'Arborese - Revision history

Jutomi: erosion

2026-07-26T05:03:00Z

erosion

← Older revision		Revision as of 05:03, 26 July 2026
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	- Voicing is non-contrastive, although /m/, /n/, and word-medial intervocalic /b/ and /d/ tend to be voiced, while other phonemes are most likely slack voice, sometimes pronounced voiced or voiceless in free variation, with utterance-final sounds generally being fully voiceless (and glottal stops being their own thing). A more narrow transcription of these sounds would be /b̥ d̥ v̥ z̥ ʒ̊ g̊ ɦ̥ ᶢ̥ǀ/.		- Voicing is non-contrastive, although /m/, /n/, and word-medial intervocalic /b/ and /d/ tend to be voiced, while other phonemes are most likely slack voice, sometimes pronounced voiced or voiceless in free variation, with utterance-final sounds generally being fully voiceless (and glottal stops being their own thing). A more narrow transcription of these sounds would be /b̥ d̥ v̥ z̥ ʒ̊ g̊ ɦ̥ ᶢ̥ǀ/.

	- unstressed /ʔVʔV/ sequences frequently result in the second /ʔ/ getting eroded away.		- unstressed /ʔVʔV/ sequences frequently result in the second /ʔ/ getting eroded away in faster speech, optionally turning vowels neighboring it (and diphthongs following it) creaky in the process.

	Below is a table of some of the more common realizations of morphological syllable clusters, although some sounds and especially voicing are fairly loose.		Below is a table of some of the more common realizations of morphological syllable clusters, although some sounds and especially voicing are fairly loose.

Jutomi: glottal erosion.

2026-07-26T05:01:52Z

glottal erosion.

← Older revision		Revision as of 05:01, 26 July 2026
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	- Voicing is non-contrastive, although /m/, /n/, and word-medial intervocalic /b/ and /d/ tend to be voiced, while other phonemes are most likely slack voice, sometimes pronounced voiced or voiceless in free variation, with utterance-final sounds generally being fully voiceless (and glottal stops being their own thing). A more narrow transcription of these sounds would be /b̥ d̥ v̥ z̥ ʒ̊ g̊ ɦ̥ ᶢ̥ǀ/.		- Voicing is non-contrastive, although /m/, /n/, and word-medial intervocalic /b/ and /d/ tend to be voiced, while other phonemes are most likely slack voice, sometimes pronounced voiced or voiceless in free variation, with utterance-final sounds generally being fully voiceless (and glottal stops being their own thing). A more narrow transcription of these sounds would be /b̥ d̥ v̥ z̥ ʒ̊ g̊ ɦ̥ ᶢ̥ǀ/.

			- unstressed /ʔVʔV/ sequences frequently result in the second /ʔ/ getting eroded away.

	Below is a table of some of the more common realizations of morphological syllable clusters, although some sounds and especially voicing are fairly loose.		Below is a table of some of the more common realizations of morphological syllable clusters, although some sounds and especially voicing are fairly loose.
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	\|z~s		\|z~s
	\|ɦ		\|ɦ
	\|ʔ		\|ʔ~ ̰
	\|see: vowels		\|see: vowels
	\|∅		\|∅

Jutomi: updated stress. It's kinda tricky to quite describe the feel of it but I think I might have it now...

2026-07-26T04:55:54Z

updated stress. It's kinda tricky to quite describe the feel of it but I think I might have it now...

← Older revision		Revision as of 04:55, 26 July 2026
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	=== Stress ===		=== Stress ===
	The first syllable of a polysyllabic words is generally stressed, unless the second syllable is heavier. (C)V is lighter than CVV / CVC, which are both lighter than CVVC; i.e. ''eno'', ''eenon,'' and ''faongaed'' would be stress-initial, but ''anoa, zomed, gaomead,'' and ''hazfeen'' would be second-syllable stress. ~~Words~~ that are ~~four~~ or ~~five syllables long have secondary stress on~~ the ~~penultimate~~ syllable~~, and have~~ stressed ~~syllables every even number~~ of syllables ~~beforehand up until (and including) the second syllable after the initial stressed syllable: i.e. ''Mafoanaazameegananoen'' would be [ma'foa.na:.zɐˌme:gɐˌnɐ:.nɔɪn]~~.		The first syllable of a polysyllabic words is generally stressed, unless the second syllable is heavier. (C)V is lighter than CVV / CVC, which are both lighter than CVVC; i.e. ''eno'', ''eenon,'' and ''faongaed'' would be stress-initial, but ''anoa, zomed, gaomead,'' and ''hazfeen'' would be second-syllable stress. For words that are three syllables or longer, the third syllable may be stressed if it is heavier than both of the prior two syllables.

	For single-syllable words, CV and CVC words are generally unstressed, while CVV and CVVC words are generally stressed. ''Mae gae zau ne bo fe meneo'' would be ['mae.'gae.'zau.ne.bo.fe'~~mi:.~~nɪɒ]		Words that are four or five syllables long have secondary stress on the penultimate syllable, and have stressed syllables every even number of syllables beforehand up until (and including) the second syllable after the initial stressed syllable: i.e. ''Mafoanaazameegananoen'' would be [ma'foa.na:.zɐˌme:gɐˌnɐ:.nɔɪn]. Note that two stressed syllables cannot appear next to one another within the same word.

			For single-syllable words, CV and CVC words are generally unstressed, while CVV and CVVC words are generally stressed. ''Mae gae zau ne bo fe meneo'' would be ['mae.'gae.'zau.ne.bo.fe.me.'nɪɒ]

	Short monophthongs (/e/ /a/ /o/) that are stressed become long vowels. These are different from both double vowels (/ee/ /aa/ /oo/), which are long and have a different vowel quality, and two vowels across word boundaries (/e e/ /a a/ /o o/), which are technically two short vowels which can both be independently stressed or unstressed. Long vowels and diphthongs retain the same length, but are pronounced with an "unstressed" pitch.		Short monophthongs (/e/ /a/ /o/) that are stressed become long vowels. These are different from both double vowels (/ee/ /aa/ /oo/), which are long and have a different vowel quality, and two vowels across word boundaries (/e e/ /a a/ /o o/), which are technically two short vowels which can both be independently stressed or unstressed. Long vowels and diphthongs retain the same length, but are pronounced with an "unstressed" pitch.

	Aside from lengthening short vowels~~, stress~~ in ~~'Arborese is generally denoted with a falling pitch, starting from a higher tone and ending on the level tone that other~~ syllables ~~are resting at~~, ~~meaning most~~ syllables ~~have a level low tone. However, the falling tone~~ can ~~become~~ a ~~rising tone~~ in ~~certain~~ intonation ~~patterns, with unstressed vowels following it becoming a level high pitch. This is sometimes dubbed "pitch inversion"~~. ~~(See below)~~		Aside from lengthening short vowels in open syllables, stressed syllables can also see a change in pitch relative to unstressed syllables, depending on intonation.

	=== Intonation ===		=== Intonation ===
	~~Pitch inversion can happen for~~ a ~~number of reasons~~. ~~Across~~ a whole sentence, ~~when exaggerated~~, it can ~~indicate surprise~~, ~~a dubitative~~, or an ~~otherwise counterfactual~~. ~~When less~~ exaggerated, ~~it can act~~ as a polite correction or an answer to a no question, or otherwise as a way of highlighting important information or as a form of excitement or anxiety. When only the final ~~stress of~~ a clause, it indicates "incompleteness", and ~~functions~~ as ~~both~~ a pause between clauses (similar to a comma in French), ~~or when exaggerated as~~ the ~~ending to a question~~.		Across a whole sentence, if the general tone is flat, it's probably an indicative. If, however, across a whole sentence, the stressed syllables are (most often) falling tones - starting at a higher pitch and ending on a lower pitch, it can indicates narration, poetry, or answer to an affirmative question. Exaggerated pitch falling across the sentence may indicate a strong affirmation or emotional state. Unless exaggerated, the final stressed syllable is generally a level low tone, and indeed the second-final stressed syllable is also often a level low tone.

			Conversely, a raise in pitch across the whole sentence - that is, unstressed syllables are a level high pitch while stressed syllables start lower and rise to the unstressed pitch - may indicate as a polite correction or an answer to a no question, although can otherwise act as a way of highlighting important information or as a form of excitement or anxiety. When exaggerated, it can indicate surprise, a dubitative, disbelief, or persuasion of an outcome that is counterintuitive. When only the final stressed syllable in a clause is rising - and any unstressed vowels afterward are high tone - it indicates a form of incompleteness, and can function as a pause between clauses, while exaggerated can indicate a question. (similar to a comma in French). Unlike with falling tone intonation, every stressed syllable features the rising tone.

	~~Without pitch inversion, it indicates an indicative or answer to an affirmative question, with exaggeration indicating a correction, strong affirmation, or emotional emphatic.~~ Emphasis on an individual pitch can indicate emphasis on a single word, somewhat similar to English, although it's generally only used for surprise or otherwise act to highlight the topic when answering or asking a yes/no interrogative, the latter of which may also end in a high pitch specifically on the final unstressed syllable (or rising if the final syllable is stressed).		Emphasis on an individual pitch can indicate emphasis on a single word, somewhat similar to English, although it's generally only used for surprise or otherwise act to highlight the topic when answering or asking a yes/no interrogative, the latter of which may also end in a high pitch specifically on the final unstressed syllable (or rising if the final syllable is stressed).

	=== Romanization ===		=== Romanization ===

Jutomi: /* Consonants */ Removed fnuuies in romanization

2026-07-26T04:13:47Z

Consonants: Removed fnuuies in romanization

← Older revision		Revision as of 04:13, 26 July 2026
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	!Letter		!Letter
	\|Aa		\|Aa
	\|~~Pbw~~		\|Bb
	\|Cc		\|Cc
	\|Ee		\|Ee
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	\|Gg		\|Gg
	\|Hh		\|Hh
	\|~~Lld~~		\|Dd
	\|Mm		\|Mm
	\|Nn		\|Nn
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	\|/g/		\|/g/
	\|/ɦ/		\|/ɦ/
	\|/d/		\|/d/, -/ʔ/*
	\|/m/		\|/m/
	\|/n/		\|/n/

Jutomi: !?

2026-07-26T03:55:25Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 03:55, 26 July 2026
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	\|Null Onset after Codas		\|Null Onset after Codas
	\|}		\|}
	In romanization, , . ? and ! are frequently used, since they also affect intonation. ! is sometimes put before the first word to indicate a negative answer/correction, while ''italicization'' may be used for emphasized words. (!No, he eatn't the ''bread!'')		In romanization, , . ? and ! are frequently used, since they also affect intonation. ! is sometimes put before the first word to indicate a negative answer/correction, while ''italicization'' may be used for emphasized words. !? is also fairly commonplace, while ‽ may be used by interrobang purists. (''example:'' !No, he eatn't the ''bread!?'')
	[[Category:Language]]		[[Category:Language]]

Jutomi: aa

2026-07-26T03:54:07Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 03:54, 26 July 2026
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	!V + ɐ		!V + ɐ
	\|[ɛă] ea		\|[ɛă] ea
	\|[a:]		\|[a:] aa
	\|[oɑ] (ɔɑ̆~wa) oa		\|[oɑ] (ɔɑ̆~wa) oa
	\|-		\|-

Jutomi: Figured there were enough reasons to add utterance-initial O.

2026-07-26T03:53:34Z

Figured there were enough reasons to add utterance-initial O.

@@ Line 77: / Line 77: @@
 !Word-Final C
 !Utterance-Final C
 |-
 !Word-Initial O
@@ Line 84: / Line 100: @@
 |b
 |l
-|t͡ʃ~d͡ʒ
+|d͡ʒ
 |g~k
 |f~ɸ

Jutomi: Fixed syllable count. Forgot null onset before though so it's actually not that huge a difference lol.

2026-07-26T03:48:31Z

Fixed syllable count. Forgot null onset before though so it's actually not that huge a difference lol.

← Older revision		Revision as of 03:48, 26 July 2026
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	The syllable structure is (C)V(V)(C). Any consonant phoneme may start a syllable, but only /n/, /g/, /ʒ/, /d~ʔ/, /f/ and /z/ can appear in coda.		The syllable structure is (C)V(V)(C). Any consonant phoneme may start a syllable, but only /n/, /g/, /ʒ/, /d~ʔ/, /f/ and /z/ can appear in coda.

	There are estimated to be ~~308~~ total possible syllables; properly including long monophthongs and diphthongs, up to 1,~~232~~.		There are estimated to be 252 total possible syllables; properly including long monophthongs and diphthongs, up to 1,008. (Although there may be nearly twice as many including stress and position of the syllable within a word.)

	=== Consonants ===		=== Consonants ===
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	!Letter		!Letter
	\|Aa		\|Aa
	\|Pb		\|Pbw
	\|Cc		\|Cc
	\|Ee		\|Ee
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	!Ipa		!Ipa
	\|/a/		\|/a/
	\|/b/		\|/w/
	\|/ʒ/		\|/ʒ/
	\|/e/		\|/e/

Jutomi at 03:39, 26 July 2026

2026-07-26T03:39:11Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 03:39, 26 July 2026
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	\|t͡ʃ~d͡ʒ		\|t͡ʃ~d͡ʒ
	\|g~k		\|g~k
	\|f		\|f~ɸ
	\|z~s		\|z~s
	\|h~ɦ		\|h~ɦ
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	\|ʒ		\|ʒ
	\|g~k		\|g~k
	\|f		\|f~ɸ
	\|z~s		\|z~s
	\|ɦ		\|ɦ

Jutomi: /* Stress and Intonation */ some punctuation and stress-intonation split

2026-07-26T03:37:47Z

Stress and Intonation: some punctuation and stress-intonation split

← Older revision		Revision as of 03:37, 26 July 2026
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	In addition, some argue that these can further combine into triphthongs or glides with lengthened monophthongs, although most agree they are realizations of vowel or diphthong hiatus. Additionally, two monophthongs across word boundaries are believed to have a true vowel hiatus and not become a diphthong.		In addition, some argue that these can further combine into triphthongs or glides with lengthened monophthongs, although most agree they are realizations of vowel or diphthong hiatus. Additionally, two monophthongs across word boundaries are believed to have a true vowel hiatus and not become a diphthong.

	=== Stress ~~and Intonation~~ ===		=== Stress ===
	The first syllable of a polysyllabic words is generally stressed, unless the second syllable is heavier. (C)V is lighter than CVV / CVC, which are both lighter than CVVC; i.e. ''eno'', ''eenon,'' and ''faongaed'' would be stress-initial, but ''anoa, zomed, gaomead,'' and ''hazfeen'' would be second-syllable stress. Words that are four or five syllables long have secondary stress on the penultimate syllable, and have stressed syllables every even number of syllables beforehand up until (and including) the second syllable after the initial stressed syllable: i.e. ''Mafoanaazameegananoen'' would be [ma'foa.na:.zɐˌme:gɐˌnɐ:.nɔɪn].		The first syllable of a polysyllabic words is generally stressed, unless the second syllable is heavier. (C)V is lighter than CVV / CVC, which are both lighter than CVVC; i.e. ''eno'', ''eenon,'' and ''faongaed'' would be stress-initial, but ''anoa, zomed, gaomead,'' and ''hazfeen'' would be second-syllable stress. Words that are four or five syllables long have secondary stress on the penultimate syllable, and have stressed syllables every even number of syllables beforehand up until (and including) the second syllable after the initial stressed syllable: i.e. ''Mafoanaazameegananoen'' would be [ma'foa.na:.zɐˌme:gɐˌnɐ:.nɔɪn].

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	Short monophthongs (/e/ /a/ /o/) that are stressed become long vowels. These are different from both double vowels (/ee/ /aa/ /oo/), which are long and have a different vowel quality, and two vowels across word boundaries (/e e/ /a a/ /o o/), which are technically two short vowels which can both be independently stressed or unstressed. Long vowels and diphthongs retain the same length, but are pronounced with an "unstressed" pitch.		Short monophthongs (/e/ /a/ /o/) that are stressed become long vowels. These are different from both double vowels (/ee/ /aa/ /oo/), which are long and have a different vowel quality, and two vowels across word boundaries (/e e/ /a a/ /o o/), which are technically two short vowels which can both be independently stressed or unstressed. Long vowels and diphthongs retain the same length, but are pronounced with an "unstressed" pitch.

	Aside from lengthening short vowels, stress in 'Arborese is generally denoted with a falling pitch, starting from a higher tone and ending on the level tone that other syllables are resting at, meaning most syllables have a level low tone. However, the falling tone can become a rising tone in certain intonation patterns, with unstressed vowels following it becoming a level high pitch. This is sometimes dubbed "pitch inversion".		Aside from lengthening short vowels, stress in 'Arborese is generally denoted with a falling pitch, starting from a higher tone and ending on the level tone that other syllables are resting at, meaning most syllables have a level low tone. However, the falling tone can become a rising tone in certain intonation patterns, with unstressed vowels following it becoming a level high pitch. This is sometimes dubbed "pitch inversion". (See below)

			=== Intonation ===
	Pitch inversion can happen for a number of reasons. Across a whole sentence, when exaggerated, it can indicate surprise, a dubitative, or an otherwise counterfactual. When less exaggerated, it can act as a polite correction or an answer to a no question, or otherwise as a way of highlighting important information or as a form of excitement or anxiety. When only the final stress of a clause, it indicates "incompleteness", and functions as both a pause between clauses (similar to a comma in French), or when exaggerated as the ending to a question.		Pitch inversion can happen for a number of reasons. Across a whole sentence, when exaggerated, it can indicate surprise, a dubitative, or an otherwise counterfactual. When less exaggerated, it can act as a polite correction or an answer to a no question, or otherwise as a way of highlighting important information or as a form of excitement or anxiety. When only the final stress of a clause, it indicates "incompleteness", and functions as both a pause between clauses (similar to a comma in French), or when exaggerated as the ending to a question.

	Without pitch inversion, it indicates an indicative or answer to an affirmative question, with exaggeration indicating a correction, strong affirmation, or emotional emphatic. Emphasis on an individual pitch can indicate emphasis on a single word, somewhat similar to English, although it's generally only used for surprise or otherwise act to highlight the topic in a yes/no interrogative, the latter of which may also end in a high pitch specifically on the final unstressed syllable (or rising if the final syllable is stressed).		Without pitch inversion, it indicates an indicative or answer to an affirmative question, with exaggeration indicating a correction, strong affirmation, or emotional emphatic. Emphasis on an individual pitch can indicate emphasis on a single word, somewhat similar to English, although it's generally only used for surprise or otherwise act to highlight the topic when answering or asking a yes/no interrogative, the latter of which may also end in a high pitch specifically on the final unstressed syllable (or rising if the final syllable is stressed).

	=== Romanization ===		=== Romanization ===
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	\|Null Onset after Codas		\|Null Onset after Codas
	\|}		\|}
			In romanization, , . ? and ! are frequently used, since they also affect intonation. ! is sometimes put before the first word to indicate a negative answer/correction, while ''italicization'' may be used for emphasized words. (!No, he eatn't the ''bread!'')
	[[Category:Language]]		[[Category:Language]]