Jutlandic - Revision history

Jutomi: /* Phonology */ minor phonological tweaks

2026-04-09T14:48:14Z

Phonology: minor phonological tweaks

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:48, 9 April 2026
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	== Phonology ==		== Phonology ==
	Jutlandic has a rich phonemic inventory, featuring a multitude of click consonants, ~~voiceless~~ trills and lateral liquids~fricatives, and four distinct types of coronal consonants. Despite this, it also allows for a fair amount of allophony, both with free variation and contextually. It ~~also~~ ultimately has 18~28 consonants, depending on how you count both glottal and nasal(-click) phonemes.		Jutlandic has a rich phonemic inventory, featuring a multitude of click consonants, a voicing distinction that only extends to trills and lateral liquids~fricatives, and four distinct types of coronal consonants. Despite this, it also allows for a fair amount of allophony, both with free variation and contextually. It ultimately has 18~28 consonants, depending on how you count both glottal and nasal(-click) phonemes, as well as 5 phonemic vowels.

	=== Vowels ===		=== Vowels ===
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	!Close		!Close
	\|<center>/i/ Ii</center>		\|<center>/i/ Ii</center>
	\|<center>/u/ ~~[ů]~~ Uu</center>		\|<center>/u/ Uu</center>
	\|-		\|-
	!Mid		!Mid
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	\| colspan="2" rowspan="1" \|<center>/a/ Aa</center>		\| colspan="2" rowspan="1" \|<center>/a/ Aa</center>
	\|}		\|}
	~~It should be noted that /u/ may become voiceless [u̥] or even unreleased [ˀʷ] between voiceless consonants, not including the glottal stop or glottal clicks.~~

	=== Consonants ===		=== Consonants ===
	{\| class="wikitable"		{\| class="wikitable"
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	- Glottal clicks may very debatably be prenasalized across word-boundaries, becoming voiced prenasalized glottal clicks, but this is very much not considered phonemic if this even distinct from an /n/ + glottal click sequence.		- Glottal clicks may very debatably be prenasalized across word-boundaries, becoming voiced prenasalized glottal clicks, but this is very much not considered phonemic if this even distinct from an /n/ + glottal click sequence.

	There is further some phonemic status dispute with clicks; some argue glottal clicks are syllabic or followed by a glottal stop, while others claim tenuis clicks are preceded by /k/, something that occurs with many other sounds.		There is further some phonemic status dispute with clicks; some argue glottal clicks are syllabic or followed by a glottal stop, while others claim tenuis clicks are preceded by /k/, something that occurs with many other sounds, although this would only apply in onsets and not across syllable boundaries (where it'd still be pronounced [k.ǀˀ] or [k.ᵏǀ]).

	/n/ assimilates its place of articulation with other coronal consonants but not peripheral consonants. An epenthetic plosive may be inserted after nasals before a continuent.		/n/ assimilates its place of articulation with other coronal consonants but not peripheral consonants. An epenthetic plosive may be inserted after nasals before a continuent.

Jutomi: /* Numerals: */

2026-04-07T23:19:07Z

Numerals:

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:19, 7 April 2026
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	==== Numerals: ====		==== Numerals: ====
	Numerals can be Ordinative, Cardinal, or Distributive (from XYZ), although they are not distinctly marked as such. Ordinatives follow a noun in the adjunctive "case", distributives/partitives follow a possessive of various kinds, and cardinals stand alone as the core noun. This does mean that numerals can ~~technically~~ take case.		Numerals can be Ordinative, Cardinal, or Distributive (from XYZ), although they are not distinctly marked as such. Ordinatives follow a noun in the adjunctive "case", distributives/partitives follow a possessive of various kinds, and cardinals stand alone as the core noun. This does mean that numerals can take case.

	=== Verbs ===		=== Verbs ===

Jutomi: /* Numerals: */

2026-04-07T23:18:51Z

Numerals:

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:18, 7 April 2026
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	==== Numerals: ====		==== Numerals: ====
	Numerals can be Ordinative, Cardinal, or Distributive (from XYZ), although they are not distinctly marked as such. Ordinatives follow a noun in the adjunctive "case", distributives/partitives follow a possessive of various kinds, and cardinals stand alone as the core noun.		Numerals can be Ordinative, Cardinal, or Distributive (from XYZ), although they are not distinctly marked as such. Ordinatives follow a noun in the adjunctive "case", distributives/partitives follow a possessive of various kinds, and cardinals stand alone as the core noun. This does mean that numerals can technically take case.

	=== Verbs ===		=== Verbs ===

Jutomi: /* Phonology */ Added intonation

2026-04-07T23:14:30Z

Phonology: Added intonation

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:14, 7 April 2026
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	Tenuis clicks may have a fricated [x] release or a brief [k] release. These are distinct from the phonemically distinct delayed/lengthened releases when they're followed by /k/ or /x/, both being distinct.		Tenuis clicks may have a fricated [x] release or a brief [k] release. These are distinct from the phonemically distinct delayed/lengthened releases when they're followed by /k/ or /x/, both being distinct.

	/n/ merges with clicks to make them prenasalized, sans gemination. It's unclear if nasal clicks are phonemic ~~(with~~ , or nasal + tenuis click clusters. They may be voiced or voiceless.		/n/ merges with clicks to make them prenasalized, sans gemination. It's unclear if nasal clicks are phonemic, or nasal + tenuis click clusters. They may be voiced or voiceless.

	- Glottal clicks may very debatably be prenasalized across word-boundaries, becoming voiced prenasalized glottal clicks, but this is very much not considered phonemic if this even distinct from an /n/ + glottal click sequence.		- Glottal clicks may very debatably be prenasalized across word-boundaries, becoming voiced prenasalized glottal clicks, but this is very much not considered phonemic if this even distinct from an /n/ + glottal click sequence.
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	/k/ followed by laterals may become lateral affricates. /ɬʲ/ and /lʲ/ may merge in these environments. /kɭ/ usually remains an unaffricated cluster.		/k/ followed by laterals may become lateral affricates. /ɬʲ/ and /lʲ/ may merge in these environments. /kɭ/ usually remains an unaffricated cluster.

	==== Phonotactics ====		=== Phonotactics ===
	Jutlandic phonotactics allow for somewhat complex syllables, although they are governed by fairly simple rules. Syllable structure is generally regarded as CCVC:		Jutlandic phonotactics allow for somewhat complex syllables, although they are governed by fairly simple rules. Syllable structure is generally regarded as CCVC:

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	Coronal clicks must procede a consonant in their same P.o.A column (except /r̪̊/ also pairs with tʲ/ǀ/ǀˀ instead of its column). This allows for 38 + 32 + 14 + null (1) = 85 onsets.		Coronal clicks must procede a consonant in their same P.o.A column (except /r̪̊/ also pairs with tʲ/ǀ/ǀˀ instead of its column). This allows for 38 + 32 + 14 + null (1) = 85 onsets.

	Coda can be either null, or any single consonant (inc. nasal clicks~~, which then insert an additional glottal stop before vowels~~) except tenuis clicks, /m/ or /ŋ/.		Coda can be either null, or any single consonant (inc. nasal+glottal clicks) except tenuis clicks, /m/ or /ŋ/.

	With 32 codas, 85 onsets, and 5 vowels (i e a o u), there are theoretically 13,600 syllables.		With 32 codas, 85 onsets, and 5 vowels (i e a o u), there are theoretically 13,600 syllables.

			=== Pitch and Intonation ===
			Jutlandic words do not have a strong stress system, with syllables generally pronounced with a similar volume, although words do begin with a higher pitch than the rest of the word. Geminated consonants may further give the illusion of certain syllables being stressed, but is considered a phonetic realization of two similar sounds appearing in proximity to each other.

			Intonation patterns are also pretty fixed, since question and imperative particles generally go word-finally and thus lead to most interrogative sentences having a sentence-final high or falling pitch, while declarative sentences most commonly end in a polysyllabic word. With that said, there are some other slight differences in intonation. Non-declarative sentences may have a wider pitch variation, and some speakers will drop the word-final particle in place of a high or falling tone on the final syllable anyway. It should be noted that interrogatives tend to end in a high or even a rising tone, while imperatives tend to end in a falling tone. Additionally, the pitch is sometimes shifted from the first syllable of the sentence to the second syllable for interrogatives, while imperatives heighten the second syllable in addition to the first.

	== Grammar ==		== Grammar ==
	Jutlandic is a weakly fusional polysynthetic ergative language with complex verbs. It is sometimes referred to as a VSO language, as the most simple present tense sentences are in fact verb, subject (patient), object (agent). However, for most sentences, there is a coverb that appears before everything else, acting as auxiliaries or even turning the rest of the sentence into a subjunctive, with the agent often incorporated in the coverb itself, making the structure loosely VVSO. Additionally, the past tense is actually SVO, with coverbs still appearing initially making them loosely VSVO. Additionally, sentences in the attemptative aspect or the imperative/permissive/prohibitive mood (and possibly the hypothetical mood) will lose their ergativity, losing much of its ability for object incorporation as well as changing the role order, despite maintaining word order.		Jutlandic is a weakly fusional polysynthetic ergative language with complex verbs. It is sometimes referred to as a VSO language, as the most simple present tense sentences are in fact verb, subject (patient), object (agent). However, for most sentences, there is a coverb that appears before everything else, acting as auxiliaries or even turning the rest of the sentence into a subjunctive, with the agent often incorporated in the coverb itself, making the structure loosely VVSO. Additionally, the past tense is actually SVO, with coverbs still appearing initially making them loosely VSVO. Additionally, sentences in the attemptative aspect or the imperative/permissive/prohibitive mood (and possibly the hypothetical mood) will lose their ergativity, losing much of its ability for object incorporation as well as changing the role order, despite maintaining word order.

	Despite being a strongly ergative language, it does not mark its nouns with an ergative case or even an absolutive case. Word order is fairly strict, with cases not marking a noun's role to its verb, but instead marking its attributers. However, despite there being no ergative-absolutive case marking, the language is still predominantly ergative. In addition to incorporating pronouns, object incorporation happens all the time to manipulate word order and roles (type 2), background information (type 3), and coin new terminology (type 1), with generalized nouns being able to replace full nouns (type 4); subject incorporation also occurs, but really only as a way to coin new words (type 1) and is fairly uncommon. This ability is generally lost when the sentence loses its ergativity. Other aspects of speech, such as conjunction, and even the concept of verbs themselves, are conceptually ergative, with an antipassive construction being required for nouns without a patient.		Despite being a strongly ergative language, it does not mark its nouns with an ergative case or even an absolutive case. Word order is fairly strict, with cases not marking a noun's role to its verb, but instead marking its attributers. However, despite there being no ergative-absolutive case marking, the language is still predominantly ergative. In addition to incorporating pronouns, object incorporation happens all the time to manipulate word order and roles (type 2), background information (type 3), and coin new terminology (type 1), with generalized nouns being able to replace full nouns (type 4); subject incorporation also occurs, but really only as a way to coin new words (type 1) and is fairly uncommon. This ability is generally lost when the sentence loses its ergativity. Other aspects of speech, such as conjunction, and even the concept of verbs themselves, are conceptually ergative, with an antipassive construction being required for nouns without a patient. Additionally, the word-initial high vowel is lost after a pause between clause transitions (similar to a comma).

	=== Coverbs ===		=== Coverbs ===

Jutomi: /* Phonotactics */ Still not 100% sure if I want the new or the old phonotactic system, but finished editing this proper.

2026-04-07T22:52:23Z

Phonotactics: Still not 100% sure if I want the new or the old phonotactic system, but finished editing this proper.

← Older revision		Revision as of 22:52, 7 April 2026
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	Jutlandic phonotactics allow for somewhat complex syllables, although they are governed by fairly simple rules. Syllable structure is generally regarded as CCVC:		Jutlandic phonotactics allow for somewhat complex syllables, although they are governed by fairly simple rules. Syllable structure is generally regarded as CCVC:

	Onset may be any consonant (inc. nasal clicks), v/less-cont. or fricative (except /x/) + peripheral plosive / coronal click, or /k/ + fricative/~~v.c.~~/~~liquid or coronal plosive~~.		Onset may be any consonant (inc. nasal clicks), v/less-cont. or fricative (except /x/) + peripheral plosive / coronal click, or /k/ + fricative/liquid/voiceless continuant.

	~~(/p/ /k/ /ɸ/ /x/).~~ Coronal clicks must procede a consonant in their same P.o.A column (except /r̪̊/ also pairs with tʲ/ǀ/ǀˀ instead of its column). This allows for 38 + 32 + 14 + null (1) = 85 onsets.		Coronal clicks must procede a consonant in their same P.o.A column (except /r̪̊/ also pairs with tʲ/ǀ/ǀˀ instead of its column). This allows for 38 + 32 + 14 + null (1) = 85 onsets.

	Coda can be either null, or any single consonant (inc. nasal clicks, which then insert an additional glottal stop before vowels) except tenuis clicks, /m/ or /ŋ/. ~~{might keep old system tho... rest is unadjusted}~~		Coda can be either null, or any single consonant (inc. nasal clicks, which then insert an additional glottal stop before vowels) except tenuis clicks, /m/ or /ŋ/.

	~~allowing~~ 32 codas. 85 onsets~~, 32 codas~~, and 5 vowels (i e a o u) ~~allow for~~ theoretically 13,600 syllables.		With 32 codas, 85 onsets, and 5 vowels (i e a o u), there are theoretically 13,600 syllables.

	== Grammar ==		== Grammar ==

Jutomi: /* Vowels */

2026-04-07T22:21:25Z

Vowels

← Older revision		Revision as of 22:21, 7 April 2026
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	Labial liquids may have once existed but since merged with null and /f/.		Labial liquids may have once existed but since merged with null and /f/.

	<nowiki>*</nowiki>Both /f/ and /x/ somewhat merge ~~and can become~~ [h] in some cases intervocally, except when geminated, where they may form minimal pairs as they may lose their gemination but retain their original phonemic quality.		<nowiki>*</nowiki>Both /ɸ/ and /x/ somewhat merge into [h] in some cases intervocally, except when geminated, where they may form minimal pairs as they may lose their gemination but retain their original phonemic quality.

	- This primarily occurs intervocally between a/o/u, although sometimes if one of the two vowels is /i/ or /e/ they will also merge.		- This primarily occurs intervocally between a/o/u , although sometimes if one of the two vowels is /i/ or /e/ they will also merge.

	An epenthetic glottal stop [ʔ] is inserted between vowels ~~and~~ before word-initial vowels. It can be geminate after a glottal click, and allophonically glottalize/ejectivize word-final stops.		An epenthetic glottal stop [ʔ] is inserted between vowels, before word-initial vowels, and word-finally after clicks. It can be geminate after a glottal click, and allophonically glottalize/ejectivize word-final stops before vowels.

	~~It also is sometimes analyzed as occurring word~~-finally after ~~short vowels and voiceless consonants~~.		- Utterance-finally, an epenthetic [h] or [x] may manifest after a plosive.

	Tenuis clicks may have a fricated [x] release or a brief [k] release. These are distinct from the phonemically distinct delayed/lengthened releases when they're followed by /k/ or /x/.		Tenuis clicks may have a fricated [x] release or a brief [k] release. These are distinct from the phonemically distinct delayed/lengthened releases when they're followed by /k/ or /x/, both being distinct.

	/n/ merges with ~~tenuis~~ clicks ~~and glottal sucks~~ to make them prenasalized, sans gemination. It's unclear if nasal clicks are phonemic, or nasal + tenuis click clusters. They may be voiced or voiceless.		/n/ merges with clicks to make them prenasalized, sans gemination. It's unclear if nasal clicks are phonemic (with , or nasal + tenuis click clusters. They may be voiced or voiceless.

	Glottal clicks may very debatably be prenasalized across word-boundaries, becoming voiced prenasalized glottal clicks, but this is very much not considered phonemic if this even distinct from an /n/ + click sequence.		- Glottal clicks may very debatably be prenasalized across word-boundaries, becoming voiced prenasalized glottal clicks, but this is very much not considered phonemic if this even distinct from an /n/ + glottal click sequence.

			There is further some phonemic status dispute with clicks; some argue glottal clicks are syllabic or followed by a glottal stop, while others claim tenuis clicks are preceded by /k/, something that occurs with many other sounds.

	/n/ assimilates its place of articulation with other coronal consonants but not peripheral consonants. An epenthetic plosive may be inserted after nasals before a continuent.		/n/ assimilates its place of articulation with other coronal consonants but not peripheral consonants. An epenthetic plosive may be inserted after nasals before a continuent.
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	Velars (/k/, /x/, click coarticulation) are usually velar or postvelar, though may become postpalatal before /i/.		Velars (/k/, /x/, click coarticulation) are usually velar or postvelar, though may become postpalatal before /i/.

	/r/ may be [ɾ] when not geminated. /ɭ/ is ~~often~~ a tap or a non-lateral approximant~~, while /ɭ̊/ is usually a lateral approximant or fricative.~~ /ʎ/ ~~may merge with~~ /w/ in ~~some environments for some speakers~~.		/r/ may be [ɾ] when not geminated. /ɭ/ is sometimes a tap unless geminated, and may even surface in all environments as a non-lateral approximant

			/ɬʲ/ and /ɬ̠/ are generally voiceless liquids intervocally, but fricatives elsewhere, including in gemination.

	/r̪/ ~~devoices word-finally~~, ~~when geminated~~, and ~~sometimes around voiceless~~ consonants.		/lʲ/ becomes [j] or [w] intervocally, depending on its neighbors; it is [j] before back vowels and [w] before front vowel; before /a/, it's [w] after /u/, /o/, or another /a/, and [j] elsewhere. It may become [j] before consonants after /a/.

	~~Geminated glottal clicks~~, as ~~well as glottal clicks before a word-initial vowel~~, ~~are both allophonically~~ [~~C:ʔ] or [Cʔ:~~], ~~arguably being another form of gemination. Plosives may become glottalized~~.		Gemination occurs with similar sounds adjacent to each other, such as /kk/, /ʈtʲ/, /ɕʂ/, /nm/, /ɬ̠r̥/, [ǁˀ‿ʔ], /ʘʘ/, etc.

	Coronal plosives generally assimilate with following coronal consonants, either causing gemination in plosives and clicks, or creating (pseudo-)affricates before fricatives		Coronal plosives generally assimilate with following coronal consonants, either causing gemination in plosives and clicks, or creating (pseudo-)affricates before fricatives

	~~All consonants may be geminated in coda position; vowels are geminated word-finally if there is no consonant~~, as well as ~~sometimes~~ before ~~/w/ instead~~ of ~~geminating the /w/~~.		Geminated glottal clicks, as well as glottal clicks before a word-initial vowel, are both allophonically [C:ʔ] or [Cʔ:], arguably being another form of gemination. Plosives may become glottalized.

	~~In addition to the five vowels~~ /~~i e a o u~~/ ~~<nowiki><i e a o u> and two tones (high~~/~~low; a à), there exist "stressed" syllables which are a bit longer and louder, and predominantly cause gemination.<~~/~~nowiki>~~		/k/ followed by laterals may become lateral affricates. /ɬʲ/ and /lʲ/ may merge in these environments. /kɭ/ usually remains an unaffricated cluster.

	~~Coronal fricatives and voiceless continuants assimilate to coronal plosives~~ and ~~clicks within the same onset or coda (but not between syllable boundaries) to the same column.~~

	~~Gemination also occurs with similar sounds adjacent to each other, such as~~ /kk/~~, /ʈtʲ/, /ɕʂ/, /nm/, /ɭr/, /θʎ̥/, /ʎw/, [ǁˀ‿ʔ],~~ /ʘʘ/~~, etc~~.

	==== Phonotactics ====		==== Phonotactics ====
	Jutlandic phonotactics allow for somewhat complex syllables, although they are governed by fairly simple rules. ~~The basic syllable~~ structure is generally regarded as CCVC ~~or CVCC, with all Cs optional.~~		Jutlandic phonotactics allow for somewhat complex syllables, although they are governed by fairly simple rules. Syllable structure is generally regarded as CCVC:

	Onset may be any consonant (inc. nasal clicks/sucks), non-peripheral [f/x] v/less-cont. or fricative + plosive / coronal click, or plosive + fricative/v.c./liquid. In all such cluster onsets, either C1 or C2 must be peripheral.

	(~~/p/ /k/ /f/ /x/ /ɸ/ /w/~~), ~~except for fric~~/~~vless~~-cont. + ~~plos~~/click, ~~where two coronals in the same column are allowed (although~~ /~~r̪̊~~/ ~~pairs with tʲ~~/ǀ/~~ǀˀ)~~.		Onset may be any consonant (inc. nasal clicks), v/less-cont. or fricative (except /x/) + peripheral plosive / coronal click, or /k/ + fricative/v.c./liquid or coronal plosive.

	~~Coda can be either null, any single consonant~~ (~~inc. nasal clicks) except tenuis clicks,~~ /w/ /m/ or /ŋ/~~, or a voiceless continuant~~/~~non-peripheral fricative before~~ a ~~plosive~~ (except /p/) ~~or glottal coronal click, with assimilation~~.		(/p/ /k/ /ɸ/ /x/). Coronal clicks must procede a consonant in their same P.o.A column (except /r̪̊/ also pairs with tʲ/ǀ/ǀˀ instead of its column). This allows for 38 + 32 + 14 + null (1) = 85 onsets.

	~~Word-internally~~, consonant ~~clusters can generally only be 3 consonants long~~, ~~with many complicated clusters collapsing into geminations~~. ~~This also happens to a lesser degree across word boundaries~~.		Coda can be either null, or any single consonant (inc. nasal clicks, which then insert an additional glottal stop before vowels) except tenuis clicks, /m/ or /ŋ/. {might keep old system tho... rest is unadjusted}

	~~Because the large number of vowel-initial words always begin with [ʔ]~~, ~~it has been suggested that they must begin with~~ a ~~consonant of some kind. Furthermore~~, ~~the vast majority of words end in a consonant~~.		allowing 32 codas. 85 onsets, 32 codas, and 5 vowels (i e a o u) allow for theoretically 13,600 syllables.

	== Grammar ==		== Grammar ==

Jutomi: Added a table for pronouns. No morphology but the grammar logic's there. Also added indefinite pronouns cause those are kind of nice :p

2026-04-05T21:57:16Z

Added a table for pronouns. No morphology but the grammar logic's there. Also added indefinite pronouns cause those are kind of nice :p

@@ Line 176: / Line 176: @@
 The imperative dictates what the speaker orders the listener to do. The permissive tells the listener what is permitted to be done. The prohibitive acts as a negative form of these, telling the speaker what cannot be done, and is always further marked in the negative. All of these functions make the sentence lose its ergativity, becoming accusative. However, the instructive case acts as a sort of polite command, and the sentence remains ergative; it is never marked in the negative, which must be marked on the main verb or verbs.
-The Attemptative is a realis aspect that says that something was attempted but didn't pan out, and is the only other coverb to turn the sentence into a nominative-accusative alignment. The interrogative is used to ask a question, and combines with question suffixes (who, what, when, how, is-it-so, etc.) to form a complex array of question words; an additional particle is also required at the end of a sentence to essentially confirm the sentence as either a tag yes/no question or a wh-type question.
+The Attemptative is a realis aspect that says that something was attempted but didn't pan out, and is the only other coverb to turn the sentence into a nominative-accusative alignment. The interrogative is used to ask a question, and combines with question suffixes (who, what, what (action), when, how, is-it-so, etc.) to form a complex array of question words; an additional particle is also required at the end of a sentence to essentially confirm the sentence as either a tag yes/no question or a wh-type question.
 The hypothetical is used as a "might be", as well as a future tense and the independent "then" clause in an if-then statement, while the conditional acts as the dependent "if" clause. The temporal-relational verb acts like a traditional coverb, and is used when another verb is going on at the same time time, before, or after another verb, with whether the two events being related left to context or other phrasing. The antipassive essentially turns the sentence into a null-patient sentence, although arguably turns the sentence into an accusative with a lower valency. And, lastly, there is the realis coverb, which codes for both tense and detailed aspect.
@@ Line 199: / Line 199: @@
 === Verbs ===
-Verbs are fairly complex in Jutlandic, with coding for preverbs, prefixes (and weak subject / locative incorporation) suffixes, object incorporation, negation, subject and object pronouns coding for agency and negation, basic aspect, and whether they're nominalized, adjectivized, or adverbial, plausibly with further suffixes. More-or-less in that exact order, actually.
+Verbs are fairly complex in Jutlandic, with coding for preverbs, prefixes (and weak subject / locative incorporation), object incorporation, suffixes, negation, subject and object pronouns coding for agency and negation, basic aspect, and whether they're nominalized, adjectivized, or adverbial, plausibly with further suffixes. More-or-less in that exact order, actually.
 Preverbs are basically a set of adverbs that have been excitedly glued to the front of the verb. There aren't a plethora of them, but they do function as ways of further characterizing ''how'' a verb was carried out. Prefixes and suffixes, simply put, modify the basic meaning of the verb - and there may be a fairly significant number of them, which may be partly fusional (although may be considered distinct morphemes altogether).
@@ Line 216: / Line 216: @@
 ==== Pronouns ====
-It should be noted that emphatic pronouns do exist - sort-of. The third-person pronoun is functionally the same as a demonstrative, but they do exist. Furthermore, they do not code for mixed person like the verb suffixes do; there is only a first person, second person, third person animate, third-person pro-verb, and third-person inanimate pronoun, the last two further functioning as a generic "thing that happened" and "thing". They do however come with forms for the cumulative, and the second person and third person animate and inanimate furthermore have possessed case marking, with the first two allowing familial and associative marking, and the inanimate having all but the associative (with familial firmly implying a body part).
+It should be noted that emphatic pronouns do exist - sort-of. The third-person pronoun is functionally the same as a demonstrative, but they do exist. Furthermore, they do not code for mixed person like the verb suffixes do; there is only a first person, second person, third person animate, third-person pro-verb, third-person inanimate, and 3rd person indefinite pronoun, the last three further functioning as a generic "that thing that happened", "that thing", and "something/someone". They do however come with forms for the cumulative, and several have possessed case markings, with the 2nd person and 3rd person animate allowing familial and associative markings, and the inanimate and indefinite having all but the associative (with familial firmly implying a body part).
-There are no reciprocal or reflexive pronouns, per se. When a reflexive pronoun is deemed necessary, it is essentially just repeating the subject as an object, or saying a pronoun twice.
+There are no reciprocal or reflexive pronouns, per se. When a reflexive pronoun is deemed necessary, it is essentially just repeating the subject as an object, or saying a pronoun twice. There does exists an indefinite form for all 3rd person pronouns, however there does not exist a separate interrogative form, as those are incorporated into coverbs.
 == Orthography ==
 Aside from using IPA, Jutlandic can be written down in three distinct alphabets. The two traditional ways are by using either pottery or plants, written right-left, although any direction technically works.

Jutomi: /* Verbs */ Moved incorporation around a bit because it's just nicer. :)

2026-04-05T13:49:10Z

Verbs: Moved incorporation around a bit because it's just nicer. :)

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	Preverbs are basically a set of adverbs that have been excitedly glued to the front of the verb. There aren't a plethora of them, but they do function as ways of further characterizing ''how'' a verb was carried out. Prefixes and suffixes, simply put, modify the basic meaning of the verb - and there may be a fairly significant number of them, which may be partly fusional (although may be considered distinct morphemes altogether).		Preverbs are basically a set of adverbs that have been excitedly glued to the front of the verb. There aren't a plethora of them, but they do function as ways of further characterizing ''how'' a verb was carried out. Prefixes and suffixes, simply put, modify the basic meaning of the verb - and there may be a fairly significant number of them, which may be partly fusional (although may be considered distinct morphemes altogether).

	Subject incorporation usually acts kind of like a prefix ''or'' preverb - it usually comes between the two, although unlike most synthetic languages, the morpheme order is actually a bit loose. Similarly, entire nested locative phrases may also appear in the verb to essentially act as a usitive or derivational tactic. A good example is "under-the-table-pay", which is used to essentially mean "fraud"; the phrase "under-the-table-pay over-the-table" essentially means "committing fraud without trying to hide it".		Subject incorporation usually acts kind of like a prefix ''or'' preverb - it usually comes between the two, although unlike most synthetic languages, the morpheme order is actually a bit loose here. Similarly, entire nested locative phrases may also appear in the verb to essentially act as a usitive or derivational tactic. A good example is "under-the-table-pay", which is used to essentially mean "fraud"; the phrase "under-the-table-pay over-the-table" essentially means "committing fraud without trying to hide it". These generally come before prefixes or incorporated subjects, after preverbs.

	Object incorporation is pervasive, and pretty much universally codes for the direct object in verbs that would've otherwise been ditransitive. This, along with subject incorporation, decreases the verb's valency by one. This also does not occur in sentences that are nominative-accusative in nature, nor does it occur on stative verbs, although it can occur as a lexical modifier to lexicalized intransitive verbs (hypothetically originally being an incorporated transitive verb).		Object incorporation is pervasive, and pretty much universally codes for the direct object in verbs that would've otherwise been ditransitive. This, along with subject incorporation, decreases the verb's valency by one. This also does not occur in sentences that are nominative-accusative in nature, nor does it occur on stative verbs, although it can occur as a lexical modifier to lexicalized intransitive verbs (hypothetically originally being an incorporated transitive verb). These are frequently appended straight onto the verb root, with suffixes being placed after them.

	Negation is then marked on the verb, if applicable. Negation is always used if the coverb is a prohibitive, and usually not in the imperative, although this can be done in sarcastic or non-serious contexts (i.e. "Don't you dare have fun!") - although in cases where such a mood is not obvious, it may be best to take the negation seriously. Negation is also double-marked, with a particle appearing at the end of a negated clause.		Negation is then marked on the verb, if applicable. Negation is always used if the coverb is a prohibitive, and usually not in the imperative, although this can be done in sarcastic or non-serious contexts (i.e. "Don't you dare have fun!") - although in cases where such a mood is not obvious, it may be best to take the negation seriously. Negation is also double-marked, with a particle appearing at the end of a negated clause.

Jutomi: ig I didn't need that or something. idk how this wiki tells what's a "language" vs. "languages" vs. not one of those things tho

2026-03-26T05:04:16Z

ig I didn't need that or something. idk how this wiki tells what's a "language" vs. "languages" vs. not one of those things tho

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Jutomi: idk how this tag works lol just ripping it off of other wiki articles and seeing what works.

2026-03-26T05:03:14Z

idk how this tag works lol just ripping it off of other wiki articles and seeing what works.

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