'Arborese - Revision history

Jutomi: Added phonetic table. Forgot about gog lol. Also forgot I readded utterance-final click

2026-08-06T15:20:48Z

Added phonetic table. Forgot about gog lol. Also forgot I readded utterance-final click

@@ Line 62: / Line 62: @@
 - - Many prefer to use [ʇ] for /ǀ/ in phonetic descriptions to avoid confusion with word-initial /d/ [l].
-- /o/ frequently is voiceless or disappears between /z/ and before /z/ or /ʒ/, most often being realized as something akin to [s͡s͜ʷs] and [ʃ͡ʃ͜ʷʃ] respectively.
+- /o/ frequently is voiceless or disappears between /z/ and before /z/ /ʒ/ and /g/, most often being realized as something akin to [s͡s͜ʷs] [ʃ͡ʃ͜ʷʃ] and x͡xʷ͜x respectively. Double consonants also become this word-medially.
 - - A similar process happens between two /f/s, although in this case the realization is more likely [fɵ̥f].
@@ Line 205: / Line 205: @@
 |gd~ʁd, ɣɺ
 |gʒ~ɣd͡ʒ~,ɣd͡ʒ~ʃt͡ʃ
-|ʔj~ʔɣ, çk
+|ʔj~ʔɣ~ɠ, çk
 |gf~ʁf, ɣf
 |d͡z, ɣz~ʁz
@@ Line 221: / Line 221: @@
 |ʔd~ɗ, dɺ
 |ʔʒ~ʔt͡ʃ, ɾ.d͡ʒ
-|ʔg~ɠ, dg
+|ɣ͡ɣ͜ʷɣ~x͡xʷ͜x, dg
 |ʔf, df
 |ʔz~t͡s~,d.z
@@ Line 230: / Line 230: @@
 |<nowiki>|ˀ</nowiki>
 |}
-This phonetically creates a somewhat distinct [ᵑǀ], [ǀˀ], [sʷs], [ʃʷʃ], [fʷf~fɵ̥f~f:], [β̞], [d͡ʒ], [ɣ], [j], [ʁ], and [ʔ̆], and non- or semi-distinct [n:] [m:] [s:] [ɓ], [ɗ], [ɠ], [ǀ͡ɠ], [ɸ], [t͡s], [w] and [ʕ̞]. None of these are considered phonemic.
+This phonetically creates a somewhat distinct [ᵑǀ], [ǀˀ], [sʷs], [ʃʷʃ], [xʷx], [fʷf~fɵ̥f~f:], [β̞], [d͡ʒ], [ɣ], [j], [ʁ], and [ʔ̆], and non- or semi-distinct [n:] [m:] [s:] [ɓ], [ɗ], [ʔʲ~ɠ], [ǀ͡ɠ], [ɸ], [t͡s], [w] and [ʕ̞]. None of these are considered phonemic.
 === Vowels ===

Jutomi: Removed coda b lol

2026-08-06T14:41:07Z

Removed coda b lol

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:41, 6 August 2026
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	The syllable structure is (C)V(V)(C). Any consonant phoneme may start a syllable, but only /n/, /g/, /ʒ/, /d~ʔ/, /f/ and /z/ can appear in coda.		The syllable structure is (C)V(V)(C). Any consonant phoneme may start a syllable, but only /n/, /g/, /ʒ/, /d~ʔ/, /f/ and /z/ can appear in coda.

	There are estimated to be ~~288~~ total possible syllables; properly including long monophthongs and diphthongs, up to 1,~~152~~. (Although there may be nearly twice as many including stress and position of the syllable within a word.)		There are estimated to be 252 total possible syllables; properly including long monophthongs and diphthongs, up to 1,008. (Although there may be nearly twice as many including stress and position of the syllable within a word.)

	=== Consonants ===		=== Consonants ===
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	- [ʔ] is frequently lowered to a creaky stop or coloring of a lengthened vowel or liquid [ ̰ ]/[ʔ̆] as a word-medial onset and utterance-finally.		- [ʔ] is frequently lowered to a creaky stop or coloring of a lengthened vowel or liquid [ ̰ ]/[ʔ̆] as a word-medial onset and utterance-finally.

	- Coda /d~ʔ/ is hard to describe, since it's ''usually'' [ʔ] word-medially, but is believed to have come from /d/, for which [d] still exists in some environments, predominantly word-finally. Most linguists tend to use both phonemes depending on the context, though some use an archiphonemic /D/. Others still propose using /t/. It is always represented with <d> in romanization.		- Coda /d~ʔ/ is hard to describe, since it's ''usually'' [ʔ] word-medially, but is believed to have come from /d/, for which [d] still exists in some environments, predominantly word-finally. Most linguists tend to use both phonemes depending on the context, though some use an archiphonemic /D/. Others still propose using /t/, in part because of utterance-final [\|ˀ]. It is always represented with <d> in romanization.

	- Conversely, coda [n] is widely analyzed as simply /n/, even thought allophonically it can appear as [m].		- Conversely, coda [n] is widely analyzed as simply /n/, even thought allophonically it can appear as [m].
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	\|-		\|-
	!n + O		!n + O
	\|nm		\|nm~m:
	\|nn		\|n~n:
	\|ᵑǀ~,nᶢǀ		\|ᵑǀ~,nᶢǀ
	\|nβ̞ ~, nb~mb		\|nβ̞ ~, nb~mb
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	\|fd͡ʒ		\|fd͡ʒ
	\|fj, fg~fk		\|fj, fg~fk
	\|fʷf		\|fʷf~f:
	\|fs~fz		\|fs~fz
	\|fɦ~vh		\|fɦ~vh
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	\|zj, zg~sk		\|zj, zg~sk
	\|zf~sf		\|zf~sf
	\|zʷz~sʷs		\|zʷz~sʷs, s:
	\|zh~sɦ		\|zh~sɦ
	\|zʔ̆, zʔ~sʔ		\|zʔ̆, zʔ~sʔ
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	\|ʒβ̞ , d͡ʒb		\|ʒβ̞ , d͡ʒb
	\|(d͡)ʒd, ʃɺ		\|(d͡)ʒd, ʃɺ
	\|d͡ʒd͡ʒ~ʃt͡ʃ~~~ʃʷʃ~~		\|d͡ʒd͡ʒ~ʃt͡ʃ~ʒʷʒ
	\|ʒj, d͡ʒ~t͡ʃk		\|ʒj, d͡ʒ~t͡ʃk
	\|ʒf~,t͡ʃf		\|ʒf~,t͡ʃf
	\|ʒʷʒ~ʃʷʃ		\|ʒʷʒ~ʃʷʃ, d͡ʒs
	\|ʒh, d͡ʒɦ		\|ʒh, d͡ʒɦ
	\|ʒʔ̆~d͡ʒʔ̆, t͡ʃʔ		\|ʒʔ̆~d͡ʒʔ̆, t͡ʃʔ
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	\|ʔd~ɗ		\|ʔd~ɗ
	\|ɾ		\|ɾ
	\|~~̰ ~ʔ̆~~		\|<nowiki>\|ˀ</nowiki>
	\|-
	~~!b + O~~
	~~\|ʔm, bm~~
	~~\|b̚n~mn ~, bn~~
	~~\|mᵑǀ͡ɠ~, b̚ᶢǀ~~
	~~\|mb~ɓ~~
	~~\|b̚d~m͊d,mɺ~~
	~~\|bʒ~mʒ~,b̚d͡ʒ~~
	~~\|b̚ɣ~bʁ, b̚g~~
	~~\|b̚f~pf ~, bf~~
	~~\|bz~~
	~~\|bh~~
	~~\|bʔ~p'~~
	\|b
	\|b
	~~\|b̚~m̩~~
	\|}		\|}
	This phonetically creates a distinct [ᵑǀ], [ǀˀ], [sʷs], [ʃʷʃ], [fʷf~fɵ̥f], [b], [d͡ʒ], [ɣ], [j], [ʁ], and [ʔ̆], and non- or semi-distinct [~~b̚~m͊~~], [m̩], [n:] [ɓ], [ɗ], [ɠ], [ǀ͡ɠ], [ɸ] and [~~t͡s~~]. None of these are considered phonemic.		This phonetically creates a somewhat distinct [ᵑǀ], [ǀˀ], [sʷs], [ʃʷʃ], [fʷf~fɵ̥f~f:], [β̞], [d͡ʒ], [ɣ], [j], [ʁ], and [ʔ̆], and non- or semi-distinct [n:] [m:] [s:] [ɓ], [ɗ], [ɠ], [ǀ͡ɠ], [ɸ], [t͡s], [w] and [ʕ̞]. None of these are considered phonemic.

	=== Vowels ===		=== Vowels ===

Jutomi: ml

2026-08-06T14:32:30Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:32, 6 August 2026
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	\|gβ̞~ʁw ~, ɣb		\|gβ̞~ʁw ~, ɣb
	\|gd~ʁd, ɣɺ		\|gd~ʁd, ɣɺ
	\|gʒ~ɣd͡ʒ ~, ɣd͡ʒ~ʃt͡ʃ		\|gʒ~ɣd͡ʒ~,ɣd͡ʒ~ʃt͡ʃ
	\|ʔj~ʔɣ, çk		\|ʔj~ʔɣ, çk
	\|gf~ʁf, ɣf		\|gf~ʁf, ɣf
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	\|mᵑǀ͡ɠ~, b̚ᶢǀ		\|mᵑǀ͡ɠ~, b̚ᶢǀ
	\|mb~ɓ		\|mb~ɓ
	\|b̚d~m͊d~,bd		\|b̚d~m͊d,mɺ
	\|bʒ~mʒ~,b̚d͡ʒ		\|bʒ~mʒ~,b̚d͡ʒ
	\|b̚ɣ~bʁ, b̚g		\|b̚ɣ~bʁ, b̚g

Jutomi: semigenderified the emphatic ig

2026-08-05T22:17:30Z

semigenderified the emphatic ig

← Older revision		Revision as of 22:17, 5 August 2026
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	Prepositional nouns are usually created by adding a vowel (usually ''e'') after the final onset, although if this syllable is either a diphthong or is open and would come after a stressed syllable if applied, usually ends in -e after a vowel (replacing diphthongs) and -a after a consonant. (fe -> fee, mofo -> mofeo, mofoo -> mofoe, mendeg -> mendeeg, faaso -> faasoe, moan -> moana). There are some exceptions however (gema -> gemae). Proper nouns simply end in an additional -a, as is the case with some loan words and some other words. The prepositional noun is used in prepositional phrases, and is used for locative, genitive, dative, and instrumental constructions. When present without a preposition, it can be used as a vocative or as a disjunctive used for emphasis.		Prepositional nouns are usually created by adding a vowel (usually ''e'') after the final onset, although if this syllable is either a diphthong or is open and would come after a stressed syllable if applied, usually ends in -e after a vowel (replacing diphthongs) and -a after a consonant. (fe -> fee, mofo -> mofeo, mofoo -> mofoe, mendeg -> mendeeg, faaso -> faasoe, moan -> moana). There are some exceptions however (gema -> gemae). Proper nouns simply end in an additional -a, as is the case with some loan words and some other words. The prepositional noun is used in prepositional phrases, and is used for locative, genitive, dative, and instrumental constructions. When present without a preposition, it can be used as a vocative or as a disjunctive used for emphasis.

	Another way of creating emphasis is through reduplication of the final onset and its proceeding vowel, which surfaces as a separate word (''dagan -> dagan ga''). It is also affected by prepositional markers and plural marking (''dagean ge'', ''daganon gooan);'' note that the reduplication is C''oo''V''n''. This emphatic word can also be used as a reflexive pronoun when it used for a subject and appears after a verb, effectively turning it into a reflexive object marker. (i.e. ''dagean ge ofab'' is emphatic while ''dagean ofab ge'' is reflexive). Reduplication of the entire first syllable of a plural noun is instead reciprocal in nature, acting as a simple third-person pronoun (i.e. ''dageanon ofab dag'' vs. ''dageanon ofab gooan'').		Another way of creating emphasis is through reduplication of the final onset and its proceeding vowel, which surfaces as a separate word (''dagan -> dagan ga''). It is also affected by prepositional markers and plural marking (''dagean ge'', ''daganon gooan);'' note that the reduplication is C''oo''V''n''. This emphatic word can also be used as a reflexive pronoun when it used for a subject and appears after a verb, effectively turning it into a reflexive object marker. (i.e. ''dagean ge ofab'' is emphatic while ''dagean ofab ge'' is reflexive). Reduplication of the entire first syllable of a plural noun is instead reciprocal in nature, acting as a simple third-person pronoun (i.e. ''dageanon ofab dag'' vs. ''dageanon ofab gooan''). The emphatic can also be used to differentiate homophones being used together in a sentence, with emphasis often placed on a more animate one; some linguists argue this could already be analyzed as a form of grammatical gender, as though it is generally not used except when multiple homophones are used in a sentence, it has been documented in regular speech by at least one individual.

	=== Pronouns ===		=== Pronouns ===

Jutomi: Grammar :D (Moved verbs over from qa'oisi; just preferred them here.

2026-08-05T22:11:47Z

Grammar :D (Moved verbs over from qa'oisi; just preferred them here.

Show changes

Jutomi: nullis deb ceb test

2026-08-05T20:59:44Z

nullis deb ceb test

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:59, 5 August 2026
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	\|}		\|}
	This phonetically creates a distinct [ᵑǀ], [ǀˀ], [sʷs], [ʃʷʃ], [fʷf~fɵ̥f], [b], [d͡ʒ], [ɣ], [j], [ʁ], and [ʔ̆], and non- or semi-distinct [b̚~m͊], [m̩], [n:] [ɓ], [ɗ], [ɠ], [ǀ͡ɠ], [ɸ] and [t͡s]. None of these are considered phonemic.		This phonetically creates a distinct [ᵑǀ], [ǀˀ], [sʷs], [ʃʷʃ], [fʷf~fɵ̥f], [b], [d͡ʒ], [ɣ], [j], [ʁ], and [ʔ̆], and non- or semi-distinct [b̚~m͊], [m̩], [n:] [ɓ], [ɗ], [ɠ], [ǀ͡ɠ], [ɸ] and [t͡s]. None of these are considered phonemic.

	~~debceb, deb ceb~~

	=== Vowels ===		=== Vowels ===

Jutomi: m

2026-08-05T20:59:28Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:59, 5 August 2026
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	\|b̚~m̩		\|b̚~m̩
	\|}		\|}
	This phonetically creates a distinct [ᵑǀ], [ǀˀ], [sʷs], [ʃʷʃ], [fʷf~fɵ̥f], [b], [d͡ʒ], [ɣ], [j], [ʁ], and [ʔ̆], and non- or semi-distinct [b̚], [m̩], [n:] [ɓ], [ɗ], [ɠ], [ǀ͡ɠ], [ɸ] and [t͡s]. None of these are considered phonemic.		This phonetically creates a distinct [ᵑǀ], [ǀˀ], [sʷs], [ʃʷʃ], [fʷf~fɵ̥f], [b], [d͡ʒ], [ɣ], [j], [ʁ], and [ʔ̆], and non- or semi-distinct [b̚~m͊], [m̩], [n:] [ɓ], [ɗ], [ɠ], [ǀ͡ɠ], [ɸ] and [t͡s]. None of these are considered phonemic.

	debceb, deb ceb		debceb, deb ceb

Jutomi: ffffphonesf

2026-08-05T20:54:00Z

ffffphonesf

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:54, 5 August 2026
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	\|ᶢǀ~ᵏǀ		\|ᶢǀ~ᵏǀ
	\|β̞		\|β̞
	\|ɾ~d		\|l~ɾ~d
	\|ʒ		\|ʒ
	\|ʁ~ʀ		\|ʁ~ʀ
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	!b + O		!b + O
	\|ʔm, bm		\|ʔm, bm
	\|b̚n, bn		\|b̚n~mn ~, bn
	\|b̚ᶢǀ~~, mᵑǀ͡ɠ~~		\|mᵑǀ͡ɠ~, b̚ᶢǀ
	\|~~ʔβ̞~~~ɓ		\|mb~ɓ
	\|b̚d~,bd		\|b̚d~m͊d~,bd
	\|~~b̚ʒ~~~,~~bd͡ʒ~~		\|bʒ~mʒ~,b̚d͡ʒ
	\|b̚ɣ~bʁ, bg		\|b̚ɣ~bʁ, b̚g
	\|bf~pf		\|b̚f~pf ~, bf
	\|bz		\|bz
	\|bh		\|bh

Jutomi: extended phones

2026-08-05T20:40:47Z

extended phones

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:40, 5 August 2026
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	\|b̚~m̩		\|b̚~m̩
	\|}		\|}
	This phonetically creates a distinct [ᵑǀ], [ǀˀ], [sʷs], [ʃʷʃ], [fʷf~fɵ̥f], [b], [d͡ʒ], [ɣ], [j], [ʁ], and [ʔ̆], and non- or semi-distinct [ɓ], [ɗ], [ɠ], [ǀ͡ɠ], [ɸ] and [t͡s]. None of these are considered phonemic.		This phonetically creates a distinct [ᵑǀ], [ǀˀ], [sʷs], [ʃʷʃ], [fʷf~fɵ̥f], [b], [d͡ʒ], [ɣ], [j], [ʁ], and [ʔ̆], and non- or semi-distinct [b̚], [m̩], [n:] [ɓ], [ɗ], [ɠ], [ǀ͡ɠ], [ɸ] and [t͡s]. None of these are considered phonemic.

	debceb, deb ceb		debceb, deb ceb

Jutomi: fixed phonetics intro

2026-08-05T20:39:31Z

fixed phonetics intro

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:39, 5 August 2026
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	== Phonetics ==		== Phonetics ==
	Arborese features a fairly minimalist phonemic inventory, with only ~~four~~ vowels and 11 consonants, though there is a degree of free variation and allophony depending on where a sound appears in a word, syllable or utterance, as well as 16 "combined vowels" that appear as diphthongs or long monophthongs.		Arborese features a fairly minimalist phonemic inventory, with only three vowels and 11 consonants, though there is a degree of free variation and allophony depending on where a sound appears in a word, syllable or utterance, as well as 12 "combined vowels" that appear as diphthongs or long monophthongs.

	=== Phonotactics ===		=== Phonotactics ===