br /> !Short<br /> !Long<br /> !Short<br /> !Long<br /> |-<br /> !High<br /> |i '''''i'''''<br /> |iː '''''ī'''''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Mid<br /> |e '''''e'''''<br /> |eː '''''ē'''''<br /> |o '''''o'''''<br /> |oː '''''ō'''''<br /> |-<br /> !Low<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |a '''''a'''''<br /> |aː '''''ā'''''<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Noun Class ===<br /> The following are classes for nouns.<br /> <br /> # -o: blooming flower (associated with life, vulnerability, singular success, youth, love (all kinds), the self, spirit, soul, novelty, beginnings)<br /> # -ui: withering flower (associated with death, ends, cumulative success, maturity, wisdom, knowledge)<br /> # -enj: day (associated with colors, grandeur, vastness, the sea, water, light)<br /> # -ī: night (associated with darkness, sleep, dreams, black vs. white, simplicity, revelation)<br /> <br /> The following are classes for verbs, adjectives, adverbs and particles that agree with nouns. Adverbs agree with the topic noun. Verbs agree with the patient noun when it is animate. Verbs agree with the agent noun if the patient noun is inanimate.<br /> <br /> # -i, -e, -yV: cute<br /> # -a, -ā, -akj: beautiful<br /> # -n: alien<br /> <br /> Particles for verbs are marked for familiar (cute and beautiful are merged), and alien classes but unpredictably. These agree with the verb.<br /> <br /> == Deeplect -D ==<br /> <br /> === Consonants ===<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |<br /> ! colspan="2" |Bilabial<br /> ! colspan="2" |Alveolar<br /> ! colspan="2" |Prepalatal<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Palatal<br /> ! colspan="2" |Prevelar<br /> ! colspan="2" |Postvelar<br /> ! colspan="2" |Uvular<br /> ! colspan="2" |Epiglottal<br /> ! colspan="2" |Glottal<br /> |-<br /> !Plain<br /> !Emphatic<br /> !Plain<br /> !Emphatic<br /> !Plain<br /> !Labial<br /> !Plain<br /> !Labial<br /> !Plain<br /> !Labial<br /> !Plain<br /> !Labial<br /> !Plain<br /> !Labial<br /> !Plain<br /> !Labial<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Nasal<br /> |m '''m'''<br /> |mˤ '''ṃ'''<br /> |n '''n'''<br /> |nˤ '''ṇ'''<br /> |ɲ̟ '''ň'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ŋ '''ŋ'''<br /> |ŋʷ '''ŋw'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="3" |Plosive<br /> !Aspirated<br /> |pʰ '''ph'''<br /> |pʰˤ '''ṗh'''<br /> |tʰ '''th'''<br /> |tʰˤ '''ṭh'''<br /> |c̟ʰ '''ch'''<br /> |c̟ʰʷ '''cv'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |kʰ '''kh'''<br /> |kʰʷ '''kv'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Lax<br /> |p '''p'''<br /> |pˤ '''ṗ'''<br /> |t '''t'''<br /> |tˤ '''ṭ'''<br /> |c̟ '''c'''<br /> |c̟ʷ '''cw'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |k '''k'''<br /> |kʷ '''kw'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ʡ '''q'''<br /> |ʡʷ '''qw'''<br /> |ʔ '''<nowiki/>''''<br /> |ʔʷ '''<nowiki/>'w'''<br /> |-<br /> !Tense<br /> |b '''b'''<br /> |bˤ '''ḅ'''<br /> |tʼ '''d'''<br /> |tˤʼ '''ḍ'''<br /> |c̟ʼ '''j'''<br /> |c̟ʷʼ '''jw'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |kʼ '''g'''<br /> |kʷʼ '''gw'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Continuant<br /> !Voiceless<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |s '''s'''<br /> |sˤ '''ṣ'''<br /> |ɕ '''š'''<br /> |ɕʷ '''šw'''<br /> |ç '''hy'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |x '''ḫ'''<br /> |xʷ '''ḫw'''<br /> |χ '''x'''<br /> |χʷ '''xw'''<br /> |ħ '''ħ'''<br /> |ħʷ '''ħw'''<br /> |h '''h'''<br /> |hʷ '''hw'''<br /> |-<br /> !Voiced<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |l '''l'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |j '''i'''<br /> |ɣʲ '''ǧy'''<br /> |w '''u'''<br /> |ɣ '''ǧ'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ʕ '''ġ'''<br /> |ʕʷ '''ġw'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Trill<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |r '''r'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ʀ '''ṛ'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==== Syllabic Consonants ====<br /> Syllabic consonants are romanized as double letters only when adjacent to two vowels or a nonsyllabic variant of each other.<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> !<br /> !Bilabial<br /> !Alveolar<br /> !Prepalatal<br /> !Postvelar<br /> !Uvular<br /> !Epiglottal<br /> |-<br /> !Nasal<br /> |m̩ '''m, mm'''<br /> |n̩ '''n, nn'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɴ̩ '''ŋ, ŋŋ'''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Fricative<br /> |<br /> |s̩ '''s, ss'''<br /> |ɕ̩ '''š, šš'''<br /> |x̩ '''ḫ, ḫḫ'''<br /> |χ̍ '''x, xx'''<br /> |ħ̩ '''ħ, ħħ'''<br /> |-<br /> !Lateral<br /> |<br /> |l̩ '''l, ll'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Trill<br /> |<br /> |r̩ '''r, rr'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Vowels ===<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> !<br /> !Front<br /> !Central<br /> !Back<br /> |-<br /> !Mid<br /> |e '''e'''<br /> |ɵ '''oy'''<br /> |o '''o'''<br /> |-<br /> !Near-Open<br /> |<br /> |ɐ '''ay'''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Open<br /> |<br /> |a '''a'''<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Pitch-Accent ===<br /> Deeplect -D uses seven pitch accents: high (ā [ꜛaꜜ]), mid (a [a]), low (ȧ [ꜜaꜛ]), falling (à [ꜛâꜜ]), rising (á [ǎꜛ]), high-falling (â [âꜜ]), and dipping (ǎ [â]), which can be placed on any mora except for the final one. All vowels and all syllabic consonants can receive a pitch accent.<br /> <br /> * '''High''' pitch accent gives only one mora a high tone while the rest have low tone (L-<u>H</u>-L)<br /> * '''Mid''' pitch accent makes a word retain low tone throughout (L-<u>L</u>-L)<br /> * '''Low''' pitch accent gives one more a low tone while the rest have high tone (H-<u>L</u>-H)<br /> * '''Falling''' pitch accent takes the tone of one mora from high to low while the rest of the morae have a low tone (L-<u>HL</u>-L)<br /> * '''Rising''' pitch accent takes one mora's tone from low to high while the preceding morae have a low tone and the following morae have a high tone (L-<u>LH</u>-H)<br /> * '''High-falling''' pitch accent takes one mora's tone from high to mid while the preceding morae have a high tone and the following morae have a low tone (H-<u>HM</u>-L)<br /> * '''Dipping''' pitch accent takes the tone of one mora from high to low while the rest of the morae have a mid tone (M-<u>HL</u>-M)<br /> <br /> === Phonotactics ===<br /> (C)V<br /> <br /> * Three of the same phoneme cannot occur in a row; syllabic consonants count as consonants in this rule.<br /> <br /> === Allophony ===<br /> E: /e/, [i ɪ e̞ ɛ]<br /> <br /> Y: /ɲ̟ c̟ʰ c̟ʰʷ c̟ c̟ʷ c̟ʼ c̟ʷʼ ɕ ɕʷ ç j/<br /> <br /> # /C₁C̩₁ C̩₁C₁/ = [C₁ːː C₁ːː]<br /> # /C̩V VC̩/ = [CːV VCː]<br /> # /e ɵ o/ = [e̞ ɵ̞ o̞]<br /> # e̞ o̞ ɵ̞ → ɛ ɞ ɔ / {_#,#_%,V_%}<br /> # e̞ ɵ̞ o̞ ɐ a → ɪ ɵ ʊ ɘ ɜ / _Cː<br /> # e̞ ɵ̞ o̞ ɐ a → i ʉ u ɨ ə / _Cːː<br /> # ɵ̞ o̞ ɐ a → ø̞ ɵ̞ æ̝ æ / {EC,Y}_<br /> # ɞ ɔ → œ ɞ / {EC,Y}_<br /> # ʊ ɵ ɘ ɜ → ʉ̞ ø e ɛ / {EC,Y}_<br /> # u ʉ ɨ ə → ʉ y ɪ e̞ / {EC,Y}_<br /> # ŋ(ʷ) → ɴ(ʷ) / _{a,ɐ,ɔ,o,ʊ}<br /> # ŋ(ʷ) → ɴ(ʷ) / {a,ɐ,ɔ,o,ʊ}_%<br /> # C̩[-labial] → C̩[-labial]ʷ / C[+labial]_<br /> # F̩[-voice] → F̩[+voice] / C[+voice]_<br /> <br /> === Word Formation ===<br /> Deeplect -D's word formation is unusual. The etymology of words comes from an abstract dimension where tracing the language consistently to its proto-form becomes impossible.<br /> <br /> == Deeplect -C ṡżṠŻǎǔǐěǒẽĩũẙů ==<br /> <br /> === Phonemic Inventory ===<br /> <br /> ==== Onsets ====<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |<br /> ! colspan="4" |Coronal<br /> ! colspan="4" |Peripheral<br /> |-<br /> !Plain<br /> !Lab.<br /> !Pal.<br /> !Lar.<br /> !Plain<br /> !Lab.<br /> !Pal.<br /> !Lar.<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Nasal<br /> !Plain<br /> |n<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ŋ<br /> |m<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Geminated<br /> |nː<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |mː<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Plosive<br /> !Plain<br /> |t<br /> |tʷ<br /> |tʲ<br /> |tˤ<br /> |k<br /> |kʷ<br /> |kʲ<br /> |kˤ<br /> |-<br /> !Geminated<br /> |tː<br /> |tʷː<br /> |tʲː<br /> |tˤː<br /> |kː<br /> |kʷː<br /> |kʲː<br /> |kˤː<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Affricate<br /> !Plain<br /> |t͡s<br /> |t͡sʷ<br /> |t͡sʲ<br /> |t͡sˤ<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Geminated<br /> |t͡sː<br /> |t͡sʷː<br /> |t͡sʲː<br /> |t͡sˤː<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Fricative<br /> !Plain<br /> |s<br /> |sʷ<br /> |sʲ<br /> |sˤ<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |h<br /> |-<br /> !Geminated<br /> |sː<br /> |sʷː<br /> |sʲː<br /> |sˤː<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Approximant<br /> |l<br /> |lʷ<br /> |lʲ<br /> |lˤ<br /> |ɰ<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==== Nuclei ====<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Labial<br /> ! colspan="4" |Coronal<br /> ! colspan="4" |Dorsal<br /> |-<br /> !Plain<br /> !Lab.<br /> !Pal.<br /> !Lar.<br /> !Plain<br /> !Lab.<br /> !Pal.<br /> !Lar.<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Occlusive<br /> !Spread glottis<br /> |ḿ̩<br /> |ń̩<br /> |t̩ʷʰ<br /> |t̩ʲʰ<br /> |t̩ˤʰ<br /> |ŋ̩́<br /> |k̩ʷʰ<br /> |k̩ʲʰ<br /> |k̩ˤʰ<br /> |-<br /> !Constricted glottis<br /> |m̩̀<br /> |ǹ̩<br /> |t̩ʷ<br /> |t̩ʲ<br /> |t̩ˤ<br /> |ŋ̩̀<br /> |k̩ʷ<br /> |k̩ʲ<br /> |k̩ˤ<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Continuant<br /> !Spread glottis<br /> |<br /> |ŕ̩<br /> |s̩ʷʰ<br /> |s̩ʲʰ<br /> |s̩ˤʰ<br /> |<br /> |ó<br /> |é<br /> |á<br /> |-<br /> !Constricted glottis<br /> |<br /> |r̩̀<br /> |s̩ʷ<br /> |s̩ʲ<br /> |s̩ˤ<br /> |<br /> |ò<br /> |è<br /> |à<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Phonotactics ===<br /> <br /> # (C)V<br /> # Geminates can only occur word-medially<br /> # Syllabic obstruents cannot immediately precede a syllabic resonant.<br /> # /n̩/ and /ŋ̩/ cannot be word-intial.<br /> # Syllabic nasals can only be adjacent to vowels or other syllabic nasals.<br /> <br /> === Allophony ===<br /> <br /> # Secondary articulations in onsets are typically contained within the time of articulation of the main articulation. There may be an onglide, but never an offglide.<br /> # Secondary articulations in nuclei very often result in an offglide, which is fricated in the case of aspirated consonants.<br /> # Tenuis syllabic obstruents are geminated.<br /> # /t͡sʷ(ː) sʷ(ː) s̩ʷ(ː) sʲ(ː) s̩ʲ(ː)/ are realized as [t͜s͡ɸ(ː) s͡ɸ(ː) s̩͡ɸ(ː) ɕ(ː) ɕ̩(ː)]<br /> # /e o/ become [ɛ ɔ] following a pharyngealized consonant.<br /> # /a/ becomes [e] after /e/, except when /e/ is [ɛ], then /a/ becomes [ɛ].<br /> # /a/ becomes [o] after /o/, except when /o/ is [ɔ], then /a/ becomes [ɔ].<br /> # /e/ becomes [i] after /e/.<br /> # /o/ becomes [u] after /o/.<br /> # When /t(ː) t͡s(ː) s(ː) l n h/ precede /e/, they become [c(ː) c͡ɕ(ː) ɕ(ː) ɾ ɲ ç] and /e/ becomes [i].<br /> #* /tʲ(ː) t͡sʲ(ː) sʲ(ː) lʲ/ merge with /t(ː) t͡s(ː) s(ː) l/ before /e/.<br /> # When /tʷ(ː) t͡sʷ(ː) sʷ(ː) lʷ/ precede /e/, they become [c(ː) c͡ɕ(ː) ɕ(ː) ɾ] and /e/ becomes [y].<br /> # When /tˤ(ː) t͡sˤ(ː) sˤ(ː) lˤ/ precede /e/, they become [c(ː) c͡ɕ(ː) ɕ(ː) ɾ] and /e/ becomes [ɛ].<br /> # /t(ː) s(ː) l n h/ become [p(ː) s͡ɸ(ː) ⱱ̟ m ʍ] before /o/.<br /> #* /tʷ(ː) sʷ(ː) lʷ/ merge with /t(ː) s(ː) l/ before /o/.<br /> #* /n/ merges with [m] before /o/, but /nː/ remains [nː].<br /> # /tʲ(ː) lʲ/ become [pʲ(ː) ⱱ̟ʲ] before /o/.<br /> # When /tˤ(ː) lˤ/ precede /o/, they become [pˤ(ː) ⱱ̟ˤ] and /o/ becomes [ɔ].<br /> # Word-initial /m̩/ assimilates to the place of articulation of the last phone of the previous word. If it cannot do so, it assimilates to the place of articulation of the following phone. If it cannot do so either, it remains [m̩].<br /> # Word-initial /m̩/ experiences sandhi from the tone of the previous word's final syllable.<br /> # /r̩/ becomes [l̩] when next to a vowel.<br /> # Low tones become falling tones when preceded by only one phonemic high tone.<br /> # High tones become rising tones when preceded by only one phonemic low tone.<br /> # Low tones merge with high tones when preceded by a rising tone<br /> # High tones merge with low tones when preceded by a falling tone<br /> <br /> === Romanization ===<br /> {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"<br /> ! colspan="4" |Onsets<br /> ! colspan="4" |Nuclei<br /> |-<br /> !Phone<br /> !Romanization<br /> !Phone<br /> !Romanization<br /> !Phone<br /> !Romanization<br /> !Phone<br /> !Romanization<br /> |-<br /> ![m]<br /> |m<br /> ![mː]<br /> |mm<br /> ![í]<br /> |i<br /> ![ì]<br /> |ī<br /> |-<br /> ![n]<br /> |n<br /> ![nː]<br /> |nn<br /> ![ý]<br /> |ü<br /> ![ỳ]<br /> |û<br /> |-<br /> ![ɲ]<br /> |nj<br /> !<br /> |<br /> ![é]<br /> |e<br /> ![è]<br /> |ē<br /> |-<br /> ![ŋ]<br /> |ng<br /> !<br /> |<br /> ![ɛ́]<br /> |ë<br /> ![ɛ̀]<br /> |ê<br /> |-<br /> ![p]<br /> |p<br /> ![pː]<br /> |pp<br /> ![á]<br /> |a<br /> ![à]<br /> |ā<br /> |-<br /> ![pʲ]<br /> |pj<br /> ![pʲː]<br /> |ppj<br /> ![ú]<br /> |u<br /> ![ù]<br /> |ū<br /> |-<br /> ![pˤ]<br /> |pg<br /> ![pˤː]<br /> |ppg<br /> ![ó]<br /> |o<br /> ![ò]<br /> |ō<br /> |-<br /> ![t]<br /> |t<br /> ![tː]<br /> |tt<br /> ![ɔ́]<br /> |ö<br /> ![ɔ̀]<br /> |ô<br /> |-<br /> ![tʷ]<br /> |tv<br /> ![tʷː]<br /> |ttv<br /> ![ḿ̩, ḿ̩ʲ, ḿ̩ˤ]<br /> |ym<ref name=":0">⟨y⟩ may optionally be omitted if the syllabic consonant follows a vowel but does not precede one.</ref><br /> ![m̩̀, m̩̀ʲ, m̩̀ˤ]<br /> |’m<br /> |-<br /> ![tʲ]<br /> |tj<br /> ![tʲː]<br /> |ttj<br /> ![ń̩, ń̩ʷ, ń̩ʲ, ń̩ˤ]<br /> |yn<ref name=":0" /><br /> ![ǹ̩, ǹ̩ʷ, ǹ̩ʲ, ǹ̩ˤ]<br /> |’n<br /> |-<br /> ![tˤ]<br /> |tg<br /> ![tˤː]<br /> |ttg<br /> ![ɲ̩́]<br /> |ynj<ref name=":0" /><br /> ![ɲ̩̀]<br /> |’nj<br /> |-<br /> ![c]<br /> |c<br /> ![cː]<br /> |cc<br /> ![ŋ̩́, ŋ̩́ʷ, ŋ̩́ʲ, ŋ̩́ˤ]<br /> |yng<ref name=":0" /><br /> ![ŋ̩̀, ŋ̩̀ʷ, ŋ̩̀ʲ, ŋ̩̀ˤ]<br /> |’ng<br /> |-<br /> ![k]<br /> |k<br /> ![kː]<br /> |kk<br /> ![ŕ̩]<br /> |yr<ref name=":0" /><br /> ![r̩̀]<br /> |’r<br /> |-<br /> ![kʷ]<br /> |kv<br /> ![kʷː]<br /> |kkv<br /> ![ĺ̩]<br /> |yl<ref name=":0" /><br /> ![l̩̀]<br /> |’l<br /> |-<br /> ![kʲ]<br /> |kj<br /> ![kʲː]<br /> |kkj<br /> ![t̩ʷʰ]<br /> |ytv<ref name=":0" /><br /> ![t̩ʷː]<br /> |’tv<br /> |-<br /> ![kˤ]<br /> |kg<br /> ![kˤː]<br /> |kkg<br /> ![t̩ʲʰ]<br /> |ytj<ref name=":0" /><br /> ![t̩ʲː]<br /> |’tj<br /> |-<br /> ![t͡s]<br /> |z<br /> ![t͡sː]<br /> |zz<br /> ![t̩ˤʰ]<br /> |yt<ref name=":0" /><br /> ![t̩ˤː]<br /> |’t<br /> |-<br /> ![t͜s͡ɸ]<br /> |zv<br /> ![t͜s͡ɸː]<br /> |zzv<br /> ![k̩ʷʰ]<br /> |ykv<ref name=":0" /><br /> ![k̩ʷː]<br /> |’kv<br /> |-<br /> ![t͡sʲ]<br /> |zj<br /> ![t͡sʲː]<br /> |zzj<br /> ![k̩ʲʰ]<br /> |ykj<ref name=":0" /><br /> ![k̩ʲː]<br /> |’kj<br /> |-<br /> ![t͡sˤ]<br /> |zg<br /> ![t͡sˤː]<br /> |zzg<br /> ![k̩ˤʰ]<br /> |yk<ref name=":0" /><br /> ![k̩ˤː]<br /> |’k<br /> |-<br /> ![c͡ɕ]<br /> |x<br /> ![c͡ɕː]<br /> |xx<br /> ![s̩͡ɸʰ]<br /> |ysv<ref name=":0" /><br /> ![s̩͡ɸː]<br /> |’sv<br /> |-<br /> ![s]<br /> |s<br /> ![sː]<br /> |ss<br /> ![s̩ˤʰ]<br /> |ys<ref name=":0" /><br /> ![s̩ˤː]<br /> |’s<br /> |-<br /> ![s͡ɸ]<br /> |sv<br /> ![s͡ɸː]<br /> |ssv<br /> ![ɕ̩ʰ]<br /> |ysj<ref name=":0" /><br /> ![ɕ̩ː]<br /> |’sj<br /> |-<br /> ![sˤ]<br /> |sg<br /> ![sˤː]<br /> |ssg<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ![ɕ]<br /> |sj<br /> ![ɕː]<br /> |ssj<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ![ç]<br /> |hj<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ![ʍ]<br /> |hv<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ![h]<br /> |h<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ![ⱱ̟]<br /> |b<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ![ⱱ̟ʲ]<br /> |bj<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ![ⱱ̟ˤ]<br /> |bg<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ![ɾ]<br /> |r<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ![l]<br /> |l<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ![lʷ]<br /> |lv<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ![lʲ]<br /> |lj<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ![lˤ]<br /> |lg<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ![ɰ]<br /> |w<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Vocabulary ===<br /> mākvylo (car) {{Ipa|/màkʷŕ̩ó/ [ma˩kʷl̩˩˥o˥]}}<br /> <br /> haerī (bicycle) {{Ipa|/háélì/ [ha˥e˥ɾi˥˩]}}<br /> <br /> boccü (dog) {{Ipa|/lótʷːé/ [ⱱ̟o˥cːy˥]}}<br /> <br /> mō’kv (person) {{Ipa|/mòk̩ʷː/ [mo˩k̩ːʷ]}}<br /> <br /> akām (dot) {{Ipa|/ákàm̩̀/ [a˥ka˥˩m̩˩]}}<br /> <br /> == Deeplect -B ==<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |PULMONIC<br /> CONSONANTS<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Labial<br /> ! colspan="4" |Alveolar<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Palatal<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Velar<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Pharyngeal<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Glottal<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Plain<br /> ! colspan="2" |Palatal<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Nasal<br /> !plain<br /> |m~w̃<br /> |'''m'''<br /> |n~ɾ̃<br /> |'''n'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɲ~j̃<br /> |'''ny'''<br /> |ŋ~ɰ̃<br /> |'''ng'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !glottal<br /> |ˀm<br /> |'''’m'''<br /> |ˀn<br /> |'''’n'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ˀɲ<br /> |'''’ny'''<br /> |ˀŋ<br /> |'''’ng'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="4" |Plosive<br /> !plain<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |t<br /> |'''t'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |c<br /> |'''c'''<br /> |ɢ<br /> |'''rg'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ʔ<br /> |'''q'''<br /> |-<br /> !aspirated<br /> |b͡pʰ<br /> |'''bp'''<br /> |tʰ d͡tʰ<br /> |'''th dt'''<br /> |tʲʰ d͡tʲʰ<br /> |'''ch dc'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |qʰ ɡ͡kʰ<br /> |'''kh gk'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !ejective<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |tʼ d͡tʼ<br /> |'''t’ dt’'''<br /> |tʲʼ d͡tʲʼ<br /> |'''c’ dc’'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |kʼ ɢ͡qʼ<br /> |'''k’ gk’'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !implosive<br /> |ɓ<br /> |'''b’'''<br /> |ɗ<br /> |'''d’'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ʄ<br /> |'''y’'''<br /> |ɠ<br /> |'''g’'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="3" |Affricate<br /> !plain<br /> |b͡β<br /> |'''bv'''<br /> |d͡z<br /> |'''dz'''<br /> |t͡ɕ<br /> |'''cs'''<br /> |ɟ͡ʝ<br /> |'''yy'''<br /> |k͡x ɡ͡ɣ<br /> |'''kx gx'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !aspirated<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |d͡t͜sʰ<br /> |'''ds'''<br /> |d͡t͜ɕʰ<br /> |'''dcs'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɡ͡k͜xʰ<br /> |'''gkx'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !ejective<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |t͡ɕʼ d͡t͜ɕʼ<br /> |'''cs’ dcs’'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |k͡xʼ ɡ͡k͜xʼ<br /> |'''kx’ gx’'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Fricative<br /> |β<br /> |'''v'''<br /> |ɮ<br /> |'''z'''<br /> |ɕ ɮʲ<br /> |'''s zy'''<br /> |ʝ<br /> |'''hy'''<br /> |x~χ ʁ<br /> |'''x r'''<br /> |ħ<br /> |'''h’'''<br /> |h<br /> |'''h'''<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Glide<br /> |w~b<br /> |'''w'''<br /> |l~d<br /> |'''l'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɰ~ɡ<br /> |'''gh'''<br /> |ʜ<br /> |'''rh'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> p ś ł ṭ ṣ j<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |CLICKS<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Labial<br /> ! colspan="4" |Prealveolar<br /> ! colspan="4" |Postalveolar<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Palatal<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Plain<br /> ! colspan="2" |Lateral<br /> ! colspan="2" |Plain<br /> ! colspan="2" |Lateral<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="3" |Nasal<br /> !plain<br /> |ŋ͡ʘ<br /> |'''mp'''<br /> |ŋ͡ǀ<br /> |'''nś'''<br /> |ŋ͡ǁ<br /> |'''nł'''<br /> |ŋ͡ǃ<br /> |'''nṭ'''<br /> |ŋ͡‼<br /> |'''nṣ'''<br /> |ŋ͡𝼋<br /> |'''nj'''<br /> |-<br /> !aspirated<br /> |ŋ͡ʘʰ<br /> |'''mph'''<br /> |ŋ͡ǀʰ<br /> |'''nśh'''<br /> |ŋ͡ǁʰ<br /> |'''nłh'''<br /> |ŋ͡ǃʰ<br /> |'''nṭh'''<br /> |ŋ͡‼ʰ<br /> |'''nṣh'''<br /> |ŋ͡𝼋ʰ<br /> |'''njh'''<br /> |-<br /> !glottalized<br /> |ŋ͡ʘˀ<br /> |'''mp’'''<br /> |ŋ͡ǀˀ<br /> |'''nś’'''<br /> |ŋ͡ǁˀ<br /> |'''nł’'''<br /> |ŋ͡ǃˀ<br /> |'''nṭ’'''<br /> |ŋ͡‼ˀ<br /> |'''nṣ’'''<br /> |ŋ͡𝼋ˀ<br /> |'''nj’'''<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="5" |Voiceless<br /> !plain<br /> |k͡ʘ<br /> |'''p'''<br /> |k͡ǀ<br /> |'''ś'''<br /> |k͡ǁ<br /> |'''ł'''<br /> |k͡ǃ<br /> |'''ṭ'''<br /> |k͡‼<br /> |'''ṣ'''<br /> |k͡𝼋<br /> |'''j'''<br /> |-<br /> !aspirated<br /> |k͡ʘʰ<br /> |'''ph'''<br /> |k͡ǀʰ<br /> |'''śh'''<br /> |k͡ǁʰ<br /> |'''łh'''<br /> |k͡ǃʰ<br /> |'''ṭh'''<br /> |k͡‼ʰ<br /> |'''ṣh'''<br /> |k͡𝼋ʰ<br /> |'''jh'''<br /> |-<br /> !glottalized<br /> |k͡ʘˀ<br /> |'''p’'''<br /> |k͡ǀˀ<br /> |'''ś’'''<br /> |k͡ǁˀ<br /> |'''ł’'''<br /> |k͡ǃˀ<br /> |'''ṭ’'''<br /> |k͡‼ˀ<br /> |'''ṣ’'''<br /> |k͡𝼋ˀ<br /> |'''j’'''<br /> |-<br /> !delayed release<br /> |ʘ͡kʰ<br /> |'''pk'''<br /> |ǀ͡kʰ<br /> |'''śk'''<br /> |ǁ͡kʰ<br /> |'''łk'''<br /> |ǃ͡kʰ<br /> |'''ṭk'''<br /> |‼͡kʰ<br /> |'''ṣk'''<br /> |𝼋͡kʰ<br /> |'''jk'''<br /> |-<br /> !ejective<br /> |ʘ͡kʼ<br /> |'''pk’'''<br /> |ǀ͡kʼ<br /> |'''śk’'''<br /> |ǁ͡kʼ<br /> |'''łk’'''<br /> |ǃ͡kʼ<br /> |'''ṭk’'''<br /> |‼͡kʼ<br /> |'''ṣk’'''<br /> |𝼋͡kʼ<br /> |'''jk’'''<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="3" |Voiced<br /> !plain<br /> |ɡ͡ʘ<br /> |'''gp'''<br /> |ɡ͡ǀ<br /> |'''gś'''<br /> |ɡ͡ǁ<br /> |'''gł'''<br /> |ɡ͡ǃ<br /> |'''gṭ'''<br /> |ɡ͡‼<br /> |'''gṣ'''<br /> |ɡ͡𝼋<br /> |'''gj'''<br /> |-<br /> !aspirated<br /> |ɡ͡ʘʰ<br /> |'''gph'''<br /> |ɡ͡ǀʰ<br /> |'''gśh'''<br /> |ɡ͡ǁʰ<br /> |'''głh'''<br /> |ɡ͡ǃʰ<br /> |'''gṭh'''<br /> |ɡ͡‼ʰ<br /> |'''gṣh'''<br /> |ɡ͡𝼋ʰ<br /> |'''gjh'''<br /> |-<br /> !glottalized<br /> |ɡ͡ʘˀ<br /> |'''gp’'''<br /> |ɡ͡ǀˀ<br /> |'''gś’'''<br /> |ɡ͡ǁˀ<br /> |'''gł’'''<br /> |ɡ͡ǃˀ<br /> |'''gṭ’'''<br /> |ɡ͡‼ˀ<br /> |'''gṣ’'''<br /> |ɡ͡𝼋ˀ<br /> |'''gj’'''<br /> |}<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> !VOWELS<br /> ! colspan="2" |Front<br /> ! colspan="2" |Central<br /> ! colspan="2" |Back<br /> |-<br /> !Fricated<br /> |i̝<br /> |'''ii'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |u̝<br /> |'''uu'''<br /> |-<br /> !Close<br /> |i~ɪ<br /> |'''i'''<br /> |ʉ<br /> |'''uy'''<br /> |u~ʊ<br /> |'''u'''<br /> |-<br /> !Close-Mid<br /> |e<br /> |'''e'''<br /> |ə ɵ<br /> |'''ẹ oy'''<br /> |o<br /> |'''o'''<br /> |-<br /> !Open-Mid<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɞ<br /> |'''ọy'''<br /> |ɔ<br /> |'''ọ'''<br /> |-<br /> !Open<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |a<br /> |'''a'''<br /> |ɑ<br /> |'''ạ'''<br /> |}<br /> Words can either be monosyllabic and contain contour or level tones, or be polysyllabic and only contain level tones.<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> !TONES<br /> !High<br /> !Mid<br /> !Low<br /> |-<br /> !High<br /> |H<br /> |HM<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Mid<br /> |<br /> |M<br /> |ML<br /> |-<br /> !Low<br /> |<br /> |LM<br /> |L<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Deeplect -A ==<br /> Deeplect -A is intended to create a manner of communication that involves very little complexity, whether that be phonological, grammatical, semantic, or pragmatic, and therefore easy and intuitive to learn from any linguistic background. Words do not take on parts of speech (noun, verb, etc.) or grammatical roles (subject, object, etc.) typical of natural languages. The syntactic structure is based purely on the relationships of emphasized words, unemphasized words, and pauses.<br /> <br /> '''Vocabulary'''<br /> <br /> * small: ki<br /> ** can be used to describe small size, quantity, height, social position, etc.<br /> * big: on<br /> ** can be used to describe large size, quantity, height, social position, etc.<br /> * move: ne<br /> ** can be used to describe living things, fluids, motion, etc.<br /> * stay: at<br /> ** can be used to describe unmoving things, solids, the ground, some locations, etc.<br /> * subject: e (subject of discussion, not gramamtical subject)<br /> * not: su<br /> <br /> '''Syntax'''<br /> <br /> ''u'' = unemphasized word; ''E'' = emphasized word<br /> <br /> * uE: ''u'' performs as a topic, ''E'' performs as a comment modifying the topic.<br /> * Eu: ''E'' performs as a novel topic, ''u'' performs as a comment modifying the novel topic.<br /> * u<sub>1</sub>u<sub>1</sub>: marks plurality<br /> * E<sub>1</sub>E<sub>1</sub>: marks emphasis<br /> * u<sub>1</sub>u<sub>2</sub>/E<sub>1</sub>E<sub>2</sub>: marks addition or comparison depending on context<br /> * Lack of pauses indicate a continuous idea.<br /> * Brief pauses (marked with commas) indicate the beginning of a new idea related to the previous one.<br /> * Medial pauses (marked with periods ) indicate the beginning of a new idea related to the multiple previous ideas. Which previous ideas they are is left up to context.<br /> * Long pauses (marked with elipses) indicate the beginning of an idea unrelates to the previous ones.<br /> <br /> '''Expressions'''<br /> <br /> * Ownership is expressed with "e ON e KI", translating to "This is big and/but that is small." This can also be used to compare sizes or quantities of "this" and "that", depending on context.<br /> ** "e ON KI" translates to "This is big and small."<br /> ** "e on e ki" translates to "This, a big thing, that, and a small thing."<br /> ** "e ON E KI" translates to "This is big, the other thing, and small."<br /> ** "e ON, e KI" translates to "This is big, meanwhile that is small." This is more often used for comparison of the sizes between "this" and "that".<br /> ** "e ON. e KI" translates to "...and this is big. Additionally, that is small."<br /> ** "E on, e KI" translates to "As for this, this is big, and/but that is small."<br /> ** "E on e KI" translates to "As for this, this is big and the other thing. There is also a small thing."<br /> <br /> == Deeplect -9 ==<br /> <br /> === Consonant ===<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Consonants<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Bilabial<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Dental<br /> ! colspan="3" |Alveolar<br /> ! colspan="4" |Palatal<br /> ! colspan="6" |Velar<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Laryngeal<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Plain<br /> !Palatal<br /> ! colspan="2" |Plain<br /> ! colspan="2" |Labial<br /> ! colspan="2" |Plain<br /> ! colspan="2" |Palatal<br /> ! colspan="2" |Labial<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Nasal<br /> |m̥<br /> |m<br /> |<br /> |ᵑʇ<br /> |n̥<br /> |n<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɲ<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ŋ̊<br /> |ŋ<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |'''''mh/ṁ'''''<br /> |'''''m'''''<br /> |<br /> |'''''nz'''''<br /> |'''''nh/ṅ'''''<br /> |'''''n'''''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |'''''ny/ņ'''''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |'''''ňh'''''<br /> |'''''ň'''''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="6" |Plosive<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Aspirated<br /> |pʰ<br /> |bʰ<br /> |ᵏʇʰ<br /> |<br /> |tʰ<br /> |dʰ<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɟʰ<br /> |<br /> |ɟʰʷ<br /> |kʰ<br /> |<br /> |kʰʲ<br /> |<br /> |kʰᶣ<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |'''''ph'''''<br /> |'''''bh'''''<br /> |'''''zh'''''<br /> |<br /> |'''''th'''''<br /> |'''''dh'''''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |'''''jh'''''<br /> |<br /> |'''''ǰh'''''<br /> |'''''kh'''''<br /> |<br /> |'''''ķh'''''<br /> |<br /> |'''''ǩh'''''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Plain<br /> |p<br /> |b<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |t<br /> |d<br /> |tɕ<br /> |c<br /> |ɟ<br /> |cʷ<br /> |ɟʷ<br /> |k<br /> |<br /> |kʲ<br /> |<br /> |kᶣ<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |'''''p'''''<br /> |'''''b'''''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |'''''t'''''<br /> |'''''d'''''<br /> |'''''ch'''''<br /> |'''''c'''''<br /> |'''''j'''''<br /> |'''''č'''''<br /> |'''''ǰ'''''<br /> |'''''k'''''<br /> |<br /> |'''''ķ'''''<br /> |<br /> |'''''ǩ'''''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Rhinoglottic<br /> |pʼ<br /> |ᵐb<br /> |ᵏʇˀ<br /> |<br /> |tʼ<br /> |ⁿd<br /> |tɕʼ<br /> |<br /> |ᶮɟ<br /> |<br /> |ᶮɟʷ<br /> |kʼ<br /> |ᵑg<br /> |kʲʼ<br /> |ᵑgʲ<br /> |kᶣʼ<br /> |ᵑgᶣ<br /> |ʔ<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |'''''pp'''''<br /> |'''''nb'''''<br /> |'''''zz'''''<br /> |<br /> |'''''tt'''''<br /> |'''''nd'''''<br /> |'''''cc'''''<br /> |<br /> |'''''jj'''''<br /> |<br /> |'''''nǰ'''''<br /> |'''''kk'''''<br /> |'''''ng'''''<br /> |'''''ḱḱ'''''<br /> |'''''nǵ'''''<br /> |'''''ǩǩ'''''<br /> |'''''nǧ'''''<br /> |'''''<nowiki/>''''''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Fricative<br /> |ɸ<br /> |β<br /> |θ~s̪<br /> |ð~z̪<br /> |s<br /> |<br /> |ʃ<br /> |ç<br /> |ʝ<br /> |çʷ<br /> |ʝʷ<br /> |<br /> |ʁ<br /> |<br /> |ʁʲ<br /> |<br /> |ʁᶣ<br /> |h<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |'''''f'''''<br /> |'''''v'''''<br /> |'''''ç'''''<br /> |'''''z'''''<br /> |'''''s'''''<br /> |<br /> |'''''x'''''<br /> |'''''ś'''''<br /> |'''''ź'''''<br /> |'''''š'''''<br /> |'''''ž'''''<br /> |<br /> |'''''g'''''<br /> |<br /> |'''''ǵ'''''<br /> |<br /> |'''''ǧ'''''<br /> |'''''h'''''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Approximant<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |l̥<br /> |l<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |j<br /> |<br /> |ɥ<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ʕ̞<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |'''''lh'''''<br /> |'''''l'''''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |'''''y'''''<br /> |<br /> |'''''w'''''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |'''''q'''''<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Tap<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɾ̥<br /> |ɾ<br /> |<br /> |ɾ̥ʲ<br /> |ɾʲ<br /> |ɾ̥ᶣ<br /> |ɾᶣ<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |'''''rh'''''<br /> |'''''r'''''<br /> |<br /> |'''''ŕh'''''<br /> |'''''ŕ'''''<br /> |'''''řh'''''<br /> |'''''ř'''''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Trill<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |r̥<br /> |r<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |'''''ŗh'''''<br /> |'''''ŗ'''''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Vowels ===<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! rowspan="3" |Vowels<br /> ! colspan="3" |Front<br /> ! colspan="2" |Central<br /> ! colspan="2" |Back<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Oral<br /> ! colspan="2" |Nasal<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Oral<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Nasal<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Oral<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Nasal<br /> |-<br /> !Unround<br /> !Round<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |High<br /> |i<br /> |ĩ<br /> |ỹ<br /> |ɨ<br /> |ɨ̃<br /> |<br /> |ʊ̃<br /> |-<br /> |'''''i'''''<br /> |'''''ĩ'''''<br /> |'''''ü'''''<br /> |'''''u'''''<br /> |'''''ũ'''''<br /> |<br /> |'''''õ'''''<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Mid<br /> |e<br /> |ẽ<br /> |ø̃<br /> |ɘ<br /> |<br /> |o<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |'''''e'''''<br /> |'''''ẽ'''''<br /> |'''''ö'''''<br /> |'''''ë'''''<br /> |<br /> |'''''o'''''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Low<br /> |ɛ~æ<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɔ~ɑ<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |'''''ä'''''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |'''''a'''''<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Grammar ===<br /> Nouns usually have either feminine or masculine gender. Nouns and proper nouns referring to people can have feminine, masculine, or femasculine. Proper nouns not referring to people are always femasculine. There is some precedent for nouns or proper nouns with the opposite gender that they're supposed to have being used for alternative versions of the original word. This is primarily used in fiction and physics.<br /> <br /> Deeplect -9 has a complex way of marking gender, topic, number, transitivity, specificity, and adjectives that makes them interconnected.<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> !Masc //-bʰi//, //-te//<br /> |-<br /> !Fem //-ⁿd//, //-l//<br /> |-<br /> !Femasc //-bʰiⁿd//, //-tel//<br /> |}<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="3" rowspan="3" |Noun Declensions (''lhaadh'')<br /> ! colspan="4" |Topic within noun phrase<br /> ! colspan="2" |Topic not within noun phrase<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Subject<br /> ! colspan="2" |Object<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Subject<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Object<br /> |-<br /> !Noun Topic<br /> !Adjective Topic<br /> !Noun Topic<br /> !Adjective Topic<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="3" |Generic<br /> | colspan="2" |''lhaadh'' V O<br /> | colspan="2" |V ''lhaadh'' S<br /> |V O ''lhaadh''<br /> |S V ''lhaadh''<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="6" |Singular<br /> ! rowspan="3" |Non-specific<br /> !Masc<br /> |''lhaadte'' V O<br /> |''lhaadbhi'' V O<br /> |V ''lhaachte'' S<br /> |V ''lhaach'' S<br /> |V O ''lhaadhbhi''<br /> |S V ''lhaach''<br /> |-<br /> !Fem<br /> |''lhaadhal'' V O<br /> |''lhaadhand'' V O<br /> |V ''lhaadhol'' S<br /> |V ''lhaadhon'' S<br /> |V O ''lhaadhand''<br /> |S V ''lhaadhon''<br /> |-<br /> !Femasc<br /> |''lhaadtel'' V O<br /> |''lhaadhbhind'' V O<br /> |V ''lhaachontel'' S<br /> |V ''lhaachon'' S<br /> |V O ''lhaadhbhind''<br /> |S V ''lhaachon''<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="3" |Specific<br /> !Masc<br /> |''lhaadte'' V O<br /> |''lhaadbhi'' V O<br /> |V ''lhaadhbhite'' S<br /> |''lhaadbhi'' V O<br /> |V O ''lhaadhbhi''<br /> |S V ''lhaadhbhi''<br /> |-<br /> !Fem<br /> |''lhaadhal'' V O<br /> |''lhaadhand'' V O<br /> |V ''lhaadhandal'' S<br /> |''lhaadhand'' V O<br /> |V O ''lhaadhand''<br /> |S V ''lhaadhand''<br /> |-<br /> !Femasc<br /> |''lhaadtel'' V O<br /> |''lhaadhbhind'' V O<br /> |V ''lhaadhbhindel'' S<br /> |''lhaadhbhind'' V O<br /> |V O ''lhaadhbhind''<br /> |S V ''lhaadhbhind''<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="4" |Plural<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Non-specific<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Specific<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="4" |Distributive<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Non-specific<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Specific<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Verbs<br /> ! colspan="2" |Intransitive<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Transitive<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> !Adjectives<br /> !<br /> !<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> In the following charts, small asterisked words are atypical declensions.<br /> {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Nouns<br /> !Plain<br /> !Fem<br /> !Masc<br /> !Femasc<br /> !Fem Topic<br /> !Masc Topic<br /> !Femasc Topic<br /> !Fem Singular<br /> !Masc Singular<br /> !Femasc Singular<br /> |-<br /> !//Ø//<br /> !//-ⁿd//<br /> !//-bʰi//<br /> !//-bʰiⁿd//<br /> !//-l//<br /> !//-te//<br /> !//-tel//<br /> !//-on//<br /> !//-js//<br /> !//-json//<br /> |-<br /> !friend<br /> |chẽ<br /> |chẽnd<br /> |chẽbhi<br /> |chẽbhind<br /> |chẽl<br /> |chẽte<br /> |chẽtel<br /> |chẽon<br /> |chẽys<br /> |chẽyson<br /> |-<br /> !watermelon<br /> |vilh<br /> |*vilnd<br /> |vilhbhi<br /> |*vilhbhind<br /> |*vill<br /> |vilhte<br /> |*vilhtel<br /> |*vilhon<br /> |vilhx<br /> |*vilhxon<br /> |-<br /> !sun<br /> |ńaṁ<br /> |*ńamnd<br /> |ńaṁbhi<br /> |*ńaṁbhind<br /> |*ńaml<br /> |ńaṁte<br /> |*ńaṁtel<br /> |*ńaṁon<br /> |ńaṁx<br /> |*ńaṁxon<br /> |-<br /> !moon<br /> |ḱḱuŗh<br /> |*ḱḱuŗnd<br /> |ḱḱuŗhbhi<br /> |*ḱḱuŗhbhind<br /> |ḱḱuŗl<br /> |ḱḱuŗhte<br /> |*ḱḱuŗhtel<br /> |*ḱḱuŗhon<br /> |ḱḱuŗhx<br /> |*ḱḱuŗhxon<br /> |-<br /> !day<br /> |ma<br /> |mand<br /> |*mabhi<br /> |*mabhind<br /> |mal<br /> |*mate<br /> |*matel<br /> |maon<br /> |*mays<br /> |*mayson<br /> |-<br /> !night<br /> |bhai<br /> |bhaind<br /> |*bhaibhi<br /> |*bhaibhind<br /> |bhail<br /> |*bhaite<br /> |*bhaitel<br /> |bhaion<br /> |*bhaiys<br /> |*bhaiyson<br /> |-<br /> !day sky<br /> |cĩĩ<br /> |cĩĩnd<br /> |*cĩĩbhi<br /> |*cĩĩbhind<br /> |cĩĩl<br /> |*cĩĩte<br /> |*cĩĩtel<br /> |cĩĩon<br /> |*cĩĩys<br /> |*cĩĩyson<br /> |-<br /> !night sky<br /> |'att<br /> |*'attand<br /> |'attibhi<br /> |*'attibhind<br /> |*'attal<br /> |'atte<br /> |*'attel<br /> |*'atton<br /> |'attis<br /> |*'attison<br /> |-<br /> !cloud<br /> |lhä<br /> |lhänd<br /> |*lhäbhi<br /> |*lhäbhind<br /> |lhäl<br /> |*lhäte<br /> |*lhätel<br /> |lhäon<br /> |*lhäys<br /> |*lhäyson<br /> |-<br /> !paper<br /> |nzũ'<br /> |nzũnd<br /> |*nzũ'bhi<br /> |*nzũ'bhind<br /> |nzũl<br /> |*nzũ'te<br /> |*nzũ'tel<br /> |nzũ'on<br /> |*nzũ'x<br /> |*nzũ'xon<br /> |-<br /> !computer<br /> |zhoto<br /> |*zhotond<br /> |zhotobhi<br /> |*zhotobhind<br /> |*zhotol<br /> |zhotote<br /> |*zhototel<br /> |*zhotoon<br /> |zhotoys<br /> |*zhotoyson<br /> |-<br /> !person<br /> |lhaadh<br /> |lhaadhand<br /> |lhaadhbhi<br /> |lhaadhbhind<br /> |lhaadhal<br /> |lhaadte<br /> |lhaadtel<br /> |lhaadhon<br /> |lhaadhx<br /> |lhaadhxon<br /> |}<br /> {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Verbs<br /> !Intransitive<br /> !Fem Transitive<br /> !Masc Transitive<br /> !Femasc Transitive<br /> |-<br /> !//Ø//<br /> !//-r̥//<br /> !//-ʊ̃//<br /> !//-ʊ̃r̥//<br /> |-<br /> !like<br /> |qad<br /> |qatŗh<br /> |qadõ<br /> |qadõŗh<br /> |-<br /> !want<br /> |chëk<br /> |chëkŗh<br /> |chëkõ<br /> |chëkõŗh<br /> |-<br /> !have<br /> |ṁẽ<br /> |ṁẽŗh<br /> |ṁẽõ<br /> |ṁẽõŗh<br /> |-<br /> !give<br /> |zzõ<br /> |zzõŗh<br /> |zzõõ<br /> |zzõõŗh<br /> |-<br /> !receive/take<br /> |ń'e<br /> |ń'eŗh<br /> |ń'eõ<br /> |ń'eõŗh<br /> |-<br /> !eat/drink<br /> |mäx<br /> |mäxŗh<br /> |mäxõ<br /> |mäxõŗh<br /> |-<br /> !breathe<br /> |ňhim<br /> |ňhimŗh<br /> |ňhimõ<br /> |ňhimõŗh<br /> |-<br /> !say<br /> |ää<br /> |ääŗh<br /> |ääõ<br /> |ääõŗh<br /> |-<br /> !sing<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !go to<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !leave<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Adjectives<br /> !Fem<br /> !Masc<br /> !Femasc<br /> !Fem Topic<br /> !Masc Topic<br /> !Femasc Topic<br /> |-<br /> !//-β//<br /> !//-i//<br /> !//-ɥ//<br /> !//-l//<br /> !//-te//<br /> !//-tel//<br /> |-<br /> !happy<br /> |zzaav<br /> |zzaai<br /> |zzaaw<br /> |zaal<br /> |zzaate<br /> |zaatel<br /> |-<br /> !blue<br /> |ǵëv<br /> |ǵëi<br /> |ǵëw<br /> |ǵël<br /> |ǵëte<br /> |ǵëtel<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Deeplect -8 ==<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> !C<br /> ! colspan="2" |Bilabial<br /> ! colspan="2" |Alveolar<br /> ! colspan="2" |Dorsal<br /> ! colspan="2" |Glottal<br /> !V<br /> !Non-Back<br /> !Back<br /> |-<br /> !Nasal<br /> |{{ipa|m̥}}<br /> |{{ipa|m}}<br /> |{{ipa|n̥}}<br /> |{{ipa|n}}<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|ɲ}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> !Close<br /> |{{ipa|i̞}}<br /> |{{ipa|ɯ}}<br /> |-<br /> !Plosive<br /> |{{ipa|pʰ}}<br /> |{{ipa|bʰ}}<br /> |{{ipa|tʰ}}<br /> |{{ipa|dʰ}}<br /> |{{ipa|kʰ}}<br /> |{{ipa|ɡʰ}}<br /> |{{ipa|ʔ}}<br /> |<br /> !Mid<br /> |{{ipa|ə}}<br /> |{{ipa|o}}<br /> |-<br /> !Fricative<br /> |{{ipa|ɸ}}<br /> |{{ipa|β}}<br /> |{{ipa|ʃ}}<br /> |{{ipa|ʒ}}<br /> |{{ipa|x}}<br /> |{{ipa|ɣ}}<br /> |{{ipa|h}}<br /> |{{ipa|ɦ}}<br /> !Open<br /> |{{ipa|a}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Sonorant<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|w}}<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|ɾ}}<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|j}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> ! colspan="3" |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> * VS̥ʰ VS̬ʰ > V́S̥ V̀S̥ / _%<br /> <br /> (C<sub>1</sub>)V(C<sub>2</sub>)<br /> <br /> * C<sub>1</sub>: any consonant except /ʔ h ɦ/<br /> * V: any vowel<br /> * C<sub>2</sub>: any consonant<br /> <br /> === Transliterations ===<br /> <br /> ==== Latin ====<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> !IPA<br /> |{{ipa|m̥}}<br /> |{{ipa|m}}<br /> |{{ipa|n̥}}<br /> |{{ipa|n}}<br /> |{{ipa|ɲ}}<br /> |{{ipa|pʰ}}<br /> |{{ipa|bʰ}}<br /> |{{ipa|tʰ}}<br /> |{{ipa|dʰ}}<br /> |{{ipa|kʰ}}<br /> |{{ipa|ɡʰ}}<br /> |{{ipa|ʔ}}<br /> |{{ipa|ɸ}}<br /> |{{ipa|β}}<br /> |{{ipa|ʃ}}<br /> |{{ipa|ʒ}}<br /> |{{ipa|x}}<br /> |{{ipa|ɣ}}<br /> |{{ipa|h}}<br /> |{{ipa|ɦ}}<br /> |{{ipa|w}}<br /> |{{ipa|ɾ}}<br /> |{{ipa|j}}<br /> |{{ipa|i̞}}<br /> |{{ipa|ɯ}}<br /> |{{ipa|ə}}<br /> |{{ipa|o}}<br /> |{{ipa|a}}<br /> |-<br /> !Romanization<br /> |'''mh'''<br /> |'''m'''<br /> |'''nh'''<br /> |'''n'''<br /> |'''ny'''<br /> |'''p'''<br /> |'''b'''<br /> |'''t'''<br /> |'''d'''<br /> |'''k'''<br /> |'''g'''<br /> |'''c'''<br /> |'''f'''<br /> |'''v'''<br /> |'''s'''<br /> |'''j'''<br /> |'''x'''<br /> |'''q'''<br /> |'''h'''<br /> |'''’'''<br /> |'''w'''<br /> |'''r'''<br /> |'''y'''<br /> |'''i'''<br /> |'''u'''<br /> |'''e'''<br /> |'''o'''<br /> |'''a'''<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==== Kana ====<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> !<br /> !{{ipa|Ø}}<br /> !{{ipa|m̥}}<br /> !{{ipa|m}}<br /> !{{ipa|n̥}}<br /> !{{ipa|n}}<br /> !{{ipa|ɲ}}<br /> !{{ipa|pʰ}}<br /> !{{ipa|bʰ}}<br /> !{{ipa|tʰ}}<br /> !{{ipa|dʰ}}<br /> !{{ipa|kʰ}}<br /> !{{ipa|ɡʰ}}<br /> !{{ipa|ʔ}}<br /> !{{ipa|ɸ}}<br /> !{{ipa|β}}<br /> !{{ipa|ʃ}}<br /> !{{ipa|ʒ}}<br /> !{{ipa|x}}<br /> !{{ipa|ɣ}}<br /> !{{ipa|h}}<br /> !{{ipa|ɦ}}<br /> !{{ipa|w}}<br /> !{{ipa|ɾ}}<br /> !{{ipa|j}}<br /> |-<br /> !{{ipa|i̞}}<br /> |'''い'''<br /> |'''ミ'''<br /> |'''み'''<br /> |'''ニ'''<br /> |'''に'''<br /> |'''にぃ'''<br /> |'''ぴ'''<br /> |'''び'''<br /> |'''ち'''<br /> |'''ぢ'''<br /> |'''き'''<br /> |'''ぎ'''<br /> |<br /> |'''ふぃ'''<br /> |'''ゔぃ'''<br /> |'''し'''<br /> |'''じ'''<br /> |'''キ'''<br /> |'''ギ'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |'''ゐ'''<br /> |'''り'''<br /> |'''いぃ'''<br /> |-<br /> !{{ipa|ɯ}}<br /> |'''う'''<br /> |'''ム'''<br /> |'''む'''<br /> |'''ヌ'''<br /> |'''ぬ'''<br /> |'''にゅ'''<br /> |'''ぷ'''<br /> |'''び'''<br /> |'''つ'''<br /> |'''づ'''<br /> |'''く'''<br /> |'''ぐ'''<br /> |<br /> |'''ふ'''<br /> |'''ゔ'''<br /> |'''しゅ'''<br /> |'''じゅ'''<br /> |'''ク'''<br /> |'''グ'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |'''うぅ'''<br /> |'''る'''<br /> |'''ゆ'''<br /> |-<br /> !{{ipa|ə}}<br /> |'''え'''<br /> |'''メ'''<br /> |'''め'''<br /> |'''ネ'''<br /> |'''ね'''<br /> |'''にぇ'''<br /> |'''ぺ'''<br /> |'''べ'''<br /> |'''て'''<br /> |'''で'''<br /> |'''け'''<br /> |'''げ'''<br /> |<br /> |'''ふぇ'''<br /> |'''ゔぇ'''<br /> |'''しぇ'''<br /> |'''じぇ'''<br /> |'''ケ'''<br /> |'''ゲ'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |'''ゑ'''<br /> |'''れ'''<br /> |'''いぇ'''<br /> |-<br /> !{{ipa|o}}<br /> |'''お'''<br /> |'''モ'''<br /> |'''も'''<br /> |'''ノ'''<br /> |'''の'''<br /> |'''にょ'''<br /> |'''ぽ'''<br /> |'''ぼ'''<br /> |'''と'''<br /> |'''ど'''<br /> |'''こ'''<br /> |'''ご'''<br /> |<br /> |'''ふぉ'''<br /> |'''ゔぉ'''<br /> |'''しょ'''<br /> |'''じょ'''<br /> |'''コ'''<br /> |'''ゴ'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |'''を'''<br /> |'''ろ'''<br /> |'''よ'''<br /> |-<br /> !{{ipa|a}}<br /> |'''あ'''<br /> |'''マ'''<br /> |'''ま'''<br /> |'''ナ'''<br /> |'''な'''<br /> |'''にゃ'''<br /> |'''ぱ'''<br /> |'''ば'''<br /> |'''た'''<br /> |'''だ'''<br /> |'''か'''<br /> |'''が'''<br /> |<br /> |'''ふぁ'''<br /> |'''ゔぁ'''<br /> |'''しゃ'''<br /> |'''じゃ'''<br /> |'''カ'''<br /> |'''ガ'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |'''わ'''<br /> |'''ら'''<br /> |'''や'''<br /> |-<br /> !{{ipa|Ø}}<br /> |<br /> |'''ム゚'''<br /> |'''ム゙'''<br /> |'''ヌ゚'''<br /> |'''ヌ゙'''<br /> |'''ニ゙'''<br /> |'''プ'''<br /> |'''ブ'''<br /> |'''ト'''<br /> |'''ド'''<br /> |'''ク゚'''<br /> |'''ん'''<br /> |'''っ'''<br /> |'''フ'''<br /> |'''ヴ'''<br /> |'''シ'''<br /> |'''ジ'''<br /> |'''ホ'''<br /> |'''ン'''<br /> |'''ゝ'''<br /> |'''ゞ'''<br /> |'''ウ'''<br /> |'''ル'''<br /> |'''イ'''<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Deeplect -7 ==<br /> Deeplect-7 divides words into 3 categories depending on how they can be perceived by the senses: proximal sensation, distal sensation, and general sensation. Deeplect -7-speakers recognize 6 senses in terms of these divisions: sight, sound, smell, taste, touch, and memory. The emotional sense refers to an individual being made to feel an emotion. The memorial sense refers to an individual forming a memory or recalling past memories.<br /> <br /> * Proximal sensation includes things whose perception is limited to a close range:<br /> ** any object by its texture<br /> ** whispering by sound<br /> ** blood by flavor<br /> ** paper by scent<br /> ** small insects by sight<br /> ** a dream by memory<br /> * Distal sensation includes things whose perception is '''not''' limited to a close range:<br /> ** weather by its temperature<br /> ** shouting by sound<br /> ** chocolate by expectation-induced flavor<br /> ** a fart by scent<br /> ** a building by sight<br /> ** a bear at a zoo by memory<br /> * General sensation always includes the conceptualization of an object, and senses that are more strongly associated with the concept of it than the sensation of it. Some objects have no associated sensations with them such as<br /> <br /> Often, what translates to a single word in English is split into two or three words depending on how they are experienced in a sentence.<br /> {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"<br /> ! colspan="4" |Vocabulary List<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Deeplect -7<br /> ! colspan="2" |English<br /> |-<br /> !Word<br /> !IPA<br /> !Translation<br /> !Context<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|[nâˀ]|test=}}<br /> |paper<br /> |general: ''visual, conceptual''<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|[sâˀ]|test=}}<br /> |paper<br /> |distal: ''auditory, memorial''<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|[θâˀ]|test=}}<br /> |paper<br /> |proximal: ''tactile, olfactory, gustatory''<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|[nâˀ]|test=}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|[nâˀ]|test=}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|[nâˀ]|test=}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|[nâˀ]|test=}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|[nâˀ]|test=}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|[nâˀ]|test=}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|[nâˀ]|test=}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|[nâˀ]|test=}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|[nâˀ]|test=}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|[nâˀ]|test=}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|[nâˀ]|test=}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|[nâˀ]|test=}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|[nâˀ]|test=}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|[nâˀ]|test=}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|[nâˀ]|test=}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|[nâˀ]|test=}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Deeplect -6 ==<br /> Every word is 6 morae long.<br /> <br /> == Deeplect -5 ==<br /> <br /> === Consonants ===<br /> Deeplect -5 has a small consonant inventory with about half of its consonants being clicks. This small size is made up for in extreme allophony.<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="2" |Consonant<br /> !Labial<br /> !Dental<br /> !Alveolar<br /> !Palatal<br /> !Glottal<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="3" |Pulmonic<br /> !Stop<br /> |p<br /> |<br /> |t<br /> |<br /> |ʔ<br /> |-<br /> !Fricative<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |s<br /> |<br /> |hʲ<br /> |-<br /> !Glide<br /> |w<br /> |<br /> |l<br /> |j<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="3" |Click<br /> !Nasal<br /> |<br /> |ᵑǀ<br /> |ᵑǃ<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Aspirated<br /> |<br /> |ᵏǀʰ<br /> |ᵏǃʰ<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Glottalized<br /> |<br /> |ᵏǀˀ<br /> |ᵏǃˀ<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Vowels ===<br /> X language has two levels of stress: primary and secondary. Primary stress is marked with vowel length and can have a high, low, falling, or rising tone. Secondary stress is marked with either a high or low tone. Primary stress is word-initial, but secondary stress is lexical.<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Vowels<br /> ! colspan="2" |Oral<br /> ! colspan="2" |Nasal<br /> |-<br /> !Front<br /> !Back<br /> !Front<br /> !Back<br /> |-<br /> !Close<br /> |i<br /> |u<br /> |ĩ<br /> |ũ<br /> |-<br /> !Mid<br /> |e<br /> |o<br /> |ẽ<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Open<br /> |<br /> |a<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Phonotactics ===<br /> (C)(G)V(C); C = consonant; G = /t ʔ w j/; Q = click; V = vowel<br /> <br /> # pʔ tʔ > pʼ tʼ<br /> # p t c ʔ s > b d ɟ ʔ̞ z / _{i,e} !{#,C̥}_<br /> # d ǃ > ɟ ǂ / _i<br /> # w l j > m n ɲ / {Ṽ_,_Ṽ}<br /> # n t > ŋ k / _{u,ũ}<br /> # l > ɾ / _{u,o,a}<br /> # V > Ṽ / ᵑQ_<br /> # ᵑǀw ᵑǃj > ᵑʘ ᵑǂ<br /> # hʲ / Ø !_{i,ĩ,e,ẽ}<br /> # QC / Ø !QC=!w<br /> # CCC VVV ṼV VṼ CQ jʔ hʲʔ / Ø<br /> <br /> === Romanization ===<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> !Consonant<br /> ! colspan="8" |Romanization<br /> !Vowel<br /> ! colspan="4" |Romanization<br /> |-<br /> !/p/<br /> ![p]<br /> |p<br /> ![b]<br /> |b<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !/i/<br /> ![i]<br /> |i<br /> ![ĩ]<br /> |i<br /> |-<br /> !/t/<br /> ![t]<br /> |t<br /> ![d]<br /> |d<br /> ![ɟ]<br /> |dj<br /> ![k]<br /> |k<br /> !/ĩ/<br /> ![ĩ]<br /> |in<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !/ʔ/<br /> ![ʔ]<br /> |'<br /> ![ʔ̞]<br /> |'<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !/u/<br /> ![u]<br /> |u<br /> ![ũ]<br /> |u<br /> |-<br /> !/s/<br /> ![s]<br /> |s<br /> ![z]<br /> |z<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !/ũ/<br /> ![ũ]<br /> |un<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !/hʲ/<br /> ![hʲ]<br /> |h<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !/e/<br /> ![e]<br /> |e<br /> ![ẽ]<br /> |e<br /> |-<br /> !/w/<br /> ![w]<br /> |w<br /> ![m]<br /> |m<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !/ẽ/<br /> ![ẽ]<br /> |en<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !/l/<br /> ![l]<br /> |l<br /> ![ɾ]<br /> |r<br /> ![n]<br /> |n<br /> ![ŋ]<br /> |ng<br /> !/o/<br /> ![o]<br /> |o<br /> ![õ]<br /> |o<br /> |-<br /> !/j/<br /> ![j]<br /> |y<br /> ![ɲ]<br /> |nj<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !/a/<br /> ![a]<br /> |a<br /> ![ã]<br /> |a<br /> |-<br /> !/ᵑǀ/<br /> ![ᵑǀ]<br /> |cn<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !Tone<br /> ! colspan="4" |Romanization<br /> |-<br /> !/ᵑǃ/<br /> ![ᵑǃ]<br /> |qn<br /> ![ᵑǂ]<br /> |qny<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !/H/<br /> ![H]<br /> |¯<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !/ᵏǀʰ/<br /> ![ᵏǀʰ]<br /> |ch<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !/L/<br /> ![L]<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !/ᵏǃʰ/<br /> ![ᵏǃʰ]<br /> |qh<br /> ![ᵏǂʰ]<br /> |qh<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !/HL/<br /> ![HL]<br /> |ˋ<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !/ᵏǀˀ/<br /> ![ᵏǀˀ]<br /> |c'<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !/LH<br /> ![LH]<br /> |´<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !/ᵏǃˀ/<br /> ![ᵏǃˀ]<br /> |q'<br /> ![ᵏǂˀ]<br /> |q'<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> ! colspan="5" rowspan="3" |<br /> |-<br /> !/ᵑǀw/<br /> ![ᵑʘ]<br /> |cm<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !/ᵑǃj/<br /> ![ᵑǂ]<br /> |qny<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Deeplect -4.5 ==<br /> This is a naturalistic dialect of Deeplect -4, used for situations where Deeplect -4 would be required to be naturalistic.<br /> <br /> === Consonants ===<br /> All consonants can be lengthened except for /r̥ ɽ͡r ˀɽ/. All velars become palatal or palatalized after front vowels.<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="3" |Consonants<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Labial<br /> ! colspan="4" |Dental<br /> ! colspan="4" |Postalveolar<br /> ! colspan="4" |Velar<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Glottal<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Plain<br /> ! colspan="2" |Glottalized<br /> ! colspan="2" |Plain<br /> ! colspan="2" |Glottalized<br /> ! colspan="2" |Plain<br /> ! colspan="2" |Glottalized<br /> |-<br /> !IPA<br /> !Rom<br /> !IPA<br /> !Rom<br /> !IPA<br /> !Rom<br /> !IPA<br /> !Rom<br /> !IPA<br /> !Rom<br /> !IPA<br /> !Rom<br /> !IPA<br /> !Rom<br /> !IPA<br /> !Rom<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Nasal<br /> |ɱ<br /> |'''m'''<br /> |n<br /> |'''n'''<br /> |ˀn<br /> |'''’n'''<br /> |ɳ<br /> |'''nr'''<br /> |ˀɳ<br /> |'''’nr'''<br /> |ŋ<br /> |'''nj'''<br /> |ˀŋ<br /> |'''’nj'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Plosive<br /> !Voiceless<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |t<br /> |'''t'''<br /> |tʼ<br /> |'''tʼ'''<br /> |ʈ<br /> |'''tr'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |k<br /> |'''k'''<br /> |kʼ<br /> |'''k’'''<br /> |ʔ<br /> |'''’'''<br /> |-<br /> !Voiced<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |d<br /> |'''d'''<br /> |ɗ<br /> |'''d’'''<br /> |ɖ<br /> |'''dr'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |g<br /> |'''g'''<br /> |ɠ<br /> |'''g’'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Affricate<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |t͡s<br /> |'''c'''<br /> |t͡sʼ<br /> |'''c’'''<br /> |t͡ʃ<br /> |'''x'''<br /> |t͡ʃʼ<br /> |'''x’'''<br /> |k͡x<br /> |'''cj'''<br /> |k͡xʼ<br /> |'''cj’'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Fricative<br /> !Voiceless<br /> |f<br /> |'''f'''<br /> |s<br /> |'''s'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ʃ<br /> |'''sr'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |x<br /> |'''sj'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |h<br /> |'''h'''<br /> |-<br /> !Voiced<br /> |v<br /> |'''v'''<br /> |z<br /> |'''z'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ʒ<br /> |'''zr'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɣ<br /> |'''zj'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Approximant<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ð<br /> |'''ð'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Liquid<br /> !Voiceless<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɬ<br /> |'''hl'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |r̥<br /> |'''hr'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Voiced<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |l<br /> |'''l'''<br /> |ˀl<br /> |'''’l'''<br /> |ɽ͡r<br /> |'''rr'''<br /> |ˀɽ<br /> |'''’r'''<br /> |ʟ<br /> |'''lj'''<br /> |ˀʟ<br /> |'''’lj'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Vowels and Tones ===<br /> All vowels have one of four tones: high, low, falling, and rising. Falling and rising tones are closer to the middle range than high or low. High tone is accompanied by preaspiration. On a word-initial vowel, the preaspiration is breathy. The preaspiration is converted into voiceless aspiration on any preceding voiceless consonant, and breathy voice on any preceding voiced consonant. Low tone is accompanied by creaky voice on the vowel.<br /> <br /> Vowels are separated into 2 classes based on their phonotactic behavior and evolutionary history. Class 1 vowels have no phonotactic restrictions other than that they cannot form diphthongs with each other. These vowels originated from the proto-language's 3-vowel system /e a o/.<br /> <br /> Class 2 vowels must be preceded or followed by a consonant, or both, and cannot be adjacent to a Class 1 vowel. Class 2 vowels can form diphthongs with each other. These diphthongs use the same tone system as other vowels. Diphthongs with consonants involve sliding articulation. Class 2 diphthongs cannot be adjacent to each other and adhere to the same restrictions as Class 2 monophthongs. They are excluded from the charts because all Class 2 vowels can form diphthongs (or long vowels) with another and it is not specially notated in romanization.<br /> <br /> There are three romanizations systems for Deeplect -4 which differ in vowel and tone notation. The Vohnegien<ref name=":02">Name created by [[Janus]].</ref> notation prioritized representing historical pronunciation such as syllabic consonants and their descendants being written with an vowel-initial diagraph upon which tones would be marked with diacritics. Vohnegien notation is seen as more outdated by some, but still used by a few scattered Deeplect -4-speaking regions and by linguists.<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="12" |Vohnegien Notation<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="3" |Vowels<br /> ! colspan="6" |Non-labial<br /> ! colspan="4" |Labial<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Extra-Front<br /> ! colspan="2" |Front<br /> ! colspan="2" |Back<br /> ! colspan="2" |Front<br /> ! colspan="2" |Back<br /> |-<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Class 1<br /> !Monophthong<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |e<br /> |'''e'''<br /> |ɤ<br /> |'''y'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |o<br /> |'''o'''<br /> |-<br /> !Diphthong<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |je<br /> |'''ie'''<br /> |ɰɤ<br /> |'''uy'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |wo<br /> |'''uo'''<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="3" |Class 2<br /> !Nasal<br /> |n̩<br /> |'''an'''<br /> |ĩ<br /> |'''in'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɱ̍<br /> |'''am'''<br /> |ũ<br /> |'''un'''<br /> |-<br /> !Close<br /> |l̩<br /> |'''al'''<br /> |i<br /> |'''iy'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |y<br /> |'''iu'''<br /> |ʉ<br /> |'''eu'''<br /> |-<br /> !Open<br /> |r̩<br /> |'''ar'''<br /> |æ<br /> |'''ae'''<br /> |ɑ<br /> |'''ao'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɵ<br /> |'''au'''<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Tones<br /> ! colspan="2" |-H<br /> ! colspan="2" |-L<br /> | colspan="6" rowspan="4" |⟨V⟩ here is used to represent a vowel, not the letter V.<br /> |-<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |H-<br /> |ʰV́<br /> |'''V̄'''<br /> |V̂<br /> |'''V̀'''<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |L-<br /> |V̌<br /> |'''V́'''<br /> |V̰̀<br /> |'''V'''<br /> |}<br /> Gritchend<ref name=":02" /> approached notation from a modern pronunciation in which diacritics are used on consonants to show syllabicity and on vowels to show vowel quality. Gritchend elected to romanize tones with unused consonant letters. Gritchend notation is broadly considered the modern notation of the language and is used in most formal and informal contexts.<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="12" |Gritchend Notation<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="3" |Vowels<br /> ! colspan="6" |Non-labial<br /> ! colspan="4" |Labial<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Extra-Front<br /> ! colspan="2" |Front<br /> ! colspan="2" |Back<br /> ! colspan="2" |Front<br /> ! colspan="2" |Back<br /> |-<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Class 1<br /> !Monophthong<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |e<br /> |'''e'''<br /> |ɤ<br /> |'''y'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |o<br /> |'''o'''<br /> |-<br /> !Diphthong<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |je<br /> |'''ie'''<br /> |ɰɤ<br /> |'''uy'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |wo<br /> |'''uo'''<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="3" |Class 2<br /> !Nasal<br /> |n̩<br /> |'''ń'''<br /> |ĩ<br /> |'''ĩ'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɱ̍<br /> |'''ḿ'''<br /> |ũ<br /> |'''ũ'''<br /> |-<br /> !Close<br /> |l̩<br /> |'''ĺ'''<br /> |i<br /> |'''i'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |y<br /> |'''u'''<br /> |ʉ<br /> |'''ü'''<br /> |-<br /> !Open<br /> |r̩<br /> |'''ŕ'''<br /> |æ<br /> |'''ä'''<br /> |ɑ<br /> |'''a'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɵ<br /> |'''ö'''<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Tones<br /> ! colspan="2" |-H<br /> ! colspan="2" |-L<br /> | colspan="6" rowspan="4" |⟨S⟩ here is used to represent a syllable, not the letter S.<br /> |-<br /> !IPA<br /> !Grit.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Grit.<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |H-<br /> |ʰV́<br /> |'''S'''<br /> |V̂<br /> |'''Sb'''<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |L-<br /> |V̌<br /> |'''Sp'''<br /> |V̰̀<br /> |'''Sq'''<br /> |}<br /> In the interest of avoiding the use of diacritics altogether, Vondenberg<ref name=":02" /> combined the vowel notation of Vohnegien and tone notation of Gritchend. This more modern romanization is most often used in informal text messages and typing with decorative fonts, which often have poor diacritic support.<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="12" |Vondenberg Notation<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="3" |Vowels<br /> ! colspan="6" |Non-labial<br /> ! colspan="4" |Labial<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Extra-Front<br /> ! colspan="2" |Front<br /> ! colspan="2" |Back<br /> ! colspan="2" |Front<br /> ! colspan="2" |Back<br /> |-<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vond.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vond.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vond.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vond.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vond.<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Class 1<br /> !Monophthong<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |e<br /> |'''e'''<br /> |ɤ<br /> |'''y'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |o<br /> |'''o'''<br /> |-<br /> !Diphthong<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |je<br /> |'''ie'''<br /> |ɰɤ<br /> |'''uy'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |wo<br /> |'''uo'''<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="3" |Class 2<br /> !Nasal<br /> |n̩<br /> |'''an'''<br /> |ĩ<br /> |'''in'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɱ̍<br /> |'''am'''<br /> |ũ<br /> |'''un'''<br /> |-<br /> !Close<br /> |l̩<br /> |'''al'''<br /> |i<br /> |'''iy'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |y<br /> |'''iu'''<br /> |ʉ<br /> |'''eu'''<br /> |-<br /> !Open<br /> |r̩<br /> |'''ar'''<br /> |æ<br /> |'''ae'''<br /> |ɑ<br /> |'''ao'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɵ<br /> |'''au'''<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Tones<br /> ! colspan="2" |-H<br /> ! colspan="2" |-L<br /> | colspan="6" rowspan="4" |⟨S⟩ here is used to represent a syllable, not the letter S.<br /> |-<br /> !IPA<br /> !Grit.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Grit.<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |H-<br /> |ʰV́<br /> |'''S'''<br /> |V̂<br /> |'''Sb'''<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |L-<br /> |V̌<br /> |'''Sp'''<br /> |V̰̀<br /> |'''Sq'''<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Deeplect -4 ==<br /> <br /> === Consonants ===<br /> All consonants can be lengthened except for /r̥ ɽ͡r ˀɽ/.<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="3" |Consonants<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Labial<br /> ! colspan="4" |Dental<br /> ! colspan="4" |Postalveolar<br /> ! colspan="4" |Palatal<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Glottal<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Plain<br /> ! colspan="2" |Glottalized<br /> ! colspan="2" |Plain<br /> ! colspan="2" |Glottalized<br /> ! colspan="2" |Plain<br /> ! colspan="2" |Glottalized<br /> |-<br /> !IPA<br /> !Rom<br /> !IPA<br /> !Rom<br /> !IPA<br /> !Rom<br /> !IPA<br /> !Rom<br /> !IPA<br /> !Rom<br /> !IPA<br /> !Rom<br /> !IPA<br /> !Rom<br /> !IPA<br /> !Rom<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Nasal<br /> |ɱ<br /> |'''m'''<br /> |n<br /> |'''n'''<br /> |ˀn<br /> |'''’n'''<br /> |ɳ<br /> |'''nr'''<br /> |ˀɳ<br /> |'''’nr'''<br /> |ɲ<br /> |'''nj'''<br /> |ˀɲ<br /> |'''’nj'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Plosive<br /> !Voiceless<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |t<br /> |'''t'''<br /> |tʼ<br /> |'''tʼ'''<br /> |ʈ<br /> |'''tr'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |c<br /> |'''k'''<br /> |cʼ<br /> |'''k’'''<br /> |ʔ<br /> |'''’'''<br /> |-<br /> !Voiced<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |d<br /> |'''d'''<br /> |ɗ<br /> |'''d’'''<br /> |ɖ<br /> |'''dr'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɟ<br /> |'''g'''<br /> |ʄ<br /> |'''g’'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Affricate<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |t͡s<br /> |'''c'''<br /> |t͡sʼ<br /> |'''c’'''<br /> |t͡ʃ<br /> |'''x'''<br /> |t͡ʃʼ<br /> |'''x’'''<br /> |c͡ç<br /> |'''cj'''<br /> |c͡çʼ<br /> |'''cj’'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Fricative<br /> !Voiceless<br /> |f<br /> |'''f'''<br /> |s<br /> |'''s'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ʃ<br /> |'''sr'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ç<br /> |'''sj'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |h<br /> |'''h'''<br /> |-<br /> !Voiced<br /> |v<br /> |'''v'''<br /> |z<br /> |'''z'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ʒ<br /> |'''zr'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ʝ<br /> |'''zj'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Approximant<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ð<br /> |'''ð'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Liquid<br /> !Voiceless<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɬ<br /> |'''hl'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |r̥<br /> |'''hr'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Voiced<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |l<br /> |'''l'''<br /> |ˀl<br /> |'''’l'''<br /> |ɽ͡r<br /> |'''rr'''<br /> |ˀɽ<br /> |'''’r'''<br /> |ʎ<br /> |'''lj'''<br /> |ˀʎ<br /> |'''’lj'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Vowels and Tones ===<br /> All vowels have one of four tones: high, low, falling, and rising. Falling and rising tones are closer to the middle range than high or low. High tone is accompanied by preaspiration. On a word-initial vowel, the preaspiration is breathy. The preaspiration is converted into voiceless aspiration on any preceding voiceless consonant, and breathy voice on any preceding voiced consonant. Low tone is accompanied by creaky voice on the vowel.<br /> <br /> Vowels are separated into 2 classes based on their phonotactic behavior and evolutionary history. Class 1 vowels have no phonotactic restrictions other than that they cannot form diphthongs with each other. These vowels originated from the proto-language's 3-vowel system /e a o/.<br /> <br /> Class 2 vowels must be preceded or followed by a consonant, or both, and cannot be adjacent to a Class 1 vowel. Class 2 vowels can form diphthongs with each other. These diphthongs use the same tone system as other vowels. Diphthongs with consonants involve sliding articulation. Class 2 diphthongs cannot be adjacent to each other and adhere to the same restrictions as Class 2 monophthongs. They are excluded from the charts because all Class 2 vowels can form diphthongs (or long vowels) with another and it is not specially notated in romanization.<br /> <br /> There are three romanizations systems for Deeplect -4 which differ in vowel and tone notation. The Vohnegien<ref name=":02" /> notation prioritized representing historical pronunciation such as syllabic consonants and their descendants being written with an vowel-initial diagraph upon which tones would be marked with diacritics. Vohnegien notation is seen as more outdated by some, but still used by a few scattered Deeplect -4-speaking regions and by linguists.<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="12" |Vohnegien Notation<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="3" |Vowels<br /> ! colspan="6" |Non-labial<br /> ! colspan="4" |Labial<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Extra-Front<br /> ! colspan="2" |Front<br /> ! colspan="2" |Back<br /> ! colspan="2" |Front<br /> ! colspan="2" |Back<br /> |-<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Class 1<br /> !Monophthong<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |e<br /> |'''e'''<br /> |ɤ<br /> |'''y'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |o<br /> |'''o'''<br /> |-<br /> !Diphthong<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |je<br /> |'''ie'''<br /> |ɰɤ<br /> |'''uy'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |wo<br /> |'''uo'''<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="3" |Class 2<br /> !Nasal<br /> |n̩<br /> |'''an'''<br /> |ĩ<br /> |'''in'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɱ̍<br /> |'''am'''<br /> |ũ<br /> |'''un'''<br /> |-<br /> !Close<br /> |l̩<br /> |'''al'''<br /> |i<br /> |'''iy'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |y<br /> |'''iu'''<br /> |ʉ<br /> |'''eu'''<br /> |-<br /> !Open<br /> |r̩<br /> |'''ar'''<br /> |æ<br /> |'''ae'''<br /> |ɑ<br /> |'''ao'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɵ<br /> |'''au'''<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Tones<br /> ! colspan="2" |-H<br /> ! colspan="2" |-L<br /> | colspan="6" rowspan="4" |⟨V⟩ here is used to represent a vowel, not the letter V.<br /> |-<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |H-<br /> |ʰV́<br /> |'''V̄'''<br /> |V̂<br /> |'''V̀'''<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |L-<br /> |V̌<br /> |'''V́'''<br /> |V̰̀<br /> |'''V'''<br /> |}<br /> Gritchend<ref name=":02" /> approached notation from a modern pronunciation in which diacritics are used on consonants to show syllabicity and on vowels to show vowel quality. Gritchend elected to romanize tones with unused consonant letters. Gritchend notation is broadly considered the modern notation of the language and is used in most formal and informal contexts.<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="12" |Gritchend Notation<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="3" |Vowels<br /> ! colspan="6" |Non-labial<br /> ! colspan="4" |Labial<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Extra-Front<br /> ! colspan="2" |Front<br /> ! colspan="2" |Back<br /> ! colspan="2" |Front<br /> ! colspan="2" |Back<br /> |-<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Class 1<br /> !Monophthong<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |e<br /> |'''e'''<br /> |ɤ<br /> |'''y'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |o<br /> |'''o'''<br /> |-<br /> !Diphthong<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |je<br /> |'''ie'''<br /> |ɰɤ<br /> |'''uy'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |wo<br /> |'''uo'''<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="3" |Class 2<br /> !Nasal<br /> |n̩<br /> |'''ń'''<br /> |ĩ<br /> |'''ĩ'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɱ̍<br /> |'''ḿ'''<br /> |ũ<br /> |'''ũ'''<br /> |-<br /> !Close<br /> |l̩<br /> |'''ĺ'''<br /> |i<br /> |'''i'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |y<br /> |'''u'''<br /> |ʉ<br /> |'''ü'''<br /> |-<br /> !Open<br /> |r̩<br /> |'''ŕ'''<br /> |æ<br /> |'''ä'''<br /> |ɑ<br /> |'''a'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɵ<br /> |'''ö'''<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Tones<br /> ! colspan="2" |-H<br /> ! colspan="2" |-L<br /> | colspan="6" rowspan="4" |⟨S⟩ here is used to represent a syllable, not the letter S.<br /> |-<br /> !IPA<br /> !Grit.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Grit.<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |H-<br /> |ʰV́<br /> |'''S'''<br /> |V̂<br /> |'''Sb'''<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |L-<br /> |V̌<br /> |'''Sp'''<br /> |V̰̀<br /> |'''Sq'''<br /> |}<br /> In the interest of avoiding the use of diacritics altogether, Vondenberg<ref name=":02" /> combined the vowel notation of Vohnegien and tone notation of Gritchend. This more modern romanization is most often used in informal text messages and typing with decorative fonts, which often have poor diacritic support.<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="12" |Vondenberg Notation<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="3" |Vowels<br /> ! colspan="6" |Non-labial<br /> ! colspan="4" |Labial<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Extra-Front<br /> ! colspan="2" |Front<br /> ! colspan="2" |Back<br /> ! colspan="2" |Front<br /> ! colspan="2" |Back<br /> |-<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vond.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vond.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vond.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vond.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vond.<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Class 1<br /> !Monophthong<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |e<br /> |'''e'''<br /> |ɤ<br /> |'''y'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |o<br /> |'''o'''<br /> |-<br /> !Diphthong<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |je<br /> |'''ie'''<br /> |ɰɤ<br /> |'''uy'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |wo<br /> |'''uo'''<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="3" |Class 2<br /> !Nasal<br /> |n̩<br /> |'''an'''<br /> |ĩ<br /> |'''in'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɱ̍<br /> |'''am'''<br /> |ũ<br /> |'''un'''<br /> |-<br /> !Close<br /> |l̩<br /> |'''al'''<br /> |i<br /> |'''iy'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |y<br /> |'''iu'''<br /> |ʉ<br /> |'''eu'''<br /> |-<br /> !Open<br /> |r̩<br /> |'''ar'''<br /> |æ<br /> |'''ae'''<br /> |ɑ<br /> |'''ao'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɵ<br /> |'''au'''<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Tones<br /> ! colspan="2" |-H<br /> ! colspan="2" |-L<br /> | colspan="6" rowspan="4" |⟨S⟩ here is used to represent a syllable, not the letter S.<br /> |-<br /> !IPA<br /> !Grit.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Grit.<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |H-<br /> |ʰV́<br /> |'''S'''<br /> |V̂<br /> |'''Sb'''<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |L-<br /> |V̌<br /> |'''Sp'''<br /> |V̰̀<br /> |'''Sq'''<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Deeplect -3 ==<br /> <br /> === Consonants ===<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Non-Click Consonant<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Bilabial<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Dental<br /> ! colspan="2" |Alveolar<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Palatal<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Velar/Uvular<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Laryngeal<br /> |-<br /> !Plain<br /> !Fricated<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="4" |Stop<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Plain<br /> |p '''p'''<br /> |t͡θ '''th'''<br /> |t '''t'''<br /> |t͡s '''ts'''<br /> |t͡ʃ '''ch'''<br /> |k '''c'''<br /> |ʡ '''q'''<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |d '''d'''<br /> |d͡z '''dz'''<br /> |d͡ʒ '''gh'''<br /> |g '''g'''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Glottalized<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |t͡s’ '''ts’'''<br /> |t͡ʃʼ '''ch’'''<br /> |kʼ '''c’'''<br /> |ʔˤ '''q’'''<br /> |-<br /> |ɓ '''b’'''<br /> |<br /> |ɗ '''d’'''<br /> |<br /> |ʄ '''gh’'''<br /> |ɠ '''g’'''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="3" |Fricative<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Plain<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |s '''s'''<br /> |ʃ '''š'''<br /> |χ '''x'''<br /> |ħ '''h'''<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ʒ '''ž'''<br /> |<br /> |ʕ '''ǧ'''<br /> |-<br /> !Glottalized<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ʃʼ '''š’'''<br /> |χʼ '''x’'''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Nasal<br /> |m '''m'''<br /> |n '''n'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ŋ '''ň'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Sonorant<br /> |β̞ '''v'''<br /> |lː '''l'''<br /> |r '''r'''<br /> |r̝ '''rz'''<br /> |j '''y'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==== Allophony ====<br /> <br /> * /t͡ʃ d͡ʒ t͡ʃʼ ʄ k ɡ kʼ ɠ/ become [k͡x g͡ɣ k͡xʼ ɠ q ɢ qʼ ʛ] before low or back vowels.<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Click Consonant<br /> ! colspan="2" |Bilabial<br /> ! colspan="2" |Dental<br /> ! colspan="2" |Alveolar<br /> ! colspan="2" |Lateral<br /> ! colspan="2" |Palatal<br /> |-<br /> !Velar<br /> !Uvular<br /> !Velar<br /> !Uvular<br /> !Velar<br /> !Uvular<br /> !Velar<br /> !Uvular<br /> !Velar<br /> !Uvular<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="3" |Nasal<br /> !Fricated<br /> |ŋʘʰ '''mwh'''<br /> |ɴʘχ '''mwx'''<br /> |ŋǀʰ '''nzh'''<br /> |ɴǀχ '''nzx'''<br /> |ŋǃʰ '''nkh'''<br /> |ɴǃχ '''nkx'''<br /> |ŋǁʰ '''nllh'''<br /> |ɴǁχ '''nllx'''<br /> |ŋǂʰ '''njh'''<br /> |ɴǂχ '''njx'''<br /> |-<br /> !Plain<br /> |ŋʘ '''mw'''<br /> |ɴʘ '''wm'''<br /> |ŋǀ '''nz'''<br /> |ɴǀ '''zn'''<br /> |ŋǃ '''nk'''<br /> |ɴǃ '''kn'''<br /> |ŋǁ '''nll'''<br /> |ɴǁ '''lln'''<br /> |ŋǂ '''nj'''<br /> |ɴǂ '''jn'''<br /> |-<br /> !Ploded<br /> |ŋʘˀ '''mw’'''<br /> |ɴʘq '''mwq'''<br /> |ŋǀˀ '''nz’'''<br /> |ɴǀq '''nzq'''<br /> |ŋǃˀ '''nk’'''<br /> |ɴǃq '''nkq'''<br /> |ŋǁˀ '''nll’'''<br /> |ɴǁq '''nllq'''<br /> |ŋǂˀ '''nj’'''<br /> |ɴǂq '''njq'''<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="9" |Oral<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Affricate<br /> |ʘk͡x '''wch'''<br /> |qʘχ '''wx'''<br /> |ǀk͡x '''zch'''<br /> |qǀχ '''zx'''<br /> |ǃk͡x '''kch'''<br /> |qǃχ '''kx'''<br /> |ǁk͡x '''llch'''<br /> |qǁχ '''llx'''<br /> |ǂk͡x '''jch'''<br /> |qǂχ '''jx'''<br /> |-<br /> |gʘx '''gwx'''<br /> |<br /> |gǀx '''gzx'''<br /> |<br /> |gǃx '''gkx'''<br /> |<br /> |gǁx '''gllx'''<br /> |<br /> |gǂx '''gjx'''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Aspirated<br /> |kʘʰ '''wh'''<br /> |<br /> |kǀʰ '''zh'''<br /> |<br /> |kǃʰ '''kh'''<br /> |<br /> |kǁʰ '''llh'''<br /> |<br /> |kǂʰ '''jh'''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |gʘʱ '''gwh'''<br /> |<br /> |gǀʱ '''gzh'''<br /> |<br /> |gǃʱ '''gkh'''<br /> |<br /> |gǁʱ '''gllh'''<br /> |<br /> |gǂʱ '''gjh'''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Plain<br /> |kʘ '''cw'''<br /> |ʘq '''wq'''<br /> |kǀ '''cz'''<br /> |ǀq '''zq'''<br /> |kǃ '''ck'''<br /> |ǃq '''kq'''<br /> |kǁ '''cll'''<br /> |ǁq '''llq'''<br /> |kǂ '''cj'''<br /> |ǂq '''jq'''<br /> |-<br /> |gʘ '''gw'''<br /> |ʘɢ '''wg'''<br /> |gǀ '''gz'''<br /> |ǀɢ '''zg'''<br /> |gǃ '''gk'''<br /> |ǃɢ '''kg'''<br /> |gǁ '''gll'''<br /> |ǁɢ '''llg'''<br /> |gǂ '''gj'''<br /> |ǂɢ '''jg'''<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Glottalized<br /> |kʘˀ '''w’'''<br /> |<br /> |kǀˀ '''z’'''<br /> |<br /> |kǃˀ '''k’'''<br /> |<br /> |kǁˀ '''ll’'''<br /> |<br /> |kǂˀ '''j’'''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |gkʘˀ '''gcw’'''<br /> |ɢqʘˀ '''gqw’'''<br /> |gkǀˀ '''gcz’'''<br /> |ɢqǀˀ '''gqz’'''<br /> |gkǃˀ '''gck’'''<br /> |ɢqǃˀ '''gqk’'''<br /> |gkǁˀ '''gcll’'''<br /> |ɢqǁˀ '''gqll’'''<br /> |gkǂˀ '''gcj’'''<br /> |ɢqǂˀ '''gqj’'''<br /> |-<br /> !Ejective<br /> |ʘkʼ '''wc’'''<br /> |ʘqʼ '''wq’'''<br /> |ǀkʼ '''zc’'''<br /> |ǀqʼ '''zq’'''<br /> |ǃkʼ '''kc’'''<br /> |ǃqʼ '''kq’'''<br /> |ǁkʼ '''llc’'''<br /> |ǁqʼ '''llq’'''<br /> |ǂkʼ '''jc’'''<br /> |ǂqʼ '''jq’'''<br /> |}<br /> An apostrophe is placed between grapheme clusters that may be confused with whole graphemes, e.g. ⟨amwha⟩ is /a.ŋʘʰa/ and ⟨am’wha⟩ is /am.kʘʰa/.<br /> <br /> === Vowels ===<br /> The vowel qualities are /i u e o a ã/ ⟨i u e o a ã⟩, with the long vowels /iː uː ɛː ɔː ɑː ãː/ ⟨ī ū ē ō ā ãa⟩ and overlong vowels /iːː uːː eːːː oːːː aːːː ãːːː/ ⟨ii uu ee oo aa ãā⟩.<br /> <br /> The possible diphthongs are /ei eo oe oi ou oa ue ua ai ae au ao oã uã ãi ãe ãu ão/.<br /> <br /> Phonations include modal, breathy ⟨◌h⟩, creaky ⟨◌’⟩, (all three of which can be pharyngealized ⟨◌·⟩), and strident ⟨◌ħ⟩. A long vowels and diphthongs can contain more than one phonation, but short and overlong vowels cannot.<br /> <br /> All vowels can be -ATR or +ATR ⟨◌y⟩, corresponding to tongue root harmony. This harmony can change voiceless plain stops to breathy stops (except /p/ which becomes [b]). It is a progressive harmony that begins from the start of a root word and is blocked by ejective and uvular consonants. +ATR is only romanized on the first vowel of a root word.<br /> <br /> ==== Allophony ====<br /> <br /> * Vowels are nasalized whenever adjacent to nasal phonemes. /ã/ merges with /a/, so ⟨ã⟩ is not used adjacent to nasal phonemes.<br /> <br /> == Deeplect -2 ==<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Labiodental<br /> ! colspan="4" |Dental<br /> ! colspan="4" |Alveolar<br /> ! colspan="4" |Palatal<br /> ! colspan="4" |Uvular<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Epiglottal<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Plain<br /> ! colspan="2" |Labial<br /> ! colspan="2" |Plain<br /> ! colspan="2" |Labial<br /> ! colspan="2" |Plain<br /> ! colspan="2" |Labial<br /> ! colspan="2" |Plain<br /> ! colspan="2" |Labial<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Nasal<br /> |{{ipa|ɱ}}<br /> |'''m'''<br /> |{{ipa|n̪}}<br /> |'''’n'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|n}}<br /> |'''n'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|ɲ}}<br /> |'''nj'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|ɴ}}<br /> |'''ng'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="3" |Plosive<br /> !Tense<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|ʔ͡d̪̊}}<br /> |'''’t'''<br /> |{{ipa|ʔ͡d̪̊ʷ}}<br /> |'''’tw'''<br /> |{{ipa|ʔ͡d̥}}<br /> |'''t'''<br /> |{{ipa|ʔ͡d̥ʷ}}<br /> |'''tw'''<br /> |{{ipa|ʔ͡ɟ̊}}<br /> |'''c'''<br /> |{{ipa|ʔ͡ɟ̊ʷ}}<br /> |'''cw'''<br /> |{{ipa|ʔ͡ɢ̥}}<br /> |'''k'''<br /> |{{ipa|ʔ͡ɢ̥ʷ}}<br /> |'''kw'''<br /> |{{ipa|ʡ}}<br /> |'''q'''<br /> |-<br /> !Lax<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|d̪𐞖}}<br /> |'''’dh'''<br /> |{{ipa|d̪𐞖ʷ}}<br /> |'''’dhw'''<br /> |{{ipa|d𐞖}}<br /> |'''dh'''<br /> |{{ipa|d𐞖ʷ}}<br /> |'''dhw'''<br /> |{{ipa|ɟ𐞖}}<br /> |'''jh'''<br /> |{{ipa|ɟ𐞖ʷ}}<br /> |'''jhw'''<br /> |{{ipa|ɢ𐞖}}<br /> |'''gh'''<br /> |{{ipa|ɢ𐞖ʷ}}<br /> |'''ghw'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Voiced<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|d̪}}<br /> |'''’d'''<br /> |{{ipa|d̪ʷ}}<br /> |'''’nw'''<br /> |{{ipa|d}}<br /> |'''d'''<br /> |{{ipa|dʷ}}<br /> |'''dw'''<br /> |{{ipa|ɟ}}<br /> |'''j'''<br /> |{{ipa|ɟʷ}}<br /> |'''jw'''<br /> |{{ipa|ɢ}}<br /> |'''g'''<br /> |{{ipa|ɢʷ}}<br /> |'''gw'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Fricative<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|ð}}<br /> |'''ð'''<br /> |{{ipa|ðʷ}}<br /> |'''ðw'''<br /> |{{ipa|z}}<br /> |'''z'''<br /> |{{ipa|zʷ}}<br /> |'''zw'''<br /> |{{ipa|ʝ}}<br /> |'''y'''<br /> |{{ipa|ʝʷ}}<br /> |'''yw'''<br /> |{{ipa|ʁ}}<br /> |'''x'''<br /> |{{ipa|ʁʷ}}<br /> |'''xw'''<br /> |{{ipa|ʜ}}<br /> |'''h'''<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Vibrant<br /> |{{ipa|ⱱ}}<br /> |'''v'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|r}}<br /> |'''r'''<br /> |{{ipa|rʷ}}<br /> |'''rw'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Lateral<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|l̪}}<br /> |'''’l'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|l}}<br /> |'''l'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|ʎ}}<br /> |'''lj'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|ʟ}}<br /> |'''lg'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! rowspan="2" |<br /> ! colspan="4" |Front<br /> ! colspan="4" |Non-Front<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |High<br /> ! colspan="2" |Low<br /> ! colspan="2" |High<br /> ! colspan="2" |Low<br /> |-<br /> !Close<br /> |{{ipa|í}}<br /> |'''í'''<br /> |{{ipa|ì}}<br /> |'''i'''<br /> |{{ipa|ɨ́}}<br /> |'''ú'''<br /> |{{ipa|ɨ̀}}<br /> |'''u'''<br /> |-<br /> !Close-Mid<br /> |{{ipa|é}}<br /> |'''é'''<br /> |{{ipa|è}}<br /> |'''e'''<br /> |{{ipa|ɘ́}}<br /> |'''ó'''<br /> |{{ipa|ɘ̀}}<br /> |'''o'''<br /> |-<br /> !Open<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|ɐ́}}<br /> |'''á'''<br /> |{{ipa|ɐ̀}}<br /> |'''a'''<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Deeplect -1 ==<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="3" |Grammar<br /> !<br /> |-<br /> !Gloss<br /> !IPA<br /> !Description<br /> !Examples<br /> |-<br /> !CAUS.GNO<br /> |jɾa-<br /> |''production, resultation, consequence (gnomic and nouns)''<br /> |kesˈteltɔ jɾaˈmiawa (earth brings life)<br /> |-<br /> !CAUS<br /> |ko-<br /> |''caused (tense, verbs only)''<br /> |kes'teltɔ koˈmiawe̤ (earth is causing life to exist)<br /> |-<br /> !MOA<br /> | -a,ɔ > -e̤<br /> |''verbalizer (motion of agent, MOA). MOA verbs receive an adverb? auxiliary verb? after, showing the precise action taking place if it isn't clear from the primary verb (it would be clear if the prim. verb was "to go to" but not if it's "to water"). unclear primary verbs used without secondary verbs are said to simply "be occuring" or "be existing".''<br /> |ˈbiːje̤ (approaching water)<br /> kesˈtelte̤ (kicking the ground)<br /> |-<br /> !MOS<br /> | -a,ɔ > -ʕu<br /> |''verbalizer (motion of secondary thing, MOS). MOS places the object after the verb. objects and "secondary verbs" (referenced above) do not differ in marking''<br /> |ˈbiːjʕu (splashing water on someone/watering something)<br /> kesˈteltʕu (kicking dirt at something/someone)<br /> |-<br /> !MOP<br /> | -a,ɔ > -a(ʕim)<br /> |''verbalizer (motion of patient, MOP). MOP places its object before the verb. -ʕim is only added for formality, emphasis, or syntactic disambiguation.''<br /> |ˈbiːja(ʕim) ~ spraying water around<br /> kesˈtela(ʕim) ~ kicking up dirt<br /> |}<br /> whether a verb is conjugated to MOA/MOS/MOP is determined by which action the speaker wants to focus on the most, even though usually 2 or 3 of them will be actually occuring<br /> <br /> topic pronouns (marked for person, number, and obviation) are clitics that attach to a particle with some of their grammatical information (cases).<br /> <br /> # 1P.SG.OBV1 ~ ũ=<br /> # 1P.SG.OBV2 ~ nã=<br /> # 1P.SG.OBV3 ~ ˈdeu=<br /> # 2P.SG.OBV1 ~ in=<br /> # 2P.SG.OBV2 ~ ja̤=<br /> # 2P.SG.OBV3 ~ tḛːŋ=<br /> # 3P.SG.OBV1 ~ ki=<br /> # 3P.SG.OBV2 ~ ɾḛj=<br /> # 3P.SG.OBV3 ~ aːn=<br /> # 1P.PL.INCL ~ eˈdo=<br /> # 1P.PL.EXCL ~ kʼe=<br /> # 2P.PL.INCL ~ ˈkimi=<br /> # 2P.PL.EXCL ~ ˈhuku=<br /> # 3P.PL.OBV1 ~ sto=<br /> # 3P.PL.OBV2 ~ ˈmihi=<br /> # 3P.PL.OBV3 ~ aˈdoː=<br /> # REFL ~ pi<br /> #* used in stuff like drinking(MOS), eating(MOS), etc.<br /> # nominative ~ i<br /> # vocative ~ -ʃa̤,ja̤/i'ja̤<br /> # benefactive ~ -(ɾ)e/ri<br /> # malefactive ~ -ḛːse/ḛːse<br /> # dative ~ -ãw/ŋaw<br /> # commitative ~ -(k,ɡ,ʼ)iː/kiː<br /> # instrumental ~ -(s,z)ãʰː/zãʰː<br /> # other case particles can be derived using class-less variants of words, which can get prefixed to a non-topic noun<br /> <br /> * sometimes the particle may be used alone instead of the pronoun clitic.<br /> * the pronoun clitic can be attached to a word to show stronger volition toward that aspect of the action described in the sentence (i.e. TOP=[verb] for showing stronger intent for the action than the object, or TOP=[object] for the opposite). stronger volition toward one aspect often implies weaker volition or intent toward the rest (TOP=[verb] may imply accidentally affecting the object, and TOP=[object] may imply accidentally performing the action, but meaning to do something to the object).<br /> * both or either of the pronoun clitic and particle may be omitted. omission only occurs in the event of redundance.<br /> * there is a subject case particle.<br /> * other NPs are listed in the beginning of the sentence in order of decreasing relevance. their cases (and conjunctions) are expressed in affixes, not a particle.<br /> <br /> * every part of speech has its own set of classes (they do not correspond to each other).<br /> * modifiers are added by affixing the modifiee's class suffix and changing the modifiee's suffix to -aː (this assumes all classes affixes will be suffixes but maybe i wont do that)<br /> *# kesˈteltɔ ''modified by'' beˈʔaɾa (cooled lava ground) > kesˈtelt'''-ɔ''' beˈʔa-ɾa > kesˈtelt-aː beˈʔa-ɾa'''-ɔ''' > kesˈteltaː beˈʔaɔ<br /> * noun classes (suffixes and prefixes):<br /> <br /> # -a, -ɔ ~ fluid, changing (animals, thoughts, breath, wind, clothing, some gods)<br /> # -ɾa ~ dangerous (lava, fire, poisonous food, weapon used, some gods)<br /> # zũː- ~ machinery (car, computer, lock, some weapons merely existing)<br /> # kʰ- ~ valuable natural item (diamond, gold, ivory)<br /> # tʰe- ~ material for use (wood, paper, ink, glue, metal, cloth)<br /> # -ʔiː ~ natural (plants, sun, moon, dirt, some gods)<br /> # -nõ ~ human, human-related concept, or thing altered by humanity (person, domesticated animals, weapon created, gods from secular perspective)<br /> <br /> * verb classes (suffixes):<br /> <br /> # -e ~<br /> # -l ~<br /> # -a ~<br /> <br /> * adjective/adverb classes (prefixes):<br /> * ''unmarked'' ~ quality<br /> * xe- ~ identity<br /> * o- ~ relation<br /> * adposition classes (suffixes):<br /> <br /> * when creating a phrase or description, go with more actually-occurs options before hypothetical or culturally-specific ones (i.e. kesˈteltaː beˈʔaɾɔ is a ground of cooled lava, not the ground being molten lava as is pretended in the game "the floor is lava", since the former is more likely to be used in a real situation than the latter)<br /> <br /> kesˈtelt'''ɔ''' ~ earth<br /> <br /> ˈbiːj'''a''' ~ water<br /> <br /> kṵː'''ɾa''' ~ fire<br /> <br /> ˈmiaw'''a''' ~ life<br /> <br /> ˈ'''zũː'''kũː ~ metal, mechanical<br /> <br /> ˈ'''kʰ'''uːihu ~ gold<br /> <br /> beˈʔa'''ɾa''' ~ lava<br /> <br /> ˈ'''tʰe'''ːsʼaː ~ wood<br /> <br /> liˈ'''ʔiː''' ~ plant<br /> <br /> oˈŋãi'''nõ''' ~ human<br /> <br /> eˈumĩ'''a''' ~ love<br /> <br /> çiː'''a''' ~ emotion(s)<br /> <br /> xkiˈ'''ʔiː''' ~ think, mind<br /> <br /> ˈ'''tʰe'''nũː ~ paper<br /> <br /> '''tʰe'''ˈʔjul ~ ink<br /> <br /> ˈ'''zũː'''mãi ~ pen<br /> <br /> he ~ move to<br /> <br /> iːl ~ move at/in<br /> <br /> ɬaː ~ express, release, secrete<br /> <br /> ˈtʰeŋ'''ʔiː''' ~ visible attribute<br /> <br /> kɔʔj'''ɔ''' ~ color, shadow, brightness, angle<br /> <br /> tḛjjɔ ~ red, hot pink, orange, brown, violet<br /> <br /> vɾiː ~ yellow, orange, lime, beige, white, pink<br /> <br /> ħaːn ~ green, lime, evergreen<br /> <br /> ˈijaɲ ~ cyan, mint<br /> <br /> ˈṳba ~ blue, indigo, purple, black<br /> <br /> naːˈħal ~ dark yellow, muddy green<br /> <br /> ħũːe ~ correct, factual, verified, verifiable<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <references /></div>

Suqi https://mc.nguh.org/w/index.php?title=United_%C5%8Aations_Office_for_Cartography&diff=39558 United Ŋations Office for Cartography 2026-05-05T19:34:40Z

<p>Suqi: </p> <hr /> <div>[[File:OfC-logo.svg|thumb|alt=Logo|Logo since May 2025]]<br /> The '''United Ŋations Office for Cartography''' ('''OfC''' or '''UŊCO''') is an office of the [[United Ŋations]] whose job is keeping a political map of [[Nguhcraft]] up-to-date. The release date at the top left of the map was based on Central European Time. The first and current UŊ cartographer is [[Marcy I|Marcy Sheikah]], who has created the first ever political maps of Nguhcraft before quitting due to technical limitations on 24 April 2024. Since then [[Ætérnal]] had been maintaining the primary map of Nguhcraft until 5 December 2024. Having created the participation map for the [[Nguhrovision Song Contest 2024]], Sheikah returned to create of similar, more minimalist recent political maps of Nguhcraft. [[Zendrid]] also works for the office, having created the locator maps for this Wiki. There is another current UŊ cartographer, [[Suqi]], who began making maps for the [[unUŊ]] before being hired for the UŊ by Marcy. Both Marcy and Suqi use Xaeros World Map surveys done by [[Martinawa]], the most recent of which is from November of 2025.<br /> <br /> ==Most recent political map==<br /> The following is the most recent official political map of Nguhcraft, created on ''05 May 2026'' by [[Suqi]].<br /> <gallery><br /> File:Nguhcraft-map-satellite.png|Political satellite map of Nguhcraft by Suqi<br /> </gallery><br /> <br /> == Other maps ==<br /> <gallery><br /> File:Most recent Marcy map.png|Political satellite map of Nguhcraft by Marcy Sheikah<br /> File:Nguhcraft-map.png|Political map of Nguhcraft by Marcy Sheikah<br /> </gallery><gallery><br /> File:Nguhcraft-map-blank-with-borders.png|Blank map of Nguhcraft with borders by Marcy Sheikah<br /> File:Nguhcraft-land-map.png|Blank map of Nguhcraft without borders by Marcy Sheikah<br /> File:Ocean map.png|Blank map of Nguhcraft with major bodies of water by Marcy Sheikah and Suqi<br /> File:Nguhrovision-map.png|The official map for participants of the [[Nguhrovision Song Contest 2024]] was being kept up to date by Marcy Sheikah from the UŊ Office for Cartography.<br /> File:Nguhrovision-2025-map.png|The official map for participants of the [[Nguhrovision Song Contest 2025]] is being kept up to date by Marcy Sheikah from the UŊ Office for Cartography.<br /> File:Version-map.png|A map of Minecraft versions by region drawn by Marcy Sheikah from the UŊ Office for Cartography.<br /> File:UŊ Map.webp|The latest version of Ætérnal's '''UŊ Map''' from 5 December 2024<br /> File:Ung-members-map.png|The official map of members of the [[United Ŋations]] is being kept up to date by [[Zendrid]] from the UŊ Office for Cartography.<br /> File:Nguhcraft minimap aylongam.png|The minimaps for this Wiki are being kept up to date by Zendrid from the UŊ Office for Cartography.<br /> File:Cenrail2.png|The official rail diagram of Nguhcraft is being kept up to date by [[sq]] from [[Cenrail (company)|Cenrail]] and the UŊ Office for Cartography.<br /> </gallery><br /> <br /> ==Ætérnal's december 2024 world map==<br /> Due to technical limitations, the version of the map shown on this wiki is only a preview of the actual map. The actual map is a 16000×16000 image that, even when compressed using lossy compression with some of the better image compression formats, still takes up ~100MB of space, which is why the latest version of the map is instead hosted on nguh.org:<br /> * 1:2 version (WEBP, {{#nguhstaticfilesize:mc/map.webp}}): https://www.nguh.org/static/mc/map.webp<br /> * 1:1 version (WEBP, lossless, {{#nguhstaticfilesize:mc/map-full-size.webp}}): https://www.nguh.org/static/mc/map-full-size.webp<br /> * Background (JPEG XL, lossless, {{#nguhstaticfilesize:mc/map.jxl}}): https://www.nguh.org/static/mc/map.jxl<br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> [[File:Ung-office-for-cartography-logo.webp|thumb|alt=Old logo|Previous logo in use until 23 May 2025]]<br /> The first post-[[The Raid|raid]] attempt at a political map of Nguhcraft was the ''Big Map'' made by self-proclaimed ''Map Nerd'' and Quing of Kyaw Cen Marcy I on 2 January 2024, one month before the founding of the UŊ. Marcy Sheikah was the first person to maintain the UŊ Official Map when the United Ŋations Office for Cartography was later established. However, she de facto resigned on 24 April 2024 due to her computer having problems editing the map since it is so large, and Ætérnal has been maintaining the map until 2025, when Sheikah returned to making political maps of Nguhcraft.<br /> * '''UŊ Official Map''', full-size version ({{#nguhstaticfilesize:mc/marcy-ung-map.png}}): https://www.nguh.org/static/mc/marcy-ung-map.png<br /> <br /> <gallery><br /> File:Marcy-ung-map-small.png|The last version of the '''UŊ Official Map''' by Marcy from 24 April 2024<br /> File:Big-map.png|First edition of the '''Big Map''', the predecessor to the UŊ Official Map<br /> </gallery><br /> <br /> == United Ŋations geoscheme ==<br /> [[File:Continents.png|thumb|alt=Map of continents on Nguhcraft by [[Marcy Sheikah]]|Map of continents on Nguhcraft by [[Marcy Sheikah]]]]<br /> {{main|Continent}}<br /> The United Ŋations geoscheme suggested by Marcy Sheikah on 06 May 2024 divides the world into 11 superŋational regions (or ''continents''). Most names of those continents are only supposed to be temporary: On 23 January 2025, the continent of [[Cornertopia]] was divided in two halves, Tardigradia and Aŋtarctica, changing the number of continents to 12.<br /> * [[Aŋtarctica]] (formerly considered part of ''[[Cornertopia]]'')<br /> * [[Archipelagia]] (formerly ''Greenland'')<br /> * [[Gaarlann]]<br /> * [[Gadicinta]] (formerly ''Balloon World'')<br /> * [[Hlambigla]]<br /> * [[Land of Chaos]]<br /> * [[Leporia (continent)|Leporia]] (formerly ''Leporia Land'')<br /> * [[Ŋafrica]]<br /> * [[Slabland]]<br /> * [[Tardigradia]] (formerly considered part of ''[[Cornertopia]]'')<br /> * [[Thasusa]]<br /> * [[ʡeteria]]<br /> <br /> ==List of UŊCO world map cartographers==<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! Photo !! Name !! From !! Until<br /> |-<br /> | [[File:Marcy-cat.png|120px|frameless]] || [[File:Kyaw-cen-banner.png|link=[[Kyaw Cen]]|15px]] [[Marcy Sheikah]] || 02 January 2024<ref>https://discord.com/channels/697450809390268467/835185858864218122/1191543350663331870</ref> || 24 April 2024<ref>https://discord.com/channels/697450809390268467/767569743229747220/1232765440728502355</ref><br /> |-<br /> | [[File:Aeternal-talking.png|120px|frameless]] || [[File:Old_kingdom_banner.png|link=[[Old Kingdom]]|15px]] [[Ætérnal]] || 24 April 2024<ref>https://discord.com/channels/697450809390268467/767569743229747220/1232767442426658876</ref> || 5 December 2024 ''(last map)''<br>29 April 2025 ''(formally)''<ref>https://discord.com/channels/697450809390268467/767569743229747220/1366893090110967899</ref><br /> |-<br /> | [[File:Marcy-cat.png|120px|frameless]] || [[File:Kyaw-cen-banner.png|link=[[Kyaw Cen]]|15px]] Marcy Sheikah || 21 April 2025 ''(first map)''<ref>https://discord.com/channels/697450809390268467/1268387836835397653/1363964456664563822</ref><br>29 April 2025 ''(formally)''<ref>https://discord.com/channels/697450809390268467/767569743229747220/1366893090110967899</ref> || ''Incumbent''<br /> |-<br /> |[[File:Suqi's skin.png|left|frameless|165x165px]]<br /> |[[File:Banner of Coldba (Cuba).png|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Suqi]]<br /> |05 May 2026<ref>https://discord.com/channels/697450809390268467/1268387836835397653/1501285766452740287</ref><br /> |''Incumbent''<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Footnotes==</div>

Suqi https://mc.nguh.org/w/index.php?title=File:Most_recent_Marcy_map.png&diff=39557 File:Most recent Marcy map.png 2026-05-05T19:33:52Z

<p>Suqi: </p> <hr /> <div></div>

Suqi https://mc.nguh.org/w/index.php?title=File:Nguhcraft-map-satellite.png&diff=39556 File:Nguhcraft-map-satellite.png 2026-05-05T19:33:37Z

<p>Suqi: Suqi uploaded a new version of File:Nguhcraft-map-satellite.png</p> <hr /> <div>Nguhcraft-map-satellite created by Marcy</div>

Suqi https://mc.nguh.org/w/index.php?title=File:%C5%8Aorld_Map_-_Suqi.png&diff=39553 File:Ŋorld Map - Suqi.png 2026-05-05T19:00:15Z

<p>Suqi: Suqi uploaded a new version of File:Ŋorld Map - Suqi.png</p> <hr /> <div></div>

Suqi https://mc.nguh.org/w/index.php?title=United_%C5%8Aations_Office_for_Cartography&diff=39552 United Ŋations Office for Cartography 2026-05-05T18:44:41Z

<p>Suqi: </p> <hr /> <div>[[File:OfC-logo.svg|thumb|alt=Logo|Logo since May 2025]]<br /> The '''United Ŋations Office for Cartography''' ('''OfC''' or '''UŊCO''') is an office of the [[United Ŋations]] whose job is keeping a political map of [[Nguhcraft]] up-to-date. The release date at the top left of the map was based on Central European Time. The first and current UŊ cartographer is [[Marcy I|Marcy Sheikah]], who has created the first ever political maps of Nguhcraft before quitting due to technical limitations on 24 April 2024. Since then [[Ætérnal]] had been maintaining the primary map of Nguhcraft until 5 December 2024. Having created the participation map for the [[Nguhrovision Song Contest 2024]], Sheikah returned to create of similar, more minimalist recent political maps of Nguhcraft. [[Zendrid]] also works for the office, having created the locator maps for this Wiki. There is another current UŊ cartographer, [[Suqi]], who began making maps for the [[unUŊ]] before being hired for the UŊ by Marcy. Both Marcy and Suqi use Xaeros World Map surveys done by [[Martinawa]], the most recent of which is from November of 2025.<br /> <br /> ==Most recent political map==<br /> The following is the most recent official political map of Nguhcraft, created on ''05 May 2026'' by [[Suqi]].<br /> <gallery><br /> File:Ŋorld Map - Suqi.png|Political satellite map of Nguhcraft by Suqi<br /> </gallery><br /> <br /> == Other maps ==<br /> <gallery><br /> File:Nguhcraft-map-satellite.png|Political satellite map of Nguhcraft by Marcy Sheikah<br /> File:Nguhcraft-map.png|Political map of Nguhcraft by Marcy Sheikah<br /> </gallery><gallery><br /> File:Nguhcraft-map-blank-with-borders.png|Blank map of Nguhcraft with borders by Marcy Sheikah<br /> File:Nguhcraft-land-map.png|Blank map of Nguhcraft without borders by Marcy Sheikah<br /> File:Ocean map.png|Blank map of Nguhcraft with major bodies of water by Marcy Sheikah and Suqi<br /> File:Nguhrovision-map.png|The official map for participants of the [[Nguhrovision Song Contest 2024]] was being kept up to date by Marcy Sheikah from the UŊ Office for Cartography.<br /> File:Nguhrovision-2025-map.png|The official map for participants of the [[Nguhrovision Song Contest 2025]] is being kept up to date by Marcy Sheikah from the UŊ Office for Cartography.<br /> File:Version-map.png|A map of Minecraft versions by region drawn by Marcy Sheikah from the UŊ Office for Cartography.<br /> File:UŊ Map.webp|The latest version of Ætérnal's '''UŊ Map''' from 5 December 2024<br /> File:Ung-members-map.png|The official map of members of the [[United Ŋations]] is being kept up to date by [[Zendrid]] from the UŊ Office for Cartography.<br /> File:Nguhcraft minimap aylongam.png|The minimaps for this Wiki are being kept up to date by Zendrid from the UŊ Office for Cartography.<br /> File:Cenrail2.png|The official rail diagram of Nguhcraft is being kept up to date by [[sq]] from [[Cenrail (company)|Cenrail]] and the UŊ Office for Cartography.<br /> </gallery><br /> <br /> ==Ætérnal's december 2024 world map==<br /> Due to technical limitations, the version of the map shown on this wiki is only a preview of the actual map. The actual map is a 16000×16000 image that, even when compressed using lossy compression with some of the better image compression formats, still takes up ~100MB of space, which is why the latest version of the map is instead hosted on nguh.org:<br /> * 1:2 version (WEBP, {{#nguhstaticfilesize:mc/map.webp}}): https://www.nguh.org/static/mc/map.webp<br /> * 1:1 version (WEBP, lossless, {{#nguhstaticfilesize:mc/map-full-size.webp}}): https://www.nguh.org/static/mc/map-full-size.webp<br /> * Background (JPEG XL, lossless, {{#nguhstaticfilesize:mc/map.jxl}}): https://www.nguh.org/static/mc/map.jxl<br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> [[File:Ung-office-for-cartography-logo.webp|thumb|alt=Old logo|Previous logo in use until 23 May 2025]]<br /> The first post-[[The Raid|raid]] attempt at a political map of Nguhcraft was the ''Big Map'' made by self-proclaimed ''Map Nerd'' and Quing of Kyaw Cen Marcy I on 2 January 2024, one month before the founding of the UŊ. Marcy Sheikah was the first person to maintain the UŊ Official Map when the United Ŋations Office for Cartography was later established. However, she de facto resigned on 24 April 2024 due to her computer having problems editing the map since it is so large, and Ætérnal has been maintaining the map until 2025, when Sheikah returned to making political maps of Nguhcraft.<br /> * '''UŊ Official Map''', full-size version ({{#nguhstaticfilesize:mc/marcy-ung-map.png}}): https://www.nguh.org/static/mc/marcy-ung-map.png<br /> <br /> <gallery><br /> File:Marcy-ung-map-small.png|The last version of the '''UŊ Official Map''' by Marcy from 24 April 2024<br /> File:Big-map.png|First edition of the '''Big Map''', the predecessor to the UŊ Official Map<br /> </gallery><br /> <br /> == United Ŋations geoscheme ==<br /> [[File:Continents.png|thumb|alt=Map of continents on Nguhcraft by [[Marcy Sheikah]]|Map of continents on Nguhcraft by [[Marcy Sheikah]]]]<br /> {{main|Continent}}<br /> The United Ŋations geoscheme suggested by Marcy Sheikah on 06 May 2024 divides the world into 11 superŋational regions (or ''continents''). Most names of those continents are only supposed to be temporary: On 23 January 2025, the continent of [[Cornertopia]] was divided in two halves, Tardigradia and Aŋtarctica, changing the number of continents to 12.<br /> * [[Aŋtarctica]] (formerly considered part of ''[[Cornertopia]]'')<br /> * [[Archipelagia]] (formerly ''Greenland'')<br /> * [[Gaarlann]]<br /> * [[Gadicinta]] (formerly ''Balloon World'')<br /> * [[Hlambigla]]<br /> * [[Land of Chaos]]<br /> * [[Leporia (continent)|Leporia]] (formerly ''Leporia Land'')<br /> * [[Ŋafrica]]<br /> * [[Slabland]]<br /> * [[Tardigradia]] (formerly considered part of ''[[Cornertopia]]'')<br /> * [[Thasusa]]<br /> * [[ʡeteria]]<br /> <br /> ==List of UŊCO world map cartographers==<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! Photo !! Name !! From !! Until<br /> |-<br /> | [[File:Marcy-cat.png|120px|frameless]] || [[File:Kyaw-cen-banner.png|link=[[Kyaw Cen]]|15px]] [[Marcy Sheikah]] || 02 January 2024<ref>https://discord.com/channels/697450809390268467/835185858864218122/1191543350663331870</ref> || 24 April 2024<ref>https://discord.com/channels/697450809390268467/767569743229747220/1232765440728502355</ref><br /> |-<br /> | [[File:Aeternal-talking.png|120px|frameless]] || [[File:Old_kingdom_banner.png|link=[[Old Kingdom]]|15px]] [[Ætérnal]] || 24 April 2024<ref>https://discord.com/channels/697450809390268467/767569743229747220/1232767442426658876</ref> || 5 December 2024 ''(last map)''<br>29 April 2025 ''(formally)''<ref>https://discord.com/channels/697450809390268467/767569743229747220/1366893090110967899</ref><br /> |-<br /> | [[File:Marcy-cat.png|120px|frameless]] || [[File:Kyaw-cen-banner.png|link=[[Kyaw Cen]]|15px]] Marcy Sheikah || 21 April 2025 ''(first map)''<ref>https://discord.com/channels/697450809390268467/1268387836835397653/1363964456664563822</ref><br>29 April 2025 ''(formally)''<ref>https://discord.com/channels/697450809390268467/767569743229747220/1366893090110967899</ref> || ''Incumbent''<br /> |-<br /> |[[File:Suqi's skin.png|left|frameless|165x165px]]<br /> |[[File:Banner of Coldba (Cuba).png|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Suqi]]<br /> |05 May 2026<ref>https://discord.com/channels/697450809390268467/1268387836835397653/1501285766452740287</ref><br /> |''Incumbent''<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Footnotes==</div>

Suqi https://mc.nguh.org/w/index.php?title=File:%C5%8Aorld_Map_-_Suqi.png&diff=39551 File:Ŋorld Map - Suqi.png 2026-05-05T18:39:17Z

<p>Suqi: </p> <hr /> <div></div>

Suqi https://mc.nguh.org/w/index.php?title=United_%C5%8Aations_Office_for_Cartography&diff=39550 United Ŋations Office for Cartography 2026-05-05T18:17:47Z

<p>Suqi: /* List of UŊCO world map cartographers */</p> <hr /> <div>[[File:OfC-logo.svg|thumb|alt=Logo|Logo since May 2025]]<br /> The '''United Ŋations Office for Cartography''' ('''OfC''' or '''UŊCO''') is an office of the [[United Ŋations]] whose job is keeping a political map of [[Nguhcraft]] up-to-date. The release date at the top left of the map was based on Central European Time. The first and current UŊ cartographer is [[Marcy I|Marcy Sheikah]], who has created the first ever political maps of Nguhcraft before quitting due to technical limitations on 24 April 2024. Since then [[Ætérnal]] had been maintaining the primary map of Nguhcraft until 5 December 2024. Having created the participation map for the [[Nguhrovision Song Contest 2024]], Sheikah returned to create of similar, more minimalist recent political maps of Nguhcraft. [[Zendrid]] also works for the office, having created the locator maps for this Wiki.<br /> <br /> ==Most recent political map==<br /> The following are the two versions of the most recent official political map of Nguhcraft, created on ''16 February 2026'' by [[Marcy Sheikah]].<br /> <gallery><br /> File:Nguhcraft-map-satellite.png|Political satellite map of Nguhcraft by Marcy Sheikah<br /> File:Nguhcraft-map.png|Political map of Nguhcraft by Marcy Sheikah<br /> </gallery><br /> <br /> ==Other maps==<br /> <gallery><br /> File:Nguhcraft-map-blank-with-borders.png|Blank map of Nguhcraft with borders by Marcy Sheikah<br /> File:Nguhcraft-land-map.png|Blank map of Nguhcraft without borders by Marcy Sheikah<br /> File:Ocean map.png|Blank map of Nguhcraft with major bodies of water by Marcy Sheikah and Suqi<br /> File:Nguhrovision-map.png|The official map for participants of the [[Nguhrovision Song Contest 2024]] was being kept up to date by Marcy Sheikah from the UŊ Office for Cartography.<br /> File:Nguhrovision-2025-map.png|The official map for participants of the [[Nguhrovision Song Contest 2025]] is being kept up to date by Marcy Sheikah from the UŊ Office for Cartography.<br /> File:Version-map.png|A map of Minecraft versions by region drawn by Marcy Sheikah from the UŊ Office for Cartography.<br /> File:UŊ Map.webp|The latest version of Ætérnal's '''UŊ Map''' from 5 December 2024<br /> File:Ung-members-map.png|The official map of members of the [[United Ŋations]] is being kept up to date by [[Zendrid]] from the UŊ Office for Cartography.<br /> File:Nguhcraft minimap aylongam.png|The minimaps for this Wiki are being kept up to date by Zendrid from the UŊ Office for Cartography.<br /> File:Cenrail2.png|The official rail diagram of Nguhcraft is being kept up to date by [[sq]] from [[Cenrail (company)|Cenrail]] and the UŊ Office for Cartography.<br /> </gallery><br /> <br /> ==Ætérnal's december 2024 world map==<br /> Due to technical limitations, the version of the map shown on this wiki is only a preview of the actual map. The actual map is a 16000×16000 image that, even when compressed using lossy compression with some of the better image compression formats, still takes up ~100MB of space, which is why the latest version of the map is instead hosted on nguh.org:<br /> * 1:2 version (WEBP, {{#nguhstaticfilesize:mc/map.webp}}): https://www.nguh.org/static/mc/map.webp<br /> * 1:1 version (WEBP, lossless, {{#nguhstaticfilesize:mc/map-full-size.webp}}): https://www.nguh.org/static/mc/map-full-size.webp<br /> * Background (JPEG XL, lossless, {{#nguhstaticfilesize:mc/map.jxl}}): https://www.nguh.org/static/mc/map.jxl<br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> [[File:Ung-office-for-cartography-logo.webp|thumb|alt=Old logo|Previous logo in use until 23 May 2025]]<br /> The first post-[[The Raid|raid]] attempt at a political map of Nguhcraft was the ''Big Map'' made by self-proclaimed ''Map Nerd'' and Quing of Kyaw Cen Marcy I on 2 January 2024, one month before the founding of the UŊ. Marcy Sheikah was the first person to maintain the UŊ Official Map when the United Ŋations Office for Cartography was later established. However, she de facto resigned on 24 April 2024 due to her computer having problems editing the map since it is so large, and Ætérnal has been maintaining the map until 2025, when Sheikah returned to making political maps of Nguhcraft.<br /> * '''UŊ Official Map''', full-size version ({{#nguhstaticfilesize:mc/marcy-ung-map.png}}): https://www.nguh.org/static/mc/marcy-ung-map.png<br /> <br /> <gallery><br /> File:Marcy-ung-map-small.png|The last version of the '''UŊ Official Map''' by Marcy from 24 April 2024<br /> File:Big-map.png|First edition of the '''Big Map''', the predecessor to the UŊ Official Map<br /> </gallery><br /> <br /> == United Ŋations geoscheme ==<br /> [[File:Continents.png|thumb|alt=Map of continents on Nguhcraft by [[Marcy Sheikah]]|Map of continents on Nguhcraft by [[Marcy Sheikah]]]]<br /> {{main|Continent}}<br /> The United Ŋations geoscheme suggested by Marcy Sheikah on 06 May 2024 divides the world into 11 superŋational regions (or ''continents''). Most names of those continents are only supposed to be temporary: On 23 January 2025, the continent of [[Cornertopia]] was divided in two halves, Tardigradia and Aŋtarctica, changing the number of continents to 12.<br /> * [[Aŋtarctica]] (formerly considered part of ''[[Cornertopia]]'')<br /> * [[Archipelagia]] (formerly ''Greenland'')<br /> * [[Gaarlann]]<br /> * [[Gadicinta]] (formerly ''Balloon World'')<br /> * [[Hlambigla]]<br /> * [[Land of Chaos]]<br /> * [[Leporia (continent)|Leporia]] (formerly ''Leporia Land'')<br /> * [[Ŋafrica]]<br /> * [[Slabland]]<br /> * [[Tardigradia]] (formerly considered part of ''[[Cornertopia]]'')<br /> * [[Thasusa]]<br /> * [[ʡeteria]]<br /> <br /> ==List of UŊCO world map cartographers==<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! Photo !! Name !! From !! Until<br /> |-<br /> | [[File:Marcy-cat.png|120px|frameless]] || [[File:Kyaw-cen-banner.png|link=[[Kyaw Cen]]|15px]] [[Marcy Sheikah]] || 02 January 2024<ref>https://discord.com/channels/697450809390268467/835185858864218122/1191543350663331870</ref> || 24 April 2024<ref>https://discord.com/channels/697450809390268467/767569743229747220/1232765440728502355</ref><br /> |-<br /> | [[File:Aeternal-talking.png|120px|frameless]] || [[File:Old_kingdom_banner.png|link=[[Old Kingdom]]|15px]] [[Ætérnal]] || 24 April 2024<ref>https://discord.com/channels/697450809390268467/767569743229747220/1232767442426658876</ref> || 5 December 2024 ''(last map)''<br>29 April 2025 ''(formally)''<ref>https://discord.com/channels/697450809390268467/767569743229747220/1366893090110967899</ref><br /> |-<br /> | [[File:Marcy-cat.png|120px|frameless]] || [[File:Kyaw-cen-banner.png|link=[[Kyaw Cen]]|15px]] Marcy Sheikah || 21 April 2025 ''(first map)''<ref>https://discord.com/channels/697450809390268467/1268387836835397653/1363964456664563822</ref><br>29 April 2025 ''(formally)''<ref>https://discord.com/channels/697450809390268467/767569743229747220/1366893090110967899</ref> || ''Incumbent''<br /> |-<br /> |[[File:Suqi's skin.png|left|frameless|165x165px]]<br /> |[[File:Banner of Coldba (Cuba).png|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Suqi]]<br /> |05 May 2026<ref>https://discord.com/channels/697450809390268467/1268387836835397653/1501285766452740287</ref><br /> |''Incumbent''<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Footnotes==</div>

Suqi https://mc.nguh.org/w/index.php?title=United_%C5%8Aations_Office_for_Cartography&diff=39549 United Ŋations Office for Cartography 2026-05-05T18:01:59Z

<p>Suqi: /* List of UŊCO world map cartographers */</p> <hr /> <div>[[File:OfC-logo.svg|thumb|alt=Logo|Logo since May 2025]]<br /> The '''United Ŋations Office for Cartography''' ('''OfC''' or '''UŊCO''') is an office of the [[United Ŋations]] whose job is keeping a political map of [[Nguhcraft]] up-to-date. The release date at the top left of the map was based on Central European Time. The first and current UŊ cartographer is [[Marcy I|Marcy Sheikah]], who has created the first ever political maps of Nguhcraft before quitting due to technical limitations on 24 April 2024. Since then [[Ætérnal]] had been maintaining the primary map of Nguhcraft until 5 December 2024. Having created the participation map for the [[Nguhrovision Song Contest 2024]], Sheikah returned to create of similar, more minimalist recent political maps of Nguhcraft. [[Zendrid]] also works for the office, having created the locator maps for this Wiki.<br /> <br /> ==Most recent political map==<br /> The following are the two versions of the most recent official political map of Nguhcraft, created on ''16 February 2026'' by [[Marcy Sheikah]].<br /> <gallery><br /> File:Nguhcraft-map-satellite.png|Political satellite map of Nguhcraft by Marcy Sheikah<br /> File:Nguhcraft-map.png|Political map of Nguhcraft by Marcy Sheikah<br /> </gallery><br /> <br /> ==Other maps==<br /> <gallery><br /> File:Nguhcraft-map-blank-with-borders.png|Blank map of Nguhcraft with borders by Marcy Sheikah<br /> File:Nguhcraft-land-map.png|Blank map of Nguhcraft without borders by Marcy Sheikah<br /> File:Ocean map.png|Blank map of Nguhcraft with major bodies of water by Marcy Sheikah and Suqi<br /> File:Nguhrovision-map.png|The official map for participants of the [[Nguhrovision Song Contest 2024]] was being kept up to date by Marcy Sheikah from the UŊ Office for Cartography.<br /> File:Nguhrovision-2025-map.png|The official map for participants of the [[Nguhrovision Song Contest 2025]] is being kept up to date by Marcy Sheikah from the UŊ Office for Cartography.<br /> File:Version-map.png|A map of Minecraft versions by region drawn by Marcy Sheikah from the UŊ Office for Cartography.<br /> File:UŊ Map.webp|The latest version of Ætérnal's '''UŊ Map''' from 5 December 2024<br /> File:Ung-members-map.png|The official map of members of the [[United Ŋations]] is being kept up to date by [[Zendrid]] from the UŊ Office for Cartography.<br /> File:Nguhcraft minimap aylongam.png|The minimaps for this Wiki are being kept up to date by Zendrid from the UŊ Office for Cartography.<br /> File:Cenrail2.png|The official rail diagram of Nguhcraft is being kept up to date by [[sq]] from [[Cenrail (company)|Cenrail]] and the UŊ Office for Cartography.<br /> </gallery><br /> <br /> ==Ætérnal's december 2024 world map==<br /> Due to technical limitations, the version of the map shown on this wiki is only a preview of the actual map. The actual map is a 16000×16000 image that, even when compressed using lossy compression with some of the better image compression formats, still takes up ~100MB of space, which is why the latest version of the map is instead hosted on nguh.org:<br /> * 1:2 version (WEBP, {{#nguhstaticfilesize:mc/map.webp}}): https://www.nguh.org/static/mc/map.webp<br /> * 1:1 version (WEBP, lossless, {{#nguhstaticfilesize:mc/map-full-size.webp}}): https://www.nguh.org/static/mc/map-full-size.webp<br /> * Background (JPEG XL, lossless, {{#nguhstaticfilesize:mc/map.jxl}}): https://www.nguh.org/static/mc/map.jxl<br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> [[File:Ung-office-for-cartography-logo.webp|thumb|alt=Old logo|Previous logo in use until 23 May 2025]]<br /> The first post-[[The Raid|raid]] attempt at a political map of Nguhcraft was the ''Big Map'' made by self-proclaimed ''Map Nerd'' and Quing of Kyaw Cen Marcy I on 2 January 2024, one month before the founding of the UŊ. Marcy Sheikah was the first person to maintain the UŊ Official Map when the United Ŋations Office for Cartography was later established. However, she de facto resigned on 24 April 2024 due to her computer having problems editing the map since it is so large, and Ætérnal has been maintaining the map until 2025, when Sheikah returned to making political maps of Nguhcraft.<br /> * '''UŊ Official Map''', full-size version ({{#nguhstaticfilesize:mc/marcy-ung-map.png}}): https://www.nguh.org/static/mc/marcy-ung-map.png<br /> <br /> <gallery><br /> File:Marcy-ung-map-small.png|The last version of the '''UŊ Official Map''' by Marcy from 24 April 2024<br /> File:Big-map.png|First edition of the '''Big Map''', the predecessor to the UŊ Official Map<br /> </gallery><br /> <br /> == United Ŋations geoscheme ==<br /> [[File:Continents.png|thumb|alt=Map of continents on Nguhcraft by [[Marcy Sheikah]]|Map of continents on Nguhcraft by [[Marcy Sheikah]]]]<br /> {{main|Continent}}<br /> The United Ŋations geoscheme suggested by Marcy Sheikah on 06 May 2024 divides the world into 11 superŋational regions (or ''continents''). Most names of those continents are only supposed to be temporary: On 23 January 2025, the continent of [[Cornertopia]] was divided in two halves, Tardigradia and Aŋtarctica, changing the number of continents to 12.<br /> * [[Aŋtarctica]] (formerly considered part of ''[[Cornertopia]]'')<br /> * [[Archipelagia]] (formerly ''Greenland'')<br /> * [[Gaarlann]]<br /> * [[Gadicinta]] (formerly ''Balloon World'')<br /> * [[Hlambigla]]<br /> * [[Land of Chaos]]<br /> * [[Leporia (continent)|Leporia]] (formerly ''Leporia Land'')<br /> * [[Ŋafrica]]<br /> * [[Slabland]]<br /> * [[Tardigradia]] (formerly considered part of ''[[Cornertopia]]'')<br /> * [[Thasusa]]<br /> * [[ʡeteria]]<br /> <br /> ==List of UŊCO world map cartographers==<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! Photo !! Name !! From !! Until<br /> |-<br /> | [[File:Marcy-cat.png|120px|frameless]] || [[File:Kyaw-cen-banner.png|link=[[Kyaw Cen]]|15px]] [[Marcy Sheikah]] || 02 January 2024<ref>https://discord.com/channels/697450809390268467/835185858864218122/1191543350663331870</ref> || 24 April 2024<ref>https://discord.com/channels/697450809390268467/767569743229747220/1232765440728502355</ref><br /> |-<br /> | [[File:Aeternal-talking.png|120px|frameless]] || [[File:Old_kingdom_banner.png|link=[[Old Kingdom]]|15px]] [[Ætérnal]] || 24 April 2024<ref>https://discord.com/channels/697450809390268467/767569743229747220/1232767442426658876</ref> || 5 December 2024 ''(last map)''<br>29 April 2025 ''(formally)''<ref>https://discord.com/channels/697450809390268467/767569743229747220/1366893090110967899</ref><br /> |-<br /> | [[File:Marcy-cat.png|120px|frameless]] || [[File:Kyaw-cen-banner.png|link=[[Kyaw Cen]]|15px]] Marcy Sheikah || 21 April 2025 ''(first map)''<ref>https://discord.com/channels/697450809390268467/1268387836835397653/1363964456664563822</ref><br>29 April 2025 ''(formally)''<ref>https://discord.com/channels/697450809390268467/767569743229747220/1366893090110967899</ref> || ''Incumbent''<br /> |-<br /> |[[File:Suqi's skin.png|left|frameless|165x165px]]<br /> |[[File:Banner of Coldba (Cuba).png|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Suqi]]<br /> |05 May 2026<ref>https://discord.com/channels/697450809390268467/1268387836835397653/1501280409269567732</ref><br /> |''Incumbent''<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Footnotes==</div>

Suqi https://mc.nguh.org/w/index.php?title=Trace_Deeplects&diff=39530 Trace Deeplects 2026-05-05T04:36:52Z

<p>Suqi: /* Noun Class */</p> <hr /> <div><br /> '''Trace Deeplects''' are incomplete portions of languages that have been detected in experiments attempting to verif’ the [[Deep Dimensional]] theory. While the strongest evidence for Deep Dimensional is the languages that have inexplicably appeared, [[MARA]] experiments have found trace amounts of languages in their investigations, giving it more credibility. However, measurement error is not ruled out. This article will contain all the information on every Trace Deeplect. Trace Deeplects are listed in order of their negative discovery.<br /> <br /> == Deeplect -E ==<br /> Pink: coda only<br /> <br /> Green: onset only<br /> <br /> Purple: word-medial onset only<br /> <br /> Uncolored: any position<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |<br /> ! colspan="2" |Labial<br /> ! colspan="2" |Alveolar<br /> ! colspan="2" |Palatal<br /> ! colspan="3" |Velar<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Pharyngeal<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Glottal<br /> |-<br /> !Plain<br /> !Palatalized<br /> !Plain<br /> !Palatalized<br /> !Plain<br /> !Labialized<br /> !Plain<br /> !Palatalized<br /> !Labialized<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Nasal<br /> |m '''''m'''''<br /> |mʲ '''''mj'''''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ŋ '''''n'''''<br /> |ŋʲ '''''nj'''''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Plosive<br /> !Aspirated<br /> |<br /> |<br /> | style="background-color: #dcf" |tʰ '''''t'''''<br /> | style="background-color: #dcf" |tʰʲ '''''tj'''''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |kʰ '''''k'''''<br /> |kʲʰ '''''kj'''''<br /> |kʷʰ '''''ku'''''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Tenuis<br /> |<br /> |<br /> | style="background-color: #dcf" |t '''''d'''''<br /> | style="background-color: #dcf" |tʲ '''''dj'''''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |k '''''g'''''<br /> |kʲ '''''gj'''''<br /> |kʷ '''''gu'''''<br /> |<br /> | style="background-color: #fde" |ʔ '''''q'''''<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Affricate<br /> !Aspirated<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |t͡sʰ '''''c'''''<br /> |t͡sʲʰ '''''cj'''''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Tenuis<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |t͡s '''''z'''''<br /> |t͡sʲ '''''zj'''''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Fricative<br /> !Short<br /> |ɸ '''''f'''''<br /> |ɸʲ '''''fj'''''<br /> | style="background-color: #def" |s '''''s'''''<br /> |sʲ '''''sj'''''<br /> | style="background-color: #dcf" |ɕ '''''sjj'''''<br /> |<br /> | style="background-color: #def" |x '''''x'''''<br /> |xʲ '''''xj'''''<br /> |<br /> | style="background-color: #dcf" |ħ '''''h'''''<br /> | style="background-color: #fde" |h '''''<nowiki/>''''''<br /> |-<br /> !Long<br /> |<br /> |<br /> | style="background-color: #def" |sː '''''ss'''''<br /> | style="background-color: #dcf" colspan="2" |ɕ̟ː '''''ssj'''''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Glide<br /> |<br /> |<br /> | style="background-color: #def" |ɾ '''''r'''''<br /> |<br /> |j '''''y'''''<br /> |ɥ '''''v'''''<br /> |ɰ '''''w'''''<br /> |ɰʲ '''''wj'''''<br /> |w '''''wu'''''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> kʷʰ kʷ w > pʰ p b / _($)(C)o<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |-<br /> !<br /> ! colspan="2" |Front<br /> ! colspan="2" |Back<br /> |-<br /> !<br /> !Short<br /> !Long<br /> !Short<br /> !Long<br /> |-<br /> !High<br /> |i '''''i'''''<br /> |iː '''''ī'''''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Mid<br /> |e '''''e'''''<br /> |eː '''''ē'''''<br /> |o '''''o'''''<br /> |oː '''''ō'''''<br /> |-<br /> !Low<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |a '''''a'''''<br /> |aː '''''ā'''''<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Noun Class ===<br /> The following are classes for nouns.<br /> <br /> # -o: blooming flower (associated with life, vulnerability, singular success, youth, love (all kinds), the self, spirit, soul, novelty, beginnings)<br /> # -ui: withering flower (associated with death, ends, cumulative success, maturity, wisdom, knowledge)<br /> # -enj: day (associated with colors, grandeur, vastness, the sea, water, light)<br /> # -ī: night (associated with darkness, sleep, dreams, black vs. white, simplicity, revelation)<br /> <br /> The following are classes for verbs, adjectives, adverbs and particles that agree with nouns. Adverbs agree with the topic noun. Verbs agree with the patient noun when it is animate. Verbs agree with the agent noun if the patient noun is inanimate.<br /> <br /> # -i, -e, -yV: cute<br /> # -a, -ā, -akj: beautiful<br /> # -n: alien<br /> <br /> Particles for verbs are marked for familiar (cute and beautiful are merged), and alien classes but unpredictably. These agree with the verb.<br /> <br /> == Deeplect -D ==<br /> <br /> === Consonants ===<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |<br /> ! colspan="2" |Bilabial<br /> ! colspan="2" |Alveolar<br /> ! colspan="2" |Prepalatal<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Palatal<br /> ! colspan="2" |Prevelar<br /> ! colspan="2" |Postvelar<br /> ! colspan="2" |Uvular<br /> ! colspan="2" |Epiglottal<br /> ! colspan="2" |Glottal<br /> |-<br /> !Plain<br /> !Emphatic<br /> !Plain<br /> !Emphatic<br /> !Plain<br /> !Labial<br /> !Plain<br /> !Labial<br /> !Plain<br /> !Labial<br /> !Plain<br /> !Labial<br /> !Plain<br /> !Labial<br /> !Plain<br /> !Labial<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Nasal<br /> |m '''m'''<br /> |mˤ '''ṃ'''<br /> |n '''n'''<br /> |nˤ '''ṇ'''<br /> |ɲ̟ '''ň'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ŋ '''ŋ'''<br /> |ŋʷ '''ŋw'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="3" |Plosive<br /> !Aspirated<br /> |pʰ '''ph'''<br /> |pʰˤ '''ṗh'''<br /> |tʰ '''th'''<br /> |tʰˤ '''ṭh'''<br /> |c̟ʰ '''ch'''<br /> |c̟ʰʷ '''cv'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |kʰ '''kh'''<br /> |kʰʷ '''kv'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Lax<br /> |p '''p'''<br /> |pˤ '''ṗ'''<br /> |t '''t'''<br /> |tˤ '''ṭ'''<br /> |c̟ '''c'''<br /> |c̟ʷ '''cw'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |k '''k'''<br /> |kʷ '''kw'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ʡ '''q'''<br /> |ʡʷ '''qw'''<br /> |ʔ '''<nowiki/>''''<br /> |ʔʷ '''<nowiki/>'w'''<br /> |-<br /> !Tense<br /> |b '''b'''<br /> |bˤ '''ḅ'''<br /> |tʼ '''d'''<br /> |tˤʼ '''ḍ'''<br /> |c̟ʼ '''j'''<br /> |c̟ʷʼ '''jw'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |kʼ '''g'''<br /> |kʷʼ '''gw'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Continuant<br /> !Voiceless<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |s '''s'''<br /> |sˤ '''ṣ'''<br /> |ɕ '''š'''<br /> |ɕʷ '''šw'''<br /> |ç '''hy'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |x '''ḫ'''<br /> |xʷ '''ḫw'''<br /> |χ '''x'''<br /> |χʷ '''xw'''<br /> |ħ '''ħ'''<br /> |ħʷ '''ħw'''<br /> |h '''h'''<br /> |hʷ '''hw'''<br /> |-<br /> !Voiced<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |l '''l'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |j '''i'''<br /> |ɣʲ '''ǧy'''<br /> |w '''u'''<br /> |ɣ '''ǧ'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ʕ '''ġ'''<br /> |ʕʷ '''ġw'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Trill<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |r '''r'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ʀ '''ṛ'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==== Syllabic Consonants ====<br /> Syllabic consonants are romanized as double letters only when adjacent to two vowels or a nonsyllabic variant of each other.<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> !<br /> !Bilabial<br /> !Alveolar<br /> !Prepalatal<br /> !Postvelar<br /> !Uvular<br /> !Epiglottal<br /> |-<br /> !Nasal<br /> |m̩ '''m, mm'''<br /> |n̩ '''n, nn'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɴ̩ '''ŋ, ŋŋ'''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Fricative<br /> |<br /> |s̩ '''s, ss'''<br /> |ɕ̩ '''š, šš'''<br /> |x̩ '''ḫ, ḫḫ'''<br /> |χ̍ '''x, xx'''<br /> |ħ̩ '''ħ, ħħ'''<br /> |-<br /> !Lateral<br /> |<br /> |l̩ '''l, ll'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Trill<br /> |<br /> |r̩ '''r, rr'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Vowels ===<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> !<br /> !Front<br /> !Central<br /> !Back<br /> |-<br /> !Mid<br /> |e '''e'''<br /> |ɵ '''oy'''<br /> |o '''o'''<br /> |-<br /> !Near-Open<br /> |<br /> |ɐ '''ay'''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Open<br /> |<br /> |a '''a'''<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Pitch-Accent ===<br /> Deeplect -D uses seven pitch accents: high (ā [ꜛaꜜ]), mid (a [a]), low (ȧ [ꜜaꜛ]), falling (à [ꜛâꜜ]), rising (á [ǎꜛ]), high-falling (â [âꜜ]), and dipping (ǎ [â]), which can be placed on any mora except for the final one. All vowels and all syllabic consonants can receive a pitch accent.<br /> <br /> * '''High''' pitch accent gives only one mora a high tone while the rest have low tone (L-<u>H</u>-L)<br /> * '''Mid''' pitch accent makes a word retain low tone throughout (L-<u>L</u>-L)<br /> * '''Low''' pitch accent gives one more a low tone while the rest have high tone (H-<u>L</u>-H)<br /> * '''Falling''' pitch accent takes the tone of one mora from high to low while the rest of the morae have a low tone (L-<u>HL</u>-L)<br /> * '''Rising''' pitch accent takes one mora's tone from low to high while the preceding morae have a low tone and the following morae have a high tone (L-<u>LH</u>-H)<br /> * '''High-falling''' pitch accent takes one mora's tone from high to mid while the preceding morae have a high tone and the following morae have a low tone (H-<u>HM</u>-L)<br /> * '''Dipping''' pitch accent takes the tone of one mora from high to low while the rest of the morae have a mid tone (M-<u>HL</u>-M)<br /> <br /> === Phonotactics ===<br /> (C)V<br /> <br /> * Three of the same phoneme cannot occur in a row; syllabic consonants count as consonants in this rule.<br /> <br /> === Allophony ===<br /> E: /e/, [i ɪ e̞ ɛ]<br /> <br /> Y: /ɲ̟ c̟ʰ c̟ʰʷ c̟ c̟ʷ c̟ʼ c̟ʷʼ ɕ ɕʷ ç j/<br /> <br /> # /C₁C̩₁ C̩₁C₁/ = [C₁ːː C₁ːː]<br /> # /C̩V VC̩/ = [CːV VCː]<br /> # /e ɵ o/ = [e̞ ɵ̞ o̞]<br /> # e̞ o̞ ɵ̞ → ɛ ɞ ɔ / {_#,#_%,V_%}<br /> # e̞ ɵ̞ o̞ ɐ a → ɪ ɵ ʊ ɘ ɜ / _Cː<br /> # e̞ ɵ̞ o̞ ɐ a → i ʉ u ɨ ə / _Cːː<br /> # ɵ̞ o̞ ɐ a → ø̞ ɵ̞ æ̝ æ / {EC,Y}_<br /> # ɞ ɔ → œ ɞ / {EC,Y}_<br /> # ʊ ɵ ɘ ɜ → ʉ̞ ø e ɛ / {EC,Y}_<br /> # u ʉ ɨ ə → ʉ y ɪ e̞ / {EC,Y}_<br /> # ŋ(ʷ) → ɴ(ʷ) / _{a,ɐ,ɔ,o,ʊ}<br /> # ŋ(ʷ) → ɴ(ʷ) / {a,ɐ,ɔ,o,ʊ}_%<br /> # C̩[-labial] → C̩[-labial]ʷ / C[+labial]_<br /> # F̩[-voice] → F̩[+voice] / C[+voice]_<br /> <br /> === Word Formation ===<br /> Deeplect -D's word formation is unusual. The etymology of words comes from an abstract dimension where tracing the language consistently to its proto-form becomes impossible.<br /> <br /> == Deeplect -C ṡżṠŻǎǔǐěǒẽĩũẙů ==<br /> <br /> === Phonemic Inventory ===<br /> <br /> ==== Onsets ====<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |<br /> ! colspan="4" |Coronal<br /> ! colspan="4" |Peripheral<br /> |-<br /> !Plain<br /> !Lab.<br /> !Pal.<br /> !Lar.<br /> !Plain<br /> !Lab.<br /> !Pal.<br /> !Lar.<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Nasal<br /> !Plain<br /> |n<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ŋ<br /> |m<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Geminated<br /> |nː<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |mː<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Plosive<br /> !Plain<br /> |t<br /> |tʷ<br /> |tʲ<br /> |tˤ<br /> |k<br /> |kʷ<br /> |kʲ<br /> |kˤ<br /> |-<br /> !Geminated<br /> |tː<br /> |tʷː<br /> |tʲː<br /> |tˤː<br /> |kː<br /> |kʷː<br /> |kʲː<br /> |kˤː<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Affricate<br /> !Plain<br /> |t͡s<br /> |t͡sʷ<br /> |t͡sʲ<br /> |t͡sˤ<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Geminated<br /> |t͡sː<br /> |t͡sʷː<br /> |t͡sʲː<br /> |t͡sˤː<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Fricative<br /> !Plain<br /> |s<br /> |sʷ<br /> |sʲ<br /> |sˤ<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |h<br /> |-<br /> !Geminated<br /> |sː<br /> |sʷː<br /> |sʲː<br /> |sˤː<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Approximant<br /> |l<br /> |lʷ<br /> |lʲ<br /> |lˤ<br /> |ɰ<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==== Nuclei ====<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Labial<br /> ! colspan="4" |Coronal<br /> ! colspan="4" |Dorsal<br /> |-<br /> !Plain<br /> !Lab.<br /> !Pal.<br /> !Lar.<br /> !Plain<br /> !Lab.<br /> !Pal.<br /> !Lar.<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Occlusive<br /> !Spread glottis<br /> |ḿ̩<br /> |ń̩<br /> |t̩ʷʰ<br /> |t̩ʲʰ<br /> |t̩ˤʰ<br /> |ŋ̩́<br /> |k̩ʷʰ<br /> |k̩ʲʰ<br /> |k̩ˤʰ<br /> |-<br /> !Constricted glottis<br /> |m̩̀<br /> |ǹ̩<br /> |t̩ʷ<br /> |t̩ʲ<br /> |t̩ˤ<br /> |ŋ̩̀<br /> |k̩ʷ<br /> |k̩ʲ<br /> |k̩ˤ<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Continuant<br /> !Spread glottis<br /> |<br /> |ŕ̩<br /> |s̩ʷʰ<br /> |s̩ʲʰ<br /> |s̩ˤʰ<br /> |<br /> |ó<br /> |é<br /> |á<br /> |-<br /> !Constricted glottis<br /> |<br /> |r̩̀<br /> |s̩ʷ<br /> |s̩ʲ<br /> |s̩ˤ<br /> |<br /> |ò<br /> |è<br /> |à<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Phonotactics ===<br /> <br /> # (C)V<br /> # Geminates can only occur word-medially<br /> # Syllabic obstruents cannot immediately precede a syllabic resonant.<br /> # /n̩/ and /ŋ̩/ cannot be word-intial.<br /> # Syllabic nasals can only be adjacent to vowels or other syllabic nasals.<br /> <br /> === Allophony ===<br /> <br /> # Secondary articulations in onsets are typically contained within the time of articulation of the main articulation. There may be an onglide, but never an offglide.<br /> # Secondary articulations in nuclei very often result in an offglide, which is fricated in the case of aspirated consonants.<br /> # Tenuis syllabic obstruents are geminated.<br /> # /t͡sʷ(ː) sʷ(ː) s̩ʷ(ː) sʲ(ː) s̩ʲ(ː)/ are realized as [t͜s͡ɸ(ː) s͡ɸ(ː) s̩͡ɸ(ː) ɕ(ː) ɕ̩(ː)]<br /> # /e o/ become [ɛ ɔ] following a pharyngealized consonant.<br /> # /a/ becomes [e] after /e/, except when /e/ is [ɛ], then /a/ becomes [ɛ].<br /> # /a/ becomes [o] after /o/, except when /o/ is [ɔ], then /a/ becomes [ɔ].<br /> # /e/ becomes [i] after /e/.<br /> # /o/ becomes [u] after /o/.<br /> # When /t(ː) t͡s(ː) s(ː) l n h/ precede /e/, they become [c(ː) c͡ɕ(ː) ɕ(ː) ɾ ɲ ç] and /e/ becomes [i].<br /> #* /tʲ(ː) t͡sʲ(ː) sʲ(ː) lʲ/ merge with /t(ː) t͡s(ː) s(ː) l/ before /e/.<br /> # When /tʷ(ː) t͡sʷ(ː) sʷ(ː) lʷ/ precede /e/, they become [c(ː) c͡ɕ(ː) ɕ(ː) ɾ] and /e/ becomes [y].<br /> # When /tˤ(ː) t͡sˤ(ː) sˤ(ː) lˤ/ precede /e/, they become [c(ː) c͡ɕ(ː) ɕ(ː) ɾ] and /e/ becomes [ɛ].<br /> # /t(ː) s(ː) l n h/ become [p(ː) s͡ɸ(ː) ⱱ̟ m ʍ] before /o/.<br /> #* /tʷ(ː) sʷ(ː) lʷ/ merge with /t(ː) s(ː) l/ before /o/.<br /> #* /n/ merges with [m] before /o/, but /nː/ remains [nː].<br /> # /tʲ(ː) lʲ/ become [pʲ(ː) ⱱ̟ʲ] before /o/.<br /> # When /tˤ(ː) lˤ/ precede /o/, they become [pˤ(ː) ⱱ̟ˤ] and /o/ becomes [ɔ].<br /> # Word-initial /m̩/ assimilates to the place of articulation of the last phone of the previous word. If it cannot do so, it assimilates to the place of articulation of the following phone. If it cannot do so either, it remains [m̩].<br /> # Word-initial /m̩/ experiences sandhi from the tone of the previous word's final syllable.<br /> # /r̩/ becomes [l̩] when next to a vowel.<br /> # Low tones become falling tones when preceded by only one phonemic high tone.<br /> # High tones become rising tones when preceded by only one phonemic low tone.<br /> # Low tones merge with high tones when preceded by a rising tone<br /> # High tones merge with low tones when preceded by a falling tone<br /> <br /> === Romanization ===<br /> {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"<br /> ! colspan="4" |Onsets<br /> ! colspan="4" |Nuclei<br /> |-<br /> !Phone<br /> !Romanization<br /> !Phone<br /> !Romanization<br /> !Phone<br /> !Romanization<br /> !Phone<br /> !Romanization<br /> |-<br /> ![m]<br /> |m<br /> ![mː]<br /> |mm<br /> ![í]<br /> |i<br /> ![ì]<br /> |ī<br /> |-<br /> ![n]<br /> |n<br /> ![nː]<br /> |nn<br /> ![ý]<br /> |ü<br /> ![ỳ]<br /> |û<br /> |-<br /> ![ɲ]<br /> |nj<br /> !<br /> |<br /> ![é]<br /> |e<br /> ![è]<br /> |ē<br /> |-<br /> ![ŋ]<br /> |ng<br /> !<br /> |<br /> ![ɛ́]<br /> |ë<br /> ![ɛ̀]<br /> |ê<br /> |-<br /> ![p]<br /> |p<br /> ![pː]<br /> |pp<br /> ![á]<br /> |a<br /> ![à]<br /> |ā<br /> |-<br /> ![pʲ]<br /> |pj<br /> ![pʲː]<br /> |ppj<br /> ![ú]<br /> |u<br /> ![ù]<br /> |ū<br /> |-<br /> ![pˤ]<br /> |pg<br /> ![pˤː]<br /> |ppg<br /> ![ó]<br /> |o<br /> ![ò]<br /> |ō<br /> |-<br /> ![t]<br /> |t<br /> ![tː]<br /> |tt<br /> ![ɔ́]<br /> |ö<br /> ![ɔ̀]<br /> |ô<br /> |-<br /> ![tʷ]<br /> |tv<br /> ![tʷː]<br /> |ttv<br /> ![ḿ̩, ḿ̩ʲ, ḿ̩ˤ]<br /> |ym<ref name=":0">⟨y⟩ may optionally be omitted if the syllabic consonant follows a vowel but does not precede one.</ref><br /> ![m̩̀, m̩̀ʲ, m̩̀ˤ]<br /> |’m<br /> |-<br /> ![tʲ]<br /> |tj<br /> ![tʲː]<br /> |ttj<br /> ![ń̩, ń̩ʷ, ń̩ʲ, ń̩ˤ]<br /> |yn<ref name=":0" /><br /> ![ǹ̩, ǹ̩ʷ, ǹ̩ʲ, ǹ̩ˤ]<br /> |’n<br /> |-<br /> ![tˤ]<br /> |tg<br /> ![tˤː]<br /> |ttg<br /> ![ɲ̩́]<br /> |ynj<ref name=":0" /><br /> ![ɲ̩̀]<br /> |’nj<br /> |-<br /> ![c]<br /> |c<br /> ![cː]<br /> |cc<br /> ![ŋ̩́, ŋ̩́ʷ, ŋ̩́ʲ, ŋ̩́ˤ]<br /> |yng<ref name=":0" /><br /> ![ŋ̩̀, ŋ̩̀ʷ, ŋ̩̀ʲ, ŋ̩̀ˤ]<br /> |’ng<br /> |-<br /> ![k]<br /> |k<br /> ![kː]<br /> |kk<br /> ![ŕ̩]<br /> |yr<ref name=":0" /><br /> ![r̩̀]<br /> |’r<br /> |-<br /> ![kʷ]<br /> |kv<br /> ![kʷː]<br /> |kkv<br /> ![ĺ̩]<br /> |yl<ref name=":0" /><br /> ![l̩̀]<br /> |’l<br /> |-<br /> ![kʲ]<br /> |kj<br /> ![kʲː]<br /> |kkj<br /> ![t̩ʷʰ]<br /> |ytv<ref name=":0" /><br /> ![t̩ʷː]<br /> |’tv<br /> |-<br /> ![kˤ]<br /> |kg<br /> ![kˤː]<br /> |kkg<br /> ![t̩ʲʰ]<br /> |ytj<ref name=":0" /><br /> ![t̩ʲː]<br /> |’tj<br /> |-<br /> ![t͡s]<br /> |z<br /> ![t͡sː]<br /> |zz<br /> ![t̩ˤʰ]<br /> |yt<ref name=":0" /><br /> ![t̩ˤː]<br /> |’t<br /> |-<br /> ![t͜s͡ɸ]<br /> |zv<br /> ![t͜s͡ɸː]<br /> |zzv<br /> ![k̩ʷʰ]<br /> |ykv<ref name=":0" /><br /> ![k̩ʷː]<br /> |’kv<br /> |-<br /> ![t͡sʲ]<br /> |zj<br /> ![t͡sʲː]<br /> |zzj<br /> ![k̩ʲʰ]<br /> |ykj<ref name=":0" /><br /> ![k̩ʲː]<br /> |’kj<br /> |-<br /> ![t͡sˤ]<br /> |zg<br /> ![t͡sˤː]<br /> |zzg<br /> ![k̩ˤʰ]<br /> |yk<ref name=":0" /><br /> ![k̩ˤː]<br /> |’k<br /> |-<br /> ![c͡ɕ]<br /> |x<br /> ![c͡ɕː]<br /> |xx<br /> ![s̩͡ɸʰ]<br /> |ysv<ref name=":0" /><br /> ![s̩͡ɸː]<br /> |’sv<br /> |-<br /> ![s]<br /> |s<br /> ![sː]<br /> |ss<br /> ![s̩ˤʰ]<br /> |ys<ref name=":0" /><br /> ![s̩ˤː]<br /> |’s<br /> |-<br /> ![s͡ɸ]<br /> |sv<br /> ![s͡ɸː]<br /> |ssv<br /> ![ɕ̩ʰ]<br /> |ysj<ref name=":0" /><br /> ![ɕ̩ː]<br /> |’sj<br /> |-<br /> ![sˤ]<br /> |sg<br /> ![sˤː]<br /> |ssg<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ![ɕ]<br /> |sj<br /> ![ɕː]<br /> |ssj<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ![ç]<br /> |hj<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ![ʍ]<br /> |hv<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ![h]<br /> |h<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ![ⱱ̟]<br /> |b<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ![ⱱ̟ʲ]<br /> |bj<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ![ⱱ̟ˤ]<br /> |bg<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ![ɾ]<br /> |r<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ![l]<br /> |l<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ![lʷ]<br /> |lv<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ![lʲ]<br /> |lj<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ![lˤ]<br /> |lg<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ![ɰ]<br /> |w<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Vocabulary ===<br /> mākvylo (car) {{Ipa|/màkʷŕ̩ó/ [ma˩kʷl̩˩˥o˥]}}<br /> <br /> haerī (bicycle) {{Ipa|/háélì/ [ha˥e˥ɾi˥˩]}}<br /> <br /> boccü (dog) {{Ipa|/lótʷːé/ [ⱱ̟o˥cːy˥]}}<br /> <br /> mō’kv (person) {{Ipa|/mòk̩ʷː/ [mo˩k̩ːʷ]}}<br /> <br /> akām (dot) {{Ipa|/ákàm̩̀/ [a˥ka˥˩m̩˩]}}<br /> <br /> == Deeplect -B ==<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |PULMONIC<br /> CONSONANTS<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Labial<br /> ! colspan="4" |Alveolar<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Palatal<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Velar<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Pharyngeal<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Glottal<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Plain<br /> ! colspan="2" |Palatal<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Nasal<br /> !plain<br /> |m~w̃<br /> |'''m'''<br /> |n~ɾ̃<br /> |'''n'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɲ~j̃<br /> |'''ny'''<br /> |ŋ~ɰ̃<br /> |'''ng'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !glottal<br /> |ˀm<br /> |'''’m'''<br /> |ˀn<br /> |'''’n'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ˀɲ<br /> |'''’ny'''<br /> |ˀŋ<br /> |'''’ng'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="4" |Plosive<br /> !plain<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |t<br /> |'''t'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |c<br /> |'''c'''<br /> |ɢ<br /> |'''rg'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ʔ<br /> |'''q'''<br /> |-<br /> !aspirated<br /> |b͡pʰ<br /> |'''bp'''<br /> |tʰ d͡tʰ<br /> |'''th dt'''<br /> |tʲʰ d͡tʲʰ<br /> |'''ch dc'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |qʰ ɡ͡kʰ<br /> |'''kh gk'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !ejective<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |tʼ d͡tʼ<br /> |'''t’ dt’'''<br /> |tʲʼ d͡tʲʼ<br /> |'''c’ dc’'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |kʼ ɢ͡qʼ<br /> |'''k’ gk’'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !implosive<br /> |ɓ<br /> |'''b’'''<br /> |ɗ<br /> |'''d’'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ʄ<br /> |'''y’'''<br /> |ɠ<br /> |'''g’'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="3" |Affricate<br /> !plain<br /> |b͡β<br /> |'''bv'''<br /> |d͡z<br /> |'''dz'''<br /> |t͡ɕ<br /> |'''cs'''<br /> |ɟ͡ʝ<br /> |'''yy'''<br /> |k͡x ɡ͡ɣ<br /> |'''kx gx'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !aspirated<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |d͡t͜sʰ<br /> |'''ds'''<br /> |d͡t͜ɕʰ<br /> |'''dcs'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɡ͡k͜xʰ<br /> |'''gkx'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !ejective<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |t͡ɕʼ d͡t͜ɕʼ<br /> |'''cs’ dcs’'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |k͡xʼ ɡ͡k͜xʼ<br /> |'''kx’ gx’'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Fricative<br /> |β<br /> |'''v'''<br /> |ɮ<br /> |'''z'''<br /> |ɕ ɮʲ<br /> |'''s zy'''<br /> |ʝ<br /> |'''hy'''<br /> |x~χ ʁ<br /> |'''x r'''<br /> |ħ<br /> |'''h’'''<br /> |h<br /> |'''h'''<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Glide<br /> |w~b<br /> |'''w'''<br /> |l~d<br /> |'''l'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɰ~ɡ<br /> |'''gh'''<br /> |ʜ<br /> |'''rh'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> p ś ł ṭ ṣ j<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |CLICKS<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Labial<br /> ! colspan="4" |Prealveolar<br /> ! colspan="4" |Postalveolar<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Palatal<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Plain<br /> ! colspan="2" |Lateral<br /> ! colspan="2" |Plain<br /> ! colspan="2" |Lateral<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="3" |Nasal<br /> !plain<br /> |ŋ͡ʘ<br /> |'''mp'''<br /> |ŋ͡ǀ<br /> |'''nś'''<br /> |ŋ͡ǁ<br /> |'''nł'''<br /> |ŋ͡ǃ<br /> |'''nṭ'''<br /> |ŋ͡‼<br /> |'''nṣ'''<br /> |ŋ͡𝼋<br /> |'''nj'''<br /> |-<br /> !aspirated<br /> |ŋ͡ʘʰ<br /> |'''mph'''<br /> |ŋ͡ǀʰ<br /> |'''nśh'''<br /> |ŋ͡ǁʰ<br /> |'''nłh'''<br /> |ŋ͡ǃʰ<br /> |'''nṭh'''<br /> |ŋ͡‼ʰ<br /> |'''nṣh'''<br /> |ŋ͡𝼋ʰ<br /> |'''njh'''<br /> |-<br /> !glottalized<br /> |ŋ͡ʘˀ<br /> |'''mp’'''<br /> |ŋ͡ǀˀ<br /> |'''nś’'''<br /> |ŋ͡ǁˀ<br /> |'''nł’'''<br /> |ŋ͡ǃˀ<br /> |'''nṭ’'''<br /> |ŋ͡‼ˀ<br /> |'''nṣ’'''<br /> |ŋ͡𝼋ˀ<br /> |'''nj’'''<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="5" |Voiceless<br /> !plain<br /> |k͡ʘ<br /> |'''p'''<br /> |k͡ǀ<br /> |'''ś'''<br /> |k͡ǁ<br /> |'''ł'''<br /> |k͡ǃ<br /> |'''ṭ'''<br /> |k͡‼<br /> |'''ṣ'''<br /> |k͡𝼋<br /> |'''j'''<br /> |-<br /> !aspirated<br /> |k͡ʘʰ<br /> |'''ph'''<br /> |k͡ǀʰ<br /> |'''śh'''<br /> |k͡ǁʰ<br /> |'''łh'''<br /> |k͡ǃʰ<br /> |'''ṭh'''<br /> |k͡‼ʰ<br /> |'''ṣh'''<br /> |k͡𝼋ʰ<br /> |'''jh'''<br /> |-<br /> !glottalized<br /> |k͡ʘˀ<br /> |'''p’'''<br /> |k͡ǀˀ<br /> |'''ś’'''<br /> |k͡ǁˀ<br /> |'''ł’'''<br /> |k͡ǃˀ<br /> |'''ṭ’'''<br /> |k͡‼ˀ<br /> |'''ṣ’'''<br /> |k͡𝼋ˀ<br /> |'''j’'''<br /> |-<br /> !delayed release<br /> |ʘ͡kʰ<br /> |'''pk'''<br /> |ǀ͡kʰ<br /> |'''śk'''<br /> |ǁ͡kʰ<br /> |'''łk'''<br /> |ǃ͡kʰ<br /> |'''ṭk'''<br /> |‼͡kʰ<br /> |'''ṣk'''<br /> |𝼋͡kʰ<br /> |'''jk'''<br /> |-<br /> !ejective<br /> |ʘ͡kʼ<br /> |'''pk’'''<br /> |ǀ͡kʼ<br /> |'''śk’'''<br /> |ǁ͡kʼ<br /> |'''łk’'''<br /> |ǃ͡kʼ<br /> |'''ṭk’'''<br /> |‼͡kʼ<br /> |'''ṣk’'''<br /> |𝼋͡kʼ<br /> |'''jk’'''<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="3" |Voiced<br /> !plain<br /> |ɡ͡ʘ<br /> |'''gp'''<br /> |ɡ͡ǀ<br /> |'''gś'''<br /> |ɡ͡ǁ<br /> |'''gł'''<br /> |ɡ͡ǃ<br /> |'''gṭ'''<br /> |ɡ͡‼<br /> |'''gṣ'''<br /> |ɡ͡𝼋<br /> |'''gj'''<br /> |-<br /> !aspirated<br /> |ɡ͡ʘʰ<br /> |'''gph'''<br /> |ɡ͡ǀʰ<br /> |'''gśh'''<br /> |ɡ͡ǁʰ<br /> |'''głh'''<br /> |ɡ͡ǃʰ<br /> |'''gṭh'''<br /> |ɡ͡‼ʰ<br /> |'''gṣh'''<br /> |ɡ͡𝼋ʰ<br /> |'''gjh'''<br /> |-<br /> !glottalized<br /> |ɡ͡ʘˀ<br /> |'''gp’'''<br /> |ɡ͡ǀˀ<br /> |'''gś’'''<br /> |ɡ͡ǁˀ<br /> |'''gł’'''<br /> |ɡ͡ǃˀ<br /> |'''gṭ’'''<br /> |ɡ͡‼ˀ<br /> |'''gṣ’'''<br /> |ɡ͡𝼋ˀ<br /> |'''gj’'''<br /> |}<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> !VOWELS<br /> ! colspan="2" |Front<br /> ! colspan="2" |Central<br /> ! colspan="2" |Back<br /> |-<br /> !Fricated<br /> |i̝<br /> |'''ii'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |u̝<br /> |'''uu'''<br /> |-<br /> !Close<br /> |i~ɪ<br /> |'''i'''<br /> |ʉ<br /> |'''uy'''<br /> |u~ʊ<br /> |'''u'''<br /> |-<br /> !Close-Mid<br /> |e<br /> |'''e'''<br /> |ə ɵ<br /> |'''ẹ oy'''<br /> |o<br /> |'''o'''<br /> |-<br /> !Open-Mid<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɞ<br /> |'''ọy'''<br /> |ɔ<br /> |'''ọ'''<br /> |-<br /> !Open<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |a<br /> |'''a'''<br /> |ɑ<br /> |'''ạ'''<br /> |}<br /> Words can either be monosyllabic and contain contour or level tones, or be polysyllabic and only contain level tones.<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> !TONES<br /> !High<br /> !Mid<br /> !Low<br /> |-<br /> !High<br /> |H<br /> |HM<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Mid<br /> |<br /> |M<br /> |ML<br /> |-<br /> !Low<br /> |<br /> |LM<br /> |L<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Deeplect -A ==<br /> Deeplect -A is intended to create a manner of communication that involves very little complexity, whether that be phonological, grammatical, semantic, or pragmatic, and therefore easy and intuitive to learn from any linguistic background. Words do not take on parts of speech (noun, verb, etc.) or grammatical roles (subject, object, etc.) typical of natural languages. The syntactic structure is based purely on the relationships of emphasized words, unemphasized words, and pauses.<br /> <br /> '''Vocabulary'''<br /> <br /> * small: ki<br /> ** can be used to describe small size, quantity, height, social position, etc.<br /> * big: on<br /> ** can be used to describe large size, quantity, height, social position, etc.<br /> * move: ne<br /> ** can be used to describe living things, fluids, motion, etc.<br /> * stay: at<br /> ** can be used to describe unmoving things, solids, the ground, some locations, etc.<br /> * subject: e (subject of discussion, not gramamtical subject)<br /> * not: su<br /> <br /> '''Syntax'''<br /> <br /> ''u'' = unemphasized word; ''E'' = emphasized word<br /> <br /> * uE: ''u'' performs as a topic, ''E'' performs as a comment modifying the topic.<br /> * Eu: ''E'' performs as a novel topic, ''u'' performs as a comment modifying the novel topic.<br /> * u<sub>1</sub>u<sub>1</sub>: marks plurality<br /> * E<sub>1</sub>E<sub>1</sub>: marks emphasis<br /> * u<sub>1</sub>u<sub>2</sub>/E<sub>1</sub>E<sub>2</sub>: marks addition or comparison depending on context<br /> * Lack of pauses indicate a continuous idea.<br /> * Brief pauses (marked with commas) indicate the beginning of a new idea related to the previous one.<br /> * Medial pauses (marked with periods ) indicate the beginning of a new idea related to the multiple previous ideas. Which previous ideas they are is left up to context.<br /> * Long pauses (marked with elipses) indicate the beginning of an idea unrelates to the previous ones.<br /> <br /> '''Expressions'''<br /> <br /> * Ownership is expressed with "e ON e KI", translating to "This is big and/but that is small." This can also be used to compare sizes or quantities of "this" and "that", depending on context.<br /> ** "e ON KI" translates to "This is big and small."<br /> ** "e on e ki" translates to "This, a big thing, that, and a small thing."<br /> ** "e ON E KI" translates to "This is big, the other thing, and small."<br /> ** "e ON, e KI" translates to "This is big, meanwhile that is small." This is more often used for comparison of the sizes between "this" and "that".<br /> ** "e ON. e KI" translates to "...and this is big. Additionally, that is small."<br /> ** "E on, e KI" translates to "As for this, this is big, and/but that is small."<br /> ** "E on e KI" translates to "As for this, this is big and the other thing. There is also a small thing."<br /> <br /> == Deeplect -9 ==<br /> <br /> === Consonant ===<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Consonants<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Bilabial<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Dental<br /> ! colspan="3" |Alveolar<br /> ! colspan="4" |Palatal<br /> ! colspan="6" |Velar<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Laryngeal<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Plain<br /> !Palatal<br /> ! colspan="2" |Plain<br /> ! colspan="2" |Labial<br /> ! colspan="2" |Plain<br /> ! colspan="2" |Palatal<br /> ! colspan="2" |Labial<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Nasal<br /> |m̥<br /> |m<br /> |<br /> |ᵑʇ<br /> |n̥<br /> |n<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɲ<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ŋ̊<br /> |ŋ<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |'''''mh/ṁ'''''<br /> |'''''m'''''<br /> |<br /> |'''''nz'''''<br /> |'''''nh/ṅ'''''<br /> |'''''n'''''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |'''''ny/ņ'''''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |'''''ňh'''''<br /> |'''''ň'''''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="6" |Plosive<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Aspirated<br /> |pʰ<br /> |bʰ<br /> |ᵏʇʰ<br /> |<br /> |tʰ<br /> |dʰ<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɟʰ<br /> |<br /> |ɟʰʷ<br /> |kʰ<br /> |<br /> |kʰʲ<br /> |<br /> |kʰᶣ<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |'''''ph'''''<br /> |'''''bh'''''<br /> |'''''zh'''''<br /> |<br /> |'''''th'''''<br /> |'''''dh'''''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |'''''jh'''''<br /> |<br /> |'''''ǰh'''''<br /> |'''''kh'''''<br /> |<br /> |'''''ķh'''''<br /> |<br /> |'''''ǩh'''''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Plain<br /> |p<br /> |b<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |t<br /> |d<br /> |tɕ<br /> |c<br /> |ɟ<br /> |cʷ<br /> |ɟʷ<br /> |k<br /> |<br /> |kʲ<br /> |<br /> |kᶣ<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |'''''p'''''<br /> |'''''b'''''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |'''''t'''''<br /> |'''''d'''''<br /> |'''''ch'''''<br /> |'''''c'''''<br /> |'''''j'''''<br /> |'''''č'''''<br /> |'''''ǰ'''''<br /> |'''''k'''''<br /> |<br /> |'''''ķ'''''<br /> |<br /> |'''''ǩ'''''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Rhinoglottic<br /> |pʼ<br /> |ᵐb<br /> |ᵏʇˀ<br /> |<br /> |tʼ<br /> |ⁿd<br /> |tɕʼ<br /> |<br /> |ᶮɟ<br /> |<br /> |ᶮɟʷ<br /> |kʼ<br /> |ᵑg<br /> |kʲʼ<br /> |ᵑgʲ<br /> |kᶣʼ<br /> |ᵑgᶣ<br /> |ʔ<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |'''''pp'''''<br /> |'''''nb'''''<br /> |'''''zz'''''<br /> |<br /> |'''''tt'''''<br /> |'''''nd'''''<br /> |'''''cc'''''<br /> |<br /> |'''''jj'''''<br /> |<br /> |'''''nǰ'''''<br /> |'''''kk'''''<br /> |'''''ng'''''<br /> |'''''ḱḱ'''''<br /> |'''''nǵ'''''<br /> |'''''ǩǩ'''''<br /> |'''''nǧ'''''<br /> |'''''<nowiki/>''''''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Fricative<br /> |ɸ<br /> |β<br /> |θ~s̪<br /> |ð~z̪<br /> |s<br /> |<br /> |ʃ<br /> |ç<br /> |ʝ<br /> |çʷ<br /> |ʝʷ<br /> |<br /> |ʁ<br /> |<br /> |ʁʲ<br /> |<br /> |ʁᶣ<br /> |h<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |'''''f'''''<br /> |'''''v'''''<br /> |'''''ç'''''<br /> |'''''z'''''<br /> |'''''s'''''<br /> |<br /> |'''''x'''''<br /> |'''''ś'''''<br /> |'''''ź'''''<br /> |'''''š'''''<br /> |'''''ž'''''<br /> |<br /> |'''''g'''''<br /> |<br /> |'''''ǵ'''''<br /> |<br /> |'''''ǧ'''''<br /> |'''''h'''''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Approximant<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |l̥<br /> |l<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |j<br /> |<br /> |ɥ<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ʕ̞<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |'''''lh'''''<br /> |'''''l'''''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |'''''y'''''<br /> |<br /> |'''''w'''''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |'''''q'''''<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Tap<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɾ̥<br /> |ɾ<br /> |<br /> |ɾ̥ʲ<br /> |ɾʲ<br /> |ɾ̥ᶣ<br /> |ɾᶣ<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |'''''rh'''''<br /> |'''''r'''''<br /> |<br /> |'''''ŕh'''''<br /> |'''''ŕ'''''<br /> |'''''řh'''''<br /> |'''''ř'''''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Trill<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |r̥<br /> |r<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |'''''ŗh'''''<br /> |'''''ŗ'''''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Vowels ===<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! rowspan="3" |Vowels<br /> ! colspan="3" |Front<br /> ! colspan="2" |Central<br /> ! colspan="2" |Back<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Oral<br /> ! colspan="2" |Nasal<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Oral<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Nasal<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Oral<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Nasal<br /> |-<br /> !Unround<br /> !Round<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |High<br /> |i<br /> |ĩ<br /> |ỹ<br /> |ɨ<br /> |ɨ̃<br /> |<br /> |ʊ̃<br /> |-<br /> |'''''i'''''<br /> |'''''ĩ'''''<br /> |'''''ü'''''<br /> |'''''u'''''<br /> |'''''ũ'''''<br /> |<br /> |'''''õ'''''<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Mid<br /> |e<br /> |ẽ<br /> |ø̃<br /> |ɘ<br /> |<br /> |o<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |'''''e'''''<br /> |'''''ẽ'''''<br /> |'''''ö'''''<br /> |'''''ë'''''<br /> |<br /> |'''''o'''''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Low<br /> |ɛ~æ<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɔ~ɑ<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |'''''ä'''''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |'''''a'''''<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Grammar ===<br /> Nouns usually have either feminine or masculine gender. Nouns and proper nouns referring to people can have feminine, masculine, or femasculine. Proper nouns not referring to people are always femasculine. There is some precedent for nouns or proper nouns with the opposite gender that they're supposed to have being used for alternative versions of the original word. This is primarily used in fiction and physics.<br /> <br /> Deeplect -9 has a complex way of marking gender, topic, number, transitivity, specificity, and adjectives that makes them interconnected.<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> !Masc //-bʰi//, //-te//<br /> |-<br /> !Fem //-ⁿd//, //-l//<br /> |-<br /> !Femasc //-bʰiⁿd//, //-tel//<br /> |}<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="3" rowspan="3" |Noun Declensions (''lhaadh'')<br /> ! colspan="4" |Topic within noun phrase<br /> ! colspan="2" |Topic not within noun phrase<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Subject<br /> ! colspan="2" |Object<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Subject<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Object<br /> |-<br /> !Noun Topic<br /> !Adjective Topic<br /> !Noun Topic<br /> !Adjective Topic<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="3" |Generic<br /> | colspan="2" |''lhaadh'' V O<br /> | colspan="2" |V ''lhaadh'' S<br /> |V O ''lhaadh''<br /> |S V ''lhaadh''<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="6" |Singular<br /> ! rowspan="3" |Non-specific<br /> !Masc<br /> |''lhaadte'' V O<br /> |''lhaadbhi'' V O<br /> |V ''lhaachte'' S<br /> |V ''lhaach'' S<br /> |V O ''lhaadhbhi''<br /> |S V ''lhaach''<br /> |-<br /> !Fem<br /> |''lhaadhal'' V O<br /> |''lhaadhand'' V O<br /> |V ''lhaadhol'' S<br /> |V ''lhaadhon'' S<br /> |V O ''lhaadhand''<br /> |S V ''lhaadhon''<br /> |-<br /> !Femasc<br /> |''lhaadtel'' V O<br /> |''lhaadhbhind'' V O<br /> |V ''lhaachontel'' S<br /> |V ''lhaachon'' S<br /> |V O ''lhaadhbhind''<br /> |S V ''lhaachon''<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="3" |Specific<br /> !Masc<br /> |''lhaadte'' V O<br /> |''lhaadbhi'' V O<br /> |V ''lhaadhbhite'' S<br /> |''lhaadbhi'' V O<br /> |V O ''lhaadhbhi''<br /> |S V ''lhaadhbhi''<br /> |-<br /> !Fem<br /> |''lhaadhal'' V O<br /> |''lhaadhand'' V O<br /> |V ''lhaadhandal'' S<br /> |''lhaadhand'' V O<br /> |V O ''lhaadhand''<br /> |S V ''lhaadhand''<br /> |-<br /> !Femasc<br /> |''lhaadtel'' V O<br /> |''lhaadhbhind'' V O<br /> |V ''lhaadhbhindel'' S<br /> |''lhaadhbhind'' V O<br /> |V O ''lhaadhbhind''<br /> |S V ''lhaadhbhind''<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="4" |Plural<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Non-specific<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Specific<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="4" |Distributive<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Non-specific<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Specific<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Verbs<br /> ! colspan="2" |Intransitive<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Transitive<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> !Adjectives<br /> !<br /> !<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> In the following charts, small asterisked words are atypical declensions.<br /> {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Nouns<br /> !Plain<br /> !Fem<br /> !Masc<br /> !Femasc<br /> !Fem Topic<br /> !Masc Topic<br /> !Femasc Topic<br /> !Fem Singular<br /> !Masc Singular<br /> !Femasc Singular<br /> |-<br /> !//Ø//<br /> !//-ⁿd//<br /> !//-bʰi//<br /> !//-bʰiⁿd//<br /> !//-l//<br /> !//-te//<br /> !//-tel//<br /> !//-on//<br /> !//-js//<br /> !//-json//<br /> |-<br /> !friend<br /> |chẽ<br /> |chẽnd<br /> |chẽbhi<br /> |chẽbhind<br /> |chẽl<br /> |chẽte<br /> |chẽtel<br /> |chẽon<br /> |chẽys<br /> |chẽyson<br /> |-<br /> !watermelon<br /> |vilh<br /> |*vilnd<br /> |vilhbhi<br /> |*vilhbhind<br /> |*vill<br /> |vilhte<br /> |*vilhtel<br /> |*vilhon<br /> |vilhx<br /> |*vilhxon<br /> |-<br /> !sun<br /> |ńaṁ<br /> |*ńamnd<br /> |ńaṁbhi<br /> |*ńaṁbhind<br /> |*ńaml<br /> |ńaṁte<br /> |*ńaṁtel<br /> |*ńaṁon<br /> |ńaṁx<br /> |*ńaṁxon<br /> |-<br /> !moon<br /> |ḱḱuŗh<br /> |*ḱḱuŗnd<br /> |ḱḱuŗhbhi<br /> |*ḱḱuŗhbhind<br /> |ḱḱuŗl<br /> |ḱḱuŗhte<br /> |*ḱḱuŗhtel<br /> |*ḱḱuŗhon<br /> |ḱḱuŗhx<br /> |*ḱḱuŗhxon<br /> |-<br /> !day<br /> |ma<br /> |mand<br /> |*mabhi<br /> |*mabhind<br /> |mal<br /> |*mate<br /> |*matel<br /> |maon<br /> |*mays<br /> |*mayson<br /> |-<br /> !night<br /> |bhai<br /> |bhaind<br /> |*bhaibhi<br /> |*bhaibhind<br /> |bhail<br /> |*bhaite<br /> |*bhaitel<br /> |bhaion<br /> |*bhaiys<br /> |*bhaiyson<br /> |-<br /> !day sky<br /> |cĩĩ<br /> |cĩĩnd<br /> |*cĩĩbhi<br /> |*cĩĩbhind<br /> |cĩĩl<br /> |*cĩĩte<br /> |*cĩĩtel<br /> |cĩĩon<br /> |*cĩĩys<br /> |*cĩĩyson<br /> |-<br /> !night sky<br /> |'att<br /> |*'attand<br /> |'attibhi<br /> |*'attibhind<br /> |*'attal<br /> |'atte<br /> |*'attel<br /> |*'atton<br /> |'attis<br /> |*'attison<br /> |-<br /> !cloud<br /> |lhä<br /> |lhänd<br /> |*lhäbhi<br /> |*lhäbhind<br /> |lhäl<br /> |*lhäte<br /> |*lhätel<br /> |lhäon<br /> |*lhäys<br /> |*lhäyson<br /> |-<br /> !paper<br /> |nzũ'<br /> |nzũnd<br /> |*nzũ'bhi<br /> |*nzũ'bhind<br /> |nzũl<br /> |*nzũ'te<br /> |*nzũ'tel<br /> |nzũ'on<br /> |*nzũ'x<br /> |*nzũ'xon<br /> |-<br /> !computer<br /> |zhoto<br /> |*zhotond<br /> |zhotobhi<br /> |*zhotobhind<br /> |*zhotol<br /> |zhotote<br /> |*zhototel<br /> |*zhotoon<br /> |zhotoys<br /> |*zhotoyson<br /> |-<br /> !person<br /> |lhaadh<br /> |lhaadhand<br /> |lhaadhbhi<br /> |lhaadhbhind<br /> |lhaadhal<br /> |lhaadte<br /> |lhaadtel<br /> |lhaadhon<br /> |lhaadhx<br /> |lhaadhxon<br /> |}<br /> {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Verbs<br /> !Intransitive<br /> !Fem Transitive<br /> !Masc Transitive<br /> !Femasc Transitive<br /> |-<br /> !//Ø//<br /> !//-r̥//<br /> !//-ʊ̃//<br /> !//-ʊ̃r̥//<br /> |-<br /> !like<br /> |qad<br /> |qatŗh<br /> |qadõ<br /> |qadõŗh<br /> |-<br /> !want<br /> |chëk<br /> |chëkŗh<br /> |chëkõ<br /> |chëkõŗh<br /> |-<br /> !have<br /> |ṁẽ<br /> |ṁẽŗh<br /> |ṁẽõ<br /> |ṁẽõŗh<br /> |-<br /> !give<br /> |zzõ<br /> |zzõŗh<br /> |zzõõ<br /> |zzõõŗh<br /> |-<br /> !receive/take<br /> |ń'e<br /> |ń'eŗh<br /> |ń'eõ<br /> |ń'eõŗh<br /> |-<br /> !eat/drink<br /> |mäx<br /> |mäxŗh<br /> |mäxõ<br /> |mäxõŗh<br /> |-<br /> !breathe<br /> |ňhim<br /> |ňhimŗh<br /> |ňhimõ<br /> |ňhimõŗh<br /> |-<br /> !say<br /> |ää<br /> |ääŗh<br /> |ääõ<br /> |ääõŗh<br /> |-<br /> !sing<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !go to<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !leave<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Adjectives<br /> !Fem<br /> !Masc<br /> !Femasc<br /> !Fem Topic<br /> !Masc Topic<br /> !Femasc Topic<br /> |-<br /> !//-β//<br /> !//-i//<br /> !//-ɥ//<br /> !//-l//<br /> !//-te//<br /> !//-tel//<br /> |-<br /> !happy<br /> |zzaav<br /> |zzaai<br /> |zzaaw<br /> |zaal<br /> |zzaate<br /> |zaatel<br /> |-<br /> !blue<br /> |ǵëv<br /> |ǵëi<br /> |ǵëw<br /> |ǵël<br /> |ǵëte<br /> |ǵëtel<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Deeplect -8 ==<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> !C<br /> ! colspan="2" |Bilabial<br /> ! colspan="2" |Alveolar<br /> ! colspan="2" |Dorsal<br /> ! colspan="2" |Glottal<br /> !V<br /> !Non-Back<br /> !Back<br /> |-<br /> !Nasal<br /> |{{ipa|m̥}}<br /> |{{ipa|m}}<br /> |{{ipa|n̥}}<br /> |{{ipa|n}}<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|ɲ}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> !Close<br /> |{{ipa|i̞}}<br /> |{{ipa|ɯ}}<br /> |-<br /> !Plosive<br /> |{{ipa|pʰ}}<br /> |{{ipa|bʰ}}<br /> |{{ipa|tʰ}}<br /> |{{ipa|dʰ}}<br /> |{{ipa|kʰ}}<br /> |{{ipa|ɡʰ}}<br /> |{{ipa|ʔ}}<br /> |<br /> !Mid<br /> |{{ipa|ə}}<br /> |{{ipa|o}}<br /> |-<br /> !Fricative<br /> |{{ipa|ɸ}}<br /> |{{ipa|β}}<br /> |{{ipa|ʃ}}<br /> |{{ipa|ʒ}}<br /> |{{ipa|x}}<br /> |{{ipa|ɣ}}<br /> |{{ipa|h}}<br /> |{{ipa|ɦ}}<br /> !Open<br /> |{{ipa|a}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Sonorant<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|w}}<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|ɾ}}<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|j}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> ! colspan="3" |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> * VS̥ʰ VS̬ʰ > V́S̥ V̀S̥ / _%<br /> <br /> (C<sub>1</sub>)V(C<sub>2</sub>)<br /> <br /> * C<sub>1</sub>: any consonant except /ʔ h ɦ/<br /> * V: any vowel<br /> * C<sub>2</sub>: any consonant<br /> <br /> === Transliterations ===<br /> <br /> ==== Latin ====<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> !IPA<br /> |{{ipa|m̥}}<br /> |{{ipa|m}}<br /> |{{ipa|n̥}}<br /> |{{ipa|n}}<br /> |{{ipa|ɲ}}<br /> |{{ipa|pʰ}}<br /> |{{ipa|bʰ}}<br /> |{{ipa|tʰ}}<br /> |{{ipa|dʰ}}<br /> |{{ipa|kʰ}}<br /> |{{ipa|ɡʰ}}<br /> |{{ipa|ʔ}}<br /> |{{ipa|ɸ}}<br /> |{{ipa|β}}<br /> |{{ipa|ʃ}}<br /> |{{ipa|ʒ}}<br /> |{{ipa|x}}<br /> |{{ipa|ɣ}}<br /> |{{ipa|h}}<br /> |{{ipa|ɦ}}<br /> |{{ipa|w}}<br /> |{{ipa|ɾ}}<br /> |{{ipa|j}}<br /> |{{ipa|i̞}}<br /> |{{ipa|ɯ}}<br /> |{{ipa|ə}}<br /> |{{ipa|o}}<br /> |{{ipa|a}}<br /> |-<br /> !Romanization<br /> |'''mh'''<br /> |'''m'''<br /> |'''nh'''<br /> |'''n'''<br /> |'''ny'''<br /> |'''p'''<br /> |'''b'''<br /> |'''t'''<br /> |'''d'''<br /> |'''k'''<br /> |'''g'''<br /> |'''c'''<br /> |'''f'''<br /> |'''v'''<br /> |'''s'''<br /> |'''j'''<br /> |'''x'''<br /> |'''q'''<br /> |'''h'''<br /> |'''’'''<br /> |'''w'''<br /> |'''r'''<br /> |'''y'''<br /> |'''i'''<br /> |'''u'''<br /> |'''e'''<br /> |'''o'''<br /> |'''a'''<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==== Kana ====<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> !<br /> !{{ipa|Ø}}<br /> !{{ipa|m̥}}<br /> !{{ipa|m}}<br /> !{{ipa|n̥}}<br /> !{{ipa|n}}<br /> !{{ipa|ɲ}}<br /> !{{ipa|pʰ}}<br /> !{{ipa|bʰ}}<br /> !{{ipa|tʰ}}<br /> !{{ipa|dʰ}}<br /> !{{ipa|kʰ}}<br /> !{{ipa|ɡʰ}}<br /> !{{ipa|ʔ}}<br /> !{{ipa|ɸ}}<br /> !{{ipa|β}}<br /> !{{ipa|ʃ}}<br /> !{{ipa|ʒ}}<br /> !{{ipa|x}}<br /> !{{ipa|ɣ}}<br /> !{{ipa|h}}<br /> !{{ipa|ɦ}}<br /> !{{ipa|w}}<br /> !{{ipa|ɾ}}<br /> !{{ipa|j}}<br /> |-<br /> !{{ipa|i̞}}<br /> |'''い'''<br /> |'''ミ'''<br /> |'''み'''<br /> |'''ニ'''<br /> |'''に'''<br /> |'''にぃ'''<br /> |'''ぴ'''<br /> |'''び'''<br /> |'''ち'''<br /> |'''ぢ'''<br /> |'''き'''<br /> |'''ぎ'''<br /> |<br /> |'''ふぃ'''<br /> |'''ゔぃ'''<br /> |'''し'''<br /> |'''じ'''<br /> |'''キ'''<br /> |'''ギ'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |'''ゐ'''<br /> |'''り'''<br /> |'''いぃ'''<br /> |-<br /> !{{ipa|ɯ}}<br /> |'''う'''<br /> |'''ム'''<br /> |'''む'''<br /> |'''ヌ'''<br /> |'''ぬ'''<br /> |'''にゅ'''<br /> |'''ぷ'''<br /> |'''び'''<br /> |'''つ'''<br /> |'''づ'''<br /> |'''く'''<br /> |'''ぐ'''<br /> |<br /> |'''ふ'''<br /> |'''ゔ'''<br /> |'''しゅ'''<br /> |'''じゅ'''<br /> |'''ク'''<br /> |'''グ'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |'''うぅ'''<br /> |'''る'''<br /> |'''ゆ'''<br /> |-<br /> !{{ipa|ə}}<br /> |'''え'''<br /> |'''メ'''<br /> |'''め'''<br /> |'''ネ'''<br /> |'''ね'''<br /> |'''にぇ'''<br /> |'''ぺ'''<br /> |'''べ'''<br /> |'''て'''<br /> |'''で'''<br /> |'''け'''<br /> |'''げ'''<br /> |<br /> |'''ふぇ'''<br /> |'''ゔぇ'''<br /> |'''しぇ'''<br /> |'''じぇ'''<br /> |'''ケ'''<br /> |'''ゲ'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |'''ゑ'''<br /> |'''れ'''<br /> |'''いぇ'''<br /> |-<br /> !{{ipa|o}}<br /> |'''お'''<br /> |'''モ'''<br /> |'''も'''<br /> |'''ノ'''<br /> |'''の'''<br /> |'''にょ'''<br /> |'''ぽ'''<br /> |'''ぼ'''<br /> |'''と'''<br /> |'''ど'''<br /> |'''こ'''<br /> |'''ご'''<br /> |<br /> |'''ふぉ'''<br /> |'''ゔぉ'''<br /> |'''しょ'''<br /> |'''じょ'''<br /> |'''コ'''<br /> |'''ゴ'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |'''を'''<br /> |'''ろ'''<br /> |'''よ'''<br /> |-<br /> !{{ipa|a}}<br /> |'''あ'''<br /> |'''マ'''<br /> |'''ま'''<br /> |'''ナ'''<br /> |'''な'''<br /> |'''にゃ'''<br /> |'''ぱ'''<br /> |'''ば'''<br /> |'''た'''<br /> |'''だ'''<br /> |'''か'''<br /> |'''が'''<br /> |<br /> |'''ふぁ'''<br /> |'''ゔぁ'''<br /> |'''しゃ'''<br /> |'''じゃ'''<br /> |'''カ'''<br /> |'''ガ'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |'''わ'''<br /> |'''ら'''<br /> |'''や'''<br /> |-<br /> !{{ipa|Ø}}<br /> |<br /> |'''ム゚'''<br /> |'''ム゙'''<br /> |'''ヌ゚'''<br /> |'''ヌ゙'''<br /> |'''ニ゙'''<br /> |'''プ'''<br /> |'''ブ'''<br /> |'''ト'''<br /> |'''ド'''<br /> |'''ク゚'''<br /> |'''ん'''<br /> |'''っ'''<br /> |'''フ'''<br /> |'''ヴ'''<br /> |'''シ'''<br /> |'''ジ'''<br /> |'''ホ'''<br /> |'''ン'''<br /> |'''ゝ'''<br /> |'''ゞ'''<br /> |'''ウ'''<br /> |'''ル'''<br /> |'''イ'''<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Deeplect -7 ==<br /> Deeplect-7 divides words into 3 categories depending on how they can be perceived by the senses: proximal sensation, distal sensation, and general sensation. Deeplect -7-speakers recognize 6 senses in terms of these divisions: sight, sound, smell, taste, touch, and memory. The emotional sense refers to an individual being made to feel an emotion. The memorial sense refers to an individual forming a memory or recalling past memories.<br /> <br /> * Proximal sensation includes things whose perception is limited to a close range:<br /> ** any object by its texture<br /> ** whispering by sound<br /> ** blood by flavor<br /> ** paper by scent<br /> ** small insects by sight<br /> ** a dream by memory<br /> * Distal sensation includes things whose perception is '''not''' limited to a close range:<br /> ** weather by its temperature<br /> ** shouting by sound<br /> ** chocolate by expectation-induced flavor<br /> ** a fart by scent<br /> ** a building by sight<br /> ** a bear at a zoo by memory<br /> * General sensation always includes the conceptualization of an object, and senses that are more strongly associated with the concept of it than the sensation of it. Some objects have no associated sensations with them such as<br /> <br /> Often, what translates to a single word in English is split into two or three words depending on how they are experienced in a sentence.<br /> {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"<br /> ! colspan="4" |Vocabulary List<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Deeplect -7<br /> ! colspan="2" |English<br /> |-<br /> !Word<br /> !IPA<br /> !Translation<br /> !Context<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|[nâˀ]|test=}}<br /> |paper<br /> |general: ''visual, conceptual''<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|[sâˀ]|test=}}<br /> |paper<br /> |distal: ''auditory, memorial''<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|[θâˀ]|test=}}<br /> |paper<br /> |proximal: ''tactile, olfactory, gustatory''<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|[nâˀ]|test=}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|[nâˀ]|test=}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|[nâˀ]|test=}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|[nâˀ]|test=}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|[nâˀ]|test=}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|[nâˀ]|test=}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|[nâˀ]|test=}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|[nâˀ]|test=}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|[nâˀ]|test=}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|[nâˀ]|test=}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|[nâˀ]|test=}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|[nâˀ]|test=}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|[nâˀ]|test=}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|[nâˀ]|test=}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|[nâˀ]|test=}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|[nâˀ]|test=}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Deeplect -6 ==<br /> Every word is 6 morae long.<br /> <br /> == Deeplect -5 ==<br /> <br /> === Consonants ===<br /> Deeplect -5 has a small consonant inventory with about half of its consonants being clicks. This small size is made up for in extreme allophony.<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="2" |Consonant<br /> !Labial<br /> !Dental<br /> !Alveolar<br /> !Palatal<br /> !Glottal<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="3" |Pulmonic<br /> !Stop<br /> |p<br /> |<br /> |t<br /> |<br /> |ʔ<br /> |-<br /> !Fricative<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |s<br /> |<br /> |hʲ<br /> |-<br /> !Glide<br /> |w<br /> |<br /> |l<br /> |j<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="3" |Click<br /> !Nasal<br /> |<br /> |ᵑǀ<br /> |ᵑǃ<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Aspirated<br /> |<br /> |ᵏǀʰ<br /> |ᵏǃʰ<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Glottalized<br /> |<br /> |ᵏǀˀ<br /> |ᵏǃˀ<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Vowels ===<br /> X language has two levels of stress: primary and secondary. Primary stress is marked with vowel length and can have a high, low, falling, or rising tone. Secondary stress is marked with either a high or low tone. Primary stress is word-initial, but secondary stress is lexical.<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Vowels<br /> ! colspan="2" |Oral<br /> ! colspan="2" |Nasal<br /> |-<br /> !Front<br /> !Back<br /> !Front<br /> !Back<br /> |-<br /> !Close<br /> |i<br /> |u<br /> |ĩ<br /> |ũ<br /> |-<br /> !Mid<br /> |e<br /> |o<br /> |ẽ<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Open<br /> |<br /> |a<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Phonotactics ===<br /> (C)(G)V(C); C = consonant; G = /t ʔ w j/; Q = click; V = vowel<br /> <br /> # pʔ tʔ > pʼ tʼ<br /> # p t c ʔ s > b d ɟ ʔ̞ z / _{i,e} !{#,C̥}_<br /> # d ǃ > ɟ ǂ / _i<br /> # w l j > m n ɲ / {Ṽ_,_Ṽ}<br /> # n t > ŋ k / _{u,ũ}<br /> # l > ɾ / _{u,o,a}<br /> # V > Ṽ / ᵑQ_<br /> # ᵑǀw ᵑǃj > ᵑʘ ᵑǂ<br /> # hʲ / Ø !_{i,ĩ,e,ẽ}<br /> # QC / Ø !QC=!w<br /> # CCC VVV ṼV VṼ CQ jʔ hʲʔ / Ø<br /> <br /> === Romanization ===<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> !Consonant<br /> ! colspan="8" |Romanization<br /> !Vowel<br /> ! colspan="4" |Romanization<br /> |-<br /> !/p/<br /> ![p]<br /> |p<br /> ![b]<br /> |b<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !/i/<br /> ![i]<br /> |i<br /> ![ĩ]<br /> |i<br /> |-<br /> !/t/<br /> ![t]<br /> |t<br /> ![d]<br /> |d<br /> ![ɟ]<br /> |dj<br /> ![k]<br /> |k<br /> !/ĩ/<br /> ![ĩ]<br /> |in<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !/ʔ/<br /> ![ʔ]<br /> |'<br /> ![ʔ̞]<br /> |'<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !/u/<br /> ![u]<br /> |u<br /> ![ũ]<br /> |u<br /> |-<br /> !/s/<br /> ![s]<br /> |s<br /> ![z]<br /> |z<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !/ũ/<br /> ![ũ]<br /> |un<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !/hʲ/<br /> ![hʲ]<br /> |h<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !/e/<br /> ![e]<br /> |e<br /> ![ẽ]<br /> |e<br /> |-<br /> !/w/<br /> ![w]<br /> |w<br /> ![m]<br /> |m<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !/ẽ/<br /> ![ẽ]<br /> |en<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !/l/<br /> ![l]<br /> |l<br /> ![ɾ]<br /> |r<br /> ![n]<br /> |n<br /> ![ŋ]<br /> |ng<br /> !/o/<br /> ![o]<br /> |o<br /> ![õ]<br /> |o<br /> |-<br /> !/j/<br /> ![j]<br /> |y<br /> ![ɲ]<br /> |nj<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !/a/<br /> ![a]<br /> |a<br /> ![ã]<br /> |a<br /> |-<br /> !/ᵑǀ/<br /> ![ᵑǀ]<br /> |cn<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !Tone<br /> ! colspan="4" |Romanization<br /> |-<br /> !/ᵑǃ/<br /> ![ᵑǃ]<br /> |qn<br /> ![ᵑǂ]<br /> |qny<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !/H/<br /> ![H]<br /> |¯<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !/ᵏǀʰ/<br /> ![ᵏǀʰ]<br /> |ch<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !/L/<br /> ![L]<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !/ᵏǃʰ/<br /> ![ᵏǃʰ]<br /> |qh<br /> ![ᵏǂʰ]<br /> |qh<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !/HL/<br /> ![HL]<br /> |ˋ<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !/ᵏǀˀ/<br /> ![ᵏǀˀ]<br /> |c'<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !/LH<br /> ![LH]<br /> |´<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !/ᵏǃˀ/<br /> ![ᵏǃˀ]<br /> |q'<br /> ![ᵏǂˀ]<br /> |q'<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> ! colspan="5" rowspan="3" |<br /> |-<br /> !/ᵑǀw/<br /> ![ᵑʘ]<br /> |cm<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !/ᵑǃj/<br /> ![ᵑǂ]<br /> |qny<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Deeplect -4.5 ==<br /> This is a naturalistic dialect of Deeplect -4, used for situations where Deeplect -4 would be required to be naturalistic.<br /> <br /> === Consonants ===<br /> All consonants can be lengthened except for /r̥ ɽ͡r ˀɽ/. All velars become palatal or palatalized after front vowels.<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="3" |Consonants<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Labial<br /> ! colspan="4" |Dental<br /> ! colspan="4" |Postalveolar<br /> ! colspan="4" |Velar<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Glottal<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Plain<br /> ! colspan="2" |Glottalized<br /> ! colspan="2" |Plain<br /> ! colspan="2" |Glottalized<br /> ! colspan="2" |Plain<br /> ! colspan="2" |Glottalized<br /> |-<br /> !IPA<br /> !Rom<br /> !IPA<br /> !Rom<br /> !IPA<br /> !Rom<br /> !IPA<br /> !Rom<br /> !IPA<br /> !Rom<br /> !IPA<br /> !Rom<br /> !IPA<br /> !Rom<br /> !IPA<br /> !Rom<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Nasal<br /> |ɱ<br /> |'''m'''<br /> |n<br /> |'''n'''<br /> |ˀn<br /> |'''’n'''<br /> |ɳ<br /> |'''nr'''<br /> |ˀɳ<br /> |'''’nr'''<br /> |ŋ<br /> |'''nj'''<br /> |ˀŋ<br /> |'''’nj'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Plosive<br /> !Voiceless<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |t<br /> |'''t'''<br /> |tʼ<br /> |'''tʼ'''<br /> |ʈ<br /> |'''tr'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |k<br /> |'''k'''<br /> |kʼ<br /> |'''k’'''<br /> |ʔ<br /> |'''’'''<br /> |-<br /> !Voiced<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |d<br /> |'''d'''<br /> |ɗ<br /> |'''d’'''<br /> |ɖ<br /> |'''dr'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |g<br /> |'''g'''<br /> |ɠ<br /> |'''g’'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Affricate<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |t͡s<br /> |'''c'''<br /> |t͡sʼ<br /> |'''c’'''<br /> |t͡ʃ<br /> |'''x'''<br /> |t͡ʃʼ<br /> |'''x’'''<br /> |k͡x<br /> |'''cj'''<br /> |k͡xʼ<br /> |'''cj’'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Fricative<br /> !Voiceless<br /> |f<br /> |'''f'''<br /> |s<br /> |'''s'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ʃ<br /> |'''sr'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |x<br /> |'''sj'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |h<br /> |'''h'''<br /> |-<br /> !Voiced<br /> |v<br /> |'''v'''<br /> |z<br /> |'''z'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ʒ<br /> |'''zr'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɣ<br /> |'''zj'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Approximant<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ð<br /> |'''ð'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Liquid<br /> !Voiceless<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɬ<br /> |'''hl'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |r̥<br /> |'''hr'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Voiced<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |l<br /> |'''l'''<br /> |ˀl<br /> |'''’l'''<br /> |ɽ͡r<br /> |'''rr'''<br /> |ˀɽ<br /> |'''’r'''<br /> |ʟ<br /> |'''lj'''<br /> |ˀʟ<br /> |'''’lj'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Vowels and Tones ===<br /> All vowels have one of four tones: high, low, falling, and rising. Falling and rising tones are closer to the middle range than high or low. High tone is accompanied by preaspiration. On a word-initial vowel, the preaspiration is breathy. The preaspiration is converted into voiceless aspiration on any preceding voiceless consonant, and breathy voice on any preceding voiced consonant. Low tone is accompanied by creaky voice on the vowel.<br /> <br /> Vowels are separated into 2 classes based on their phonotactic behavior and evolutionary history. Class 1 vowels have no phonotactic restrictions other than that they cannot form diphthongs with each other. These vowels originated from the proto-language's 3-vowel system /e a o/.<br /> <br /> Class 2 vowels must be preceded or followed by a consonant, or both, and cannot be adjacent to a Class 1 vowel. Class 2 vowels can form diphthongs with each other. These diphthongs use the same tone system as other vowels. Diphthongs with consonants involve sliding articulation. Class 2 diphthongs cannot be adjacent to each other and adhere to the same restrictions as Class 2 monophthongs. They are excluded from the charts because all Class 2 vowels can form diphthongs (or long vowels) with another and it is not specially notated in romanization.<br /> <br /> There are three romanizations systems for Deeplect -4 which differ in vowel and tone notation. The Vohnegien<ref name=":02">Name created by [[Janus]].</ref> notation prioritized representing historical pronunciation such as syllabic consonants and their descendants being written with an vowel-initial diagraph upon which tones would be marked with diacritics. Vohnegien notation is seen as more outdated by some, but still used by a few scattered Deeplect -4-speaking regions and by linguists.<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="12" |Vohnegien Notation<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="3" |Vowels<br /> ! colspan="6" |Non-labial<br /> ! colspan="4" |Labial<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Extra-Front<br /> ! colspan="2" |Front<br /> ! colspan="2" |Back<br /> ! colspan="2" |Front<br /> ! colspan="2" |Back<br /> |-<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Class 1<br /> !Monophthong<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |e<br /> |'''e'''<br /> |ɤ<br /> |'''y'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |o<br /> |'''o'''<br /> |-<br /> !Diphthong<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |je<br /> |'''ie'''<br /> |ɰɤ<br /> |'''uy'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |wo<br /> |'''uo'''<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="3" |Class 2<br /> !Nasal<br /> |n̩<br /> |'''an'''<br /> |ĩ<br /> |'''in'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɱ̍<br /> |'''am'''<br /> |ũ<br /> |'''un'''<br /> |-<br /> !Close<br /> |l̩<br /> |'''al'''<br /> |i<br /> |'''iy'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |y<br /> |'''iu'''<br /> |ʉ<br /> |'''eu'''<br /> |-<br /> !Open<br /> |r̩<br /> |'''ar'''<br /> |æ<br /> |'''ae'''<br /> |ɑ<br /> |'''ao'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɵ<br /> |'''au'''<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Tones<br /> ! colspan="2" |-H<br /> ! colspan="2" |-L<br /> | colspan="6" rowspan="4" |⟨V⟩ here is used to represent a vowel, not the letter V.<br /> |-<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |H-<br /> |ʰV́<br /> |'''V̄'''<br /> |V̂<br /> |'''V̀'''<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |L-<br /> |V̌<br /> |'''V́'''<br /> |V̰̀<br /> |'''V'''<br /> |}<br /> Gritchend<ref name=":02" /> approached notation from a modern pronunciation in which diacritics are used on consonants to show syllabicity and on vowels to show vowel quality. Gritchend elected to romanize tones with unused consonant letters. Gritchend notation is broadly considered the modern notation of the language and is used in most formal and informal contexts.<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="12" |Gritchend Notation<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="3" |Vowels<br /> ! colspan="6" |Non-labial<br /> ! colspan="4" |Labial<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Extra-Front<br /> ! colspan="2" |Front<br /> ! colspan="2" |Back<br /> ! colspan="2" |Front<br /> ! colspan="2" |Back<br /> |-<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Class 1<br /> !Monophthong<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |e<br /> |'''e'''<br /> |ɤ<br /> |'''y'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |o<br /> |'''o'''<br /> |-<br /> !Diphthong<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |je<br /> |'''ie'''<br /> |ɰɤ<br /> |'''uy'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |wo<br /> |'''uo'''<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="3" |Class 2<br /> !Nasal<br /> |n̩<br /> |'''ń'''<br /> |ĩ<br /> |'''ĩ'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɱ̍<br /> |'''ḿ'''<br /> |ũ<br /> |'''ũ'''<br /> |-<br /> !Close<br /> |l̩<br /> |'''ĺ'''<br /> |i<br /> |'''i'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |y<br /> |'''u'''<br /> |ʉ<br /> |'''ü'''<br /> |-<br /> !Open<br /> |r̩<br /> |'''ŕ'''<br /> |æ<br /> |'''ä'''<br /> |ɑ<br /> |'''a'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɵ<br /> |'''ö'''<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Tones<br /> ! colspan="2" |-H<br /> ! colspan="2" |-L<br /> | colspan="6" rowspan="4" |⟨S⟩ here is used to represent a syllable, not the letter S.<br /> |-<br /> !IPA<br /> !Grit.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Grit.<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |H-<br /> |ʰV́<br /> |'''S'''<br /> |V̂<br /> |'''Sb'''<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |L-<br /> |V̌<br /> |'''Sp'''<br /> |V̰̀<br /> |'''Sq'''<br /> |}<br /> In the interest of avoiding the use of diacritics altogether, Vondenberg<ref name=":02" /> combined the vowel notation of Vohnegien and tone notation of Gritchend. This more modern romanization is most often used in informal text messages and typing with decorative fonts, which often have poor diacritic support.<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="12" |Vondenberg Notation<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="3" |Vowels<br /> ! colspan="6" |Non-labial<br /> ! colspan="4" |Labial<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Extra-Front<br /> ! colspan="2" |Front<br /> ! colspan="2" |Back<br /> ! colspan="2" |Front<br /> ! colspan="2" |Back<br /> |-<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vond.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vond.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vond.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vond.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vond.<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Class 1<br /> !Monophthong<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |e<br /> |'''e'''<br /> |ɤ<br /> |'''y'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |o<br /> |'''o'''<br /> |-<br /> !Diphthong<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |je<br /> |'''ie'''<br /> |ɰɤ<br /> |'''uy'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |wo<br /> |'''uo'''<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="3" |Class 2<br /> !Nasal<br /> |n̩<br /> |'''an'''<br /> |ĩ<br /> |'''in'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɱ̍<br /> |'''am'''<br /> |ũ<br /> |'''un'''<br /> |-<br /> !Close<br /> |l̩<br /> |'''al'''<br /> |i<br /> |'''iy'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |y<br /> |'''iu'''<br /> |ʉ<br /> |'''eu'''<br /> |-<br /> !Open<br /> |r̩<br /> |'''ar'''<br /> |æ<br /> |'''ae'''<br /> |ɑ<br /> |'''ao'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɵ<br /> |'''au'''<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Tones<br /> ! colspan="2" |-H<br /> ! colspan="2" |-L<br /> | colspan="6" rowspan="4" |⟨S⟩ here is used to represent a syllable, not the letter S.<br /> |-<br /> !IPA<br /> !Grit.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Grit.<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |H-<br /> |ʰV́<br /> |'''S'''<br /> |V̂<br /> |'''Sb'''<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |L-<br /> |V̌<br /> |'''Sp'''<br /> |V̰̀<br /> |'''Sq'''<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Deeplect -4 ==<br /> <br /> === Consonants ===<br /> All consonants can be lengthened except for /r̥ ɽ͡r ˀɽ/.<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="3" |Consonants<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Labial<br /> ! colspan="4" |Dental<br /> ! colspan="4" |Postalveolar<br /> ! colspan="4" |Palatal<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Glottal<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Plain<br /> ! colspan="2" |Glottalized<br /> ! colspan="2" |Plain<br /> ! colspan="2" |Glottalized<br /> ! colspan="2" |Plain<br /> ! colspan="2" |Glottalized<br /> |-<br /> !IPA<br /> !Rom<br /> !IPA<br /> !Rom<br /> !IPA<br /> !Rom<br /> !IPA<br /> !Rom<br /> !IPA<br /> !Rom<br /> !IPA<br /> !Rom<br /> !IPA<br /> !Rom<br /> !IPA<br /> !Rom<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Nasal<br /> |ɱ<br /> |'''m'''<br /> |n<br /> |'''n'''<br /> |ˀn<br /> |'''’n'''<br /> |ɳ<br /> |'''nr'''<br /> |ˀɳ<br /> |'''’nr'''<br /> |ɲ<br /> |'''nj'''<br /> |ˀɲ<br /> |'''’nj'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Plosive<br /> !Voiceless<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |t<br /> |'''t'''<br /> |tʼ<br /> |'''tʼ'''<br /> |ʈ<br /> |'''tr'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |c<br /> |'''k'''<br /> |cʼ<br /> |'''k’'''<br /> |ʔ<br /> |'''’'''<br /> |-<br /> !Voiced<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |d<br /> |'''d'''<br /> |ɗ<br /> |'''d’'''<br /> |ɖ<br /> |'''dr'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɟ<br /> |'''g'''<br /> |ʄ<br /> |'''g’'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Affricate<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |t͡s<br /> |'''c'''<br /> |t͡sʼ<br /> |'''c’'''<br /> |t͡ʃ<br /> |'''x'''<br /> |t͡ʃʼ<br /> |'''x’'''<br /> |c͡ç<br /> |'''cj'''<br /> |c͡çʼ<br /> |'''cj’'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Fricative<br /> !Voiceless<br /> |f<br /> |'''f'''<br /> |s<br /> |'''s'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ʃ<br /> |'''sr'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ç<br /> |'''sj'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |h<br /> |'''h'''<br /> |-<br /> !Voiced<br /> |v<br /> |'''v'''<br /> |z<br /> |'''z'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ʒ<br /> |'''zr'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ʝ<br /> |'''zj'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Approximant<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ð<br /> |'''ð'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Liquid<br /> !Voiceless<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɬ<br /> |'''hl'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |r̥<br /> |'''hr'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Voiced<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |l<br /> |'''l'''<br /> |ˀl<br /> |'''’l'''<br /> |ɽ͡r<br /> |'''rr'''<br /> |ˀɽ<br /> |'''’r'''<br /> |ʎ<br /> |'''lj'''<br /> |ˀʎ<br /> |'''’lj'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Vowels and Tones ===<br /> All vowels have one of four tones: high, low, falling, and rising. Falling and rising tones are closer to the middle range than high or low. High tone is accompanied by preaspiration. On a word-initial vowel, the preaspiration is breathy. The preaspiration is converted into voiceless aspiration on any preceding voiceless consonant, and breathy voice on any preceding voiced consonant. Low tone is accompanied by creaky voice on the vowel.<br /> <br /> Vowels are separated into 2 classes based on their phonotactic behavior and evolutionary history. Class 1 vowels have no phonotactic restrictions other than that they cannot form diphthongs with each other. These vowels originated from the proto-language's 3-vowel system /e a o/.<br /> <br /> Class 2 vowels must be preceded or followed by a consonant, or both, and cannot be adjacent to a Class 1 vowel. Class 2 vowels can form diphthongs with each other. These diphthongs use the same tone system as other vowels. Diphthongs with consonants involve sliding articulation. Class 2 diphthongs cannot be adjacent to each other and adhere to the same restrictions as Class 2 monophthongs. They are excluded from the charts because all Class 2 vowels can form diphthongs (or long vowels) with another and it is not specially notated in romanization.<br /> <br /> There are three romanizations systems for Deeplect -4 which differ in vowel and tone notation. The Vohnegien<ref name=":02" /> notation prioritized representing historical pronunciation such as syllabic consonants and their descendants being written with an vowel-initial diagraph upon which tones would be marked with diacritics. Vohnegien notation is seen as more outdated by some, but still used by a few scattered Deeplect -4-speaking regions and by linguists.<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="12" |Vohnegien Notation<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="3" |Vowels<br /> ! colspan="6" |Non-labial<br /> ! colspan="4" |Labial<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Extra-Front<br /> ! colspan="2" |Front<br /> ! colspan="2" |Back<br /> ! colspan="2" |Front<br /> ! colspan="2" |Back<br /> |-<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Class 1<br /> !Monophthong<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |e<br /> |'''e'''<br /> |ɤ<br /> |'''y'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |o<br /> |'''o'''<br /> |-<br /> !Diphthong<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |je<br /> |'''ie'''<br /> |ɰɤ<br /> |'''uy'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |wo<br /> |'''uo'''<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="3" |Class 2<br /> !Nasal<br /> |n̩<br /> |'''an'''<br /> |ĩ<br /> |'''in'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɱ̍<br /> |'''am'''<br /> |ũ<br /> |'''un'''<br /> |-<br /> !Close<br /> |l̩<br /> |'''al'''<br /> |i<br /> |'''iy'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |y<br /> |'''iu'''<br /> |ʉ<br /> |'''eu'''<br /> |-<br /> !Open<br /> |r̩<br /> |'''ar'''<br /> |æ<br /> |'''ae'''<br /> |ɑ<br /> |'''ao'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɵ<br /> |'''au'''<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Tones<br /> ! colspan="2" |-H<br /> ! colspan="2" |-L<br /> | colspan="6" rowspan="4" |⟨V⟩ here is used to represent a vowel, not the letter V.<br /> |-<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |H-<br /> |ʰV́<br /> |'''V̄'''<br /> |V̂<br /> |'''V̀'''<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |L-<br /> |V̌<br /> |'''V́'''<br /> |V̰̀<br /> |'''V'''<br /> |}<br /> Gritchend<ref name=":02" /> approached notation from a modern pronunciation in which diacritics are used on consonants to show syllabicity and on vowels to show vowel quality. Gritchend elected to romanize tones with unused consonant letters. Gritchend notation is broadly considered the modern notation of the language and is used in most formal and informal contexts.<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="12" |Gritchend Notation<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="3" |Vowels<br /> ! colspan="6" |Non-labial<br /> ! colspan="4" |Labial<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Extra-Front<br /> ! colspan="2" |Front<br /> ! colspan="2" |Back<br /> ! colspan="2" |Front<br /> ! colspan="2" |Back<br /> |-<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Class 1<br /> !Monophthong<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |e<br /> |'''e'''<br /> |ɤ<br /> |'''y'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |o<br /> |'''o'''<br /> |-<br /> !Diphthong<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |je<br /> |'''ie'''<br /> |ɰɤ<br /> |'''uy'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |wo<br /> |'''uo'''<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="3" |Class 2<br /> !Nasal<br /> |n̩<br /> |'''ń'''<br /> |ĩ<br /> |'''ĩ'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɱ̍<br /> |'''ḿ'''<br /> |ũ<br /> |'''ũ'''<br /> |-<br /> !Close<br /> |l̩<br /> |'''ĺ'''<br /> |i<br /> |'''i'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |y<br /> |'''u'''<br /> |ʉ<br /> |'''ü'''<br /> |-<br /> !Open<br /> |r̩<br /> |'''ŕ'''<br /> |æ<br /> |'''ä'''<br /> |ɑ<br /> |'''a'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɵ<br /> |'''ö'''<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Tones<br /> ! colspan="2" |-H<br /> ! colspan="2" |-L<br /> | colspan="6" rowspan="4" |⟨S⟩ here is used to represent a syllable, not the letter S.<br /> |-<br /> !IPA<br /> !Grit.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Grit.<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |H-<br /> |ʰV́<br /> |'''S'''<br /> |V̂<br /> |'''Sb'''<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |L-<br /> |V̌<br /> |'''Sp'''<br /> |V̰̀<br /> |'''Sq'''<br /> |}<br /> In the interest of avoiding the use of diacritics altogether, Vondenberg<ref name=":02" /> combined the vowel notation of Vohnegien and tone notation of Gritchend. This more modern romanization is most often used in informal text messages and typing with decorative fonts, which often have poor diacritic support.<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="12" |Vondenberg Notation<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="3" |Vowels<br /> ! colspan="6" |Non-labial<br /> ! colspan="4" |Labial<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Extra-Front<br /> ! colspan="2" |Front<br /> ! colspan="2" |Back<br /> ! colspan="2" |Front<br /> ! colspan="2" |Back<br /> |-<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vond.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vond.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vond.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vond.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vond.<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Class 1<br /> !Monophthong<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |e<br /> |'''e'''<br /> |ɤ<br /> |'''y'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |o<br /> |'''o'''<br /> |-<br /> !Diphthong<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |je<br /> |'''ie'''<br /> |ɰɤ<br /> |'''uy'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |wo<br /> |'''uo'''<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="3" |Class 2<br /> !Nasal<br /> |n̩<br /> |'''an'''<br /> |ĩ<br /> |'''in'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɱ̍<br /> |'''am'''<br /> |ũ<br /> |'''un'''<br /> |-<br /> !Close<br /> |l̩<br /> |'''al'''<br /> |i<br /> |'''iy'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |y<br /> |'''iu'''<br /> |ʉ<br /> |'''eu'''<br /> |-<br /> !Open<br /> |r̩<br /> |'''ar'''<br /> |æ<br /> |'''ae'''<br /> |ɑ<br /> |'''ao'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɵ<br /> |'''au'''<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Tones<br /> ! colspan="2" |-H<br /> ! colspan="2" |-L<br /> | colspan="6" rowspan="4" |⟨S⟩ here is used to represent a syllable, not the letter S.<br /> |-<br /> !IPA<br /> !Grit.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Grit.<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |H-<br /> |ʰV́<br /> |'''S'''<br /> |V̂<br /> |'''Sb'''<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |L-<br /> |V̌<br /> |'''Sp'''<br /> |V̰̀<br /> |'''Sq'''<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Deeplect -3 ==<br /> <br /> === Consonants ===<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Non-Click Consonant<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Bilabial<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Dental<br /> ! colspan="2" |Alveolar<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Palatal<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Velar/Uvular<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Laryngeal<br /> |-<br /> !Plain<br /> !Fricated<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="4" |Stop<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Plain<br /> |p '''p'''<br /> |t͡θ '''th'''<br /> |t '''t'''<br /> |t͡s '''ts'''<br /> |t͡ʃ '''ch'''<br /> |k '''c'''<br /> |ʡ '''q'''<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |d '''d'''<br /> |d͡z '''dz'''<br /> |d͡ʒ '''gh'''<br /> |g '''g'''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Glottalized<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |t͡s’ '''ts’'''<br /> |t͡ʃʼ '''ch’'''<br /> |kʼ '''c’'''<br /> |ʔˤ '''q’'''<br /> |-<br /> |ɓ '''b’'''<br /> |<br /> |ɗ '''d’'''<br /> |<br /> |ʄ '''gh’'''<br /> |ɠ '''g’'''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="3" |Fricative<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Plain<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |s '''s'''<br /> |ʃ '''š'''<br /> |χ '''x'''<br /> |ħ '''h'''<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ʒ '''ž'''<br /> |<br /> |ʕ '''ǧ'''<br /> |-<br /> !Glottalized<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ʃʼ '''š’'''<br /> |χʼ '''x’'''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Nasal<br /> |m '''m'''<br /> |n '''n'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ŋ '''ň'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Sonorant<br /> |β̞ '''v'''<br /> |lː '''l'''<br /> |r '''r'''<br /> |r̝ '''rz'''<br /> |j '''y'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==== Allophony ====<br /> <br /> * /t͡ʃ d͡ʒ t͡ʃʼ ʄ k ɡ kʼ ɠ/ become [k͡x g͡ɣ k͡xʼ ɠ q ɢ qʼ ʛ] before low or back vowels.<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Click Consonant<br /> ! colspan="2" |Bilabial<br /> ! colspan="2" |Dental<br /> ! colspan="2" |Alveolar<br /> ! colspan="2" |Lateral<br /> ! colspan="2" |Palatal<br /> |-<br /> !Velar<br /> !Uvular<br /> !Velar<br /> !Uvular<br /> !Velar<br /> !Uvular<br /> !Velar<br /> !Uvular<br /> !Velar<br /> !Uvular<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="3" |Nasal<br /> !Fricated<br /> |ŋʘʰ '''mwh'''<br /> |ɴʘχ '''mwx'''<br /> |ŋǀʰ '''nzh'''<br /> |ɴǀχ '''nzx'''<br /> |ŋǃʰ '''nkh'''<br /> |ɴǃχ '''nkx'''<br /> |ŋǁʰ '''nllh'''<br /> |ɴǁχ '''nllx'''<br /> |ŋǂʰ '''njh'''<br /> |ɴǂχ '''njx'''<br /> |-<br /> !Plain<br /> |ŋʘ '''mw'''<br /> |ɴʘ '''wm'''<br /> |ŋǀ '''nz'''<br /> |ɴǀ '''zn'''<br /> |ŋǃ '''nk'''<br /> |ɴǃ '''kn'''<br /> |ŋǁ '''nll'''<br /> |ɴǁ '''lln'''<br /> |ŋǂ '''nj'''<br /> |ɴǂ '''jn'''<br /> |-<br /> !Ploded<br /> |ŋʘˀ '''mw’'''<br /> |ɴʘq '''mwq'''<br /> |ŋǀˀ '''nz’'''<br /> |ɴǀq '''nzq'''<br /> |ŋǃˀ '''nk’'''<br /> |ɴǃq '''nkq'''<br /> |ŋǁˀ '''nll’'''<br /> |ɴǁq '''nllq'''<br /> |ŋǂˀ '''nj’'''<br /> |ɴǂq '''njq'''<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="9" |Oral<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Affricate<br /> |ʘk͡x '''wch'''<br /> |qʘχ '''wx'''<br /> |ǀk͡x '''zch'''<br /> |qǀχ '''zx'''<br /> |ǃk͡x '''kch'''<br /> |qǃχ '''kx'''<br /> |ǁk͡x '''llch'''<br /> |qǁχ '''llx'''<br /> |ǂk͡x '''jch'''<br /> |qǂχ '''jx'''<br /> |-<br /> |gʘx '''gwx'''<br /> |<br /> |gǀx '''gzx'''<br /> |<br /> |gǃx '''gkx'''<br /> |<br /> |gǁx '''gllx'''<br /> |<br /> |gǂx '''gjx'''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Aspirated<br /> |kʘʰ '''wh'''<br /> |<br /> |kǀʰ '''zh'''<br /> |<br /> |kǃʰ '''kh'''<br /> |<br /> |kǁʰ '''llh'''<br /> |<br /> |kǂʰ '''jh'''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |gʘʱ '''gwh'''<br /> |<br /> |gǀʱ '''gzh'''<br /> |<br /> |gǃʱ '''gkh'''<br /> |<br /> |gǁʱ '''gllh'''<br /> |<br /> |gǂʱ '''gjh'''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Plain<br /> |kʘ '''cw'''<br /> |ʘq '''wq'''<br /> |kǀ '''cz'''<br /> |ǀq '''zq'''<br /> |kǃ '''ck'''<br /> |ǃq '''kq'''<br /> |kǁ '''cll'''<br /> |ǁq '''llq'''<br /> |kǂ '''cj'''<br /> |ǂq '''jq'''<br /> |-<br /> |gʘ '''gw'''<br /> |ʘɢ '''wg'''<br /> |gǀ '''gz'''<br /> |ǀɢ '''zg'''<br /> |gǃ '''gk'''<br /> |ǃɢ '''kg'''<br /> |gǁ '''gll'''<br /> |ǁɢ '''llg'''<br /> |gǂ '''gj'''<br /> |ǂɢ '''jg'''<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Glottalized<br /> |kʘˀ '''w’'''<br /> |<br /> |kǀˀ '''z’'''<br /> |<br /> |kǃˀ '''k’'''<br /> |<br /> |kǁˀ '''ll’'''<br /> |<br /> |kǂˀ '''j’'''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |gkʘˀ '''gcw’'''<br /> |ɢqʘˀ '''gqw’'''<br /> |gkǀˀ '''gcz’'''<br /> |ɢqǀˀ '''gqz’'''<br /> |gkǃˀ '''gck’'''<br /> |ɢqǃˀ '''gqk’'''<br /> |gkǁˀ '''gcll’'''<br /> |ɢqǁˀ '''gqll’'''<br /> |gkǂˀ '''gcj’'''<br /> |ɢqǂˀ '''gqj’'''<br /> |-<br /> !Ejective<br /> |ʘkʼ '''wc’'''<br /> |ʘqʼ '''wq’'''<br /> |ǀkʼ '''zc’'''<br /> |ǀqʼ '''zq’'''<br /> |ǃkʼ '''kc’'''<br /> |ǃqʼ '''kq’'''<br /> |ǁkʼ '''llc’'''<br /> |ǁqʼ '''llq’'''<br /> |ǂkʼ '''jc’'''<br /> |ǂqʼ '''jq’'''<br /> |}<br /> An apostrophe is placed between grapheme clusters that may be confused with whole graphemes, e.g. ⟨amwha⟩ is /a.ŋʘʰa/ and ⟨am’wha⟩ is /am.kʘʰa/.<br /> <br /> === Vowels ===<br /> The vowel qualities are /i u e o a ã/ ⟨i u e o a ã⟩, with the long vowels /iː uː ɛː ɔː ɑː ãː/ ⟨ī ū ē ō ā ãa⟩ and overlong vowels /iːː uːː eːːː oːːː aːːː ãːːː/ ⟨ii uu ee oo aa ãā⟩.<br /> <br /> The possible diphthongs are /ei eo oe oi ou oa ue ua ai ae au ao oã uã ãi ãe ãu ão/.<br /> <br /> Phonations include modal, breathy ⟨◌h⟩, creaky ⟨◌’⟩, (all three of which can be pharyngealized ⟨◌·⟩), and strident ⟨◌ħ⟩. A long vowels and diphthongs can contain more than one phonation, but short and overlong vowels cannot.<br /> <br /> All vowels can be -ATR or +ATR ⟨◌y⟩, corresponding to tongue root harmony. This harmony can change voiceless plain stops to breathy stops (except /p/ which becomes [b]). It is a progressive harmony that begins from the start of a root word and is blocked by ejective and uvular consonants. +ATR is only romanized on the first vowel of a root word.<br /> <br /> ==== Allophony ====<br /> <br /> * Vowels are nasalized whenever adjacent to nasal phonemes. /ã/ merges with /a/, so ⟨ã⟩ is not used adjacent to nasal phonemes.<br /> <br /> == Deeplect -2 ==<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Labiodental<br /> ! colspan="4" |Dental<br /> ! colspan="4" |Alveolar<br /> ! colspan="4" |Palatal<br /> ! colspan="4" |Uvular<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Epiglottal<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Plain<br /> ! colspan="2" |Labial<br /> ! colspan="2" |Plain<br /> ! colspan="2" |Labial<br /> ! colspan="2" |Plain<br /> ! colspan="2" |Labial<br /> ! colspan="2" |Plain<br /> ! colspan="2" |Labial<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Nasal<br /> |{{ipa|ɱ}}<br /> |'''m'''<br /> |{{ipa|n̪}}<br /> |'''’n'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|n}}<br /> |'''n'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|ɲ}}<br /> |'''nj'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|ɴ}}<br /> |'''ng'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="3" |Plosive<br /> !Tense<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|ʔ͡d̪̊}}<br /> |'''’t'''<br /> |{{ipa|ʔ͡d̪̊ʷ}}<br /> |'''’tw'''<br /> |{{ipa|ʔ͡d̥}}<br /> |'''t'''<br /> |{{ipa|ʔ͡d̥ʷ}}<br /> |'''tw'''<br /> |{{ipa|ʔ͡ɟ̊}}<br /> |'''c'''<br /> |{{ipa|ʔ͡ɟ̊ʷ}}<br /> |'''cw'''<br /> |{{ipa|ʔ͡ɢ̥}}<br /> |'''k'''<br /> |{{ipa|ʔ͡ɢ̥ʷ}}<br /> |'''kw'''<br /> |{{ipa|ʡ}}<br /> |'''q'''<br /> |-<br /> !Lax<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|d̪𐞖}}<br /> |'''’dh'''<br /> |{{ipa|d̪𐞖ʷ}}<br /> |'''’dhw'''<br /> |{{ipa|d𐞖}}<br /> |'''dh'''<br /> |{{ipa|d𐞖ʷ}}<br /> |'''dhw'''<br /> |{{ipa|ɟ𐞖}}<br /> |'''jh'''<br /> |{{ipa|ɟ𐞖ʷ}}<br /> |'''jhw'''<br /> |{{ipa|ɢ𐞖}}<br /> |'''gh'''<br /> |{{ipa|ɢ𐞖ʷ}}<br /> |'''ghw'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Voiced<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|d̪}}<br /> |'''’d'''<br /> |{{ipa|d̪ʷ}}<br /> |'''’nw'''<br /> |{{ipa|d}}<br /> |'''d'''<br /> |{{ipa|dʷ}}<br /> |'''dw'''<br /> |{{ipa|ɟ}}<br /> |'''j'''<br /> |{{ipa|ɟʷ}}<br /> |'''jw'''<br /> |{{ipa|ɢ}}<br /> |'''g'''<br /> |{{ipa|ɢʷ}}<br /> |'''gw'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Fricative<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|ð}}<br /> |'''ð'''<br /> |{{ipa|ðʷ}}<br /> |'''ðw'''<br /> |{{ipa|z}}<br /> |'''z'''<br /> |{{ipa|zʷ}}<br /> |'''zw'''<br /> |{{ipa|ʝ}}<br /> |'''y'''<br /> |{{ipa|ʝʷ}}<br /> |'''yw'''<br /> |{{ipa|ʁ}}<br /> |'''x'''<br /> |{{ipa|ʁʷ}}<br /> |'''xw'''<br /> |{{ipa|ʜ}}<br /> |'''h'''<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Vibrant<br /> |{{ipa|ⱱ}}<br /> |'''v'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|r}}<br /> |'''r'''<br /> |{{ipa|rʷ}}<br /> |'''rw'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Lateral<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|l̪}}<br /> |'''’l'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|l}}<br /> |'''l'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|ʎ}}<br /> |'''lj'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|ʟ}}<br /> |'''lg'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! rowspan="2" |<br /> ! colspan="4" |Front<br /> ! colspan="4" |Non-Front<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |High<br /> ! colspan="2" |Low<br /> ! colspan="2" |High<br /> ! colspan="2" |Low<br /> |-<br /> !Close<br /> |{{ipa|í}}<br /> |'''í'''<br /> |{{ipa|ì}}<br /> |'''i'''<br /> |{{ipa|ɨ́}}<br /> |'''ú'''<br /> |{{ipa|ɨ̀}}<br /> |'''u'''<br /> |-<br /> !Close-Mid<br /> |{{ipa|é}}<br /> |'''é'''<br /> |{{ipa|è}}<br /> |'''e'''<br /> |{{ipa|ɘ́}}<br /> |'''ó'''<br /> |{{ipa|ɘ̀}}<br /> |'''o'''<br /> |-<br /> !Open<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|ɐ́}}<br /> |'''á'''<br /> |{{ipa|ɐ̀}}<br /> |'''a'''<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Deeplect -1 ==<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="3" |Grammar<br /> !<br /> |-<br /> !Gloss<br /> !IPA<br /> !Description<br /> !Examples<br /> |-<br /> !CAUS.GNO<br /> |jɾa-<br /> |''production, resultation, consequence (gnomic and nouns)''<br /> |kesˈteltɔ jɾaˈmiawa (earth brings life)<br /> |-<br /> !CAUS<br /> |ko-<br /> |''caused (tense, verbs only)''<br /> |kes'teltɔ koˈmiawe̤ (earth is causing life to exist)<br /> |-<br /> !MOA<br /> | -a,ɔ > -e̤<br /> |''verbalizer (motion of agent, MOA). MOA verbs receive an adverb? auxiliary verb? after, showing the precise action taking place if it isn't clear from the primary verb (it would be clear if the prim. verb was "to go to" but not if it's "to water"). unclear primary verbs used without secondary verbs are said to simply "be occuring" or "be existing".''<br /> |ˈbiːje̤ (approaching water)<br /> kesˈtelte̤ (kicking the ground)<br /> |-<br /> !MOS<br /> | -a,ɔ > -ʕu<br /> |''verbalizer (motion of secondary thing, MOS). MOS places the object after the verb. objects and "secondary verbs" (referenced above) do not differ in marking''<br /> |ˈbiːjʕu (splashing water on someone/watering something)<br /> kesˈteltʕu (kicking dirt at something/someone)<br /> |-<br /> !MOP<br /> | -a,ɔ > -a(ʕim)<br /> |''verbalizer (motion of patient, MOP). MOP places its object before the verb. -ʕim is only added for formality, emphasis, or syntactic disambiguation.''<br /> |ˈbiːja(ʕim) ~ spraying water around<br /> kesˈtela(ʕim) ~ kicking up dirt<br /> |}<br /> whether a verb is conjugated to MOA/MOS/MOP is determined by which action the speaker wants to focus on the most, even though usually 2 or 3 of them will be actually occuring<br /> <br /> topic pronouns (marked for person, number, and obviation) are clitics that attach to a particle with some of their grammatical information (cases).<br /> <br /> # 1P.SG.OBV1 ~ ũ=<br /> # 1P.SG.OBV2 ~ nã=<br /> # 1P.SG.OBV3 ~ ˈdeu=<br /> # 2P.SG.OBV1 ~ in=<br /> # 2P.SG.OBV2 ~ ja̤=<br /> # 2P.SG.OBV3 ~ tḛːŋ=<br /> # 3P.SG.OBV1 ~ ki=<br /> # 3P.SG.OBV2 ~ ɾḛj=<br /> # 3P.SG.OBV3 ~ aːn=<br /> # 1P.PL.INCL ~ eˈdo=<br /> # 1P.PL.EXCL ~ kʼe=<br /> # 2P.PL.INCL ~ ˈkimi=<br /> # 2P.PL.EXCL ~ ˈhuku=<br /> # 3P.PL.OBV1 ~ sto=<br /> # 3P.PL.OBV2 ~ ˈmihi=<br /> # 3P.PL.OBV3 ~ aˈdoː=<br /> # REFL ~ pi<br /> #* used in stuff like drinking(MOS), eating(MOS), etc.<br /> # nominative ~ i<br /> # vocative ~ -ʃa̤,ja̤/i'ja̤<br /> # benefactive ~ -(ɾ)e/ri<br /> # malefactive ~ -ḛːse/ḛːse<br /> # dative ~ -ãw/ŋaw<br /> # commitative ~ -(k,ɡ,ʼ)iː/kiː<br /> # instrumental ~ -(s,z)ãʰː/zãʰː<br /> # other case particles can be derived using class-less variants of words, which can get prefixed to a non-topic noun<br /> <br /> * sometimes the particle may be used alone instead of the pronoun clitic.<br /> * the pronoun clitic can be attached to a word to show stronger volition toward that aspect of the action described in the sentence (i.e. TOP=[verb] for showing stronger intent for the action than the object, or TOP=[object] for the opposite). stronger volition toward one aspect often implies weaker volition or intent toward the rest (TOP=[verb] may imply accidentally affecting the object, and TOP=[object] may imply accidentally performing the action, but meaning to do something to the object).<br /> * both or either of the pronoun clitic and particle may be omitted. omission only occurs in the event of redundance.<br /> * there is a subject case particle.<br /> * other NPs are listed in the beginning of the sentence in order of decreasing relevance. their cases (and conjunctions) are expressed in affixes, not a particle.<br /> <br /> * every part of speech has its own set of classes (they do not correspond to each other).<br /> * modifiers are added by affixing the modifiee's class suffix and changing the modifiee's suffix to -aː (this assumes all classes affixes will be suffixes but maybe i wont do that)<br /> *# kesˈteltɔ ''modified by'' beˈʔaɾa (cooled lava ground) > kesˈtelt'''-ɔ''' beˈʔa-ɾa > kesˈtelt-aː beˈʔa-ɾa'''-ɔ''' > kesˈteltaː beˈʔaɔ<br /> * noun classes (suffixes and prefixes):<br /> <br /> # -a, -ɔ ~ fluid, changing (animals, thoughts, breath, wind, clothing, some gods)<br /> # -ɾa ~ dangerous (lava, fire, poisonous food, weapon used, some gods)<br /> # zũː- ~ machinery (car, computer, lock, some weapons merely existing)<br /> # kʰ- ~ valuable natural item (diamond, gold, ivory)<br /> # tʰe- ~ material for use (wood, paper, ink, glue, metal, cloth)<br /> # -ʔiː ~ natural (plants, sun, moon, dirt, some gods)<br /> # -nõ ~ human, human-related concept, or thing altered by humanity (person, domesticated animals, weapon created, gods from secular perspective)<br /> <br /> * verb classes (suffixes):<br /> <br /> # -e ~<br /> # -l ~<br /> # -a ~<br /> <br /> * adjective/adverb classes (prefixes):<br /> * ''unmarked'' ~ quality<br /> * xe- ~ identity<br /> * o- ~ relation<br /> * adposition classes (suffixes):<br /> <br /> * when creating a phrase or description, go with more actually-occurs options before hypothetical or culturally-specific ones (i.e. kesˈteltaː beˈʔaɾɔ is a ground of cooled lava, not the ground being molten lava as is pretended in the game "the floor is lava", since the former is more likely to be used in a real situation than the latter)<br /> <br /> kesˈtelt'''ɔ''' ~ earth<br /> <br /> ˈbiːj'''a''' ~ water<br /> <br /> kṵː'''ɾa''' ~ fire<br /> <br /> ˈmiaw'''a''' ~ life<br /> <br /> ˈ'''zũː'''kũː ~ metal, mechanical<br /> <br /> ˈ'''kʰ'''uːihu ~ gold<br /> <br /> beˈʔa'''ɾa''' ~ lava<br /> <br /> ˈ'''tʰe'''ːsʼaː ~ wood<br /> <br /> liˈ'''ʔiː''' ~ plant<br /> <br /> oˈŋãi'''nõ''' ~ human<br /> <br /> eˈumĩ'''a''' ~ love<br /> <br /> çiː'''a''' ~ emotion(s)<br /> <br /> xkiˈ'''ʔiː''' ~ think, mind<br /> <br /> ˈ'''tʰe'''nũː ~ paper<br /> <br /> '''tʰe'''ˈʔjul ~ ink<br /> <br /> ˈ'''zũː'''mãi ~ pen<br /> <br /> he ~ move to<br /> <br /> iːl ~ move at/in<br /> <br /> ɬaː ~ express, release, secrete<br /> <br /> ˈtʰeŋ'''ʔiː''' ~ visible attribute<br /> <br /> kɔʔj'''ɔ''' ~ color, shadow, brightness, angle<br /> <br /> tḛjjɔ ~ red, hot pink, orange, brown, violet<br /> <br /> vɾiː ~ yellow, orange, lime, beige, white, pink<br /> <br /> ħaːn ~ green, lime, evergreen<br /> <br /> ˈijaɲ ~ cyan, mint<br /> <br /> ˈṳba ~ blue, indigo, purple, black<br /> <br /> naːˈħal ~ dark yellow, muddy green<br /> <br /> ħũːe ~ correct, factual, verified, verifiable<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <references /></div>

Suqi https://mc.nguh.org/w/index.php?title=Trace_Deeplects&diff=39529 Trace Deeplects 2026-05-05T04:33:48Z

<p>Suqi: /* Deeplect -E */</p> <hr /> <div><br /> '''Trace Deeplects''' are incomplete portions of languages that have been detected in experiments attempting to verif’ the [[Deep Dimensional]] theory. While the strongest evidence for Deep Dimensional is the languages that have inexplicably appeared, [[MARA]] experiments have found trace amounts of languages in their investigations, giving it more credibility. However, measurement error is not ruled out. This article will contain all the information on every Trace Deeplect. Trace Deeplects are listed in order of their negative discovery.<br /> <br /> == Deeplect -E ==<br /> Pink: coda only<br /> <br /> Green: onset only<br /> <br /> Purple: word-medial onset only<br /> <br /> Uncolored: any position<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |<br /> ! colspan="2" |Labial<br /> ! colspan="2" |Alveolar<br /> ! colspan="2" |Palatal<br /> ! colspan="3" |Velar<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Pharyngeal<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Glottal<br /> |-<br /> !Plain<br /> !Palatalized<br /> !Plain<br /> !Palatalized<br /> !Plain<br /> !Labialized<br /> !Plain<br /> !Palatalized<br /> !Labialized<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Nasal<br /> |m '''''m'''''<br /> |mʲ '''''mj'''''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ŋ '''''n'''''<br /> |ŋʲ '''''nj'''''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Plosive<br /> !Aspirated<br /> |<br /> |<br /> | style="background-color: #dcf" |tʰ '''''t'''''<br /> | style="background-color: #dcf" |tʰʲ '''''tj'''''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |kʰ '''''k'''''<br /> |kʲʰ '''''kj'''''<br /> |kʷʰ '''''ku'''''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Tenuis<br /> |<br /> |<br /> | style="background-color: #dcf" |t '''''d'''''<br /> | style="background-color: #dcf" |tʲ '''''dj'''''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |k '''''g'''''<br /> |kʲ '''''gj'''''<br /> |kʷ '''''gu'''''<br /> |<br /> | style="background-color: #fde" |ʔ '''''q'''''<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Affricate<br /> !Aspirated<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |t͡sʰ '''''c'''''<br /> |t͡sʲʰ '''''cj'''''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Tenuis<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |t͡s '''''z'''''<br /> |t͡sʲ '''''zj'''''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Fricative<br /> !Short<br /> |ɸ '''''f'''''<br /> |ɸʲ '''''fj'''''<br /> | style="background-color: #def" |s '''''s'''''<br /> |sʲ '''''sj'''''<br /> | style="background-color: #dcf" |ɕ '''''sjj'''''<br /> |<br /> | style="background-color: #def" |x '''''x'''''<br /> |xʲ '''''xj'''''<br /> |<br /> | style="background-color: #dcf" |ħ '''''h'''''<br /> | style="background-color: #fde" |h '''''<nowiki/>''''''<br /> |-<br /> !Long<br /> |<br /> |<br /> | style="background-color: #def" |sː '''''ss'''''<br /> | style="background-color: #dcf" colspan="2" |ɕ̟ː '''''ssj'''''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Glide<br /> |<br /> |<br /> | style="background-color: #def" |ɾ '''''r'''''<br /> |<br /> |j '''''y'''''<br /> |ɥ '''''v'''''<br /> |ɰ '''''w'''''<br /> |ɰʲ '''''wj'''''<br /> |w '''''wu'''''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> kʷʰ kʷ w > pʰ p b / _($)(C)o<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |-<br /> !<br /> ! colspan="2" |Front<br /> ! colspan="2" |Back<br /> |-<br /> !<br /> !Short<br /> !Long<br /> !Short<br /> !Long<br /> |-<br /> !High<br /> |i '''''i'''''<br /> |iː '''''ī'''''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Mid<br /> |e '''''e'''''<br /> |eː '''''ē'''''<br /> |o '''''o'''''<br /> |oː '''''ō'''''<br /> |-<br /> !Low<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |a '''''a'''''<br /> |aː '''''ā'''''<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Noun Class ===<br /> The following are classes for nouns.<br /> <br /> # -o: blooming flower (associated with life, vulnerability, singular success, youth, love (all kinds), the self, spirit, soul, novelty, beginnings)<br /> # -ui: withering flower (associated with death, ends, cumulative success, maturity, wisdom, knowledge)<br /> # -enj: day (associated with colors, grandeur, vastness, the sea, water, light)<br /> # -ī: night (associated with darkness, sleep, dreams, black vs. white, simplicity, revelation)<br /> <br /> The following are classes for verbs, adjectives, adverbs and particles that agree with nouns. Adverbs agree with the topic noun. Verbs agree with the patient noun when it is animate. Verbs agree with the agent noun if it is inanimate.<br /> <br /> # -i, -e, -yV: cute<br /> # -a, -ā, -akj: beautiful<br /> # -n: alien<br /> <br /> Particles for verbs are marked for familiar (cute and beautiful are merged), and alien classes but unpredictably. These agree with the verb.<br /> <br /> == Deeplect -D ==<br /> <br /> === Consonants ===<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |<br /> ! colspan="2" |Bilabial<br /> ! colspan="2" |Alveolar<br /> ! colspan="2" |Prepalatal<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Palatal<br /> ! colspan="2" |Prevelar<br /> ! colspan="2" |Postvelar<br /> ! colspan="2" |Uvular<br /> ! colspan="2" |Epiglottal<br /> ! colspan="2" |Glottal<br /> |-<br /> !Plain<br /> !Emphatic<br /> !Plain<br /> !Emphatic<br /> !Plain<br /> !Labial<br /> !Plain<br /> !Labial<br /> !Plain<br /> !Labial<br /> !Plain<br /> !Labial<br /> !Plain<br /> !Labial<br /> !Plain<br /> !Labial<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Nasal<br /> |m '''m'''<br /> |mˤ '''ṃ'''<br /> |n '''n'''<br /> |nˤ '''ṇ'''<br /> |ɲ̟ '''ň'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ŋ '''ŋ'''<br /> |ŋʷ '''ŋw'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="3" |Plosive<br /> !Aspirated<br /> |pʰ '''ph'''<br /> |pʰˤ '''ṗh'''<br /> |tʰ '''th'''<br /> |tʰˤ '''ṭh'''<br /> |c̟ʰ '''ch'''<br /> |c̟ʰʷ '''cv'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |kʰ '''kh'''<br /> |kʰʷ '''kv'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Lax<br /> |p '''p'''<br /> |pˤ '''ṗ'''<br /> |t '''t'''<br /> |tˤ '''ṭ'''<br /> |c̟ '''c'''<br /> |c̟ʷ '''cw'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |k '''k'''<br /> |kʷ '''kw'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ʡ '''q'''<br /> |ʡʷ '''qw'''<br /> |ʔ '''<nowiki/>''''<br /> |ʔʷ '''<nowiki/>'w'''<br /> |-<br /> !Tense<br /> |b '''b'''<br /> |bˤ '''ḅ'''<br /> |tʼ '''d'''<br /> |tˤʼ '''ḍ'''<br /> |c̟ʼ '''j'''<br /> |c̟ʷʼ '''jw'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |kʼ '''g'''<br /> |kʷʼ '''gw'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Continuant<br /> !Voiceless<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |s '''s'''<br /> |sˤ '''ṣ'''<br /> |ɕ '''š'''<br /> |ɕʷ '''šw'''<br /> |ç '''hy'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |x '''ḫ'''<br /> |xʷ '''ḫw'''<br /> |χ '''x'''<br /> |χʷ '''xw'''<br /> |ħ '''ħ'''<br /> |ħʷ '''ħw'''<br /> |h '''h'''<br /> |hʷ '''hw'''<br /> |-<br /> !Voiced<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |l '''l'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |j '''i'''<br /> |ɣʲ '''ǧy'''<br /> |w '''u'''<br /> |ɣ '''ǧ'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ʕ '''ġ'''<br /> |ʕʷ '''ġw'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Trill<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |r '''r'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ʀ '''ṛ'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==== Syllabic Consonants ====<br /> Syllabic consonants are romanized as double letters only when adjacent to two vowels or a nonsyllabic variant of each other.<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> !<br /> !Bilabial<br /> !Alveolar<br /> !Prepalatal<br /> !Postvelar<br /> !Uvular<br /> !Epiglottal<br /> |-<br /> !Nasal<br /> |m̩ '''m, mm'''<br /> |n̩ '''n, nn'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɴ̩ '''ŋ, ŋŋ'''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Fricative<br /> |<br /> |s̩ '''s, ss'''<br /> |ɕ̩ '''š, šš'''<br /> |x̩ '''ḫ, ḫḫ'''<br /> |χ̍ '''x, xx'''<br /> |ħ̩ '''ħ, ħħ'''<br /> |-<br /> !Lateral<br /> |<br /> |l̩ '''l, ll'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Trill<br /> |<br /> |r̩ '''r, rr'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Vowels ===<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> !<br /> !Front<br /> !Central<br /> !Back<br /> |-<br /> !Mid<br /> |e '''e'''<br /> |ɵ '''oy'''<br /> |o '''o'''<br /> |-<br /> !Near-Open<br /> |<br /> |ɐ '''ay'''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Open<br /> |<br /> |a '''a'''<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Pitch-Accent ===<br /> Deeplect -D uses seven pitch accents: high (ā [ꜛaꜜ]), mid (a [a]), low (ȧ [ꜜaꜛ]), falling (à [ꜛâꜜ]), rising (á [ǎꜛ]), high-falling (â [âꜜ]), and dipping (ǎ [â]), which can be placed on any mora except for the final one. All vowels and all syllabic consonants can receive a pitch accent.<br /> <br /> * '''High''' pitch accent gives only one mora a high tone while the rest have low tone (L-<u>H</u>-L)<br /> * '''Mid''' pitch accent makes a word retain low tone throughout (L-<u>L</u>-L)<br /> * '''Low''' pitch accent gives one more a low tone while the rest have high tone (H-<u>L</u>-H)<br /> * '''Falling''' pitch accent takes the tone of one mora from high to low while the rest of the morae have a low tone (L-<u>HL</u>-L)<br /> * '''Rising''' pitch accent takes one mora's tone from low to high while the preceding morae have a low tone and the following morae have a high tone (L-<u>LH</u>-H)<br /> * '''High-falling''' pitch accent takes one mora's tone from high to mid while the preceding morae have a high tone and the following morae have a low tone (H-<u>HM</u>-L)<br /> * '''Dipping''' pitch accent takes the tone of one mora from high to low while the rest of the morae have a mid tone (M-<u>HL</u>-M)<br /> <br /> === Phonotactics ===<br /> (C)V<br /> <br /> * Three of the same phoneme cannot occur in a row; syllabic consonants count as consonants in this rule.<br /> <br /> === Allophony ===<br /> E: /e/, [i ɪ e̞ ɛ]<br /> <br /> Y: /ɲ̟ c̟ʰ c̟ʰʷ c̟ c̟ʷ c̟ʼ c̟ʷʼ ɕ ɕʷ ç j/<br /> <br /> # /C₁C̩₁ C̩₁C₁/ = [C₁ːː C₁ːː]<br /> # /C̩V VC̩/ = [CːV VCː]<br /> # /e ɵ o/ = [e̞ ɵ̞ o̞]<br /> # e̞ o̞ ɵ̞ → ɛ ɞ ɔ / {_#,#_%,V_%}<br /> # e̞ ɵ̞ o̞ ɐ a → ɪ ɵ ʊ ɘ ɜ / _Cː<br /> # e̞ ɵ̞ o̞ ɐ a → i ʉ u ɨ ə / _Cːː<br /> # ɵ̞ o̞ ɐ a → ø̞ ɵ̞ æ̝ æ / {EC,Y}_<br /> # ɞ ɔ → œ ɞ / {EC,Y}_<br /> # ʊ ɵ ɘ ɜ → ʉ̞ ø e ɛ / {EC,Y}_<br /> # u ʉ ɨ ə → ʉ y ɪ e̞ / {EC,Y}_<br /> # ŋ(ʷ) → ɴ(ʷ) / _{a,ɐ,ɔ,o,ʊ}<br /> # ŋ(ʷ) → ɴ(ʷ) / {a,ɐ,ɔ,o,ʊ}_%<br /> # C̩[-labial] → C̩[-labial]ʷ / C[+labial]_<br /> # F̩[-voice] → F̩[+voice] / C[+voice]_<br /> <br /> === Word Formation ===<br /> Deeplect -D's word formation is unusual. The etymology of words comes from an abstract dimension where tracing the language consistently to its proto-form becomes impossible.<br /> <br /> == Deeplect -C ṡżṠŻǎǔǐěǒẽĩũẙů ==<br /> <br /> === Phonemic Inventory ===<br /> <br /> ==== Onsets ====<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |<br /> ! colspan="4" |Coronal<br /> ! colspan="4" |Peripheral<br /> |-<br /> !Plain<br /> !Lab.<br /> !Pal.<br /> !Lar.<br /> !Plain<br /> !Lab.<br /> !Pal.<br /> !Lar.<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Nasal<br /> !Plain<br /> |n<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ŋ<br /> |m<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Geminated<br /> |nː<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |mː<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Plosive<br /> !Plain<br /> |t<br /> |tʷ<br /> |tʲ<br /> |tˤ<br /> |k<br /> |kʷ<br /> |kʲ<br /> |kˤ<br /> |-<br /> !Geminated<br /> |tː<br /> |tʷː<br /> |tʲː<br /> |tˤː<br /> |kː<br /> |kʷː<br /> |kʲː<br /> |kˤː<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Affricate<br /> !Plain<br /> |t͡s<br /> |t͡sʷ<br /> |t͡sʲ<br /> |t͡sˤ<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Geminated<br /> |t͡sː<br /> |t͡sʷː<br /> |t͡sʲː<br /> |t͡sˤː<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Fricative<br /> !Plain<br /> |s<br /> |sʷ<br /> |sʲ<br /> |sˤ<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |h<br /> |-<br /> !Geminated<br /> |sː<br /> |sʷː<br /> |sʲː<br /> |sˤː<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Approximant<br /> |l<br /> |lʷ<br /> |lʲ<br /> |lˤ<br /> |ɰ<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==== Nuclei ====<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Labial<br /> ! colspan="4" |Coronal<br /> ! colspan="4" |Dorsal<br /> |-<br /> !Plain<br /> !Lab.<br /> !Pal.<br /> !Lar.<br /> !Plain<br /> !Lab.<br /> !Pal.<br /> !Lar.<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Occlusive<br /> !Spread glottis<br /> |ḿ̩<br /> |ń̩<br /> |t̩ʷʰ<br /> |t̩ʲʰ<br /> |t̩ˤʰ<br /> |ŋ̩́<br /> |k̩ʷʰ<br /> |k̩ʲʰ<br /> |k̩ˤʰ<br /> |-<br /> !Constricted glottis<br /> |m̩̀<br /> |ǹ̩<br /> |t̩ʷ<br /> |t̩ʲ<br /> |t̩ˤ<br /> |ŋ̩̀<br /> |k̩ʷ<br /> |k̩ʲ<br /> |k̩ˤ<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Continuant<br /> !Spread glottis<br /> |<br /> |ŕ̩<br /> |s̩ʷʰ<br /> |s̩ʲʰ<br /> |s̩ˤʰ<br /> |<br /> |ó<br /> |é<br /> |á<br /> |-<br /> !Constricted glottis<br /> |<br /> |r̩̀<br /> |s̩ʷ<br /> |s̩ʲ<br /> |s̩ˤ<br /> |<br /> |ò<br /> |è<br /> |à<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Phonotactics ===<br /> <br /> # (C)V<br /> # Geminates can only occur word-medially<br /> # Syllabic obstruents cannot immediately precede a syllabic resonant.<br /> # /n̩/ and /ŋ̩/ cannot be word-intial.<br /> # Syllabic nasals can only be adjacent to vowels or other syllabic nasals.<br /> <br /> === Allophony ===<br /> <br /> # Secondary articulations in onsets are typically contained within the time of articulation of the main articulation. There may be an onglide, but never an offglide.<br /> # Secondary articulations in nuclei very often result in an offglide, which is fricated in the case of aspirated consonants.<br /> # Tenuis syllabic obstruents are geminated.<br /> # /t͡sʷ(ː) sʷ(ː) s̩ʷ(ː) sʲ(ː) s̩ʲ(ː)/ are realized as [t͜s͡ɸ(ː) s͡ɸ(ː) s̩͡ɸ(ː) ɕ(ː) ɕ̩(ː)]<br /> # /e o/ become [ɛ ɔ] following a pharyngealized consonant.<br /> # /a/ becomes [e] after /e/, except when /e/ is [ɛ], then /a/ becomes [ɛ].<br /> # /a/ becomes [o] after /o/, except when /o/ is [ɔ], then /a/ becomes [ɔ].<br /> # /e/ becomes [i] after /e/.<br /> # /o/ becomes [u] after /o/.<br /> # When /t(ː) t͡s(ː) s(ː) l n h/ precede /e/, they become [c(ː) c͡ɕ(ː) ɕ(ː) ɾ ɲ ç] and /e/ becomes [i].<br /> #* /tʲ(ː) t͡sʲ(ː) sʲ(ː) lʲ/ merge with /t(ː) t͡s(ː) s(ː) l/ before /e/.<br /> # When /tʷ(ː) t͡sʷ(ː) sʷ(ː) lʷ/ precede /e/, they become [c(ː) c͡ɕ(ː) ɕ(ː) ɾ] and /e/ becomes [y].<br /> # When /tˤ(ː) t͡sˤ(ː) sˤ(ː) lˤ/ precede /e/, they become [c(ː) c͡ɕ(ː) ɕ(ː) ɾ] and /e/ becomes [ɛ].<br /> # /t(ː) s(ː) l n h/ become [p(ː) s͡ɸ(ː) ⱱ̟ m ʍ] before /o/.<br /> #* /tʷ(ː) sʷ(ː) lʷ/ merge with /t(ː) s(ː) l/ before /o/.<br /> #* /n/ merges with [m] before /o/, but /nː/ remains [nː].<br /> # /tʲ(ː) lʲ/ become [pʲ(ː) ⱱ̟ʲ] before /o/.<br /> # When /tˤ(ː) lˤ/ precede /o/, they become [pˤ(ː) ⱱ̟ˤ] and /o/ becomes [ɔ].<br /> # Word-initial /m̩/ assimilates to the place of articulation of the last phone of the previous word. If it cannot do so, it assimilates to the place of articulation of the following phone. If it cannot do so either, it remains [m̩].<br /> # Word-initial /m̩/ experiences sandhi from the tone of the previous word's final syllable.<br /> # /r̩/ becomes [l̩] when next to a vowel.<br /> # Low tones become falling tones when preceded by only one phonemic high tone.<br /> # High tones become rising tones when preceded by only one phonemic low tone.<br /> # Low tones merge with high tones when preceded by a rising tone<br /> # High tones merge with low tones when preceded by a falling tone<br /> <br /> === Romanization ===<br /> {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"<br /> ! colspan="4" |Onsets<br /> ! colspan="4" |Nuclei<br /> |-<br /> !Phone<br /> !Romanization<br /> !Phone<br /> !Romanization<br /> !Phone<br /> !Romanization<br /> !Phone<br /> !Romanization<br /> |-<br /> ![m]<br /> |m<br /> ![mː]<br /> |mm<br /> ![í]<br /> |i<br /> ![ì]<br /> |ī<br /> |-<br /> ![n]<br /> |n<br /> ![nː]<br /> |nn<br /> ![ý]<br /> |ü<br /> ![ỳ]<br /> |û<br /> |-<br /> ![ɲ]<br /> |nj<br /> !<br /> |<br /> ![é]<br /> |e<br /> ![è]<br /> |ē<br /> |-<br /> ![ŋ]<br /> |ng<br /> !<br /> |<br /> ![ɛ́]<br /> |ë<br /> ![ɛ̀]<br /> |ê<br /> |-<br /> ![p]<br /> |p<br /> ![pː]<br /> |pp<br /> ![á]<br /> |a<br /> ![à]<br /> |ā<br /> |-<br /> ![pʲ]<br /> |pj<br /> ![pʲː]<br /> |ppj<br /> ![ú]<br /> |u<br /> ![ù]<br /> |ū<br /> |-<br /> ![pˤ]<br /> |pg<br /> ![pˤː]<br /> |ppg<br /> ![ó]<br /> |o<br /> ![ò]<br /> |ō<br /> |-<br /> ![t]<br /> |t<br /> ![tː]<br /> |tt<br /> ![ɔ́]<br /> |ö<br /> ![ɔ̀]<br /> |ô<br /> |-<br /> ![tʷ]<br /> |tv<br /> ![tʷː]<br /> |ttv<br /> ![ḿ̩, ḿ̩ʲ, ḿ̩ˤ]<br /> |ym<ref name=":0">⟨y⟩ may optionally be omitted if the syllabic consonant follows a vowel but does not precede one.</ref><br /> ![m̩̀, m̩̀ʲ, m̩̀ˤ]<br /> |’m<br /> |-<br /> ![tʲ]<br /> |tj<br /> ![tʲː]<br /> |ttj<br /> ![ń̩, ń̩ʷ, ń̩ʲ, ń̩ˤ]<br /> |yn<ref name=":0" /><br /> ![ǹ̩, ǹ̩ʷ, ǹ̩ʲ, ǹ̩ˤ]<br /> |’n<br /> |-<br /> ![tˤ]<br /> |tg<br /> ![tˤː]<br /> |ttg<br /> ![ɲ̩́]<br /> |ynj<ref name=":0" /><br /> ![ɲ̩̀]<br /> |’nj<br /> |-<br /> ![c]<br /> |c<br /> ![cː]<br /> |cc<br /> ![ŋ̩́, ŋ̩́ʷ, ŋ̩́ʲ, ŋ̩́ˤ]<br /> |yng<ref name=":0" /><br /> ![ŋ̩̀, ŋ̩̀ʷ, ŋ̩̀ʲ, ŋ̩̀ˤ]<br /> |’ng<br /> |-<br /> ![k]<br /> |k<br /> ![kː]<br /> |kk<br /> ![ŕ̩]<br /> |yr<ref name=":0" /><br /> ![r̩̀]<br /> |’r<br /> |-<br /> ![kʷ]<br /> |kv<br /> ![kʷː]<br /> |kkv<br /> ![ĺ̩]<br /> |yl<ref name=":0" /><br /> ![l̩̀]<br /> |’l<br /> |-<br /> ![kʲ]<br /> |kj<br /> ![kʲː]<br /> |kkj<br /> ![t̩ʷʰ]<br /> |ytv<ref name=":0" /><br /> ![t̩ʷː]<br /> |’tv<br /> |-<br /> ![kˤ]<br /> |kg<br /> ![kˤː]<br /> |kkg<br /> ![t̩ʲʰ]<br /> |ytj<ref name=":0" /><br /> ![t̩ʲː]<br /> |’tj<br /> |-<br /> ![t͡s]<br /> |z<br /> ![t͡sː]<br /> |zz<br /> ![t̩ˤʰ]<br /> |yt<ref name=":0" /><br /> ![t̩ˤː]<br /> |’t<br /> |-<br /> ![t͜s͡ɸ]<br /> |zv<br /> ![t͜s͡ɸː]<br /> |zzv<br /> ![k̩ʷʰ]<br /> |ykv<ref name=":0" /><br /> ![k̩ʷː]<br /> |’kv<br /> |-<br /> ![t͡sʲ]<br /> |zj<br /> ![t͡sʲː]<br /> |zzj<br /> ![k̩ʲʰ]<br /> |ykj<ref name=":0" /><br /> ![k̩ʲː]<br /> |’kj<br /> |-<br /> ![t͡sˤ]<br /> |zg<br /> ![t͡sˤː]<br /> |zzg<br /> ![k̩ˤʰ]<br /> |yk<ref name=":0" /><br /> ![k̩ˤː]<br /> |’k<br /> |-<br /> ![c͡ɕ]<br /> |x<br /> ![c͡ɕː]<br /> |xx<br /> ![s̩͡ɸʰ]<br /> |ysv<ref name=":0" /><br /> ![s̩͡ɸː]<br /> |’sv<br /> |-<br /> ![s]<br /> |s<br /> ![sː]<br /> |ss<br /> ![s̩ˤʰ]<br /> |ys<ref name=":0" /><br /> ![s̩ˤː]<br /> |’s<br /> |-<br /> ![s͡ɸ]<br /> |sv<br /> ![s͡ɸː]<br /> |ssv<br /> ![ɕ̩ʰ]<br /> |ysj<ref name=":0" /><br /> ![ɕ̩ː]<br /> |’sj<br /> |-<br /> ![sˤ]<br /> |sg<br /> ![sˤː]<br /> |ssg<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ![ɕ]<br /> |sj<br /> ![ɕː]<br /> |ssj<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ![ç]<br /> |hj<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ![ʍ]<br /> |hv<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ![h]<br /> |h<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ![ⱱ̟]<br /> |b<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ![ⱱ̟ʲ]<br /> |bj<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ![ⱱ̟ˤ]<br /> |bg<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ![ɾ]<br /> |r<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ![l]<br /> |l<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ![lʷ]<br /> |lv<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ![lʲ]<br /> |lj<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ![lˤ]<br /> |lg<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ![ɰ]<br /> |w<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Vocabulary ===<br /> mākvylo (car) {{Ipa|/màkʷŕ̩ó/ [ma˩kʷl̩˩˥o˥]}}<br /> <br /> haerī (bicycle) {{Ipa|/háélì/ [ha˥e˥ɾi˥˩]}}<br /> <br /> boccü (dog) {{Ipa|/lótʷːé/ [ⱱ̟o˥cːy˥]}}<br /> <br /> mō’kv (person) {{Ipa|/mòk̩ʷː/ [mo˩k̩ːʷ]}}<br /> <br /> akām (dot) {{Ipa|/ákàm̩̀/ [a˥ka˥˩m̩˩]}}<br /> <br /> == Deeplect -B ==<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |PULMONIC<br /> CONSONANTS<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Labial<br /> ! colspan="4" |Alveolar<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Palatal<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Velar<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Pharyngeal<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Glottal<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Plain<br /> ! colspan="2" |Palatal<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Nasal<br /> !plain<br /> |m~w̃<br /> |'''m'''<br /> |n~ɾ̃<br /> |'''n'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɲ~j̃<br /> |'''ny'''<br /> |ŋ~ɰ̃<br /> |'''ng'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !glottal<br /> |ˀm<br /> |'''’m'''<br /> |ˀn<br /> |'''’n'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ˀɲ<br /> |'''’ny'''<br /> |ˀŋ<br /> |'''’ng'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="4" |Plosive<br /> !plain<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |t<br /> |'''t'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |c<br /> |'''c'''<br /> |ɢ<br /> |'''rg'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ʔ<br /> |'''q'''<br /> |-<br /> !aspirated<br /> |b͡pʰ<br /> |'''bp'''<br /> |tʰ d͡tʰ<br /> |'''th dt'''<br /> |tʲʰ d͡tʲʰ<br /> |'''ch dc'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |qʰ ɡ͡kʰ<br /> |'''kh gk'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !ejective<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |tʼ d͡tʼ<br /> |'''t’ dt’'''<br /> |tʲʼ d͡tʲʼ<br /> |'''c’ dc’'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |kʼ ɢ͡qʼ<br /> |'''k’ gk’'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !implosive<br /> |ɓ<br /> |'''b’'''<br /> |ɗ<br /> |'''d’'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ʄ<br /> |'''y’'''<br /> |ɠ<br /> |'''g’'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="3" |Affricate<br /> !plain<br /> |b͡β<br /> |'''bv'''<br /> |d͡z<br /> |'''dz'''<br /> |t͡ɕ<br /> |'''cs'''<br /> |ɟ͡ʝ<br /> |'''yy'''<br /> |k͡x ɡ͡ɣ<br /> |'''kx gx'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !aspirated<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |d͡t͜sʰ<br /> |'''ds'''<br /> |d͡t͜ɕʰ<br /> |'''dcs'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɡ͡k͜xʰ<br /> |'''gkx'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !ejective<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |t͡ɕʼ d͡t͜ɕʼ<br /> |'''cs’ dcs’'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |k͡xʼ ɡ͡k͜xʼ<br /> |'''kx’ gx’'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Fricative<br /> |β<br /> |'''v'''<br /> |ɮ<br /> |'''z'''<br /> |ɕ ɮʲ<br /> |'''s zy'''<br /> |ʝ<br /> |'''hy'''<br /> |x~χ ʁ<br /> |'''x r'''<br /> |ħ<br /> |'''h’'''<br /> |h<br /> |'''h'''<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Glide<br /> |w~b<br /> |'''w'''<br /> |l~d<br /> |'''l'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɰ~ɡ<br /> |'''gh'''<br /> |ʜ<br /> |'''rh'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> p ś ł ṭ ṣ j<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |CLICKS<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Labial<br /> ! colspan="4" |Prealveolar<br /> ! colspan="4" |Postalveolar<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Palatal<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Plain<br /> ! colspan="2" |Lateral<br /> ! colspan="2" |Plain<br /> ! colspan="2" |Lateral<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="3" |Nasal<br /> !plain<br /> |ŋ͡ʘ<br /> |'''mp'''<br /> |ŋ͡ǀ<br /> |'''nś'''<br /> |ŋ͡ǁ<br /> |'''nł'''<br /> |ŋ͡ǃ<br /> |'''nṭ'''<br /> |ŋ͡‼<br /> |'''nṣ'''<br /> |ŋ͡𝼋<br /> |'''nj'''<br /> |-<br /> !aspirated<br /> |ŋ͡ʘʰ<br /> |'''mph'''<br /> |ŋ͡ǀʰ<br /> |'''nśh'''<br /> |ŋ͡ǁʰ<br /> |'''nłh'''<br /> |ŋ͡ǃʰ<br /> |'''nṭh'''<br /> |ŋ͡‼ʰ<br /> |'''nṣh'''<br /> |ŋ͡𝼋ʰ<br /> |'''njh'''<br /> |-<br /> !glottalized<br /> |ŋ͡ʘˀ<br /> |'''mp’'''<br /> |ŋ͡ǀˀ<br /> |'''nś’'''<br /> |ŋ͡ǁˀ<br /> |'''nł’'''<br /> |ŋ͡ǃˀ<br /> |'''nṭ’'''<br /> |ŋ͡‼ˀ<br /> |'''nṣ’'''<br /> |ŋ͡𝼋ˀ<br /> |'''nj’'''<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="5" |Voiceless<br /> !plain<br /> |k͡ʘ<br /> |'''p'''<br /> |k͡ǀ<br /> |'''ś'''<br /> |k͡ǁ<br /> |'''ł'''<br /> |k͡ǃ<br /> |'''ṭ'''<br /> |k͡‼<br /> |'''ṣ'''<br /> |k͡𝼋<br /> |'''j'''<br /> |-<br /> !aspirated<br /> |k͡ʘʰ<br /> |'''ph'''<br /> |k͡ǀʰ<br /> |'''śh'''<br /> |k͡ǁʰ<br /> |'''łh'''<br /> |k͡ǃʰ<br /> |'''ṭh'''<br /> |k͡‼ʰ<br /> |'''ṣh'''<br /> |k͡𝼋ʰ<br /> |'''jh'''<br /> |-<br /> !glottalized<br /> |k͡ʘˀ<br /> |'''p’'''<br /> |k͡ǀˀ<br /> |'''ś’'''<br /> |k͡ǁˀ<br /> |'''ł’'''<br /> |k͡ǃˀ<br /> |'''ṭ’'''<br /> |k͡‼ˀ<br /> |'''ṣ’'''<br /> |k͡𝼋ˀ<br /> |'''j’'''<br /> |-<br /> !delayed release<br /> |ʘ͡kʰ<br /> |'''pk'''<br /> |ǀ͡kʰ<br /> |'''śk'''<br /> |ǁ͡kʰ<br /> |'''łk'''<br /> |ǃ͡kʰ<br /> |'''ṭk'''<br /> |‼͡kʰ<br /> |'''ṣk'''<br /> |𝼋͡kʰ<br /> |'''jk'''<br /> |-<br /> !ejective<br /> |ʘ͡kʼ<br /> |'''pk’'''<br /> |ǀ͡kʼ<br /> |'''śk’'''<br /> |ǁ͡kʼ<br /> |'''łk’'''<br /> |ǃ͡kʼ<br /> |'''ṭk’'''<br /> |‼͡kʼ<br /> |'''ṣk’'''<br /> |𝼋͡kʼ<br /> |'''jk’'''<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="3" |Voiced<br /> !plain<br /> |ɡ͡ʘ<br /> |'''gp'''<br /> |ɡ͡ǀ<br /> |'''gś'''<br /> |ɡ͡ǁ<br /> |'''gł'''<br /> |ɡ͡ǃ<br /> |'''gṭ'''<br /> |ɡ͡‼<br /> |'''gṣ'''<br /> |ɡ͡𝼋<br /> |'''gj'''<br /> |-<br /> !aspirated<br /> |ɡ͡ʘʰ<br /> |'''gph'''<br /> |ɡ͡ǀʰ<br /> |'''gśh'''<br /> |ɡ͡ǁʰ<br /> |'''głh'''<br /> |ɡ͡ǃʰ<br /> |'''gṭh'''<br /> |ɡ͡‼ʰ<br /> |'''gṣh'''<br /> |ɡ͡𝼋ʰ<br /> |'''gjh'''<br /> |-<br /> !glottalized<br /> |ɡ͡ʘˀ<br /> |'''gp’'''<br /> |ɡ͡ǀˀ<br /> |'''gś’'''<br /> |ɡ͡ǁˀ<br /> |'''gł’'''<br /> |ɡ͡ǃˀ<br /> |'''gṭ’'''<br /> |ɡ͡‼ˀ<br /> |'''gṣ’'''<br /> |ɡ͡𝼋ˀ<br /> |'''gj’'''<br /> |}<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> !VOWELS<br /> ! colspan="2" |Front<br /> ! colspan="2" |Central<br /> ! colspan="2" |Back<br /> |-<br /> !Fricated<br /> |i̝<br /> |'''ii'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |u̝<br /> |'''uu'''<br /> |-<br /> !Close<br /> |i~ɪ<br /> |'''i'''<br /> |ʉ<br /> |'''uy'''<br /> |u~ʊ<br /> |'''u'''<br /> |-<br /> !Close-Mid<br /> |e<br /> |'''e'''<br /> |ə ɵ<br /> |'''ẹ oy'''<br /> |o<br /> |'''o'''<br /> |-<br /> !Open-Mid<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɞ<br /> |'''ọy'''<br /> |ɔ<br /> |'''ọ'''<br /> |-<br /> !Open<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |a<br /> |'''a'''<br /> |ɑ<br /> |'''ạ'''<br /> |}<br /> Words can either be monosyllabic and contain contour or level tones, or be polysyllabic and only contain level tones.<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> !TONES<br /> !High<br /> !Mid<br /> !Low<br /> |-<br /> !High<br /> |H<br /> |HM<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Mid<br /> |<br /> |M<br /> |ML<br /> |-<br /> !Low<br /> |<br /> |LM<br /> |L<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Deeplect -A ==<br /> Deeplect -A is intended to create a manner of communication that involves very little complexity, whether that be phonological, grammatical, semantic, or pragmatic, and therefore easy and intuitive to learn from any linguistic background. Words do not take on parts of speech (noun, verb, etc.) or grammatical roles (subject, object, etc.) typical of natural languages. The syntactic structure is based purely on the relationships of emphasized words, unemphasized words, and pauses.<br /> <br /> '''Vocabulary'''<br /> <br /> * small: ki<br /> ** can be used to describe small size, quantity, height, social position, etc.<br /> * big: on<br /> ** can be used to describe large size, quantity, height, social position, etc.<br /> * move: ne<br /> ** can be used to describe living things, fluids, motion, etc.<br /> * stay: at<br /> ** can be used to describe unmoving things, solids, the ground, some locations, etc.<br /> * subject: e (subject of discussion, not gramamtical subject)<br /> * not: su<br /> <br /> '''Syntax'''<br /> <br /> ''u'' = unemphasized word; ''E'' = emphasized word<br /> <br /> * uE: ''u'' performs as a topic, ''E'' performs as a comment modifying the topic.<br /> * Eu: ''E'' performs as a novel topic, ''u'' performs as a comment modifying the novel topic.<br /> * u<sub>1</sub>u<sub>1</sub>: marks plurality<br /> * E<sub>1</sub>E<sub>1</sub>: marks emphasis<br /> * u<sub>1</sub>u<sub>2</sub>/E<sub>1</sub>E<sub>2</sub>: marks addition or comparison depending on context<br /> * Lack of pauses indicate a continuous idea.<br /> * Brief pauses (marked with commas) indicate the beginning of a new idea related to the previous one.<br /> * Medial pauses (marked with periods ) indicate the beginning of a new idea related to the multiple previous ideas. Which previous ideas they are is left up to context.<br /> * Long pauses (marked with elipses) indicate the beginning of an idea unrelates to the previous ones.<br /> <br /> '''Expressions'''<br /> <br /> * Ownership is expressed with "e ON e KI", translating to "This is big and/but that is small." This can also be used to compare sizes or quantities of "this" and "that", depending on context.<br /> ** "e ON KI" translates to "This is big and small."<br /> ** "e on e ki" translates to "This, a big thing, that, and a small thing."<br /> ** "e ON E KI" translates to "This is big, the other thing, and small."<br /> ** "e ON, e KI" translates to "This is big, meanwhile that is small." This is more often used for comparison of the sizes between "this" and "that".<br /> ** "e ON. e KI" translates to "...and this is big. Additionally, that is small."<br /> ** "E on, e KI" translates to "As for this, this is big, and/but that is small."<br /> ** "E on e KI" translates to "As for this, this is big and the other thing. There is also a small thing."<br /> <br /> == Deeplect -9 ==<br /> <br /> === Consonant ===<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Consonants<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Bilabial<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Dental<br /> ! colspan="3" |Alveolar<br /> ! colspan="4" |Palatal<br /> ! colspan="6" |Velar<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Laryngeal<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Plain<br /> !Palatal<br /> ! colspan="2" |Plain<br /> ! colspan="2" |Labial<br /> ! colspan="2" |Plain<br /> ! colspan="2" |Palatal<br /> ! colspan="2" |Labial<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Nasal<br /> |m̥<br /> |m<br /> |<br /> |ᵑʇ<br /> |n̥<br /> |n<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɲ<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ŋ̊<br /> |ŋ<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |'''''mh/ṁ'''''<br /> |'''''m'''''<br /> |<br /> |'''''nz'''''<br /> |'''''nh/ṅ'''''<br /> |'''''n'''''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |'''''ny/ņ'''''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |'''''ňh'''''<br /> |'''''ň'''''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="6" |Plosive<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Aspirated<br /> |pʰ<br /> |bʰ<br /> |ᵏʇʰ<br /> |<br /> |tʰ<br /> |dʰ<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɟʰ<br /> |<br /> |ɟʰʷ<br /> |kʰ<br /> |<br /> |kʰʲ<br /> |<br /> |kʰᶣ<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |'''''ph'''''<br /> |'''''bh'''''<br /> |'''''zh'''''<br /> |<br /> |'''''th'''''<br /> |'''''dh'''''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |'''''jh'''''<br /> |<br /> |'''''ǰh'''''<br /> |'''''kh'''''<br /> |<br /> |'''''ķh'''''<br /> |<br /> |'''''ǩh'''''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Plain<br /> |p<br /> |b<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |t<br /> |d<br /> |tɕ<br /> |c<br /> |ɟ<br /> |cʷ<br /> |ɟʷ<br /> |k<br /> |<br /> |kʲ<br /> |<br /> |kᶣ<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |'''''p'''''<br /> |'''''b'''''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |'''''t'''''<br /> |'''''d'''''<br /> |'''''ch'''''<br /> |'''''c'''''<br /> |'''''j'''''<br /> |'''''č'''''<br /> |'''''ǰ'''''<br /> |'''''k'''''<br /> |<br /> |'''''ķ'''''<br /> |<br /> |'''''ǩ'''''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Rhinoglottic<br /> |pʼ<br /> |ᵐb<br /> |ᵏʇˀ<br /> |<br /> |tʼ<br /> |ⁿd<br /> |tɕʼ<br /> |<br /> |ᶮɟ<br /> |<br /> |ᶮɟʷ<br /> |kʼ<br /> |ᵑg<br /> |kʲʼ<br /> |ᵑgʲ<br /> |kᶣʼ<br /> |ᵑgᶣ<br /> |ʔ<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |'''''pp'''''<br /> |'''''nb'''''<br /> |'''''zz'''''<br /> |<br /> |'''''tt'''''<br /> |'''''nd'''''<br /> |'''''cc'''''<br /> |<br /> |'''''jj'''''<br /> |<br /> |'''''nǰ'''''<br /> |'''''kk'''''<br /> |'''''ng'''''<br /> |'''''ḱḱ'''''<br /> |'''''nǵ'''''<br /> |'''''ǩǩ'''''<br /> |'''''nǧ'''''<br /> |'''''<nowiki/>''''''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Fricative<br /> |ɸ<br /> |β<br /> |θ~s̪<br /> |ð~z̪<br /> |s<br /> |<br /> |ʃ<br /> |ç<br /> |ʝ<br /> |çʷ<br /> |ʝʷ<br /> |<br /> |ʁ<br /> |<br /> |ʁʲ<br /> |<br /> |ʁᶣ<br /> |h<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |'''''f'''''<br /> |'''''v'''''<br /> |'''''ç'''''<br /> |'''''z'''''<br /> |'''''s'''''<br /> |<br /> |'''''x'''''<br /> |'''''ś'''''<br /> |'''''ź'''''<br /> |'''''š'''''<br /> |'''''ž'''''<br /> |<br /> |'''''g'''''<br /> |<br /> |'''''ǵ'''''<br /> |<br /> |'''''ǧ'''''<br /> |'''''h'''''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Approximant<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |l̥<br /> |l<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |j<br /> |<br /> |ɥ<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ʕ̞<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |'''''lh'''''<br /> |'''''l'''''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |'''''y'''''<br /> |<br /> |'''''w'''''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |'''''q'''''<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Tap<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɾ̥<br /> |ɾ<br /> |<br /> |ɾ̥ʲ<br /> |ɾʲ<br /> |ɾ̥ᶣ<br /> |ɾᶣ<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |'''''rh'''''<br /> |'''''r'''''<br /> |<br /> |'''''ŕh'''''<br /> |'''''ŕ'''''<br /> |'''''řh'''''<br /> |'''''ř'''''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Trill<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |r̥<br /> |r<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |'''''ŗh'''''<br /> |'''''ŗ'''''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Vowels ===<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! rowspan="3" |Vowels<br /> ! colspan="3" |Front<br /> ! colspan="2" |Central<br /> ! colspan="2" |Back<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Oral<br /> ! colspan="2" |Nasal<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Oral<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Nasal<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Oral<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Nasal<br /> |-<br /> !Unround<br /> !Round<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |High<br /> |i<br /> |ĩ<br /> |ỹ<br /> |ɨ<br /> |ɨ̃<br /> |<br /> |ʊ̃<br /> |-<br /> |'''''i'''''<br /> |'''''ĩ'''''<br /> |'''''ü'''''<br /> |'''''u'''''<br /> |'''''ũ'''''<br /> |<br /> |'''''õ'''''<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Mid<br /> |e<br /> |ẽ<br /> |ø̃<br /> |ɘ<br /> |<br /> |o<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |'''''e'''''<br /> |'''''ẽ'''''<br /> |'''''ö'''''<br /> |'''''ë'''''<br /> |<br /> |'''''o'''''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Low<br /> |ɛ~æ<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɔ~ɑ<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |'''''ä'''''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |'''''a'''''<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Grammar ===<br /> Nouns usually have either feminine or masculine gender. Nouns and proper nouns referring to people can have feminine, masculine, or femasculine. Proper nouns not referring to people are always femasculine. There is some precedent for nouns or proper nouns with the opposite gender that they're supposed to have being used for alternative versions of the original word. This is primarily used in fiction and physics.<br /> <br /> Deeplect -9 has a complex way of marking gender, topic, number, transitivity, specificity, and adjectives that makes them interconnected.<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> !Masc //-bʰi//, //-te//<br /> |-<br /> !Fem //-ⁿd//, //-l//<br /> |-<br /> !Femasc //-bʰiⁿd//, //-tel//<br /> |}<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="3" rowspan="3" |Noun Declensions (''lhaadh'')<br /> ! colspan="4" |Topic within noun phrase<br /> ! colspan="2" |Topic not within noun phrase<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Subject<br /> ! colspan="2" |Object<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Subject<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Object<br /> |-<br /> !Noun Topic<br /> !Adjective Topic<br /> !Noun Topic<br /> !Adjective Topic<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="3" |Generic<br /> | colspan="2" |''lhaadh'' V O<br /> | colspan="2" |V ''lhaadh'' S<br /> |V O ''lhaadh''<br /> |S V ''lhaadh''<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="6" |Singular<br /> ! rowspan="3" |Non-specific<br /> !Masc<br /> |''lhaadte'' V O<br /> |''lhaadbhi'' V O<br /> |V ''lhaachte'' S<br /> |V ''lhaach'' S<br /> |V O ''lhaadhbhi''<br /> |S V ''lhaach''<br /> |-<br /> !Fem<br /> |''lhaadhal'' V O<br /> |''lhaadhand'' V O<br /> |V ''lhaadhol'' S<br /> |V ''lhaadhon'' S<br /> |V O ''lhaadhand''<br /> |S V ''lhaadhon''<br /> |-<br /> !Femasc<br /> |''lhaadtel'' V O<br /> |''lhaadhbhind'' V O<br /> |V ''lhaachontel'' S<br /> |V ''lhaachon'' S<br /> |V O ''lhaadhbhind''<br /> |S V ''lhaachon''<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="3" |Specific<br /> !Masc<br /> |''lhaadte'' V O<br /> |''lhaadbhi'' V O<br /> |V ''lhaadhbhite'' S<br /> |''lhaadbhi'' V O<br /> |V O ''lhaadhbhi''<br /> |S V ''lhaadhbhi''<br /> |-<br /> !Fem<br /> |''lhaadhal'' V O<br /> |''lhaadhand'' V O<br /> |V ''lhaadhandal'' S<br /> |''lhaadhand'' V O<br /> |V O ''lhaadhand''<br /> |S V ''lhaadhand''<br /> |-<br /> !Femasc<br /> |''lhaadtel'' V O<br /> |''lhaadhbhind'' V O<br /> |V ''lhaadhbhindel'' S<br /> |''lhaadhbhind'' V O<br /> |V O ''lhaadhbhind''<br /> |S V ''lhaadhbhind''<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="4" |Plural<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Non-specific<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Specific<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="4" |Distributive<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Non-specific<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Specific<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Verbs<br /> ! colspan="2" |Intransitive<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Transitive<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> !Adjectives<br /> !<br /> !<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> In the following charts, small asterisked words are atypical declensions.<br /> {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Nouns<br /> !Plain<br /> !Fem<br /> !Masc<br /> !Femasc<br /> !Fem Topic<br /> !Masc Topic<br /> !Femasc Topic<br /> !Fem Singular<br /> !Masc Singular<br /> !Femasc Singular<br /> |-<br /> !//Ø//<br /> !//-ⁿd//<br /> !//-bʰi//<br /> !//-bʰiⁿd//<br /> !//-l//<br /> !//-te//<br /> !//-tel//<br /> !//-on//<br /> !//-js//<br /> !//-json//<br /> |-<br /> !friend<br /> |chẽ<br /> |chẽnd<br /> |chẽbhi<br /> |chẽbhind<br /> |chẽl<br /> |chẽte<br /> |chẽtel<br /> |chẽon<br /> |chẽys<br /> |chẽyson<br /> |-<br /> !watermelon<br /> |vilh<br /> |*vilnd<br /> |vilhbhi<br /> |*vilhbhind<br /> |*vill<br /> |vilhte<br /> |*vilhtel<br /> |*vilhon<br /> |vilhx<br /> |*vilhxon<br /> |-<br /> !sun<br /> |ńaṁ<br /> |*ńamnd<br /> |ńaṁbhi<br /> |*ńaṁbhind<br /> |*ńaml<br /> |ńaṁte<br /> |*ńaṁtel<br /> |*ńaṁon<br /> |ńaṁx<br /> |*ńaṁxon<br /> |-<br /> !moon<br /> |ḱḱuŗh<br /> |*ḱḱuŗnd<br /> |ḱḱuŗhbhi<br /> |*ḱḱuŗhbhind<br /> |ḱḱuŗl<br /> |ḱḱuŗhte<br /> |*ḱḱuŗhtel<br /> |*ḱḱuŗhon<br /> |ḱḱuŗhx<br /> |*ḱḱuŗhxon<br /> |-<br /> !day<br /> |ma<br /> |mand<br /> |*mabhi<br /> |*mabhind<br /> |mal<br /> |*mate<br /> |*matel<br /> |maon<br /> |*mays<br /> |*mayson<br /> |-<br /> !night<br /> |bhai<br /> |bhaind<br /> |*bhaibhi<br /> |*bhaibhind<br /> |bhail<br /> |*bhaite<br /> |*bhaitel<br /> |bhaion<br /> |*bhaiys<br /> |*bhaiyson<br /> |-<br /> !day sky<br /> |cĩĩ<br /> |cĩĩnd<br /> |*cĩĩbhi<br /> |*cĩĩbhind<br /> |cĩĩl<br /> |*cĩĩte<br /> |*cĩĩtel<br /> |cĩĩon<br /> |*cĩĩys<br /> |*cĩĩyson<br /> |-<br /> !night sky<br /> |'att<br /> |*'attand<br /> |'attibhi<br /> |*'attibhind<br /> |*'attal<br /> |'atte<br /> |*'attel<br /> |*'atton<br /> |'attis<br /> |*'attison<br /> |-<br /> !cloud<br /> |lhä<br /> |lhänd<br /> |*lhäbhi<br /> |*lhäbhind<br /> |lhäl<br /> |*lhäte<br /> |*lhätel<br /> |lhäon<br /> |*lhäys<br /> |*lhäyson<br /> |-<br /> !paper<br /> |nzũ'<br /> |nzũnd<br /> |*nzũ'bhi<br /> |*nzũ'bhind<br /> |nzũl<br /> |*nzũ'te<br /> |*nzũ'tel<br /> |nzũ'on<br /> |*nzũ'x<br /> |*nzũ'xon<br /> |-<br /> !computer<br /> |zhoto<br /> |*zhotond<br /> |zhotobhi<br /> |*zhotobhind<br /> |*zhotol<br /> |zhotote<br /> |*zhototel<br /> |*zhotoon<br /> |zhotoys<br /> |*zhotoyson<br /> |-<br /> !person<br /> |lhaadh<br /> |lhaadhand<br /> |lhaadhbhi<br /> |lhaadhbhind<br /> |lhaadhal<br /> |lhaadte<br /> |lhaadtel<br /> |lhaadhon<br /> |lhaadhx<br /> |lhaadhxon<br /> |}<br /> {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Verbs<br /> !Intransitive<br /> !Fem Transitive<br /> !Masc Transitive<br /> !Femasc Transitive<br /> |-<br /> !//Ø//<br /> !//-r̥//<br /> !//-ʊ̃//<br /> !//-ʊ̃r̥//<br /> |-<br /> !like<br /> |qad<br /> |qatŗh<br /> |qadõ<br /> |qadõŗh<br /> |-<br /> !want<br /> |chëk<br /> |chëkŗh<br /> |chëkõ<br /> |chëkõŗh<br /> |-<br /> !have<br /> |ṁẽ<br /> |ṁẽŗh<br /> |ṁẽõ<br /> |ṁẽõŗh<br /> |-<br /> !give<br /> |zzõ<br /> |zzõŗh<br /> |zzõõ<br /> |zzõõŗh<br /> |-<br /> !receive/take<br /> |ń'e<br /> |ń'eŗh<br /> |ń'eõ<br /> |ń'eõŗh<br /> |-<br /> !eat/drink<br /> |mäx<br /> |mäxŗh<br /> |mäxõ<br /> |mäxõŗh<br /> |-<br /> !breathe<br /> |ňhim<br /> |ňhimŗh<br /> |ňhimõ<br /> |ňhimõŗh<br /> |-<br /> !say<br /> |ää<br /> |ääŗh<br /> |ääõ<br /> |ääõŗh<br /> |-<br /> !sing<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !go to<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !leave<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Adjectives<br /> !Fem<br /> !Masc<br /> !Femasc<br /> !Fem Topic<br /> !Masc Topic<br /> !Femasc Topic<br /> |-<br /> !//-β//<br /> !//-i//<br /> !//-ɥ//<br /> !//-l//<br /> !//-te//<br /> !//-tel//<br /> |-<br /> !happy<br /> |zzaav<br /> |zzaai<br /> |zzaaw<br /> |zaal<br /> |zzaate<br /> |zaatel<br /> |-<br /> !blue<br /> |ǵëv<br /> |ǵëi<br /> |ǵëw<br /> |ǵël<br /> |ǵëte<br /> |ǵëtel<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Deeplect -8 ==<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> !C<br /> ! colspan="2" |Bilabial<br /> ! colspan="2" |Alveolar<br /> ! colspan="2" |Dorsal<br /> ! colspan="2" |Glottal<br /> !V<br /> !Non-Back<br /> !Back<br /> |-<br /> !Nasal<br /> |{{ipa|m̥}}<br /> |{{ipa|m}}<br /> |{{ipa|n̥}}<br /> |{{ipa|n}}<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|ɲ}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> !Close<br /> |{{ipa|i̞}}<br /> |{{ipa|ɯ}}<br /> |-<br /> !Plosive<br /> |{{ipa|pʰ}}<br /> |{{ipa|bʰ}}<br /> |{{ipa|tʰ}}<br /> |{{ipa|dʰ}}<br /> |{{ipa|kʰ}}<br /> |{{ipa|ɡʰ}}<br /> |{{ipa|ʔ}}<br /> |<br /> !Mid<br /> |{{ipa|ə}}<br /> |{{ipa|o}}<br /> |-<br /> !Fricative<br /> |{{ipa|ɸ}}<br /> |{{ipa|β}}<br /> |{{ipa|ʃ}}<br /> |{{ipa|ʒ}}<br /> |{{ipa|x}}<br /> |{{ipa|ɣ}}<br /> |{{ipa|h}}<br /> |{{ipa|ɦ}}<br /> !Open<br /> |{{ipa|a}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Sonorant<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|w}}<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|ɾ}}<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|j}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> ! colspan="3" |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> * VS̥ʰ VS̬ʰ > V́S̥ V̀S̥ / _%<br /> <br /> (C<sub>1</sub>)V(C<sub>2</sub>)<br /> <br /> * C<sub>1</sub>: any consonant except /ʔ h ɦ/<br /> * V: any vowel<br /> * C<sub>2</sub>: any consonant<br /> <br /> === Transliterations ===<br /> <br /> ==== Latin ====<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> !IPA<br /> |{{ipa|m̥}}<br /> |{{ipa|m}}<br /> |{{ipa|n̥}}<br /> |{{ipa|n}}<br /> |{{ipa|ɲ}}<br /> |{{ipa|pʰ}}<br /> |{{ipa|bʰ}}<br /> |{{ipa|tʰ}}<br /> |{{ipa|dʰ}}<br /> |{{ipa|kʰ}}<br /> |{{ipa|ɡʰ}}<br /> |{{ipa|ʔ}}<br /> |{{ipa|ɸ}}<br /> |{{ipa|β}}<br /> |{{ipa|ʃ}}<br /> |{{ipa|ʒ}}<br /> |{{ipa|x}}<br /> |{{ipa|ɣ}}<br /> |{{ipa|h}}<br /> |{{ipa|ɦ}}<br /> |{{ipa|w}}<br /> |{{ipa|ɾ}}<br /> |{{ipa|j}}<br /> |{{ipa|i̞}}<br /> |{{ipa|ɯ}}<br /> |{{ipa|ə}}<br /> |{{ipa|o}}<br /> |{{ipa|a}}<br /> |-<br /> !Romanization<br /> |'''mh'''<br /> |'''m'''<br /> |'''nh'''<br /> |'''n'''<br /> |'''ny'''<br /> |'''p'''<br /> |'''b'''<br /> |'''t'''<br /> |'''d'''<br /> |'''k'''<br /> |'''g'''<br /> |'''c'''<br /> |'''f'''<br /> |'''v'''<br /> |'''s'''<br /> |'''j'''<br /> |'''x'''<br /> |'''q'''<br /> |'''h'''<br /> |'''’'''<br /> |'''w'''<br /> |'''r'''<br /> |'''y'''<br /> |'''i'''<br /> |'''u'''<br /> |'''e'''<br /> |'''o'''<br /> |'''a'''<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==== Kana ====<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> !<br /> !{{ipa|Ø}}<br /> !{{ipa|m̥}}<br /> !{{ipa|m}}<br /> !{{ipa|n̥}}<br /> !{{ipa|n}}<br /> !{{ipa|ɲ}}<br /> !{{ipa|pʰ}}<br /> !{{ipa|bʰ}}<br /> !{{ipa|tʰ}}<br /> !{{ipa|dʰ}}<br /> !{{ipa|kʰ}}<br /> !{{ipa|ɡʰ}}<br /> !{{ipa|ʔ}}<br /> !{{ipa|ɸ}}<br /> !{{ipa|β}}<br /> !{{ipa|ʃ}}<br /> !{{ipa|ʒ}}<br /> !{{ipa|x}}<br /> !{{ipa|ɣ}}<br /> !{{ipa|h}}<br /> !{{ipa|ɦ}}<br /> !{{ipa|w}}<br /> !{{ipa|ɾ}}<br /> !{{ipa|j}}<br /> |-<br /> !{{ipa|i̞}}<br /> |'''い'''<br /> |'''ミ'''<br /> |'''み'''<br /> |'''ニ'''<br /> |'''に'''<br /> |'''にぃ'''<br /> |'''ぴ'''<br /> |'''び'''<br /> |'''ち'''<br /> |'''ぢ'''<br /> |'''き'''<br /> |'''ぎ'''<br /> |<br /> |'''ふぃ'''<br /> |'''ゔぃ'''<br /> |'''し'''<br /> |'''じ'''<br /> |'''キ'''<br /> |'''ギ'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |'''ゐ'''<br /> |'''り'''<br /> |'''いぃ'''<br /> |-<br /> !{{ipa|ɯ}}<br /> |'''う'''<br /> |'''ム'''<br /> |'''む'''<br /> |'''ヌ'''<br /> |'''ぬ'''<br /> |'''にゅ'''<br /> |'''ぷ'''<br /> |'''び'''<br /> |'''つ'''<br /> |'''づ'''<br /> |'''く'''<br /> |'''ぐ'''<br /> |<br /> |'''ふ'''<br /> |'''ゔ'''<br /> |'''しゅ'''<br /> |'''じゅ'''<br /> |'''ク'''<br /> |'''グ'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |'''うぅ'''<br /> |'''る'''<br /> |'''ゆ'''<br /> |-<br /> !{{ipa|ə}}<br /> |'''え'''<br /> |'''メ'''<br /> |'''め'''<br /> |'''ネ'''<br /> |'''ね'''<br /> |'''にぇ'''<br /> |'''ぺ'''<br /> |'''べ'''<br /> |'''て'''<br /> |'''で'''<br /> |'''け'''<br /> |'''げ'''<br /> |<br /> |'''ふぇ'''<br /> |'''ゔぇ'''<br /> |'''しぇ'''<br /> |'''じぇ'''<br /> |'''ケ'''<br /> |'''ゲ'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |'''ゑ'''<br /> |'''れ'''<br /> |'''いぇ'''<br /> |-<br /> !{{ipa|o}}<br /> |'''お'''<br /> |'''モ'''<br /> |'''も'''<br /> |'''ノ'''<br /> |'''の'''<br /> |'''にょ'''<br /> |'''ぽ'''<br /> |'''ぼ'''<br /> |'''と'''<br /> |'''ど'''<br /> |'''こ'''<br /> |'''ご'''<br /> |<br /> |'''ふぉ'''<br /> |'''ゔぉ'''<br /> |'''しょ'''<br /> |'''じょ'''<br /> |'''コ'''<br /> |'''ゴ'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |'''を'''<br /> |'''ろ'''<br /> |'''よ'''<br /> |-<br /> !{{ipa|a}}<br /> |'''あ'''<br /> |'''マ'''<br /> |'''ま'''<br /> |'''ナ'''<br /> |'''な'''<br /> |'''にゃ'''<br /> |'''ぱ'''<br /> |'''ば'''<br /> |'''た'''<br /> |'''だ'''<br /> |'''か'''<br /> |'''が'''<br /> |<br /> |'''ふぁ'''<br /> |'''ゔぁ'''<br /> |'''しゃ'''<br /> |'''じゃ'''<br /> |'''カ'''<br /> |'''ガ'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |'''わ'''<br /> |'''ら'''<br /> |'''や'''<br /> |-<br /> !{{ipa|Ø}}<br /> |<br /> |'''ム゚'''<br /> |'''ム゙'''<br /> |'''ヌ゚'''<br /> |'''ヌ゙'''<br /> |'''ニ゙'''<br /> |'''プ'''<br /> |'''ブ'''<br /> |'''ト'''<br /> |'''ド'''<br /> |'''ク゚'''<br /> |'''ん'''<br /> |'''っ'''<br /> |'''フ'''<br /> |'''ヴ'''<br /> |'''シ'''<br /> |'''ジ'''<br /> |'''ホ'''<br /> |'''ン'''<br /> |'''ゝ'''<br /> |'''ゞ'''<br /> |'''ウ'''<br /> |'''ル'''<br /> |'''イ'''<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Deeplect -7 ==<br /> Deeplect-7 divides words into 3 categories depending on how they can be perceived by the senses: proximal sensation, distal sensation, and general sensation. Deeplect -7-speakers recognize 6 senses in terms of these divisions: sight, sound, smell, taste, touch, and memory. The emotional sense refers to an individual being made to feel an emotion. The memorial sense refers to an individual forming a memory or recalling past memories.<br /> <br /> * Proximal sensation includes things whose perception is limited to a close range:<br /> ** any object by its texture<br /> ** whispering by sound<br /> ** blood by flavor<br /> ** paper by scent<br /> ** small insects by sight<br /> ** a dream by memory<br /> * Distal sensation includes things whose perception is '''not''' limited to a close range:<br /> ** weather by its temperature<br /> ** shouting by sound<br /> ** chocolate by expectation-induced flavor<br /> ** a fart by scent<br /> ** a building by sight<br /> ** a bear at a zoo by memory<br /> * General sensation always includes the conceptualization of an object, and senses that are more strongly associated with the concept of it than the sensation of it. Some objects have no associated sensations with them such as<br /> <br /> Often, what translates to a single word in English is split into two or three words depending on how they are experienced in a sentence.<br /> {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"<br /> ! colspan="4" |Vocabulary List<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Deeplect -7<br /> ! colspan="2" |English<br /> |-<br /> !Word<br /> !IPA<br /> !Translation<br /> !Context<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|[nâˀ]|test=}}<br /> |paper<br /> |general: ''visual, conceptual''<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|[sâˀ]|test=}}<br /> |paper<br /> |distal: ''auditory, memorial''<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|[θâˀ]|test=}}<br /> |paper<br /> |proximal: ''tactile, olfactory, gustatory''<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|[nâˀ]|test=}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|[nâˀ]|test=}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|[nâˀ]|test=}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|[nâˀ]|test=}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|[nâˀ]|test=}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|[nâˀ]|test=}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|[nâˀ]|test=}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|[nâˀ]|test=}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|[nâˀ]|test=}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|[nâˀ]|test=}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|[nâˀ]|test=}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|[nâˀ]|test=}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|[nâˀ]|test=}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|[nâˀ]|test=}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|[nâˀ]|test=}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|[nâˀ]|test=}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Deeplect -6 ==<br /> Every word is 6 morae long.<br /> <br /> == Deeplect -5 ==<br /> <br /> === Consonants ===<br /> Deeplect -5 has a small consonant inventory with about half of its consonants being clicks. This small size is made up for in extreme allophony.<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="2" |Consonant<br /> !Labial<br /> !Dental<br /> !Alveolar<br /> !Palatal<br /> !Glottal<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="3" |Pulmonic<br /> !Stop<br /> |p<br /> |<br /> |t<br /> |<br /> |ʔ<br /> |-<br /> !Fricative<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |s<br /> |<br /> |hʲ<br /> |-<br /> !Glide<br /> |w<br /> |<br /> |l<br /> |j<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="3" |Click<br /> !Nasal<br /> |<br /> |ᵑǀ<br /> |ᵑǃ<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Aspirated<br /> |<br /> |ᵏǀʰ<br /> |ᵏǃʰ<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Glottalized<br /> |<br /> |ᵏǀˀ<br /> |ᵏǃˀ<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Vowels ===<br /> X language has two levels of stress: primary and secondary. Primary stress is marked with vowel length and can have a high, low, falling, or rising tone. Secondary stress is marked with either a high or low tone. Primary stress is word-initial, but secondary stress is lexical.<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Vowels<br /> ! colspan="2" |Oral<br /> ! colspan="2" |Nasal<br /> |-<br /> !Front<br /> !Back<br /> !Front<br /> !Back<br /> |-<br /> !Close<br /> |i<br /> |u<br /> |ĩ<br /> |ũ<br /> |-<br /> !Mid<br /> |e<br /> |o<br /> |ẽ<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Open<br /> |<br /> |a<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Phonotactics ===<br /> (C)(G)V(C); C = consonant; G = /t ʔ w j/; Q = click; V = vowel<br /> <br /> # pʔ tʔ > pʼ tʼ<br /> # p t c ʔ s > b d ɟ ʔ̞ z / _{i,e} !{#,C̥}_<br /> # d ǃ > ɟ ǂ / _i<br /> # w l j > m n ɲ / {Ṽ_,_Ṽ}<br /> # n t > ŋ k / _{u,ũ}<br /> # l > ɾ / _{u,o,a}<br /> # V > Ṽ / ᵑQ_<br /> # ᵑǀw ᵑǃj > ᵑʘ ᵑǂ<br /> # hʲ / Ø !_{i,ĩ,e,ẽ}<br /> # QC / Ø !QC=!w<br /> # CCC VVV ṼV VṼ CQ jʔ hʲʔ / Ø<br /> <br /> === Romanization ===<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> !Consonant<br /> ! colspan="8" |Romanization<br /> !Vowel<br /> ! colspan="4" |Romanization<br /> |-<br /> !/p/<br /> ![p]<br /> |p<br /> ![b]<br /> |b<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !/i/<br /> ![i]<br /> |i<br /> ![ĩ]<br /> |i<br /> |-<br /> !/t/<br /> ![t]<br /> |t<br /> ![d]<br /> |d<br /> ![ɟ]<br /> |dj<br /> ![k]<br /> |k<br /> !/ĩ/<br /> ![ĩ]<br /> |in<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !/ʔ/<br /> ![ʔ]<br /> |'<br /> ![ʔ̞]<br /> |'<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !/u/<br /> ![u]<br /> |u<br /> ![ũ]<br /> |u<br /> |-<br /> !/s/<br /> ![s]<br /> |s<br /> ![z]<br /> |z<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !/ũ/<br /> ![ũ]<br /> |un<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !/hʲ/<br /> ![hʲ]<br /> |h<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !/e/<br /> ![e]<br /> |e<br /> ![ẽ]<br /> |e<br /> |-<br /> !/w/<br /> ![w]<br /> |w<br /> ![m]<br /> |m<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !/ẽ/<br /> ![ẽ]<br /> |en<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !/l/<br /> ![l]<br /> |l<br /> ![ɾ]<br /> |r<br /> ![n]<br /> |n<br /> ![ŋ]<br /> |ng<br /> !/o/<br /> ![o]<br /> |o<br /> ![õ]<br /> |o<br /> |-<br /> !/j/<br /> ![j]<br /> |y<br /> ![ɲ]<br /> |nj<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !/a/<br /> ![a]<br /> |a<br /> ![ã]<br /> |a<br /> |-<br /> !/ᵑǀ/<br /> ![ᵑǀ]<br /> |cn<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !Tone<br /> ! colspan="4" |Romanization<br /> |-<br /> !/ᵑǃ/<br /> ![ᵑǃ]<br /> |qn<br /> ![ᵑǂ]<br /> |qny<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !/H/<br /> ![H]<br /> |¯<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !/ᵏǀʰ/<br /> ![ᵏǀʰ]<br /> |ch<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !/L/<br /> ![L]<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !/ᵏǃʰ/<br /> ![ᵏǃʰ]<br /> |qh<br /> ![ᵏǂʰ]<br /> |qh<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !/HL/<br /> ![HL]<br /> |ˋ<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !/ᵏǀˀ/<br /> ![ᵏǀˀ]<br /> |c'<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !/LH<br /> ![LH]<br /> |´<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !/ᵏǃˀ/<br /> ![ᵏǃˀ]<br /> |q'<br /> ![ᵏǂˀ]<br /> |q'<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> ! colspan="5" rowspan="3" |<br /> |-<br /> !/ᵑǀw/<br /> ![ᵑʘ]<br /> |cm<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !/ᵑǃj/<br /> ![ᵑǂ]<br /> |qny<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Deeplect -4.5 ==<br /> This is a naturalistic dialect of Deeplect -4, used for situations where Deeplect -4 would be required to be naturalistic.<br /> <br /> === Consonants ===<br /> All consonants can be lengthened except for /r̥ ɽ͡r ˀɽ/. All velars become palatal or palatalized after front vowels.<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="3" |Consonants<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Labial<br /> ! colspan="4" |Dental<br /> ! colspan="4" |Postalveolar<br /> ! colspan="4" |Velar<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Glottal<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Plain<br /> ! colspan="2" |Glottalized<br /> ! colspan="2" |Plain<br /> ! colspan="2" |Glottalized<br /> ! colspan="2" |Plain<br /> ! colspan="2" |Glottalized<br /> |-<br /> !IPA<br /> !Rom<br /> !IPA<br /> !Rom<br /> !IPA<br /> !Rom<br /> !IPA<br /> !Rom<br /> !IPA<br /> !Rom<br /> !IPA<br /> !Rom<br /> !IPA<br /> !Rom<br /> !IPA<br /> !Rom<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Nasal<br /> |ɱ<br /> |'''m'''<br /> |n<br /> |'''n'''<br /> |ˀn<br /> |'''’n'''<br /> |ɳ<br /> |'''nr'''<br /> |ˀɳ<br /> |'''’nr'''<br /> |ŋ<br /> |'''nj'''<br /> |ˀŋ<br /> |'''’nj'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Plosive<br /> !Voiceless<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |t<br /> |'''t'''<br /> |tʼ<br /> |'''tʼ'''<br /> |ʈ<br /> |'''tr'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |k<br /> |'''k'''<br /> |kʼ<br /> |'''k’'''<br /> |ʔ<br /> |'''’'''<br /> |-<br /> !Voiced<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |d<br /> |'''d'''<br /> |ɗ<br /> |'''d’'''<br /> |ɖ<br /> |'''dr'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |g<br /> |'''g'''<br /> |ɠ<br /> |'''g’'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Affricate<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |t͡s<br /> |'''c'''<br /> |t͡sʼ<br /> |'''c’'''<br /> |t͡ʃ<br /> |'''x'''<br /> |t͡ʃʼ<br /> |'''x’'''<br /> |k͡x<br /> |'''cj'''<br /> |k͡xʼ<br /> |'''cj’'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Fricative<br /> !Voiceless<br /> |f<br /> |'''f'''<br /> |s<br /> |'''s'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ʃ<br /> |'''sr'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |x<br /> |'''sj'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |h<br /> |'''h'''<br /> |-<br /> !Voiced<br /> |v<br /> |'''v'''<br /> |z<br /> |'''z'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ʒ<br /> |'''zr'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɣ<br /> |'''zj'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Approximant<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ð<br /> |'''ð'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Liquid<br /> !Voiceless<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɬ<br /> |'''hl'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |r̥<br /> |'''hr'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Voiced<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |l<br /> |'''l'''<br /> |ˀl<br /> |'''’l'''<br /> |ɽ͡r<br /> |'''rr'''<br /> |ˀɽ<br /> |'''’r'''<br /> |ʟ<br /> |'''lj'''<br /> |ˀʟ<br /> |'''’lj'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Vowels and Tones ===<br /> All vowels have one of four tones: high, low, falling, and rising. Falling and rising tones are closer to the middle range than high or low. High tone is accompanied by preaspiration. On a word-initial vowel, the preaspiration is breathy. The preaspiration is converted into voiceless aspiration on any preceding voiceless consonant, and breathy voice on any preceding voiced consonant. Low tone is accompanied by creaky voice on the vowel.<br /> <br /> Vowels are separated into 2 classes based on their phonotactic behavior and evolutionary history. Class 1 vowels have no phonotactic restrictions other than that they cannot form diphthongs with each other. These vowels originated from the proto-language's 3-vowel system /e a o/.<br /> <br /> Class 2 vowels must be preceded or followed by a consonant, or both, and cannot be adjacent to a Class 1 vowel. Class 2 vowels can form diphthongs with each other. These diphthongs use the same tone system as other vowels. Diphthongs with consonants involve sliding articulation. Class 2 diphthongs cannot be adjacent to each other and adhere to the same restrictions as Class 2 monophthongs. They are excluded from the charts because all Class 2 vowels can form diphthongs (or long vowels) with another and it is not specially notated in romanization.<br /> <br /> There are three romanizations systems for Deeplect -4 which differ in vowel and tone notation. The Vohnegien<ref name=":02">Name created by [[Janus]].</ref> notation prioritized representing historical pronunciation such as syllabic consonants and their descendants being written with an vowel-initial diagraph upon which tones would be marked with diacritics. Vohnegien notation is seen as more outdated by some, but still used by a few scattered Deeplect -4-speaking regions and by linguists.<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="12" |Vohnegien Notation<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="3" |Vowels<br /> ! colspan="6" |Non-labial<br /> ! colspan="4" |Labial<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Extra-Front<br /> ! colspan="2" |Front<br /> ! colspan="2" |Back<br /> ! colspan="2" |Front<br /> ! colspan="2" |Back<br /> |-<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Class 1<br /> !Monophthong<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |e<br /> |'''e'''<br /> |ɤ<br /> |'''y'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |o<br /> |'''o'''<br /> |-<br /> !Diphthong<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |je<br /> |'''ie'''<br /> |ɰɤ<br /> |'''uy'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |wo<br /> |'''uo'''<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="3" |Class 2<br /> !Nasal<br /> |n̩<br /> |'''an'''<br /> |ĩ<br /> |'''in'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɱ̍<br /> |'''am'''<br /> |ũ<br /> |'''un'''<br /> |-<br /> !Close<br /> |l̩<br /> |'''al'''<br /> |i<br /> |'''iy'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |y<br /> |'''iu'''<br /> |ʉ<br /> |'''eu'''<br /> |-<br /> !Open<br /> |r̩<br /> |'''ar'''<br /> |æ<br /> |'''ae'''<br /> |ɑ<br /> |'''ao'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɵ<br /> |'''au'''<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Tones<br /> ! colspan="2" |-H<br /> ! colspan="2" |-L<br /> | colspan="6" rowspan="4" |⟨V⟩ here is used to represent a vowel, not the letter V.<br /> |-<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |H-<br /> |ʰV́<br /> |'''V̄'''<br /> |V̂<br /> |'''V̀'''<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |L-<br /> |V̌<br /> |'''V́'''<br /> |V̰̀<br /> |'''V'''<br /> |}<br /> Gritchend<ref name=":02" /> approached notation from a modern pronunciation in which diacritics are used on consonants to show syllabicity and on vowels to show vowel quality. Gritchend elected to romanize tones with unused consonant letters. Gritchend notation is broadly considered the modern notation of the language and is used in most formal and informal contexts.<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="12" |Gritchend Notation<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="3" |Vowels<br /> ! colspan="6" |Non-labial<br /> ! colspan="4" |Labial<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Extra-Front<br /> ! colspan="2" |Front<br /> ! colspan="2" |Back<br /> ! colspan="2" |Front<br /> ! colspan="2" |Back<br /> |-<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Class 1<br /> !Monophthong<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |e<br /> |'''e'''<br /> |ɤ<br /> |'''y'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |o<br /> |'''o'''<br /> |-<br /> !Diphthong<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |je<br /> |'''ie'''<br /> |ɰɤ<br /> |'''uy'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |wo<br /> |'''uo'''<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="3" |Class 2<br /> !Nasal<br /> |n̩<br /> |'''ń'''<br /> |ĩ<br /> |'''ĩ'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɱ̍<br /> |'''ḿ'''<br /> |ũ<br /> |'''ũ'''<br /> |-<br /> !Close<br /> |l̩<br /> |'''ĺ'''<br /> |i<br /> |'''i'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |y<br /> |'''u'''<br /> |ʉ<br /> |'''ü'''<br /> |-<br /> !Open<br /> |r̩<br /> |'''ŕ'''<br /> |æ<br /> |'''ä'''<br /> |ɑ<br /> |'''a'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɵ<br /> |'''ö'''<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Tones<br /> ! colspan="2" |-H<br /> ! colspan="2" |-L<br /> | colspan="6" rowspan="4" |⟨S⟩ here is used to represent a syllable, not the letter S.<br /> |-<br /> !IPA<br /> !Grit.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Grit.<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |H-<br /> |ʰV́<br /> |'''S'''<br /> |V̂<br /> |'''Sb'''<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |L-<br /> |V̌<br /> |'''Sp'''<br /> |V̰̀<br /> |'''Sq'''<br /> |}<br /> In the interest of avoiding the use of diacritics altogether, Vondenberg<ref name=":02" /> combined the vowel notation of Vohnegien and tone notation of Gritchend. This more modern romanization is most often used in informal text messages and typing with decorative fonts, which often have poor diacritic support.<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="12" |Vondenberg Notation<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="3" |Vowels<br /> ! colspan="6" |Non-labial<br /> ! colspan="4" |Labial<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Extra-Front<br /> ! colspan="2" |Front<br /> ! colspan="2" |Back<br /> ! colspan="2" |Front<br /> ! colspan="2" |Back<br /> |-<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vond.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vond.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vond.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vond.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vond.<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Class 1<br /> !Monophthong<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |e<br /> |'''e'''<br /> |ɤ<br /> |'''y'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |o<br /> |'''o'''<br /> |-<br /> !Diphthong<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |je<br /> |'''ie'''<br /> |ɰɤ<br /> |'''uy'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |wo<br /> |'''uo'''<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="3" |Class 2<br /> !Nasal<br /> |n̩<br /> |'''an'''<br /> |ĩ<br /> |'''in'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɱ̍<br /> |'''am'''<br /> |ũ<br /> |'''un'''<br /> |-<br /> !Close<br /> |l̩<br /> |'''al'''<br /> |i<br /> |'''iy'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |y<br /> |'''iu'''<br /> |ʉ<br /> |'''eu'''<br /> |-<br /> !Open<br /> |r̩<br /> |'''ar'''<br /> |æ<br /> |'''ae'''<br /> |ɑ<br /> |'''ao'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɵ<br /> |'''au'''<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Tones<br /> ! colspan="2" |-H<br /> ! colspan="2" |-L<br /> | colspan="6" rowspan="4" |⟨S⟩ here is used to represent a syllable, not the letter S.<br /> |-<br /> !IPA<br /> !Grit.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Grit.<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |H-<br /> |ʰV́<br /> |'''S'''<br /> |V̂<br /> |'''Sb'''<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |L-<br /> |V̌<br /> |'''Sp'''<br /> |V̰̀<br /> |'''Sq'''<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Deeplect -4 ==<br /> <br /> === Consonants ===<br /> All consonants can be lengthened except for /r̥ ɽ͡r ˀɽ/.<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="3" |Consonants<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Labial<br /> ! colspan="4" |Dental<br /> ! colspan="4" |Postalveolar<br /> ! colspan="4" |Palatal<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Glottal<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Plain<br /> ! colspan="2" |Glottalized<br /> ! colspan="2" |Plain<br /> ! colspan="2" |Glottalized<br /> ! colspan="2" |Plain<br /> ! colspan="2" |Glottalized<br /> |-<br /> !IPA<br /> !Rom<br /> !IPA<br /> !Rom<br /> !IPA<br /> !Rom<br /> !IPA<br /> !Rom<br /> !IPA<br /> !Rom<br /> !IPA<br /> !Rom<br /> !IPA<br /> !Rom<br /> !IPA<br /> !Rom<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Nasal<br /> |ɱ<br /> |'''m'''<br /> |n<br /> |'''n'''<br /> |ˀn<br /> |'''’n'''<br /> |ɳ<br /> |'''nr'''<br /> |ˀɳ<br /> |'''’nr'''<br /> |ɲ<br /> |'''nj'''<br /> |ˀɲ<br /> |'''’nj'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Plosive<br /> !Voiceless<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |t<br /> |'''t'''<br /> |tʼ<br /> |'''tʼ'''<br /> |ʈ<br /> |'''tr'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |c<br /> |'''k'''<br /> |cʼ<br /> |'''k’'''<br /> |ʔ<br /> |'''’'''<br /> |-<br /> !Voiced<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |d<br /> |'''d'''<br /> |ɗ<br /> |'''d’'''<br /> |ɖ<br /> |'''dr'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɟ<br /> |'''g'''<br /> |ʄ<br /> |'''g’'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Affricate<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |t͡s<br /> |'''c'''<br /> |t͡sʼ<br /> |'''c’'''<br /> |t͡ʃ<br /> |'''x'''<br /> |t͡ʃʼ<br /> |'''x’'''<br /> |c͡ç<br /> |'''cj'''<br /> |c͡çʼ<br /> |'''cj’'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Fricative<br /> !Voiceless<br /> |f<br /> |'''f'''<br /> |s<br /> |'''s'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ʃ<br /> |'''sr'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ç<br /> |'''sj'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |h<br /> |'''h'''<br /> |-<br /> !Voiced<br /> |v<br /> |'''v'''<br /> |z<br /> |'''z'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ʒ<br /> |'''zr'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ʝ<br /> |'''zj'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Approximant<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ð<br /> |'''ð'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Liquid<br /> !Voiceless<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɬ<br /> |'''hl'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |r̥<br /> |'''hr'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Voiced<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |l<br /> |'''l'''<br /> |ˀl<br /> |'''’l'''<br /> |ɽ͡r<br /> |'''rr'''<br /> |ˀɽ<br /> |'''’r'''<br /> |ʎ<br /> |'''lj'''<br /> |ˀʎ<br /> |'''’lj'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Vowels and Tones ===<br /> All vowels have one of four tones: high, low, falling, and rising. Falling and rising tones are closer to the middle range than high or low. High tone is accompanied by preaspiration. On a word-initial vowel, the preaspiration is breathy. The preaspiration is converted into voiceless aspiration on any preceding voiceless consonant, and breathy voice on any preceding voiced consonant. Low tone is accompanied by creaky voice on the vowel.<br /> <br /> Vowels are separated into 2 classes based on their phonotactic behavior and evolutionary history. Class 1 vowels have no phonotactic restrictions other than that they cannot form diphthongs with each other. These vowels originated from the proto-language's 3-vowel system /e a o/.<br /> <br /> Class 2 vowels must be preceded or followed by a consonant, or both, and cannot be adjacent to a Class 1 vowel. Class 2 vowels can form diphthongs with each other. These diphthongs use the same tone system as other vowels. Diphthongs with consonants involve sliding articulation. Class 2 diphthongs cannot be adjacent to each other and adhere to the same restrictions as Class 2 monophthongs. They are excluded from the charts because all Class 2 vowels can form diphthongs (or long vowels) with another and it is not specially notated in romanization.<br /> <br /> There are three romanizations systems for Deeplect -4 which differ in vowel and tone notation. The Vohnegien<ref name=":02" /> notation prioritized representing historical pronunciation such as syllabic consonants and their descendants being written with an vowel-initial diagraph upon which tones would be marked with diacritics. Vohnegien notation is seen as more outdated by some, but still used by a few scattered Deeplect -4-speaking regions and by linguists.<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="12" |Vohnegien Notation<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="3" |Vowels<br /> ! colspan="6" |Non-labial<br /> ! colspan="4" |Labial<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Extra-Front<br /> ! colspan="2" |Front<br /> ! colspan="2" |Back<br /> ! colspan="2" |Front<br /> ! colspan="2" |Back<br /> |-<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Class 1<br /> !Monophthong<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |e<br /> |'''e'''<br /> |ɤ<br /> |'''y'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |o<br /> |'''o'''<br /> |-<br /> !Diphthong<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |je<br /> |'''ie'''<br /> |ɰɤ<br /> |'''uy'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |wo<br /> |'''uo'''<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="3" |Class 2<br /> !Nasal<br /> |n̩<br /> |'''an'''<br /> |ĩ<br /> |'''in'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɱ̍<br /> |'''am'''<br /> |ũ<br /> |'''un'''<br /> |-<br /> !Close<br /> |l̩<br /> |'''al'''<br /> |i<br /> |'''iy'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |y<br /> |'''iu'''<br /> |ʉ<br /> |'''eu'''<br /> |-<br /> !Open<br /> |r̩<br /> |'''ar'''<br /> |æ<br /> |'''ae'''<br /> |ɑ<br /> |'''ao'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɵ<br /> |'''au'''<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Tones<br /> ! colspan="2" |-H<br /> ! colspan="2" |-L<br /> | colspan="6" rowspan="4" |⟨V⟩ here is used to represent a vowel, not the letter V.<br /> |-<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |H-<br /> |ʰV́<br /> |'''V̄'''<br /> |V̂<br /> |'''V̀'''<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |L-<br /> |V̌<br /> |'''V́'''<br /> |V̰̀<br /> |'''V'''<br /> |}<br /> Gritchend<ref name=":02" /> approached notation from a modern pronunciation in which diacritics are used on consonants to show syllabicity and on vowels to show vowel quality. Gritchend elected to romanize tones with unused consonant letters. Gritchend notation is broadly considered the modern notation of the language and is used in most formal and informal contexts.<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="12" |Gritchend Notation<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="3" |Vowels<br /> ! colspan="6" |Non-labial<br /> ! colspan="4" |Labial<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Extra-Front<br /> ! colspan="2" |Front<br /> ! colspan="2" |Back<br /> ! colspan="2" |Front<br /> ! colspan="2" |Back<br /> |-<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Class 1<br /> !Monophthong<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |e<br /> |'''e'''<br /> |ɤ<br /> |'''y'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |o<br /> |'''o'''<br /> |-<br /> !Diphthong<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |je<br /> |'''ie'''<br /> |ɰɤ<br /> |'''uy'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |wo<br /> |'''uo'''<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="3" |Class 2<br /> !Nasal<br /> |n̩<br /> |'''ń'''<br /> |ĩ<br /> |'''ĩ'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɱ̍<br /> |'''ḿ'''<br /> |ũ<br /> |'''ũ'''<br /> |-<br /> !Close<br /> |l̩<br /> |'''ĺ'''<br /> |i<br /> |'''i'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |y<br /> |'''u'''<br /> |ʉ<br /> |'''ü'''<br /> |-<br /> !Open<br /> |r̩<br /> |'''ŕ'''<br /> |æ<br /> |'''ä'''<br /> |ɑ<br /> |'''a'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɵ<br /> |'''ö'''<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Tones<br /> ! colspan="2" |-H<br /> ! colspan="2" |-L<br /> | colspan="6" rowspan="4" |⟨S⟩ here is used to represent a syllable, not the letter S.<br /> |-<br /> !IPA<br /> !Grit.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Grit.<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |H-<br /> |ʰV́<br /> |'''S'''<br /> |V̂<br /> |'''Sb'''<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |L-<br /> |V̌<br /> |'''Sp'''<br /> |V̰̀<br /> |'''Sq'''<br /> |}<br /> In the interest of avoiding the use of diacritics altogether, Vondenberg<ref name=":02" /> combined the vowel notation of Vohnegien and tone notation of Gritchend. This more modern romanization is most often used in informal text messages and typing with decorative fonts, which often have poor diacritic support.<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="12" |Vondenberg Notation<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="3" |Vowels<br /> ! colspan="6" |Non-labial<br /> ! colspan="4" |Labial<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Extra-Front<br /> ! colspan="2" |Front<br /> ! colspan="2" |Back<br /> ! colspan="2" |Front<br /> ! colspan="2" |Back<br /> |-<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vond.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vond.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vond.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vond.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vond.<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Class 1<br /> !Monophthong<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |e<br /> |'''e'''<br /> |ɤ<br /> |'''y'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |o<br /> |'''o'''<br /> |-<br /> !Diphthong<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |je<br /> |'''ie'''<br /> |ɰɤ<br /> |'''uy'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |wo<br /> |'''uo'''<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="3" |Class 2<br /> !Nasal<br /> |n̩<br /> |'''an'''<br /> |ĩ<br /> |'''in'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɱ̍<br /> |'''am'''<br /> |ũ<br /> |'''un'''<br /> |-<br /> !Close<br /> |l̩<br /> |'''al'''<br /> |i<br /> |'''iy'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |y<br /> |'''iu'''<br /> |ʉ<br /> |'''eu'''<br /> |-<br /> !Open<br /> |r̩<br /> |'''ar'''<br /> |æ<br /> |'''ae'''<br /> |ɑ<br /> |'''ao'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɵ<br /> |'''au'''<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Tones<br /> ! colspan="2" |-H<br /> ! colspan="2" |-L<br /> | colspan="6" rowspan="4" |⟨S⟩ here is used to represent a syllable, not the letter S.<br /> |-<br /> !IPA<br /> !Grit.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Grit.<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |H-<br /> |ʰV́<br /> |'''S'''<br /> |V̂<br /> |'''Sb'''<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |L-<br /> |V̌<br /> |'''Sp'''<br /> |V̰̀<br /> |'''Sq'''<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Deeplect -3 ==<br /> <br /> === Consonants ===<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Non-Click Consonant<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Bilabial<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Dental<br /> ! colspan="2" |Alveolar<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Palatal<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Velar/Uvular<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Laryngeal<br /> |-<br /> !Plain<br /> !Fricated<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="4" |Stop<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Plain<br /> |p '''p'''<br /> |t͡θ '''th'''<br /> |t '''t'''<br /> |t͡s '''ts'''<br /> |t͡ʃ '''ch'''<br /> |k '''c'''<br /> |ʡ '''q'''<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |d '''d'''<br /> |d͡z '''dz'''<br /> |d͡ʒ '''gh'''<br /> |g '''g'''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Glottalized<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |t͡s’ '''ts’'''<br /> |t͡ʃʼ '''ch’'''<br /> |kʼ '''c’'''<br /> |ʔˤ '''q’'''<br /> |-<br /> |ɓ '''b’'''<br /> |<br /> |ɗ '''d’'''<br /> |<br /> |ʄ '''gh’'''<br /> |ɠ '''g’'''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="3" |Fricative<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Plain<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |s '''s'''<br /> |ʃ '''š'''<br /> |χ '''x'''<br /> |ħ '''h'''<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ʒ '''ž'''<br /> |<br /> |ʕ '''ǧ'''<br /> |-<br /> !Glottalized<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ʃʼ '''š’'''<br /> |χʼ '''x’'''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Nasal<br /> |m '''m'''<br /> |n '''n'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ŋ '''ň'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Sonorant<br /> |β̞ '''v'''<br /> |lː '''l'''<br /> |r '''r'''<br /> |r̝ '''rz'''<br /> |j '''y'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==== Allophony ====<br /> <br /> * /t͡ʃ d͡ʒ t͡ʃʼ ʄ k ɡ kʼ ɠ/ become [k͡x g͡ɣ k͡xʼ ɠ q ɢ qʼ ʛ] before low or back vowels.<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Click Consonant<br /> ! colspan="2" |Bilabial<br /> ! colspan="2" |Dental<br /> ! colspan="2" |Alveolar<br /> ! colspan="2" |Lateral<br /> ! colspan="2" |Palatal<br /> |-<br /> !Velar<br /> !Uvular<br /> !Velar<br /> !Uvular<br /> !Velar<br /> !Uvular<br /> !Velar<br /> !Uvular<br /> !Velar<br /> !Uvular<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="3" |Nasal<br /> !Fricated<br /> |ŋʘʰ '''mwh'''<br /> |ɴʘχ '''mwx'''<br /> |ŋǀʰ '''nzh'''<br /> |ɴǀχ '''nzx'''<br /> |ŋǃʰ '''nkh'''<br /> |ɴǃχ '''nkx'''<br /> |ŋǁʰ '''nllh'''<br /> |ɴǁχ '''nllx'''<br /> |ŋǂʰ '''njh'''<br /> |ɴǂχ '''njx'''<br /> |-<br /> !Plain<br /> |ŋʘ '''mw'''<br /> |ɴʘ '''wm'''<br /> |ŋǀ '''nz'''<br /> |ɴǀ '''zn'''<br /> |ŋǃ '''nk'''<br /> |ɴǃ '''kn'''<br /> |ŋǁ '''nll'''<br /> |ɴǁ '''lln'''<br /> |ŋǂ '''nj'''<br /> |ɴǂ '''jn'''<br /> |-<br /> !Ploded<br /> |ŋʘˀ '''mw’'''<br /> |ɴʘq '''mwq'''<br /> |ŋǀˀ '''nz’'''<br /> |ɴǀq '''nzq'''<br /> |ŋǃˀ '''nk’'''<br /> |ɴǃq '''nkq'''<br /> |ŋǁˀ '''nll’'''<br /> |ɴǁq '''nllq'''<br /> |ŋǂˀ '''nj’'''<br /> |ɴǂq '''njq'''<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="9" |Oral<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Affricate<br /> |ʘk͡x '''wch'''<br /> |qʘχ '''wx'''<br /> |ǀk͡x '''zch'''<br /> |qǀχ '''zx'''<br /> |ǃk͡x '''kch'''<br /> |qǃχ '''kx'''<br /> |ǁk͡x '''llch'''<br /> |qǁχ '''llx'''<br /> |ǂk͡x '''jch'''<br /> |qǂχ '''jx'''<br /> |-<br /> |gʘx '''gwx'''<br /> |<br /> |gǀx '''gzx'''<br /> |<br /> |gǃx '''gkx'''<br /> |<br /> |gǁx '''gllx'''<br /> |<br /> |gǂx '''gjx'''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Aspirated<br /> |kʘʰ '''wh'''<br /> |<br /> |kǀʰ '''zh'''<br /> |<br /> |kǃʰ '''kh'''<br /> |<br /> |kǁʰ '''llh'''<br /> |<br /> |kǂʰ '''jh'''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |gʘʱ '''gwh'''<br /> |<br /> |gǀʱ '''gzh'''<br /> |<br /> |gǃʱ '''gkh'''<br /> |<br /> |gǁʱ '''gllh'''<br /> |<br /> |gǂʱ '''gjh'''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Plain<br /> |kʘ '''cw'''<br /> |ʘq '''wq'''<br /> |kǀ '''cz'''<br /> |ǀq '''zq'''<br /> |kǃ '''ck'''<br /> |ǃq '''kq'''<br /> |kǁ '''cll'''<br /> |ǁq '''llq'''<br /> |kǂ '''cj'''<br /> |ǂq '''jq'''<br /> |-<br /> |gʘ '''gw'''<br /> |ʘɢ '''wg'''<br /> |gǀ '''gz'''<br /> |ǀɢ '''zg'''<br /> |gǃ '''gk'''<br /> |ǃɢ '''kg'''<br /> |gǁ '''gll'''<br /> |ǁɢ '''llg'''<br /> |gǂ '''gj'''<br /> |ǂɢ '''jg'''<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Glottalized<br /> |kʘˀ '''w’'''<br /> |<br /> |kǀˀ '''z’'''<br /> |<br /> |kǃˀ '''k’'''<br /> |<br /> |kǁˀ '''ll’'''<br /> |<br /> |kǂˀ '''j’'''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |gkʘˀ '''gcw’'''<br /> |ɢqʘˀ '''gqw’'''<br /> |gkǀˀ '''gcz’'''<br /> |ɢqǀˀ '''gqz’'''<br /> |gkǃˀ '''gck’'''<br /> |ɢqǃˀ '''gqk’'''<br /> |gkǁˀ '''gcll’'''<br /> |ɢqǁˀ '''gqll’'''<br /> |gkǂˀ '''gcj’'''<br /> |ɢqǂˀ '''gqj’'''<br /> |-<br /> !Ejective<br /> |ʘkʼ '''wc’'''<br /> |ʘqʼ '''wq’'''<br /> |ǀkʼ '''zc’'''<br /> |ǀqʼ '''zq’'''<br /> |ǃkʼ '''kc’'''<br /> |ǃqʼ '''kq’'''<br /> |ǁkʼ '''llc’'''<br /> |ǁqʼ '''llq’'''<br /> |ǂkʼ '''jc’'''<br /> |ǂqʼ '''jq’'''<br /> |}<br /> An apostrophe is placed between grapheme clusters that may be confused with whole graphemes, e.g. ⟨amwha⟩ is /a.ŋʘʰa/ and ⟨am’wha⟩ is /am.kʘʰa/.<br /> <br /> === Vowels ===<br /> The vowel qualities are /i u e o a ã/ ⟨i u e o a ã⟩, with the long vowels /iː uː ɛː ɔː ɑː ãː/ ⟨ī ū ē ō ā ãa⟩ and overlong vowels /iːː uːː eːːː oːːː aːːː ãːːː/ ⟨ii uu ee oo aa ãā⟩.<br /> <br /> The possible diphthongs are /ei eo oe oi ou oa ue ua ai ae au ao oã uã ãi ãe ãu ão/.<br /> <br /> Phonations include modal, breathy ⟨◌h⟩, creaky ⟨◌’⟩, (all three of which can be pharyngealized ⟨◌·⟩), and strident ⟨◌ħ⟩. A long vowels and diphthongs can contain more than one phonation, but short and overlong vowels cannot.<br /> <br /> All vowels can be -ATR or +ATR ⟨◌y⟩, corresponding to tongue root harmony. This harmony can change voiceless plain stops to breathy stops (except /p/ which becomes [b]). It is a progressive harmony that begins from the start of a root word and is blocked by ejective and uvular consonants. +ATR is only romanized on the first vowel of a root word.<br /> <br /> ==== Allophony ====<br /> <br /> * Vowels are nasalized whenever adjacent to nasal phonemes. /ã/ merges with /a/, so ⟨ã⟩ is not used adjacent to nasal phonemes.<br /> <br /> == Deeplect -2 ==<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Labiodental<br /> ! colspan="4" |Dental<br /> ! colspan="4" |Alveolar<br /> ! colspan="4" |Palatal<br /> ! colspan="4" |Uvular<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Epiglottal<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Plain<br /> ! colspan="2" |Labial<br /> ! colspan="2" |Plain<br /> ! colspan="2" |Labial<br /> ! colspan="2" |Plain<br /> ! colspan="2" |Labial<br /> ! colspan="2" |Plain<br /> ! colspan="2" |Labial<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Nasal<br /> |{{ipa|ɱ}}<br /> |'''m'''<br /> |{{ipa|n̪}}<br /> |'''’n'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|n}}<br /> |'''n'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|ɲ}}<br /> |'''nj'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|ɴ}}<br /> |'''ng'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="3" |Plosive<br /> !Tense<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|ʔ͡d̪̊}}<br /> |'''’t'''<br /> |{{ipa|ʔ͡d̪̊ʷ}}<br /> |'''’tw'''<br /> |{{ipa|ʔ͡d̥}}<br /> |'''t'''<br /> |{{ipa|ʔ͡d̥ʷ}}<br /> |'''tw'''<br /> |{{ipa|ʔ͡ɟ̊}}<br /> |'''c'''<br /> |{{ipa|ʔ͡ɟ̊ʷ}}<br /> |'''cw'''<br /> |{{ipa|ʔ͡ɢ̥}}<br /> |'''k'''<br /> |{{ipa|ʔ͡ɢ̥ʷ}}<br /> |'''kw'''<br /> |{{ipa|ʡ}}<br /> |'''q'''<br /> |-<br /> !Lax<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|d̪𐞖}}<br /> |'''’dh'''<br /> |{{ipa|d̪𐞖ʷ}}<br /> |'''’dhw'''<br /> |{{ipa|d𐞖}}<br /> |'''dh'''<br /> |{{ipa|d𐞖ʷ}}<br /> |'''dhw'''<br /> |{{ipa|ɟ𐞖}}<br /> |'''jh'''<br /> |{{ipa|ɟ𐞖ʷ}}<br /> |'''jhw'''<br /> |{{ipa|ɢ𐞖}}<br /> |'''gh'''<br /> |{{ipa|ɢ𐞖ʷ}}<br /> |'''ghw'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Voiced<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|d̪}}<br /> |'''’d'''<br /> |{{ipa|d̪ʷ}}<br /> |'''’nw'''<br /> |{{ipa|d}}<br /> |'''d'''<br /> |{{ipa|dʷ}}<br /> |'''dw'''<br /> |{{ipa|ɟ}}<br /> |'''j'''<br /> |{{ipa|ɟʷ}}<br /> |'''jw'''<br /> |{{ipa|ɢ}}<br /> |'''g'''<br /> |{{ipa|ɢʷ}}<br /> |'''gw'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Fricative<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|ð}}<br /> |'''ð'''<br /> |{{ipa|ðʷ}}<br /> |'''ðw'''<br /> |{{ipa|z}}<br /> |'''z'''<br /> |{{ipa|zʷ}}<br /> |'''zw'''<br /> |{{ipa|ʝ}}<br /> |'''y'''<br /> |{{ipa|ʝʷ}}<br /> |'''yw'''<br /> |{{ipa|ʁ}}<br /> |'''x'''<br /> |{{ipa|ʁʷ}}<br /> |'''xw'''<br /> |{{ipa|ʜ}}<br /> |'''h'''<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Vibrant<br /> |{{ipa|ⱱ}}<br /> |'''v'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|r}}<br /> |'''r'''<br /> |{{ipa|rʷ}}<br /> |'''rw'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Lateral<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|l̪}}<br /> |'''’l'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|l}}<br /> |'''l'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|ʎ}}<br /> |'''lj'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|ʟ}}<br /> |'''lg'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! rowspan="2" |<br /> ! colspan="4" |Front<br /> ! colspan="4" |Non-Front<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |High<br /> ! colspan="2" |Low<br /> ! colspan="2" |High<br /> ! colspan="2" |Low<br /> |-<br /> !Close<br /> |{{ipa|í}}<br /> |'''í'''<br /> |{{ipa|ì}}<br /> |'''i'''<br /> |{{ipa|ɨ́}}<br /> |'''ú'''<br /> |{{ipa|ɨ̀}}<br /> |'''u'''<br /> |-<br /> !Close-Mid<br /> |{{ipa|é}}<br /> |'''é'''<br /> |{{ipa|è}}<br /> |'''e'''<br /> |{{ipa|ɘ́}}<br /> |'''ó'''<br /> |{{ipa|ɘ̀}}<br /> |'''o'''<br /> |-<br /> !Open<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|ɐ́}}<br /> |'''á'''<br /> |{{ipa|ɐ̀}}<br /> |'''a'''<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Deeplect -1 ==<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="3" |Grammar<br /> !<br /> |-<br /> !Gloss<br /> !IPA<br /> !Description<br /> !Examples<br /> |-<br /> !CAUS.GNO<br /> |jɾa-<br /> |''production, resultation, consequence (gnomic and nouns)''<br /> |kesˈteltɔ jɾaˈmiawa (earth brings life)<br /> |-<br /> !CAUS<br /> |ko-<br /> |''caused (tense, verbs only)''<br /> |kes'teltɔ koˈmiawe̤ (earth is causing life to exist)<br /> |-<br /> !MOA<br /> | -a,ɔ > -e̤<br /> |''verbalizer (motion of agent, MOA). MOA verbs receive an adverb? auxiliary verb? after, showing the precise action taking place if it isn't clear from the primary verb (it would be clear if the prim. verb was "to go to" but not if it's "to water"). unclear primary verbs used without secondary verbs are said to simply "be occuring" or "be existing".''<br /> |ˈbiːje̤ (approaching water)<br /> kesˈtelte̤ (kicking the ground)<br /> |-<br /> !MOS<br /> | -a,ɔ > -ʕu<br /> |''verbalizer (motion of secondary thing, MOS). MOS places the object after the verb. objects and "secondary verbs" (referenced above) do not differ in marking''<br /> |ˈbiːjʕu (splashing water on someone/watering something)<br /> kesˈteltʕu (kicking dirt at something/someone)<br /> |-<br /> !MOP<br /> | -a,ɔ > -a(ʕim)<br /> |''verbalizer (motion of patient, MOP). MOP places its object before the verb. -ʕim is only added for formality, emphasis, or syntactic disambiguation.''<br /> |ˈbiːja(ʕim) ~ spraying water around<br /> kesˈtela(ʕim) ~ kicking up dirt<br /> |}<br /> whether a verb is conjugated to MOA/MOS/MOP is determined by which action the speaker wants to focus on the most, even though usually 2 or 3 of them will be actually occuring<br /> <br /> topic pronouns (marked for person, number, and obviation) are clitics that attach to a particle with some of their grammatical information (cases).<br /> <br /> # 1P.SG.OBV1 ~ ũ=<br /> # 1P.SG.OBV2 ~ nã=<br /> # 1P.SG.OBV3 ~ ˈdeu=<br /> # 2P.SG.OBV1 ~ in=<br /> # 2P.SG.OBV2 ~ ja̤=<br /> # 2P.SG.OBV3 ~ tḛːŋ=<br /> # 3P.SG.OBV1 ~ ki=<br /> # 3P.SG.OBV2 ~ ɾḛj=<br /> # 3P.SG.OBV3 ~ aːn=<br /> # 1P.PL.INCL ~ eˈdo=<br /> # 1P.PL.EXCL ~ kʼe=<br /> # 2P.PL.INCL ~ ˈkimi=<br /> # 2P.PL.EXCL ~ ˈhuku=<br /> # 3P.PL.OBV1 ~ sto=<br /> # 3P.PL.OBV2 ~ ˈmihi=<br /> # 3P.PL.OBV3 ~ aˈdoː=<br /> # REFL ~ pi<br /> #* used in stuff like drinking(MOS), eating(MOS), etc.<br /> # nominative ~ i<br /> # vocative ~ -ʃa̤,ja̤/i'ja̤<br /> # benefactive ~ -(ɾ)e/ri<br /> # malefactive ~ -ḛːse/ḛːse<br /> # dative ~ -ãw/ŋaw<br /> # commitative ~ -(k,ɡ,ʼ)iː/kiː<br /> # instrumental ~ -(s,z)ãʰː/zãʰː<br /> # other case particles can be derived using class-less variants of words, which can get prefixed to a non-topic noun<br /> <br /> * sometimes the particle may be used alone instead of the pronoun clitic.<br /> * the pronoun clitic can be attached to a word to show stronger volition toward that aspect of the action described in the sentence (i.e. TOP=[verb] for showing stronger intent for the action than the object, or TOP=[object] for the opposite). stronger volition toward one aspect often implies weaker volition or intent toward the rest (TOP=[verb] may imply accidentally affecting the object, and TOP=[object] may imply accidentally performing the action, but meaning to do something to the object).<br /> * both or either of the pronoun clitic and particle may be omitted. omission only occurs in the event of redundance.<br /> * there is a subject case particle.<br /> * other NPs are listed in the beginning of the sentence in order of decreasing relevance. their cases (and conjunctions) are expressed in affixes, not a particle.<br /> <br /> * every part of speech has its own set of classes (they do not correspond to each other).<br /> * modifiers are added by affixing the modifiee's class suffix and changing the modifiee's suffix to -aː (this assumes all classes affixes will be suffixes but maybe i wont do that)<br /> *# kesˈteltɔ ''modified by'' beˈʔaɾa (cooled lava ground) > kesˈtelt'''-ɔ''' beˈʔa-ɾa > kesˈtelt-aː beˈʔa-ɾa'''-ɔ''' > kesˈteltaː beˈʔaɔ<br /> * noun classes (suffixes and prefixes):<br /> <br /> # -a, -ɔ ~ fluid, changing (animals, thoughts, breath, wind, clothing, some gods)<br /> # -ɾa ~ dangerous (lava, fire, poisonous food, weapon used, some gods)<br /> # zũː- ~ machinery (car, computer, lock, some weapons merely existing)<br /> # kʰ- ~ valuable natural item (diamond, gold, ivory)<br /> # tʰe- ~ material for use (wood, paper, ink, glue, metal, cloth)<br /> # -ʔiː ~ natural (plants, sun, moon, dirt, some gods)<br /> # -nõ ~ human, human-related concept, or thing altered by humanity (person, domesticated animals, weapon created, gods from secular perspective)<br /> <br /> * verb classes (suffixes):<br /> <br /> # -e ~<br /> # -l ~<br /> # -a ~<br /> <br /> * adjective/adverb classes (prefixes):<br /> * ''unmarked'' ~ quality<br /> * xe- ~ identity<br /> * o- ~ relation<br /> * adposition classes (suffixes):<br /> <br /> * when creating a phrase or description, go with more actually-occurs options before hypothetical or culturally-specific ones (i.e. kesˈteltaː beˈʔaɾɔ is a ground of cooled lava, not the ground being molten lava as is pretended in the game "the floor is lava", since the former is more likely to be used in a real situation than the latter)<br /> <br /> kesˈtelt'''ɔ''' ~ earth<br /> <br /> ˈbiːj'''a''' ~ water<br /> <br /> kṵː'''ɾa''' ~ fire<br /> <br /> ˈmiaw'''a''' ~ life<br /> <br /> ˈ'''zũː'''kũː ~ metal, mechanical<br /> <br /> ˈ'''kʰ'''uːihu ~ gold<br /> <br /> beˈʔa'''ɾa''' ~ lava<br /> <br /> ˈ'''tʰe'''ːsʼaː ~ wood<br /> <br /> liˈ'''ʔiː''' ~ plant<br /> <br /> oˈŋãi'''nõ''' ~ human<br /> <br /> eˈumĩ'''a''' ~ love<br /> <br /> çiː'''a''' ~ emotion(s)<br /> <br /> xkiˈ'''ʔiː''' ~ think, mind<br /> <br /> ˈ'''tʰe'''nũː ~ paper<br /> <br /> '''tʰe'''ˈʔjul ~ ink<br /> <br /> ˈ'''zũː'''mãi ~ pen<br /> <br /> he ~ move to<br /> <br /> iːl ~ move at/in<br /> <br /> ɬaː ~ express, release, secrete<br /> <br /> ˈtʰeŋ'''ʔiː''' ~ visible attribute<br /> <br /> kɔʔj'''ɔ''' ~ color, shadow, brightness, angle<br /> <br /> tḛjjɔ ~ red, hot pink, orange, brown, violet<br /> <br /> vɾiː ~ yellow, orange, lime, beige, white, pink<br /> <br /> ħaːn ~ green, lime, evergreen<br /> <br /> ˈijaɲ ~ cyan, mint<br /> <br /> ˈṳba ~ blue, indigo, purple, black<br /> <br /> naːˈħal ~ dark yellow, muddy green<br /> <br /> ħũːe ~ correct, factual, verified, verifiable<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <references /></div>

Suqi https://mc.nguh.org/w/index.php?title=Trace_Deeplects&diff=39527 Trace Deeplects 2026-05-05T03:40:31Z

<p>Suqi: </p> <hr /> <div><br /> '''Trace Deeplects''' are incomplete portions of languages that have been detected in experiments attempting to verif’ the [[Deep Dimensional]] theory. While the strongest evidence for Deep Dimensional is the languages that have inexplicably appeared, [[MARA]] experiments have found trace amounts of languages in their investigations, giving it more credibility. However, measurement error is not ruled out. This article will contain all the information on every Trace Deeplect. Trace Deeplects are listed in order of their negative discovery.<br /> <br /> == Deeplect -E ==<br /> Red: coda only<br /> <br /> Blue: onset only<br /> <br /> Yellow: word-medial only<br /> <br /> Uncolored: both onset and coda<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |<br /> ! colspan="2" |Labial<br /> ! colspan="2" |Alveolar<br /> ! colspan="2" |Palatal<br /> ! colspan="3" |Velar<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Pharyngeal<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Glottal<br /> |-<br /> !Plain<br /> !Palatalized<br /> !Plain<br /> !Palatalized<br /> !Plain<br /> !Labialized<br /> !Plain<br /> !Palatalized<br /> !Labialized<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Nasal<br /> |m '''''m'''''<br /> |mʲ '''''mj'''''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ŋ '''''n'''''<br /> |ŋʲ '''''nj'''''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Plosive<br /> !Aspirated<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |tʰ '''''t'''''<br /> |tʰʲ '''''tj'''''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |kʰ '''''k'''''<br /> |kʲʰ '''''kj'''''<br /> |kʷʰ '''''ku'''''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Tenuis<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |t '''''d'''''<br /> |tʲ '''''dj'''''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |k '''''g'''''<br /> |kʲ '''''gj'''''<br /> |kʷ '''''gu'''''<br /> |<br /> |ʔ '''''q'''''<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Affricate<br /> !Aspirated<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |t͡sʰ '''''c'''''<br /> |t͡sʲʰ '''''cj'''''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Tenuis<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |t͡s '''''z'''''<br /> |t͡sʲ '''''zj'''''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Fricative<br /> !Short<br /> |ɸ '''''f'''''<br /> |ɸʲ '''''fj'''''<br /> |s '''''s'''''<br /> |sʲ '''''sj'''''<br /> |ɕ '''''sjj'''''<br /> |<br /> |x '''''x'''''<br /> |xʲ '''''xj'''''<br /> |<br /> |ħ '''''h'''''<br /> |h '''''<nowiki/>''''''<br /> |-<br /> !Long<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |sː '''''ss'''''<br /> | colspan="2" |ɕ̟ː '''''ssj'''''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Glide<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɾ '''''r'''''<br /> |<br /> |j '''''y'''''<br /> |ɥ '''''v'''''<br /> |ɰ '''''w'''''<br /> |ɰʲ '''''wj'''''<br /> |w '''''wu'''''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |-<br /> !<br /> !Front<br /> !Back<br /> |-<br /> !High<br /> |i '''''i'''''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Mid<br /> |e '''''e'''''<br /> |o '''''o'''''<br /> |-<br /> !Low<br /> |<br /> |a '''''a'''''<br /> |}<br /> /tʰ tʰʲ t tʲ ħ/ only occurs word-medially<br /> <br /> Only /N ʔ h t͡s t͡sʰ<br /> <br /> == Deeplect -D ==<br /> <br /> === Consonants ===<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |<br /> ! colspan="2" |Bilabial<br /> ! colspan="2" |Alveolar<br /> ! colspan="2" |Prepalatal<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Palatal<br /> ! colspan="2" |Prevelar<br /> ! colspan="2" |Postvelar<br /> ! colspan="2" |Uvular<br /> ! colspan="2" |Epiglottal<br /> ! colspan="2" |Glottal<br /> |-<br /> !Plain<br /> !Emphatic<br /> !Plain<br /> !Emphatic<br /> !Plain<br /> !Labial<br /> !Plain<br /> !Labial<br /> !Plain<br /> !Labial<br /> !Plain<br /> !Labial<br /> !Plain<br /> !Labial<br /> !Plain<br /> !Labial<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Nasal<br /> |m '''m'''<br /> |mˤ '''ṃ'''<br /> |n '''n'''<br /> |nˤ '''ṇ'''<br /> |ɲ̟ '''ň'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ŋ '''ŋ'''<br /> |ŋʷ '''ŋw'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="3" |Plosive<br /> !Aspirated<br /> |pʰ '''ph'''<br /> |pʰˤ '''ṗh'''<br /> |tʰ '''th'''<br /> |tʰˤ '''ṭh'''<br /> |c̟ʰ '''ch'''<br /> |c̟ʰʷ '''cv'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |kʰ '''kh'''<br /> |kʰʷ '''kv'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Lax<br /> |p '''p'''<br /> |pˤ '''ṗ'''<br /> |t '''t'''<br /> |tˤ '''ṭ'''<br /> |c̟ '''c'''<br /> |c̟ʷ '''cw'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |k '''k'''<br /> |kʷ '''kw'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ʡ '''q'''<br /> |ʡʷ '''qw'''<br /> |ʔ '''<nowiki/>''''<br /> |ʔʷ '''<nowiki/>'w'''<br /> |-<br /> !Tense<br /> |b '''b'''<br /> |bˤ '''ḅ'''<br /> |tʼ '''d'''<br /> |tˤʼ '''ḍ'''<br /> |c̟ʼ '''j'''<br /> |c̟ʷʼ '''jw'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |kʼ '''g'''<br /> |kʷʼ '''gw'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Continuant<br /> !Voiceless<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |s '''s'''<br /> |sˤ '''ṣ'''<br /> |ɕ '''š'''<br /> |ɕʷ '''šw'''<br /> |ç '''hy'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |x '''ḫ'''<br /> |xʷ '''ḫw'''<br /> |χ '''x'''<br /> |χʷ '''xw'''<br /> |ħ '''ħ'''<br /> |ħʷ '''ħw'''<br /> |h '''h'''<br /> |hʷ '''hw'''<br /> |-<br /> !Voiced<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |l '''l'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |j '''i'''<br /> |ɣʲ '''ǧy'''<br /> |w '''u'''<br /> |ɣ '''ǧ'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ʕ '''ġ'''<br /> |ʕʷ '''ġw'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Trill<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |r '''r'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ʀ '''ṛ'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==== Syllabic Consonants ====<br /> Syllabic consonants are romanized as double letters only when adjacent to two vowels or a nonsyllabic variant of each other.<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> !<br /> !Bilabial<br /> !Alveolar<br /> !Prepalatal<br /> !Postvelar<br /> !Uvular<br /> !Epiglottal<br /> |-<br /> !Nasal<br /> |m̩ '''m, mm'''<br /> |n̩ '''n, nn'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɴ̩ '''ŋ, ŋŋ'''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Fricative<br /> |<br /> |s̩ '''s, ss'''<br /> |ɕ̩ '''š, šš'''<br /> |x̩ '''ḫ, ḫḫ'''<br /> |χ̍ '''x, xx'''<br /> |ħ̩ '''ħ, ħħ'''<br /> |-<br /> !Lateral<br /> |<br /> |l̩ '''l, ll'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Trill<br /> |<br /> |r̩ '''r, rr'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Vowels ===<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> !<br /> !Front<br /> !Central<br /> !Back<br /> |-<br /> !Mid<br /> |e '''e'''<br /> |ɵ '''oy'''<br /> |o '''o'''<br /> |-<br /> !Near-Open<br /> |<br /> |ɐ '''ay'''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Open<br /> |<br /> |a '''a'''<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Pitch-Accent ===<br /> Deeplect -D uses seven pitch accents: high (ā [ꜛaꜜ]), mid (a [a]), low (ȧ [ꜜaꜛ]), falling (à [ꜛâꜜ]), rising (á [ǎꜛ]), high-falling (â [âꜜ]), and dipping (ǎ [â]), which can be placed on any mora except for the final one. All vowels and all syllabic consonants can receive a pitch accent.<br /> <br /> * '''High''' pitch accent gives only one mora a high tone while the rest have low tone (L-<u>H</u>-L)<br /> * '''Mid''' pitch accent makes a word retain low tone throughout (L-<u>L</u>-L)<br /> * '''Low''' pitch accent gives one more a low tone while the rest have high tone (H-<u>L</u>-H)<br /> * '''Falling''' pitch accent takes the tone of one mora from high to low while the rest of the morae have a low tone (L-<u>HL</u>-L)<br /> * '''Rising''' pitch accent takes one mora's tone from low to high while the preceding morae have a low tone and the following morae have a high tone (L-<u>LH</u>-H)<br /> * '''High-falling''' pitch accent takes one mora's tone from high to mid while the preceding morae have a high tone and the following morae have a low tone (H-<u>HM</u>-L)<br /> * '''Dipping''' pitch accent takes the tone of one mora from high to low while the rest of the morae have a mid tone (M-<u>HL</u>-M)<br /> <br /> === Phonotactics ===<br /> (C)V<br /> <br /> * Three of the same phoneme cannot occur in a row; syllabic consonants count as consonants in this rule.<br /> <br /> === Allophony ===<br /> E: /e/, [i ɪ e̞ ɛ]<br /> <br /> Y: /ɲ̟ c̟ʰ c̟ʰʷ c̟ c̟ʷ c̟ʼ c̟ʷʼ ɕ ɕʷ ç j/<br /> <br /> # /C₁C̩₁ C̩₁C₁/ = [C₁ːː C₁ːː]<br /> # /C̩V VC̩/ = [CːV VCː]<br /> # /e ɵ o/ = [e̞ ɵ̞ o̞]<br /> # e̞ o̞ ɵ̞ → ɛ ɞ ɔ / {_#,#_%,V_%}<br /> # e̞ ɵ̞ o̞ ɐ a → ɪ ɵ ʊ ɘ ɜ / _Cː<br /> # e̞ ɵ̞ o̞ ɐ a → i ʉ u ɨ ə / _Cːː<br /> # ɵ̞ o̞ ɐ a → ø̞ ɵ̞ æ̝ æ / {EC,Y}_<br /> # ɞ ɔ → œ ɞ / {EC,Y}_<br /> # ʊ ɵ ɘ ɜ → ʉ̞ ø e ɛ / {EC,Y}_<br /> # u ʉ ɨ ə → ʉ y ɪ e̞ / {EC,Y}_<br /> # ŋ(ʷ) → ɴ(ʷ) / _{a,ɐ,ɔ,o,ʊ}<br /> # ŋ(ʷ) → ɴ(ʷ) / {a,ɐ,ɔ,o,ʊ}_%<br /> # C̩[-labial] → C̩[-labial]ʷ / C[+labial]_<br /> # F̩[-voice] → F̩[+voice] / C[+voice]_<br /> <br /> === Word Formation ===<br /> Deeplect -D's word formation is unusual. The etymology of words comes from an abstract dimension where tracing the language consistently to its proto-form becomes impossible.<br /> <br /> == Deeplect -C ṡżṠŻǎǔǐěǒẽĩũẙů ==<br /> <br /> === Phonemic Inventory ===<br /> <br /> ==== Onsets ====<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |<br /> ! colspan="4" |Coronal<br /> ! colspan="4" |Peripheral<br /> |-<br /> !Plain<br /> !Lab.<br /> !Pal.<br /> !Lar.<br /> !Plain<br /> !Lab.<br /> !Pal.<br /> !Lar.<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Nasal<br /> !Plain<br /> |n<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ŋ<br /> |m<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Geminated<br /> |nː<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |mː<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Plosive<br /> !Plain<br /> |t<br /> |tʷ<br /> |tʲ<br /> |tˤ<br /> |k<br /> |kʷ<br /> |kʲ<br /> |kˤ<br /> |-<br /> !Geminated<br /> |tː<br /> |tʷː<br /> |tʲː<br /> |tˤː<br /> |kː<br /> |kʷː<br /> |kʲː<br /> |kˤː<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Affricate<br /> !Plain<br /> |t͡s<br /> |t͡sʷ<br /> |t͡sʲ<br /> |t͡sˤ<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Geminated<br /> |t͡sː<br /> |t͡sʷː<br /> |t͡sʲː<br /> |t͡sˤː<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Fricative<br /> !Plain<br /> |s<br /> |sʷ<br /> |sʲ<br /> |sˤ<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |h<br /> |-<br /> !Geminated<br /> |sː<br /> |sʷː<br /> |sʲː<br /> |sˤː<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Approximant<br /> |l<br /> |lʷ<br /> |lʲ<br /> |lˤ<br /> |ɰ<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==== Nuclei ====<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Labial<br /> ! colspan="4" |Coronal<br /> ! colspan="4" |Dorsal<br /> |-<br /> !Plain<br /> !Lab.<br /> !Pal.<br /> !Lar.<br /> !Plain<br /> !Lab.<br /> !Pal.<br /> !Lar.<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Occlusive<br /> !Spread glottis<br /> |ḿ̩<br /> |ń̩<br /> |t̩ʷʰ<br /> |t̩ʲʰ<br /> |t̩ˤʰ<br /> |ŋ̩́<br /> |k̩ʷʰ<br /> |k̩ʲʰ<br /> |k̩ˤʰ<br /> |-<br /> !Constricted glottis<br /> |m̩̀<br /> |ǹ̩<br /> |t̩ʷ<br /> |t̩ʲ<br /> |t̩ˤ<br /> |ŋ̩̀<br /> |k̩ʷ<br /> |k̩ʲ<br /> |k̩ˤ<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Continuant<br /> !Spread glottis<br /> |<br /> |ŕ̩<br /> |s̩ʷʰ<br /> |s̩ʲʰ<br /> |s̩ˤʰ<br /> |<br /> |ó<br /> |é<br /> |á<br /> |-<br /> !Constricted glottis<br /> |<br /> |r̩̀<br /> |s̩ʷ<br /> |s̩ʲ<br /> |s̩ˤ<br /> |<br /> |ò<br /> |è<br /> |à<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Phonotactics ===<br /> <br /> # (C)V<br /> # Geminates can only occur word-medially<br /> # Syllabic obstruents cannot immediately precede a syllabic resonant.<br /> # /n̩/ and /ŋ̩/ cannot be word-intial.<br /> # Syllabic nasals can only be adjacent to vowels or other syllabic nasals.<br /> <br /> === Allophony ===<br /> <br /> # Secondary articulations in onsets are typically contained within the time of articulation of the main articulation. There may be an onglide, but never an offglide.<br /> # Secondary articulations in nuclei very often result in an offglide, which is fricated in the case of aspirated consonants.<br /> # Tenuis syllabic obstruents are geminated.<br /> # /t͡sʷ(ː) sʷ(ː) s̩ʷ(ː) sʲ(ː) s̩ʲ(ː)/ are realized as [t͜s͡ɸ(ː) s͡ɸ(ː) s̩͡ɸ(ː) ɕ(ː) ɕ̩(ː)]<br /> # /e o/ become [ɛ ɔ] following a pharyngealized consonant.<br /> # /a/ becomes [e] after /e/, except when /e/ is [ɛ], then /a/ becomes [ɛ].<br /> # /a/ becomes [o] after /o/, except when /o/ is [ɔ], then /a/ becomes [ɔ].<br /> # /e/ becomes [i] after /e/.<br /> # /o/ becomes [u] after /o/.<br /> # When /t(ː) t͡s(ː) s(ː) l n h/ precede /e/, they become [c(ː) c͡ɕ(ː) ɕ(ː) ɾ ɲ ç] and /e/ becomes [i].<br /> #* /tʲ(ː) t͡sʲ(ː) sʲ(ː) lʲ/ merge with /t(ː) t͡s(ː) s(ː) l/ before /e/.<br /> # When /tʷ(ː) t͡sʷ(ː) sʷ(ː) lʷ/ precede /e/, they become [c(ː) c͡ɕ(ː) ɕ(ː) ɾ] and /e/ becomes [y].<br /> # When /tˤ(ː) t͡sˤ(ː) sˤ(ː) lˤ/ precede /e/, they become [c(ː) c͡ɕ(ː) ɕ(ː) ɾ] and /e/ becomes [ɛ].<br /> # /t(ː) s(ː) l n h/ become [p(ː) s͡ɸ(ː) ⱱ̟ m ʍ] before /o/.<br /> #* /tʷ(ː) sʷ(ː) lʷ/ merge with /t(ː) s(ː) l/ before /o/.<br /> #* /n/ merges with [m] before /o/, but /nː/ remains [nː].<br /> # /tʲ(ː) lʲ/ become [pʲ(ː) ⱱ̟ʲ] before /o/.<br /> # When /tˤ(ː) lˤ/ precede /o/, they become [pˤ(ː) ⱱ̟ˤ] and /o/ becomes [ɔ].<br /> # Word-initial /m̩/ assimilates to the place of articulation of the last phone of the previous word. If it cannot do so, it assimilates to the place of articulation of the following phone. If it cannot do so either, it remains [m̩].<br /> # Word-initial /m̩/ experiences sandhi from the tone of the previous word's final syllable.<br /> # /r̩/ becomes [l̩] when next to a vowel.<br /> # Low tones become falling tones when preceded by only one phonemic high tone.<br /> # High tones become rising tones when preceded by only one phonemic low tone.<br /> # Low tones merge with high tones when preceded by a rising tone<br /> # High tones merge with low tones when preceded by a falling tone<br /> <br /> === Romanization ===<br /> {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"<br /> ! colspan="4" |Onsets<br /> ! colspan="4" |Nuclei<br /> |-<br /> !Phone<br /> !Romanization<br /> !Phone<br /> !Romanization<br /> !Phone<br /> !Romanization<br /> !Phone<br /> !Romanization<br /> |-<br /> ![m]<br /> |m<br /> ![mː]<br /> |mm<br /> ![í]<br /> |i<br /> ![ì]<br /> |ī<br /> |-<br /> ![n]<br /> |n<br /> ![nː]<br /> |nn<br /> ![ý]<br /> |ü<br /> ![ỳ]<br /> |û<br /> |-<br /> ![ɲ]<br /> |nj<br /> !<br /> |<br /> ![é]<br /> |e<br /> ![è]<br /> |ē<br /> |-<br /> ![ŋ]<br /> |ng<br /> !<br /> |<br /> ![ɛ́]<br /> |ë<br /> ![ɛ̀]<br /> |ê<br /> |-<br /> ![p]<br /> |p<br /> ![pː]<br /> |pp<br /> ![á]<br /> |a<br /> ![à]<br /> |ā<br /> |-<br /> ![pʲ]<br /> |pj<br /> ![pʲː]<br /> |ppj<br /> ![ú]<br /> |u<br /> ![ù]<br /> |ū<br /> |-<br /> ![pˤ]<br /> |pg<br /> ![pˤː]<br /> |ppg<br /> ![ó]<br /> |o<br /> ![ò]<br /> |ō<br /> |-<br /> ![t]<br /> |t<br /> ![tː]<br /> |tt<br /> ![ɔ́]<br /> |ö<br /> ![ɔ̀]<br /> |ô<br /> |-<br /> ![tʷ]<br /> |tv<br /> ![tʷː]<br /> |ttv<br /> ![ḿ̩, ḿ̩ʲ, ḿ̩ˤ]<br /> |ym<ref name=":0">⟨y⟩ may optionally be omitted if the syllabic consonant follows a vowel but does not precede one.</ref><br /> ![m̩̀, m̩̀ʲ, m̩̀ˤ]<br /> |’m<br /> |-<br /> ![tʲ]<br /> |tj<br /> ![tʲː]<br /> |ttj<br /> ![ń̩, ń̩ʷ, ń̩ʲ, ń̩ˤ]<br /> |yn<ref name=":0" /><br /> ![ǹ̩, ǹ̩ʷ, ǹ̩ʲ, ǹ̩ˤ]<br /> |’n<br /> |-<br /> ![tˤ]<br /> |tg<br /> ![tˤː]<br /> |ttg<br /> ![ɲ̩́]<br /> |ynj<ref name=":0" /><br /> ![ɲ̩̀]<br /> |’nj<br /> |-<br /> ![c]<br /> |c<br /> ![cː]<br /> |cc<br /> ![ŋ̩́, ŋ̩́ʷ, ŋ̩́ʲ, ŋ̩́ˤ]<br /> |yng<ref name=":0" /><br /> ![ŋ̩̀, ŋ̩̀ʷ, ŋ̩̀ʲ, ŋ̩̀ˤ]<br /> |’ng<br /> |-<br /> ![k]<br /> |k<br /> ![kː]<br /> |kk<br /> ![ŕ̩]<br /> |yr<ref name=":0" /><br /> ![r̩̀]<br /> |’r<br /> |-<br /> ![kʷ]<br /> |kv<br /> ![kʷː]<br /> |kkv<br /> ![ĺ̩]<br /> |yl<ref name=":0" /><br /> ![l̩̀]<br /> |’l<br /> |-<br /> ![kʲ]<br /> |kj<br /> ![kʲː]<br /> |kkj<br /> ![t̩ʷʰ]<br /> |ytv<ref name=":0" /><br /> ![t̩ʷː]<br /> |’tv<br /> |-<br /> ![kˤ]<br /> |kg<br /> ![kˤː]<br /> |kkg<br /> ![t̩ʲʰ]<br /> |ytj<ref name=":0" /><br /> ![t̩ʲː]<br /> |’tj<br /> |-<br /> ![t͡s]<br /> |z<br /> ![t͡sː]<br /> |zz<br /> ![t̩ˤʰ]<br /> |yt<ref name=":0" /><br /> ![t̩ˤː]<br /> |’t<br /> |-<br /> ![t͜s͡ɸ]<br /> |zv<br /> ![t͜s͡ɸː]<br /> |zzv<br /> ![k̩ʷʰ]<br /> |ykv<ref name=":0" /><br /> ![k̩ʷː]<br /> |’kv<br /> |-<br /> ![t͡sʲ]<br /> |zj<br /> ![t͡sʲː]<br /> |zzj<br /> ![k̩ʲʰ]<br /> |ykj<ref name=":0" /><br /> ![k̩ʲː]<br /> |’kj<br /> |-<br /> ![t͡sˤ]<br /> |zg<br /> ![t͡sˤː]<br /> |zzg<br /> ![k̩ˤʰ]<br /> |yk<ref name=":0" /><br /> ![k̩ˤː]<br /> |’k<br /> |-<br /> ![c͡ɕ]<br /> |x<br /> ![c͡ɕː]<br /> |xx<br /> ![s̩͡ɸʰ]<br /> |ysv<ref name=":0" /><br /> ![s̩͡ɸː]<br /> |’sv<br /> |-<br /> ![s]<br /> |s<br /> ![sː]<br /> |ss<br /> ![s̩ˤʰ]<br /> |ys<ref name=":0" /><br /> ![s̩ˤː]<br /> |’s<br /> |-<br /> ![s͡ɸ]<br /> |sv<br /> ![s͡ɸː]<br /> |ssv<br /> ![ɕ̩ʰ]<br /> |ysj<ref name=":0" /><br /> ![ɕ̩ː]<br /> |’sj<br /> |-<br /> ![sˤ]<br /> |sg<br /> ![sˤː]<br /> |ssg<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ![ɕ]<br /> |sj<br /> ![ɕː]<br /> |ssj<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ![ç]<br /> |hj<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ![ʍ]<br /> |hv<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ![h]<br /> |h<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ![ⱱ̟]<br /> |b<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ![ⱱ̟ʲ]<br /> |bj<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ![ⱱ̟ˤ]<br /> |bg<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ![ɾ]<br /> |r<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ![l]<br /> |l<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ![lʷ]<br /> |lv<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ![lʲ]<br /> |lj<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ![lˤ]<br /> |lg<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ![ɰ]<br /> |w<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Vocabulary ===<br /> mākvylo (car) {{Ipa|/màkʷŕ̩ó/ [ma˩kʷl̩˩˥o˥]}}<br /> <br /> haerī (bicycle) {{Ipa|/háélì/ [ha˥e˥ɾi˥˩]}}<br /> <br /> boccü (dog) {{Ipa|/lótʷːé/ [ⱱ̟o˥cːy˥]}}<br /> <br /> mō’kv (person) {{Ipa|/mòk̩ʷː/ [mo˩k̩ːʷ]}}<br /> <br /> akām (dot) {{Ipa|/ákàm̩̀/ [a˥ka˥˩m̩˩]}}<br /> <br /> == Deeplect -B ==<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |PULMONIC<br /> CONSONANTS<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Labial<br /> ! colspan="4" |Alveolar<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Palatal<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Velar<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Pharyngeal<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Glottal<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Plain<br /> ! colspan="2" |Palatal<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Nasal<br /> !plain<br /> |m~w̃<br /> |'''m'''<br /> |n~ɾ̃<br /> |'''n'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɲ~j̃<br /> |'''ny'''<br /> |ŋ~ɰ̃<br /> |'''ng'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !glottal<br /> |ˀm<br /> |'''’m'''<br /> |ˀn<br /> |'''’n'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ˀɲ<br /> |'''’ny'''<br /> |ˀŋ<br /> |'''’ng'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="4" |Plosive<br /> !plain<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |t<br /> |'''t'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |c<br /> |'''c'''<br /> |ɢ<br /> |'''rg'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ʔ<br /> |'''q'''<br /> |-<br /> !aspirated<br /> |b͡pʰ<br /> |'''bp'''<br /> |tʰ d͡tʰ<br /> |'''th dt'''<br /> |tʲʰ d͡tʲʰ<br /> |'''ch dc'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |qʰ ɡ͡kʰ<br /> |'''kh gk'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !ejective<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |tʼ d͡tʼ<br /> |'''t’ dt’'''<br /> |tʲʼ d͡tʲʼ<br /> |'''c’ dc’'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |kʼ ɢ͡qʼ<br /> |'''k’ gk’'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !implosive<br /> |ɓ<br /> |'''b’'''<br /> |ɗ<br /> |'''d’'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ʄ<br /> |'''y’'''<br /> |ɠ<br /> |'''g’'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="3" |Affricate<br /> !plain<br /> |b͡β<br /> |'''bv'''<br /> |d͡z<br /> |'''dz'''<br /> |t͡ɕ<br /> |'''cs'''<br /> |ɟ͡ʝ<br /> |'''yy'''<br /> |k͡x ɡ͡ɣ<br /> |'''kx gx'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !aspirated<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |d͡t͜sʰ<br /> |'''ds'''<br /> |d͡t͜ɕʰ<br /> |'''dcs'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɡ͡k͜xʰ<br /> |'''gkx'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !ejective<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |t͡ɕʼ d͡t͜ɕʼ<br /> |'''cs’ dcs’'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |k͡xʼ ɡ͡k͜xʼ<br /> |'''kx’ gx’'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Fricative<br /> |β<br /> |'''v'''<br /> |ɮ<br /> |'''z'''<br /> |ɕ ɮʲ<br /> |'''s zy'''<br /> |ʝ<br /> |'''hy'''<br /> |x~χ ʁ<br /> |'''x r'''<br /> |ħ<br /> |'''h’'''<br /> |h<br /> |'''h'''<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Glide<br /> |w~b<br /> |'''w'''<br /> |l~d<br /> |'''l'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɰ~ɡ<br /> |'''gh'''<br /> |ʜ<br /> |'''rh'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> p ś ł ṭ ṣ j<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |CLICKS<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Labial<br /> ! colspan="4" |Prealveolar<br /> ! colspan="4" |Postalveolar<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Palatal<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Plain<br /> ! colspan="2" |Lateral<br /> ! colspan="2" |Plain<br /> ! colspan="2" |Lateral<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="3" |Nasal<br /> !plain<br /> |ŋ͡ʘ<br /> |'''mp'''<br /> |ŋ͡ǀ<br /> |'''nś'''<br /> |ŋ͡ǁ<br /> |'''nł'''<br /> |ŋ͡ǃ<br /> |'''nṭ'''<br /> |ŋ͡‼<br /> |'''nṣ'''<br /> |ŋ͡𝼋<br /> |'''nj'''<br /> |-<br /> !aspirated<br /> |ŋ͡ʘʰ<br /> |'''mph'''<br /> |ŋ͡ǀʰ<br /> |'''nśh'''<br /> |ŋ͡ǁʰ<br /> |'''nłh'''<br /> |ŋ͡ǃʰ<br /> |'''nṭh'''<br /> |ŋ͡‼ʰ<br /> |'''nṣh'''<br /> |ŋ͡𝼋ʰ<br /> |'''njh'''<br /> |-<br /> !glottalized<br /> |ŋ͡ʘˀ<br /> |'''mp’'''<br /> |ŋ͡ǀˀ<br /> |'''nś’'''<br /> |ŋ͡ǁˀ<br /> |'''nł’'''<br /> |ŋ͡ǃˀ<br /> |'''nṭ’'''<br /> |ŋ͡‼ˀ<br /> |'''nṣ’'''<br /> |ŋ͡𝼋ˀ<br /> |'''nj’'''<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="5" |Voiceless<br /> !plain<br /> |k͡ʘ<br /> |'''p'''<br /> |k͡ǀ<br /> |'''ś'''<br /> |k͡ǁ<br /> |'''ł'''<br /> |k͡ǃ<br /> |'''ṭ'''<br /> |k͡‼<br /> |'''ṣ'''<br /> |k͡𝼋<br /> |'''j'''<br /> |-<br /> !aspirated<br /> |k͡ʘʰ<br /> |'''ph'''<br /> |k͡ǀʰ<br /> |'''śh'''<br /> |k͡ǁʰ<br /> |'''łh'''<br /> |k͡ǃʰ<br /> |'''ṭh'''<br /> |k͡‼ʰ<br /> |'''ṣh'''<br /> |k͡𝼋ʰ<br /> |'''jh'''<br /> |-<br /> !glottalized<br /> |k͡ʘˀ<br /> |'''p’'''<br /> |k͡ǀˀ<br /> |'''ś’'''<br /> |k͡ǁˀ<br /> |'''ł’'''<br /> |k͡ǃˀ<br /> |'''ṭ’'''<br /> |k͡‼ˀ<br /> |'''ṣ’'''<br /> |k͡𝼋ˀ<br /> |'''j’'''<br /> |-<br /> !delayed release<br /> |ʘ͡kʰ<br /> |'''pk'''<br /> |ǀ͡kʰ<br /> |'''śk'''<br /> |ǁ͡kʰ<br /> |'''łk'''<br /> |ǃ͡kʰ<br /> |'''ṭk'''<br /> |‼͡kʰ<br /> |'''ṣk'''<br /> |𝼋͡kʰ<br /> |'''jk'''<br /> |-<br /> !ejective<br /> |ʘ͡kʼ<br /> |'''pk’'''<br /> |ǀ͡kʼ<br /> |'''śk’'''<br /> |ǁ͡kʼ<br /> |'''łk’'''<br /> |ǃ͡kʼ<br /> |'''ṭk’'''<br /> |‼͡kʼ<br /> |'''ṣk’'''<br /> |𝼋͡kʼ<br /> |'''jk’'''<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="3" |Voiced<br /> !plain<br /> |ɡ͡ʘ<br /> |'''gp'''<br /> |ɡ͡ǀ<br /> |'''gś'''<br /> |ɡ͡ǁ<br /> |'''gł'''<br /> |ɡ͡ǃ<br /> |'''gṭ'''<br /> |ɡ͡‼<br /> |'''gṣ'''<br /> |ɡ͡𝼋<br /> |'''gj'''<br /> |-<br /> !aspirated<br /> |ɡ͡ʘʰ<br /> |'''gph'''<br /> |ɡ͡ǀʰ<br /> |'''gśh'''<br /> |ɡ͡ǁʰ<br /> |'''głh'''<br /> |ɡ͡ǃʰ<br /> |'''gṭh'''<br /> |ɡ͡‼ʰ<br /> |'''gṣh'''<br /> |ɡ͡𝼋ʰ<br /> |'''gjh'''<br /> |-<br /> !glottalized<br /> |ɡ͡ʘˀ<br /> |'''gp’'''<br /> |ɡ͡ǀˀ<br /> |'''gś’'''<br /> |ɡ͡ǁˀ<br /> |'''gł’'''<br /> |ɡ͡ǃˀ<br /> |'''gṭ’'''<br /> |ɡ͡‼ˀ<br /> |'''gṣ’'''<br /> |ɡ͡𝼋ˀ<br /> |'''gj’'''<br /> |}<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> !VOWELS<br /> ! colspan="2" |Front<br /> ! colspan="2" |Central<br /> ! colspan="2" |Back<br /> |-<br /> !Fricated<br /> |i̝<br /> |'''ii'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |u̝<br /> |'''uu'''<br /> |-<br /> !Close<br /> |i~ɪ<br /> |'''i'''<br /> |ʉ<br /> |'''uy'''<br /> |u~ʊ<br /> |'''u'''<br /> |-<br /> !Close-Mid<br /> |e<br /> |'''e'''<br /> |ə ɵ<br /> |'''ẹ oy'''<br /> |o<br /> |'''o'''<br /> |-<br /> !Open-Mid<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɞ<br /> |'''ọy'''<br /> |ɔ<br /> |'''ọ'''<br /> |-<br /> !Open<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |a<br /> |'''a'''<br /> |ɑ<br /> |'''ạ'''<br /> |}<br /> Words can either be monosyllabic and contain contour or level tones, or be polysyllabic and only contain level tones.<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> !TONES<br /> !High<br /> !Mid<br /> !Low<br /> |-<br /> !High<br /> |H<br /> |HM<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Mid<br /> |<br /> |M<br /> |ML<br /> |-<br /> !Low<br /> |<br /> |LM<br /> |L<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Deeplect -A ==<br /> Deeplect -A is intended to create a manner of communication that involves very little complexity, whether that be phonological, grammatical, semantic, or pragmatic, and therefore easy and intuitive to learn from any linguistic background. Words do not take on parts of speech (noun, verb, etc.) or grammatical roles (subject, object, etc.) typical of natural languages. The syntactic structure is based purely on the relationships of emphasized words, unemphasized words, and pauses.<br /> <br /> '''Vocabulary'''<br /> <br /> * small: ki<br /> ** can be used to describe small size, quantity, height, social position, etc.<br /> * big: on<br /> ** can be used to describe large size, quantity, height, social position, etc.<br /> * move: ne<br /> ** can be used to describe living things, fluids, motion, etc.<br /> * stay: at<br /> ** can be used to describe unmoving things, solids, the ground, some locations, etc.<br /> * subject: e (subject of discussion, not gramamtical subject)<br /> * not: su<br /> <br /> '''Syntax'''<br /> <br /> ''u'' = unemphasized word; ''E'' = emphasized word<br /> <br /> * uE: ''u'' performs as a topic, ''E'' performs as a comment modifying the topic.<br /> * Eu: ''E'' performs as a novel topic, ''u'' performs as a comment modifying the novel topic.<br /> * u<sub>1</sub>u<sub>1</sub>: marks plurality<br /> * E<sub>1</sub>E<sub>1</sub>: marks emphasis<br /> * u<sub>1</sub>u<sub>2</sub>/E<sub>1</sub>E<sub>2</sub>: marks addition or comparison depending on context<br /> * Lack of pauses indicate a continuous idea.<br /> * Brief pauses (marked with commas) indicate the beginning of a new idea related to the previous one.<br /> * Medial pauses (marked with periods ) indicate the beginning of a new idea related to the multiple previous ideas. Which previous ideas they are is left up to context.<br /> * Long pauses (marked with elipses) indicate the beginning of an idea unrelates to the previous ones.<br /> <br /> '''Expressions'''<br /> <br /> * Ownership is expressed with "e ON e KI", translating to "This is big and/but that is small." This can also be used to compare sizes or quantities of "this" and "that", depending on context.<br /> ** "e ON KI" translates to "This is big and small."<br /> ** "e on e ki" translates to "This, a big thing, that, and a small thing."<br /> ** "e ON E KI" translates to "This is big, the other thing, and small."<br /> ** "e ON, e KI" translates to "This is big, meanwhile that is small." This is more often used for comparison of the sizes between "this" and "that".<br /> ** "e ON. e KI" translates to "...and this is big. Additionally, that is small."<br /> ** "E on, e KI" translates to "As for this, this is big, and/but that is small."<br /> ** "E on e KI" translates to "As for this, this is big and the other thing. There is also a small thing."<br /> <br /> == Deeplect -9 ==<br /> <br /> === Consonant ===<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Consonants<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Bilabial<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Dental<br /> ! colspan="3" |Alveolar<br /> ! colspan="4" |Palatal<br /> ! colspan="6" |Velar<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Laryngeal<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Plain<br /> !Palatal<br /> ! colspan="2" |Plain<br /> ! colspan="2" |Labial<br /> ! colspan="2" |Plain<br /> ! colspan="2" |Palatal<br /> ! colspan="2" |Labial<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Nasal<br /> |m̥<br /> |m<br /> |<br /> |ᵑʇ<br /> |n̥<br /> |n<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɲ<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ŋ̊<br /> |ŋ<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |'''''mh/ṁ'''''<br /> |'''''m'''''<br /> |<br /> |'''''nz'''''<br /> |'''''nh/ṅ'''''<br /> |'''''n'''''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |'''''ny/ņ'''''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |'''''ňh'''''<br /> |'''''ň'''''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="6" |Plosive<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Aspirated<br /> |pʰ<br /> |bʰ<br /> |ᵏʇʰ<br /> |<br /> |tʰ<br /> |dʰ<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɟʰ<br /> |<br /> |ɟʰʷ<br /> |kʰ<br /> |<br /> |kʰʲ<br /> |<br /> |kʰᶣ<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |'''''ph'''''<br /> |'''''bh'''''<br /> |'''''zh'''''<br /> |<br /> |'''''th'''''<br /> |'''''dh'''''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |'''''jh'''''<br /> |<br /> |'''''ǰh'''''<br /> |'''''kh'''''<br /> |<br /> |'''''ķh'''''<br /> |<br /> |'''''ǩh'''''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Plain<br /> |p<br /> |b<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |t<br /> |d<br /> |tɕ<br /> |c<br /> |ɟ<br /> |cʷ<br /> |ɟʷ<br /> |k<br /> |<br /> |kʲ<br /> |<br /> |kᶣ<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |'''''p'''''<br /> |'''''b'''''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |'''''t'''''<br /> |'''''d'''''<br /> |'''''ch'''''<br /> |'''''c'''''<br /> |'''''j'''''<br /> |'''''č'''''<br /> |'''''ǰ'''''<br /> |'''''k'''''<br /> |<br /> |'''''ķ'''''<br /> |<br /> |'''''ǩ'''''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Rhinoglottic<br /> |pʼ<br /> |ᵐb<br /> |ᵏʇˀ<br /> |<br /> |tʼ<br /> |ⁿd<br /> |tɕʼ<br /> |<br /> |ᶮɟ<br /> |<br /> |ᶮɟʷ<br /> |kʼ<br /> |ᵑg<br /> |kʲʼ<br /> |ᵑgʲ<br /> |kᶣʼ<br /> |ᵑgᶣ<br /> |ʔ<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |'''''pp'''''<br /> |'''''nb'''''<br /> |'''''zz'''''<br /> |<br /> |'''''tt'''''<br /> |'''''nd'''''<br /> |'''''cc'''''<br /> |<br /> |'''''jj'''''<br /> |<br /> |'''''nǰ'''''<br /> |'''''kk'''''<br /> |'''''ng'''''<br /> |'''''ḱḱ'''''<br /> |'''''nǵ'''''<br /> |'''''ǩǩ'''''<br /> |'''''nǧ'''''<br /> |'''''<nowiki/>''''''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Fricative<br /> |ɸ<br /> |β<br /> |θ~s̪<br /> |ð~z̪<br /> |s<br /> |<br /> |ʃ<br /> |ç<br /> |ʝ<br /> |çʷ<br /> |ʝʷ<br /> |<br /> |ʁ<br /> |<br /> |ʁʲ<br /> |<br /> |ʁᶣ<br /> |h<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |'''''f'''''<br /> |'''''v'''''<br /> |'''''ç'''''<br /> |'''''z'''''<br /> |'''''s'''''<br /> |<br /> |'''''x'''''<br /> |'''''ś'''''<br /> |'''''ź'''''<br /> |'''''š'''''<br /> |'''''ž'''''<br /> |<br /> |'''''g'''''<br /> |<br /> |'''''ǵ'''''<br /> |<br /> |'''''ǧ'''''<br /> |'''''h'''''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Approximant<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |l̥<br /> |l<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |j<br /> |<br /> |ɥ<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ʕ̞<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |'''''lh'''''<br /> |'''''l'''''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |'''''y'''''<br /> |<br /> |'''''w'''''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |'''''q'''''<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Tap<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɾ̥<br /> |ɾ<br /> |<br /> |ɾ̥ʲ<br /> |ɾʲ<br /> |ɾ̥ᶣ<br /> |ɾᶣ<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |'''''rh'''''<br /> |'''''r'''''<br /> |<br /> |'''''ŕh'''''<br /> |'''''ŕ'''''<br /> |'''''řh'''''<br /> |'''''ř'''''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Trill<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |r̥<br /> |r<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |'''''ŗh'''''<br /> |'''''ŗ'''''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Vowels ===<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! rowspan="3" |Vowels<br /> ! colspan="3" |Front<br /> ! colspan="2" |Central<br /> ! colspan="2" |Back<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Oral<br /> ! colspan="2" |Nasal<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Oral<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Nasal<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Oral<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Nasal<br /> |-<br /> !Unround<br /> !Round<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |High<br /> |i<br /> |ĩ<br /> |ỹ<br /> |ɨ<br /> |ɨ̃<br /> |<br /> |ʊ̃<br /> |-<br /> |'''''i'''''<br /> |'''''ĩ'''''<br /> |'''''ü'''''<br /> |'''''u'''''<br /> |'''''ũ'''''<br /> |<br /> |'''''õ'''''<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Mid<br /> |e<br /> |ẽ<br /> |ø̃<br /> |ɘ<br /> |<br /> |o<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |'''''e'''''<br /> |'''''ẽ'''''<br /> |'''''ö'''''<br /> |'''''ë'''''<br /> |<br /> |'''''o'''''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Low<br /> |ɛ~æ<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɔ~ɑ<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |'''''ä'''''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |'''''a'''''<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Grammar ===<br /> Nouns usually have either feminine or masculine gender. Nouns and proper nouns referring to people can have feminine, masculine, or femasculine. Proper nouns not referring to people are always femasculine. There is some precedent for nouns or proper nouns with the opposite gender that they're supposed to have being used for alternative versions of the original word. This is primarily used in fiction and physics.<br /> <br /> Deeplect -9 has a complex way of marking gender, topic, number, transitivity, specificity, and adjectives that makes them interconnected.<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> !Masc //-bʰi//, //-te//<br /> |-<br /> !Fem //-ⁿd//, //-l//<br /> |-<br /> !Femasc //-bʰiⁿd//, //-tel//<br /> |}<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="3" rowspan="3" |Noun Declensions (''lhaadh'')<br /> ! colspan="4" |Topic within noun phrase<br /> ! colspan="2" |Topic not within noun phrase<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Subject<br /> ! colspan="2" |Object<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Subject<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Object<br /> |-<br /> !Noun Topic<br /> !Adjective Topic<br /> !Noun Topic<br /> !Adjective Topic<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="3" |Generic<br /> | colspan="2" |''lhaadh'' V O<br /> | colspan="2" |V ''lhaadh'' S<br /> |V O ''lhaadh''<br /> |S V ''lhaadh''<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="6" |Singular<br /> ! rowspan="3" |Non-specific<br /> !Masc<br /> |''lhaadte'' V O<br /> |''lhaadbhi'' V O<br /> |V ''lhaachte'' S<br /> |V ''lhaach'' S<br /> |V O ''lhaadhbhi''<br /> |S V ''lhaach''<br /> |-<br /> !Fem<br /> |''lhaadhal'' V O<br /> |''lhaadhand'' V O<br /> |V ''lhaadhol'' S<br /> |V ''lhaadhon'' S<br /> |V O ''lhaadhand''<br /> |S V ''lhaadhon''<br /> |-<br /> !Femasc<br /> |''lhaadtel'' V O<br /> |''lhaadhbhind'' V O<br /> |V ''lhaachontel'' S<br /> |V ''lhaachon'' S<br /> |V O ''lhaadhbhind''<br /> |S V ''lhaachon''<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="3" |Specific<br /> !Masc<br /> |''lhaadte'' V O<br /> |''lhaadbhi'' V O<br /> |V ''lhaadhbhite'' S<br /> |''lhaadbhi'' V O<br /> |V O ''lhaadhbhi''<br /> |S V ''lhaadhbhi''<br /> |-<br /> !Fem<br /> |''lhaadhal'' V O<br /> |''lhaadhand'' V O<br /> |V ''lhaadhandal'' S<br /> |''lhaadhand'' V O<br /> |V O ''lhaadhand''<br /> |S V ''lhaadhand''<br /> |-<br /> !Femasc<br /> |''lhaadtel'' V O<br /> |''lhaadhbhind'' V O<br /> |V ''lhaadhbhindel'' S<br /> |''lhaadhbhind'' V O<br /> |V O ''lhaadhbhind''<br /> |S V ''lhaadhbhind''<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="4" |Plural<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Non-specific<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Specific<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="4" |Distributive<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Non-specific<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Specific<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Verbs<br /> ! colspan="2" |Intransitive<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Transitive<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> !Adjectives<br /> !<br /> !<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> In the following charts, small asterisked words are atypical declensions.<br /> {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Nouns<br /> !Plain<br /> !Fem<br /> !Masc<br /> !Femasc<br /> !Fem Topic<br /> !Masc Topic<br /> !Femasc Topic<br /> !Fem Singular<br /> !Masc Singular<br /> !Femasc Singular<br /> |-<br /> !//Ø//<br /> !//-ⁿd//<br /> !//-bʰi//<br /> !//-bʰiⁿd//<br /> !//-l//<br /> !//-te//<br /> !//-tel//<br /> !//-on//<br /> !//-js//<br /> !//-json//<br /> |-<br /> !friend<br /> |chẽ<br /> |chẽnd<br /> |chẽbhi<br /> |chẽbhind<br /> |chẽl<br /> |chẽte<br /> |chẽtel<br /> |chẽon<br /> |chẽys<br /> |chẽyson<br /> |-<br /> !watermelon<br /> |vilh<br /> |*vilnd<br /> |vilhbhi<br /> |*vilhbhind<br /> |*vill<br /> |vilhte<br /> |*vilhtel<br /> |*vilhon<br /> |vilhx<br /> |*vilhxon<br /> |-<br /> !sun<br /> |ńaṁ<br /> |*ńamnd<br /> |ńaṁbhi<br /> |*ńaṁbhind<br /> |*ńaml<br /> |ńaṁte<br /> |*ńaṁtel<br /> |*ńaṁon<br /> |ńaṁx<br /> |*ńaṁxon<br /> |-<br /> !moon<br /> |ḱḱuŗh<br /> |*ḱḱuŗnd<br /> |ḱḱuŗhbhi<br /> |*ḱḱuŗhbhind<br /> |ḱḱuŗl<br /> |ḱḱuŗhte<br /> |*ḱḱuŗhtel<br /> |*ḱḱuŗhon<br /> |ḱḱuŗhx<br /> |*ḱḱuŗhxon<br /> |-<br /> !day<br /> |ma<br /> |mand<br /> |*mabhi<br /> |*mabhind<br /> |mal<br /> |*mate<br /> |*matel<br /> |maon<br /> |*mays<br /> |*mayson<br /> |-<br /> !night<br /> |bhai<br /> |bhaind<br /> |*bhaibhi<br /> |*bhaibhind<br /> |bhail<br /> |*bhaite<br /> |*bhaitel<br /> |bhaion<br /> |*bhaiys<br /> |*bhaiyson<br /> |-<br /> !day sky<br /> |cĩĩ<br /> |cĩĩnd<br /> |*cĩĩbhi<br /> |*cĩĩbhind<br /> |cĩĩl<br /> |*cĩĩte<br /> |*cĩĩtel<br /> |cĩĩon<br /> |*cĩĩys<br /> |*cĩĩyson<br /> |-<br /> !night sky<br /> |'att<br /> |*'attand<br /> |'attibhi<br /> |*'attibhind<br /> |*'attal<br /> |'atte<br /> |*'attel<br /> |*'atton<br /> |'attis<br /> |*'attison<br /> |-<br /> !cloud<br /> |lhä<br /> |lhänd<br /> |*lhäbhi<br /> |*lhäbhind<br /> |lhäl<br /> |*lhäte<br /> |*lhätel<br /> |lhäon<br /> |*lhäys<br /> |*lhäyson<br /> |-<br /> !paper<br /> |nzũ'<br /> |nzũnd<br /> |*nzũ'bhi<br /> |*nzũ'bhind<br /> |nzũl<br /> |*nzũ'te<br /> |*nzũ'tel<br /> |nzũ'on<br /> |*nzũ'x<br /> |*nzũ'xon<br /> |-<br /> !computer<br /> |zhoto<br /> |*zhotond<br /> |zhotobhi<br /> |*zhotobhind<br /> |*zhotol<br /> |zhotote<br /> |*zhototel<br /> |*zhotoon<br /> |zhotoys<br /> |*zhotoyson<br /> |-<br /> !person<br /> |lhaadh<br /> |lhaadhand<br /> |lhaadhbhi<br /> |lhaadhbhind<br /> |lhaadhal<br /> |lhaadte<br /> |lhaadtel<br /> |lhaadhon<br /> |lhaadhx<br /> |lhaadhxon<br /> |}<br /> {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Verbs<br /> !Intransitive<br /> !Fem Transitive<br /> !Masc Transitive<br /> !Femasc Transitive<br /> |-<br /> !//Ø//<br /> !//-r̥//<br /> !//-ʊ̃//<br /> !//-ʊ̃r̥//<br /> |-<br /> !like<br /> |qad<br /> |qatŗh<br /> |qadõ<br /> |qadõŗh<br /> |-<br /> !want<br /> |chëk<br /> |chëkŗh<br /> |chëkõ<br /> |chëkõŗh<br /> |-<br /> !have<br /> |ṁẽ<br /> |ṁẽŗh<br /> |ṁẽõ<br /> |ṁẽõŗh<br /> |-<br /> !give<br /> |zzõ<br /> |zzõŗh<br /> |zzõõ<br /> |zzõõŗh<br /> |-<br /> !receive/take<br /> |ń'e<br /> |ń'eŗh<br /> |ń'eõ<br /> |ń'eõŗh<br /> |-<br /> !eat/drink<br /> |mäx<br /> |mäxŗh<br /> |mäxõ<br /> |mäxõŗh<br /> |-<br /> !breathe<br /> |ňhim<br /> |ňhimŗh<br /> |ňhimõ<br /> |ňhimõŗh<br /> |-<br /> !say<br /> |ää<br /> |ääŗh<br /> |ääõ<br /> |ääõŗh<br /> |-<br /> !sing<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !go to<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !leave<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Adjectives<br /> !Fem<br /> !Masc<br /> !Femasc<br /> !Fem Topic<br /> !Masc Topic<br /> !Femasc Topic<br /> |-<br /> !//-β//<br /> !//-i//<br /> !//-ɥ//<br /> !//-l//<br /> !//-te//<br /> !//-tel//<br /> |-<br /> !happy<br /> |zzaav<br /> |zzaai<br /> |zzaaw<br /> |zaal<br /> |zzaate<br /> |zaatel<br /> |-<br /> !blue<br /> |ǵëv<br /> |ǵëi<br /> |ǵëw<br /> |ǵël<br /> |ǵëte<br /> |ǵëtel<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Deeplect -8 ==<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> !C<br /> ! colspan="2" |Bilabial<br /> ! colspan="2" |Alveolar<br /> ! colspan="2" |Dorsal<br /> ! colspan="2" |Glottal<br /> !V<br /> !Non-Back<br /> !Back<br /> |-<br /> !Nasal<br /> |{{ipa|m̥}}<br /> |{{ipa|m}}<br /> |{{ipa|n̥}}<br /> |{{ipa|n}}<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|ɲ}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> !Close<br /> |{{ipa|i̞}}<br /> |{{ipa|ɯ}}<br /> |-<br /> !Plosive<br /> |{{ipa|pʰ}}<br /> |{{ipa|bʰ}}<br /> |{{ipa|tʰ}}<br /> |{{ipa|dʰ}}<br /> |{{ipa|kʰ}}<br /> |{{ipa|ɡʰ}}<br /> |{{ipa|ʔ}}<br /> |<br /> !Mid<br /> |{{ipa|ə}}<br /> |{{ipa|o}}<br /> |-<br /> !Fricative<br /> |{{ipa|ɸ}}<br /> |{{ipa|β}}<br /> |{{ipa|ʃ}}<br /> |{{ipa|ʒ}}<br /> |{{ipa|x}}<br /> |{{ipa|ɣ}}<br /> |{{ipa|h}}<br /> |{{ipa|ɦ}}<br /> !Open<br /> |{{ipa|a}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Sonorant<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|w}}<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|ɾ}}<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|j}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> ! colspan="3" |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> * VS̥ʰ VS̬ʰ > V́S̥ V̀S̥ / _%<br /> <br /> (C<sub>1</sub>)V(C<sub>2</sub>)<br /> <br /> * C<sub>1</sub>: any consonant except /ʔ h ɦ/<br /> * V: any vowel<br /> * C<sub>2</sub>: any consonant<br /> <br /> === Transliterations ===<br /> <br /> ==== Latin ====<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> !IPA<br /> |{{ipa|m̥}}<br /> |{{ipa|m}}<br /> |{{ipa|n̥}}<br /> |{{ipa|n}}<br /> |{{ipa|ɲ}}<br /> |{{ipa|pʰ}}<br /> |{{ipa|bʰ}}<br /> |{{ipa|tʰ}}<br /> |{{ipa|dʰ}}<br /> |{{ipa|kʰ}}<br /> |{{ipa|ɡʰ}}<br /> |{{ipa|ʔ}}<br /> |{{ipa|ɸ}}<br /> |{{ipa|β}}<br /> |{{ipa|ʃ}}<br /> |{{ipa|ʒ}}<br /> |{{ipa|x}}<br /> |{{ipa|ɣ}}<br /> |{{ipa|h}}<br /> |{{ipa|ɦ}}<br /> |{{ipa|w}}<br /> |{{ipa|ɾ}}<br /> |{{ipa|j}}<br /> |{{ipa|i̞}}<br /> |{{ipa|ɯ}}<br /> |{{ipa|ə}}<br /> |{{ipa|o}}<br /> |{{ipa|a}}<br /> |-<br /> !Romanization<br /> |'''mh'''<br /> |'''m'''<br /> |'''nh'''<br /> |'''n'''<br /> |'''ny'''<br /> |'''p'''<br /> |'''b'''<br /> |'''t'''<br /> |'''d'''<br /> |'''k'''<br /> |'''g'''<br /> |'''c'''<br /> |'''f'''<br /> |'''v'''<br /> |'''s'''<br /> |'''j'''<br /> |'''x'''<br /> |'''q'''<br /> |'''h'''<br /> |'''’'''<br /> |'''w'''<br /> |'''r'''<br /> |'''y'''<br /> |'''i'''<br /> |'''u'''<br /> |'''e'''<br /> |'''o'''<br /> |'''a'''<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==== Kana ====<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> !<br /> !{{ipa|Ø}}<br /> !{{ipa|m̥}}<br /> !{{ipa|m}}<br /> !{{ipa|n̥}}<br /> !{{ipa|n}}<br /> !{{ipa|ɲ}}<br /> !{{ipa|pʰ}}<br /> !{{ipa|bʰ}}<br /> !{{ipa|tʰ}}<br /> !{{ipa|dʰ}}<br /> !{{ipa|kʰ}}<br /> !{{ipa|ɡʰ}}<br /> !{{ipa|ʔ}}<br /> !{{ipa|ɸ}}<br /> !{{ipa|β}}<br /> !{{ipa|ʃ}}<br /> !{{ipa|ʒ}}<br /> !{{ipa|x}}<br /> !{{ipa|ɣ}}<br /> !{{ipa|h}}<br /> !{{ipa|ɦ}}<br /> !{{ipa|w}}<br /> !{{ipa|ɾ}}<br /> !{{ipa|j}}<br /> |-<br /> !{{ipa|i̞}}<br /> |'''い'''<br /> |'''ミ'''<br /> |'''み'''<br /> |'''ニ'''<br /> |'''に'''<br /> |'''にぃ'''<br /> |'''ぴ'''<br /> |'''び'''<br /> |'''ち'''<br /> |'''ぢ'''<br /> |'''き'''<br /> |'''ぎ'''<br /> |<br /> |'''ふぃ'''<br /> |'''ゔぃ'''<br /> |'''し'''<br /> |'''じ'''<br /> |'''キ'''<br /> |'''ギ'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |'''ゐ'''<br /> |'''り'''<br /> |'''いぃ'''<br /> |-<br /> !{{ipa|ɯ}}<br /> |'''う'''<br /> |'''ム'''<br /> |'''む'''<br /> |'''ヌ'''<br /> |'''ぬ'''<br /> |'''にゅ'''<br /> |'''ぷ'''<br /> |'''び'''<br /> |'''つ'''<br /> |'''づ'''<br /> |'''く'''<br /> |'''ぐ'''<br /> |<br /> |'''ふ'''<br /> |'''ゔ'''<br /> |'''しゅ'''<br /> |'''じゅ'''<br /> |'''ク'''<br /> |'''グ'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |'''うぅ'''<br /> |'''る'''<br /> |'''ゆ'''<br /> |-<br /> !{{ipa|ə}}<br /> |'''え'''<br /> |'''メ'''<br /> |'''め'''<br /> |'''ネ'''<br /> |'''ね'''<br /> |'''にぇ'''<br /> |'''ぺ'''<br /> |'''べ'''<br /> |'''て'''<br /> |'''で'''<br /> |'''け'''<br /> |'''げ'''<br /> |<br /> |'''ふぇ'''<br /> |'''ゔぇ'''<br /> |'''しぇ'''<br /> |'''じぇ'''<br /> |'''ケ'''<br /> |'''ゲ'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |'''ゑ'''<br /> |'''れ'''<br /> |'''いぇ'''<br /> |-<br /> !{{ipa|o}}<br /> |'''お'''<br /> |'''モ'''<br /> |'''も'''<br /> |'''ノ'''<br /> |'''の'''<br /> |'''にょ'''<br /> |'''ぽ'''<br /> |'''ぼ'''<br /> |'''と'''<br /> |'''ど'''<br /> |'''こ'''<br /> |'''ご'''<br /> |<br /> |'''ふぉ'''<br /> |'''ゔぉ'''<br /> |'''しょ'''<br /> |'''じょ'''<br /> |'''コ'''<br /> |'''ゴ'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |'''を'''<br /> |'''ろ'''<br /> |'''よ'''<br /> |-<br /> !{{ipa|a}}<br /> |'''あ'''<br /> |'''マ'''<br /> |'''ま'''<br /> |'''ナ'''<br /> |'''な'''<br /> |'''にゃ'''<br /> |'''ぱ'''<br /> |'''ば'''<br /> |'''た'''<br /> |'''だ'''<br /> |'''か'''<br /> |'''が'''<br /> |<br /> |'''ふぁ'''<br /> |'''ゔぁ'''<br /> |'''しゃ'''<br /> |'''じゃ'''<br /> |'''カ'''<br /> |'''ガ'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |'''わ'''<br /> |'''ら'''<br /> |'''や'''<br /> |-<br /> !{{ipa|Ø}}<br /> |<br /> |'''ム゚'''<br /> |'''ム゙'''<br /> |'''ヌ゚'''<br /> |'''ヌ゙'''<br /> |'''ニ゙'''<br /> |'''プ'''<br /> |'''ブ'''<br /> |'''ト'''<br /> |'''ド'''<br /> |'''ク゚'''<br /> |'''ん'''<br /> |'''っ'''<br /> |'''フ'''<br /> |'''ヴ'''<br /> |'''シ'''<br /> |'''ジ'''<br /> |'''ホ'''<br /> |'''ン'''<br /> |'''ゝ'''<br /> |'''ゞ'''<br /> |'''ウ'''<br /> |'''ル'''<br /> |'''イ'''<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Deeplect -7 ==<br /> Deeplect-7 divides words into 3 categories depending on how they can be perceived by the senses: proximal sensation, distal sensation, and general sensation. Deeplect -7-speakers recognize 6 senses in terms of these divisions: sight, sound, smell, taste, touch, and memory. The emotional sense refers to an individual being made to feel an emotion. The memorial sense refers to an individual forming a memory or recalling past memories.<br /> <br /> * Proximal sensation includes things whose perception is limited to a close range:<br /> ** any object by its texture<br /> ** whispering by sound<br /> ** blood by flavor<br /> ** paper by scent<br /> ** small insects by sight<br /> ** a dream by memory<br /> * Distal sensation includes things whose perception is '''not''' limited to a close range:<br /> ** weather by its temperature<br /> ** shouting by sound<br /> ** chocolate by expectation-induced flavor<br /> ** a fart by scent<br /> ** a building by sight<br /> ** a bear at a zoo by memory<br /> * General sensation always includes the conceptualization of an object, and senses that are more strongly associated with the concept of it than the sensation of it. Some objects have no associated sensations with them such as<br /> <br /> Often, what translates to a single word in English is split into two or three words depending on how they are experienced in a sentence.<br /> {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"<br /> ! colspan="4" |Vocabulary List<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Deeplect -7<br /> ! colspan="2" |English<br /> |-<br /> !Word<br /> !IPA<br /> !Translation<br /> !Context<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|[nâˀ]|test=}}<br /> |paper<br /> |general: ''visual, conceptual''<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|[sâˀ]|test=}}<br /> |paper<br /> |distal: ''auditory, memorial''<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|[θâˀ]|test=}}<br /> |paper<br /> |proximal: ''tactile, olfactory, gustatory''<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|[nâˀ]|test=}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|[nâˀ]|test=}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|[nâˀ]|test=}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|[nâˀ]|test=}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|[nâˀ]|test=}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|[nâˀ]|test=}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|[nâˀ]|test=}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|[nâˀ]|test=}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|[nâˀ]|test=}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|[nâˀ]|test=}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|[nâˀ]|test=}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|[nâˀ]|test=}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|[nâˀ]|test=}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|[nâˀ]|test=}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|[nâˀ]|test=}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|[nâˀ]|test=}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Deeplect -6 ==<br /> Every word is 6 morae long.<br /> <br /> == Deeplect -5 ==<br /> <br /> === Consonants ===<br /> Deeplect -5 has a small consonant inventory with about half of its consonants being clicks. This small size is made up for in extreme allophony.<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="2" |Consonant<br /> !Labial<br /> !Dental<br /> !Alveolar<br /> !Palatal<br /> !Glottal<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="3" |Pulmonic<br /> !Stop<br /> |p<br /> |<br /> |t<br /> |<br /> |ʔ<br /> |-<br /> !Fricative<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |s<br /> |<br /> |hʲ<br /> |-<br /> !Glide<br /> |w<br /> |<br /> |l<br /> |j<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="3" |Click<br /> !Nasal<br /> |<br /> |ᵑǀ<br /> |ᵑǃ<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Aspirated<br /> |<br /> |ᵏǀʰ<br /> |ᵏǃʰ<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Glottalized<br /> |<br /> |ᵏǀˀ<br /> |ᵏǃˀ<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Vowels ===<br /> X language has two levels of stress: primary and secondary. Primary stress is marked with vowel length and can have a high, low, falling, or rising tone. Secondary stress is marked with either a high or low tone. Primary stress is word-initial, but secondary stress is lexical.<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Vowels<br /> ! colspan="2" |Oral<br /> ! colspan="2" |Nasal<br /> |-<br /> !Front<br /> !Back<br /> !Front<br /> !Back<br /> |-<br /> !Close<br /> |i<br /> |u<br /> |ĩ<br /> |ũ<br /> |-<br /> !Mid<br /> |e<br /> |o<br /> |ẽ<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Open<br /> |<br /> |a<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Phonotactics ===<br /> (C)(G)V(C); C = consonant; G = /t ʔ w j/; Q = click; V = vowel<br /> <br /> # pʔ tʔ > pʼ tʼ<br /> # p t c ʔ s > b d ɟ ʔ̞ z / _{i,e} !{#,C̥}_<br /> # d ǃ > ɟ ǂ / _i<br /> # w l j > m n ɲ / {Ṽ_,_Ṽ}<br /> # n t > ŋ k / _{u,ũ}<br /> # l > ɾ / _{u,o,a}<br /> # V > Ṽ / ᵑQ_<br /> # ᵑǀw ᵑǃj > ᵑʘ ᵑǂ<br /> # hʲ / Ø !_{i,ĩ,e,ẽ}<br /> # QC / Ø !QC=!w<br /> # CCC VVV ṼV VṼ CQ jʔ hʲʔ / Ø<br /> <br /> === Romanization ===<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> !Consonant<br /> ! colspan="8" |Romanization<br /> !Vowel<br /> ! colspan="4" |Romanization<br /> |-<br /> !/p/<br /> ![p]<br /> |p<br /> ![b]<br /> |b<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !/i/<br /> ![i]<br /> |i<br /> ![ĩ]<br /> |i<br /> |-<br /> !/t/<br /> ![t]<br /> |t<br /> ![d]<br /> |d<br /> ![ɟ]<br /> |dj<br /> ![k]<br /> |k<br /> !/ĩ/<br /> ![ĩ]<br /> |in<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !/ʔ/<br /> ![ʔ]<br /> |'<br /> ![ʔ̞]<br /> |'<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !/u/<br /> ![u]<br /> |u<br /> ![ũ]<br /> |u<br /> |-<br /> !/s/<br /> ![s]<br /> |s<br /> ![z]<br /> |z<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !/ũ/<br /> ![ũ]<br /> |un<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !/hʲ/<br /> ![hʲ]<br /> |h<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !/e/<br /> ![e]<br /> |e<br /> ![ẽ]<br /> |e<br /> |-<br /> !/w/<br /> ![w]<br /> |w<br /> ![m]<br /> |m<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !/ẽ/<br /> ![ẽ]<br /> |en<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !/l/<br /> ![l]<br /> |l<br /> ![ɾ]<br /> |r<br /> ![n]<br /> |n<br /> ![ŋ]<br /> |ng<br /> !/o/<br /> ![o]<br /> |o<br /> ![õ]<br /> |o<br /> |-<br /> !/j/<br /> ![j]<br /> |y<br /> ![ɲ]<br /> |nj<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !/a/<br /> ![a]<br /> |a<br /> ![ã]<br /> |a<br /> |-<br /> !/ᵑǀ/<br /> ![ᵑǀ]<br /> |cn<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !Tone<br /> ! colspan="4" |Romanization<br /> |-<br /> !/ᵑǃ/<br /> ![ᵑǃ]<br /> |qn<br /> ![ᵑǂ]<br /> |qny<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !/H/<br /> ![H]<br /> |¯<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !/ᵏǀʰ/<br /> ![ᵏǀʰ]<br /> |ch<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !/L/<br /> ![L]<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !/ᵏǃʰ/<br /> ![ᵏǃʰ]<br /> |qh<br /> ![ᵏǂʰ]<br /> |qh<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !/HL/<br /> ![HL]<br /> |ˋ<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !/ᵏǀˀ/<br /> ![ᵏǀˀ]<br /> |c'<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !/LH<br /> ![LH]<br /> |´<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !/ᵏǃˀ/<br /> ![ᵏǃˀ]<br /> |q'<br /> ![ᵏǂˀ]<br /> |q'<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> ! colspan="5" rowspan="3" |<br /> |-<br /> !/ᵑǀw/<br /> ![ᵑʘ]<br /> |cm<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !/ᵑǃj/<br /> ![ᵑǂ]<br /> |qny<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Deeplect -4.5 ==<br /> This is a naturalistic dialect of Deeplect -4, used for situations where Deeplect -4 would be required to be naturalistic.<br /> <br /> === Consonants ===<br /> All consonants can be lengthened except for /r̥ ɽ͡r ˀɽ/. All velars become palatal or palatalized after front vowels.<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="3" |Consonants<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Labial<br /> ! colspan="4" |Dental<br /> ! colspan="4" |Postalveolar<br /> ! colspan="4" |Velar<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Glottal<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Plain<br /> ! colspan="2" |Glottalized<br /> ! colspan="2" |Plain<br /> ! colspan="2" |Glottalized<br /> ! colspan="2" |Plain<br /> ! colspan="2" |Glottalized<br /> |-<br /> !IPA<br /> !Rom<br /> !IPA<br /> !Rom<br /> !IPA<br /> !Rom<br /> !IPA<br /> !Rom<br /> !IPA<br /> !Rom<br /> !IPA<br /> !Rom<br /> !IPA<br /> !Rom<br /> !IPA<br /> !Rom<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Nasal<br /> |ɱ<br /> |'''m'''<br /> |n<br /> |'''n'''<br /> |ˀn<br /> |'''’n'''<br /> |ɳ<br /> |'''nr'''<br /> |ˀɳ<br /> |'''’nr'''<br /> |ŋ<br /> |'''nj'''<br /> |ˀŋ<br /> |'''’nj'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Plosive<br /> !Voiceless<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |t<br /> |'''t'''<br /> |tʼ<br /> |'''tʼ'''<br /> |ʈ<br /> |'''tr'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |k<br /> |'''k'''<br /> |kʼ<br /> |'''k’'''<br /> |ʔ<br /> |'''’'''<br /> |-<br /> !Voiced<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |d<br /> |'''d'''<br /> |ɗ<br /> |'''d’'''<br /> |ɖ<br /> |'''dr'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |g<br /> |'''g'''<br /> |ɠ<br /> |'''g’'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Affricate<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |t͡s<br /> |'''c'''<br /> |t͡sʼ<br /> |'''c’'''<br /> |t͡ʃ<br /> |'''x'''<br /> |t͡ʃʼ<br /> |'''x’'''<br /> |k͡x<br /> |'''cj'''<br /> |k͡xʼ<br /> |'''cj’'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Fricative<br /> !Voiceless<br /> |f<br /> |'''f'''<br /> |s<br /> |'''s'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ʃ<br /> |'''sr'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |x<br /> |'''sj'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |h<br /> |'''h'''<br /> |-<br /> !Voiced<br /> |v<br /> |'''v'''<br /> |z<br /> |'''z'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ʒ<br /> |'''zr'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɣ<br /> |'''zj'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Approximant<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ð<br /> |'''ð'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Liquid<br /> !Voiceless<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɬ<br /> |'''hl'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |r̥<br /> |'''hr'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Voiced<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |l<br /> |'''l'''<br /> |ˀl<br /> |'''’l'''<br /> |ɽ͡r<br /> |'''rr'''<br /> |ˀɽ<br /> |'''’r'''<br /> |ʟ<br /> |'''lj'''<br /> |ˀʟ<br /> |'''’lj'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Vowels and Tones ===<br /> All vowels have one of four tones: high, low, falling, and rising. Falling and rising tones are closer to the middle range than high or low. High tone is accompanied by preaspiration. On a word-initial vowel, the preaspiration is breathy. The preaspiration is converted into voiceless aspiration on any preceding voiceless consonant, and breathy voice on any preceding voiced consonant. Low tone is accompanied by creaky voice on the vowel.<br /> <br /> Vowels are separated into 2 classes based on their phonotactic behavior and evolutionary history. Class 1 vowels have no phonotactic restrictions other than that they cannot form diphthongs with each other. These vowels originated from the proto-language's 3-vowel system /e a o/.<br /> <br /> Class 2 vowels must be preceded or followed by a consonant, or both, and cannot be adjacent to a Class 1 vowel. Class 2 vowels can form diphthongs with each other. These diphthongs use the same tone system as other vowels. Diphthongs with consonants involve sliding articulation. Class 2 diphthongs cannot be adjacent to each other and adhere to the same restrictions as Class 2 monophthongs. They are excluded from the charts because all Class 2 vowels can form diphthongs (or long vowels) with another and it is not specially notated in romanization.<br /> <br /> There are three romanizations systems for Deeplect -4 which differ in vowel and tone notation. The Vohnegien<ref name=":02">Name created by [[Janus]].</ref> notation prioritized representing historical pronunciation such as syllabic consonants and their descendants being written with an vowel-initial diagraph upon which tones would be marked with diacritics. Vohnegien notation is seen as more outdated by some, but still used by a few scattered Deeplect -4-speaking regions and by linguists.<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="12" |Vohnegien Notation<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="3" |Vowels<br /> ! colspan="6" |Non-labial<br /> ! colspan="4" |Labial<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Extra-Front<br /> ! colspan="2" |Front<br /> ! colspan="2" |Back<br /> ! colspan="2" |Front<br /> ! colspan="2" |Back<br /> |-<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Class 1<br /> !Monophthong<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |e<br /> |'''e'''<br /> |ɤ<br /> |'''y'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |o<br /> |'''o'''<br /> |-<br /> !Diphthong<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |je<br /> |'''ie'''<br /> |ɰɤ<br /> |'''uy'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |wo<br /> |'''uo'''<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="3" |Class 2<br /> !Nasal<br /> |n̩<br /> |'''an'''<br /> |ĩ<br /> |'''in'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɱ̍<br /> |'''am'''<br /> |ũ<br /> |'''un'''<br /> |-<br /> !Close<br /> |l̩<br /> |'''al'''<br /> |i<br /> |'''iy'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |y<br /> |'''iu'''<br /> |ʉ<br /> |'''eu'''<br /> |-<br /> !Open<br /> |r̩<br /> |'''ar'''<br /> |æ<br /> |'''ae'''<br /> |ɑ<br /> |'''ao'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɵ<br /> |'''au'''<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Tones<br /> ! colspan="2" |-H<br /> ! colspan="2" |-L<br /> | colspan="6" rowspan="4" |⟨V⟩ here is used to represent a vowel, not the letter V.<br /> |-<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |H-<br /> |ʰV́<br /> |'''V̄'''<br /> |V̂<br /> |'''V̀'''<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |L-<br /> |V̌<br /> |'''V́'''<br /> |V̰̀<br /> |'''V'''<br /> |}<br /> Gritchend<ref name=":02" /> approached notation from a modern pronunciation in which diacritics are used on consonants to show syllabicity and on vowels to show vowel quality. Gritchend elected to romanize tones with unused consonant letters. Gritchend notation is broadly considered the modern notation of the language and is used in most formal and informal contexts.<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="12" |Gritchend Notation<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="3" |Vowels<br /> ! colspan="6" |Non-labial<br /> ! colspan="4" |Labial<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Extra-Front<br /> ! colspan="2" |Front<br /> ! colspan="2" |Back<br /> ! colspan="2" |Front<br /> ! colspan="2" |Back<br /> |-<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Class 1<br /> !Monophthong<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |e<br /> |'''e'''<br /> |ɤ<br /> |'''y'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |o<br /> |'''o'''<br /> |-<br /> !Diphthong<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |je<br /> |'''ie'''<br /> |ɰɤ<br /> |'''uy'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |wo<br /> |'''uo'''<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="3" |Class 2<br /> !Nasal<br /> |n̩<br /> |'''ń'''<br /> |ĩ<br /> |'''ĩ'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɱ̍<br /> |'''ḿ'''<br /> |ũ<br /> |'''ũ'''<br /> |-<br /> !Close<br /> |l̩<br /> |'''ĺ'''<br /> |i<br /> |'''i'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |y<br /> |'''u'''<br /> |ʉ<br /> |'''ü'''<br /> |-<br /> !Open<br /> |r̩<br /> |'''ŕ'''<br /> |æ<br /> |'''ä'''<br /> |ɑ<br /> |'''a'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɵ<br /> |'''ö'''<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Tones<br /> ! colspan="2" |-H<br /> ! colspan="2" |-L<br /> | colspan="6" rowspan="4" |⟨S⟩ here is used to represent a syllable, not the letter S.<br /> |-<br /> !IPA<br /> !Grit.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Grit.<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |H-<br /> |ʰV́<br /> |'''S'''<br /> |V̂<br /> |'''Sb'''<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |L-<br /> |V̌<br /> |'''Sp'''<br /> |V̰̀<br /> |'''Sq'''<br /> |}<br /> In the interest of avoiding the use of diacritics altogether, Vondenberg<ref name=":02" /> combined the vowel notation of Vohnegien and tone notation of Gritchend. This more modern romanization is most often used in informal text messages and typing with decorative fonts, which often have poor diacritic support.<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="12" |Vondenberg Notation<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="3" |Vowels<br /> ! colspan="6" |Non-labial<br /> ! colspan="4" |Labial<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Extra-Front<br /> ! colspan="2" |Front<br /> ! colspan="2" |Back<br /> ! colspan="2" |Front<br /> ! colspan="2" |Back<br /> |-<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vond.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vond.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vond.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vond.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vond.<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Class 1<br /> !Monophthong<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |e<br /> |'''e'''<br /> |ɤ<br /> |'''y'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |o<br /> |'''o'''<br /> |-<br /> !Diphthong<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |je<br /> |'''ie'''<br /> |ɰɤ<br /> |'''uy'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |wo<br /> |'''uo'''<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="3" |Class 2<br /> !Nasal<br /> |n̩<br /> |'''an'''<br /> |ĩ<br /> |'''in'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɱ̍<br /> |'''am'''<br /> |ũ<br /> |'''un'''<br /> |-<br /> !Close<br /> |l̩<br /> |'''al'''<br /> |i<br /> |'''iy'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |y<br /> |'''iu'''<br /> |ʉ<br /> |'''eu'''<br /> |-<br /> !Open<br /> |r̩<br /> |'''ar'''<br /> |æ<br /> |'''ae'''<br /> |ɑ<br /> |'''ao'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɵ<br /> |'''au'''<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Tones<br /> ! colspan="2" |-H<br /> ! colspan="2" |-L<br /> | colspan="6" rowspan="4" |⟨S⟩ here is used to represent a syllable, not the letter S.<br /> |-<br /> !IPA<br /> !Grit.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Grit.<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |H-<br /> |ʰV́<br /> |'''S'''<br /> |V̂<br /> |'''Sb'''<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |L-<br /> |V̌<br /> |'''Sp'''<br /> |V̰̀<br /> |'''Sq'''<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Deeplect -4 ==<br /> <br /> === Consonants ===<br /> All consonants can be lengthened except for /r̥ ɽ͡r ˀɽ/.<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="3" |Consonants<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Labial<br /> ! colspan="4" |Dental<br /> ! colspan="4" |Postalveolar<br /> ! colspan="4" |Palatal<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Glottal<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Plain<br /> ! colspan="2" |Glottalized<br /> ! colspan="2" |Plain<br /> ! colspan="2" |Glottalized<br /> ! colspan="2" |Plain<br /> ! colspan="2" |Glottalized<br /> |-<br /> !IPA<br /> !Rom<br /> !IPA<br /> !Rom<br /> !IPA<br /> !Rom<br /> !IPA<br /> !Rom<br /> !IPA<br /> !Rom<br /> !IPA<br /> !Rom<br /> !IPA<br /> !Rom<br /> !IPA<br /> !Rom<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Nasal<br /> |ɱ<br /> |'''m'''<br /> |n<br /> |'''n'''<br /> |ˀn<br /> |'''’n'''<br /> |ɳ<br /> |'''nr'''<br /> |ˀɳ<br /> |'''’nr'''<br /> |ɲ<br /> |'''nj'''<br /> |ˀɲ<br /> |'''’nj'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Plosive<br /> !Voiceless<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |t<br /> |'''t'''<br /> |tʼ<br /> |'''tʼ'''<br /> |ʈ<br /> |'''tr'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |c<br /> |'''k'''<br /> |cʼ<br /> |'''k’'''<br /> |ʔ<br /> |'''’'''<br /> |-<br /> !Voiced<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |d<br /> |'''d'''<br /> |ɗ<br /> |'''d’'''<br /> |ɖ<br /> |'''dr'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɟ<br /> |'''g'''<br /> |ʄ<br /> |'''g’'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Affricate<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |t͡s<br /> |'''c'''<br /> |t͡sʼ<br /> |'''c’'''<br /> |t͡ʃ<br /> |'''x'''<br /> |t͡ʃʼ<br /> |'''x’'''<br /> |c͡ç<br /> |'''cj'''<br /> |c͡çʼ<br /> |'''cj’'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Fricative<br /> !Voiceless<br /> |f<br /> |'''f'''<br /> |s<br /> |'''s'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ʃ<br /> |'''sr'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ç<br /> |'''sj'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |h<br /> |'''h'''<br /> |-<br /> !Voiced<br /> |v<br /> |'''v'''<br /> |z<br /> |'''z'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ʒ<br /> |'''zr'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ʝ<br /> |'''zj'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Approximant<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ð<br /> |'''ð'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Liquid<br /> !Voiceless<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɬ<br /> |'''hl'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |r̥<br /> |'''hr'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Voiced<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |l<br /> |'''l'''<br /> |ˀl<br /> |'''’l'''<br /> |ɽ͡r<br /> |'''rr'''<br /> |ˀɽ<br /> |'''’r'''<br /> |ʎ<br /> |'''lj'''<br /> |ˀʎ<br /> |'''’lj'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Vowels and Tones ===<br /> All vowels have one of four tones: high, low, falling, and rising. Falling and rising tones are closer to the middle range than high or low. High tone is accompanied by preaspiration. On a word-initial vowel, the preaspiration is breathy. The preaspiration is converted into voiceless aspiration on any preceding voiceless consonant, and breathy voice on any preceding voiced consonant. Low tone is accompanied by creaky voice on the vowel.<br /> <br /> Vowels are separated into 2 classes based on their phonotactic behavior and evolutionary history. Class 1 vowels have no phonotactic restrictions other than that they cannot form diphthongs with each other. These vowels originated from the proto-language's 3-vowel system /e a o/.<br /> <br /> Class 2 vowels must be preceded or followed by a consonant, or both, and cannot be adjacent to a Class 1 vowel. Class 2 vowels can form diphthongs with each other. These diphthongs use the same tone system as other vowels. Diphthongs with consonants involve sliding articulation. Class 2 diphthongs cannot be adjacent to each other and adhere to the same restrictions as Class 2 monophthongs. They are excluded from the charts because all Class 2 vowels can form diphthongs (or long vowels) with another and it is not specially notated in romanization.<br /> <br /> There are three romanizations systems for Deeplect -4 which differ in vowel and tone notation. The Vohnegien<ref name=":02" /> notation prioritized representing historical pronunciation such as syllabic consonants and their descendants being written with an vowel-initial diagraph upon which tones would be marked with diacritics. Vohnegien notation is seen as more outdated by some, but still used by a few scattered Deeplect -4-speaking regions and by linguists.<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="12" |Vohnegien Notation<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="3" |Vowels<br /> ! colspan="6" |Non-labial<br /> ! colspan="4" |Labial<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Extra-Front<br /> ! colspan="2" |Front<br /> ! colspan="2" |Back<br /> ! colspan="2" |Front<br /> ! colspan="2" |Back<br /> |-<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Class 1<br /> !Monophthong<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |e<br /> |'''e'''<br /> |ɤ<br /> |'''y'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |o<br /> |'''o'''<br /> |-<br /> !Diphthong<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |je<br /> |'''ie'''<br /> |ɰɤ<br /> |'''uy'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |wo<br /> |'''uo'''<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="3" |Class 2<br /> !Nasal<br /> |n̩<br /> |'''an'''<br /> |ĩ<br /> |'''in'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɱ̍<br /> |'''am'''<br /> |ũ<br /> |'''un'''<br /> |-<br /> !Close<br /> |l̩<br /> |'''al'''<br /> |i<br /> |'''iy'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |y<br /> |'''iu'''<br /> |ʉ<br /> |'''eu'''<br /> |-<br /> !Open<br /> |r̩<br /> |'''ar'''<br /> |æ<br /> |'''ae'''<br /> |ɑ<br /> |'''ao'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɵ<br /> |'''au'''<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Tones<br /> ! colspan="2" |-H<br /> ! colspan="2" |-L<br /> | colspan="6" rowspan="4" |⟨V⟩ here is used to represent a vowel, not the letter V.<br /> |-<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |H-<br /> |ʰV́<br /> |'''V̄'''<br /> |V̂<br /> |'''V̀'''<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |L-<br /> |V̌<br /> |'''V́'''<br /> |V̰̀<br /> |'''V'''<br /> |}<br /> Gritchend<ref name=":02" /> approached notation from a modern pronunciation in which diacritics are used on consonants to show syllabicity and on vowels to show vowel quality. Gritchend elected to romanize tones with unused consonant letters. Gritchend notation is broadly considered the modern notation of the language and is used in most formal and informal contexts.<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="12" |Gritchend Notation<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="3" |Vowels<br /> ! colspan="6" |Non-labial<br /> ! colspan="4" |Labial<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Extra-Front<br /> ! colspan="2" |Front<br /> ! colspan="2" |Back<br /> ! colspan="2" |Front<br /> ! colspan="2" |Back<br /> |-<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Class 1<br /> !Monophthong<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |e<br /> |'''e'''<br /> |ɤ<br /> |'''y'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |o<br /> |'''o'''<br /> |-<br /> !Diphthong<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |je<br /> |'''ie'''<br /> |ɰɤ<br /> |'''uy'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |wo<br /> |'''uo'''<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="3" |Class 2<br /> !Nasal<br /> |n̩<br /> |'''ń'''<br /> |ĩ<br /> |'''ĩ'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɱ̍<br /> |'''ḿ'''<br /> |ũ<br /> |'''ũ'''<br /> |-<br /> !Close<br /> |l̩<br /> |'''ĺ'''<br /> |i<br /> |'''i'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |y<br /> |'''u'''<br /> |ʉ<br /> |'''ü'''<br /> |-<br /> !Open<br /> |r̩<br /> |'''ŕ'''<br /> |æ<br /> |'''ä'''<br /> |ɑ<br /> |'''a'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɵ<br /> |'''ö'''<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Tones<br /> ! colspan="2" |-H<br /> ! colspan="2" |-L<br /> | colspan="6" rowspan="4" |⟨S⟩ here is used to represent a syllable, not the letter S.<br /> |-<br /> !IPA<br /> !Grit.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Grit.<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |H-<br /> |ʰV́<br /> |'''S'''<br /> |V̂<br /> |'''Sb'''<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |L-<br /> |V̌<br /> |'''Sp'''<br /> |V̰̀<br /> |'''Sq'''<br /> |}<br /> In the interest of avoiding the use of diacritics altogether, Vondenberg<ref name=":02" /> combined the vowel notation of Vohnegien and tone notation of Gritchend. This more modern romanization is most often used in informal text messages and typing with decorative fonts, which often have poor diacritic support.<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="12" |Vondenberg Notation<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="3" |Vowels<br /> ! colspan="6" |Non-labial<br /> ! colspan="4" |Labial<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Extra-Front<br /> ! colspan="2" |Front<br /> ! colspan="2" |Back<br /> ! colspan="2" |Front<br /> ! colspan="2" |Back<br /> |-<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vond.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vond.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vond.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vond.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vond.<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Class 1<br /> !Monophthong<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |e<br /> |'''e'''<br /> |ɤ<br /> |'''y'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |o<br /> |'''o'''<br /> |-<br /> !Diphthong<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |je<br /> |'''ie'''<br /> |ɰɤ<br /> |'''uy'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |wo<br /> |'''uo'''<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="3" |Class 2<br /> !Nasal<br /> |n̩<br /> |'''an'''<br /> |ĩ<br /> |'''in'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɱ̍<br /> |'''am'''<br /> |ũ<br /> |'''un'''<br /> |-<br /> !Close<br /> |l̩<br /> |'''al'''<br /> |i<br /> |'''iy'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |y<br /> |'''iu'''<br /> |ʉ<br /> |'''eu'''<br /> |-<br /> !Open<br /> |r̩<br /> |'''ar'''<br /> |æ<br /> |'''ae'''<br /> |ɑ<br /> |'''ao'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɵ<br /> |'''au'''<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Tones<br /> ! colspan="2" |-H<br /> ! colspan="2" |-L<br /> | colspan="6" rowspan="4" |⟨S⟩ here is used to represent a syllable, not the letter S.<br /> |-<br /> !IPA<br /> !Grit.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Grit.<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |H-<br /> |ʰV́<br /> |'''S'''<br /> |V̂<br /> |'''Sb'''<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |L-<br /> |V̌<br /> |'''Sp'''<br /> |V̰̀<br /> |'''Sq'''<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Deeplect -3 ==<br /> <br /> === Consonants ===<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Non-Click Consonant<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Bilabial<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Dental<br /> ! colspan="2" |Alveolar<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Palatal<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Velar/Uvular<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Laryngeal<br /> |-<br /> !Plain<br /> !Fricated<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="4" |Stop<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Plain<br /> |p '''p'''<br /> |t͡θ '''th'''<br /> |t '''t'''<br /> |t͡s '''ts'''<br /> |t͡ʃ '''ch'''<br /> |k '''c'''<br /> |ʡ '''q'''<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |d '''d'''<br /> |d͡z '''dz'''<br /> |d͡ʒ '''gh'''<br /> |g '''g'''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Glottalized<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |t͡s’ '''ts’'''<br /> |t͡ʃʼ '''ch’'''<br /> |kʼ '''c’'''<br /> |ʔˤ '''q’'''<br /> |-<br /> |ɓ '''b’'''<br /> |<br /> |ɗ '''d’'''<br /> |<br /> |ʄ '''gh’'''<br /> |ɠ '''g’'''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="3" |Fricative<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Plain<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |s '''s'''<br /> |ʃ '''š'''<br /> |χ '''x'''<br /> |ħ '''h'''<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ʒ '''ž'''<br /> |<br /> |ʕ '''ǧ'''<br /> |-<br /> !Glottalized<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ʃʼ '''š’'''<br /> |χʼ '''x’'''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Nasal<br /> |m '''m'''<br /> |n '''n'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ŋ '''ň'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Sonorant<br /> |β̞ '''v'''<br /> |lː '''l'''<br /> |r '''r'''<br /> |r̝ '''rz'''<br /> |j '''y'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==== Allophony ====<br /> <br /> * /t͡ʃ d͡ʒ t͡ʃʼ ʄ k ɡ kʼ ɠ/ become [k͡x g͡ɣ k͡xʼ ɠ q ɢ qʼ ʛ] before low or back vowels.<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Click Consonant<br /> ! colspan="2" |Bilabial<br /> ! colspan="2" |Dental<br /> ! colspan="2" |Alveolar<br /> ! colspan="2" |Lateral<br /> ! colspan="2" |Palatal<br /> |-<br /> !Velar<br /> !Uvular<br /> !Velar<br /> !Uvular<br /> !Velar<br /> !Uvular<br /> !Velar<br /> !Uvular<br /> !Velar<br /> !Uvular<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="3" |Nasal<br /> !Fricated<br /> |ŋʘʰ '''mwh'''<br /> |ɴʘχ '''mwx'''<br /> |ŋǀʰ '''nzh'''<br /> |ɴǀχ '''nzx'''<br /> |ŋǃʰ '''nkh'''<br /> |ɴǃχ '''nkx'''<br /> |ŋǁʰ '''nllh'''<br /> |ɴǁχ '''nllx'''<br /> |ŋǂʰ '''njh'''<br /> |ɴǂχ '''njx'''<br /> |-<br /> !Plain<br /> |ŋʘ '''mw'''<br /> |ɴʘ '''wm'''<br /> |ŋǀ '''nz'''<br /> |ɴǀ '''zn'''<br /> |ŋǃ '''nk'''<br /> |ɴǃ '''kn'''<br /> |ŋǁ '''nll'''<br /> |ɴǁ '''lln'''<br /> |ŋǂ '''nj'''<br /> |ɴǂ '''jn'''<br /> |-<br /> !Ploded<br /> |ŋʘˀ '''mw’'''<br /> |ɴʘq '''mwq'''<br /> |ŋǀˀ '''nz’'''<br /> |ɴǀq '''nzq'''<br /> |ŋǃˀ '''nk’'''<br /> |ɴǃq '''nkq'''<br /> |ŋǁˀ '''nll’'''<br /> |ɴǁq '''nllq'''<br /> |ŋǂˀ '''nj’'''<br /> |ɴǂq '''njq'''<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="9" |Oral<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Affricate<br /> |ʘk͡x '''wch'''<br /> |qʘχ '''wx'''<br /> |ǀk͡x '''zch'''<br /> |qǀχ '''zx'''<br /> |ǃk͡x '''kch'''<br /> |qǃχ '''kx'''<br /> |ǁk͡x '''llch'''<br /> |qǁχ '''llx'''<br /> |ǂk͡x '''jch'''<br /> |qǂχ '''jx'''<br /> |-<br /> |gʘx '''gwx'''<br /> |<br /> |gǀx '''gzx'''<br /> |<br /> |gǃx '''gkx'''<br /> |<br /> |gǁx '''gllx'''<br /> |<br /> |gǂx '''gjx'''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Aspirated<br /> |kʘʰ '''wh'''<br /> |<br /> |kǀʰ '''zh'''<br /> |<br /> |kǃʰ '''kh'''<br /> |<br /> |kǁʰ '''llh'''<br /> |<br /> |kǂʰ '''jh'''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |gʘʱ '''gwh'''<br /> |<br /> |gǀʱ '''gzh'''<br /> |<br /> |gǃʱ '''gkh'''<br /> |<br /> |gǁʱ '''gllh'''<br /> |<br /> |gǂʱ '''gjh'''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Plain<br /> |kʘ '''cw'''<br /> |ʘq '''wq'''<br /> |kǀ '''cz'''<br /> |ǀq '''zq'''<br /> |kǃ '''ck'''<br /> |ǃq '''kq'''<br /> |kǁ '''cll'''<br /> |ǁq '''llq'''<br /> |kǂ '''cj'''<br /> |ǂq '''jq'''<br /> |-<br /> |gʘ '''gw'''<br /> |ʘɢ '''wg'''<br /> |gǀ '''gz'''<br /> |ǀɢ '''zg'''<br /> |gǃ '''gk'''<br /> |ǃɢ '''kg'''<br /> |gǁ '''gll'''<br /> |ǁɢ '''llg'''<br /> |gǂ '''gj'''<br /> |ǂɢ '''jg'''<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Glottalized<br /> |kʘˀ '''w’'''<br /> |<br /> |kǀˀ '''z’'''<br /> |<br /> |kǃˀ '''k’'''<br /> |<br /> |kǁˀ '''ll’'''<br /> |<br /> |kǂˀ '''j’'''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |gkʘˀ '''gcw’'''<br /> |ɢqʘˀ '''gqw’'''<br /> |gkǀˀ '''gcz’'''<br /> |ɢqǀˀ '''gqz’'''<br /> |gkǃˀ '''gck’'''<br /> |ɢqǃˀ '''gqk’'''<br /> |gkǁˀ '''gcll’'''<br /> |ɢqǁˀ '''gqll’'''<br /> |gkǂˀ '''gcj’'''<br /> |ɢqǂˀ '''gqj’'''<br /> |-<br /> !Ejective<br /> |ʘkʼ '''wc’'''<br /> |ʘqʼ '''wq’'''<br /> |ǀkʼ '''zc’'''<br /> |ǀqʼ '''zq’'''<br /> |ǃkʼ '''kc’'''<br /> |ǃqʼ '''kq’'''<br /> |ǁkʼ '''llc’'''<br /> |ǁqʼ '''llq’'''<br /> |ǂkʼ '''jc’'''<br /> |ǂqʼ '''jq’'''<br /> |}<br /> An apostrophe is placed between grapheme clusters that may be confused with whole graphemes, e.g. ⟨amwha⟩ is /a.ŋʘʰa/ and ⟨am’wha⟩ is /am.kʘʰa/.<br /> <br /> === Vowels ===<br /> The vowel qualities are /i u e o a ã/ ⟨i u e o a ã⟩, with the long vowels /iː uː ɛː ɔː ɑː ãː/ ⟨ī ū ē ō ā ãa⟩ and overlong vowels /iːː uːː eːːː oːːː aːːː ãːːː/ ⟨ii uu ee oo aa ãā⟩.<br /> <br /> The possible diphthongs are /ei eo oe oi ou oa ue ua ai ae au ao oã uã ãi ãe ãu ão/.<br /> <br /> Phonations include modal, breathy ⟨◌h⟩, creaky ⟨◌’⟩, (all three of which can be pharyngealized ⟨◌·⟩), and strident ⟨◌ħ⟩. A long vowels and diphthongs can contain more than one phonation, but short and overlong vowels cannot.<br /> <br /> All vowels can be -ATR or +ATR ⟨◌y⟩, corresponding to tongue root harmony. This harmony can change voiceless plain stops to breathy stops (except /p/ which becomes [b]). It is a progressive harmony that begins from the start of a root word and is blocked by ejective and uvular consonants. +ATR is only romanized on the first vowel of a root word.<br /> <br /> ==== Allophony ====<br /> <br /> * Vowels are nasalized whenever adjacent to nasal phonemes. /ã/ merges with /a/, so ⟨ã⟩ is not used adjacent to nasal phonemes.<br /> <br /> == Deeplect -2 ==<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Labiodental<br /> ! colspan="4" |Dental<br /> ! colspan="4" |Alveolar<br /> ! colspan="4" |Palatal<br /> ! colspan="4" |Uvular<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Epiglottal<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Plain<br /> ! colspan="2" |Labial<br /> ! colspan="2" |Plain<br /> ! colspan="2" |Labial<br /> ! colspan="2" |Plain<br /> ! colspan="2" |Labial<br /> ! colspan="2" |Plain<br /> ! colspan="2" |Labial<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Nasal<br /> |{{ipa|ɱ}}<br /> |'''m'''<br /> |{{ipa|n̪}}<br /> |'''’n'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|n}}<br /> |'''n'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|ɲ}}<br /> |'''nj'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|ɴ}}<br /> |'''ng'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="3" |Plosive<br /> !Tense<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|ʔ͡d̪̊}}<br /> |'''’t'''<br /> |{{ipa|ʔ͡d̪̊ʷ}}<br /> |'''’tw'''<br /> |{{ipa|ʔ͡d̥}}<br /> |'''t'''<br /> |{{ipa|ʔ͡d̥ʷ}}<br /> |'''tw'''<br /> |{{ipa|ʔ͡ɟ̊}}<br /> |'''c'''<br /> |{{ipa|ʔ͡ɟ̊ʷ}}<br /> |'''cw'''<br /> |{{ipa|ʔ͡ɢ̥}}<br /> |'''k'''<br /> |{{ipa|ʔ͡ɢ̥ʷ}}<br /> |'''kw'''<br /> |{{ipa|ʡ}}<br /> |'''q'''<br /> |-<br /> !Lax<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|d̪𐞖}}<br /> |'''’dh'''<br /> |{{ipa|d̪𐞖ʷ}}<br /> |'''’dhw'''<br /> |{{ipa|d𐞖}}<br /> |'''dh'''<br /> |{{ipa|d𐞖ʷ}}<br /> |'''dhw'''<br /> |{{ipa|ɟ𐞖}}<br /> |'''jh'''<br /> |{{ipa|ɟ𐞖ʷ}}<br /> |'''jhw'''<br /> |{{ipa|ɢ𐞖}}<br /> |'''gh'''<br /> |{{ipa|ɢ𐞖ʷ}}<br /> |'''ghw'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Voiced<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|d̪}}<br /> |'''’d'''<br /> |{{ipa|d̪ʷ}}<br /> |'''’nw'''<br /> |{{ipa|d}}<br /> |'''d'''<br /> |{{ipa|dʷ}}<br /> |'''dw'''<br /> |{{ipa|ɟ}}<br /> |'''j'''<br /> |{{ipa|ɟʷ}}<br /> |'''jw'''<br /> |{{ipa|ɢ}}<br /> |'''g'''<br /> |{{ipa|ɢʷ}}<br /> |'''gw'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Fricative<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|ð}}<br /> |'''ð'''<br /> |{{ipa|ðʷ}}<br /> |'''ðw'''<br /> |{{ipa|z}}<br /> |'''z'''<br /> |{{ipa|zʷ}}<br /> |'''zw'''<br /> |{{ipa|ʝ}}<br /> |'''y'''<br /> |{{ipa|ʝʷ}}<br /> |'''yw'''<br /> |{{ipa|ʁ}}<br /> |'''x'''<br /> |{{ipa|ʁʷ}}<br /> |'''xw'''<br /> |{{ipa|ʜ}}<br /> |'''h'''<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Vibrant<br /> |{{ipa|ⱱ}}<br /> |'''v'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|r}}<br /> |'''r'''<br /> |{{ipa|rʷ}}<br /> |'''rw'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Lateral<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|l̪}}<br /> |'''’l'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|l}}<br /> |'''l'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|ʎ}}<br /> |'''lj'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|ʟ}}<br /> |'''lg'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! rowspan="2" |<br /> ! colspan="4" |Front<br /> ! colspan="4" |Non-Front<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |High<br /> ! colspan="2" |Low<br /> ! colspan="2" |High<br /> ! colspan="2" |Low<br /> |-<br /> !Close<br /> |{{ipa|í}}<br /> |'''í'''<br /> |{{ipa|ì}}<br /> |'''i'''<br /> |{{ipa|ɨ́}}<br /> |'''ú'''<br /> |{{ipa|ɨ̀}}<br /> |'''u'''<br /> |-<br /> !Close-Mid<br /> |{{ipa|é}}<br /> |'''é'''<br /> |{{ipa|è}}<br /> |'''e'''<br /> |{{ipa|ɘ́}}<br /> |'''ó'''<br /> |{{ipa|ɘ̀}}<br /> |'''o'''<br /> |-<br /> !Open<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|ɐ́}}<br /> |'''á'''<br /> |{{ipa|ɐ̀}}<br /> |'''a'''<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Deeplect -1 ==<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="3" |Grammar<br /> !<br /> |-<br /> !Gloss<br /> !IPA<br /> !Description<br /> !Examples<br /> |-<br /> !CAUS.GNO<br /> |jɾa-<br /> |''production, resultation, consequence (gnomic and nouns)''<br /> |kesˈteltɔ jɾaˈmiawa (earth brings life)<br /> |-<br /> !CAUS<br /> |ko-<br /> |''caused (tense, verbs only)''<br /> |kes'teltɔ koˈmiawe̤ (earth is causing life to exist)<br /> |-<br /> !MOA<br /> | -a,ɔ > -e̤<br /> |''verbalizer (motion of agent, MOA). MOA verbs receive an adverb? auxiliary verb? after, showing the precise action taking place if it isn't clear from the primary verb (it would be clear if the prim. verb was "to go to" but not if it's "to water"). unclear primary verbs used without secondary verbs are said to simply "be occuring" or "be existing".''<br /> |ˈbiːje̤ (approaching water)<br /> kesˈtelte̤ (kicking the ground)<br /> |-<br /> !MOS<br /> | -a,ɔ > -ʕu<br /> |''verbalizer (motion of secondary thing, MOS). MOS places the object after the verb. objects and "secondary verbs" (referenced above) do not differ in marking''<br /> |ˈbiːjʕu (splashing water on someone/watering something)<br /> kesˈteltʕu (kicking dirt at something/someone)<br /> |-<br /> !MOP<br /> | -a,ɔ > -a(ʕim)<br /> |''verbalizer (motion of patient, MOP). MOP places its object before the verb. -ʕim is only added for formality, emphasis, or syntactic disambiguation.''<br /> |ˈbiːja(ʕim) ~ spraying water around<br /> kesˈtela(ʕim) ~ kicking up dirt<br /> |}<br /> whether a verb is conjugated to MOA/MOS/MOP is determined by which action the speaker wants to focus on the most, even though usually 2 or 3 of them will be actually occuring<br /> <br /> topic pronouns (marked for person, number, and obviation) are clitics that attach to a particle with some of their grammatical information (cases).<br /> <br /> # 1P.SG.OBV1 ~ ũ=<br /> # 1P.SG.OBV2 ~ nã=<br /> # 1P.SG.OBV3 ~ ˈdeu=<br /> # 2P.SG.OBV1 ~ in=<br /> # 2P.SG.OBV2 ~ ja̤=<br /> # 2P.SG.OBV3 ~ tḛːŋ=<br /> # 3P.SG.OBV1 ~ ki=<br /> # 3P.SG.OBV2 ~ ɾḛj=<br /> # 3P.SG.OBV3 ~ aːn=<br /> # 1P.PL.INCL ~ eˈdo=<br /> # 1P.PL.EXCL ~ kʼe=<br /> # 2P.PL.INCL ~ ˈkimi=<br /> # 2P.PL.EXCL ~ ˈhuku=<br /> # 3P.PL.OBV1 ~ sto=<br /> # 3P.PL.OBV2 ~ ˈmihi=<br /> # 3P.PL.OBV3 ~ aˈdoː=<br /> # REFL ~ pi<br /> #* used in stuff like drinking(MOS), eating(MOS), etc.<br /> # nominative ~ i<br /> # vocative ~ -ʃa̤,ja̤/i'ja̤<br /> # benefactive ~ -(ɾ)e/ri<br /> # malefactive ~ -ḛːse/ḛːse<br /> # dative ~ -ãw/ŋaw<br /> # commitative ~ -(k,ɡ,ʼ)iː/kiː<br /> # instrumental ~ -(s,z)ãʰː/zãʰː<br /> # other case particles can be derived using class-less variants of words, which can get prefixed to a non-topic noun<br /> <br /> * sometimes the particle may be used alone instead of the pronoun clitic.<br /> * the pronoun clitic can be attached to a word to show stronger volition toward that aspect of the action described in the sentence (i.e. TOP=[verb] for showing stronger intent for the action than the object, or TOP=[object] for the opposite). stronger volition toward one aspect often implies weaker volition or intent toward the rest (TOP=[verb] may imply accidentally affecting the object, and TOP=[object] may imply accidentally performing the action, but meaning to do something to the object).<br /> * both or either of the pronoun clitic and particle may be omitted. omission only occurs in the event of redundance.<br /> * there is a subject case particle.<br /> * other NPs are listed in the beginning of the sentence in order of decreasing relevance. their cases (and conjunctions) are expressed in affixes, not a particle.<br /> <br /> * every part of speech has its own set of classes (they do not correspond to each other).<br /> * modifiers are added by affixing the modifiee's class suffix and changing the modifiee's suffix to -aː (this assumes all classes affixes will be suffixes but maybe i wont do that)<br /> *# kesˈteltɔ ''modified by'' beˈʔaɾa (cooled lava ground) > kesˈtelt'''-ɔ''' beˈʔa-ɾa > kesˈtelt-aː beˈʔa-ɾa'''-ɔ''' > kesˈteltaː beˈʔaɔ<br /> * noun classes (suffixes and prefixes):<br /> <br /> # -a, -ɔ ~ fluid, changing (animals, thoughts, breath, wind, clothing, some gods)<br /> # -ɾa ~ dangerous (lava, fire, poisonous food, weapon used, some gods)<br /> # zũː- ~ machinery (car, computer, lock, some weapons merely existing)<br /> # kʰ- ~ valuable natural item (diamond, gold, ivory)<br /> # tʰe- ~ material for use (wood, paper, ink, glue, metal, cloth)<br /> # -ʔiː ~ natural (plants, sun, moon, dirt, some gods)<br /> # -nõ ~ human, human-related concept, or thing altered by humanity (person, domesticated animals, weapon created, gods from secular perspective)<br /> <br /> * verb classes (suffixes):<br /> <br /> # -e ~<br /> # -l ~<br /> # -a ~<br /> <br /> * adjective/adverb classes (prefixes):<br /> * ''unmarked'' ~ quality<br /> * xe- ~ identity<br /> * o- ~ relation<br /> * adposition classes (suffixes):<br /> <br /> * when creating a phrase or description, go with more actually-occurs options before hypothetical or culturally-specific ones (i.e. kesˈteltaː beˈʔaɾɔ is a ground of cooled lava, not the ground being molten lava as is pretended in the game "the floor is lava", since the former is more likely to be used in a real situation than the latter)<br /> <br /> kesˈtelt'''ɔ''' ~ earth<br /> <br /> ˈbiːj'''a''' ~ water<br /> <br /> kṵː'''ɾa''' ~ fire<br /> <br /> ˈmiaw'''a''' ~ life<br /> <br /> ˈ'''zũː'''kũː ~ metal, mechanical<br /> <br /> ˈ'''kʰ'''uːihu ~ gold<br /> <br /> beˈʔa'''ɾa''' ~ lava<br /> <br /> ˈ'''tʰe'''ːsʼaː ~ wood<br /> <br /> liˈ'''ʔiː''' ~ plant<br /> <br /> oˈŋãi'''nõ''' ~ human<br /> <br /> eˈumĩ'''a''' ~ love<br /> <br /> çiː'''a''' ~ emotion(s)<br /> <br /> xkiˈ'''ʔiː''' ~ think, mind<br /> <br /> ˈ'''tʰe'''nũː ~ paper<br /> <br /> '''tʰe'''ˈʔjul ~ ink<br /> <br /> ˈ'''zũː'''mãi ~ pen<br /> <br /> he ~ move to<br /> <br /> iːl ~ move at/in<br /> <br /> ɬaː ~ express, release, secrete<br /> <br /> ˈtʰeŋ'''ʔiː''' ~ visible attribute<br /> <br /> kɔʔj'''ɔ''' ~ color, shadow, brightness, angle<br /> <br /> tḛjjɔ ~ red, hot pink, orange, brown, violet<br /> <br /> vɾiː ~ yellow, orange, lime, beige, white, pink<br /> <br /> ħaːn ~ green, lime, evergreen<br /> <br /> ˈijaɲ ~ cyan, mint<br /> <br /> ˈṳba ~ blue, indigo, purple, black<br /> <br /> naːˈħal ~ dark yellow, muddy green<br /> <br /> ħũːe ~ correct, factual, verified, verifiable<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <references /></div>

Suqi https://mc.nguh.org/w/index.php?title=Trace_Deeplects&diff=39526 Trace Deeplects 2026-05-05T03:19:11Z

<p>Suqi: </p> <hr /> <div><br /> '''Trace Deeplects''' are incomplete portions of languages that have been detected in experiments attempting to verif’ the [[Deep Dimensional]] theory. While the strongest evidence for Deep Dimensional is the languages that have inexplicably appeared, [[MARA]] experiments have found trace amounts of languages in their investigations, giving it more credibility. However, measurement error is not ruled out. This article will contain all the information on every Trace Deeplect. Trace Deeplects are listed in order of their negative discovery.<br /> <br /> == Deeplect -E ==<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> | colspan="4" rowspan="2" |<br /> | colspan="2" |Labial<br /> | colspan="2" |Alveolar<br /> |Palatal<br /> | colspan="2" |Velar<br /> | colspan="2" |Laryngeal<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | colspan="4" |Nasal<br /> |m<br /> |mʲ<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ŋ<br /> |ŋʲ<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | colspan="2" rowspan="3" |Plosive<br /> | colspan="2" |Aspirated<br /> |kʷʰ<br /> |<br /> |tʰ<br /> |t<br /> |<br /> |kʰ<br /> |kʲʰ<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | colspan="2" |Tenuis<br /> |kʷ<br /> |<br /> |t<br /> |tʲ<br /> |<br /> |k<br /> |kʲ<br /> |<br /> |ʔ<br /> |-<br /> | colspan="2" |Prenasalized<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ᵑɡ<br /> |ᵑɡʲ<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | colspan="2" rowspan="3" |Affricate<br /> | colspan="2" |Aspirated<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |t͡sʰ<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | colspan="2" |Tenuis<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |t͡s<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | colspan="2" |Voiced<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |d͡z<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Fricative<br /> | colspan="2" |Short<br /> |ɸ<br /> |ɸʲ<br /> |s<br /> |sʲ<br /> |ɕ<br /> |x<br /> |xʲ<br /> |ħ<br /> |h<br /> |-<br /> | colspan="2" |Long<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |sː<br /> |<br /> |ɕː<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | colspan="4" |Glide<br /> |w<br /> |ɥ<br /> |ɾ<br /> |<br /> |j<br /> |ɰ<br /> |ɰʲ<br /> |ʕ<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Deeplect -D ==<br /> <br /> === Consonants ===<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |<br /> ! colspan="2" |Bilabial<br /> ! colspan="2" |Alveolar<br /> ! colspan="2" |Prepalatal<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Palatal<br /> ! colspan="2" |Prevelar<br /> ! colspan="2" |Postvelar<br /> ! colspan="2" |Uvular<br /> ! colspan="2" |Epiglottal<br /> ! colspan="2" |Glottal<br /> |-<br /> !Plain<br /> !Emphatic<br /> !Plain<br /> !Emphatic<br /> !Plain<br /> !Labial<br /> !Plain<br /> !Labial<br /> !Plain<br /> !Labial<br /> !Plain<br /> !Labial<br /> !Plain<br /> !Labial<br /> !Plain<br /> !Labial<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Nasal<br /> |m '''m'''<br /> |mˤ '''ṃ'''<br /> |n '''n'''<br /> |nˤ '''ṇ'''<br /> |ɲ̟ '''ň'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ŋ '''ŋ'''<br /> |ŋʷ '''ŋw'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="3" |Plosive<br /> !Aspirated<br /> |pʰ '''ph'''<br /> |pʰˤ '''ṗh'''<br /> |tʰ '''th'''<br /> |tʰˤ '''ṭh'''<br /> |c̟ʰ '''ch'''<br /> |c̟ʰʷ '''cv'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |kʰ '''kh'''<br /> |kʰʷ '''kv'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Lax<br /> |p '''p'''<br /> |pˤ '''ṗ'''<br /> |t '''t'''<br /> |tˤ '''ṭ'''<br /> |c̟ '''c'''<br /> |c̟ʷ '''cw'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |k '''k'''<br /> |kʷ '''kw'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ʡ '''q'''<br /> |ʡʷ '''qw'''<br /> |ʔ '''<nowiki/>''''<br /> |ʔʷ '''<nowiki/>'w'''<br /> |-<br /> !Tense<br /> |b '''b'''<br /> |bˤ '''ḅ'''<br /> |tʼ '''d'''<br /> |tˤʼ '''ḍ'''<br /> |c̟ʼ '''j'''<br /> |c̟ʷʼ '''jw'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |kʼ '''g'''<br /> |kʷʼ '''gw'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Continuant<br /> !Voiceless<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |s '''s'''<br /> |sˤ '''ṣ'''<br /> |ɕ '''š'''<br /> |ɕʷ '''šw'''<br /> |ç '''hy'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |x '''ḫ'''<br /> |xʷ '''ḫw'''<br /> |χ '''x'''<br /> |χʷ '''xw'''<br /> |ħ '''ħ'''<br /> |ħʷ '''ħw'''<br /> |h '''h'''<br /> |hʷ '''hw'''<br /> |-<br /> !Voiced<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |l '''l'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |j '''i'''<br /> |ɣʲ '''ǧy'''<br /> |w '''u'''<br /> |ɣ '''ǧ'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ʕ '''ġ'''<br /> |ʕʷ '''ġw'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Trill<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |r '''r'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ʀ '''ṛ'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==== Syllabic Consonants ====<br /> Syllabic consonants are romanized as double letters only when adjacent to two vowels or a nonsyllabic variant of each other.<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> !<br /> !Bilabial<br /> !Alveolar<br /> !Prepalatal<br /> !Postvelar<br /> !Uvular<br /> !Epiglottal<br /> |-<br /> !Nasal<br /> |m̩ '''m, mm'''<br /> |n̩ '''n, nn'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɴ̩ '''ŋ, ŋŋ'''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Fricative<br /> |<br /> |s̩ '''s, ss'''<br /> |ɕ̩ '''š, šš'''<br /> |x̩ '''ḫ, ḫḫ'''<br /> |χ̍ '''x, xx'''<br /> |ħ̩ '''ħ, ħħ'''<br /> |-<br /> !Lateral<br /> |<br /> |l̩ '''l, ll'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Trill<br /> |<br /> |r̩ '''r, rr'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Vowels ===<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> !<br /> !Front<br /> !Central<br /> !Back<br /> |-<br /> !Mid<br /> |e '''e'''<br /> |ɵ '''oy'''<br /> |o '''o'''<br /> |-<br /> !Near-Open<br /> |<br /> |ɐ '''ay'''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Open<br /> |<br /> |a '''a'''<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Pitch-Accent ===<br /> Deeplect -D uses seven pitch accents: high (ā [ꜛaꜜ]), mid (a [a]), low (ȧ [ꜜaꜛ]), falling (à [ꜛâꜜ]), rising (á [ǎꜛ]), high-falling (â [âꜜ]), and dipping (ǎ [â]), which can be placed on any mora except for the final one. All vowels and all syllabic consonants can receive a pitch accent.<br /> <br /> * '''High''' pitch accent gives only one mora a high tone while the rest have low tone (L-<u>H</u>-L)<br /> * '''Mid''' pitch accent makes a word retain low tone throughout (L-<u>L</u>-L)<br /> * '''Low''' pitch accent gives one more a low tone while the rest have high tone (H-<u>L</u>-H)<br /> * '''Falling''' pitch accent takes the tone of one mora from high to low while the rest of the morae have a low tone (L-<u>HL</u>-L)<br /> * '''Rising''' pitch accent takes one mora's tone from low to high while the preceding morae have a low tone and the following morae have a high tone (L-<u>LH</u>-H)<br /> * '''High-falling''' pitch accent takes one mora's tone from high to mid while the preceding morae have a high tone and the following morae have a low tone (H-<u>HM</u>-L)<br /> * '''Dipping''' pitch accent takes the tone of one mora from high to low while the rest of the morae have a mid tone (M-<u>HL</u>-M)<br /> <br /> === Phonotactics ===<br /> (C)V<br /> <br /> * Three of the same phoneme cannot occur in a row; syllabic consonants count as consonants in this rule.<br /> <br /> === Allophony ===<br /> E: /e/, [i ɪ e̞ ɛ]<br /> <br /> Y: /ɲ̟ c̟ʰ c̟ʰʷ c̟ c̟ʷ c̟ʼ c̟ʷʼ ɕ ɕʷ ç j/<br /> <br /> # /C₁C̩₁ C̩₁C₁/ = [C₁ːː C₁ːː]<br /> # /C̩V VC̩/ = [CːV VCː]<br /> # /e ɵ o/ = [e̞ ɵ̞ o̞]<br /> # e̞ o̞ ɵ̞ → ɛ ɞ ɔ / {_#,#_%,V_%}<br /> # e̞ ɵ̞ o̞ ɐ a → ɪ ɵ ʊ ɘ ɜ / _Cː<br /> # e̞ ɵ̞ o̞ ɐ a → i ʉ u ɨ ə / _Cːː<br /> # ɵ̞ o̞ ɐ a → ø̞ ɵ̞ æ̝ æ / {EC,Y}_<br /> # ɞ ɔ → œ ɞ / {EC,Y}_<br /> # ʊ ɵ ɘ ɜ → ʉ̞ ø e ɛ / {EC,Y}_<br /> # u ʉ ɨ ə → ʉ y ɪ e̞ / {EC,Y}_<br /> # ŋ(ʷ) → ɴ(ʷ) / _{a,ɐ,ɔ,o,ʊ}<br /> # ŋ(ʷ) → ɴ(ʷ) / {a,ɐ,ɔ,o,ʊ}_%<br /> # C̩[-labial] → C̩[-labial]ʷ / C[+labial]_<br /> # F̩[-voice] → F̩[+voice] / C[+voice]_<br /> <br /> === Word Formation ===<br /> Deeplect -D's word formation is unusual. The etymology of words comes from an abstract dimension where tracing the language consistently to its proto-form becomes impossible.<br /> <br /> == Deeplect -C ṡżṠŻǎǔǐěǒẽĩũẙů ==<br /> <br /> === Phonemic Inventory ===<br /> <br /> ==== Onsets ====<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |<br /> ! colspan="4" |Coronal<br /> ! colspan="4" |Peripheral<br /> |-<br /> !Plain<br /> !Lab.<br /> !Pal.<br /> !Lar.<br /> !Plain<br /> !Lab.<br /> !Pal.<br /> !Lar.<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Nasal<br /> !Plain<br /> |n<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ŋ<br /> |m<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Geminated<br /> |nː<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |mː<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Plosive<br /> !Plain<br /> |t<br /> |tʷ<br /> |tʲ<br /> |tˤ<br /> |k<br /> |kʷ<br /> |kʲ<br /> |kˤ<br /> |-<br /> !Geminated<br /> |tː<br /> |tʷː<br /> |tʲː<br /> |tˤː<br /> |kː<br /> |kʷː<br /> |kʲː<br /> |kˤː<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Affricate<br /> !Plain<br /> |t͡s<br /> |t͡sʷ<br /> |t͡sʲ<br /> |t͡sˤ<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Geminated<br /> |t͡sː<br /> |t͡sʷː<br /> |t͡sʲː<br /> |t͡sˤː<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Fricative<br /> !Plain<br /> |s<br /> |sʷ<br /> |sʲ<br /> |sˤ<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |h<br /> |-<br /> !Geminated<br /> |sː<br /> |sʷː<br /> |sʲː<br /> |sˤː<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Approximant<br /> |l<br /> |lʷ<br /> |lʲ<br /> |lˤ<br /> |ɰ<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==== Nuclei ====<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Labial<br /> ! colspan="4" |Coronal<br /> ! colspan="4" |Dorsal<br /> |-<br /> !Plain<br /> !Lab.<br /> !Pal.<br /> !Lar.<br /> !Plain<br /> !Lab.<br /> !Pal.<br /> !Lar.<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Occlusive<br /> !Spread glottis<br /> |ḿ̩<br /> |ń̩<br /> |t̩ʷʰ<br /> |t̩ʲʰ<br /> |t̩ˤʰ<br /> |ŋ̩́<br /> |k̩ʷʰ<br /> |k̩ʲʰ<br /> |k̩ˤʰ<br /> |-<br /> !Constricted glottis<br /> |m̩̀<br /> |ǹ̩<br /> |t̩ʷ<br /> |t̩ʲ<br /> |t̩ˤ<br /> |ŋ̩̀<br /> |k̩ʷ<br /> |k̩ʲ<br /> |k̩ˤ<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Continuant<br /> !Spread glottis<br /> |<br /> |ŕ̩<br /> |s̩ʷʰ<br /> |s̩ʲʰ<br /> |s̩ˤʰ<br /> |<br /> |ó<br /> |é<br /> |á<br /> |-<br /> !Constricted glottis<br /> |<br /> |r̩̀<br /> |s̩ʷ<br /> |s̩ʲ<br /> |s̩ˤ<br /> |<br /> |ò<br /> |è<br /> |à<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Phonotactics ===<br /> <br /> # (C)V<br /> # Geminates can only occur word-medially<br /> # Syllabic obstruents cannot immediately precede a syllabic resonant.<br /> # /n̩/ and /ŋ̩/ cannot be word-intial.<br /> # Syllabic nasals can only be adjacent to vowels or other syllabic nasals.<br /> <br /> === Allophony ===<br /> <br /> # Secondary articulations in onsets are typically contained within the time of articulation of the main articulation. There may be an onglide, but never an offglide.<br /> # Secondary articulations in nuclei very often result in an offglide, which is fricated in the case of aspirated consonants.<br /> # Tenuis syllabic obstruents are geminated.<br /> # /t͡sʷ(ː) sʷ(ː) s̩ʷ(ː) sʲ(ː) s̩ʲ(ː)/ are realized as [t͜s͡ɸ(ː) s͡ɸ(ː) s̩͡ɸ(ː) ɕ(ː) ɕ̩(ː)]<br /> # /e o/ become [ɛ ɔ] following a pharyngealized consonant.<br /> # /a/ becomes [e] after /e/, except when /e/ is [ɛ], then /a/ becomes [ɛ].<br /> # /a/ becomes [o] after /o/, except when /o/ is [ɔ], then /a/ becomes [ɔ].<br /> # /e/ becomes [i] after /e/.<br /> # /o/ becomes [u] after /o/.<br /> # When /t(ː) t͡s(ː) s(ː) l n h/ precede /e/, they become [c(ː) c͡ɕ(ː) ɕ(ː) ɾ ɲ ç] and /e/ becomes [i].<br /> #* /tʲ(ː) t͡sʲ(ː) sʲ(ː) lʲ/ merge with /t(ː) t͡s(ː) s(ː) l/ before /e/.<br /> # When /tʷ(ː) t͡sʷ(ː) sʷ(ː) lʷ/ precede /e/, they become [c(ː) c͡ɕ(ː) ɕ(ː) ɾ] and /e/ becomes [y].<br /> # When /tˤ(ː) t͡sˤ(ː) sˤ(ː) lˤ/ precede /e/, they become [c(ː) c͡ɕ(ː) ɕ(ː) ɾ] and /e/ becomes [ɛ].<br /> # /t(ː) s(ː) l n h/ become [p(ː) s͡ɸ(ː) ⱱ̟ m ʍ] before /o/.<br /> #* /tʷ(ː) sʷ(ː) lʷ/ merge with /t(ː) s(ː) l/ before /o/.<br /> #* /n/ merges with [m] before /o/, but /nː/ remains [nː].<br /> # /tʲ(ː) lʲ/ become [pʲ(ː) ⱱ̟ʲ] before /o/.<br /> # When /tˤ(ː) lˤ/ precede /o/, they become [pˤ(ː) ⱱ̟ˤ] and /o/ becomes [ɔ].<br /> # Word-initial /m̩/ assimilates to the place of articulation of the last phone of the previous word. If it cannot do so, it assimilates to the place of articulation of the following phone. If it cannot do so either, it remains [m̩].<br /> # Word-initial /m̩/ experiences sandhi from the tone of the previous word's final syllable.<br /> # /r̩/ becomes [l̩] when next to a vowel.<br /> # Low tones become falling tones when preceded by only one phonemic high tone.<br /> # High tones become rising tones when preceded by only one phonemic low tone.<br /> # Low tones merge with high tones when preceded by a rising tone<br /> # High tones merge with low tones when preceded by a falling tone<br /> <br /> === Romanization ===<br /> {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"<br /> ! colspan="4" |Onsets<br /> ! colspan="4" |Nuclei<br /> |-<br /> !Phone<br /> !Romanization<br /> !Phone<br /> !Romanization<br /> !Phone<br /> !Romanization<br /> !Phone<br /> !Romanization<br /> |-<br /> ![m]<br /> |m<br /> ![mː]<br /> |mm<br /> ![í]<br /> |i<br /> ![ì]<br /> |ī<br /> |-<br /> ![n]<br /> |n<br /> ![nː]<br /> |nn<br /> ![ý]<br /> |ü<br /> ![ỳ]<br /> |û<br /> |-<br /> ![ɲ]<br /> |nj<br /> !<br /> |<br /> ![é]<br /> |e<br /> ![è]<br /> |ē<br /> |-<br /> ![ŋ]<br /> |ng<br /> !<br /> |<br /> ![ɛ́]<br /> |ë<br /> ![ɛ̀]<br /> |ê<br /> |-<br /> ![p]<br /> |p<br /> ![pː]<br /> |pp<br /> ![á]<br /> |a<br /> ![à]<br /> |ā<br /> |-<br /> ![pʲ]<br /> |pj<br /> ![pʲː]<br /> |ppj<br /> ![ú]<br /> |u<br /> ![ù]<br /> |ū<br /> |-<br /> ![pˤ]<br /> |pg<br /> ![pˤː]<br /> |ppg<br /> ![ó]<br /> |o<br /> ![ò]<br /> |ō<br /> |-<br /> ![t]<br /> |t<br /> ![tː]<br /> |tt<br /> ![ɔ́]<br /> |ö<br /> ![ɔ̀]<br /> |ô<br /> |-<br /> ![tʷ]<br /> |tv<br /> ![tʷː]<br /> |ttv<br /> ![ḿ̩, ḿ̩ʲ, ḿ̩ˤ]<br /> |ym<ref name=":0">⟨y⟩ may optionally be omitted if the syllabic consonant follows a vowel but does not precede one.</ref><br /> ![m̩̀, m̩̀ʲ, m̩̀ˤ]<br /> |’m<br /> |-<br /> ![tʲ]<br /> |tj<br /> ![tʲː]<br /> |ttj<br /> ![ń̩, ń̩ʷ, ń̩ʲ, ń̩ˤ]<br /> |yn<ref name=":0" /><br /> ![ǹ̩, ǹ̩ʷ, ǹ̩ʲ, ǹ̩ˤ]<br /> |’n<br /> |-<br /> ![tˤ]<br /> |tg<br /> ![tˤː]<br /> |ttg<br /> ![ɲ̩́]<br /> |ynj<ref name=":0" /><br /> ![ɲ̩̀]<br /> |’nj<br /> |-<br /> ![c]<br /> |c<br /> ![cː]<br /> |cc<br /> ![ŋ̩́, ŋ̩́ʷ, ŋ̩́ʲ, ŋ̩́ˤ]<br /> |yng<ref name=":0" /><br /> ![ŋ̩̀, ŋ̩̀ʷ, ŋ̩̀ʲ, ŋ̩̀ˤ]<br /> |’ng<br /> |-<br /> ![k]<br /> |k<br /> ![kː]<br /> |kk<br /> ![ŕ̩]<br /> |yr<ref name=":0" /><br /> ![r̩̀]<br /> |’r<br /> |-<br /> ![kʷ]<br /> |kv<br /> ![kʷː]<br /> |kkv<br /> ![ĺ̩]<br /> |yl<ref name=":0" /><br /> ![l̩̀]<br /> |’l<br /> |-<br /> ![kʲ]<br /> |kj<br /> ![kʲː]<br /> |kkj<br /> ![t̩ʷʰ]<br /> |ytv<ref name=":0" /><br /> ![t̩ʷː]<br /> |’tv<br /> |-<br /> ![kˤ]<br /> |kg<br /> ![kˤː]<br /> |kkg<br /> ![t̩ʲʰ]<br /> |ytj<ref name=":0" /><br /> ![t̩ʲː]<br /> |’tj<br /> |-<br /> ![t͡s]<br /> |z<br /> ![t͡sː]<br /> |zz<br /> ![t̩ˤʰ]<br /> |yt<ref name=":0" /><br /> ![t̩ˤː]<br /> |’t<br /> |-<br /> ![t͜s͡ɸ]<br /> |zv<br /> ![t͜s͡ɸː]<br /> |zzv<br /> ![k̩ʷʰ]<br /> |ykv<ref name=":0" /><br /> ![k̩ʷː]<br /> |’kv<br /> |-<br /> ![t͡sʲ]<br /> |zj<br /> ![t͡sʲː]<br /> |zzj<br /> ![k̩ʲʰ]<br /> |ykj<ref name=":0" /><br /> ![k̩ʲː]<br /> |’kj<br /> |-<br /> ![t͡sˤ]<br /> |zg<br /> ![t͡sˤː]<br /> |zzg<br /> ![k̩ˤʰ]<br /> |yk<ref name=":0" /><br /> ![k̩ˤː]<br /> |’k<br /> |-<br /> ![c͡ɕ]<br /> |x<br /> ![c͡ɕː]<br /> |xx<br /> ![s̩͡ɸʰ]<br /> |ysv<ref name=":0" /><br /> ![s̩͡ɸː]<br /> |’sv<br /> |-<br /> ![s]<br /> |s<br /> ![sː]<br /> |ss<br /> ![s̩ˤʰ]<br /> |ys<ref name=":0" /><br /> ![s̩ˤː]<br /> |’s<br /> |-<br /> ![s͡ɸ]<br /> |sv<br /> ![s͡ɸː]<br /> |ssv<br /> ![ɕ̩ʰ]<br /> |ysj<ref name=":0" /><br /> ![ɕ̩ː]<br /> |’sj<br /> |-<br /> ![sˤ]<br /> |sg<br /> ![sˤː]<br /> |ssg<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ![ɕ]<br /> |sj<br /> ![ɕː]<br /> |ssj<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ![ç]<br /> |hj<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ![ʍ]<br /> |hv<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ![h]<br /> |h<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ![ⱱ̟]<br /> |b<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ![ⱱ̟ʲ]<br /> |bj<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ![ⱱ̟ˤ]<br /> |bg<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ![ɾ]<br /> |r<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ![l]<br /> |l<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ![lʷ]<br /> |lv<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ![lʲ]<br /> |lj<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ![lˤ]<br /> |lg<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ![ɰ]<br /> |w<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Vocabulary ===<br /> mākvylo (car) {{Ipa|/màkʷŕ̩ó/ [ma˩kʷl̩˩˥o˥]}}<br /> <br /> haerī (bicycle) {{Ipa|/háélì/ [ha˥e˥ɾi˥˩]}}<br /> <br /> boccü (dog) {{Ipa|/lótʷːé/ [ⱱ̟o˥cːy˥]}}<br /> <br /> mō’kv (person) {{Ipa|/mòk̩ʷː/ [mo˩k̩ːʷ]}}<br /> <br /> akām (dot) {{Ipa|/ákàm̩̀/ [a˥ka˥˩m̩˩]}}<br /> <br /> == Deeplect -B ==<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |PULMONIC<br /> CONSONANTS<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Labial<br /> ! colspan="4" |Alveolar<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Palatal<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Velar<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Pharyngeal<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Glottal<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Plain<br /> ! colspan="2" |Palatal<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Nasal<br /> !plain<br /> |m~w̃<br /> |'''m'''<br /> |n~ɾ̃<br /> |'''n'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɲ~j̃<br /> |'''ny'''<br /> |ŋ~ɰ̃<br /> |'''ng'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !glottal<br /> |ˀm<br /> |'''’m'''<br /> |ˀn<br /> |'''’n'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ˀɲ<br /> |'''’ny'''<br /> |ˀŋ<br /> |'''’ng'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="4" |Plosive<br /> !plain<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |t<br /> |'''t'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |c<br /> |'''c'''<br /> |ɢ<br /> |'''rg'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ʔ<br /> |'''q'''<br /> |-<br /> !aspirated<br /> |b͡pʰ<br /> |'''bp'''<br /> |tʰ d͡tʰ<br /> |'''th dt'''<br /> |tʲʰ d͡tʲʰ<br /> |'''ch dc'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |qʰ ɡ͡kʰ<br /> |'''kh gk'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !ejective<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |tʼ d͡tʼ<br /> |'''t’ dt’'''<br /> |tʲʼ d͡tʲʼ<br /> |'''c’ dc’'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |kʼ ɢ͡qʼ<br /> |'''k’ gk’'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !implosive<br /> |ɓ<br /> |'''b’'''<br /> |ɗ<br /> |'''d’'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ʄ<br /> |'''y’'''<br /> |ɠ<br /> |'''g’'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="3" |Affricate<br /> !plain<br /> |b͡β<br /> |'''bv'''<br /> |d͡z<br /> |'''dz'''<br /> |t͡ɕ<br /> |'''cs'''<br /> |ɟ͡ʝ<br /> |'''yy'''<br /> |k͡x ɡ͡ɣ<br /> |'''kx gx'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !aspirated<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |d͡t͜sʰ<br /> |'''ds'''<br /> |d͡t͜ɕʰ<br /> |'''dcs'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɡ͡k͜xʰ<br /> |'''gkx'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !ejective<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |t͡ɕʼ d͡t͜ɕʼ<br /> |'''cs’ dcs’'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |k͡xʼ ɡ͡k͜xʼ<br /> |'''kx’ gx’'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Fricative<br /> |β<br /> |'''v'''<br /> |ɮ<br /> |'''z'''<br /> |ɕ ɮʲ<br /> |'''s zy'''<br /> |ʝ<br /> |'''hy'''<br /> |x~χ ʁ<br /> |'''x r'''<br /> |ħ<br /> |'''h’'''<br /> |h<br /> |'''h'''<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Glide<br /> |w~b<br /> |'''w'''<br /> |l~d<br /> |'''l'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɰ~ɡ<br /> |'''gh'''<br /> |ʜ<br /> |'''rh'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> p ś ł ṭ ṣ j<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |CLICKS<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Labial<br /> ! colspan="4" |Prealveolar<br /> ! colspan="4" |Postalveolar<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Palatal<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Plain<br /> ! colspan="2" |Lateral<br /> ! colspan="2" |Plain<br /> ! colspan="2" |Lateral<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="3" |Nasal<br /> !plain<br /> |ŋ͡ʘ<br /> |'''mp'''<br /> |ŋ͡ǀ<br /> |'''nś'''<br /> |ŋ͡ǁ<br /> |'''nł'''<br /> |ŋ͡ǃ<br /> |'''nṭ'''<br /> |ŋ͡‼<br /> |'''nṣ'''<br /> |ŋ͡𝼋<br /> |'''nj'''<br /> |-<br /> !aspirated<br /> |ŋ͡ʘʰ<br /> |'''mph'''<br /> |ŋ͡ǀʰ<br /> |'''nśh'''<br /> |ŋ͡ǁʰ<br /> |'''nłh'''<br /> |ŋ͡ǃʰ<br /> |'''nṭh'''<br /> |ŋ͡‼ʰ<br /> |'''nṣh'''<br /> |ŋ͡𝼋ʰ<br /> |'''njh'''<br /> |-<br /> !glottalized<br /> |ŋ͡ʘˀ<br /> |'''mp’'''<br /> |ŋ͡ǀˀ<br /> |'''nś’'''<br /> |ŋ͡ǁˀ<br /> |'''nł’'''<br /> |ŋ͡ǃˀ<br /> |'''nṭ’'''<br /> |ŋ͡‼ˀ<br /> |'''nṣ’'''<br /> |ŋ͡𝼋ˀ<br /> |'''nj’'''<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="5" |Voiceless<br /> !plain<br /> |k͡ʘ<br /> |'''p'''<br /> |k͡ǀ<br /> |'''ś'''<br /> |k͡ǁ<br /> |'''ł'''<br /> |k͡ǃ<br /> |'''ṭ'''<br /> |k͡‼<br /> |'''ṣ'''<br /> |k͡𝼋<br /> |'''j'''<br /> |-<br /> !aspirated<br /> |k͡ʘʰ<br /> |'''ph'''<br /> |k͡ǀʰ<br /> |'''śh'''<br /> |k͡ǁʰ<br /> |'''łh'''<br /> |k͡ǃʰ<br /> |'''ṭh'''<br /> |k͡‼ʰ<br /> |'''ṣh'''<br /> |k͡𝼋ʰ<br /> |'''jh'''<br /> |-<br /> !glottalized<br /> |k͡ʘˀ<br /> |'''p’'''<br /> |k͡ǀˀ<br /> |'''ś’'''<br /> |k͡ǁˀ<br /> |'''ł’'''<br /> |k͡ǃˀ<br /> |'''ṭ’'''<br /> |k͡‼ˀ<br /> |'''ṣ’'''<br /> |k͡𝼋ˀ<br /> |'''j’'''<br /> |-<br /> !delayed release<br /> |ʘ͡kʰ<br /> |'''pk'''<br /> |ǀ͡kʰ<br /> |'''śk'''<br /> |ǁ͡kʰ<br /> |'''łk'''<br /> |ǃ͡kʰ<br /> |'''ṭk'''<br /> |‼͡kʰ<br /> |'''ṣk'''<br /> |𝼋͡kʰ<br /> |'''jk'''<br /> |-<br /> !ejective<br /> |ʘ͡kʼ<br /> |'''pk’'''<br /> |ǀ͡kʼ<br /> |'''śk’'''<br /> |ǁ͡kʼ<br /> |'''łk’'''<br /> |ǃ͡kʼ<br /> |'''ṭk’'''<br /> |‼͡kʼ<br /> |'''ṣk’'''<br /> |𝼋͡kʼ<br /> |'''jk’'''<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="3" |Voiced<br /> !plain<br /> |ɡ͡ʘ<br /> |'''gp'''<br /> |ɡ͡ǀ<br /> |'''gś'''<br /> |ɡ͡ǁ<br /> |'''gł'''<br /> |ɡ͡ǃ<br /> |'''gṭ'''<br /> |ɡ͡‼<br /> |'''gṣ'''<br /> |ɡ͡𝼋<br /> |'''gj'''<br /> |-<br /> !aspirated<br /> |ɡ͡ʘʰ<br /> |'''gph'''<br /> |ɡ͡ǀʰ<br /> |'''gśh'''<br /> |ɡ͡ǁʰ<br /> |'''głh'''<br /> |ɡ͡ǃʰ<br /> |'''gṭh'''<br /> |ɡ͡‼ʰ<br /> |'''gṣh'''<br /> |ɡ͡𝼋ʰ<br /> |'''gjh'''<br /> |-<br /> !glottalized<br /> |ɡ͡ʘˀ<br /> |'''gp’'''<br /> |ɡ͡ǀˀ<br /> |'''gś’'''<br /> |ɡ͡ǁˀ<br /> |'''gł’'''<br /> |ɡ͡ǃˀ<br /> |'''gṭ’'''<br /> |ɡ͡‼ˀ<br /> |'''gṣ’'''<br /> |ɡ͡𝼋ˀ<br /> |'''gj’'''<br /> |}<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> !VOWELS<br /> ! colspan="2" |Front<br /> ! colspan="2" |Central<br /> ! colspan="2" |Back<br /> |-<br /> !Fricated<br /> |i̝<br /> |'''ii'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |u̝<br /> |'''uu'''<br /> |-<br /> !Close<br /> |i~ɪ<br /> |'''i'''<br /> |ʉ<br /> |'''uy'''<br /> |u~ʊ<br /> |'''u'''<br /> |-<br /> !Close-Mid<br /> |e<br /> |'''e'''<br /> |ə ɵ<br /> |'''ẹ oy'''<br /> |o<br /> |'''o'''<br /> |-<br /> !Open-Mid<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɞ<br /> |'''ọy'''<br /> |ɔ<br /> |'''ọ'''<br /> |-<br /> !Open<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |a<br /> |'''a'''<br /> |ɑ<br /> |'''ạ'''<br /> |}<br /> Words can either be monosyllabic and contain contour or level tones, or be polysyllabic and only contain level tones.<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> !TONES<br /> !High<br /> !Mid<br /> !Low<br /> |-<br /> !High<br /> |H<br /> |HM<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Mid<br /> |<br /> |M<br /> |ML<br /> |-<br /> !Low<br /> |<br /> |LM<br /> |L<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Deeplect -A ==<br /> Deeplect -A is intended to create a manner of communication that involves very little complexity, whether that be phonological, grammatical, semantic, or pragmatic, and therefore easy and intuitive to learn from any linguistic background. Words do not take on parts of speech (noun, verb, etc.) or grammatical roles (subject, object, etc.) typical of natural languages. The syntactic structure is based purely on the relationships of emphasized words, unemphasized words, and pauses.<br /> <br /> '''Vocabulary'''<br /> <br /> * small: ki<br /> ** can be used to describe small size, quantity, height, social position, etc.<br /> * big: on<br /> ** can be used to describe large size, quantity, height, social position, etc.<br /> * move: ne<br /> ** can be used to describe living things, fluids, motion, etc.<br /> * stay: at<br /> ** can be used to describe unmoving things, solids, the ground, some locations, etc.<br /> * subject: e (subject of discussion, not gramamtical subject)<br /> * not: su<br /> <br /> '''Syntax'''<br /> <br /> ''u'' = unemphasized word; ''E'' = emphasized word<br /> <br /> * uE: ''u'' performs as a topic, ''E'' performs as a comment modifying the topic.<br /> * Eu: ''E'' performs as a novel topic, ''u'' performs as a comment modifying the novel topic.<br /> * u<sub>1</sub>u<sub>1</sub>: marks plurality<br /> * E<sub>1</sub>E<sub>1</sub>: marks emphasis<br /> * u<sub>1</sub>u<sub>2</sub>/E<sub>1</sub>E<sub>2</sub>: marks addition or comparison depending on context<br /> * Lack of pauses indicate a continuous idea.<br /> * Brief pauses (marked with commas) indicate the beginning of a new idea related to the previous one.<br /> * Medial pauses (marked with periods ) indicate the beginning of a new idea related to the multiple previous ideas. Which previous ideas they are is left up to context.<br /> * Long pauses (marked with elipses) indicate the beginning of an idea unrelates to the previous ones.<br /> <br /> '''Expressions'''<br /> <br /> * Ownership is expressed with "e ON e KI", translating to "This is big and/but that is small." This can also be used to compare sizes or quantities of "this" and "that", depending on context.<br /> ** "e ON KI" translates to "This is big and small."<br /> ** "e on e ki" translates to "This, a big thing, that, and a small thing."<br /> ** "e ON E KI" translates to "This is big, the other thing, and small."<br /> ** "e ON, e KI" translates to "This is big, meanwhile that is small." This is more often used for comparison of the sizes between "this" and "that".<br /> ** "e ON. e KI" translates to "...and this is big. Additionally, that is small."<br /> ** "E on, e KI" translates to "As for this, this is big, and/but that is small."<br /> ** "E on e KI" translates to "As for this, this is big and the other thing. There is also a small thing."<br /> <br /> == Deeplect -9 ==<br /> <br /> === Consonant ===<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Consonants<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Bilabial<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Dental<br /> ! colspan="3" |Alveolar<br /> ! colspan="4" |Palatal<br /> ! colspan="6" |Velar<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Laryngeal<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Plain<br /> !Palatal<br /> ! colspan="2" |Plain<br /> ! colspan="2" |Labial<br /> ! colspan="2" |Plain<br /> ! colspan="2" |Palatal<br /> ! colspan="2" |Labial<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Nasal<br /> |m̥<br /> |m<br /> |<br /> |ᵑʇ<br /> |n̥<br /> |n<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɲ<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ŋ̊<br /> |ŋ<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |'''''mh/ṁ'''''<br /> |'''''m'''''<br /> |<br /> |'''''nz'''''<br /> |'''''nh/ṅ'''''<br /> |'''''n'''''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |'''''ny/ņ'''''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |'''''ňh'''''<br /> |'''''ň'''''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="6" |Plosive<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Aspirated<br /> |pʰ<br /> |bʰ<br /> |ᵏʇʰ<br /> |<br /> |tʰ<br /> |dʰ<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɟʰ<br /> |<br /> |ɟʰʷ<br /> |kʰ<br /> |<br /> |kʰʲ<br /> |<br /> |kʰᶣ<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |'''''ph'''''<br /> |'''''bh'''''<br /> |'''''zh'''''<br /> |<br /> |'''''th'''''<br /> |'''''dh'''''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |'''''jh'''''<br /> |<br /> |'''''ǰh'''''<br /> |'''''kh'''''<br /> |<br /> |'''''ķh'''''<br /> |<br /> |'''''ǩh'''''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Plain<br /> |p<br /> |b<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |t<br /> |d<br /> |tɕ<br /> |c<br /> |ɟ<br /> |cʷ<br /> |ɟʷ<br /> |k<br /> |<br /> |kʲ<br /> |<br /> |kᶣ<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |'''''p'''''<br /> |'''''b'''''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |'''''t'''''<br /> |'''''d'''''<br /> |'''''ch'''''<br /> |'''''c'''''<br /> |'''''j'''''<br /> |'''''č'''''<br /> |'''''ǰ'''''<br /> |'''''k'''''<br /> |<br /> |'''''ķ'''''<br /> |<br /> |'''''ǩ'''''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Rhinoglottic<br /> |pʼ<br /> |ᵐb<br /> |ᵏʇˀ<br /> |<br /> |tʼ<br /> |ⁿd<br /> |tɕʼ<br /> |<br /> |ᶮɟ<br /> |<br /> |ᶮɟʷ<br /> |kʼ<br /> |ᵑg<br /> |kʲʼ<br /> |ᵑgʲ<br /> |kᶣʼ<br /> |ᵑgᶣ<br /> |ʔ<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |'''''pp'''''<br /> |'''''nb'''''<br /> |'''''zz'''''<br /> |<br /> |'''''tt'''''<br /> |'''''nd'''''<br /> |'''''cc'''''<br /> |<br /> |'''''jj'''''<br /> |<br /> |'''''nǰ'''''<br /> |'''''kk'''''<br /> |'''''ng'''''<br /> |'''''ḱḱ'''''<br /> |'''''nǵ'''''<br /> |'''''ǩǩ'''''<br /> |'''''nǧ'''''<br /> |'''''<nowiki/>''''''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Fricative<br /> |ɸ<br /> |β<br /> |θ~s̪<br /> |ð~z̪<br /> |s<br /> |<br /> |ʃ<br /> |ç<br /> |ʝ<br /> |çʷ<br /> |ʝʷ<br /> |<br /> |ʁ<br /> |<br /> |ʁʲ<br /> |<br /> |ʁᶣ<br /> |h<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |'''''f'''''<br /> |'''''v'''''<br /> |'''''ç'''''<br /> |'''''z'''''<br /> |'''''s'''''<br /> |<br /> |'''''x'''''<br /> |'''''ś'''''<br /> |'''''ź'''''<br /> |'''''š'''''<br /> |'''''ž'''''<br /> |<br /> |'''''g'''''<br /> |<br /> |'''''ǵ'''''<br /> |<br /> |'''''ǧ'''''<br /> |'''''h'''''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Approximant<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |l̥<br /> |l<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |j<br /> |<br /> |ɥ<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ʕ̞<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |'''''lh'''''<br /> |'''''l'''''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |'''''y'''''<br /> |<br /> |'''''w'''''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |'''''q'''''<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Tap<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɾ̥<br /> |ɾ<br /> |<br /> |ɾ̥ʲ<br /> |ɾʲ<br /> |ɾ̥ᶣ<br /> |ɾᶣ<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |'''''rh'''''<br /> |'''''r'''''<br /> |<br /> |'''''ŕh'''''<br /> |'''''ŕ'''''<br /> |'''''řh'''''<br /> |'''''ř'''''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Trill<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |r̥<br /> |r<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |'''''ŗh'''''<br /> |'''''ŗ'''''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Vowels ===<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! rowspan="3" |Vowels<br /> ! colspan="3" |Front<br /> ! colspan="2" |Central<br /> ! colspan="2" |Back<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Oral<br /> ! colspan="2" |Nasal<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Oral<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Nasal<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Oral<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Nasal<br /> |-<br /> !Unround<br /> !Round<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |High<br /> |i<br /> |ĩ<br /> |ỹ<br /> |ɨ<br /> |ɨ̃<br /> |<br /> |ʊ̃<br /> |-<br /> |'''''i'''''<br /> |'''''ĩ'''''<br /> |'''''ü'''''<br /> |'''''u'''''<br /> |'''''ũ'''''<br /> |<br /> |'''''õ'''''<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Mid<br /> |e<br /> |ẽ<br /> |ø̃<br /> |ɘ<br /> |<br /> |o<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |'''''e'''''<br /> |'''''ẽ'''''<br /> |'''''ö'''''<br /> |'''''ë'''''<br /> |<br /> |'''''o'''''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Low<br /> |ɛ~æ<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɔ~ɑ<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |'''''ä'''''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |'''''a'''''<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Grammar ===<br /> Nouns usually have either feminine or masculine gender. Nouns and proper nouns referring to people can have feminine, masculine, or femasculine. Proper nouns not referring to people are always femasculine. There is some precedent for nouns or proper nouns with the opposite gender that they're supposed to have being used for alternative versions of the original word. This is primarily used in fiction and physics.<br /> <br /> Deeplect -9 has a complex way of marking gender, topic, number, transitivity, specificity, and adjectives that makes them interconnected.<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> !Masc //-bʰi//, //-te//<br /> |-<br /> !Fem //-ⁿd//, //-l//<br /> |-<br /> !Femasc //-bʰiⁿd//, //-tel//<br /> |}<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="3" rowspan="3" |Noun Declensions (''lhaadh'')<br /> ! colspan="4" |Topic within noun phrase<br /> ! colspan="2" |Topic not within noun phrase<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Subject<br /> ! colspan="2" |Object<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Subject<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Object<br /> |-<br /> !Noun Topic<br /> !Adjective Topic<br /> !Noun Topic<br /> !Adjective Topic<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="3" |Generic<br /> | colspan="2" |''lhaadh'' V O<br /> | colspan="2" |V ''lhaadh'' S<br /> |V O ''lhaadh''<br /> |S V ''lhaadh''<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="6" |Singular<br /> ! rowspan="3" |Non-specific<br /> !Masc<br /> |''lhaadte'' V O<br /> |''lhaadbhi'' V O<br /> |V ''lhaachte'' S<br /> |V ''lhaach'' S<br /> |V O ''lhaadhbhi''<br /> |S V ''lhaach''<br /> |-<br /> !Fem<br /> |''lhaadhal'' V O<br /> |''lhaadhand'' V O<br /> |V ''lhaadhol'' S<br /> |V ''lhaadhon'' S<br /> |V O ''lhaadhand''<br /> |S V ''lhaadhon''<br /> |-<br /> !Femasc<br /> |''lhaadtel'' V O<br /> |''lhaadhbhind'' V O<br /> |V ''lhaachontel'' S<br /> |V ''lhaachon'' S<br /> |V O ''lhaadhbhind''<br /> |S V ''lhaachon''<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="3" |Specific<br /> !Masc<br /> |''lhaadte'' V O<br /> |''lhaadbhi'' V O<br /> |V ''lhaadhbhite'' S<br /> |''lhaadbhi'' V O<br /> |V O ''lhaadhbhi''<br /> |S V ''lhaadhbhi''<br /> |-<br /> !Fem<br /> |''lhaadhal'' V O<br /> |''lhaadhand'' V O<br /> |V ''lhaadhandal'' S<br /> |''lhaadhand'' V O<br /> |V O ''lhaadhand''<br /> |S V ''lhaadhand''<br /> |-<br /> !Femasc<br /> |''lhaadtel'' V O<br /> |''lhaadhbhind'' V O<br /> |V ''lhaadhbhindel'' S<br /> |''lhaadhbhind'' V O<br /> |V O ''lhaadhbhind''<br /> |S V ''lhaadhbhind''<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="4" |Plural<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Non-specific<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Specific<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="4" |Distributive<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Non-specific<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Specific<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Verbs<br /> ! colspan="2" |Intransitive<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Transitive<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> !Adjectives<br /> !<br /> !<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> In the following charts, small asterisked words are atypical declensions.<br /> {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Nouns<br /> !Plain<br /> !Fem<br /> !Masc<br /> !Femasc<br /> !Fem Topic<br /> !Masc Topic<br /> !Femasc Topic<br /> !Fem Singular<br /> !Masc Singular<br /> !Femasc Singular<br /> |-<br /> !//Ø//<br /> !//-ⁿd//<br /> !//-bʰi//<br /> !//-bʰiⁿd//<br /> !//-l//<br /> !//-te//<br /> !//-tel//<br /> !//-on//<br /> !//-js//<br /> !//-json//<br /> |-<br /> !friend<br /> |chẽ<br /> |chẽnd<br /> |chẽbhi<br /> |chẽbhind<br /> |chẽl<br /> |chẽte<br /> |chẽtel<br /> |chẽon<br /> |chẽys<br /> |chẽyson<br /> |-<br /> !watermelon<br /> |vilh<br /> |*vilnd<br /> |vilhbhi<br /> |*vilhbhind<br /> |*vill<br /> |vilhte<br /> |*vilhtel<br /> |*vilhon<br /> |vilhx<br /> |*vilhxon<br /> |-<br /> !sun<br /> |ńaṁ<br /> |*ńamnd<br /> |ńaṁbhi<br /> |*ńaṁbhind<br /> |*ńaml<br /> |ńaṁte<br /> |*ńaṁtel<br /> |*ńaṁon<br /> |ńaṁx<br /> |*ńaṁxon<br /> |-<br /> !moon<br /> |ḱḱuŗh<br /> |*ḱḱuŗnd<br /> |ḱḱuŗhbhi<br /> |*ḱḱuŗhbhind<br /> |ḱḱuŗl<br /> |ḱḱuŗhte<br /> |*ḱḱuŗhtel<br /> |*ḱḱuŗhon<br /> |ḱḱuŗhx<br /> |*ḱḱuŗhxon<br /> |-<br /> !day<br /> |ma<br /> |mand<br /> |*mabhi<br /> |*mabhind<br /> |mal<br /> |*mate<br /> |*matel<br /> |maon<br /> |*mays<br /> |*mayson<br /> |-<br /> !night<br /> |bhai<br /> |bhaind<br /> |*bhaibhi<br /> |*bhaibhind<br /> |bhail<br /> |*bhaite<br /> |*bhaitel<br /> |bhaion<br /> |*bhaiys<br /> |*bhaiyson<br /> |-<br /> !day sky<br /> |cĩĩ<br /> |cĩĩnd<br /> |*cĩĩbhi<br /> |*cĩĩbhind<br /> |cĩĩl<br /> |*cĩĩte<br /> |*cĩĩtel<br /> |cĩĩon<br /> |*cĩĩys<br /> |*cĩĩyson<br /> |-<br /> !night sky<br /> |'att<br /> |*'attand<br /> |'attibhi<br /> |*'attibhind<br /> |*'attal<br /> |'atte<br /> |*'attel<br /> |*'atton<br /> |'attis<br /> |*'attison<br /> |-<br /> !cloud<br /> |lhä<br /> |lhänd<br /> |*lhäbhi<br /> |*lhäbhind<br /> |lhäl<br /> |*lhäte<br /> |*lhätel<br /> |lhäon<br /> |*lhäys<br /> |*lhäyson<br /> |-<br /> !paper<br /> |nzũ'<br /> |nzũnd<br /> |*nzũ'bhi<br /> |*nzũ'bhind<br /> |nzũl<br /> |*nzũ'te<br /> |*nzũ'tel<br /> |nzũ'on<br /> |*nzũ'x<br /> |*nzũ'xon<br /> |-<br /> !computer<br /> |zhoto<br /> |*zhotond<br /> |zhotobhi<br /> |*zhotobhind<br /> |*zhotol<br /> |zhotote<br /> |*zhototel<br /> |*zhotoon<br /> |zhotoys<br /> |*zhotoyson<br /> |-<br /> !person<br /> |lhaadh<br /> |lhaadhand<br /> |lhaadhbhi<br /> |lhaadhbhind<br /> |lhaadhal<br /> |lhaadte<br /> |lhaadtel<br /> |lhaadhon<br /> |lhaadhx<br /> |lhaadhxon<br /> |}<br /> {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Verbs<br /> !Intransitive<br /> !Fem Transitive<br /> !Masc Transitive<br /> !Femasc Transitive<br /> |-<br /> !//Ø//<br /> !//-r̥//<br /> !//-ʊ̃//<br /> !//-ʊ̃r̥//<br /> |-<br /> !like<br /> |qad<br /> |qatŗh<br /> |qadõ<br /> |qadõŗh<br /> |-<br /> !want<br /> |chëk<br /> |chëkŗh<br /> |chëkõ<br /> |chëkõŗh<br /> |-<br /> !have<br /> |ṁẽ<br /> |ṁẽŗh<br /> |ṁẽõ<br /> |ṁẽõŗh<br /> |-<br /> !give<br /> |zzõ<br /> |zzõŗh<br /> |zzõõ<br /> |zzõõŗh<br /> |-<br /> !receive/take<br /> |ń'e<br /> |ń'eŗh<br /> |ń'eõ<br /> |ń'eõŗh<br /> |-<br /> !eat/drink<br /> |mäx<br /> |mäxŗh<br /> |mäxõ<br /> |mäxõŗh<br /> |-<br /> !breathe<br /> |ňhim<br /> |ňhimŗh<br /> |ňhimõ<br /> |ňhimõŗh<br /> |-<br /> !say<br /> |ää<br /> |ääŗh<br /> |ääõ<br /> |ääõŗh<br /> |-<br /> !sing<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !go to<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !leave<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Adjectives<br /> !Fem<br /> !Masc<br /> !Femasc<br /> !Fem Topic<br /> !Masc Topic<br /> !Femasc Topic<br /> |-<br /> !//-β//<br /> !//-i//<br /> !//-ɥ//<br /> !//-l//<br /> !//-te//<br /> !//-tel//<br /> |-<br /> !happy<br /> |zzaav<br /> |zzaai<br /> |zzaaw<br /> |zaal<br /> |zzaate<br /> |zaatel<br /> |-<br /> !blue<br /> |ǵëv<br /> |ǵëi<br /> |ǵëw<br /> |ǵël<br /> |ǵëte<br /> |ǵëtel<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Deeplect -8 ==<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> !C<br /> ! colspan="2" |Bilabial<br /> ! colspan="2" |Alveolar<br /> ! colspan="2" |Dorsal<br /> ! colspan="2" |Glottal<br /> !V<br /> !Non-Back<br /> !Back<br /> |-<br /> !Nasal<br /> |{{ipa|m̥}}<br /> |{{ipa|m}}<br /> |{{ipa|n̥}}<br /> |{{ipa|n}}<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|ɲ}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> !Close<br /> |{{ipa|i̞}}<br /> |{{ipa|ɯ}}<br /> |-<br /> !Plosive<br /> |{{ipa|pʰ}}<br /> |{{ipa|bʰ}}<br /> |{{ipa|tʰ}}<br /> |{{ipa|dʰ}}<br /> |{{ipa|kʰ}}<br /> |{{ipa|ɡʰ}}<br /> |{{ipa|ʔ}}<br /> |<br /> !Mid<br /> |{{ipa|ə}}<br /> |{{ipa|o}}<br /> |-<br /> !Fricative<br /> |{{ipa|ɸ}}<br /> |{{ipa|β}}<br /> |{{ipa|ʃ}}<br /> |{{ipa|ʒ}}<br /> |{{ipa|x}}<br /> |{{ipa|ɣ}}<br /> |{{ipa|h}}<br /> |{{ipa|ɦ}}<br /> !Open<br /> |{{ipa|a}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Sonorant<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|w}}<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|ɾ}}<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|j}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> ! colspan="3" |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> * VS̥ʰ VS̬ʰ > V́S̥ V̀S̥ / _%<br /> <br /> (C<sub>1</sub>)V(C<sub>2</sub>)<br /> <br /> * C<sub>1</sub>: any consonant except /ʔ h ɦ/<br /> * V: any vowel<br /> * C<sub>2</sub>: any consonant<br /> <br /> === Transliterations ===<br /> <br /> ==== Latin ====<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> !IPA<br /> |{{ipa|m̥}}<br /> |{{ipa|m}}<br /> |{{ipa|n̥}}<br /> |{{ipa|n}}<br /> |{{ipa|ɲ}}<br /> |{{ipa|pʰ}}<br /> |{{ipa|bʰ}}<br /> |{{ipa|tʰ}}<br /> |{{ipa|dʰ}}<br /> |{{ipa|kʰ}}<br /> |{{ipa|ɡʰ}}<br /> |{{ipa|ʔ}}<br /> |{{ipa|ɸ}}<br /> |{{ipa|β}}<br /> |{{ipa|ʃ}}<br /> |{{ipa|ʒ}}<br /> |{{ipa|x}}<br /> |{{ipa|ɣ}}<br /> |{{ipa|h}}<br /> |{{ipa|ɦ}}<br /> |{{ipa|w}}<br /> |{{ipa|ɾ}}<br /> |{{ipa|j}}<br /> |{{ipa|i̞}}<br /> |{{ipa|ɯ}}<br /> |{{ipa|ə}}<br /> |{{ipa|o}}<br /> |{{ipa|a}}<br /> |-<br /> !Romanization<br /> |'''mh'''<br /> |'''m'''<br /> |'''nh'''<br /> |'''n'''<br /> |'''ny'''<br /> |'''p'''<br /> |'''b'''<br /> |'''t'''<br /> |'''d'''<br /> |'''k'''<br /> |'''g'''<br /> |'''c'''<br /> |'''f'''<br /> |'''v'''<br /> |'''s'''<br /> |'''j'''<br /> |'''x'''<br /> |'''q'''<br /> |'''h'''<br /> |'''’'''<br /> |'''w'''<br /> |'''r'''<br /> |'''y'''<br /> |'''i'''<br /> |'''u'''<br /> |'''e'''<br /> |'''o'''<br /> |'''a'''<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==== Kana ====<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> !<br /> !{{ipa|Ø}}<br /> !{{ipa|m̥}}<br /> !{{ipa|m}}<br /> !{{ipa|n̥}}<br /> !{{ipa|n}}<br /> !{{ipa|ɲ}}<br /> !{{ipa|pʰ}}<br /> !{{ipa|bʰ}}<br /> !{{ipa|tʰ}}<br /> !{{ipa|dʰ}}<br /> !{{ipa|kʰ}}<br /> !{{ipa|ɡʰ}}<br /> !{{ipa|ʔ}}<br /> !{{ipa|ɸ}}<br /> !{{ipa|β}}<br /> !{{ipa|ʃ}}<br /> !{{ipa|ʒ}}<br /> !{{ipa|x}}<br /> !{{ipa|ɣ}}<br /> !{{ipa|h}}<br /> !{{ipa|ɦ}}<br /> !{{ipa|w}}<br /> !{{ipa|ɾ}}<br /> !{{ipa|j}}<br /> |-<br /> !{{ipa|i̞}}<br /> |'''い'''<br /> |'''ミ'''<br /> |'''み'''<br /> |'''ニ'''<br /> |'''に'''<br /> |'''にぃ'''<br /> |'''ぴ'''<br /> |'''び'''<br /> |'''ち'''<br /> |'''ぢ'''<br /> |'''き'''<br /> |'''ぎ'''<br /> |<br /> |'''ふぃ'''<br /> |'''ゔぃ'''<br /> |'''し'''<br /> |'''じ'''<br /> |'''キ'''<br /> |'''ギ'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |'''ゐ'''<br /> |'''り'''<br /> |'''いぃ'''<br /> |-<br /> !{{ipa|ɯ}}<br /> |'''う'''<br /> |'''ム'''<br /> |'''む'''<br /> |'''ヌ'''<br /> |'''ぬ'''<br /> |'''にゅ'''<br /> |'''ぷ'''<br /> |'''び'''<br /> |'''つ'''<br /> |'''づ'''<br /> |'''く'''<br /> |'''ぐ'''<br /> |<br /> |'''ふ'''<br /> |'''ゔ'''<br /> |'''しゅ'''<br /> |'''じゅ'''<br /> |'''ク'''<br /> |'''グ'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |'''うぅ'''<br /> |'''る'''<br /> |'''ゆ'''<br /> |-<br /> !{{ipa|ə}}<br /> |'''え'''<br /> |'''メ'''<br /> |'''め'''<br /> |'''ネ'''<br /> |'''ね'''<br /> |'''にぇ'''<br /> |'''ぺ'''<br /> |'''べ'''<br /> |'''て'''<br /> |'''で'''<br /> |'''け'''<br /> |'''げ'''<br /> |<br /> |'''ふぇ'''<br /> |'''ゔぇ'''<br /> |'''しぇ'''<br /> |'''じぇ'''<br /> |'''ケ'''<br /> |'''ゲ'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |'''ゑ'''<br /> |'''れ'''<br /> |'''いぇ'''<br /> |-<br /> !{{ipa|o}}<br /> |'''お'''<br /> |'''モ'''<br /> |'''も'''<br /> |'''ノ'''<br /> |'''の'''<br /> |'''にょ'''<br /> |'''ぽ'''<br /> |'''ぼ'''<br /> |'''と'''<br /> |'''ど'''<br /> |'''こ'''<br /> |'''ご'''<br /> |<br /> |'''ふぉ'''<br /> |'''ゔぉ'''<br /> |'''しょ'''<br /> |'''じょ'''<br /> |'''コ'''<br /> |'''ゴ'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |'''を'''<br /> |'''ろ'''<br /> |'''よ'''<br /> |-<br /> !{{ipa|a}}<br /> |'''あ'''<br /> |'''マ'''<br /> |'''ま'''<br /> |'''ナ'''<br /> |'''な'''<br /> |'''にゃ'''<br /> |'''ぱ'''<br /> |'''ば'''<br /> |'''た'''<br /> |'''だ'''<br /> |'''か'''<br /> |'''が'''<br /> |<br /> |'''ふぁ'''<br /> |'''ゔぁ'''<br /> |'''しゃ'''<br /> |'''じゃ'''<br /> |'''カ'''<br /> |'''ガ'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |'''わ'''<br /> |'''ら'''<br /> |'''や'''<br /> |-<br /> !{{ipa|Ø}}<br /> |<br /> |'''ム゚'''<br /> |'''ム゙'''<br /> |'''ヌ゚'''<br /> |'''ヌ゙'''<br /> |'''ニ゙'''<br /> |'''プ'''<br /> |'''ブ'''<br /> |'''ト'''<br /> |'''ド'''<br /> |'''ク゚'''<br /> |'''ん'''<br /> |'''っ'''<br /> |'''フ'''<br /> |'''ヴ'''<br /> |'''シ'''<br /> |'''ジ'''<br /> |'''ホ'''<br /> |'''ン'''<br /> |'''ゝ'''<br /> |'''ゞ'''<br /> |'''ウ'''<br /> |'''ル'''<br /> |'''イ'''<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Deeplect -7 ==<br /> Deeplect-7 divides words into 3 categories depending on how they can be perceived by the senses: proximal sensation, distal sensation, and general sensation. Deeplect -7-speakers recognize 6 senses in terms of these divisions: sight, sound, smell, taste, touch, and memory. The emotional sense refers to an individual being made to feel an emotion. The memorial sense refers to an individual forming a memory or recalling past memories.<br /> <br /> * Proximal sensation includes things whose perception is limited to a close range:<br /> ** any object by its texture<br /> ** whispering by sound<br /> ** blood by flavor<br /> ** paper by scent<br /> ** small insects by sight<br /> ** a dream by memory<br /> * Distal sensation includes things whose perception is '''not''' limited to a close range:<br /> ** weather by its temperature<br /> ** shouting by sound<br /> ** chocolate by expectation-induced flavor<br /> ** a fart by scent<br /> ** a building by sight<br /> ** a bear at a zoo by memory<br /> * General sensation always includes the conceptualization of an object, and senses that are more strongly associated with the concept of it than the sensation of it. Some objects have no associated sensations with them such as<br /> <br /> Often, what translates to a single word in English is split into two or three words depending on how they are experienced in a sentence.<br /> {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"<br /> ! colspan="4" |Vocabulary List<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Deeplect -7<br /> ! colspan="2" |English<br /> |-<br /> !Word<br /> !IPA<br /> !Translation<br /> !Context<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|[nâˀ]|test=}}<br /> |paper<br /> |general: ''visual, conceptual''<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|[sâˀ]|test=}}<br /> |paper<br /> |distal: ''auditory, memorial''<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|[θâˀ]|test=}}<br /> |paper<br /> |proximal: ''tactile, olfactory, gustatory''<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|[nâˀ]|test=}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|[nâˀ]|test=}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|[nâˀ]|test=}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|[nâˀ]|test=}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|[nâˀ]|test=}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|[nâˀ]|test=}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|[nâˀ]|test=}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|[nâˀ]|test=}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|[nâˀ]|test=}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|[nâˀ]|test=}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|[nâˀ]|test=}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|[nâˀ]|test=}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|[nâˀ]|test=}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|[nâˀ]|test=}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|[nâˀ]|test=}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|[nâˀ]|test=}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Deeplect -6 ==<br /> Every word is 6 morae long.<br /> <br /> == Deeplect -5 ==<br /> <br /> === Consonants ===<br /> Deeplect -5 has a small consonant inventory with about half of its consonants being clicks. This small size is made up for in extreme allophony.<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="2" |Consonant<br /> !Labial<br /> !Dental<br /> !Alveolar<br /> !Palatal<br /> !Glottal<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="3" |Pulmonic<br /> !Stop<br /> |p<br /> |<br /> |t<br /> |<br /> |ʔ<br /> |-<br /> !Fricative<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |s<br /> |<br /> |hʲ<br /> |-<br /> !Glide<br /> |w<br /> |<br /> |l<br /> |j<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="3" |Click<br /> !Nasal<br /> |<br /> |ᵑǀ<br /> |ᵑǃ<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Aspirated<br /> |<br /> |ᵏǀʰ<br /> |ᵏǃʰ<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Glottalized<br /> |<br /> |ᵏǀˀ<br /> |ᵏǃˀ<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Vowels ===<br /> X language has two levels of stress: primary and secondary. Primary stress is marked with vowel length and can have a high, low, falling, or rising tone. Secondary stress is marked with either a high or low tone. Primary stress is word-initial, but secondary stress is lexical.<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Vowels<br /> ! colspan="2" |Oral<br /> ! colspan="2" |Nasal<br /> |-<br /> !Front<br /> !Back<br /> !Front<br /> !Back<br /> |-<br /> !Close<br /> |i<br /> |u<br /> |ĩ<br /> |ũ<br /> |-<br /> !Mid<br /> |e<br /> |o<br /> |ẽ<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Open<br /> |<br /> |a<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Phonotactics ===<br /> (C)(G)V(C); C = consonant; G = /t ʔ w j/; Q = click; V = vowel<br /> <br /> # pʔ tʔ > pʼ tʼ<br /> # p t c ʔ s > b d ɟ ʔ̞ z / _{i,e} !{#,C̥}_<br /> # d ǃ > ɟ ǂ / _i<br /> # w l j > m n ɲ / {Ṽ_,_Ṽ}<br /> # n t > ŋ k / _{u,ũ}<br /> # l > ɾ / _{u,o,a}<br /> # V > Ṽ / ᵑQ_<br /> # ᵑǀw ᵑǃj > ᵑʘ ᵑǂ<br /> # hʲ / Ø !_{i,ĩ,e,ẽ}<br /> # QC / Ø !QC=!w<br /> # CCC VVV ṼV VṼ CQ jʔ hʲʔ / Ø<br /> <br /> === Romanization ===<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> !Consonant<br /> ! colspan="8" |Romanization<br /> !Vowel<br /> ! colspan="4" |Romanization<br /> |-<br /> !/p/<br /> ![p]<br /> |p<br /> ![b]<br /> |b<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !/i/<br /> ![i]<br /> |i<br /> ![ĩ]<br /> |i<br /> |-<br /> !/t/<br /> ![t]<br /> |t<br /> ![d]<br /> |d<br /> ![ɟ]<br /> |dj<br /> ![k]<br /> |k<br /> !/ĩ/<br /> ![ĩ]<br /> |in<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !/ʔ/<br /> ![ʔ]<br /> |'<br /> ![ʔ̞]<br /> |'<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !/u/<br /> ![u]<br /> |u<br /> ![ũ]<br /> |u<br /> |-<br /> !/s/<br /> ![s]<br /> |s<br /> ![z]<br /> |z<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !/ũ/<br /> ![ũ]<br /> |un<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !/hʲ/<br /> ![hʲ]<br /> |h<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !/e/<br /> ![e]<br /> |e<br /> ![ẽ]<br /> |e<br /> |-<br /> !/w/<br /> ![w]<br /> |w<br /> ![m]<br /> |m<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !/ẽ/<br /> ![ẽ]<br /> |en<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !/l/<br /> ![l]<br /> |l<br /> ![ɾ]<br /> |r<br /> ![n]<br /> |n<br /> ![ŋ]<br /> |ng<br /> !/o/<br /> ![o]<br /> |o<br /> ![õ]<br /> |o<br /> |-<br /> !/j/<br /> ![j]<br /> |y<br /> ![ɲ]<br /> |nj<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !/a/<br /> ![a]<br /> |a<br /> ![ã]<br /> |a<br /> |-<br /> !/ᵑǀ/<br /> ![ᵑǀ]<br /> |cn<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !Tone<br /> ! colspan="4" |Romanization<br /> |-<br /> !/ᵑǃ/<br /> ![ᵑǃ]<br /> |qn<br /> ![ᵑǂ]<br /> |qny<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !/H/<br /> ![H]<br /> |¯<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !/ᵏǀʰ/<br /> ![ᵏǀʰ]<br /> |ch<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !/L/<br /> ![L]<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !/ᵏǃʰ/<br /> ![ᵏǃʰ]<br /> |qh<br /> ![ᵏǂʰ]<br /> |qh<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !/HL/<br /> ![HL]<br /> |ˋ<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !/ᵏǀˀ/<br /> ![ᵏǀˀ]<br /> |c'<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !/LH<br /> ![LH]<br /> |´<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !/ᵏǃˀ/<br /> ![ᵏǃˀ]<br /> |q'<br /> ![ᵏǂˀ]<br /> |q'<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> ! colspan="5" rowspan="3" |<br /> |-<br /> !/ᵑǀw/<br /> ![ᵑʘ]<br /> |cm<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !/ᵑǃj/<br /> ![ᵑǂ]<br /> |qny<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Deeplect -4.5 ==<br /> This is a naturalistic dialect of Deeplect -4, used for situations where Deeplect -4 would be required to be naturalistic.<br /> <br /> === Consonants ===<br /> All consonants can be lengthened except for /r̥ ɽ͡r ˀɽ/. All velars become palatal or palatalized after front vowels.<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="3" |Consonants<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Labial<br /> ! colspan="4" |Dental<br /> ! colspan="4" |Postalveolar<br /> ! colspan="4" |Velar<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Glottal<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Plain<br /> ! colspan="2" |Glottalized<br /> ! colspan="2" |Plain<br /> ! colspan="2" |Glottalized<br /> ! colspan="2" |Plain<br /> ! colspan="2" |Glottalized<br /> |-<br /> !IPA<br /> !Rom<br /> !IPA<br /> !Rom<br /> !IPA<br /> !Rom<br /> !IPA<br /> !Rom<br /> !IPA<br /> !Rom<br /> !IPA<br /> !Rom<br /> !IPA<br /> !Rom<br /> !IPA<br /> !Rom<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Nasal<br /> |ɱ<br /> |'''m'''<br /> |n<br /> |'''n'''<br /> |ˀn<br /> |'''’n'''<br /> |ɳ<br /> |'''nr'''<br /> |ˀɳ<br /> |'''’nr'''<br /> |ŋ<br /> |'''nj'''<br /> |ˀŋ<br /> |'''’nj'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Plosive<br /> !Voiceless<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |t<br /> |'''t'''<br /> |tʼ<br /> |'''tʼ'''<br /> |ʈ<br /> |'''tr'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |k<br /> |'''k'''<br /> |kʼ<br /> |'''k’'''<br /> |ʔ<br /> |'''’'''<br /> |-<br /> !Voiced<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |d<br /> |'''d'''<br /> |ɗ<br /> |'''d’'''<br /> |ɖ<br /> |'''dr'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |g<br /> |'''g'''<br /> |ɠ<br /> |'''g’'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Affricate<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |t͡s<br /> |'''c'''<br /> |t͡sʼ<br /> |'''c’'''<br /> |t͡ʃ<br /> |'''x'''<br /> |t͡ʃʼ<br /> |'''x’'''<br /> |k͡x<br /> |'''cj'''<br /> |k͡xʼ<br /> |'''cj’'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Fricative<br /> !Voiceless<br /> |f<br /> |'''f'''<br /> |s<br /> |'''s'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ʃ<br /> |'''sr'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |x<br /> |'''sj'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |h<br /> |'''h'''<br /> |-<br /> !Voiced<br /> |v<br /> |'''v'''<br /> |z<br /> |'''z'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ʒ<br /> |'''zr'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɣ<br /> |'''zj'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Approximant<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ð<br /> |'''ð'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Liquid<br /> !Voiceless<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɬ<br /> |'''hl'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |r̥<br /> |'''hr'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Voiced<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |l<br /> |'''l'''<br /> |ˀl<br /> |'''’l'''<br /> |ɽ͡r<br /> |'''rr'''<br /> |ˀɽ<br /> |'''’r'''<br /> |ʟ<br /> |'''lj'''<br /> |ˀʟ<br /> |'''’lj'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Vowels and Tones ===<br /> All vowels have one of four tones: high, low, falling, and rising. Falling and rising tones are closer to the middle range than high or low. High tone is accompanied by preaspiration. On a word-initial vowel, the preaspiration is breathy. The preaspiration is converted into voiceless aspiration on any preceding voiceless consonant, and breathy voice on any preceding voiced consonant. Low tone is accompanied by creaky voice on the vowel.<br /> <br /> Vowels are separated into 2 classes based on their phonotactic behavior and evolutionary history. Class 1 vowels have no phonotactic restrictions other than that they cannot form diphthongs with each other. These vowels originated from the proto-language's 3-vowel system /e a o/.<br /> <br /> Class 2 vowels must be preceded or followed by a consonant, or both, and cannot be adjacent to a Class 1 vowel. Class 2 vowels can form diphthongs with each other. These diphthongs use the same tone system as other vowels. Diphthongs with consonants involve sliding articulation. Class 2 diphthongs cannot be adjacent to each other and adhere to the same restrictions as Class 2 monophthongs. They are excluded from the charts because all Class 2 vowels can form diphthongs (or long vowels) with another and it is not specially notated in romanization.<br /> <br /> There are three romanizations systems for Deeplect -4 which differ in vowel and tone notation. The Vohnegien<ref name=":02">Name created by [[Janus]].</ref> notation prioritized representing historical pronunciation such as syllabic consonants and their descendants being written with an vowel-initial diagraph upon which tones would be marked with diacritics. Vohnegien notation is seen as more outdated by some, but still used by a few scattered Deeplect -4-speaking regions and by linguists.<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="12" |Vohnegien Notation<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="3" |Vowels<br /> ! colspan="6" |Non-labial<br /> ! colspan="4" |Labial<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Extra-Front<br /> ! colspan="2" |Front<br /> ! colspan="2" |Back<br /> ! colspan="2" |Front<br /> ! colspan="2" |Back<br /> |-<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Class 1<br /> !Monophthong<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |e<br /> |'''e'''<br /> |ɤ<br /> |'''y'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |o<br /> |'''o'''<br /> |-<br /> !Diphthong<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |je<br /> |'''ie'''<br /> |ɰɤ<br /> |'''uy'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |wo<br /> |'''uo'''<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="3" |Class 2<br /> !Nasal<br /> |n̩<br /> |'''an'''<br /> |ĩ<br /> |'''in'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɱ̍<br /> |'''am'''<br /> |ũ<br /> |'''un'''<br /> |-<br /> !Close<br /> |l̩<br /> |'''al'''<br /> |i<br /> |'''iy'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |y<br /> |'''iu'''<br /> |ʉ<br /> |'''eu'''<br /> |-<br /> !Open<br /> |r̩<br /> |'''ar'''<br /> |æ<br /> |'''ae'''<br /> |ɑ<br /> |'''ao'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɵ<br /> |'''au'''<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Tones<br /> ! colspan="2" |-H<br /> ! colspan="2" |-L<br /> | colspan="6" rowspan="4" |⟨V⟩ here is used to represent a vowel, not the letter V.<br /> |-<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |H-<br /> |ʰV́<br /> |'''V̄'''<br /> |V̂<br /> |'''V̀'''<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |L-<br /> |V̌<br /> |'''V́'''<br /> |V̰̀<br /> |'''V'''<br /> |}<br /> Gritchend<ref name=":02" /> approached notation from a modern pronunciation in which diacritics are used on consonants to show syllabicity and on vowels to show vowel quality. Gritchend elected to romanize tones with unused consonant letters. Gritchend notation is broadly considered the modern notation of the language and is used in most formal and informal contexts.<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="12" |Gritchend Notation<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="3" |Vowels<br /> ! colspan="6" |Non-labial<br /> ! colspan="4" |Labial<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Extra-Front<br /> ! colspan="2" |Front<br /> ! colspan="2" |Back<br /> ! colspan="2" |Front<br /> ! colspan="2" |Back<br /> |-<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Class 1<br /> !Monophthong<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |e<br /> |'''e'''<br /> |ɤ<br /> |'''y'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |o<br /> |'''o'''<br /> |-<br /> !Diphthong<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |je<br /> |'''ie'''<br /> |ɰɤ<br /> |'''uy'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |wo<br /> |'''uo'''<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="3" |Class 2<br /> !Nasal<br /> |n̩<br /> |'''ń'''<br /> |ĩ<br /> |'''ĩ'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɱ̍<br /> |'''ḿ'''<br /> |ũ<br /> |'''ũ'''<br /> |-<br /> !Close<br /> |l̩<br /> |'''ĺ'''<br /> |i<br /> |'''i'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |y<br /> |'''u'''<br /> |ʉ<br /> |'''ü'''<br /> |-<br /> !Open<br /> |r̩<br /> |'''ŕ'''<br /> |æ<br /> |'''ä'''<br /> |ɑ<br /> |'''a'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɵ<br /> |'''ö'''<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Tones<br /> ! colspan="2" |-H<br /> ! colspan="2" |-L<br /> | colspan="6" rowspan="4" |⟨S⟩ here is used to represent a syllable, not the letter S.<br /> |-<br /> !IPA<br /> !Grit.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Grit.<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |H-<br /> |ʰV́<br /> |'''S'''<br /> |V̂<br /> |'''Sb'''<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |L-<br /> |V̌<br /> |'''Sp'''<br /> |V̰̀<br /> |'''Sq'''<br /> |}<br /> In the interest of avoiding the use of diacritics altogether, Vondenberg<ref name=":02" /> combined the vowel notation of Vohnegien and tone notation of Gritchend. This more modern romanization is most often used in informal text messages and typing with decorative fonts, which often have poor diacritic support.<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="12" |Vondenberg Notation<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="3" |Vowels<br /> ! colspan="6" |Non-labial<br /> ! colspan="4" |Labial<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Extra-Front<br /> ! colspan="2" |Front<br /> ! colspan="2" |Back<br /> ! colspan="2" |Front<br /> ! colspan="2" |Back<br /> |-<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vond.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vond.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vond.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vond.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vond.<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Class 1<br /> !Monophthong<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |e<br /> |'''e'''<br /> |ɤ<br /> |'''y'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |o<br /> |'''o'''<br /> |-<br /> !Diphthong<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |je<br /> |'''ie'''<br /> |ɰɤ<br /> |'''uy'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |wo<br /> |'''uo'''<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="3" |Class 2<br /> !Nasal<br /> |n̩<br /> |'''an'''<br /> |ĩ<br /> |'''in'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɱ̍<br /> |'''am'''<br /> |ũ<br /> |'''un'''<br /> |-<br /> !Close<br /> |l̩<br /> |'''al'''<br /> |i<br /> |'''iy'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |y<br /> |'''iu'''<br /> |ʉ<br /> |'''eu'''<br /> |-<br /> !Open<br /> |r̩<br /> |'''ar'''<br /> |æ<br /> |'''ae'''<br /> |ɑ<br /> |'''ao'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɵ<br /> |'''au'''<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Tones<br /> ! colspan="2" |-H<br /> ! colspan="2" |-L<br /> | colspan="6" rowspan="4" |⟨S⟩ here is used to represent a syllable, not the letter S.<br /> |-<br /> !IPA<br /> !Grit.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Grit.<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |H-<br /> |ʰV́<br /> |'''S'''<br /> |V̂<br /> |'''Sb'''<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |L-<br /> |V̌<br /> |'''Sp'''<br /> |V̰̀<br /> |'''Sq'''<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Deeplect -4 ==<br /> <br /> === Consonants ===<br /> All consonants can be lengthened except for /r̥ ɽ͡r ˀɽ/.<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="3" |Consonants<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Labial<br /> ! colspan="4" |Dental<br /> ! colspan="4" |Postalveolar<br /> ! colspan="4" |Palatal<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Glottal<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Plain<br /> ! colspan="2" |Glottalized<br /> ! colspan="2" |Plain<br /> ! colspan="2" |Glottalized<br /> ! colspan="2" |Plain<br /> ! colspan="2" |Glottalized<br /> |-<br /> !IPA<br /> !Rom<br /> !IPA<br /> !Rom<br /> !IPA<br /> !Rom<br /> !IPA<br /> !Rom<br /> !IPA<br /> !Rom<br /> !IPA<br /> !Rom<br /> !IPA<br /> !Rom<br /> !IPA<br /> !Rom<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Nasal<br /> |ɱ<br /> |'''m'''<br /> |n<br /> |'''n'''<br /> |ˀn<br /> |'''’n'''<br /> |ɳ<br /> |'''nr'''<br /> |ˀɳ<br /> |'''’nr'''<br /> |ɲ<br /> |'''nj'''<br /> |ˀɲ<br /> |'''’nj'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Plosive<br /> !Voiceless<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |t<br /> |'''t'''<br /> |tʼ<br /> |'''tʼ'''<br /> |ʈ<br /> |'''tr'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |c<br /> |'''k'''<br /> |cʼ<br /> |'''k’'''<br /> |ʔ<br /> |'''’'''<br /> |-<br /> !Voiced<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |d<br /> |'''d'''<br /> |ɗ<br /> |'''d’'''<br /> |ɖ<br /> |'''dr'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɟ<br /> |'''g'''<br /> |ʄ<br /> |'''g’'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Affricate<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |t͡s<br /> |'''c'''<br /> |t͡sʼ<br /> |'''c’'''<br /> |t͡ʃ<br /> |'''x'''<br /> |t͡ʃʼ<br /> |'''x’'''<br /> |c͡ç<br /> |'''cj'''<br /> |c͡çʼ<br /> |'''cj’'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Fricative<br /> !Voiceless<br /> |f<br /> |'''f'''<br /> |s<br /> |'''s'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ʃ<br /> |'''sr'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ç<br /> |'''sj'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |h<br /> |'''h'''<br /> |-<br /> !Voiced<br /> |v<br /> |'''v'''<br /> |z<br /> |'''z'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ʒ<br /> |'''zr'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ʝ<br /> |'''zj'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Approximant<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ð<br /> |'''ð'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Liquid<br /> !Voiceless<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɬ<br /> |'''hl'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |r̥<br /> |'''hr'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Voiced<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |l<br /> |'''l'''<br /> |ˀl<br /> |'''’l'''<br /> |ɽ͡r<br /> |'''rr'''<br /> |ˀɽ<br /> |'''’r'''<br /> |ʎ<br /> |'''lj'''<br /> |ˀʎ<br /> |'''’lj'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Vowels and Tones ===<br /> All vowels have one of four tones: high, low, falling, and rising. Falling and rising tones are closer to the middle range than high or low. High tone is accompanied by preaspiration. On a word-initial vowel, the preaspiration is breathy. The preaspiration is converted into voiceless aspiration on any preceding voiceless consonant, and breathy voice on any preceding voiced consonant. Low tone is accompanied by creaky voice on the vowel.<br /> <br /> Vowels are separated into 2 classes based on their phonotactic behavior and evolutionary history. Class 1 vowels have no phonotactic restrictions other than that they cannot form diphthongs with each other. These vowels originated from the proto-language's 3-vowel system /e a o/.<br /> <br /> Class 2 vowels must be preceded or followed by a consonant, or both, and cannot be adjacent to a Class 1 vowel. Class 2 vowels can form diphthongs with each other. These diphthongs use the same tone system as other vowels. Diphthongs with consonants involve sliding articulation. Class 2 diphthongs cannot be adjacent to each other and adhere to the same restrictions as Class 2 monophthongs. They are excluded from the charts because all Class 2 vowels can form diphthongs (or long vowels) with another and it is not specially notated in romanization.<br /> <br /> There are three romanizations systems for Deeplect -4 which differ in vowel and tone notation. The Vohnegien<ref name=":02" /> notation prioritized representing historical pronunciation such as syllabic consonants and their descendants being written with an vowel-initial diagraph upon which tones would be marked with diacritics. Vohnegien notation is seen as more outdated by some, but still used by a few scattered Deeplect -4-speaking regions and by linguists.<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="12" |Vohnegien Notation<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="3" |Vowels<br /> ! colspan="6" |Non-labial<br /> ! colspan="4" |Labial<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Extra-Front<br /> ! colspan="2" |Front<br /> ! colspan="2" |Back<br /> ! colspan="2" |Front<br /> ! colspan="2" |Back<br /> |-<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Class 1<br /> !Monophthong<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |e<br /> |'''e'''<br /> |ɤ<br /> |'''y'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |o<br /> |'''o'''<br /> |-<br /> !Diphthong<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |je<br /> |'''ie'''<br /> |ɰɤ<br /> |'''uy'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |wo<br /> |'''uo'''<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="3" |Class 2<br /> !Nasal<br /> |n̩<br /> |'''an'''<br /> |ĩ<br /> |'''in'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɱ̍<br /> |'''am'''<br /> |ũ<br /> |'''un'''<br /> |-<br /> !Close<br /> |l̩<br /> |'''al'''<br /> |i<br /> |'''iy'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |y<br /> |'''iu'''<br /> |ʉ<br /> |'''eu'''<br /> |-<br /> !Open<br /> |r̩<br /> |'''ar'''<br /> |æ<br /> |'''ae'''<br /> |ɑ<br /> |'''ao'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɵ<br /> |'''au'''<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Tones<br /> ! colspan="2" |-H<br /> ! colspan="2" |-L<br /> | colspan="6" rowspan="4" |⟨V⟩ here is used to represent a vowel, not the letter V.<br /> |-<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |H-<br /> |ʰV́<br /> |'''V̄'''<br /> |V̂<br /> |'''V̀'''<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |L-<br /> |V̌<br /> |'''V́'''<br /> |V̰̀<br /> |'''V'''<br /> |}<br /> Gritchend<ref name=":02" /> approached notation from a modern pronunciation in which diacritics are used on consonants to show syllabicity and on vowels to show vowel quality. Gritchend elected to romanize tones with unused consonant letters. Gritchend notation is broadly considered the modern notation of the language and is used in most formal and informal contexts.<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="12" |Gritchend Notation<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="3" |Vowels<br /> ! colspan="6" |Non-labial<br /> ! colspan="4" |Labial<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Extra-Front<br /> ! colspan="2" |Front<br /> ! colspan="2" |Back<br /> ! colspan="2" |Front<br /> ! colspan="2" |Back<br /> |-<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vohn.<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Class 1<br /> !Monophthong<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |e<br /> |'''e'''<br /> |ɤ<br /> |'''y'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |o<br /> |'''o'''<br /> |-<br /> !Diphthong<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |je<br /> |'''ie'''<br /> |ɰɤ<br /> |'''uy'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |wo<br /> |'''uo'''<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="3" |Class 2<br /> !Nasal<br /> |n̩<br /> |'''ń'''<br /> |ĩ<br /> |'''ĩ'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɱ̍<br /> |'''ḿ'''<br /> |ũ<br /> |'''ũ'''<br /> |-<br /> !Close<br /> |l̩<br /> |'''ĺ'''<br /> |i<br /> |'''i'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |y<br /> |'''u'''<br /> |ʉ<br /> |'''ü'''<br /> |-<br /> !Open<br /> |r̩<br /> |'''ŕ'''<br /> |æ<br /> |'''ä'''<br /> |ɑ<br /> |'''a'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɵ<br /> |'''ö'''<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Tones<br /> ! colspan="2" |-H<br /> ! colspan="2" |-L<br /> | colspan="6" rowspan="4" |⟨S⟩ here is used to represent a syllable, not the letter S.<br /> |-<br /> !IPA<br /> !Grit.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Grit.<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |H-<br /> |ʰV́<br /> |'''S'''<br /> |V̂<br /> |'''Sb'''<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |L-<br /> |V̌<br /> |'''Sp'''<br /> |V̰̀<br /> |'''Sq'''<br /> |}<br /> In the interest of avoiding the use of diacritics altogether, Vondenberg<ref name=":02" /> combined the vowel notation of Vohnegien and tone notation of Gritchend. This more modern romanization is most often used in informal text messages and typing with decorative fonts, which often have poor diacritic support.<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="12" |Vondenberg Notation<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="3" |Vowels<br /> ! colspan="6" |Non-labial<br /> ! colspan="4" |Labial<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Extra-Front<br /> ! colspan="2" |Front<br /> ! colspan="2" |Back<br /> ! colspan="2" |Front<br /> ! colspan="2" |Back<br /> |-<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vond.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vond.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vond.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vond.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Vond.<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Class 1<br /> !Monophthong<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |e<br /> |'''e'''<br /> |ɤ<br /> |'''y'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |o<br /> |'''o'''<br /> |-<br /> !Diphthong<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |je<br /> |'''ie'''<br /> |ɰɤ<br /> |'''uy'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |wo<br /> |'''uo'''<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="3" |Class 2<br /> !Nasal<br /> |n̩<br /> |'''an'''<br /> |ĩ<br /> |'''in'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɱ̍<br /> |'''am'''<br /> |ũ<br /> |'''un'''<br /> |-<br /> !Close<br /> |l̩<br /> |'''al'''<br /> |i<br /> |'''iy'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |y<br /> |'''iu'''<br /> |ʉ<br /> |'''eu'''<br /> |-<br /> !Open<br /> |r̩<br /> |'''ar'''<br /> |æ<br /> |'''ae'''<br /> |ɑ<br /> |'''ao'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɵ<br /> |'''au'''<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Tones<br /> ! colspan="2" |-H<br /> ! colspan="2" |-L<br /> | colspan="6" rowspan="4" |⟨S⟩ here is used to represent a syllable, not the letter S.<br /> |-<br /> !IPA<br /> !Grit.<br /> !IPA<br /> !Grit.<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |H-<br /> |ʰV́<br /> |'''S'''<br /> |V̂<br /> |'''Sb'''<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |L-<br /> |V̌<br /> |'''Sp'''<br /> |V̰̀<br /> |'''Sq'''<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Deeplect -3 ==<br /> <br /> === Consonants ===<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Non-Click Consonant<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Bilabial<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Dental<br /> ! colspan="2" |Alveolar<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Palatal<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Velar/Uvular<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Laryngeal<br /> |-<br /> !Plain<br /> !Fricated<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="4" |Stop<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Plain<br /> |p '''p'''<br /> |t͡θ '''th'''<br /> |t '''t'''<br /> |t͡s '''ts'''<br /> |t͡ʃ '''ch'''<br /> |k '''c'''<br /> |ʡ '''q'''<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |d '''d'''<br /> |d͡z '''dz'''<br /> |d͡ʒ '''gh'''<br /> |g '''g'''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Glottalized<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |t͡s’ '''ts’'''<br /> |t͡ʃʼ '''ch’'''<br /> |kʼ '''c’'''<br /> |ʔˤ '''q’'''<br /> |-<br /> |ɓ '''b’'''<br /> |<br /> |ɗ '''d’'''<br /> |<br /> |ʄ '''gh’'''<br /> |ɠ '''g’'''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="3" |Fricative<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Plain<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |s '''s'''<br /> |ʃ '''š'''<br /> |χ '''x'''<br /> |ħ '''h'''<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ʒ '''ž'''<br /> |<br /> |ʕ '''ǧ'''<br /> |-<br /> !Glottalized<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ʃʼ '''š’'''<br /> |χʼ '''x’'''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Nasal<br /> |m '''m'''<br /> |n '''n'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ŋ '''ň'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Sonorant<br /> |β̞ '''v'''<br /> |lː '''l'''<br /> |r '''r'''<br /> |r̝ '''rz'''<br /> |j '''y'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==== Allophony ====<br /> <br /> * /t͡ʃ d͡ʒ t͡ʃʼ ʄ k ɡ kʼ ɠ/ become [k͡x g͡ɣ k͡xʼ ɠ q ɢ qʼ ʛ] before low or back vowels.<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Click Consonant<br /> ! colspan="2" |Bilabial<br /> ! colspan="2" |Dental<br /> ! colspan="2" |Alveolar<br /> ! colspan="2" |Lateral<br /> ! colspan="2" |Palatal<br /> |-<br /> !Velar<br /> !Uvular<br /> !Velar<br /> !Uvular<br /> !Velar<br /> !Uvular<br /> !Velar<br /> !Uvular<br /> !Velar<br /> !Uvular<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="3" |Nasal<br /> !Fricated<br /> |ŋʘʰ '''mwh'''<br /> |ɴʘχ '''mwx'''<br /> |ŋǀʰ '''nzh'''<br /> |ɴǀχ '''nzx'''<br /> |ŋǃʰ '''nkh'''<br /> |ɴǃχ '''nkx'''<br /> |ŋǁʰ '''nllh'''<br /> |ɴǁχ '''nllx'''<br /> |ŋǂʰ '''njh'''<br /> |ɴǂχ '''njx'''<br /> |-<br /> !Plain<br /> |ŋʘ '''mw'''<br /> |ɴʘ '''wm'''<br /> |ŋǀ '''nz'''<br /> |ɴǀ '''zn'''<br /> |ŋǃ '''nk'''<br /> |ɴǃ '''kn'''<br /> |ŋǁ '''nll'''<br /> |ɴǁ '''lln'''<br /> |ŋǂ '''nj'''<br /> |ɴǂ '''jn'''<br /> |-<br /> !Ploded<br /> |ŋʘˀ '''mw’'''<br /> |ɴʘq '''mwq'''<br /> |ŋǀˀ '''nz’'''<br /> |ɴǀq '''nzq'''<br /> |ŋǃˀ '''nk’'''<br /> |ɴǃq '''nkq'''<br /> |ŋǁˀ '''nll’'''<br /> |ɴǁq '''nllq'''<br /> |ŋǂˀ '''nj’'''<br /> |ɴǂq '''njq'''<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="9" |Oral<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Affricate<br /> |ʘk͡x '''wch'''<br /> |qʘχ '''wx'''<br /> |ǀk͡x '''zch'''<br /> |qǀχ '''zx'''<br /> |ǃk͡x '''kch'''<br /> |qǃχ '''kx'''<br /> |ǁk͡x '''llch'''<br /> |qǁχ '''llx'''<br /> |ǂk͡x '''jch'''<br /> |qǂχ '''jx'''<br /> |-<br /> |gʘx '''gwx'''<br /> |<br /> |gǀx '''gzx'''<br /> |<br /> |gǃx '''gkx'''<br /> |<br /> |gǁx '''gllx'''<br /> |<br /> |gǂx '''gjx'''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Aspirated<br /> |kʘʰ '''wh'''<br /> |<br /> |kǀʰ '''zh'''<br /> |<br /> |kǃʰ '''kh'''<br /> |<br /> |kǁʰ '''llh'''<br /> |<br /> |kǂʰ '''jh'''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |gʘʱ '''gwh'''<br /> |<br /> |gǀʱ '''gzh'''<br /> |<br /> |gǃʱ '''gkh'''<br /> |<br /> |gǁʱ '''gllh'''<br /> |<br /> |gǂʱ '''gjh'''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Plain<br /> |kʘ '''cw'''<br /> |ʘq '''wq'''<br /> |kǀ '''cz'''<br /> |ǀq '''zq'''<br /> |kǃ '''ck'''<br /> |ǃq '''kq'''<br /> |kǁ '''cll'''<br /> |ǁq '''llq'''<br /> |kǂ '''cj'''<br /> |ǂq '''jq'''<br /> |-<br /> |gʘ '''gw'''<br /> |ʘɢ '''wg'''<br /> |gǀ '''gz'''<br /> |ǀɢ '''zg'''<br /> |gǃ '''gk'''<br /> |ǃɢ '''kg'''<br /> |gǁ '''gll'''<br /> |ǁɢ '''llg'''<br /> |gǂ '''gj'''<br /> |ǂɢ '''jg'''<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Glottalized<br /> |kʘˀ '''w’'''<br /> |<br /> |kǀˀ '''z’'''<br /> |<br /> |kǃˀ '''k’'''<br /> |<br /> |kǁˀ '''ll’'''<br /> |<br /> |kǂˀ '''j’'''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |gkʘˀ '''gcw’'''<br /> |ɢqʘˀ '''gqw’'''<br /> |gkǀˀ '''gcz’'''<br /> |ɢqǀˀ '''gqz’'''<br /> |gkǃˀ '''gck’'''<br /> |ɢqǃˀ '''gqk’'''<br /> |gkǁˀ '''gcll’'''<br /> |ɢqǁˀ '''gqll’'''<br /> |gkǂˀ '''gcj’'''<br /> |ɢqǂˀ '''gqj’'''<br /> |-<br /> !Ejective<br /> |ʘkʼ '''wc’'''<br /> |ʘqʼ '''wq’'''<br /> |ǀkʼ '''zc’'''<br /> |ǀqʼ '''zq’'''<br /> |ǃkʼ '''kc’'''<br /> |ǃqʼ '''kq’'''<br /> |ǁkʼ '''llc’'''<br /> |ǁqʼ '''llq’'''<br /> |ǂkʼ '''jc’'''<br /> |ǂqʼ '''jq’'''<br /> |}<br /> An apostrophe is placed between grapheme clusters that may be confused with whole graphemes, e.g. ⟨amwha⟩ is /a.ŋʘʰa/ and ⟨am’wha⟩ is /am.kʘʰa/.<br /> <br /> === Vowels ===<br /> The vowel qualities are /i u e o a ã/ ⟨i u e o a ã⟩, with the long vowels /iː uː ɛː ɔː ɑː ãː/ ⟨ī ū ē ō ā ãa⟩ and overlong vowels /iːː uːː eːːː oːːː aːːː ãːːː/ ⟨ii uu ee oo aa ãā⟩.<br /> <br /> The possible diphthongs are /ei eo oe oi ou oa ue ua ai ae au ao oã uã ãi ãe ãu ão/.<br /> <br /> Phonations include modal, breathy ⟨◌h⟩, creaky ⟨◌’⟩, (all three of which can be pharyngealized ⟨◌·⟩), and strident ⟨◌ħ⟩. A long vowels and diphthongs can contain more than one phonation, but short and overlong vowels cannot.<br /> <br /> All vowels can be -ATR or +ATR ⟨◌y⟩, corresponding to tongue root harmony. This harmony can change voiceless plain stops to breathy stops (except /p/ which becomes [b]). It is a progressive harmony that begins from the start of a root word and is blocked by ejective and uvular consonants. +ATR is only romanized on the first vowel of a root word.<br /> <br /> ==== Allophony ====<br /> <br /> * Vowels are nasalized whenever adjacent to nasal phonemes. /ã/ merges with /a/, so ⟨ã⟩ is not used adjacent to nasal phonemes.<br /> <br /> == Deeplect -2 ==<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Labiodental<br /> ! colspan="4" |Dental<br /> ! colspan="4" |Alveolar<br /> ! colspan="4" |Palatal<br /> ! colspan="4" |Uvular<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Epiglottal<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Plain<br /> ! colspan="2" |Labial<br /> ! colspan="2" |Plain<br /> ! colspan="2" |Labial<br /> ! colspan="2" |Plain<br /> ! colspan="2" |Labial<br /> ! colspan="2" |Plain<br /> ! colspan="2" |Labial<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Nasal<br /> |{{ipa|ɱ}}<br /> |'''m'''<br /> |{{ipa|n̪}}<br /> |'''’n'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|n}}<br /> |'''n'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|ɲ}}<br /> |'''nj'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|ɴ}}<br /> |'''ng'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="3" |Plosive<br /> !Tense<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|ʔ͡d̪̊}}<br /> |'''’t'''<br /> |{{ipa|ʔ͡d̪̊ʷ}}<br /> |'''’tw'''<br /> |{{ipa|ʔ͡d̥}}<br /> |'''t'''<br /> |{{ipa|ʔ͡d̥ʷ}}<br /> |'''tw'''<br /> |{{ipa|ʔ͡ɟ̊}}<br /> |'''c'''<br /> |{{ipa|ʔ͡ɟ̊ʷ}}<br /> |'''cw'''<br /> |{{ipa|ʔ͡ɢ̥}}<br /> |'''k'''<br /> |{{ipa|ʔ͡ɢ̥ʷ}}<br /> |'''kw'''<br /> |{{ipa|ʡ}}<br /> |'''q'''<br /> |-<br /> !Lax<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|d̪𐞖}}<br /> |'''’dh'''<br /> |{{ipa|d̪𐞖ʷ}}<br /> |'''’dhw'''<br /> |{{ipa|d𐞖}}<br /> |'''dh'''<br /> |{{ipa|d𐞖ʷ}}<br /> |'''dhw'''<br /> |{{ipa|ɟ𐞖}}<br /> |'''jh'''<br /> |{{ipa|ɟ𐞖ʷ}}<br /> |'''jhw'''<br /> |{{ipa|ɢ𐞖}}<br /> |'''gh'''<br /> |{{ipa|ɢ𐞖ʷ}}<br /> |'''ghw'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Voiced<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|d̪}}<br /> |'''’d'''<br /> |{{ipa|d̪ʷ}}<br /> |'''’nw'''<br /> |{{ipa|d}}<br /> |'''d'''<br /> |{{ipa|dʷ}}<br /> |'''dw'''<br /> |{{ipa|ɟ}}<br /> |'''j'''<br /> |{{ipa|ɟʷ}}<br /> |'''jw'''<br /> |{{ipa|ɢ}}<br /> |'''g'''<br /> |{{ipa|ɢʷ}}<br /> |'''gw'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Fricative<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|ð}}<br /> |'''ð'''<br /> |{{ipa|ðʷ}}<br /> |'''ðw'''<br /> |{{ipa|z}}<br /> |'''z'''<br /> |{{ipa|zʷ}}<br /> |'''zw'''<br /> |{{ipa|ʝ}}<br /> |'''y'''<br /> |{{ipa|ʝʷ}}<br /> |'''yw'''<br /> |{{ipa|ʁ}}<br /> |'''x'''<br /> |{{ipa|ʁʷ}}<br /> |'''xw'''<br /> |{{ipa|ʜ}}<br /> |'''h'''<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Vibrant<br /> |{{ipa|ⱱ}}<br /> |'''v'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|r}}<br /> |'''r'''<br /> |{{ipa|rʷ}}<br /> |'''rw'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Lateral<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|l̪}}<br /> |'''’l'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|l}}<br /> |'''l'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|ʎ}}<br /> |'''lj'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|ʟ}}<br /> |'''lg'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! rowspan="2" |<br /> ! colspan="4" |Front<br /> ! colspan="4" |Non-Front<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |High<br /> ! colspan="2" |Low<br /> ! colspan="2" |High<br /> ! colspan="2" |Low<br /> |-<br /> !Close<br /> |{{ipa|í}}<br /> |'''í'''<br /> |{{ipa|ì}}<br /> |'''i'''<br /> |{{ipa|ɨ́}}<br /> |'''ú'''<br /> |{{ipa|ɨ̀}}<br /> |'''u'''<br /> |-<br /> !Close-Mid<br /> |{{ipa|é}}<br /> |'''é'''<br /> |{{ipa|è}}<br /> |'''e'''<br /> |{{ipa|ɘ́}}<br /> |'''ó'''<br /> |{{ipa|ɘ̀}}<br /> |'''o'''<br /> |-<br /> !Open<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |{{ipa|ɐ́}}<br /> |'''á'''<br /> |{{ipa|ɐ̀}}<br /> |'''a'''<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Deeplect -1 ==<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="3" |Grammar<br /> !<br /> |-<br /> !Gloss<br /> !IPA<br /> !Description<br /> !Examples<br /> |-<br /> !CAUS.GNO<br /> |jɾa-<br /> |''production, resultation, consequence (gnomic and nouns)''<br /> |kesˈteltɔ jɾaˈmiawa (earth brings life)<br /> |-<br /> !CAUS<br /> |ko-<br /> |''caused (tense, verbs only)''<br /> |kes'teltɔ koˈmiawe̤ (earth is causing life to exist)<br /> |-<br /> !MOA<br /> | -a,ɔ > -e̤<br /> |''verbalizer (motion of agent, MOA). MOA verbs receive an adverb? auxiliary verb? after, showing the precise action taking place if it isn't clear from the primary verb (it would be clear if the prim. verb was "to go to" but not if it's "to water"). unclear primary verbs used without secondary verbs are said to simply "be occuring" or "be existing".''<br /> |ˈbiːje̤ (approaching water)<br /> kesˈtelte̤ (kicking the ground)<br /> |-<br /> !MOS<br /> | -a,ɔ > -ʕu<br /> |''verbalizer (motion of secondary thing, MOS). MOS places the object after the verb. objects and "secondary verbs" (referenced above) do not differ in marking''<br /> |ˈbiːjʕu (splashing water on someone/watering something)<br /> kesˈteltʕu (kicking dirt at something/someone)<br /> |-<br /> !MOP<br /> | -a,ɔ > -a(ʕim)<br /> |''verbalizer (motion of patient, MOP). MOP places its object before the verb. -ʕim is only added for formality, emphasis, or syntactic disambiguation.''<br /> |ˈbiːja(ʕim) ~ spraying water around<br /> kesˈtela(ʕim) ~ kicking up dirt<br /> |}<br /> whether a verb is conjugated to MOA/MOS/MOP is determined by which action the speaker wants to focus on the most, even though usually 2 or 3 of them will be actually occuring<br /> <br /> topic pronouns (marked for person, number, and obviation) are clitics that attach to a particle with some of their grammatical information (cases).<br /> <br /> # 1P.SG.OBV1 ~ ũ=<br /> # 1P.SG.OBV2 ~ nã=<br /> # 1P.SG.OBV3 ~ ˈdeu=<br /> # 2P.SG.OBV1 ~ in=<br /> # 2P.SG.OBV2 ~ ja̤=<br /> # 2P.SG.OBV3 ~ tḛːŋ=<br /> # 3P.SG.OBV1 ~ ki=<br /> # 3P.SG.OBV2 ~ ɾḛj=<br /> # 3P.SG.OBV3 ~ aːn=<br /> # 1P.PL.INCL ~ eˈdo=<br /> # 1P.PL.EXCL ~ kʼe=<br /> # 2P.PL.INCL ~ ˈkimi=<br /> # 2P.PL.EXCL ~ ˈhuku=<br /> # 3P.PL.OBV1 ~ sto=<br /> # 3P.PL.OBV2 ~ ˈmihi=<br /> # 3P.PL.OBV3 ~ aˈdoː=<br /> # REFL ~ pi<br /> #* used in stuff like drinking(MOS), eating(MOS), etc.<br /> # nominative ~ i<br /> # vocative ~ -ʃa̤,ja̤/i'ja̤<br /> # benefactive ~ -(ɾ)e/ri<br /> # malefactive ~ -ḛːse/ḛːse<br /> # dative ~ -ãw/ŋaw<br /> # commitative ~ -(k,ɡ,ʼ)iː/kiː<br /> # instrumental ~ -(s,z)ãʰː/zãʰː<br /> # other case particles can be derived using class-less variants of words, which can get prefixed to a non-topic noun<br /> <br /> * sometimes the particle may be used alone instead of the pronoun clitic.<br /> * the pronoun clitic can be attached to a word to show stronger volition toward that aspect of the action described in the sentence (i.e. TOP=[verb] for showing stronger intent for the action than the object, or TOP=[object] for the opposite). stronger volition toward one aspect often implies weaker volition or intent toward the rest (TOP=[verb] may imply accidentally affecting the object, and TOP=[object] may imply accidentally performing the action, but meaning to do something to the object).<br /> * both or either of the pronoun clitic and particle may be omitted. omission only occurs in the event of redundance.<br /> * there is a subject case particle.<br /> * other NPs are listed in the beginning of the sentence in order of decreasing relevance. their cases (and conjunctions) are expressed in affixes, not a particle.<br /> <br /> * every part of speech has its own set of classes (they do not correspond to each other).<br /> * modifiers are added by affixing the modifiee's class suffix and changing the modifiee's suffix to -aː (this assumes all classes affixes will be suffixes but maybe i wont do that)<br /> *# kesˈteltɔ ''modified by'' beˈʔaɾa (cooled lava ground) > kesˈtelt'''-ɔ''' beˈʔa-ɾa > kesˈtelt-aː beˈʔa-ɾa'''-ɔ''' > kesˈteltaː beˈʔaɔ<br /> * noun classes (suffixes and prefixes):<br /> <br /> # -a, -ɔ ~ fluid, changing (animals, thoughts, breath, wind, clothing, some gods)<br /> # -ɾa ~ dangerous (lava, fire, poisonous food, weapon used, some gods)<br /> # zũː- ~ machinery (car, computer, lock, some weapons merely existing)<br /> # kʰ- ~ valuable natural item (diamond, gold, ivory)<br /> # tʰe- ~ material for use (wood, paper, ink, glue, metal, cloth)<br /> # -ʔiː ~ natural (plants, sun, moon, dirt, some gods)<br /> # -nõ ~ human, human-related concept, or thing altered by humanity (person, domesticated animals, weapon created, gods from secular perspective)<br /> <br /> * verb classes (suffixes):<br /> <br /> # -e ~<br /> # -l ~<br /> # -a ~<br /> <br /> * adjective/adverb classes (prefixes):<br /> * ''unmarked'' ~ quality<br /> * xe- ~ identity<br /> * o- ~ relation<br /> * adposition classes (suffixes):<br /> <br /> * when creating a phrase or description, go with more actually-occurs options before hypothetical or culturally-specific ones (i.e. kesˈteltaː beˈʔaɾɔ is a ground of cooled lava, not the ground being molten lava as is pretended in the game "the floor is lava", since the former is more likely to be used in a real situation than the latter)<br /> <br /> kesˈtelt'''ɔ''' ~ earth<br /> <br /> ˈbiːj'''a''' ~ water<br /> <br /> kṵː'''ɾa''' ~ fire<br /> <br /> ˈmiaw'''a''' ~ life<br /> <br /> ˈ'''zũː'''kũː ~ metal, mechanical<br /> <br /> ˈ'''kʰ'''uːihu ~ gold<br /> <br /> beˈʔa'''ɾa''' ~ lava<br /> <br /> ˈ'''tʰe'''ːsʼaː ~ wood<br /> <br /> liˈ'''ʔiː''' ~ plant<br /> <br /> oˈŋãi'''nõ''' ~ human<br /> <br /> eˈumĩ'''a''' ~ love<br /> <br /> çiː'''a''' ~ emotion(s)<br /> <br /> xkiˈ'''ʔiː''' ~ think, mind<br /> <br /> ˈ'''tʰe'''nũː ~ paper<br /> <br /> '''tʰe'''ˈʔjul ~ ink<br /> <br /> ˈ'''zũː'''mãi ~ pen<br /> <br /> he ~ move to<br /> <br /> iːl ~ move at/in<br /> <br /> ɬaː ~ express, release, secrete<br /> <br /> ˈtʰeŋ'''ʔiː''' ~ visible attribute<br /> <br /> kɔʔj'''ɔ''' ~ color, shadow, brightness, angle<br /> <br /> tḛjjɔ ~ red, hot pink, orange, brown, violet<br /> <br /> vɾiː ~ yellow, orange, lime, beige, white, pink<br /> <br /> ħaːn ~ green, lime, evergreen<br /> <br /> ˈijaɲ ~ cyan, mint<br /> <br /> ˈṳba ~ blue, indigo, purple, black<br /> <br /> naːˈħal ~ dark yellow, muddy green<br /> <br /> ħũːe ~ correct, factual, verified, verifiable<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <references /></div>

Suqi https://mc.nguh.org/w/index.php?title=Coldba_(Cuba)&diff=39121 Coldba (Cuba) 2026-04-26T21:13:29Z

<p>Suqi: /* Politics */</p> <hr /> <div>''his article is about the modern country. For the previous iteration of this country, see [[First Cuban Empire]]. For other uses of Cuba, see [[Cuba (disambiguation)]]. See [[Coldba (Coldba)]] to read about the [[extranguhcraftial territory]].''<br /> <br /> {{Infobox ngation|name=Coldba (Cuba)|ung-member=yes|unung-member=yes|banner=Banner_of_Coldba_(Cuba).png|banner-label=Banner|map=nguhcraft_minimap_cuba.png|map-label=Location of Coldba (Cuba)|currency=Cuban dollars|government=Anarcho-monarchy|capital=[[Old Cuba|Cuba]]|ruler=[[Suwi]]|ruler-title=Emperess|languages=[[English]], [[Spanish]], [https://youtu.be/gV-ZnmBGSSc?si=ccvx7g6kqxrc4UoP Paxelow] ,[[Tcae'ru]]|population=4|demonym=Coldban|two-digit-code=CB|three-digit-code=COB}}<br /> <br /> The Second Cuban Empire, officially known as the '''Empire of Coldba''', or '''Coldba (Cuba) {{ipa|/ˈkoʊldbə ˈoʊpən pəˈɹɛnθɛsɪs ˈkjuːbə kloʊzd pəˈɹɛnθɛsɪs/}}''' or '''Coldba''' for short, is a country in [[Archipelagia]] and north of the Murben't Sea. It was originally founded by [[KateThePanPlate]] west of [[Murbetia]], which has since disbanded and been mostly annexed by Coldba. Coldba is the successor of the [[First Cuban Empire]], created and developed before the [[City of Cuba]] was reintroduced to the ŋorld.<br /> <br /> == Etymology ==<br /> The Empire of Coldba was named after Cuba, being a continuation of [[Old Cuba]] from [[Season 1|Nguhcraft Season 1]]. It includes Cold in its name because its original territory consisted exclusively of cold biomes, and most of the country's development remains limited to cold areas. <br /> <br /> The Coldban ruler title empress is used regardless of the gender of the ruler.<br /> <br /> === Names in other languages ===<br /> {{trans|{{Trans/item|Arabic|باردبا (كوبا) ''Baredba (Kuba)'' {{ipa|/baredba kuba/}}}}<br /> {{Trans/item|Arodjun|Kouzba (Kjuba){{Ipa|/ˈkouz.ba ˈkju.ba'/}}}}<br /> {{trans/item|Evil Scamming language|khoujdba ouphen phränþesis kiuba kouzd phränþesis ''missing IPA'' }}<br /> {{Trans/item|German|Kühlba (Kuba){{Ipa|/ˈkyːlbɐ ˈklɐmɐ aʊf ˈkuːbɐ ˈklɐmɐ tsuː/}}}}<br /> {{Trans/item|Iskel|Khóoldbeʼ (Khjú’ube’) {{Ipa|[khóːlɾbə khjʊ́ubə]}}}}<br /> {{trans/item|Kathyrian|Κολδβα / Κιϋβα ''Koldba / Kjuba'' {{ipa|/ˈkoldbæ slæ ˈkjubæ/}}}}<br /> {{trans/item|Kilvanan|Koldbanaƕat {{ipa|/koldbanaɸat/}}}}<br /> {{Trans/item|Knrawi|''Hỳgma'' {{Ipa|[hʒ̍˩ŋmɛ]}}}}<br /> {{Trans/item|Kośtsiśtsi|''Kólba'' {{Ipa|['kolbα]}}}}<br /> {{Trans/item|Léna|''Kouba Eyaihiffengógho'' {{Ipa|/kou̯.ba e.jai̯.hif.fe.ŋó.ɣo/}}}}<br /> {{trans/item|Mosici|{{nahan| }} ''an·colpanc ascán'' {{ipa|[ãqoẅbãx askɔ̃]}}}}<br /> {{trans/item|Occitan|''Empèri de Còldba'' {{ipa|/emˈpɛ.ɾi de ˈkɔld.bɔ̆/}}}}<br /> {{Trans/item|Rokadong|{{rkdg|󴀐~󴂮}} ''Kóhba á Kyúba'' {{Ipa|[ˈko᷇ːb̚.bɐ̄ àːˈkʲu᷇ːbɐ̄]}}}}<br /> {{Trans/item|Śácamþaśá|{{Script|script=thl|t=jwi npAlqo}} ''Qáwpan Wij'' {{ipa|/'qɑːβ̞ʷpɐn wij/}}}}<br /> {{Trans/item|Sirenian|''Kǽŋbāh (Kīwbāh)' {{Ipa|/χɛ̌ŋ.baː wōŋ.lép̚.pɤ̀ːt̚ χiw.baː wōŋ.lép̚.pìt̚/}}}}<br /> {{Trans/item|Soc'ul'|''Nivba''{{Ipa|[ni˧vba˧]}}}}<br /> {{Trans/item|Tcae'ru|Khōoldba (Khyūuba) {{Ipa|[kʰōːldbā kʰjūːbā]}}}}<br /> {{Trans/item|Toli|''Kulotpy''{{Ipa|[kulɔtpʏ]}}}}<br /> {{trans/item|Tásí|{{script|script=nahan|t=cát́oṕa (coṕa)}} ''Cát́oṕa (Coṕa)'' {{ipa|[koˈduba kuba]}}}}}}<br /> <br /> == Official Languages ==<br /> Coldba has three official languages: [[English]], [[Spanish]] [https://youtu.be/gV-ZnmBGSSc?si=ccvx7g6kqxrc4UoP Paxelow], and [[Tcae'ru]]. English is used because it is the lingua franca of Nguhcraft, and because it was Empress Kate's primary language. Spanish is used due to Coldba being named after [https://wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba Cuba] and Empress [[Suqi]] being able to speak some. Paxelow is used because it was created by Kate for [[Agma Schwa|Agma Schwa's]] [[Cursed Conlang Circus]] and because it is only speakable in Minecraft. [[Tcae'ru]] is used because it is the first successful conlang created by Suwi during their rule of Cloldba.<br /> <br /> Near the border between Coldba and [[Hárǝsi]], [[Léna]] is recognized as an official regional minority language.<br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> Coldba's history on [[Season 2|Nguhcraft Season 2]] started in Early-to-Mid January 2022 with Kate finding and building in a small portion of North Coldba Island. She had a small hole in a glacier with her stuff, and built a large fort.. then she logged off and didn't log back on again until June 2024.<br /> <br /> On June 12th, 2024, Kate rejoined Nguhcraft and she officially declared the [[Coldba (Cuba)|Empire of Coldba]]. Shortly thereafter there was a meeting to get Coldba admitted into the [[United Ŋations]]. At the time of writing Coldba remains a member.<br /> <br /> On July 23rd, 2024, a Coldban (Cuban) citizen laid out claims for their new country of [[Oberia]], unknowingly claiming the [[Showhen Islands]] that the Kingdom of Kyaw Cen had wanted to claim. While the citizen was away from the discussion, Quing Marcy jokingly threatened starting a world war over the islands, to which Kate, the Empress of Coldba, stated that she would protect her citizen and her ally of Oberia in such a conflict. Things heated up as Namnak, the Magistrate of Enkavak, announced he was an ally of Kyaw Cen and as such join on the side of Kyaw Cen. Luckily for Kyaw Cen and Enkavak, things cooled down when the citizen rejoined the discussion and offered a peaceful solution to the issue.<br /> <br /> On July 23rd and 24th of 2024, Kate attempted to claim a colony for Coldba in the island of [[Birchill]] but a neighbour to the islands, [[Þunan Qumreá]] declared plans to expand to those islands in the near future. Kate then decided to back down from those claims.<br /> <br /> On July 27th, 2024, On behalf of Fin, Kate claimed the area of Port Fin as a colony of Coldba.<br /> <br /> On August 3rd, 2024, Kate relinquished the area of Port Fin to Fin, as it became [[Port of Eras|the Port of Eras]].<br /> <br /> On August 22nd, 2024, Kate expanded the claims of Coldba after hearing that Murbetia had disbanded.<br /> <br /> On June 2nd, 2025, Kate was banned from the Nguhcraft Minecraft and Discord servers for a culmination of events with her mentioning her drama with [[Charlotte]]. She left [[Ann]] and [[Suwi]] in charge of the empire.<br /> <br /> Ann's first and only decree as Emperor was that Coldba must have at least one parking garage<ref>https://discord.com/channels/697450809390268467/767569743229747220/1386423049246605463</ref>.<br /> <br /> Due to Ann's extreme inactivity, Ætérnal and other server members began to recognize Suwi as the only legitimate ruler. After expressing this to Suwi, they declared themselves ruler of Coldba. As ruler, Suwi made major changes to the country's borders and districts. They gave [[Grindlesnurt Island]] to [[Carl]], disowned the [[Independent City State of Pensacola]] and an island south of [[Renoriba]] which had been acquired by Coldba during the [[Scramble for Murbetia]]. Coldba's continental territory was also reduced to exclude regions with no development and component ŋations of the empire were merged into districts. To view the country prior to Suwi's reign, click [https://mc.nguh.org/w/index.php?title=Coldba_(Cuba)&oldid=29060 here].<br /> <br /> In September of 2025, Suwi began a project to unite all territories of the empire via rail. This brought about the creation of [[Archrail]] for connection to its southern islands and the beginning of the Coldban Nether Hub.<br /> <br /> At one point in time, Suqi changed the capital of Coldba from [[Chillvana]] to [[City of Cuba|Cuba]].<br /> <br /> == Politics ==<br /> Coldba, much like [[Old Cuba]], is an anarcho-monarchy with Suwi as its Empress. The Empress has supreme authority over what happens in the ŋation, though in Cuban fashion, a lot of freedom is granted to the citizens.<br /> <br /> === Foreign Relations ===<br /> Coldba is a member of the [[UnUŊ]], [[Medium United Ŋations|mUŊ]], [[Lawsuit United Ŋations|LUŊ]], and [[WOOFS]].<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+Coldba's (Cuba's) Relations with Specific Ŋations<br /> !Ranking<br /> !Ŋations<br /> |-<br /> |'''Higgs Rank (Hella Tight)'''<br /> Coldba (Cuba) is besties with these countries.<br /> |{{PlaceCite|AA}}<br /> |-<br /> |'''Hadron Rank (Tight)'''<br /> Coldba (Cuba) is allied with these countries.<br /> |{{PlaceCite|HA}}, {{PlaceCite|KA}}<br /> |-<br /> |'''Nucleus Rank (Kinda Tight)'''<br /> Coldba (Cuba) has cooperated with these countries a large amount.<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |'''Electron Shell Rank (Kinda Loose)'''<br /> Coldba (Cuba) has had some positive relations with these countries.<br /> |{{PlaceCite|RP}}<br /> |-<br /> |'''Covalence Rank (Loose)'''<br /> Coldba (Cuba) has had minimal amicable relations with these countries.<br /> |{{PlaceCite|ES}}, {{PlaceCite|AR}}<br /> |-<br /> |'''Gravity Rank (Hella Loose)'''<br /> Coldba (Cuba) has no relations with these countries.<br /> |All others<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Citizens ===<br /> At the time of writing, Coldba has 4 citizens: [[Suwi]], [[Janus]], [[Ann]], and [[Breathe]].<br /> <br /> === Ministries ===<br /> The government is split into several ministries, at the time of writing these are the only ones officially declared;<br /> <br /> ==== The Ministry of Building Affairs ====<br /> <br /> * Minister: Suwi<br /> * Oversees things related to building, hands out permits to build in the City of Old Cuba<br /> <br /> ==== The Ministry of Arson ====<br /> <br /> * Minister: Janus<br /> * Oversees things related to fire, burning, and arson within the Empire of Coldba<br /> <br /> ==== The Ministry of Foreign Affairs ====<br /> <br /> * Minister: Suwi<br /> * Deals with things such as building embassies and maintaining foreign affairs.<br /> <br /> == Administrative Divisions ==<br /> [[File:Coldban_districts_map.png|thumb|253x253px|Districts of Coldba not including Bad to the Land.]]<br /> Coldba is subdivided into 14 districts:<br /> <br /> # '''[[Abervilletownboroughtoncesterforthinghursthorpwalldonminsterhammorewickfirthburndalefieldholmleigh]]''' (or '''Anweigh''' {{Ipa|/ˈænwiː/}} for short): a former [[Murbetia|Murbetian]] territory only containing a [[Cenrail]] station.<br /> # '''Greater Chillvana''' {{Ipa|/t͡ʃɪlˈvænə/}}: the most developed area in Coldba, containing Lesser Chillvana and Eastbay.<br /> # '''Coolagüey''' {{Ipa|[ˌku.laˈ(ɣ̞)we̞i]}}: the in-between area between Chillvana and Cuba.<br /> # [[City of Cuba|'''City of Cuba''']]: the capital of the ŋation, a copied version of the most developed parts of the [[First Cuban Empire]].<br /> # '''Pinar del Frío''' {{Ipa|[piˈnaɾ ð̞e̞l ˈfɾi.o̞]}}: a snowy spruce forest spanning the entire western border.<br /> # '''Cienieves''' {{Ipa|[sie̞.nie̞.β̞e̞s]}}: a snowy undeveloped area.<br /> # '''Frostanamo''' {{Ipa|/fɹɑstˈɑnəmoʊ/}}: the third most developed area, containing the city of [[Frostanamo Bay]].<br /> # [[East Coldba|'''East Coldba''']]: the eastern half of the empire, undeveloped.<br /> # [[New Gotland|'''New Gotland''']]: contains a developed island known as [[Faeran]] and the region which [[Archrail]] is made to connect.<br /> # [[New Gotland#Lithea Archipelago|'''Lithea''']]: rocky islands.<br /> # '''[[Frumpleforth]]''': mushroom islands.<br /> # '''[[Navia]]''': contains Mt. Navia Village, a village built by [[Fin]].<br /> # [[Bad to the Land|'''Bad to the Land''']]: an overseas badlands colony open for all to mine sand and containing the [[Hotba Resort]].<br /> # [[Coldba (Coldba)|'''Coldba (Coldba)''']]: an [[Extranguhcraftial territory|extranguhcraftial]] autonomous district of Coldba (Cuba) which exists in [https://www.classicube.net/ ClassiCube] and is owned by [[Breathe]].<br /> <br /> == Transportation ==<br /> <br /> === Railroads ===<br /> The primary railroad in continental Coldba is currently the [[Cenrail#Cuba line|Cuba line]], but in the northernmost Coldban settlement, [[Abervilletownboroughtoncesterforthinghursthorpwalldonminsterhammorewickfirthburndalefieldholmleigh|Anweigh]], there is also a connection to the [[Cenrail#Colonial line|Colonial Line]]. The primary railroad throughout the Coldban islands is [[Archrail]]. The city of Chillvana contains a small metro with stops at various locations in the city.<br /> <br /> === Roads ===<br /> The only major road in Coldba currently is the first [[Freezeway]], F-01.<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <references /></div>

Suqi https://mc.nguh.org/w/index.php?title=Coldba&diff=39114 Coldba 2026-04-26T20:54:06Z

<p>Suqi: Changed redirect target from Empire of Coldba to Coldba (Cuba)</p> <hr /> <div>#REDIRECT [[Coldba (Cuba)]]</div>

Suqi https://mc.nguh.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Raided_and_unRaided_places&diff=39106 List of Raided and unRaided places 2026-04-26T03:49:30Z

<p>Suqi: </p> <hr /> <div>[[The Raid]] was an event that devastated many important locations across [[Season 2]] of [[Nguhcraft]]. At the time it happened, the server was not very active, and a reasonable list of the places that were affected and weren't affected can be made. This list only includes locations that existed prior to the Raid, not following it.<br /> <br /> ''This list is incomplete. Please expand it by adding more entries.''<br /> {| class="wikitable sortable"<br /> !Raided<br /> !Current Status<br /> !UnRaided<br /> !Current Status<br /> |-<br /> |[[Nguhtropolis]]<br /> |abandoned<br /> |[[Ŋájaþáw]]<br /> |forbidden<br /> |-<br /> |[[Tisheongja]]<br /> |abandoned<br /> |[[Juya Gwaña]]<br /> |active<br /> |-<br /> |[[Ruined Capitol|Capitol]]<br /> |inactive<br /> |[[Lobster Island]]<br /> |inactive<br /> |-<br /> |[[The Citadel (Liauolên)]]<br /> |rebuilt, inactive<br /> |[[Paul]]<br /> |abandoned<br /> |-<br /> |[[Nerven]]<br /> |abandoned<br /> |[[Entropy's base]]<br /> |abandoned<br /> |-<br /> |[[Port Marcy]]<br /> |revitalized, active<br /> |[[Steve]]<br /> |abandoned<br /> |-<br /> |[[Phoeŋix]]<br /> |abandoned<br /> |[[Hokqalonde]]<br /> |abandoned<br /> |-<br /> |[[Burnt House]]<br /> |abandoned<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}</div>

Suqi https://mc.nguh.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_lists&diff=39105 List of lists 2026-04-26T03:44:06Z

<p>Suqi: /* Geographical lists */</p> <hr /> <div>This is a list of all lists on the Wiki.<br /> <br /> ==Lists of holidays==<br /> <br /> * [[List of Cursdays in the Realm of Madness]]<br /> * [[List of holidays in Enkavak]]<br /> * [[List of holidays in Hummland]]<br /> * [[List of holidays in Rauratoshan]]<br /> * [[List of holidays in the Kingdom of Kyaw Cen]]<br /> * [[List of holidays in the People's Free City of Amuj]]<br /> * [[List of holidays in Twanland]]<br /> <br /> ==Lists of political parties==<br /> <br /> * [[List of political parties in Rauratoshan]]<br /> * [[List of political parties in the Kingdom of Hummland]]<br /> * [[List of political parties in the Kingdom of Kyaw Cen]]<br /> * [[List of political parties in the Realm of Madness]]<br /> * [[List of political parties in the Republic of Twanland]]<br /> * [[List of political parties in Vallis Draconum]]<br /> <br /> ==Linguistic lists==<br /> * [[Kozramva vocabulary|List of Kozramva words]]<br /> * [[Kyawcenni vocabulary|List of Kyawcenni words]]<br /> * [[List of Languages]]<br /> * [[List of language isolates]]<br /> * [[List of Official Languages]]<br /> <br /> == Geographical lists ==<br /> <br /> * [[List of Condominia]]<br /> * [[Continent|List of continents]]<br /> * [[List of countries]] (also see [[Map|Map of the ŋorld]])<br /> * [[List of interŋational organizations]]<br /> * [[List of Ɱetropolitan Areas]]<br /> * [[List of Raided and unRaided places]]<br /> * [[List of seas]]<br /> * [[List of unclaimed areas]]<br /> * [[United Ŋations Laws#List of UŊ Protectorates|List of UŊ Protectorates]]<br /> <br /> ==Other Lists==<br /> * [[Armorial of sovereign states]]<br /> * [[List of alternate LoCATE names]]<br /> * [[List of Annwans]]<br /> * [[Amujology|List of Amujs]]<br /> * [[List of bridges over the Yetch River]]<br /> * [[List of commands]]<br /> * [[List of countries recognized by Aprux Mexyrhat]]<br /> * [[List of countries recognized by the Keis-Spucke Administration]]<br /> * [[List of countries in IPA]]<br /> * [[List of Cəŋspiracy Theories]]<br /> * [[List of deities of Yukacan]]<br /> * [[List of ducks]]<br /> * [[List of Economic Unions]]<br /> * [[List of electoral systems by ŋation]]<br /> * [[List of former sovereign states]]<br /> * [[List of freedom indices]]<br /> * [[List of ghastports]]<br /> * [[List of Kyawcennis]]<br /> * '''List of lists'''<br /> * [[List of lists of lists]]<br /> * [[List of modded changes]]<br /> * [[List of Modded Items]]<br /> * [[List of ɱedical conditions]]<br /> * [[List of name systems]]<br /> * [[List of news sources in Rauratoshan]]<br /> * [[List of ŋations based on Rome]]<br /> * [[List of ŋorldbuilding issues]]<br /> * [[List of Pages Related to FERRA]]<br /> * [[List of placenames in IPA]]<br /> * [[List of post offices and postal service providers]]<br /> * [[List of Proposed Countries]]<br /> * [[List of rail networks]]<br /> * [[List of Sapient Species]]<br /> * [[List of Superpowers]]<br /> * [[List of temples]]<br /> * [[List of things Marcy Sheikah brags about having invented]]<br /> * [[List of united organizations]]<br /> * [[List of villages in Enkavak]]<br /> * [[List of Warps]]<br /> * [[List of wars]]<br /> [[Category:Lists|*]]</div>

Suqi https://mc.nguh.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Raided_and_unRaided_places&diff=39104 List of Raided and unRaided places 2026-04-26T03:43:39Z

<p>Suqi: Created page with "The Raid was an event that devastated many important locations across Season 2 of Nguhcraft. At the time it happened, the server was not very active, and a reasonable list of the places that were affected and weren't affected can be made. This list only includes locations that existed prior to the Raid, not following it. ''This list is incomplete. Please expand it by adding more entries.'' {| class="wikitable sortable" !Raided !Current Status !UnRaided !Curr..."</p> <hr /> <div>[[The Raid]] was an event that devastated many important locations across [[Season 2]] of [[Nguhcraft]]. At the time it happened, the server was not very active, and a reasonable list of the places that were affected and weren't affected can be made. This list only includes locations that existed prior to the Raid, not following it.<br /> <br /> ''This list is incomplete. Please expand it by adding more entries.''<br /> {| class="wikitable sortable"<br /> !Raided<br /> !Current Status<br /> !UnRaided<br /> !Current Status<br /> |-<br /> |[[Nguhtropolis]]<br /> |abandoned<br /> |[[Ŋájaþáw]]<br /> |forbidden<br /> |-<br /> |[[Tisheongja]]<br /> |abandoned<br /> |[[Juya Gwaña]]<br /> |active<br /> |-<br /> |[[Ruined Capitol|Capitol]]<br /> |inactive<br /> |[[Lobster Island]]<br /> |inactive<br /> |-<br /> |[[The Citadel (Liauolên)]]<br /> |rebuilt<br /> |[[Paul]]<br /> |abandoned<br /> |-<br /> |[[Nerven]]<br /> |abandoned<br /> |[[Entropy's base]]<br /> |abandoned<br /> |-<br /> |[[Port Marcy]]<br /> |revitalized<br /> |[[Steve]]<br /> |abandoned<br /> |-<br /> |[[Phoeŋix]]<br /> |abandoned<br /> |[[Hokqalonde]]<br /> |abandoned<br /> |-<br /> |[[Burnt House]]<br /> |abandoned<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}</div>

Suqi https://mc.nguh.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Nguhcraft&diff=39103 History of Nguhcraft 2026-04-26T03:27:18Z

<p>Suqi: /* 2023 */</p> <hr /> <div>The '''History of [[Nguhcraft]]''' dates back all the way back to 16 October 2020, when the first Agma Schwa Minecraft server was opened. The period until 7 January 2022 is called [[Season 1]] and after that '''Season 2'''.<br /> <br /> == 2020 ==<br /> [[Season 1]] was created on 16 October 2020 by [[Mediumwave]]. At this time, only a few people played. It was mainly Mediumwave, [[Agma Schwa]]<ref>Agma's message upon arrival to the server: [[File:I have logged on to the nguhcraft.png|frameless]]</ref>, [[Ætérnal]] (who was not yet god), [[Marci]], [[Unnatwain]], [[Tux]], and [[Çentoé]] (most of whom no longer play on the server). These members had different bases at different points in the world, but eventually [[Mainland]] was created by Ætérnal as the primary location for server activity. Upon Ætérnal becoming god, Mainland was made into a [[List of Warps|warp]] to make it easy for players to travel to. Over time, more players began to play such as [[User:Dillon|Dillon]], [[Tark]], [[KateThePanPlate]], and [[Benny]].<br /> <br /> At this point in time, the primary methods of travel were boats. The Panama Canal was likely the first canal built to increase ease of travel across the continents. This year, the first ŋations were created: [[First Cuban Empire|Cuba]] (by Kate) and [[Sweden-Ŋərway]] (by an unknown user), both on December 16th. <br /> <br /> == 2021 ==<br /> This was a year of progress for the server. New players joined, new warps were added, ŋations were developed, and the [[Nguhcraft Streams|Nguhcraft streams]] began. Early on in the year, Cuba became the most active location of the server thanks to Kate welcoming every new player that joined. [[Suwi]], [[Fin]], [[Janus]], and [[N3]] joined Cuba and built bases and farms in it, along with many of the older players. [[Beautifulland|Taswelll]] also joined early on in the year and built their base Beautifulland. It was in early 2021 that the Minecraft-Server-Chat was created so that people on the Discord and Minecraft servers can speak to each other directly. In February, the End was closed for a Nguhcraft stream which happened in May. Afterward, the End was opened and many of the new players could obtain End items for the first time.<br /> <br /> Later in the year, the server saw its greatest amount of activity. A significant number of new players joined and made their own bases and countries throughout the ŋorld. The players included [[Garvey]], [[Ponticello]], [[Quinn]], [[Saithe]], and [[Tyxaar]]. <br /> <br /> 2021 interŋational tensions were very minor and silly, and never amounted to war like they do in [[Season 2]]. Some incidents included the [[Cuban Missile Crisis (disambiguation)|Cuban Missile Crisis]], the Destruction of [[Booba]], and the Cuban-[[Thieves' Guild]] tensions.<br /> <br /> == 2022 ==<br /> Season 1 only lasted until January 7th, 2022. On that day, Season 2 was created. Many of the old Season 1 players had stopped playing and did not join. The beginning of Season 2 had some development, but not much compared to the previous and following years. <br /> <br /> The largest player hubs at the time were the [[Five-Village Network]] and [[Tisheongja]], with other bases like [[Ŋájaþáw|modern-day Ŋájaþáw]] (by [[Janus]]), [[Juya Gwaña]] (by [[Suqi]]), [[Lobster Island]] (by Dr. Lobsterman), and the [[Ruined Capitol|Capitol]] (by [[Fin]]) seeing frequent activity. Later that year, all of those players stopped playing (for different lengths of time). <br /> <br /> The new settlers of Season 2 (e.g. [[Marcy]], [[Annwan]], [[rnifnuf]], etc.) began mapping out the ŋorld and claiming lands in their name, but they wouldn't become ŋations until after [[The Raid]].<br /> <br /> == 2023 ==<br /> <br /> In late 2023, the server was largely inactive besides [[Entropy]], [[Marcy Sheikah|Marcy]] and [[spansos]], who were the only semi-active players at that time before [[Annwan]] and [[rnifnuf]] started returning to Nguhcraft in December.<br /> <br /> On 13 November, a bunch of settlements and buildings, such as the [[Capitol]], [[The Citadel (Doggo Island)|The Citadel]], [[Tisheongja]], [[Nerven]], [[Nguhtropolis]], [[Phoeŋix]] and [[Port Marcy]], have been heavily damaged or destroyed by griefers during The Raid.<br /> <br /> In December, the first claims of [[Country|ŋations]] started to be made, such as the ones of [[Kingdom of Kyaw Cen|Kyaw Cen]], [[Imerchal]] (at that time ''Ímersial'') and [[Myžariky]] (at that time unnamed), which is one of the most important parts of the post-raid world order.<br /> <br /> == 2024 ==<br /> <br /> history stuff<br /> <br /> funny history stuff<br /> <br /> more history stuff<br /> <br /> ...dissolution of murbetia and the scramble for murbetia<br /> <br /> oh err amuj died, scramble for amuj too ig?<br /> <br /> (orest wrote this) bcuz funny<br /> <br /> == 2025 ==<br /> [[Aprux Mexyrhat|APRUX MEXYRHAT]] RAAAAAAH<blockquote>Delete this if you can find more relevant happenings of 2025.</blockquote><br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> * [[Timeline of Nguhcraft history]]<br /> <br /> == References ==</div>

Suqi https://mc.nguh.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Nguhcraft&diff=39102 History of Nguhcraft 2026-04-26T03:26:26Z

<p>Suqi: /* 2022 */</p> <hr /> <div>The '''History of [[Nguhcraft]]''' dates back all the way back to 16 October 2020, when the first Agma Schwa Minecraft server was opened. The period until 7 January 2022 is called [[Season 1]] and after that '''Season 2'''.<br /> <br /> == 2020 ==<br /> [[Season 1]] was created on 16 October 2020 by [[Mediumwave]]. At this time, only a few people played. It was mainly Mediumwave, [[Agma Schwa]]<ref>Agma's message upon arrival to the server: [[File:I have logged on to the nguhcraft.png|frameless]]</ref>, [[Ætérnal]] (who was not yet god), [[Marci]], [[Unnatwain]], [[Tux]], and [[Çentoé]] (most of whom no longer play on the server). These members had different bases at different points in the world, but eventually [[Mainland]] was created by Ætérnal as the primary location for server activity. Upon Ætérnal becoming god, Mainland was made into a [[List of Warps|warp]] to make it easy for players to travel to. Over time, more players began to play such as [[User:Dillon|Dillon]], [[Tark]], [[KateThePanPlate]], and [[Benny]].<br /> <br /> At this point in time, the primary methods of travel were boats. The Panama Canal was likely the first canal built to increase ease of travel across the continents. This year, the first ŋations were created: [[First Cuban Empire|Cuba]] (by Kate) and [[Sweden-Ŋərway]] (by an unknown user), both on December 16th. <br /> <br /> == 2021 ==<br /> This was a year of progress for the server. New players joined, new warps were added, ŋations were developed, and the [[Nguhcraft Streams|Nguhcraft streams]] began. Early on in the year, Cuba became the most active location of the server thanks to Kate welcoming every new player that joined. [[Suwi]], [[Fin]], [[Janus]], and [[N3]] joined Cuba and built bases and farms in it, along with many of the older players. [[Beautifulland|Taswelll]] also joined early on in the year and built their base Beautifulland. It was in early 2021 that the Minecraft-Server-Chat was created so that people on the Discord and Minecraft servers can speak to each other directly. In February, the End was closed for a Nguhcraft stream which happened in May. Afterward, the End was opened and many of the new players could obtain End items for the first time.<br /> <br /> Later in the year, the server saw its greatest amount of activity. A significant number of new players joined and made their own bases and countries throughout the ŋorld. The players included [[Garvey]], [[Ponticello]], [[Quinn]], [[Saithe]], and [[Tyxaar]]. <br /> <br /> 2021 interŋational tensions were very minor and silly, and never amounted to war like they do in [[Season 2]]. Some incidents included the [[Cuban Missile Crisis (disambiguation)|Cuban Missile Crisis]], the Destruction of [[Booba]], and the Cuban-[[Thieves' Guild]] tensions.<br /> <br /> == 2022 ==<br /> Season 1 only lasted until January 7th, 2022. On that day, Season 2 was created. Many of the old Season 1 players had stopped playing and did not join. The beginning of Season 2 had some development, but not much compared to the previous and following years. <br /> <br /> The largest player hubs at the time were the [[Five-Village Network]] and [[Tisheongja]], with other bases like [[Ŋájaþáw|modern-day Ŋájaþáw]] (by [[Janus]]), [[Juya Gwaña]] (by [[Suqi]]), [[Lobster Island]] (by Dr. Lobsterman), and the [[Ruined Capitol|Capitol]] (by [[Fin]]) seeing frequent activity. Later that year, all of those players stopped playing (for different lengths of time). <br /> <br /> The new settlers of Season 2 (e.g. [[Marcy]], [[Annwan]], [[rnifnuf]], etc.) began mapping out the ŋorld and claiming lands in their name, but they wouldn't become ŋations until after [[The Raid]].<br /> <br /> == 2023 ==<br /> <br /> In late 2023, the server was largely inactive besides [[Entropy]], [[Marcy Sheikah|Marcy]] and [[spansos]], who were the only semi-active players at that time before [[Annwan]] and [[rnifnuf]] started returning to Nguhcraft in December.<br /> <br /> On 13 November, a bunch of settlements and buildings, such as the [[Capitol]], [[The Citadel (Doggo Island)|The Citadel]], [[Nerven]], [[Nguhtropolis]], [[Phoeŋix]] and [[Port Marcy]], have been heavily damaged or destroyed by griefers during The Raid.<br /> <br /> In December, the first claims of [[Country|ŋations]] started to be made, such as the ones of [[Kingdom of Kyaw Cen|Kyaw Cen]], [[Imerchal]] (at that time ''Ímersial'') and [[Myžariky]] (at that time unnamed), which is one of the most important parts of the post-raid world order.<br /> <br /> == 2024 ==<br /> <br /> history stuff<br /> <br /> funny history stuff<br /> <br /> more history stuff<br /> <br /> ...dissolution of murbetia and the scramble for murbetia<br /> <br /> oh err amuj died, scramble for amuj too ig?<br /> <br /> (orest wrote this) bcuz funny<br /> <br /> == 2025 ==<br /> [[Aprux Mexyrhat|APRUX MEXYRHAT]] RAAAAAAH<blockquote>Delete this if you can find more relevant happenings of 2025.</blockquote><br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> * [[Timeline of Nguhcraft history]]<br /> <br /> == References ==</div>

Suqi https://mc.nguh.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Nguhcraft&diff=39101 History of Nguhcraft 2026-04-26T03:26:03Z

<p>Suqi: /* 2022 */</p> <hr /> <div>The '''History of [[Nguhcraft]]''' dates back all the way back to 16 October 2020, when the first Agma Schwa Minecraft server was opened. The period until 7 January 2022 is called [[Season 1]] and after that '''Season 2'''.<br /> <br /> == 2020 ==<br /> [[Season 1]] was created on 16 October 2020 by [[Mediumwave]]. At this time, only a few people played. It was mainly Mediumwave, [[Agma Schwa]]<ref>Agma's message upon arrival to the server: [[File:I have logged on to the nguhcraft.png|frameless]]</ref>, [[Ætérnal]] (who was not yet god), [[Marci]], [[Unnatwain]], [[Tux]], and [[Çentoé]] (most of whom no longer play on the server). These members had different bases at different points in the world, but eventually [[Mainland]] was created by Ætérnal as the primary location for server activity. Upon Ætérnal becoming god, Mainland was made into a [[List of Warps|warp]] to make it easy for players to travel to. Over time, more players began to play such as [[User:Dillon|Dillon]], [[Tark]], [[KateThePanPlate]], and [[Benny]].<br /> <br /> At this point in time, the primary methods of travel were boats. The Panama Canal was likely the first canal built to increase ease of travel across the continents. This year, the first ŋations were created: [[First Cuban Empire|Cuba]] (by Kate) and [[Sweden-Ŋərway]] (by an unknown user), both on December 16th. <br /> <br /> == 2021 ==<br /> This was a year of progress for the server. New players joined, new warps were added, ŋations were developed, and the [[Nguhcraft Streams|Nguhcraft streams]] began. Early on in the year, Cuba became the most active location of the server thanks to Kate welcoming every new player that joined. [[Suwi]], [[Fin]], [[Janus]], and [[N3]] joined Cuba and built bases and farms in it, along with many of the older players. [[Beautifulland|Taswelll]] also joined early on in the year and built their base Beautifulland. It was in early 2021 that the Minecraft-Server-Chat was created so that people on the Discord and Minecraft servers can speak to each other directly. In February, the End was closed for a Nguhcraft stream which happened in May. Afterward, the End was opened and many of the new players could obtain End items for the first time.<br /> <br /> Later in the year, the server saw its greatest amount of activity. A significant number of new players joined and made their own bases and countries throughout the ŋorld. The players included [[Garvey]], [[Ponticello]], [[Quinn]], [[Saithe]], and [[Tyxaar]]. <br /> <br /> 2021 interŋational tensions were very minor and silly, and never amounted to war like they do in [[Season 2]]. Some incidents included the [[Cuban Missile Crisis (disambiguation)|Cuban Missile Crisis]], the Destruction of [[Booba]], and the Cuban-[[Thieves' Guild]] tensions.<br /> <br /> == 2022 ==<br /> Season 1 only lasted until January 7th, 2022. On that day, Season 2 was created. Many of the old Season 1 players had stopped playing and did not join. The beginning of Season 2 had some development, but not much compared to the previous and following years. <br /> <br /> The largest player hubs at the time were the [[Five-Village Network]] and [[Tisheongja]], with other bases like [[Ŋájaþáw|modern-day Ŋájaþáw]] (of [[Janus]]), [[Juya Gwaña]] (of [[Suqi]]), [[Lobster Island]] (by Dr. Lobsterman), and the [[Ruined Capitol|Capitol]] (by [[Fin]]) seeing frequent activity. Later that year, all of those players stopped playing (for different lengths of time). <br /> <br /> The new settlers of Season 2 (e.g. [[Marcy]], [[Annwan]], [[rnifnuf]], etc.) began mapping out the ŋorld and claiming lands in their name, but they wouldn't become ŋations until after [[The Raid]].<br /> <br /> == 2023 ==<br /> <br /> In late 2023, the server was largely inactive besides [[Entropy]], [[Marcy Sheikah|Marcy]] and [[spansos]], who were the only semi-active players at that time before [[Annwan]] and [[rnifnuf]] started returning to Nguhcraft in December.<br /> <br /> On 13 November, a bunch of settlements and buildings, such as the [[Capitol]], [[The Citadel (Doggo Island)|The Citadel]], [[Nerven]], [[Nguhtropolis]], [[Phoeŋix]] and [[Port Marcy]], have been heavily damaged or destroyed by griefers during The Raid.<br /> <br /> In December, the first claims of [[Country|ŋations]] started to be made, such as the ones of [[Kingdom of Kyaw Cen|Kyaw Cen]], [[Imerchal]] (at that time ''Ímersial'') and [[Myžariky]] (at that time unnamed), which is one of the most important parts of the post-raid world order.<br /> <br /> == 2024 ==<br /> <br /> history stuff<br /> <br /> funny history stuff<br /> <br /> more history stuff<br /> <br /> ...dissolution of murbetia and the scramble for murbetia<br /> <br /> oh err amuj died, scramble for amuj too ig?<br /> <br /> (orest wrote this) bcuz funny<br /> <br /> == 2025 ==<br /> [[Aprux Mexyrhat|APRUX MEXYRHAT]] RAAAAAAH<blockquote>Delete this if you can find more relevant happenings of 2025.</blockquote><br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> * [[Timeline of Nguhcraft history]]<br /> <br /> == References ==</div>

Suqi https://mc.nguh.org/w/index.php?title=Tisheongja&diff=39100 Tisheongja 2026-04-26T03:10:06Z

<p>Suqi: </p> <hr /> <div>[[File:Tisheongja.png|thumb|Image of Tisheongja]]<br /> '''Tisheongja''' was one of the earliest (if not the earliest) player hubs in [[Season 2]]. It was ruled by [[Saithe]], the Spider Queen, who built a spider-cave themed base in a deepslate cave. Tisheongja was also home to [[Marci]], [[Maarz]], [[Benny]], and Evie<ref>The identity of the player named Evie is unknown, but it is likely to be the Nguhcord user "@mileage03".</ref>.<ref>https://discord.com/channels/697450809390268467/835185858864218122/979032788990840892</ref> In May of 2022, Tisheongja experienced tensions with [[Juya Gwaña]] over economic ideologies in an event retroactively named the "[[Cool War]]". Tisheongja, alongside Saithe's spider-cave were griefed during [[the Raid]]. Today, it is a [[UŊESCO]]-protected site located in eastern [[Myžariky]]. <br /> <br /> Saithe's spider-cave is accessible from the outside via a a hole with water at the bottom and, separately, tall spiral staircase reaching from build limit to bedrock. The staircase had the same design as the interior of the cobbelisks, indicating it was likely Benny who built it. The staircase also has a vertical flying machine and vines inside, possibly because people found the staircase to take too long.<br /> <br /> == Saithe's Spider-Cave ==<br /> [[File:Tisheongja Spider Cave.png|thumb|Tisheongja spider-cave post-Raid]]<br /> [[File:Tisheongja Trading Hall.png|thumb|Tisheongja trading hall post-Raid]]<br /> [[File:Saithe's House.png|thumb|Saithe's House]]<br /> Saithe's spider-cave still exists and is the only place in Tisheongja with evidence of habitation. The cave is enormous, close to bedrock and has several dripstone structures inside. It is unknown if the other members of Tisheongja lived inside the cave with Saithe or if they lived elsewhere. It may be that the spider-cave is Tisheongja itself.<br /> <br /> The spider-cave was griefed so severely during the Raid that it is no longer functional as a base. What remains can still be identified, however, to create an accurate picture of what the area offered in its prime:<br /> <br /> * Villager trading hall<br /> * Bee farm<br /> * Carrot and wheat villager-powered farms<br /> * Iron farm<br /> * Lava farm<ref>The lava farm is explicitly noted to be a communal farm, which gives evidence to the idea that the members of Tisheongja lived inside the cave.</ref><br /> * Stone generator<br /> * Egg launcher, possibly remnants of a former chicken farm<br /> * Amethyst geode with cows and chickens inside<br /> * Podzol, likely for growing spruce trees<br /> * Various unrecognizeable ruins with only oak log support beams remaining, possibly houses of other players<br /> ** One of these ruins has a sign from a raider saying "Thanks for the loot -The Rizzler"<br /> <br /> The largest and most recognizeable object in the cave is Saithe's house. It is a giant deepslate brick/deepslate tile house upside down hanging from the top of the cave, and was seemingly unaffected by the raiders. It is incredibly empty despite its size, but shows no signs of damage on the inside.<br /> <br /> == Tisheongja Surface ==<br /> [[File:Pentavillage Loop.png|thumb|Pentavillage Loop rail sign (Five-Village Network)]]<br /> The surface of Tisheongja is a jungle biome with a very small island under which is the spider-cave. There are only a few buildings, though none show evidence that Tisheongja members lived on the surface. The most notable structure is a wooden path and staircase connecting the spider-cave staircase to the ground, a rail leading to the [[Five-Village Network]], and the Tisheongja [[Cenrail]] station. Today, however, the connection to the Five-Village Network was severed by a Cenrail line in [[Monke Island]].<br /> <br /> == References ==</div>

Suqi https://mc.nguh.org/w/index.php?title=Tisheongja&diff=39099 Tisheongja 2026-04-26T03:07:02Z

<p>Suqi: </p> <hr /> <div>[[File:Tisheongja.png|thumb|Image of Tisheongja]]<br /> '''Tisheongja''' was one of the earliest (if not the earliest) player hubs in [[Season 2]]. It was ruled by [[Saithe]], the Spider Queen, who built a spider-cave themed base in a deepslate cave. Tisheongja was also home to [[Marci]], [[Maarz]], [[Benny]], and Evie<ref>The identity of the player named Evie is unknown, but it is likely to be the Nguhcord user "@mileage03".</ref>.<ref>https://discord.com/channels/697450809390268467/835185858864218122/979032788990840892</ref> In May of 2022, Tisheongja experienced tensions with [[Juya Gwaña]] over economic ideologies in an event retroactively named the "[[Cool War]]". Tisheongja, alongside Saithe's spider-cave were griefed during [[the Raid]]. Today, it is a [[UŊESCO]]-protected site located in eastern [[Myžariky]]. <br /> <br /> Saithe's spider-cave is accessible from the outside via a a hole with water at the bottom and, separately, tall spiral staircase reaching from build limit to bedrock. The staircase had the same design as the interior of the cobbelisks, indicating it was likely Benny who built it. The staircase also has a vertical flying machine inside.<br /> <br /> == Saithe's Spider-Cave ==<br /> [[File:Tisheongja Spider Cave.png|thumb|Tisheongja spider-cave post-Raid]]<br /> [[File:Tisheongja Trading Hall.png|thumb|Tisheongja trading hall post-Raid]]<br /> [[File:Saithe's House.png|thumb|Saithe's House]]<br /> Saithe's spider-cave still exists and is the only place in Tisheongja with evidence of habitation. The cave is enormous, close to bedrock and has several dripstone structures inside. It is unknown if the other members of Tisheongja lived inside the cave with Saithe or if they lived elsewhere. It may be that the spider-cave is Tisheongja itself.<br /> <br /> The spider-cave was griefed so severely during the Raid that it is no longer functional as a base. What remains can still be identified, however, to create an accurate picture of what the area offered in its prime:<br /> <br /> * Villager trading hall<br /> * Bee farm<br /> * Carrot and wheat villager-powered farms<br /> * Iron farm<br /> * Lava farm<ref>The lava farm is explicitly noted to be a communal farm, which gives evidence to the idea that the members of Tisheongja lived inside the cave.</ref><br /> * Stone generator<br /> * Egg launcher, possibly remnants of a former chicken farm<br /> * Amethyst geode with cows and chickens inside<br /> * Podzol, likely for growing spruce trees<br /> * Various unrecognizeable ruins with only oak log support beams remaining, possibly houses of other players<br /> ** One of these ruins has a sign from a raider saying "Thanks for the loot -The Rizzler"<br /> <br /> The largest and most recognizeable object in the cave is Saithe's house. It is a giant deepslate brick/deepslate tile house upside down hanging from the top of the cave, and was seemingly unaffected by the raiders. It is incredibly empty despite its size, but shows no signs of damage on the inside.<br /> <br /> == Tisheongja Surface ==<br /> [[File:Pentavillage Loop.png|thumb|Pentavillage Loop rail sign (Five-Village Network)]]<br /> The surface of Tisheongja is a jungle biome with a very small island under which is the spider-cave. There are only a few buildings, though none show evidence that Tisheongja members lived on the surface. The most notable structure is a wooden path and staircase connecting the spider-cave staircase to the ground, a rail leading to the [[Five-Village Network]], and the Tisheongja [[Cenrail]] station. Today, however, the connection to the Five-Village Network was severed by a Cenrail line in [[Monke Island]].<br /> <br /> == References ==</div>

Suqi https://mc.nguh.org/w/index.php?title=File:Pentavillage_Loop.png&diff=39098 File:Pentavillage Loop.png 2026-04-26T03:06:21Z

<p>Suqi: </p> <hr /> <div>Pentavillage Loop</div>

Suqi https://mc.nguh.org/w/index.php?title=File:Tisheongja.png&diff=39097 File:Tisheongja.png 2026-04-26T03:05:39Z

<p>Suqi: </p> <hr /> <div>Tisheongja</div>

Suqi https://mc.nguh.org/w/index.php?title=File:Saithe%27s_House.png&diff=39096 File:Saithe's House.png 2026-04-26T03:04:39Z

<p>Suqi: </p> <hr /> <div>Saithe's House</div>

Suqi https://mc.nguh.org/w/index.php?title=File:Tisheongja_Trading_Hall.png&diff=39095 File:Tisheongja Trading Hall.png 2026-04-26T03:03:51Z

<p>Suqi: </p> <hr /> <div>Tisheongja Trading Hall</div>

Suqi https://mc.nguh.org/w/index.php?title=File:Tisheongja_Spider_Cave.png&diff=39094 File:Tisheongja Spider Cave.png 2026-04-26T03:02:20Z

<p>Suqi: </p> <hr /> <div>Tisheongja Spider Cave</div>

Suqi https://mc.nguh.org/w/index.php?title=Magikoe&diff=39086 Magikoe 2026-04-25T21:51:12Z

<p>Suqi: /* Cases */</p> <hr /> <div>'''Magikoe''' [máɟìkó͜e] is a language.<br /> <br /> == Phonology ==<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="2" |<br /> !Labial<br /> !Alveolar<br /> !Palatal<br /> !Velar<br /> !Glottal<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Nasal<br /> |m '''m'''<br /> |n '''n'''<br /> |ɲ '''ny'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="3" |Plosive<br /> !Aspirate<br /> |<br /> |tʰ '''t'''<br /> |<br /> |kʰ '''q'''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Tenuis<br /> |p '''p'''<br /> |t '''d'''<br /> |c '''c'''<br /> |k '''k'''<br /> |ʔ '''’'''<br /> |-<br /> !Voiced<br /> |b '''b'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɡ '''g'''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Affricate<br /> |<br /> |t͡s '''ts'''<br /> |t͡ʃ '''ch'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Fricative<br /> |ɸ '''f'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |h '''h'''<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Glide<br /> |w̃ '''w'''<br /> |ɾ '''r'''<br /> |j '''y'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> !<br /> ! colspan="4" |Front<br /> ! colspan="4" |Back<br /> |-<br /> !Close<br /> |i '''i'''<br /> |iː '''ī'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |u '''u'''<br /> |uː '''ū'''<br /> |ʉi '''ui'''<br /> |uo '''uo'''<br /> |-<br /> !Mid<br /> |e '''e'''<br /> |eː '''ē'''<br /> |ei '''ei'''<br /> |<br /> |o '''o'''<br /> |oː '''ō'''<br /> |oe '''oe'''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Open<br /> |a '''a'''<br /> |aː '''ā'''<br /> |ai '''ai'''<br /> |au '''au'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> There is word-initial stress which is high tone.<br /> <br /> /j/ is phonetically front mid [e̯]<br /> <br /> Vːm > Ṽːʉ̃ / _%<br /> <br /> in un en on an > ĩ(ɲ) ʉ̃(n) ẽ(j̃) ɵ̃(ŋ) ãn / _%<br /> <br /> n ɡ e̯ > ɲ ɟ i̯ / _i<br /> <br /> V̀ > V̄ / {tʰ,kʰ,ɸ,h}_<br /> <br /> == Syntax ==<br /> The word order is Place-Verb-Time-Topic-coverb-Noun-CaseNoun.<br /> <br /> The topic overlaps strongly with the typical object of a sentence, as it is given much more importance than the agent in most cases outside of when the agent is being emphasized. Verbs with English translations that imply the subject's agency do not necessarily translate as giving the topic agency in the syntax of Magikoe. An example of this being the verb ''rewo'' meaning "to play music". The sentence ''Huru rewori ko''' translates to "The dog is listening to music" even though the direct translation would say "The dog is playing music". The music is being played, but the topic is not the player of the music.<br /> <br /> The topic must be any part of speech. When the topic is not a noun, the preceding word receives the clitic ''-re''.<br /> <br /> Adjectives follow nouns they modify.<br /> <br /> The place word is not inflected for anything and can be any part of speech.<br /> <br /> The post-coverb noun denotes whichever noun fulfills a second role implied by the verb, used for transitive statements.<br /> <br /> The verb, topic, and coverb are obligatory in complete sentences. Responses, corrections, and statements of surprise can omit any of them, but the coverb cannot be said alone.<br /> <br /> == Morphology ==<br /> === Number ===<br /> Plurals are formed by adding -''i'' after a word. The vowels /e/, /u/, and /o/ become /eː/, /ʉi/, and /oː/ instead. Plurals are placed after grammatical gender, and only on nouns.<br /> <br /> === Modifiers ===<br /> Modifiers are not marked for plurality, but nouns marked as plurals may become modifiers. In those cases, they take on an additional lexical meaning rather than denoting plurality.<br /> <br /> Adjectives are formed by adding ''-e'' after a word. The vowels /e/ and /o/ become /ei and /oi/ instead. The consonant /ʔ/ becomes /c/ instead. Coda /m n/ do not undergo allophony and instead become onset [m ɲ] to the prefix.<br /> <br /> === Gender ===<br /> There are two genders, masculine and feminine, though they do not correspond to masculinity and feminity when applied to humans. They are marked on nouns, verbs, and coverbs.<br /> <br /> The first noun (topic) and second noun always have their own gender. Nouns that follow the second noun always agree with the second noun. Nouns in a clause modifying the topic agree with the gender of the topic. Nouns in a clause modifying a non-topic noun or other word agree with the opposite gender of the word they're modifying, a feature called "gender disagreement". Although adjectives are not marked for gender, adjectives are still said to agree with nouns because in clauses modifying an adjective, it's the noun's gender that is disagreed with.<br /> <br /> On nouns modified by an adjective, the noun is suffixed by ''-n'' for the feminine and ''-a'' for the masculine. If the feminine suffix follows /n/, it becomes /no/; if it follows /m/, it replaces it and becomes /nne/; and if it follows /ʔ/, it replaces it and becomes /na/. The masculine suffix replaces preceding /ai/ and monophthongs except for /e/ and /u/. When following /a/ or /oe/, the masculine suffix becomes /ja/.<br /> <br /> On nouns not modified by an adjective, masculine and feminine nouns are prefixed or dysfixed near the beginning of the word in the following ways:<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> !<br /> ! colspan="20" |Word-Initial Consonant<br /> |-<br /> !Unmarked<br /> !/Ø/<br /> !/m/<br /> !/n/<br /> !/ɲ/<br /> !/tʰ/<br /> !/kʰ/<br /> !/p/<br /> !/t/<br /> !/c/<br /> !/k/<br /> !/ʔ/<br /> !/b/<br /> !/ɡ/<br /> !/t͡s/<br /> !/t͡ʃ/<br /> !/ɸ/<br /> !/h/<br /> !/w̃/<br /> !/ɾ/<br /> !/j/<br /> |-<br /> !Feminine<br /> |/m/<br /> |/b/<br /> |/ɾ/<br /> |/ɡ/<br /> |/kʰ/<br /> |/k/<br /> |/ɸ/<br /> |/tʰ/<br /> |/t͡ʃ/<br /> |/kʰ/<br /> |/h/<br /> |/w̃/<br /> |/j/<br /> |/kʰ/<br /> |/t͡ʃi/<br /> |/h/<br /> |/ɸ/<br /> |/o/<br /> |/Ø/<br /> |/ej/<br /> |-<br /> !Masculine<br /> |/h/<br /> |/w̃/<br /> |/t/<br /> |/t͡ʃ/<br /> |/h/<br /> |/ɡ/<br /> |/m/<br /> |/n/<br /> |/ɲ/<br /> |/ʔ/<br /> |/k/<br /> |/w̃/<br /> |/kʰ/<br /> |/tʰ/<br /> |/c/<br /> |/m/<br /> |/ʔ/<br /> |/b/<br /> |/j/<br /> |/Ø/<br /> |}<br /> Verbs agree with the gender of the topic. On vebs, feminine gender is marked with the suffix -''ri'', which elides any preceding consonant and /u/ after a nasal, and raises preceding /o/ to [u] if the /o/ after a nasal. The masculine gender is marked with the suffix ''-am'' which combines with word-final vowels /i e u o a/ to make /jaːm eːm oːm aːm am/.<br /> <br /> Coverbs agree with the gender of the noun following them. If there is no noun, they are not inflected for gender. The feminine gender is marked with the suffix -''ya'', replacing the preceding vowel or consonant, and the masculine gender is marked with the suffix ''-ta'', which becomes ''-da'' after /m n ʔ/, with /m n/ being deleted.<br /> <br /> === Cases ===<br /> There are no syntactic role-marking cases as these are always defined by the semantics of a verb. Cases are marked with suffixes that fuse with gender markers.<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="3" |<br /> !Instrumental<br /> !Lative<br /> !Vocative<br /> !Benefactive<br /> !Translative<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="10" |Basic<br /> ! rowspan="4" |Singular<br /> !-Ø<br /> | -de<br /> | -ki<br /> | -u<br /> | -ō<br /> | -tse<br /> |-<br /> !-m<br /> | -mbe<br /> | -mbi<br /> | -mon<br /> | -mō<br /> | -mde<br /> |-<br /> !-n<br /> | -nre<br /> | -ngi<br /> | -non<br /> | -nō<br /> | -nhe<br /> |-<br /> !-'<br /> | -'e<br /> | -'ke<br /> | -'u<br /> | -o<br /> | -'te<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="6" |Plural<br /> !-i<br /> | -e<br /> | -i'i<br /> | -yu<br /> | -yo<br /> | -iche<br /> |-<br /> !-ē<br /> | -ēi<br /> | -ē'<br /> | -ēm<br /> | -ēu<br /> | -ēhe<br /> |-<br /> !-ō<br /> | -ōe<br /> | -ō'<br /> | -ōm<br /> | -ōwo<br /> | -ōfe<br /> |-<br /> !-mi<br /> | -mie<br /> | -mi'<br /> | -mun<br /> | -miu<br /> | -ntse<br /> |-<br /> !-ni<br /> | -nye<br /> | -nki<br /> | -nun<br /> | -nyu<br /> | -nche<br /> |-<br /> !-'i<br /> | -ce<br /> | -'ki<br /> | -cun<br /> | -cu<br /> | -itse<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="8" |Feminine<br /> ! rowspan="4" |Singular<br /> !-n<br /> | -ne<br /> | -ni<br /> | -m<br /> | -mo<br /> | -chi<br /> |-<br /> !-no<br /> | -no'<br /> | -noi<br /> | -nōn<br /> | -nō<br /> | -node<br /> |-<br /> !-ne<br /> | -ne'<br /> | -nei<br /> | -neon<br /> | -neo<br /> | -nechi<br /> |-<br /> !-na<br /> | -na'<br /> | -na'i<br /> | -nam<br /> | -nau<br /> | -nae<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="4" |Plural<br /> !-ni<br /> | -ni'<br /> | -nī<br /> | -nyum<br /> | -yō<br /> | -ite<br /> |-<br /> !-nō<br /> | -nōe<br /> | -nō'i<br /> | -nūm<br /> | -nōu<br /> | -ote<br /> |-<br /> !-nē<br /> | -nēyi<br /> | -nē'i<br /> | -nēum<br /> | -nēo<br /> | -ete<br /> |-<br /> !-nai<br /> | -naye<br /> | -nahi<br /> | -naun<br /> | -nayu<br /> | -aite<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Masculine<br /> !Singular<br /> !-a<br /> | -a'<br /> | -ayi<br /> | -ām<br /> | -ā<br /> | -ate<br /> |-<br /> !Plural<br /> !-ai<br /> | -ae<br /> | -eyi<br /> | -aun<br /> | -ayo<br /> | -eite<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Lexicon ==<br /> <br /> === Pronouns ===<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="3" |<br /> ! colspan="5" |1P<br /> ! colspan="3" |2P<br /> ! colspan="2" |3P<br /> ! rowspan="3" |Generic<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Numberless<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Semiplural<br /> ! colspan="3" |Plural<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Numberless<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Semiplural<br /> !Plural<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Numberless<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Semiplural<br /> |-<br /> !Narrow Inclusive<br /> !Broad Inclusive<br /> !Exclusive<br /> !Broad Inclusive<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Feminine<br /> !Typical<br /> | rowspan="2" |men<br /> |en ka'<br /> |aen qi<br /> |aen te<br /> |aon te<br /> | rowspan="2" |ki<br /> |qin ka'<br /> |qin ho<br /> | rowspan="2" |go<br /> |nyon ka'<br /> | no nyo<br /> |-<br /> !Rapid<br /> |enga<br /> |enki<br /> |ende<br /> |ande<br /> |qinga<br /> |qinyo<br /> |nyonga<br /> | noyo<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Masculine<br /> !Typical<br /> | rowspan="2" |hen<br /> |ma ka'<br /> |ara qi<br /> |ara te<br /> |ā te<br /> | rowspan="2" |gi<br /> |qa ka'<br /> |qa ho<br /> | rowspan="2" |cho<br /> |nya ka'<br /> | na nyo<br /> |-<br /> !Rapid<br /> |maga<br /> |raki<br /> |rade<br /> |ade<br /> |qaga<br /> |qao<br /> |nyaga<br /> | nayo<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==== Number ====<br /> Numberless pronouns can be used for both singular and plural contexts, but not if the plurality extends into another personhood category. Semiplurals are generic pronouns but with an emphasis on a specific personhood (e.g. the first person semiplural is a generic pronoun with an emphasis on the speaker). <br /> <br /> ==== Generic Pronouns ====<br /> Feminine generic pronouns are more aptly described animate generic pronouns, and the masculine generic pronouns inanimate generic pronouns. The former refers only to people or willing agents, while the latter refers only to non-living things, patients, or unwilling agents. <br /> <br /> ==== Clusivity ====<br /> When the plurality extends into another personhood category, the pronoun is marked for clusivity. There are three types of clusivity: narrow inclusive, broad inclusive, and exclusive. Narrow inclusivity refers to the exclusion of third person. Broad inclusivity refers to the inclusion of third person. Exclusivity refers to the exclusion of second person.<br /> <br /> ==== Formality ====<br /> First person semiplural is used most often in formal speech. Second person semiplural is used most often by a social superior to a social inferior. Third person semiplural is most often used in informal speech. <br /> <br /> Rapid pronoun forms only occur in informal or neutral formality speech, not formal or very informal speech.<br /> <br /> Very informal speech, regardless of speech speed, uses only one pronoun ''ka'' for all semiplurals.<br /> <br /> === Nouns ===<br /> arm: matso (F)<br /> <br /> cat: māchi (M)<br /> <br /> chest: ofu (F)<br /> <br /> cloud: ōfe (M)<br /> <br /> dawn: amwai (F)<br /> <br /> day: eo (F)<br /> <br /> dog: furu (F)<br /> <br /> dusk: 'ohoe (M)<br /> <br /> ear: emyi (M)<br /> <br /> elbow: hanro (F)<br /> <br /> eye: kui (F)<br /> <br /> face: hapi (M)<br /> <br /> foot: ami (F)<br /> <br /> hair: mochi (F)<br /> <br /> hand: tatsi (F)<br /> <br /> head: ita (M)<br /> <br /> hips: oedai (M)<br /> <br /> human: magi (F)<br /> <br /> knee: doko (F)<br /> <br /> lake: hegi (M)<br /> <br /> leg: awa (F)<br /> <br /> moon: kōm (F)<br /> <br /> neck: hamdo (M)<br /> <br /> night: ie (M)<br /> <br /> nose: imu (M)<br /> <br /> page: ka'a (F)<br /> <br /> paper: magu (F)<br /> <br /> pen: noede (F)<br /> <br /> rain: imai (F)<br /> <br /> river: ūrei (F)<br /> <br /> sea: tanga (M)<br /> <br /> shoulder: omuo (M)<br /> <br /> stars: ipari (F)<br /> <br /> sun: heo (F)<br /> <br /> tongue: koe (M)<br /> <br /> waist: onī (M)<br /> <br /> === Verb ===<br /> come: abu (as a coverb, denotes futureness or purpose)<br /> <br /> give: ene (as a coverb, denotes benefit or positivity)<br /> <br /> have: a'da (as a coverb, denotes pastness, completion, or experience)<br /> <br /> leave: tetso (as a coverb, denotes purpose, unknown outcome or freedom)<br /> <br /> lie down: funui (as a coverb, denotes ease, ability, or willingness)<br /> <br /> play music: rewo<br /> <br /> see: mei<br /> <br /> sit: ko' (as a coverb, denotes presentness or focus)<br /> <br /> speak: watsai (as a coverb, denotes hearsay, hypotheticals, or concepts)<br /> <br /> stay: qoi (as a coverb, denotes simultaneity)<br /> <br /> write: tamu</div>

Suqi https://mc.nguh.org/w/index.php?title=Magikoe&diff=39085 Magikoe 2026-04-25T21:14:35Z

<p>Suqi: /* Nouns */</p> <hr /> <div>'''Magikoe''' [máɟìkó͜e] is a language.<br /> <br /> == Phonology ==<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="2" |<br /> !Labial<br /> !Alveolar<br /> !Palatal<br /> !Velar<br /> !Glottal<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Nasal<br /> |m '''m'''<br /> |n '''n'''<br /> |ɲ '''ny'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="3" |Plosive<br /> !Aspirate<br /> |<br /> |tʰ '''t'''<br /> |<br /> |kʰ '''q'''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Tenuis<br /> |p '''p'''<br /> |t '''d'''<br /> |c '''c'''<br /> |k '''k'''<br /> |ʔ '''’'''<br /> |-<br /> !Voiced<br /> |b '''b'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɡ '''g'''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Affricate<br /> |<br /> |t͡s '''ts'''<br /> |t͡ʃ '''ch'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Fricative<br /> |ɸ '''f'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |h '''h'''<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Glide<br /> |w̃ '''w'''<br /> |ɾ '''r'''<br /> |j '''y'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> !<br /> ! colspan="4" |Front<br /> ! colspan="4" |Back<br /> |-<br /> !Close<br /> |i '''i'''<br /> |iː '''ī'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |u '''u'''<br /> |uː '''ū'''<br /> |ʉi '''ui'''<br /> |uo '''uo'''<br /> |-<br /> !Mid<br /> |e '''e'''<br /> |eː '''ē'''<br /> |ei '''ei'''<br /> |<br /> |o '''o'''<br /> |oː '''ō'''<br /> |oe '''oe'''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Open<br /> |a '''a'''<br /> |aː '''ā'''<br /> |ai '''ai'''<br /> |au '''au'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> There is word-initial stress which is high tone.<br /> <br /> /j/ is phonetically front mid [e̯]<br /> <br /> Vːm > Ṽːʉ̃ / _%<br /> <br /> in un en on an > ĩ(ɲ) ʉ̃(n) ẽ(j̃) ɵ̃(ŋ) ãn / _%<br /> <br /> n ɡ e̯ > ɲ ɟ i̯ / _i<br /> <br /> V̀ > V̄ / {tʰ,kʰ,ɸ,h}_<br /> <br /> == Syntax ==<br /> The word order is Place-Verb-Time-Topic-coverb-Noun-CaseNoun.<br /> <br /> The topic overlaps strongly with the typical object of a sentence, as it is given much more importance than the agent in most cases outside of when the agent is being emphasized. Verbs with English translations that imply the subject's agency do not necessarily translate as giving the topic agency in the syntax of Magikoe. An example of this being the verb ''rewo'' meaning "to play music". The sentence ''Huru rewori ko''' translates to "The dog is listening to music" even though the direct translation would say "The dog is playing music". The music is being played, but the topic is not the player of the music.<br /> <br /> The topic must be any part of speech. When the topic is not a noun, the preceding word receives the clitic ''-re''.<br /> <br /> Adjectives follow nouns they modify.<br /> <br /> The place word is not inflected for anything and can be any part of speech.<br /> <br /> The post-coverb noun denotes whichever noun fulfills a second role implied by the verb, used for transitive statements.<br /> <br /> The verb, topic, and coverb are obligatory in complete sentences. Responses, corrections, and statements of surprise can omit any of them, but the coverb cannot be said alone.<br /> <br /> == Morphology ==<br /> === Number ===<br /> Plurals are formed by adding -''i'' after a word. The vowels /e/, /u/, and /o/ become /eː/, /ʉi/, and /oː/ instead. Plurals are placed after grammatical gender, and only on nouns.<br /> <br /> === Modifiers ===<br /> Modifiers are not marked for plurality, but nouns marked as plurals may become modifiers. In those cases, they take on an additional lexical meaning rather than denoting plurality.<br /> <br /> Adjectives are formed by adding ''-e'' after a word. The vowels /e/ and /o/ become /ei and /oi/ instead. The consonant /ʔ/ becomes /c/ instead. Coda /m n/ do not undergo allophony and instead become onset [m ɲ] to the prefix.<br /> <br /> === Gender ===<br /> There are two genders, masculine and feminine, though they do not correspond to masculinity and feminity when applied to humans. They are marked on nouns, verbs, and coverbs.<br /> <br /> The first noun (topic) and second noun always have their own gender. Nouns that follow the second noun always agree with the second noun. Nouns in a clause modifying the topic agree with the gender of the topic. Nouns in a clause modifying a non-topic noun or other word agree with the opposite gender of the word they're modifying, a feature called "gender disagreement". Although adjectives are not marked for gender, adjectives are still said to agree with nouns because in clauses modifying an adjective, it's the noun's gender that is disagreed with.<br /> <br /> On nouns modified by an adjective, the noun is suffixed by ''-n'' for the feminine and ''-a'' for the masculine. If the feminine suffix follows /n/, it becomes /no/; if it follows /m/, it replaces it and becomes /nne/; and if it follows /ʔ/, it replaces it and becomes /na/. The masculine suffix replaces preceding /ai/ and monophthongs except for /e/ and /u/. When following /a/ or /oe/, the masculine suffix becomes /ja/.<br /> <br /> On nouns not modified by an adjective, masculine and feminine nouns are prefixed or dysfixed near the beginning of the word in the following ways:<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> !<br /> ! colspan="20" |Word-Initial Consonant<br /> |-<br /> !Unmarked<br /> !/Ø/<br /> !/m/<br /> !/n/<br /> !/ɲ/<br /> !/tʰ/<br /> !/kʰ/<br /> !/p/<br /> !/t/<br /> !/c/<br /> !/k/<br /> !/ʔ/<br /> !/b/<br /> !/ɡ/<br /> !/t͡s/<br /> !/t͡ʃ/<br /> !/ɸ/<br /> !/h/<br /> !/w̃/<br /> !/ɾ/<br /> !/j/<br /> |-<br /> !Feminine<br /> |/m/<br /> |/b/<br /> |/ɾ/<br /> |/ɡ/<br /> |/kʰ/<br /> |/k/<br /> |/ɸ/<br /> |/tʰ/<br /> |/t͡ʃ/<br /> |/kʰ/<br /> |/h/<br /> |/w̃/<br /> |/j/<br /> |/kʰ/<br /> |/t͡ʃi/<br /> |/h/<br /> |/ɸ/<br /> |/o/<br /> |/Ø/<br /> |/ej/<br /> |-<br /> !Masculine<br /> |/h/<br /> |/w̃/<br /> |/t/<br /> |/t͡ʃ/<br /> |/h/<br /> |/ɡ/<br /> |/m/<br /> |/n/<br /> |/ɲ/<br /> |/ʔ/<br /> |/k/<br /> |/w̃/<br /> |/kʰ/<br /> |/tʰ/<br /> |/c/<br /> |/m/<br /> |/ʔ/<br /> |/b/<br /> |/j/<br /> |/Ø/<br /> |}<br /> Verbs agree with the gender of the topic. On vebs, feminine gender is marked with the suffix -''ri'', which elides any preceding consonant and /u/ after a nasal, and raises preceding /o/ to [u] if the /o/ after a nasal. The masculine gender is marked with the suffix ''-am'' which combines with word-final vowels /i e u o a/ to make /jaːm eːm oːm aːm am/.<br /> <br /> Coverbs agree with the gender of the noun following them. If there is no noun, they are not inflected for gender. The feminine gender is marked with the suffix -''ya'', replacing the preceding vowel or consonant, and the masculine gender is marked with the suffix ''-ta'', which becomes ''-da'' after /m n ʔ/, with /m n/ being deleted.<br /> <br /> === Cases ===<br /> There are no syntactic role-marking cases as these are always defined by the semantics of a verb. Cases are marked with suffixes that fuse with gender markers.<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="3" |<br /> !Instrumental<br /> !Vocative<br /> !Benefactive<br /> !Allative<br /> !Translative<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="10" |Basic<br /> ! rowspan="4" |Singular<br /> !-Ø<br /> | -de<br /> | -u<br /> | -ō<br /> | -ki<br /> | -tse<br /> |-<br /> !-m<br /> | -mbe<br /> | -mon<br /> | -mō<br /> | -mbi<br /> | -mde<br /> |-<br /> !-n<br /> | -nre<br /> | -non<br /> | -nō<br /> | -ngi<br /> | -nhe<br /> |-<br /> !-'<br /> | -'e<br /> | -'u<br /> | -o<br /> | -'ke<br /> | -'te<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="6" |Plural<br /> !-i<br /> | -e<br /> | -yu<br /> | -yo<br /> | -i'i<br /> | -iche<br /> |-<br /> !-ē<br /> | -ēi<br /> | -ēm<br /> | -ēu<br /> | -ē'<br /> | -ēhe<br /> |-<br /> !-ō<br /> | -ōe<br /> | -ōm<br /> | -ōwo<br /> | -ō'<br /> | -ōfe<br /> |-<br /> !-mi<br /> | -mie<br /> | -mun<br /> | -miu<br /> | -mi'<br /> | -ntse<br /> |-<br /> !-ni<br /> | -nye<br /> | -nun<br /> | -nyu<br /> | -nki<br /> | -nche<br /> |-<br /> !-'i<br /> | -ce<br /> | -cun<br /> | -cu<br /> | -'ki<br /> | -itse<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="8" |Feminine<br /> ! rowspan="4" |Singular<br /> !-n<br /> | -ne<br /> | -m<br /> | -mo<br /> | -ni<br /> | -chi<br /> |-<br /> !-no<br /> | -no'<br /> | -nōn<br /> | -nō<br /> | -noi<br /> | -node<br /> |-<br /> !-ne<br /> | -ne'<br /> | -neon<br /> | -neo<br /> | -nei<br /> | -nechi<br /> |-<br /> !-na<br /> | -na'<br /> | -nam<br /> | -nau<br /> | -na'i<br /> | -nae<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="4" |Plural<br /> !-ni<br /> | -ni'<br /> | -nyum<br /> | -yō<br /> | -nī<br /> | -ite<br /> |-<br /> !-nō<br /> | -nōe<br /> | -nūm<br /> | -nōu<br /> | -nō'i<br /> | -ote<br /> |-<br /> !-nē<br /> | -nēyi<br /> | -nēum<br /> | -nēo<br /> | -nē'i<br /> | -ete<br /> |-<br /> !-nai<br /> | -naye<br /> | -naun<br /> | -nayu<br /> | -nahi<br /> | -aite<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Masculine<br /> !Singular<br /> !-a<br /> | -a'<br /> | -ām<br /> | -ā<br /> | -ayi<br /> | -ate<br /> |-<br /> !Plural<br /> !-ai<br /> | -ae<br /> | -aun<br /> | -ayo<br /> | -eyi<br /> | -eite<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Lexicon ==<br /> <br /> === Pronouns ===<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="3" |<br /> ! colspan="5" |1P<br /> ! colspan="3" |2P<br /> ! colspan="2" |3P<br /> ! rowspan="3" |Generic<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Numberless<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Semiplural<br /> ! colspan="3" |Plural<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Numberless<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Semiplural<br /> !Plural<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Numberless<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Semiplural<br /> |-<br /> !Narrow Inclusive<br /> !Broad Inclusive<br /> !Exclusive<br /> !Broad Inclusive<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Feminine<br /> !Typical<br /> | rowspan="2" |men<br /> |en ka'<br /> |aen qi<br /> |aen te<br /> |aon te<br /> | rowspan="2" |ki<br /> |qin ka'<br /> |qin ho<br /> | rowspan="2" |go<br /> |nyon ka'<br /> | no nyo<br /> |-<br /> !Rapid<br /> |enga<br /> |enki<br /> |ende<br /> |ande<br /> |qinga<br /> |qinyo<br /> |nyonga<br /> | noyo<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Masculine<br /> !Typical<br /> | rowspan="2" |hen<br /> |ma ka'<br /> |ara qi<br /> |ara te<br /> |ā te<br /> | rowspan="2" |gi<br /> |qa ka'<br /> |qa ho<br /> | rowspan="2" |cho<br /> |nya ka'<br /> | na nyo<br /> |-<br /> !Rapid<br /> |maga<br /> |raki<br /> |rade<br /> |ade<br /> |qaga<br /> |qao<br /> |nyaga<br /> | nayo<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==== Number ====<br /> Numberless pronouns can be used for both singular and plural contexts, but not if the plurality extends into another personhood category. Semiplurals are generic pronouns but with an emphasis on a specific personhood (e.g. the first person semiplural is a generic pronoun with an emphasis on the speaker). <br /> <br /> ==== Generic Pronouns ====<br /> Feminine generic pronouns are more aptly described animate generic pronouns, and the masculine generic pronouns inanimate generic pronouns. The former refers only to people or willing agents, while the latter refers only to non-living things, patients, or unwilling agents. <br /> <br /> ==== Clusivity ====<br /> When the plurality extends into another personhood category, the pronoun is marked for clusivity. There are three types of clusivity: narrow inclusive, broad inclusive, and exclusive. Narrow inclusivity refers to the exclusion of third person. Broad inclusivity refers to the inclusion of third person. Exclusivity refers to the exclusion of second person.<br /> <br /> ==== Formality ====<br /> First person semiplural is used most often in formal speech. Second person semiplural is used most often by a social superior to a social inferior. Third person semiplural is most often used in informal speech. <br /> <br /> Rapid pronoun forms only occur in informal or neutral formality speech, not formal or very informal speech.<br /> <br /> Very informal speech, regardless of speech speed, uses only one pronoun ''ka'' for all semiplurals.<br /> <br /> === Nouns ===<br /> arm: matso (F)<br /> <br /> cat: māchi (M)<br /> <br /> chest: ofu (F)<br /> <br /> cloud: ōfe (M)<br /> <br /> dawn: amwai (F)<br /> <br /> day: eo (F)<br /> <br /> dog: furu (F)<br /> <br /> dusk: 'ohoe (M)<br /> <br /> ear: emyi (M)<br /> <br /> elbow: hanro (F)<br /> <br /> eye: kui (F)<br /> <br /> face: hapi (M)<br /> <br /> foot: ami (F)<br /> <br /> hair: mochi (F)<br /> <br /> hand: tatsi (F)<br /> <br /> head: ita (M)<br /> <br /> hips: oedai (M)<br /> <br /> human: magi (F)<br /> <br /> knee: doko (F)<br /> <br /> lake: hegi (M)<br /> <br /> leg: awa (F)<br /> <br /> moon: kōm (F)<br /> <br /> neck: hamdo (M)<br /> <br /> night: ie (M)<br /> <br /> nose: imu (M)<br /> <br /> page: ka'a (F)<br /> <br /> paper: magu (F)<br /> <br /> pen: noede (F)<br /> <br /> rain: imai (F)<br /> <br /> river: ūrei (F)<br /> <br /> sea: tanga (M)<br /> <br /> shoulder: omuo (M)<br /> <br /> stars: ipari (F)<br /> <br /> sun: heo (F)<br /> <br /> tongue: koe (M)<br /> <br /> waist: onī (M)<br /> <br /> === Verb ===<br /> come: abu (as a coverb, denotes futureness or purpose)<br /> <br /> give: ene (as a coverb, denotes benefit or positivity)<br /> <br /> have: a'da (as a coverb, denotes pastness, completion, or experience)<br /> <br /> leave: tetso (as a coverb, denotes purpose, unknown outcome or freedom)<br /> <br /> lie down: funui (as a coverb, denotes ease, ability, or willingness)<br /> <br /> play music: rewo<br /> <br /> see: mei<br /> <br /> sit: ko' (as a coverb, denotes presentness or focus)<br /> <br /> speak: watsai (as a coverb, denotes hearsay, hypotheticals, or concepts)<br /> <br /> stay: qoi (as a coverb, denotes simultaneity)<br /> <br /> write: tamu</div>

Suqi https://mc.nguh.org/w/index.php?title=Magikoe&diff=39084 Magikoe 2026-04-25T19:19:59Z

<p>Suqi: /* Clusivity */</p> <hr /> <div>'''Magikoe''' [máɟìkó͜e] is a language.<br /> <br /> == Phonology ==<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="2" |<br /> !Labial<br /> !Alveolar<br /> !Palatal<br /> !Velar<br /> !Glottal<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Nasal<br /> |m '''m'''<br /> |n '''n'''<br /> |ɲ '''ny'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="3" |Plosive<br /> !Aspirate<br /> |<br /> |tʰ '''t'''<br /> |<br /> |kʰ '''q'''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Tenuis<br /> |p '''p'''<br /> |t '''d'''<br /> |c '''c'''<br /> |k '''k'''<br /> |ʔ '''’'''<br /> |-<br /> !Voiced<br /> |b '''b'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɡ '''g'''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Affricate<br /> |<br /> |t͡s '''ts'''<br /> |t͡ʃ '''ch'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Fricative<br /> |ɸ '''f'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |h '''h'''<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Glide<br /> |w̃ '''w'''<br /> |ɾ '''r'''<br /> |j '''y'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> !<br /> ! colspan="4" |Front<br /> ! colspan="4" |Back<br /> |-<br /> !Close<br /> |i '''i'''<br /> |iː '''ī'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |u '''u'''<br /> |uː '''ū'''<br /> |ʉi '''ui'''<br /> |uo '''uo'''<br /> |-<br /> !Mid<br /> |e '''e'''<br /> |eː '''ē'''<br /> |ei '''ei'''<br /> |<br /> |o '''o'''<br /> |oː '''ō'''<br /> |oe '''oe'''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Open<br /> |a '''a'''<br /> |aː '''ā'''<br /> |ai '''ai'''<br /> |au '''au'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> There is word-initial stress which is high tone.<br /> <br /> /j/ is phonetically front mid [e̯]<br /> <br /> Vːm > Ṽːʉ̃ / _%<br /> <br /> in un en on an > ĩ(ɲ) ʉ̃(n) ẽ(j̃) ɵ̃(ŋ) ãn / _%<br /> <br /> n ɡ e̯ > ɲ ɟ i̯ / _i<br /> <br /> V̀ > V̄ / {tʰ,kʰ,ɸ,h}_<br /> <br /> == Syntax ==<br /> The word order is Place-Verb-Time-Topic-coverb-Noun-CaseNoun.<br /> <br /> The topic overlaps strongly with the typical object of a sentence, as it is given much more importance than the agent in most cases outside of when the agent is being emphasized. Verbs with English translations that imply the subject's agency do not necessarily translate as giving the topic agency in the syntax of Magikoe. An example of this being the verb ''rewo'' meaning "to play music". The sentence ''Huru rewori ko''' translates to "The dog is listening to music" even though the direct translation would say "The dog is playing music". The music is being played, but the topic is not the player of the music.<br /> <br /> The topic must be any part of speech. When the topic is not a noun, the preceding word receives the clitic ''-re''.<br /> <br /> Adjectives follow nouns they modify.<br /> <br /> The place word is not inflected for anything and can be any part of speech.<br /> <br /> The post-coverb noun denotes whichever noun fulfills a second role implied by the verb, used for transitive statements.<br /> <br /> The verb, topic, and coverb are obligatory in complete sentences. Responses, corrections, and statements of surprise can omit any of them, but the coverb cannot be said alone.<br /> <br /> == Morphology ==<br /> === Number ===<br /> Plurals are formed by adding -''i'' after a word. The vowels /e/, /u/, and /o/ become /eː/, /ʉi/, and /oː/ instead. Plurals are placed after grammatical gender, and only on nouns.<br /> <br /> === Modifiers ===<br /> Modifiers are not marked for plurality, but nouns marked as plurals may become modifiers. In those cases, they take on an additional lexical meaning rather than denoting plurality.<br /> <br /> Adjectives are formed by adding ''-e'' after a word. The vowels /e/ and /o/ become /ei and /oi/ instead. The consonant /ʔ/ becomes /c/ instead. Coda /m n/ do not undergo allophony and instead become onset [m ɲ] to the prefix.<br /> <br /> === Gender ===<br /> There are two genders, masculine and feminine, though they do not correspond to masculinity and feminity when applied to humans. They are marked on nouns, verbs, and coverbs.<br /> <br /> The first noun (topic) and second noun always have their own gender. Nouns that follow the second noun always agree with the second noun. Nouns in a clause modifying the topic agree with the gender of the topic. Nouns in a clause modifying a non-topic noun or other word agree with the opposite gender of the word they're modifying, a feature called "gender disagreement". Although adjectives are not marked for gender, adjectives are still said to agree with nouns because in clauses modifying an adjective, it's the noun's gender that is disagreed with.<br /> <br /> On nouns modified by an adjective, the noun is suffixed by ''-n'' for the feminine and ''-a'' for the masculine. If the feminine suffix follows /n/, it becomes /no/; if it follows /m/, it replaces it and becomes /nne/; and if it follows /ʔ/, it replaces it and becomes /na/. The masculine suffix replaces preceding /ai/ and monophthongs except for /e/ and /u/. When following /a/ or /oe/, the masculine suffix becomes /ja/.<br /> <br /> On nouns not modified by an adjective, masculine and feminine nouns are prefixed or dysfixed near the beginning of the word in the following ways:<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> !<br /> ! colspan="20" |Word-Initial Consonant<br /> |-<br /> !Unmarked<br /> !/Ø/<br /> !/m/<br /> !/n/<br /> !/ɲ/<br /> !/tʰ/<br /> !/kʰ/<br /> !/p/<br /> !/t/<br /> !/c/<br /> !/k/<br /> !/ʔ/<br /> !/b/<br /> !/ɡ/<br /> !/t͡s/<br /> !/t͡ʃ/<br /> !/ɸ/<br /> !/h/<br /> !/w̃/<br /> !/ɾ/<br /> !/j/<br /> |-<br /> !Feminine<br /> |/m/<br /> |/b/<br /> |/ɾ/<br /> |/ɡ/<br /> |/kʰ/<br /> |/k/<br /> |/ɸ/<br /> |/tʰ/<br /> |/t͡ʃ/<br /> |/kʰ/<br /> |/h/<br /> |/w̃/<br /> |/j/<br /> |/kʰ/<br /> |/t͡ʃi/<br /> |/h/<br /> |/ɸ/<br /> |/o/<br /> |/Ø/<br /> |/ej/<br /> |-<br /> !Masculine<br /> |/h/<br /> |/w̃/<br /> |/t/<br /> |/t͡ʃ/<br /> |/h/<br /> |/ɡ/<br /> |/m/<br /> |/n/<br /> |/ɲ/<br /> |/ʔ/<br /> |/k/<br /> |/w̃/<br /> |/kʰ/<br /> |/tʰ/<br /> |/c/<br /> |/m/<br /> |/ʔ/<br /> |/b/<br /> |/j/<br /> |/Ø/<br /> |}<br /> Verbs agree with the gender of the topic. On vebs, feminine gender is marked with the suffix -''ri'', which elides any preceding consonant and /u/ after a nasal, and raises preceding /o/ to [u] if the /o/ after a nasal. The masculine gender is marked with the suffix ''-am'' which combines with word-final vowels /i e u o a/ to make /jaːm eːm oːm aːm am/.<br /> <br /> coverbs agree with the gender of the noun following them. If there is no noun, they are not inflected for gender. The feminine gender is marked with the suffix -''ya'', replacing the preceding vowel or consonant, and the masculine gender is marked with the suffix ''-ta'', which becomes ''-da'' after /m n ʔ/, with /m n/ being deleted.<br /> <br /> === Cases ===<br /> There are no syntactic role-marking cases as these are always defined by the semantics of a verb. Cases are marked with suffixes that fuse with gender markers.<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="3" |<br /> !Instrumental<br /> !Vocative<br /> !Benefactive<br /> !Allative<br /> !Translative<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="10" |Basic<br /> ! rowspan="4" |Singular<br /> !-Ø<br /> | -de<br /> | -u<br /> | -ō<br /> | -ki<br /> | -tse<br /> |-<br /> !-m<br /> | -mbe<br /> | -mon<br /> | -mō<br /> | -mbi<br /> | -mde<br /> |-<br /> !-n<br /> | -nre<br /> | -non<br /> | -nō<br /> | -ngi<br /> | -nhe<br /> |-<br /> !-'<br /> | -'e<br /> | -'u<br /> | -o<br /> | -'ke<br /> | -'te<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="6" |Plural<br /> !-i<br /> | -e<br /> | -yu<br /> | -yo<br /> | -i'i<br /> | -iche<br /> |-<br /> !-ē<br /> | -ēi<br /> | -ēm<br /> | -ēu<br /> | -ē'<br /> | -ēhe<br /> |-<br /> !-ō<br /> | -ōe<br /> | -ōm<br /> | -ōwo<br /> | -ō'<br /> | -ōfe<br /> |-<br /> !-mi<br /> | -mie<br /> | -mun<br /> | -miu<br /> | -mi'<br /> | -ntse<br /> |-<br /> !-ni<br /> | -nye<br /> | -nun<br /> | -nyu<br /> | -nki<br /> | -nche<br /> |-<br /> !-'i<br /> | -ce<br /> | -cun<br /> | -cu<br /> | -'ki<br /> | -itse<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="8" |Feminine<br /> ! rowspan="4" |Singular<br /> !-n<br /> | -ne<br /> | -m<br /> | -mo<br /> | -ni<br /> | -chi<br /> |-<br /> !-no<br /> | -no'<br /> | -nōn<br /> | -nō<br /> | -noi<br /> | -node<br /> |-<br /> !-ne<br /> | -ne'<br /> | -neon<br /> | -neo<br /> | -nei<br /> | -nechi<br /> |-<br /> !-na<br /> | -na'<br /> | -nam<br /> | -nau<br /> | -na'i<br /> | -nae<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="4" |Plural<br /> !-ni<br /> | -ni'<br /> | -nyum<br /> | -yō<br /> | -nī<br /> | -ite<br /> |-<br /> !-nō<br /> | -nōe<br /> | -nūm<br /> | -nōu<br /> | -nō'i<br /> | -ote<br /> |-<br /> !-nē<br /> | -nēyi<br /> | -nēum<br /> | -nēo<br /> | -nē'i<br /> | -ete<br /> |-<br /> !-nai<br /> | -naye<br /> | -naun<br /> | -nayu<br /> | -nahi<br /> | -aite<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Masculine<br /> !Singular<br /> !-a<br /> | -a'<br /> | -ām<br /> | -ā<br /> | -ayi<br /> | -ate<br /> |-<br /> !Plural<br /> !-ai<br /> | -ae<br /> | -aun<br /> | -ayo<br /> | -eyi<br /> | -eite<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Lexicon ==<br /> <br /> === Pronouns ===<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="3" |<br /> ! colspan="5" |1P<br /> ! colspan="3" |2P<br /> ! colspan="2" |3P<br /> ! rowspan="3" |Generic<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Numberless<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Semiplural<br /> ! colspan="3" |Plural<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Numberless<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Semiplural<br /> !Plural<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Numberless<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Semiplural<br /> |-<br /> !Narrow Inclusive<br /> !Broad Inclusive<br /> !Exclusive<br /> !Broad Inclusive<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Feminine<br /> !Typical<br /> | rowspan="2" |men<br /> |en ka'<br /> |aen qi<br /> |aen te<br /> |aon te<br /> | rowspan="2" |ki<br /> |qin ka'<br /> |qin ho<br /> | rowspan="2" |go<br /> |nyon ka'<br /> | -<br /> |-<br /> !Rapid<br /> |enga<br /> |enki<br /> |ende<br /> |ande<br /> |qinga<br /> |qinyo<br /> |nyonga<br /> | -<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Masculine<br /> !Typical<br /> | rowspan="2" |hen<br /> |ma ka'<br /> |ara qi<br /> |ara te<br /> |ā te<br /> | rowspan="2" |gi<br /> |qa ka'<br /> |qa ho<br /> | rowspan="2" |cho<br /> |nya ka'<br /> | -<br /> |-<br /> !Rapid<br /> |maga<br /> |raki<br /> |rade<br /> |ade<br /> |qaga<br /> |qao<br /> |nyaga<br /> | -<br /> |-<br /> !Neuter<br /> !Typical<br /> |em<br /> |em ka'<br /> |ari qi<br /> |ari te<br /> |ao te<br /> |qi<br /> |qi ka'<br /> |qi ho<br /> |nyo<br /> |nyo ka'<br /> |en nyo<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==== Number ====<br /> Numberless pronouns can be used for both singular and plural contexts, but not if the plurality extends into another personhood category. Semiplurals are generic pronouns but with an emphasis on a specific personhood (e.g. the first person semiplural is a generic pronoun with an emphasis on the speaker). <br /> <br /> ==== Clusivity ====<br /> When the plurality extends into another personhood category, the pronoun is marked for clusivity. There are three types of clusivity: narrow inclusive, broad inclusive, and exclusive. Narrow inclusivity refers to the exclusion of third person. Broad inclusivity refers to the inclusion of third person. Exclusivity refers to the exclusion of second person.<br /> <br /> ==== Gender ====<br /> Neuter non-generic pronouns can be used interchangeably with their gendered variants. The gender of a plural pronoun is dependent on the gender of the addressee for inclusive pronouns and the gender of the non-speaker referent for exclusive pronouns. <br /> <br /> ==== Formality ====<br /> First person semiplural is used most often in formal speech. Second person semiplural is used most often by a social superior to a social inferior. Third person semiplural is most often used in informal speech. <br /> <br /> Neuter gender is favored more than feminine or masculine gender in formal speech.<br /> <br /> Rapid pronoun forms only occur in informal or neutral formality speech, not formal or very informal speech.<br /> <br /> Very informal speech, regardless of speech speed, uses only one pronoun ''ka'' for all semiplurals.<br /> <br /> === Nouns ===<br /> arm: matso (F)<br /> <br /> cat: māchi (M)<br /> <br /> chest: ofu (F)<br /> <br /> cloud: ōfe (M)<br /> <br /> dawn: amwai (F)<br /> <br /> day: eo (F)<br /> <br /> dog: furu (F)<br /> <br /> dusk: 'ohoe (M)<br /> <br /> ear: emyi (M)<br /> <br /> elbow: hanro (F)<br /> <br /> eye: kui (F)<br /> <br /> face: hapi (M)<br /> <br /> foot: ami (F)<br /> <br /> hair: mochi (F)<br /> <br /> hand: tatsi (F)<br /> <br /> head: ita (M)<br /> <br /> hips: oedai (M)<br /> <br /> human: magi (F)<br /> <br /> knee: doko (F)<br /> <br /> lake: hegi (M)<br /> <br /> leg: awa (F)<br /> <br /> moon: kōm (F)<br /> <br /> neck: hamdo (M)<br /> <br /> night: ie (M)<br /> <br /> nose: imu (M)<br /> <br /> page: ka'a (F)<br /> <br /> paper: magu (F)<br /> <br /> pen: noede (F)<br /> <br /> rain: imai (F)<br /> <br /> river: ūrei (F)<br /> <br /> sea: tanga (M)<br /> <br /> shoulder: omuo (M)<br /> <br /> stars: ipari (F)<br /> <br /> sun: heo (F)<br /> <br /> tongue: koe (M)<br /> <br /> waist: onī (M)<br /> <br /> === Verb ===<br /> come: abu (as a coverb, denotes futureness or purpose)<br /> <br /> give: ene (as a coverb, denotes benefit or positivity)<br /> <br /> have: a'da (as a coverb, denotes pastness, completion, or experience)<br /> <br /> leave: tetso (as a coverb, denotes purpose, unknown outcome or freedom)<br /> <br /> lie down: funui (as a coverb, denotes ease or willingness)<br /> <br /> play music: rewo<br /> <br /> see: mei<br /> <br /> sit: ko' (as a coverb, denotes presentness or focus)<br /> <br /> speak: watsai (as a coverb, denotes hearsay, hypotheticals, or concepts)<br /> <br /> stay: qoi (as a coverb, denotes simultaneity)<br /> <br /> write: tamu</div>

Suqi https://mc.nguh.org/w/index.php?title=Magikoe&diff=39083 Magikoe 2026-04-25T19:03:33Z

<p>Suqi: /* Formality */</p> <hr /> <div>'''Magikoe''' [máɟìkó͜e] is a language.<br /> <br /> == Phonology ==<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="2" |<br /> !Labial<br /> !Alveolar<br /> !Palatal<br /> !Velar<br /> !Glottal<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Nasal<br /> |m '''m'''<br /> |n '''n'''<br /> |ɲ '''ny'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="3" |Plosive<br /> !Aspirate<br /> |<br /> |tʰ '''t'''<br /> |<br /> |kʰ '''q'''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Tenuis<br /> |p '''p'''<br /> |t '''d'''<br /> |c '''c'''<br /> |k '''k'''<br /> |ʔ '''’'''<br /> |-<br /> !Voiced<br /> |b '''b'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɡ '''g'''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Affricate<br /> |<br /> |t͡s '''ts'''<br /> |t͡ʃ '''ch'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Fricative<br /> |ɸ '''f'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |h '''h'''<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Glide<br /> |w̃ '''w'''<br /> |ɾ '''r'''<br /> |j '''y'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> !<br /> ! colspan="4" |Front<br /> ! colspan="4" |Back<br /> |-<br /> !Close<br /> |i '''i'''<br /> |iː '''ī'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |u '''u'''<br /> |uː '''ū'''<br /> |ʉi '''ui'''<br /> |uo '''uo'''<br /> |-<br /> !Mid<br /> |e '''e'''<br /> |eː '''ē'''<br /> |ei '''ei'''<br /> |<br /> |o '''o'''<br /> |oː '''ō'''<br /> |oe '''oe'''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Open<br /> |a '''a'''<br /> |aː '''ā'''<br /> |ai '''ai'''<br /> |au '''au'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> There is word-initial stress which is high tone.<br /> <br /> /j/ is phonetically front mid [e̯]<br /> <br /> Vːm > Ṽːʉ̃ / _%<br /> <br /> in un en on an > ĩ(ɲ) ʉ̃(n) ẽ(j̃) ɵ̃(ŋ) ãn / _%<br /> <br /> n ɡ e̯ > ɲ ɟ i̯ / _i<br /> <br /> V̀ > V̄ / {tʰ,kʰ,ɸ,h}_<br /> <br /> == Syntax ==<br /> The word order is Place-Verb-Time-Topic-coverb-Noun-CaseNoun.<br /> <br /> The topic overlaps strongly with the typical object of a sentence, as it is given much more importance than the agent in most cases outside of when the agent is being emphasized. Verbs with English translations that imply the subject's agency do not necessarily translate as giving the topic agency in the syntax of Magikoe. An example of this being the verb ''rewo'' meaning "to play music". The sentence ''Huru rewori ko''' translates to "The dog is listening to music" even though the direct translation would say "The dog is playing music". The music is being played, but the topic is not the player of the music.<br /> <br /> The topic must be any part of speech. When the topic is not a noun, the preceding word receives the clitic ''-re''.<br /> <br /> Adjectives follow nouns they modify.<br /> <br /> The place word is not inflected for anything and can be any part of speech.<br /> <br /> The post-coverb noun denotes whichever noun fulfills a second role implied by the verb, used for transitive statements.<br /> <br /> The verb, topic, and coverb are obligatory in complete sentences. Responses, corrections, and statements of surprise can omit any of them, but the coverb cannot be said alone.<br /> <br /> == Morphology ==<br /> === Number ===<br /> Plurals are formed by adding -''i'' after a word. The vowels /e/, /u/, and /o/ become /eː/, /ʉi/, and /oː/ instead. Plurals are placed after grammatical gender, and only on nouns.<br /> <br /> === Modifiers ===<br /> Modifiers are not marked for plurality, but nouns marked as plurals may become modifiers. In those cases, they take on an additional lexical meaning rather than denoting plurality.<br /> <br /> Adjectives are formed by adding ''-e'' after a word. The vowels /e/ and /o/ become /ei and /oi/ instead. The consonant /ʔ/ becomes /c/ instead. Coda /m n/ do not undergo allophony and instead become onset [m ɲ] to the prefix.<br /> <br /> === Gender ===<br /> There are two genders, masculine and feminine, though they do not correspond to masculinity and feminity when applied to humans. They are marked on nouns, verbs, and coverbs.<br /> <br /> The first noun (topic) and second noun always have their own gender. Nouns that follow the second noun always agree with the second noun. Nouns in a clause modifying the topic agree with the gender of the topic. Nouns in a clause modifying a non-topic noun or other word agree with the opposite gender of the word they're modifying, a feature called "gender disagreement". Although adjectives are not marked for gender, adjectives are still said to agree with nouns because in clauses modifying an adjective, it's the noun's gender that is disagreed with.<br /> <br /> On nouns modified by an adjective, the noun is suffixed by ''-n'' for the feminine and ''-a'' for the masculine. If the feminine suffix follows /n/, it becomes /no/; if it follows /m/, it replaces it and becomes /nne/; and if it follows /ʔ/, it replaces it and becomes /na/. The masculine suffix replaces preceding /ai/ and monophthongs except for /e/ and /u/. When following /a/ or /oe/, the masculine suffix becomes /ja/.<br /> <br /> On nouns not modified by an adjective, masculine and feminine nouns are prefixed or dysfixed near the beginning of the word in the following ways:<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> !<br /> ! colspan="20" |Word-Initial Consonant<br /> |-<br /> !Unmarked<br /> !/Ø/<br /> !/m/<br /> !/n/<br /> !/ɲ/<br /> !/tʰ/<br /> !/kʰ/<br /> !/p/<br /> !/t/<br /> !/c/<br /> !/k/<br /> !/ʔ/<br /> !/b/<br /> !/ɡ/<br /> !/t͡s/<br /> !/t͡ʃ/<br /> !/ɸ/<br /> !/h/<br /> !/w̃/<br /> !/ɾ/<br /> !/j/<br /> |-<br /> !Feminine<br /> |/m/<br /> |/b/<br /> |/ɾ/<br /> |/ɡ/<br /> |/kʰ/<br /> |/k/<br /> |/ɸ/<br /> |/tʰ/<br /> |/t͡ʃ/<br /> |/kʰ/<br /> |/h/<br /> |/w̃/<br /> |/j/<br /> |/kʰ/<br /> |/t͡ʃi/<br /> |/h/<br /> |/ɸ/<br /> |/o/<br /> |/Ø/<br /> |/ej/<br /> |-<br /> !Masculine<br /> |/h/<br /> |/w̃/<br /> |/t/<br /> |/t͡ʃ/<br /> |/h/<br /> |/ɡ/<br /> |/m/<br /> |/n/<br /> |/ɲ/<br /> |/ʔ/<br /> |/k/<br /> |/w̃/<br /> |/kʰ/<br /> |/tʰ/<br /> |/c/<br /> |/m/<br /> |/ʔ/<br /> |/b/<br /> |/j/<br /> |/Ø/<br /> |}<br /> Verbs agree with the gender of the topic. On vebs, feminine gender is marked with the suffix -''ri'', which elides any preceding consonant and /u/ after a nasal, and raises preceding /o/ to [u] if the /o/ after a nasal. The masculine gender is marked with the suffix ''-am'' which combines with word-final vowels /i e u o a/ to make /jaːm eːm oːm aːm am/.<br /> <br /> coverbs agree with the gender of the noun following them. If there is no noun, they are not inflected for gender. The feminine gender is marked with the suffix -''ya'', replacing the preceding vowel or consonant, and the masculine gender is marked with the suffix ''-ta'', which becomes ''-da'' after /m n ʔ/, with /m n/ being deleted.<br /> <br /> === Cases ===<br /> There are no syntactic role-marking cases as these are always defined by the semantics of a verb. Cases are marked with suffixes that fuse with gender markers.<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="3" |<br /> !Instrumental<br /> !Vocative<br /> !Benefactive<br /> !Allative<br /> !Translative<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="10" |Basic<br /> ! rowspan="4" |Singular<br /> !-Ø<br /> | -de<br /> | -u<br /> | -ō<br /> | -ki<br /> | -tse<br /> |-<br /> !-m<br /> | -mbe<br /> | -mon<br /> | -mō<br /> | -mbi<br /> | -mde<br /> |-<br /> !-n<br /> | -nre<br /> | -non<br /> | -nō<br /> | -ngi<br /> | -nhe<br /> |-<br /> !-'<br /> | -'e<br /> | -'u<br /> | -o<br /> | -'ke<br /> | -'te<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="6" |Plural<br /> !-i<br /> | -e<br /> | -yu<br /> | -yo<br /> | -i'i<br /> | -iche<br /> |-<br /> !-ē<br /> | -ēi<br /> | -ēm<br /> | -ēu<br /> | -ē'<br /> | -ēhe<br /> |-<br /> !-ō<br /> | -ōe<br /> | -ōm<br /> | -ōwo<br /> | -ō'<br /> | -ōfe<br /> |-<br /> !-mi<br /> | -mie<br /> | -mun<br /> | -miu<br /> | -mi'<br /> | -ntse<br /> |-<br /> !-ni<br /> | -nye<br /> | -nun<br /> | -nyu<br /> | -nki<br /> | -nche<br /> |-<br /> !-'i<br /> | -ce<br /> | -cun<br /> | -cu<br /> | -'ki<br /> | -itse<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="8" |Feminine<br /> ! rowspan="4" |Singular<br /> !-n<br /> | -ne<br /> | -m<br /> | -mo<br /> | -ni<br /> | -chi<br /> |-<br /> !-no<br /> | -no'<br /> | -nōn<br /> | -nō<br /> | -noi<br /> | -node<br /> |-<br /> !-ne<br /> | -ne'<br /> | -neon<br /> | -neo<br /> | -nei<br /> | -nechi<br /> |-<br /> !-na<br /> | -na'<br /> | -nam<br /> | -nau<br /> | -na'i<br /> | -nae<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="4" |Plural<br /> !-ni<br /> | -ni'<br /> | -nyum<br /> | -yō<br /> | -nī<br /> | -ite<br /> |-<br /> !-nō<br /> | -nōe<br /> | -nūm<br /> | -nōu<br /> | -nō'i<br /> | -ote<br /> |-<br /> !-nē<br /> | -nēyi<br /> | -nēum<br /> | -nēo<br /> | -nē'i<br /> | -ete<br /> |-<br /> !-nai<br /> | -naye<br /> | -naun<br /> | -nayu<br /> | -nahi<br /> | -aite<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Masculine<br /> !Singular<br /> !-a<br /> | -a'<br /> | -ām<br /> | -ā<br /> | -ayi<br /> | -ate<br /> |-<br /> !Plural<br /> !-ai<br /> | -ae<br /> | -aun<br /> | -ayo<br /> | -eyi<br /> | -eite<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Lexicon ==<br /> <br /> === Pronouns ===<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="3" |<br /> ! colspan="5" |1P<br /> ! colspan="3" |2P<br /> ! colspan="2" |3P<br /> ! rowspan="3" |Generic<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Numberless<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Semiplural<br /> ! colspan="3" |Plural<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Numberless<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Semiplural<br /> !Plural<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Numberless<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Semiplural<br /> |-<br /> !Narrow Inclusive<br /> !Broad Inclusive<br /> !Exclusive<br /> !Broad Inclusive<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Feminine<br /> !Typical<br /> | rowspan="2" |men<br /> |en ka'<br /> |aen qi<br /> |aen te<br /> |aon te<br /> | rowspan="2" |ki<br /> |qin ka'<br /> |qin ho<br /> | rowspan="2" |go<br /> |nyon ka'<br /> | -<br /> |-<br /> !Rapid<br /> |enga<br /> |enki<br /> |ende<br /> |ande<br /> |qinga<br /> |qinyo<br /> |nyonga<br /> | -<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Masculine<br /> !Typical<br /> | rowspan="2" |hen<br /> |ma ka'<br /> |ara qi<br /> |ara te<br /> |ā te<br /> | rowspan="2" |gi<br /> |qa ka'<br /> |qa ho<br /> | rowspan="2" |cho<br /> |nya ka'<br /> | -<br /> |-<br /> !Rapid<br /> |maga<br /> |raki<br /> |rade<br /> |ade<br /> |qaga<br /> |qao<br /> |nyaga<br /> | -<br /> |-<br /> !Neuter<br /> !Typical<br /> |em<br /> |em ka'<br /> |ari qi<br /> |ari te<br /> |ao te<br /> |qi<br /> |qi ka'<br /> |qi ho<br /> |nyo<br /> |nyo ka'<br /> |en nyo<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==== Number ====<br /> Numberless pronouns can be used for both singular and plural contexts, but not if the plurality extends into another personhood category. Semiplurals are generic pronouns but with an emphasis on a specific personhood (e.g. the first person semiplural is a generic pronoun with an emphasis on the speaker). <br /> <br /> ==== Clusivity ====<br /> When the plurality extends into another personhood category, the pronoun is marked for clusivity. There are three types of clusivity: narrow inclusive, broad inclusive, and exclusive. Narrow inclusivity refers to the exclusion of third person. Broad inclusivity refers to the inclusion of third person. Exclusivity refers to the exclusivity of second person.<br /> <br /> ==== Gender ====<br /> Neuter non-generic pronouns can be used interchangeably with their gendered variants. The gender of a plural pronoun is dependent on the gender of the addressee for inclusive pronouns and the gender of the non-speaker referent for exclusive pronouns. <br /> <br /> ==== Formality ====<br /> First person semiplural is used most often in formal speech. Second person semiplural is used most often by a social superior to a social inferior. Third person semiplural is most often used in informal speech. <br /> <br /> Neuter gender is favored more than feminine or masculine gender in formal speech.<br /> <br /> Rapid pronoun forms only occur in informal or neutral formality speech, not formal or very informal speech.<br /> <br /> Very informal speech, regardless of speech speed, uses only one pronoun ''ka'' for all semiplurals.<br /> <br /> === Nouns ===<br /> arm: matso (F)<br /> <br /> cat: māchi (M)<br /> <br /> chest: ofu (F)<br /> <br /> cloud: ōfe (M)<br /> <br /> dawn: amwai (F)<br /> <br /> day: eo (F)<br /> <br /> dog: furu (F)<br /> <br /> dusk: 'ohoe (M)<br /> <br /> ear: emyi (M)<br /> <br /> elbow: hanro (F)<br /> <br /> eye: kui (F)<br /> <br /> face: hapi (M)<br /> <br /> foot: ami (F)<br /> <br /> hair: mochi (F)<br /> <br /> hand: tatsi (F)<br /> <br /> head: ita (M)<br /> <br /> hips: oedai (M)<br /> <br /> human: magi (F)<br /> <br /> knee: doko (F)<br /> <br /> lake: hegi (M)<br /> <br /> leg: awa (F)<br /> <br /> moon: kōm (F)<br /> <br /> neck: hamdo (M)<br /> <br /> night: ie (M)<br /> <br /> nose: imu (M)<br /> <br /> page: ka'a (F)<br /> <br /> paper: magu (F)<br /> <br /> pen: noede (F)<br /> <br /> rain: imai (F)<br /> <br /> river: ūrei (F)<br /> <br /> sea: tanga (M)<br /> <br /> shoulder: omuo (M)<br /> <br /> stars: ipari (F)<br /> <br /> sun: heo (F)<br /> <br /> tongue: koe (M)<br /> <br /> waist: onī (M)<br /> <br /> === Verb ===<br /> come: abu (as a coverb, denotes futureness or purpose)<br /> <br /> give: ene (as a coverb, denotes benefit or positivity)<br /> <br /> have: a'da (as a coverb, denotes pastness, completion, or experience)<br /> <br /> leave: tetso (as a coverb, denotes purpose, unknown outcome or freedom)<br /> <br /> lie down: funui (as a coverb, denotes ease or willingness)<br /> <br /> play music: rewo<br /> <br /> see: mei<br /> <br /> sit: ko' (as a coverb, denotes presentness or focus)<br /> <br /> speak: watsai (as a coverb, denotes hearsay, hypotheticals, or concepts)<br /> <br /> stay: qoi (as a coverb, denotes simultaneity)<br /> <br /> write: tamu</div>

Suqi https://mc.nguh.org/w/index.php?title=Magikoe&diff=39082 Magikoe 2026-04-25T18:59:43Z

<p>Suqi: </p> <hr /> <div>'''Magikoe''' [máɟìkó͜e] is a language.<br /> <br /> == Phonology ==<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="2" |<br /> !Labial<br /> !Alveolar<br /> !Palatal<br /> !Velar<br /> !Glottal<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Nasal<br /> |m '''m'''<br /> |n '''n'''<br /> |ɲ '''ny'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="3" |Plosive<br /> !Aspirate<br /> |<br /> |tʰ '''t'''<br /> |<br /> |kʰ '''q'''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Tenuis<br /> |p '''p'''<br /> |t '''d'''<br /> |c '''c'''<br /> |k '''k'''<br /> |ʔ '''’'''<br /> |-<br /> !Voiced<br /> |b '''b'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |ɡ '''g'''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Affricate<br /> |<br /> |t͡s '''ts'''<br /> |t͡ʃ '''ch'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Fricative<br /> |ɸ '''f'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |h '''h'''<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan="2" |Glide<br /> |w̃ '''w'''<br /> |ɾ '''r'''<br /> |j '''y'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> !<br /> ! colspan="4" |Front<br /> ! colspan="4" |Back<br /> |-<br /> !Close<br /> |i '''i'''<br /> |iː '''ī'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |u '''u'''<br /> |uː '''ū'''<br /> |ʉi '''ui'''<br /> |uo '''uo'''<br /> |-<br /> !Mid<br /> |e '''e'''<br /> |eː '''ē'''<br /> |ei '''ei'''<br /> |<br /> |o '''o'''<br /> |oː '''ō'''<br /> |oe '''oe'''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !Open<br /> |a '''a'''<br /> |aː '''ā'''<br /> |ai '''ai'''<br /> |au '''au'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> There is word-initial stress which is high tone.<br /> <br /> /j/ is phonetically front mid [e̯]<br /> <br /> Vːm > Ṽːʉ̃ / _%<br /> <br /> in un en on an > ĩ(ɲ) ʉ̃(n) ẽ(j̃) ɵ̃(ŋ) ãn / _%<br /> <br /> n ɡ e̯ > ɲ ɟ i̯ / _i<br /> <br /> V̀ > V̄ / {tʰ,kʰ,ɸ,h}_<br /> <br /> == Syntax ==<br /> The word order is Place-Verb-Time-Topic-coverb-Noun-CaseNoun.<br /> <br /> The topic overlaps strongly with the typical object of a sentence, as it is given much more importance than the agent in most cases outside of when the agent is being emphasized. Verbs with English translations that imply the subject's agency do not necessarily translate as giving the topic agency in the syntax of Magikoe. An example of this being the verb ''rewo'' meaning "to play music". The sentence ''Huru rewori ko''' translates to "The dog is listening to music" even though the direct translation would say "The dog is playing music". The music is being played, but the topic is not the player of the music.<br /> <br /> The topic must be any part of speech. When the topic is not a noun, the preceding word receives the clitic ''-re''.<br /> <br /> Adjectives follow nouns they modify.<br /> <br /> The place word is not inflected for anything and can be any part of speech.<br /> <br /> The post-coverb noun denotes whichever noun fulfills a second role implied by the verb, used for transitive statements.<br /> <br /> The verb, topic, and coverb are obligatory in complete sentences. Responses, corrections, and statements of surprise can omit any of them, but the coverb cannot be said alone.<br /> <br /> == Morphology ==<br /> === Number ===<br /> Plurals are formed by adding -''i'' after a word. The vowels /e/, /u/, and /o/ become /eː/, /ʉi/, and /oː/ instead. Plurals are placed after grammatical gender, and only on nouns.<br /> <br /> === Modifiers ===<br /> Modifiers are not marked for plurality, but nouns marked as plurals may become modifiers. In those cases, they take on an additional lexical meaning rather than denoting plurality.<br /> <br /> Adjectives are formed by adding ''-e'' after a word. The vowels /e/ and /o/ become /ei and /oi/ instead. The consonant /ʔ/ becomes /c/ instead. Coda /m n/ do not undergo allophony and instead become onset [m ɲ] to the prefix.<br /> <br /> === Gender ===<br /> There are two genders, masculine and feminine, though they do not correspond to masculinity and feminity when applied to humans. They are marked on nouns, verbs, and coverbs.<br /> <br /> The first noun (topic) and second noun always have their own gender. Nouns that follow the second noun always agree with the second noun. Nouns in a clause modifying the topic agree with the gender of the topic. Nouns in a clause modifying a non-topic noun or other word agree with the opposite gender of the word they're modifying, a feature called "gender disagreement". Although adjectives are not marked for gender, adjectives are still said to agree with nouns because in clauses modifying an adjective, it's the noun's gender that is disagreed with.<br /> <br /> On nouns modified by an adjective, the noun is suffixed by ''-n'' for the feminine and ''-a'' for the masculine. If the feminine suffix follows /n/, it becomes /no/; if it follows /m/, it replaces it and becomes /nne/; and if it follows /ʔ/, it replaces it and becomes /na/. The masculine suffix replaces preceding /ai/ and monophthongs except for /e/ and /u/. When following /a/ or /oe/, the masculine suffix becomes /ja/.<br /> <br /> On nouns not modified by an adjective, masculine and feminine nouns are prefixed or dysfixed near the beginning of the word in the following ways:<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> !<br /> ! colspan="20" |Word-Initial Consonant<br /> |-<br /> !Unmarked<br /> !/Ø/<br /> !/m/<br /> !/n/<br /> !/ɲ/<br /> !/tʰ/<br /> !/kʰ/<br /> !/p/<br /> !/t/<br /> !/c/<br /> !/k/<br /> !/ʔ/<br /> !/b/<br /> !/ɡ/<br /> !/t͡s/<br /> !/t͡ʃ/<br /> !/ɸ/<br /> !/h/<br /> !/w̃/<br /> !/ɾ/<br /> !/j/<br /> |-<br /> !Feminine<br /> |/m/<br /> |/b/<br /> |/ɾ/<br /> |/ɡ/<br /> |/kʰ/<br /> |/k/<br /> |/ɸ/<br /> |/tʰ/<br /> |/t͡ʃ/<br /> |/kʰ/<br /> |/h/<br /> |/w̃/<br /> |/j/<br /> |/kʰ/<br /> |/t͡ʃi/<br /> |/h/<br /> |/ɸ/<br /> |/o/<br /> |/Ø/<br /> |/ej/<br /> |-<br /> !Masculine<br /> |/h/<br /> |/w̃/<br /> |/t/<br /> |/t͡ʃ/<br /> |/h/<br /> |/ɡ/<br /> |/m/<br /> |/n/<br /> |/ɲ/<br /> |/ʔ/<br /> |/k/<br /> |/w̃/<br /> |/kʰ/<br /> |/tʰ/<br /> |/c/<br /> |/m/<br /> |/ʔ/<br /> |/b/<br /> |/j/<br /> |/Ø/<br /> |}<br /> Verbs agree with the gender of the topic. On vebs, feminine gender is marked with the suffix -''ri'', which elides any preceding consonant and /u/ after a nasal, and raises preceding /o/ to [u] if the /o/ after a nasal. The masculine gender is marked with the suffix ''-am'' which combines with word-final vowels /i e u o a/ to make /jaːm eːm oːm aːm am/.<br /> <br /> coverbs agree with the gender of the noun following them. If there is no noun, they are not inflected for gender. The feminine gender is marked with the suffix -''ya'', replacing the preceding vowel or consonant, and the masculine gender is marked with the suffix ''-ta'', which becomes ''-da'' after /m n ʔ/, with /m n/ being deleted.<br /> <br /> === Cases ===<br /> There are no syntactic role-marking cases as these are always defined by the semantics of a verb. Cases are marked with suffixes that fuse with gender markers.<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="3" |<br /> !Instrumental<br /> !Vocative<br /> !Benefactive<br /> !Allative<br /> !Translative<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="10" |Basic<br /> ! rowspan="4" |Singular<br /> !-Ø<br /> | -de<br /> | -u<br /> | -ō<br /> | -ki<br /> | -tse<br /> |-<br /> !-m<br /> | -mbe<br /> | -mon<br /> | -mō<br /> | -mbi<br /> | -mde<br /> |-<br /> !-n<br /> | -nre<br /> | -non<br /> | -nō<br /> | -ngi<br /> | -nhe<br /> |-<br /> !-'<br /> | -'e<br /> | -'u<br /> | -o<br /> | -'ke<br /> | -'te<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="6" |Plural<br /> !-i<br /> | -e<br /> | -yu<br /> | -yo<br /> | -i'i<br /> | -iche<br /> |-<br /> !-ē<br /> | -ēi<br /> | -ēm<br /> | -ēu<br /> | -ē'<br /> | -ēhe<br /> |-<br /> !-ō<br /> | -ōe<br /> | -ōm<br /> | -ōwo<br /> | -ō'<br /> | -ōfe<br /> |-<br /> !-mi<br /> | -mie<br /> | -mun<br /> | -miu<br /> | -mi'<br /> | -ntse<br /> |-<br /> !-ni<br /> | -nye<br /> | -nun<br /> | -nyu<br /> | -nki<br /> | -nche<br /> |-<br /> !-'i<br /> | -ce<br /> | -cun<br /> | -cu<br /> | -'ki<br /> | -itse<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="8" |Feminine<br /> ! rowspan="4" |Singular<br /> !-n<br /> | -ne<br /> | -m<br /> | -mo<br /> | -ni<br /> | -chi<br /> |-<br /> !-no<br /> | -no'<br /> | -nōn<br /> | -nō<br /> | -noi<br /> | -node<br /> |-<br /> !-ne<br /> | -ne'<br /> | -neon<br /> | -neo<br /> | -nei<br /> | -nechi<br /> |-<br /> !-na<br /> | -na'<br /> | -nam<br /> | -nau<br /> | -na'i<br /> | -nae<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="4" |Plural<br /> !-ni<br /> | -ni'<br /> | -nyum<br /> | -yō<br /> | -nī<br /> | -ite<br /> |-<br /> !-nō<br /> | -nōe<br /> | -nūm<br /> | -nōu<br /> | -nō'i<br /> | -ote<br /> |-<br /> !-nē<br /> | -nēyi<br /> | -nēum<br /> | -nēo<br /> | -nē'i<br /> | -ete<br /> |-<br /> !-nai<br /> | -naye<br /> | -naun<br /> | -nayu<br /> | -nahi<br /> | -aite<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Masculine<br /> !Singular<br /> !-a<br /> | -a'<br /> | -ām<br /> | -ā<br /> | -ayi<br /> | -ate<br /> |-<br /> !Plural<br /> !-ai<br /> | -ae<br /> | -aun<br /> | -ayo<br /> | -eyi<br /> | -eite<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Lexicon ==<br /> <br /> === Pronouns ===<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="3" |<br /> ! colspan="5" |1P<br /> ! colspan="3" |2P<br /> ! colspan="2" |3P<br /> ! rowspan="3" |Generic<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Numberless<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Semiplural<br /> ! colspan="3" |Plural<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Numberless<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Semiplural<br /> !Plural<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Numberless<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Semiplural<br /> |-<br /> !Narrow Inclusive<br /> !Broad Inclusive<br /> !Exclusive<br /> !Broad Inclusive<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Feminine<br /> !Typical<br /> | rowspan="2" |men<br /> |en ka'<br /> |aen qi<br /> |aen te<br /> |aon te<br /> | rowspan="2" |ki<br /> |qin ka'<br /> |qin ho<br /> | rowspan="2" |go<br /> |nyon ka'<br /> | -<br /> |-<br /> !Rapid<br /> |enga<br /> |enki<br /> |ende<br /> |ande<br /> |qinga<br /> |qinyo<br /> |nyonga<br /> | -<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Masculine<br /> !Typical<br /> | rowspan="2" |hen<br /> |ma ka'<br /> |ara qi<br /> |ara te<br /> |ā te<br /> | rowspan="2" |gi<br /> |qa ka'<br /> |qa ho<br /> | rowspan="2" |cho<br /> |nya ka'<br /> | -<br /> |-<br /> !Rapid<br /> |maga<br /> |raki<br /> |rade<br /> |ade<br /> |qaga<br /> |qao<br /> |nyaga<br /> | -<br /> |-<br /> !Neuter<br /> !Typical<br /> |em<br /> |em ka'<br /> |ari qi<br /> |ari te<br /> |ao te<br /> |qi<br /> |qi ka'<br /> |qi ho<br /> |nyo<br /> |nyo ka'<br /> |en nyo<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==== Number ====<br /> Numberless pronouns can be used for both singular and plural contexts, but not if the plurality extends into another personhood category. Semiplurals are generic pronouns but with an emphasis on a specific personhood (e.g. the first person semiplural is a generic pronoun with an emphasis on the speaker). <br /> <br /> ==== Clusivity ====<br /> When the plurality extends into another personhood category, the pronoun is marked for clusivity. There are three types of clusivity: narrow inclusive, broad inclusive, and exclusive. Narrow inclusivity refers to the exclusion of third person. Broad inclusivity refers to the inclusion of third person. Exclusivity refers to the exclusivity of second person.<br /> <br /> ==== Gender ====<br /> Neuter non-generic pronouns can be used interchangeably with their gendered variants. The gender of a plural pronoun is dependent on the gender of the addressee for inclusive pronouns and the gender of the non-speaker referent for exclusive pronouns. <br /> <br /> ==== Formality ====<br /> First person semiplural is used most often in formal speech. Second person semiplural is used most often by a social superior to a social inferior. Third person semiplural is most often used in informal speech. <br /> <br /> Neuter gender is favored more than feminine or masculine gender in formal speech. Because of this, feminine and masculine forms are more often subject to rapid speech, in which they change into their "rapid" variants. <br /> <br /> Very informal speech, regardless of speech speed, uses only one pronoun ''ka'' for all semiplurals.<br /> <br /> === Nouns ===<br /> arm: matso (F)<br /> <br /> cat: māchi (M)<br /> <br /> chest: ofu (F)<br /> <br /> cloud: ōfe (M)<br /> <br /> dawn: amwai (F)<br /> <br /> day: eo (F)<br /> <br /> dog: furu (F)<br /> <br /> dusk: 'ohoe (M)<br /> <br /> ear: emyi (M)<br /> <br /> elbow: hanro (F)<br /> <br /> eye: kui (F)<br /> <br /> face: hapi (M)<br /> <br /> foot: ami (F)<br /> <br /> hair: mochi (F)<br /> <br /> hand: tatsi (F)<br /> <br /> head: ita (M)<br /> <br /> hips: oedai (M)<br /> <br /> human: magi (F)<br /> <br /> knee: doko (F)<br /> <br /> lake: hegi (M)<br /> <br /> leg: awa (F)<br /> <br /> moon: kōm (F)<br /> <br /> neck: hamdo (M)<br /> <br /> night: ie (M)<br /> <br /> nose: imu (M)<br /> <br /> page: ka'a (F)<br /> <br /> paper: magu (F)<br /> <br /> pen: noede (F)<br /> <br /> rain: imai (F)<br /> <br /> river: ūrei (F)<br /> <br /> sea: tanga (M)<br /> <br /> shoulder: omuo (M)<br /> <br /> stars: ipari (F)<br /> <br /> sun: heo (F)<br /> <br /> tongue: koe (M)<br /> <br /> waist: onī (M)<br /> <br /> === Verb ===<br /> come: abu (as a coverb, denotes futureness or purpose)<br /> <br /> give: ene (as a coverb, denotes benefit or positivity)<br /> <br /> have: a'da (as a coverb, denotes pastness, completion, or experience)<br /> <br /> leave: tetso (as a coverb, denotes purpose, unknown outcome or freedom)<br /> <br /> lie down: funui (as a coverb, denotes ease or willingness)<br /> <br /> play music: rewo<br /> <br /> see: mei<br /> <br /> sit: ko' (as a coverb, denotes presentness or focus)<br /> <br /> speak: watsai (as a coverb, denotes hearsay, hypotheticals, or concepts)<br /> <br /> stay: qoi (as a coverb, denotes simultaneity)<br /> <br /> write: tamu</div>

Suqi https://mc.nguh.org/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Nguhcraft_history&diff=39071 Timeline of Nguhcraft history 2026-04-24T22:36:13Z

<p>Suqi: </p> <hr /> <div>This is a '''timeline of Nguhcraft history''', comprising important territorial, political, and server events. For major lore events with no real date, visit the [[Ŋimeline]].<br /> <br /> {|class="wikitable sortable"<br /> !data-sort-type="Name"| Year !! Date !! Event<br /> {{TimelineDiv|Nguhcraft Season 1}}{{TimelineEntry|year=2020|yearentries=2|19 October|Start of [[Season 1]]}}<br /> {{TimelineEntry|16 December|[[First Cuban Empire|Cuba]] and [[Sweden-Ŋərway]] are founded}}{{TimelineEntry|year=2021|yearentries=5|February|The End is closed to reserve it for a stream}}<br /> {{TimelineEntry|25 March|[[Monguhlia]] is founded}}<br /> {{TimelineEntry|29 March|[[The Artipelago]] is founded}}<br /> {{TimelineEntry|4 April|The Overworld [[Great Ice Bridge]] is completed}}<br /> {{TimelineEntry|22 May|The End is opened to the public again}}<br /> {{TimelineDiv|Nguhcraft Season 2}}{{TimelineEntry|year=2022|yearentries=3|7 January|Start of [[Season 2]], and end of [[Season 1]]}}<br /> {{TimelineEntry|19 May|[[Sajl Sow]] is created}}<br /> {{TimelineEntry|30 May|The [[Cool War]] takes place}}{{TimelineEntry|year=2023|yearentries=4|28 April ~ <br>1 May|[[Paul]] is created}}<br /> {{TimelineEntry|13 November|[[The Raid]]}}<br /> {{TimelineEntry|28 December|[[Kingdom of Kyaw Cen]] founded}}<br /> {{TimelineEntry|28 December|[[Cenrail®]] opens its first rail to [[Myžariky]]}}{{TimelineEntry|year=2024|yearentries=26|2 January|First [[Big Map|political map]] drawn}}<br /> {{TimelineEntry|2 February|Founding of the [[United Ŋations]]}}<br /> {{TimelineEntry|10 March|[[Ætérnal]] distributes [[Petrified Oak Slab|petrified oak slabs]] across the ŋorld to stimulate the economy<hr>Original [https://nguhcraft.fandom.com/wiki/Nguhcraft_Wiki fandom wiki] was created}}<br /> {{TimelineEntry|11 March|Fandom wiki deprecated and [https://nguhcraft.miraheze.org/wiki/Main_Page mirahaze wiki] created}}<br /> {{TimelineEntry|22 March|[[Nguhcraft Spring]] begins}}<br /> {{TimelineEntry|7 April|Discovery of [[the Great Heist]]}}<br /> {{TimelineEntry|10 April|[[World war 1]]}}<br /> {{TimelineEntry|29 April|[[Chickenpocalypse]] occurs}}<br /> {{TimelineEntry|30 April|[[Pant Auction|Pants are auctioned]]}}<br /> {{TimelineEntry|12 June|Miraheze wiki deprecated and moved to [[Main_Page|mc.nguh.org]]}}<br /> {{TimelineEntry|4 July|[[The Day of Manifest Destiny]]}}<br /> {{TimelineEntry|8 ~ 9 July|[[Nguhcraft Summer]] begins}}<br /> {{TimelineEntry|12 July|[[Chilled War]] begins}}<br /> {{TimelineEntry|22 August|[[Dissolution of Murbetia|Dissolution of]] and [[Scramble for Murbetia]]}}<br /> {{TimelineEntry|24 September|Founding of the [[First Interŋational]]}}<br /> {{TimelineEntry|8 October|[[Amujxplosion]]}}<br /> {{TimelineEntry|11 October|[[Coup Sabah]]}}<br /> {{TimelineEntry|31 October|[[ŊATO]] is founded}}<br /> {{TimelineEntry|2 November|[[Nguhrovision Song Contest 2024|First Nguhrovision is held]]}}<br /> {{TimelineEntry|3 November|[[Leshrail®]] opens its first rails from [[Spawn]] westward}}<br /> {{TimelineEntry|28 November|[[Thasusa By Land Initiative]] begins}}<br /> {{TimelineEntry|29 November|[[Nguhcraft Fall]]/Nguhcraft Autumn<ref>The mods kinda broke cause of an update (it is a joke about Nguhcraft falling which is only really funny if it is called Nguhcraft Fall but the name 'Nguhcraft Autumn' was added here to appease the Euro-minded amongus)</ref>}}<br /> {{TimelineEntry|5 December|[[BIG SHOT MINECRAP SALE!!!]] begins}}<br /> {{TimelineEntry|16 December|[[Nguhcraft Winter]] begins}}<br /> {{TimelineEntry|17 December|[[sq]] redesigns the [[Cenrail]] Map}}<br /> {{TimelineEntry|19 December|[[The Great Chest Eating]]}}{{TimelineEntry|year=2025|yearentries=29|13 January|[[Neo-Amujxplosion]]}}<br /> {{TimelineEntry|25 January|[[Ŋeicide]]}}<br /> {{TimelineEntry|28 January|[[Chaos by Land Initiative]] begins}}<br /> {{TimelineEntry|2 February|[[Rauratoshan Kingdom]] signs a new constitution, becoming a parliamentary monarchy}}<br /> {{TimelineEntry|5 February|Creation of the [[Gulf Union]]}}<br /> {{TimelineEntry|6 February|[[The Chilled War|Chilled War]] ends<hr>[[Pua]] reunified}}<br /> {{TimelineEntry|7 February|[[CMCxplosion]]}}<br /> {{TimelineEntry|14 March|[[The Great Chest Locking#Nostalgiabricks' Serial Burglary|Nostalgiabricks' Serial Burglary]] uncovered and [[The Great Chest Locking]]}}<br /> {{TimelineEntry|19 April|Publication of the [https://youtube.com/watch?v&#61;M1zuIpVzxls Nguhcraft - A Brief Introduction] video on [[Agma Schwa]]'s youtube channel}}<br /> {{TimelineEntry|23 April|Creation of [[FERRA]].}}<br /> {{TimelineEntry|11-12 May|[[The Great Tantrum]]}}<br /> {{TimelineEntry|29 May|Formation and collapse of [[Saharia]], caused by Lux's ban; thus putting an end to [[Amujology]]}}<br /> {{TimelineEntry|8 June|The first [[Fumo Factory Incidents|Fumo Factory incident]].}}<br /> {{TimelineEntry|12 June|The second Fumo Factory incident.}}<br /> {{TimelineEntry|4 July|Creation of [[LoCATE]].}}<br /> {{TimelineEntry|23 August-1 September|Establishment of the [[Ŋafrican Union]]}}<br /> {{TimelineEntry|30-31 August|Nguhcraft Vasanta{{disputed}}<ref>Refers to 1.21.8 update</ref>}}<br /> {{TimelineEntry|31 August|[[Ŋafrican Ŋapocalypse]]}}<br /> {{TimelineEntry|1 September-present|[[The Great Collapse]]}}<br /> {{TimelineEntry|8 September|[[Free City of Yetch Bay vs. unUŊ|UnUŊ Consent Lawsuit]]}}<br /> {{TimelineEntry|11 September|Advent of Agriculture (Farmer's Delight Added)}}<br /> {{TimelineEntry|14 September|Creation of the [[Thasusan Union]]}}<br /> {{TimelineEntry|14-17 September|[[Maraśan Civil War]] reaches a truce, as {{galaxysys|Nozomi}} is deified briefly}}<br /> {{TimelineEntry|24 September-1 October|[[Maize]] Amujs itself into Meize for a bit to try and get the Cenrail codes "MAP MEN"<ref>https://discord.com/channels/697450809390268467/1268387836835397653/1420512763398324347</ref>}}<br /> {{TimelineEntry|1 October|Maraśan Civil War reaches a boiling point}}<br /> {{TimelineEntry|6 October|[[Greenification (Adnar)|Adnar begins greenifying the Ŋafrican Pale Garden Zone]]}}<br /> {{TimelineEntry|11 October|[[Port of Raln crisis]] occurs<hr>A coup d’état attempt fails against the [[Araçana|Araçanni]] government}}<br /> {{TimelineEntry|24 November|[[Rose Corporation]] is trust-busted}}<br /> {{TimelineEntry|18 December|[[Jolly Blackout]]}}{{TimelineEntry|year=2026|yearentries=2|1 February|[[World War 2]]}}<br /> {{TimelineEntry|19 March|[[Pua]] strikes [[Santa Cruz County]], [[Xarslasja]] (see [[Santa Cruz Crisis]])}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Non-canon events ==<br /> See [[Alternate Timeline Nomenclature]] for how non-canon events are identified.<br /> {|class="wikitable sortable"<br /> !Timeline<br /> ! data-sort-type="Name" | Year !! Date !! Event<br /> !Canon Timeline Equivalent<br /> {{TimelineDiv|Nguhcraft Season 1|5}}<br /> {{TimelineTimeline|year=2020~2021|yearentries=1|&mdash;|[[CMCrisis i|CMCrisis 𝑖]]|T.CMC𝑖|[[Cuban Missile Crisis (disambiguation)|Cuban Nagasaki]]}}<br /> {{TimelineDiv|Nguhcraft Season 2|5}}<br /> {{TimelineTimeline|year=2024|yearentries=3|20 October|[[World War 2+i (alternate history)|World War 2+𝑖]]|T.WW2+𝑖|''didn't happen''}}<br /> {{TimelineTimeline|27 October|[[Ŋorld Theft of 2024]]|T.ŊÞ+𝑖|''didn't happen''}}<br /> {{TimelineTimeline|19 December|[[Great Depressioŋ]]|T.GD𝑖|[[The Great Chest Eating]]}}<br /> {{TimelineTimeline|year=2026|February|[[World War 2i|World War 2𝑖]]|T.WW2𝑖|[[World War 2]]}}<br /> {{TimelineTimeline|year=2027|March|[[Kozdenen Ŋorld Order (alternate future)]]|T.KWO𝑖|''didn't happen''}}<br /> {{TimelineTimeline|year=Unknown|Unknown|[[Breel Theft 2+i|Breel Theft 2+𝑖]]|T.BT2+𝑖|''didn't happen''}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> [[Category: World events]]</div>

Suqi https://mc.nguh.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_wars&diff=39070 List of wars 2026-04-24T22:33:55Z

<p>Suqi: </p> <hr /> <div>This is a list of all wars in [[Nguhcraft]] lore. Wars are nearly always roleplay involving consentual conflicts- if they involve conflicts at all. Nonconsentual griefing and stealing (of unbanned players) in a war is subject to punishment from [[Ætérnal|God]].<br /> {| class="wikitable sortable"<br /> ! colspan="5" |Prime Timeline<br /> |-<br /> !Season<br /> !Name<br /> !Belligerents<br /> !Status<br /> !Notes<br /> |-<br /> |[[Season 1]]<br /> |[[Battle for Cuba]]<br /> |[[Old Cuba|First Empire of Cuba]]<br /> [[Thieve's Guild]]<br /> |Ended;<br /> 19 JUN 2021<br /> |Cuba victory.<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan="22" |[[Season 2]]<br /> |[[Adnar–Adnar war]]<br /> |{{Banner|AA}} [[Adnar]]<br /> {{Banner|AA}} [[Adnar]]<br /> |Ended; <br /> 25 - 26 AUG 2025<br /> |Adnar victory<br /> |-<br /> |[[Aisti-Atlantic War]]<br /> |{{Banner|EK}} [[Enkavak]]<br /> {{Banner|EW}} [[Eistówú]]<br /> |Ended; <br /> 16 - 20 OCT 2024<br /> |Ended in peace.<br /> |-<br /> |[[Aprux Mexyrhat#War with the British Empire|Apruxo-British War]]<br /> |{{Banner|AP}} [[Aprux Mexyrhat]]<br /> [[w:British_Empire|British Empire]]<br /> |Ended; <br /> 1443<br /> |Aprux Mexyrhat victory.<br /> |-<br /> |[[Aswnga's Civil War]]<br /> |{{Banner|AS}} [[Aswnga Congress]]<br /> {{Banner|AS}} [[Aswnga Oligarchy]]<br /> |Ended; <br /> 12 MAR 2026<br /> |Ended with the oligarch survivors getting diamond armor, and Congress dying from fall damage.<br /> |-<br /> |[[Atlantic Wars|Atlantic-Cuban Crisis]]<br /> |{{Banner|EK}} [[Enkavak]]<br /> {{Banner|CB}} [[Coldba (Cuba)]]<br /> |Ended; <br /> 16 OCT 2024<br /> |Ended in peace.<br /> |-<br /> |[[Atlantic Wars|Atlantic War of Madness]]<br /> |{{Banner|EK}} [[Enkavak]]<br /> {{Banner|RM}} [[Realm of Madness]]<sup>†</sup><br /> |Ended; <br /> 16 OCT 2024<br /> |Ended in peace.<br /> |-<br /> |[[Avazistan#Civil war and joint Oberian-Hummlandic intervention|Avazistani Civil War]]<br /> |[[Avazistan|Avazistan Empire]]<sup>†</sup><br /> [[File:Illager Banner.png|20px]] Pillagers<sup>†</sup><br /> |Ended; <br /> No real date<br /> |Ended in a takeover by [[Hummland]] and [[Oberia]].<br /> |-<br /> |[[Ætérnal-desert War]]<br /> |[[Ætérnal]]<br /> [https://minecraft.wiki/w/Desert deserts]<br /> |Eternal<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |[[Chilled War]]<br /> |[[File:EastPuaBanner.png|20px]] [[East Pua]]<sup>†</sup><br /> [[File:WestPuaBanner.png|20px]] [[West Pua]]<sup>†</sup><br /> |Ended; <br /> 24 JUL 2024<ref>https://discord.com/channels/697450809390268467/767569743229747220/1265560500272496661</ref> - 6 FEB 2025<br /> |No large scale direct conflict between blocs. Ended in [[Repunification|unification]] and the creation of [[Tauranga Puawai]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[Cool War]]<br /> |[[Juya Gwaña]]<br /> [[Tisheongja]]<br /> |Ended; <br /> 30 MAY 2022<br /> |No conflict between blocs. Ended in peace.<br /> |-<br /> |[[Coup Sabah]]<br /> |[[File:Xla banner.png|20px]] [[Xarslasja Legislative Authority]]<br /> [[File:Port authority.png|20px]] [[Xarslasja Port Authority]]<sup>†</sup><br /> <br /> [[File:EastPuaBanner.png|20px]] [[East Pua]]<sup>†</sup><br /> <br /> {{Banner|RM}} [[Realm of Madness]]<sup>†</sup><br /> |Ended;<br /> 10 OCT 2024 - ???<br /> |Ended in XLA victory and decommissioning of XPA.<br /> |-<br /> |[[Evil-Hummland War]]<br /> |{{Banner|ES}} [[Evil Scamming Country]]<br /> [[File:ŊATO Banner.png|20px]] [[ŊATO]]<br /> |Ended;<br /> ??? - 16 MAR 2025<br /> |Ended in peace with territory gain ([[Neutral Miserly State]]) and a condominium ([[Whimsopolis|Scam-tastic Casino of Joyous Whimsy]]).<br /> |-<br /> |[[Great Sea War]]<br /> |[[File:ŊATO Banner.png|20px]] [[ŊATO]]<br /> Rogues<br /> |Ongoing;<br /> 12 OCT 2025 - present<br /> |A sub-war of the [[Maraśan Civil War]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[Greek-Atlantic War]]<br /> |[[Greece]]<br /> {{Banner|EK}} [[Atlantis]]<br /> |Ended;<br /> No real date<br /> |Ended in Atlantis victory. Produced the [[Atlantic Empire]].<br /> |-<br /> |[[Greenification (Adnar)]]<br /> |{{Banner|AA}} [[Adnar]]<br /> Pale gardens and all unique contents thereof<br /> |Ongoing; <br /> 5 OCT 2025 – present<br /> |Termed a civil war by [[Adnar]], but [[Imerchal]] called it a series of terrorist attacks.<br /> |-<br /> |[[Kyaw Cen War on Madness]]<br /> |{{Banner|KC}} [[Kingdom of Kyaw Cen|Kyaw Cen]]<br /> {{Banner|RM}} [[Realm of Madness]]<sup>†</sup><br /> |Ended; <br /> 20 OCT 2024<br /> |Ended in peace.<br /> |-<br /> <br /> |[[Maraśań Civil War]]<br /> |Merchants<br /> <br /> Royalists<br /> <br /> Ocean Priests & Peasants<br /> <br /> Military<br /> <br /> Sun Priests<br /> <br /> {{Banner|RA}} [[Rauratoshan]]<br /> |Ongoing; <br /> 14 SEP 2025 - present<br /> |Ended in truce.<br /> |-<br /> |[[Puan Civil War]]<br /> |Post-[[Blossomic Empire of Pua|Blossomic]] factions<br /> |Ended; 12 JUL 2025<br /> |Produced the [[Chilled War]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[Tanylezi Civil War]]<br /> |{{Banner|TY}} [[Tanylezi]]<sup>†</sup><br /> {{Banner|TM}} [[Tje Manathi T'onzolo]]<sup>†</sup><br /> |Ended; <br /> 20 FEB – 12 APR 2025<br /> |Tanylezi victory.<br /> |-<br /> |[[The Golden Isles-Aprux Mexyrhat war]]<br /> |{{Banner|AP}} [[Aprux Mexyrhat]]<br /> {{Banner|IR}} [[The Iron Empire]]<sup>†</sup><br /> |Ended; <br /> 3 JUN 2025<br /> |Iron Empire surrender.<br /> |-<br /> |[[World War 1]]<br /> |{{Banner|AM}} [[Amuj]]<sup>†</sup><br /> {{Banner|TQ}} [[Þunan Qumreá]]<sup>†</sup><br /> <br /> {{Banner|KC}} [[Kingdom of Kyaw Cen|Kyaw Cen]]<br /> <br /> {{Banner|EK}} [[Enkavak]]<br /> <br /> {{Banner|HL}} [[Hummland]]<br /> <br /> {{Banner|IM}} [[Imerchal]]<br /> <br /> {{Banner|KZ}} [[Kozdenen]]<br /> <br /> {{Banner|HE}} [[Hentzo]]<sup>†</sup><br /> |Ended; <br /> 10 APR 2024<br /> |Ended in peace.<br /> |-<br /> |[[Xarslasja-Madness war]]<br /> |[[File:Xla banner.png|20px]] [[Xarslasja Legislative Authority]]<br /> {{Banner|RM}} [[Realm of Madness]]<sup>†</sup><br /> |Ended; <br /> 26 OCT 2024<br /> |A sub-war of the Coup Sabah. Ended in peace.<br /> |-<br /> |[[The Great Heist#Aftermath|Þunan Qumreá-PTR War]]<br /> |{{Banner|TQ}} [[Þunan Qumreá]]<sup>†</sup><br /> [[Pais Transanguino Ranitino]]<sup>†</sup><br /> |Ended;<br /> ??? - 30 APR 2024<br /> |Ended in Þunan Qumreá victory and total annexiation of PTR.<br /> |}<br /> {| class="wikitable sortable"<br /> ! colspan="4" |Other Timelines<br /> |-<br /> !Season<br /> !Name<br /> !Ŋations<br /> !Notes<br /> |-<br /> |[[Season 1]]<br /> |[[CMCrisis i|CMCrisis 𝑖]]<br /> |Proto-[[Amuj]]<br /> [[First Cuban Empire|First Empire of Cuba]]<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |[[Season 2]]<br /> |[[World War 2+i (alternate history)|World War 2+𝑖]]<br /> |{{Banner|EK}} [[Enkavak]]<br /> {{Banner|KC}} [[Kingdom of Kyaw Cen|Kyaw Cen]]<br /> <br /> {{Banner|RM}} [[Realm of Madness]]<br /> <br /> {{Banner|TR}} [[Xtrakva]]<br /> <br /> {{Banner|HL}} [[Hummland]]<br /> <br /> {{Banner|IM}} [[Imerchal]]<br /> <br /> {{Banner|KZ}} [[Kozdenen]]<br /> <br /> {{Banner|CB}} [[Coldba (Cuba)]]<br /> <br /> [[File:Oberia-banner.png|20px]] [[Oberia]]<br /> <br /> {{Banner|RP}} [[East Pua]]<br /> <br /> {{Banner|PI}} [[Pihi]]<br /> <br /> {{Banner|EW}} [[Eistówú]]<br /> <br /> {{Banner|ES}} [[Evil Scamming Country]]<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == References ==</div>

Suqi https://mc.nguh.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_wars&diff=39069 List of wars 2026-04-24T22:33:28Z

<p>Suqi: </p> <hr /> <div>This is a list of all wars in [[Nguhcraft]] lore. Wars are nearly always roleplay involving consentual conflicts- if they involve conflicts at all. Nonconsentual griefing and stealing (of unbanned players) in a war is subject to punishment from [[Ætérnal|God]].<br /> {| class="wikitable sortable"<br /> ! colspan="5" |Prime Timeline<br /> |-<br /> !Season<br /> !Name<br /> !Belligerents<br /> !Status<br /> !Notes<br /> |-<br /> |[[Season 1]]<br /> |[[Battle for Cuba]]<br /> |[[Old Cuba|First Empire of Cuba]]<br /> [[Thieve's Guild]]<br /> |Ended;<br /> 19 JUN 2021<br /> |Cuba victory.<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan="22" |[[Season 2]]<br /> |[[Adnar–Adnar war]]<br /> |{{Banner|AA}} [[Adnar]]<br /> {{Banner|AA}} [[Adnar]]<br /> |Ended; <br /> 25 - 26 AUG 2025<br /> |Adnar victory<br /> |-<br /> |[[Aisti-Atlantic War]]<br /> |{{Banner|EK}} [[Enkavak]]<br /> {{Banner|EW}} [[Eistówú]]<br /> |Ended; <br /> 16 - 20 OCT 2024<br /> |Ended in peace.<br /> |-<br /> |[[Aprux Mexyrhat#War with the British Empire|Apruxo-British War]]<br /> |{{Banner|AP}} [[Aprux Mexyrhat]]<br /> [[w:British_Empire|British Empire]]<br /> |Ended; <br /> 1443<br /> |Aprux Mexyrhat victory.<br /> |-<br /> |[[Aswnga's Civil War]]<br /> |{{Banner|AS}} [[Aswnga Congress]]<br /> {{Banner|AS}} [[Aswnga Oligarchy]]<br /> |Ended; <br /> 12 MAR 2026<br /> |Ended with the oligarch survivors getting diamond armor, and Congress dying from fall damage.<br /> |-<br /> |[[Atlantic Wars|Atlantic-Cuban Crisis]]<br /> |{{Banner|EK}} [[Enkavak]]<br /> {{Banner|CB}} [[Coldba (Cuba)]]<br /> |Ended; <br /> 16 OCT 2024<br /> |Ended in peace.<br /> |-<br /> |[[Atlantic Wars|Atlantic War of Madness]]<br /> |{{Banner|EK}} [[Enkavak]]<br /> {{Banner|RM}} [[Realm of Madness]]<sup>†</sup><br /> |Ended; <br /> 16 OCT 2024<br /> |Ended in peace.<br /> |-<br /> |[[Avazistan#Civil war and joint Oberian-Hummlandic intervention|Avazistani Civil War]]<br /> |[[Avazistan|Avazistan Empire]]<sup>†</sup><br /> [[File:Illager Banner.png|20px]] Pillagers<sup>†</sup><br /> |Ended; <br /> No real date<br /> |Ended in a takeover by [[Hummland]] and [[Oberia]].<br /> |-<br /> |[[Ætérnal-desert War]]<br /> |[[Ætérnal]]<br /> [https://minecraft.wiki/w/Desert deserts]<br /> |Eternal<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |[[Chilled War]]<br /> |[[File:EastPuaBanner.png|20px]] [[East Pua]]<sup>†</sup><br /> [[File:WestPuaBanner.png|20px]] [[West Pua]]<sup>†</sup><br /> |Ended; <br /> 24 JUL 2024<ref>https://discord.com/channels/697450809390268467/767569743229747220/1265560500272496661</ref> - 6 FEB 2025<br /> |No large scale direct conflict between blocs. Ended in [[Repunification|unification]] and the creation of [[Tauranga Puawai]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[Cool War]]<br /> |[[Juya Gwaña]]<br /> [[Tisheongja]]<br /> |Ended; 30 MAY 2022<br /> |No conflict between blocs. Ended in peace.<br /> |-<br /> |[[Coup Sabah]]<br /> |[[File:Xla banner.png|20px]] [[Xarslasja Legislative Authority]]<br /> [[File:Port authority.png|20px]] [[Xarslasja Port Authority]]<sup>†</sup><br /> <br /> [[File:EastPuaBanner.png|20px]] [[East Pua]]<sup>†</sup><br /> <br /> {{Banner|RM}} [[Realm of Madness]]<sup>†</sup><br /> |Ended;<br /> 10 OCT 2024 - ???<br /> |Ended in XLA victory and decommissioning of XPA.<br /> |-<br /> |[[Evil-Hummland War]]<br /> |{{Banner|ES}} [[Evil Scamming Country]]<br /> [[File:ŊATO Banner.png|20px]] [[ŊATO]]<br /> |Ended;<br /> ??? - 16 MAR 2025<br /> |Ended in peace with territory gain ([[Neutral Miserly State]]) and a condominium ([[Whimsopolis|Scam-tastic Casino of Joyous Whimsy]]).<br /> |-<br /> |[[Great Sea War]]<br /> |[[File:ŊATO Banner.png|20px]] [[ŊATO]]<br /> Rogues<br /> |Ongoing;<br /> 12 OCT 2025 - present<br /> |A sub-war of the [[Maraśan Civil War]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[Greek-Atlantic War]]<br /> |[[Greece]]<br /> {{Banner|EK}} [[Atlantis]]<br /> |Ended;<br /> No real date<br /> |Ended in Atlantis victory. Produced the [[Atlantic Empire]].<br /> |-<br /> |[[Greenification (Adnar)]]<br /> |{{Banner|AA}} [[Adnar]]<br /> Pale gardens and all unique contents thereof<br /> |Ongoing; <br /> 5 OCT 2025 – present<br /> |Termed a civil war by [[Adnar]], but [[Imerchal]] called it a series of terrorist attacks.<br /> |-<br /> |[[Kyaw Cen War on Madness]]<br /> |{{Banner|KC}} [[Kingdom of Kyaw Cen|Kyaw Cen]]<br /> {{Banner|RM}} [[Realm of Madness]]<sup>†</sup><br /> |Ended; <br /> 20 OCT 2024<br /> |Ended in peace.<br /> |-<br /> <br /> |[[Maraśań Civil War]]<br /> |Merchants<br /> <br /> Royalists<br /> <br /> Ocean Priests & Peasants<br /> <br /> Military<br /> <br /> Sun Priests<br /> <br /> {{Banner|RA}} [[Rauratoshan]]<br /> |Ongoing; <br /> 14 SEP 2025 - present<br /> |Ended in truce.<br /> |-<br /> |[[Puan Civil War]]<br /> |Post-[[Blossomic Empire of Pua|Blossomic]] factions<br /> |Ended; 12 JUL 2025<br /> |Produced the [[Chilled War]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[Tanylezi Civil War]]<br /> |{{Banner|TY}} [[Tanylezi]]<sup>†</sup><br /> {{Banner|TM}} [[Tje Manathi T'onzolo]]<sup>†</sup><br /> |Ended; <br /> 20 FEB – 12 APR 2025<br /> |Tanylezi victory.<br /> |-<br /> |[[The Golden Isles-Aprux Mexyrhat war]]<br /> |{{Banner|AP}} [[Aprux Mexyrhat]]<br /> {{Banner|IR}} [[The Iron Empire]]<sup>†</sup><br /> |Ended; <br /> 3 JUN 2025<br /> |Iron Empire surrender.<br /> |-<br /> |[[World War 1]]<br /> |{{Banner|AM}} [[Amuj]]<sup>†</sup><br /> {{Banner|TQ}} [[Þunan Qumreá]]<sup>†</sup><br /> <br /> {{Banner|KC}} [[Kingdom of Kyaw Cen|Kyaw Cen]]<br /> <br /> {{Banner|EK}} [[Enkavak]]<br /> <br /> {{Banner|HL}} [[Hummland]]<br /> <br /> {{Banner|IM}} [[Imerchal]]<br /> <br /> {{Banner|KZ}} [[Kozdenen]]<br /> <br /> {{Banner|HE}} [[Hentzo]]<sup>†</sup><br /> |Ended; <br /> 10 APR 2024<br /> |Ended in peace.<br /> |-<br /> |[[Xarslasja-Madness war]]<br /> |[[File:Xla banner.png|20px]] [[Xarslasja Legislative Authority]]<br /> {{Banner|RM}} [[Realm of Madness]]<sup>†</sup><br /> |Ended; <br /> 26 OCT 2024<br /> |A sub-war of the Coup Sabah. Ended in peace.<br /> |-<br /> |[[The Great Heist#Aftermath|Þunan Qumreá-PTR War]]<br /> |{{Banner|TQ}} [[Þunan Qumreá]]<sup>†</sup><br /> [[Pais Transanguino Ranitino]]<sup>†</sup><br /> |Ended;<br /> ??? - 30 APR 2024<br /> |Ended in Þunan Qumreá victory and total annexiation of PTR.<br /> |}<br /> {| class="wikitable sortable"<br /> ! colspan="4" |Other Timelines<br /> |-<br /> !Season<br /> !Name<br /> !Ŋations<br /> !Notes<br /> |-<br /> |[[Season 1]]<br /> |[[CMCrisis i|CMCrisis 𝑖]]<br /> |Proto-[[Amuj]]<br /> [[First Cuban Empire|First Empire of Cuba]]<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |[[Season 2]]<br /> |[[World War 2+i (alternate history)|World War 2+𝑖]]<br /> |{{Banner|EK}} [[Enkavak]]<br /> {{Banner|KC}} [[Kingdom of Kyaw Cen|Kyaw Cen]]<br /> <br /> {{Banner|RM}} [[Realm of Madness]]<br /> <br /> {{Banner|TR}} [[Xtrakva]]<br /> <br /> {{Banner|HL}} [[Hummland]]<br /> <br /> {{Banner|IM}} [[Imerchal]]<br /> <br /> {{Banner|KZ}} [[Kozdenen]]<br /> <br /> {{Banner|CB}} [[Coldba (Cuba)]]<br /> <br /> [[File:Oberia-banner.png|20px]] [[Oberia]]<br /> <br /> {{Banner|RP}} [[East Pua]]<br /> <br /> {{Banner|PI}} [[Pihi]]<br /> <br /> {{Banner|EW}} [[Eistówú]]<br /> <br /> {{Banner|ES}} [[Evil Scamming Country]]<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == References ==</div>

Suqi https://mc.nguh.org/w/index.php?title=Cool_War&diff=39068 Cool War 2026-04-24T22:29:57Z

<p>Suqi: /* Events */</p> <hr /> <div>The '''Cool War''' was a cold war between [[Tisheongja]] and what is now named [[Juya Gwaña]] which took place in May 30th, 2022. Both regions at the time were proto-[[Ŋation|ŋations]] with multiple members, but only their owners [[Saithe]] and [[Suqi]], respectively, were involved in the tensions. No conflict ended up taking place between the two regions, but ideological disputes and discussions of attacks between them did take place. When this conflict took place, Juya Gwaña had not yet been given a name, and so was referred to as "place which has no name" and similar phrases, as well as "Weird Looking Parrot" which was one name Suqi was considering for it.<br /> <br /> == Background ==<br /> Prior to the Cool War, [[Ætérnal]] had recently established [[Slablet|slablets]] as the currency of [[Season 2]]. Saithe was eager to get many slablets, but Suqi was unfamiliar with and wary of the new currency. Both Saithe and Suqi had begun establishing villager trading halls in their respective regions. Saithe, however, had very few diamonds and was looking to get enough to obtain slablets. She used her trading hall to buy diamond gear and would offer to sell the gear to other players in exchange for one diamond per piece<ref>https://discord.com/channels/697450809390268467/835185858864218122/980895626239811634</ref>.<br /> <br /> == Events ==<br /> The Cool War began when Saithe offered Suqi one of her diamond gear-for-diamond trades, which Suqi was immediately suspicious of, citing an advertisement they had seen at a train or bus station some years prior which said "If it sounds too good to be true, then it is."<ref>https://discord.com/channels/697450809390268467/835185858864218122/980896828746788875<br /> <br /> </ref> After Saithe explained her process, Suqi realized it was a scam, since they could merely obtain diamond armor for emeralds and a book rather than giving out their own diamonds, and accused Saithe of capitalism.<br /> <br /> Juya Gwaña had plans to build a large quantity of farms, surpassing what was built in the [[Empire of Cuba]] prior, and giving plentiful resources away for free in an ideology Suqi called "Ambilism". Suqi threatened to attract Tisheongja's populace to Juya Gwaña with Ambilism<ref>https://discord.com/channels/697450809390268467/835185858864218122/980894606629699594</ref>, to which Saithe accused them of "trying to sabotage the economy"<ref>https://discord.com/channels/697450809390268467/835185858864218122/980898306966315018</ref>. When asked if this would become a cold war by Saithe, Suqi responded:<blockquote>“no lol ppl are just gonna move here<br /> <br /> and leave you behind<br /> <br /> crying<br /> <br /> alone<br /> <br /> and expensive<br /> <br /> also we dont have nukes<br /> <br /> ''well wait''<br /> <br /> ''we do have [[janus]]''”<ref>https://discord.com/channels/697450809390268467/835185858864218122/980898571744317451<br /> <br /> </ref></blockquote>At this point in the discussion, talks of potential nuclear weapons began. [[N3]] mentioned a design she made of a diagonal TNT cannon that functions similarly to nuclear fission. Suqi also mentioned a time when Janus threatened to nuke [[Empire of Cuba|Cuba]]<ref>https://discord.com/channels/697450809390268467/835185858864218122/980900860605366342</ref>, and Janus saying they do have “a few metric fucktons of TNT”<ref>https://discord.com/channels/697450809390268467/835185858864218122/980900939315695686</ref>. After that, both Suqi and Saithe clarified that they would not have wanted a war between them, but they insisted further on their ideological leanings:<br /> <br /> * “to be clear: my intent is not to spread my ideology or impose it on any region of the server outside [my region which has no name]. you and your good time buddies will not be prevented from practicing capitalism anywhere outside of it” -Suqi<ref>https://discord.com/channels/697450809390268467/835185858864218122/980906804248735784</ref><br /> * “it says right here *points to the communist manifesto i think* that capitalists are pigdogs and always ruin everything” -Suqi<ref>https://discord.com/channels/697450809390268467/835185858864218122/980908977753829446</ref><br /> * “capitalism cannot exist if communism is allowed to thrive /lh” -Saithe<ref>https://discord.com/channels/697450809390268467/835185858864218122/980915116558135306</ref><br /> <br /> In the end, the conflict fizzled out with little confrontation between the two ideologies again. Tisheongja and Juya Gwaña would both end up becoming abandoned in 2023.<br /> <br /> == References ==</div>

Suqi https://mc.nguh.org/w/index.php?title=Cool_War&diff=39067 Cool War 2026-04-24T22:29:06Z

<p>Suqi: </p> <hr /> <div>The '''Cool War''' was a cold war between [[Tisheongja]] and what is now named [[Juya Gwaña]] which took place in May 30th, 2022. Both regions at the time were proto-[[Ŋation|ŋations]] with multiple members, but only their owners [[Saithe]] and [[Suqi]], respectively, were involved in the tensions. No conflict ended up taking place between the two regions, but ideological disputes and discussions of attacks between them did take place. When this conflict took place, Juya Gwaña had not yet been given a name, and so was referred to as "place which has no name" and similar phrases, as well as "Weird Looking Parrot" which was one name Suqi was considering for it.<br /> <br /> == Background ==<br /> Prior to the Cool War, [[Ætérnal]] had recently established [[Slablet|slablets]] as the currency of [[Season 2]]. Saithe was eager to get many slablets, but Suqi was unfamiliar with and wary of the new currency. Both Saithe and Suqi had begun establishing villager trading halls in their respective regions. Saithe, however, had very few diamonds and was looking to get enough to obtain slablets. She used her trading hall to buy diamond gear and would offer to sell the gear to other players in exchange for one diamond per piece<ref>https://discord.com/channels/697450809390268467/835185858864218122/980895626239811634</ref>.<br /> <br /> == Events ==<br /> The Cool War began when Saithe offered Suqi one of her diamond gear-for-diamond trades, which Suqi was immediately suspicious of, citing an advertisement they had seen at a train or bus station some years prior which said "If it sounds too good to be true, then it is."<ref>https://discord.com/channels/697450809390268467/835185858864218122/980896828746788875<br /> <br /> </ref> After Saithe explained her process, Suqi realized it was a scam, since they could merely obtain diamond armor for emeralds and a book rather than giving out their own diamonds, and accused Saithe of capitalism.<br /> <br /> Juya Gwaña had plans to build a large quantity of farms, surpassing what was built in the [[Empire of Cuba]] prior, and giving plentiful resources away for free in an ideology Suqi called "Ambilism". Suqi threatened to attract Tisheongja's populace to Juya Gwaña with Ambilism<ref>https://discord.com/channels/697450809390268467/835185858864218122/980906008199168050</ref>, to which Saithe accused them of "trying to sabotage the economy"<ref>https://discord.com/channels/697450809390268467/835185858864218122/980898306966315018</ref>. When asked if this would become a cold war by Saithe, Suqi responded:<blockquote>“no lol ppl are just gonna move here<br /> <br /> and leave you behind<br /> <br /> crying<br /> <br /> alone<br /> <br /> and expensive<br /> <br /> also we dont have nukes<br /> <br /> ''well wait''<br /> <br /> ''we do have [[janus]]''”<ref>https://discord.com/channels/697450809390268467/835185858864218122/980898571744317451<br /> <br /> </ref></blockquote>At this point in the discussion, talks of potential nuclear weapons began. [[N3]] mentioned a design she made of a diagonal TNT cannon that functions similarly to nuclear fission. Suqi also mentioned a time when Janus threatened to nuke [[Empire of Cuba|Cuba]]<ref>https://discord.com/channels/697450809390268467/835185858864218122/980900860605366342</ref>, and Janus saying they do have “a few metric fucktons of TNT”<ref>https://discord.com/channels/697450809390268467/835185858864218122/980900939315695686</ref>. After that, both Suqi and Saithe clarified that they would not have wanted a war between them, but they insisted further on their ideological leanings:<br /> <br /> * “to be clear: my intent is not to spread my ideology or impose it on any region of the server outside [my region which has no name]. you and your good time buddies will not be prevented from practicing capitalism anywhere outside of it” -Suqi<ref>https://discord.com/channels/697450809390268467/835185858864218122/980906804248735784</ref><br /> * “it says right here *points to the communist manifesto i think* that capitalists are pigdogs and always ruin everything” -Suqi<ref>https://discord.com/channels/697450809390268467/835185858864218122/980908977753829446</ref><br /> * “capitalism cannot exist if communism is allowed to thrive /lh” -Saithe<ref>https://discord.com/channels/697450809390268467/835185858864218122/980915116558135306</ref><br /> <br /> In the end, the conflict fizzled out with little confrontation between the two ideologies again. Tisheongja and Juya Gwaña would both end up becoming abandoned in 2023.<br /> <br /> == References ==</div>

Suqi https://mc.nguh.org/w/index.php?title=Cool_War&diff=39066 Cool War 2026-04-24T22:25:52Z

<p>Suqi: Created page with "The '''Cool War''' was a cold war between Tisheongja and what is now named Juya Gwaña which took place in May 30th, 2022. Both regions at the time were proto-ŋations with multiple members, but only their owners Saithe and Suqi, respectively, were involved in the tensions. No conflict ended up taking place between the two regions, but ideological disputes and discussions of attacks between them did take place. When this conflict took place, J..."</p> <hr /> <div>The '''Cool War''' was a cold war between [[Tisheongja]] and what is now named [[Juya Gwaña]] which took place in May 30th, 2022. Both regions at the time were proto-[[Ŋation|ŋations]] with multiple members, but only their owners [[Saithe]] and [[Suqi]], respectively, were involved in the tensions. No conflict ended up taking place between the two regions, but ideological disputes and discussions of attacks between them did take place. When this conflict took place, Juya Gwaña had not yet been given a name, and so was referred to as "place which has no name" and similar phrases, as well as "Weird Looking Parrot" which was one name Suqi was considering for it.<br /> <br /> Prior to the Cool War, [[Ætérnal]] had recently established [[Slablet|slablets]] as the currency of [[Season 2]]. Saithe was eager to get many slablets, but Suqi was unfamiliar with and wary of the new currency. Both Saithe and Suqi had begun establishing villager trading halls in their respective regions. Saithe, however, had very few diamonds and was looking to get enough to obtain slablets. She used her trading hall to buy diamond gear and would offer to sell the gear to other players in exchange for one diamond per piece<ref>https://discord.com/channels/697450809390268467/835185858864218122/980895626239811634</ref>.<br /> <br /> The Cool War began when Saithe offered Suqi one of her diamond gear-for-diamond trades, which Suqi was immediately suspicious of, citing an advertisement they had seen at a train or bus station some years prior which said "If it sounds too good to be true, then it is."<ref>https://discord.com/channels/697450809390268467/835185858864218122/980896828746788875<br /> <br /> </ref> After Saithe explained her process, Suqi realized it was a scam, since they could merely obtain diamond armor for emeralds and a book rather than giving out their own diamonds, and accused Saithe of capitalism.<br /> <br /> Juya Gwaña had plans to build a large quantity of farms, surpassing what was built in the [[Empire of Cuba]] prior, and giving plentiful resources away for free in an ideology Suqi called "Ambilism". Suqi threatened to attract Tisheongja's populace to Juya Gwaña with Ambilism<ref>https://discord.com/channels/697450809390268467/835185858864218122/980906008199168050</ref>, to which Saithe accused them of "trying to sabotage the economy"<ref>https://discord.com/channels/697450809390268467/835185858864218122/980898306966315018</ref>. When asked if this would become a cold war by Saithe, Suqi responded:<blockquote>“no lol ppl are just gonna move here<br /> <br /> and leave you behind<br /> <br /> crying<br /> <br /> alone<br /> <br /> and expensive<br /> <br /> also we dont have nukes<br /> <br /> ''well wait''<br /> <br /> ''we do have [[janus]]''”<ref>https://discord.com/channels/697450809390268467/835185858864218122/980898571744317451<br /> <br /> </ref></blockquote>At this point in the discussion, talks of potential nuclear weapons began. [[N3]] mentioned a design she made of a diagonal TNT cannon that functions similarly to nuclear fission. Suqi also mentioned a time when Janus threatened to nuke [[Empire of Cuba|Cuba]]<ref>https://discord.com/channels/697450809390268467/835185858864218122/980900860605366342</ref>, and Janus saying they do have “a few metric fucktons of TNT”<ref>https://discord.com/channels/697450809390268467/835185858864218122/980900939315695686</ref>. After that, both Suqi and Saithe clarified that they would not have wanted a war between them, but they insisted further on their ideological leanings:<br /> <br /> * “to be clear: my intent is not to spread my ideology or impose it on any region of the server outside [my region which has no name]. you and your good time buddies will not be prevented from practicing capitalism anywhere outside of it” -Suqi<ref>https://discord.com/channels/697450809390268467/835185858864218122/980906804248735784</ref><br /> * “it says right here *points to the communist manifesto i think* that capitalists are pigdogs and always ruin everything” -Suqi<ref>https://discord.com/channels/697450809390268467/835185858864218122/980908977753829446</ref><br /> * “capitalism cannot exist if communism is allowed to thrive /lh” -Saithe<ref>https://discord.com/channels/697450809390268467/835185858864218122/980915116558135306</ref><br /> <br /> In the end, the conflict fizzled out with little confrontation between the two ideologies again. Tisheongja and Juya Gwaña would both end up becoming abandoned in 2023.<br /> <br /> == References ==</div>

Suqi https://mc.nguh.org/w/index.php?title=Tisheongja&diff=39065 Tisheongja 2026-04-24T21:36:22Z

<p>Suqi: </p> <hr /> <div>'''Tisheongja''' was one of the earliest (if not the earliest) player hubs in [[Season 2]]. It was built by [[Saithe]] who built a spider-cave themed base in a deepslate cave, and was also home to [[Marci]], [[Maarz]], [[Benny]], and Evie<ref>The identity of the player named Evie is unknown, but it is likely to be the Nguhcord user "@mileage03".</ref>.<ref>https://discord.com/channels/697450809390268467/835185858864218122/979032788990840892</ref> Tisheongja, alongside Saithe's spider-cave were griefed during [[the Raid]]. Today, it is located in eastern [[Myžariky]].<br /> <br /> In May of 2022, Tisheongja experienced tensions with [[Juya Gwaña]] over economic ideologies in an event retroactively named the "[[Cool War]]".<br /> <br /> == References ==</div>

Suqi https://mc.nguh.org/w/index.php?title=Tisheongja&diff=39064 Tisheongja 2026-04-24T21:33:59Z

<p>Suqi: </p> <hr /> <div>'''Tisheongja''' was one of the earliest (if not the earliest) player hubs in [[Season 2]]. It was built by [[Saithe]] who built a spider-cave themed base in a deepslate cave, and was also home to [[Marci]], [[Maarz]], [[Benny]], and Evie<ref>The identity of the player named Evie is unknown, but it is likely to be the Nguhcord user "@mileage03".</ref>.<ref>https://discord.com/channels/697450809390268467/835185858864218122/979032788990840892</ref> Tisheongja, alongside Saithe's spider-cave were griefed during [[the Raid]]. Today, it is located in eastern [[Myžariky]].<br /> <br /> == References ==</div>

Suqi https://mc.nguh.org/w/index.php?title=Tisheongja&diff=39063 Tisheongja 2026-04-24T21:33:45Z

<p>Suqi: </p> <hr /> <div>'''Tisheongja''' was one of the earliest (if not the earliest) player hubs in [[Season 2]]. It was built by [[Saithe]] who built a spider-cave themed base in a deepslate cave, and was also home to [[Marci]], [[Maarz]], [[Benny]], and Evie<ref>The identity of the player named Evie is unknown, but it is likely to be the Nguhcord user "@mileage03".</ref>.<ref>https://discord.com/channels/697450809390268467/835185858864218122/979032788990840892</ref> Tisheongja, alongside Saithe's spider-cave were griefed during [[the Raid]]. Today, it is located in eastern [[Myžariky]].</div>

Suqi