Arborese - Revision history

Jutomi: Changing it around I prefer the ' :p

2026-07-22T19:16:18Z

Changing it around I prefer the ' :p

Jutomi: endonym's the word I'm looking for

2026-07-22T19:14:29Z

endonym's the word I'm looking for

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:14, 22 July 2026
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	{{Infobox language\|name=Arborese\|family=Unknown\|era=today\|scripts=None (Latin)\|country=[['Arbor 'Iland]]\|number=only a couple dozen; critically endangered\|usage=rare; in private, chiefly among elders\|lang-code=arb\|demonym=Arborese}}		{{Infobox language\|name=Arborese\|family=Unknown\|era=today\|scripts=None (Latin)\|country=[['Arbor 'Iland]]\|number=only a couple dozen; critically endangered\|usage=rare; in private, chiefly among elders\|lang-code=arb\|demonym=Arborese}}

	Arborese (sometimes spelled 'Arborese; no ~~indiginous name~~ documented) is a critically endangered language seldom spoken in the volcanic island territory of [['Arbor 'Iland]]. It is believed to be weakly agglutinative, although not much is known about its grammar at this time.		Arborese (sometimes spelled 'Arborese; no endonym documented) is a critically endangered language seldom spoken in the volcanic island territory of [['Arbor 'Iland]]. It is believed to be weakly agglutinative, although not much is known about its grammar at this time.

	== Phonetics ==		== Phonetics ==

Jutomi: self-awareness has grown that Arborese lacks an apostrophe.

2026-07-22T19:13:59Z

self-awareness has grown that Arborese lacks an apostrophe.

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:13, 22 July 2026
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	{{Infobox language\|name=Arborese\|family=Unknown\|era=today\|scripts=None (Latin)\|country=[['Arbor 'Iland]]\|number=only a couple dozen; critically endangered\|usage=rare; in private, chiefly among elders\|lang-code=arb\|demonym=Arborese}}		{{Infobox language\|name=Arborese\|family=Unknown\|era=today\|scripts=None (Latin)\|country=[['Arbor 'Iland]]\|number=only a couple dozen; critically endangered\|usage=rare; in private, chiefly among elders\|lang-code=arb\|demonym=Arborese}}

	Arborese is a critically endangered language seldom spoken in the volcanic island territory of [['Arbor 'Iland]]. It is believed to be weakly agglutinative, although not much is known about its grammar at this time.		Arborese (sometimes spelled 'Arborese; no indiginous name documented) is a critically endangered language seldom spoken in the volcanic island territory of [['Arbor 'Iland]]. It is believed to be weakly agglutinative, although not much is known about its grammar at this time.

	== Phonetics ==		== Phonetics ==

Jutomi: phonotactics

2026-07-22T19:10:24Z

phonotactics

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:10, 22 July 2026
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	== Phonetics ==		== Phonetics ==
	Arborese features a fairly minimalist phonemic inventory, with only four vowels and 11 consonants, though there is a degree of free variation and allophony depending on where a sound appears in a word, syllable or utterance.		Arborese features a fairly minimalist phonemic inventory, with only four vowels and 11 consonants, though there is a degree of free variation and allophony depending on where a sound appears in a word, syllable or utterance.

			=== Phonotactics ===
			The syllable structure is (C)V(V)(C). Any consonant phoneme may start a syllable, but only /n/, /g/, /ʒ/, /d~ʔ/, /f/ and /z/ can appear in coda.

			There are estimated to be 308 total possible syllables; properly including long monophthongs and diphthongs, up to 1,232.

	=== Consonants ===		=== Consonants ===
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	\|/z/ [z̪] Zz		\|/z/ [z̪] Zz
	\|/ɦ/ Hh		\|/ɦ/ Hh
	\|}		\|}- /d/ is usually [ɾ] or sometimes [d̺], but is [l~ɾ] (Ll not [ǀ]) invervocally and word-initially, making "adua" and "a lua" ''usually'' phonetically distinct, although speakers sometimes pronounce them interchangeably.
	~~The syllable structure is (C)V(V)(C). Any consonant phoneme may start a syllable, but only /n/, /g/, /ʒ/, /d~ʔ/, /f/ and /z/ can appear in coda.~~

	- /d/ is usually [ɾ] or sometimes [d̺], but is [l~ɾ] (Ll not [ǀ]) invervocally and word-initially, making "adua" and "a lua" ''usually'' phonetically distinct, although speakers sometimes pronounce them interchangeably.

	- /f/ becomes [ɸ] before /ɔ/, including diphthongs.		- /f/ becomes [ɸ] before /ɔ/, including diphthongs.
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	\|[ɔ:~ɑː] oo		\|[ɔ:~ɑː] oo
	\|}		\|}
	In addition, ~~many of~~ these ~~may~~ combine into triphthongs or ~~pairs of dipthongs~~, although ~~roughly half~~ the time (especially in cases where the second and third vowel would be the same, or "opposite" [a/i, e/o]) there is ~~actually~~ a vowel hiatus between vowels. ~~This is also the case between words~~.		In addition, some argue that these can further combine into triphthongs or glides with lengthened monophthongs, although much of the time (especially in cases where the second and third vowel would be the same, or "opposite" [a/i, e/o]) there is distinctly a vowel hiatus between vowels to help differentiate them from triphthongs. Furthermore, two monophthongs across word boundaries will have a true vowel hiatus and not become a diphthong.

	=== Romanization ===		=== Romanization ===

Jutomi: Decided to make /h/ /ʔ/ and ∅ distinct (in part to justify 'Arbor 'Iland's strange-as spelling though that could've just been a weird romanization quirk but still kinda like this change anyway); Added Romanization and (re)added coda /f/ and [d].

2026-07-22T19:04:38Z

Decided to make /h/ /ʔ/ and ∅ distinct (in part to justify 'Arbor 'Iland's strange-as spelling though that could've just been a weird romanization quirk but still kinda like this change anyway); Added Romanization and (re)added coda /f/ and [d].

Show changes

Jutomi: removed experimental accent notation and added non-coda onset realizations

2026-07-21T15:20:37Z

removed experimental accent notation and added non-coda onset realizations

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:20, 21 July 2026
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	\|}The syllable structure is (C)V(V)(C). Any consonant phoneme may start a syllable, but only /n~ŋ/, /g~x/, /ʃ~d͡ʒ/, /d~ʔ/ and /z/ can appear in coda.		\|}The syllable structure is (C)V(V)(C). Any consonant phoneme may start a syllable, but only /n~ŋ/, /g~x/, /ʃ~d͡ʒ/, /d~ʔ/ and /z/ can appear in coda.

	- /d/ is usually [ɾ] or sometimes [d̺], but is [d̺~ɾ~l] (Ll not [ǀ]) invervocally and [ɾ~l~ʔ] making "adua" and "a lua" ''usually'' phonetically distinct, though "a lua" may optionally be pronounced as "akua".		- /d/ is usually [ɾ] or sometimes [d̺], but is [d̺~ɾ~l] (Ll not [ǀ]) invervocally and [ʔ~l~ɾ] making "adua" and "a lua" ''usually'' phonetically distinct, though "a lua" may optionally be pronounced as "akua".

	- /f/ becomes [ɸ] before /ɔ/, including diphthongs.		- /f/ becomes [ɸ] before /ɔ/, including diphthongs.
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	- /o/ frequently is less voiced or disappears between /z/ and before /z/ or /ʒ/, becoming something similar to [s͡s͜ʷs] and [ʒ͡ʒʷ͜ʒ] respectively. This ''also'' occurs with /z.z/ and /z.ʒ/ clusters.		- /o/ frequently is less voiced or disappears between /z/ and before /z/ or /ʒ/, becoming something similar to [s͡s͜ʷs] and [ʒ͡ʒʷ͜ʒ] respectively. This ''also'' occurs with /z.z/ and /z.ʒ/ clusters.

	Below is a table of all possible realizations of ~~the coda~~ consonants.		Below is a table of all possible realizations of consonants in various positions within a word.
	{\| class="wikitable"		{\| class="wikitable"
	!Coda + Onset		!Coda + Onset
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	!C + /f/		!C + /f/
	!C + /z/		!C + /z/
	!C + Vowel		!(C +) Vowel
	!Final C		!Final C
			\|-
			!Initial O
			\|m
			\|n
			\|ᶢǀ~ᵏǀ
			\|b
			\|ʔ~l~ɾ
			\|t͡ʃ~d͡ʒ
			\|g~k
			\|f
			\|z~s
			\|ɦ~h
			\|N/A
			\|-
			!Vowel (+ O)
			\|m
			\|n
			\|ᶢǀ~ᵏǀ
			\|b
			\|d~ɾ~l
			\|ʒ
			\|g~k
			\|f
			\|z~s
			\|see: vowels
			\|∅~h~ʔ
	\|-		\|-
	!n + O		!n + O
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	\|-		\|-
	!V + ɪ		!V + ɪ
	\|[i:~ɨː] ii ~~''í''~~		\|[i:~ɨː] ii
	\|[eː~ej] ei ~~''é''~~		\|[eː~ej] ei
	\|[ɘɪ̆~ɔɪ̆] ai ~~''á''~~		\|[ɘɪ̆~ɔɪ̆] ai
	\|[wɛ~ɰ̃ɪ] oi ~~''ó''~~		\|[wɛ~ɰ̃ɪ] oi
	\|-		\|-
	!V + ɛ		!V + ɛ
	\|[je] ie ~~''ì''~~		\|[je] ie
	\|[ɘː] ee ~~''è''~~		\|[ɘː] ee
	\|[aɛ̆] ae ~~''à''~~		\|[aɛ̆] ae
	\|[wɐ~ɰ̃a] oe ò		\|[wɐ~ɰ̃a] oe
	\|-		\|-
	!V + ɐ		!V + ɐ
	\|[ja] ia ~~''î''~~		\|[ja] ia
	\|[ɛă] ea ~~''ê''~~		\|[ɛă] ea
	\|[a:~ɜ:] aa ~~''â''~~		\|[a:~ɜ:] aa
	\|[oɑ̆] oa ~~''ô''~~		\|[oɑ̆] oa
	\|-		\|-
	!V + ɔ		!V + ɔ
	\|[u] [ʏʊ̆] io ~~''ĭ''~~		\|[u] [ʏʊ̆] io
	\|[ɛʊ̆] eo ~~''ĕ''~~		\|[ɛʊ̆] eo
	\|[aɔ̆] ao ~~''ă''~~		\|[aɔ̆] ao
	\|[ɔ:~ɑː] oo ~~''uo'' ''ŏ''~~		\|[ɔ:~ɑː] oo
	\|}		\|}
	In addition, many of these may combine into triphthongs or pairs of dipthongs, although roughly half the time (especially in cases where the second and third vowel would be the same, or "opposite" [a/i, e/o]), [ɦ] is inserted to break up the vowel cluster.		In addition, many of these may combine into triphthongs or pairs of dipthongs, although roughly half the time (especially in cases where the second and third vowel would be the same, or "opposite" [a/i, e/o]), [ɦ] is inserted to break up the vowel cluster.

	[[Category:Language]]		[[Category:Language]]

Jutomi at 17:58, 19 July 2026

2026-07-19T17:58:49Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:58, 19 July 2026
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	\|}		\|}
	In addition, many of these may combine into triphthongs or pairs of dipthongs, although roughly half the time (especially in cases where the second and third vowel would be the same, or "opposite" [a/i, e/o]), [ɦ] is inserted to break up the vowel cluster.		In addition, many of these may combine into triphthongs or pairs of dipthongs, although roughly half the time (especially in cases where the second and third vowel would be the same, or "opposite" [a/i, e/o]), [ɦ] is inserted to break up the vowel cluster.

			[[Category:Language]]

Jutomi: Finally ported phonetic information for Arborese over to the ngwiki. Grammar needs some work though lol. (Deciding between somewhat analytical and having hopeless amount of transpositions)

2026-07-19T17:57:00Z

Finally ported phonetic information for Arborese over to the ngwiki. Grammar needs some work though lol. (Deciding between somewhat analytical and having hopeless amount of transpositions)

New page

{{Infobox language|name=Arborese|family=Unknown|era=today|scripts=None (Latin)|country=[['Arbor 'Iland]]|number=only a couple dozen; critically endangered|usage=rare; in private, chiefly among elders|lang-code=arb|demonym=Arborese}}

Arborese is a critically endangered language seldom spoken in the volcanic island territory of [['Arbor 'Iland]]. It is believed to be weakly agglutinative, although not much is known about its grammar at this time.

== Phonetics ==
Arborese features a fairly minimalist phonemic inventory, with only four vowels and 9 consonants, though there is a degree of free variation and allophony depending on where a sound appears in a word, syllable or utterance.

=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
!Bilabial
!Alveolar
!Postalveolar
!Velar
!Glottal
|-
!Nasal / Click
|/m/ Mm
|/n/ Nn
|/ǀ/ [ᶢʇ~ᵏǂ] Tt
|[ŋ] (/n/?) n
|
|-
!Stop
|/b/ Pb
|/d/ [t̺~l~ɾ] ( )d
| rowspan="2" |/ʒ/ [d͡ʒ] Gg
| rowspan="2" |/g/ [ɣ] Cc
|[ʔ] (/d/?) -k
|-
!Fricative
|/f/ Ff
|/z/ [z̪] Zz
|[ɦ] (null) -h-
|}The syllable structure is (C)V(V)(C). Any consonant phoneme may start a syllable, but only /n~ŋ/, /g~x/, /ʃ~d͡ʒ/, /d~ʔ/ and /z/ can appear in coda.

- /d/ is usually [ɾ] or sometimes [d̺], but is [d̺~ɾ~l] (Ll not [ǀ]) invervocally and [ɾ~l~ʔ] making "adua" and "a lua" ''usually'' phonetically distinct, though "a lua" may optionally be pronounced as "akua".

- /f/ becomes [ɸ] before /ɔ/, including diphthongs.

- If a closing end of a dipthong is the same as the following vowel, [ɦ] is inserted. [ɦ] also occurs before vowels after coda consonants and word-initially; in clusters, it may be realized as [h].

- - (It could be argued that /ɦ/ is a full phoneme and all syllables must begin with a consonant, though others analyze it as epenthetic in various environments. /ʔ/ is distinct in all environments.*)

- - * [Despite this, word-intial /ʔ/ is not actually written, instead opting for a vowel, while [ɦ] and [h] is always written with Hh in all environments where it appears.]

- Coda consonants are distinct intervocally from onsets, in which case /ŋ/ /ʔ/ /d͡ʒ/ /ɣ/ may be coda-specific /n/ /d/ /ʒ/ (which is [d͡ʒ] word-initially) and /g/.

- /o/ frequently is less voiced or disappears between /z/ and before /z/ or /ʒ/, becoming something similar to [s͡s͜ʷs] and [ʒ͡ʒʷ͜ʒ] respectively. This ''also'' occurs with /z.z/ and /z.ʒ/ clusters.

Below is a table of all possible realizations of the coda consonants.
{| class="wikitable"
!Coda + Onset
!C + /m/
!C + /n/
!C + /ǀ/
!C + /b/
!C + /d/
!C + /ʒ/
!C + /g/
!C + /f/
!C + /z/
!C + Vowel
!Final C
|-
!n + O
|ŋm
|ŋ (ᵑǀ)
|ᵑǀ
|ŋb~mb
|ŋd~ⁿd, ŋɺ
|ɲd͡ʒ
|ŋg~ŋx
|mv~ŋf
|nz~nd͡z
|ŋɦ
|ŋ
|-
!z + O
|zm
|zn
|zᶢǀ~zᵑǀ
|zb
|zd, zl
|zd͡ʒ
|zg~sk
|zf~sf
|zʷz~sʷs
|zh~sɦ
|z~s
|-
!c + O
|d͡ʒm
|ʒn
|ʒᶢǀ~ʒᵑǀ
|d͡ʒb
|(d͡)ʒd, ʃɺ
|d͡ʒd͡ʒ~ʃt͡ʃ
|ʒg~t͡ʃk
|ʒf~t͡ʃf
|ʒʷʒ~ʃʷʃ
|t͡ʃ~d͡ʒ
|d͡ʒ~ʃ
|-
!g + O
|ɣm
|qn
|<nowiki>ɠ͡|? ᵏǀˀ?</nowiki>
|ɣb~gb
|<nowiki>kt~gd~ɠ͡|</nowiki>
|gʒ~ʃt͡ʃ
|ʔɣ~kx
|gf~xf
|ɣz~d͡z
|ɣ~ç
|ɣ~x
|-
!k + O
|ʔm
|ʔn
|ᵏǀˀ
|ʔb~ɓ
|ʔd~ɗ
|ʔʒ~ʔt͡ʃ
|ʔg~ɠ
|ʔf~p̪͡f
|ʔz~t͡s
|ʔ
|ʔh
|}

=== Vowels ===
Arborese features four vowels: /a/ Aa, /e/ Ee, /ɨ/ Ii, and /o/ Oo. Each of these may combine into a different diphthong or lengthened monophthongs, as shown in the below table.
{| class="wikitable"
!
!Close Front
!Open Front
!Open Back
!Close Back
|-
!Short
|/ɪ/ [ɨ] i
|/ɛ/ e
|/ɐ/ a
|/ɔ/ o
|-
!V + ɪ
|[i:~ɨː] ii ''í''
|[eː~ej] ei ''é''
|[ɘɪ̆~ɔɪ̆] ai ''á''
|[wɛ~ɰ̃ɪ] oi ''ó''
|-
!V + ɛ
|[je] ie ''ì''
|[ɘː] ee ''è''
|[aɛ̆] ae ''à''
|[wɐ~ɰ̃a] oe ò
|-
!V + ɐ
|[ja] ia ''î''
|[ɛă] ea ''ê''
|[a:~ɜ:] aa ''â''
|[oɑ̆] oa ''ô''
|-
!V + ɔ
|[u] [ʏʊ̆] io ''ĭ''
|[ɛʊ̆] eo ''ĕ''
|[aɔ̆] ao ''ă''
|[ɔ:~ɑː] oo ''uo'' ''ŏ''
|}
In addition, many of these may combine into triphthongs or pairs of dipthongs, although roughly half the time (especially in cases where the second and third vowel would be the same, or "opposite" [a/i, e/o]), [ɦ] is inserted to break up the vowel cluster.