Léna Language - Revision history

Omaatje: /* Latin Script */

2026-07-31T10:18:12Z

Latin Script

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:18, 31 July 2026
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	</div>		</div>
	There is no way to predict this phenomenon, so the individual roots that trigger it must be learnt by heart. Additionally, the third person singular possessive prefix ƨ(gh)- triggers ɣ-affection, resulting in a mutation to the initial consonant.		There is no way to predict this phenomenon, so the individual roots that trigger it must be learnt by heart. Additionally, the third person singular possessive prefix ƨ(gh)- triggers ɣ-affection, resulting in a mutation to the initial consonant.

			<div style="margin-left:2em; line-height:1.5;">
			(2) ''LENA''<br>
			GLOSS<br>
			IPA<br>
			'ENG'<br>
			</div>

	== Syntax and Sentence Structure ==		== Syntax and Sentence Structure ==
	The syntactic system of Léna is primarily oriented around the prominence of phrasal heads. It also relies heavily on the verb form called the Null Form, which functions similarly to a converb, for clause chaining (see [[Léna Language#The Null Form\|Null Form]]).		The syntactic system of Léna is primarily oriented around the prominence of phrasal heads. It also relies heavily on the verb form called the Null Form, which functions similarly to a converb, for clause chaining (see [[Léna Language#The Null Form\|Null Form]]).
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	\|/kʷ/		\|/kʷ/
	! colspan="2" \|		! colspan="2" \|
	\|}High tone is represented by an acute accent over the vowel; ⟨á, é, ǝ́, í, ƨ́, ó, ú⟩~~, or ⟨а́, е́, и́, о́, у́, ъ́, ы́⟩~~.		\|}High tone is represented by an acute accent over the vowel; ⟨á, é, ǝ́, í, ƨ́, ó, ú⟩.

	Gemination is represented by doubling the consonant.		Gemination is represented by doubling the consonant.
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	! colspan="2" \|		! colspan="2" \|
	\|}		\|}
			High tone is also represented with an acute accent over the vowel, as in the Latin Script. ⟨а́, е́, и́, о́, у́, ъ́, ы́⟩

	The letters '''⟨'''й'''⟩''' and '''⟨'''ў'''⟩''' are used in phonemic diphthongs such as /ai̯/, /au̯/ to contrast them from /a.i/, /a.u/.		The letters '''⟨'''й'''⟩''' and '''⟨'''ў'''⟩''' are used in phonemic diphthongs such as /ai̯/, /au̯/ to contrast them from /a.i/, /a.u/.

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	<div style="margin-left:2em; line-height:1.5;">		<div style="margin-left:2em; line-height:1.5;">
	(2) ''Hárǝsi ƨx-Xízzí-a''<br>		(_) ''Hárǝsi ƨx-Xízzí-a''<br>
	Hárǝsi HUM.SG.POSS–person–PL<br>		Hárǝsi HUM.SG.POSS–person–PL<br>
	/há.rǝ.si ɨx.xíz.zí.a/<br>		/há.rǝ.si ɨx.xíz.zí.a/<br>

Omaatje at 19:57, 27 July 2026

2026-07-27T19:57:39Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:57, 27 July 2026
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	=== Latin Script ===		=== Latin Script ===
	The Latin-based system used most commonly in the modern day for Léna was developed in ~~0A8/3~~ (of the [[Ngweská Calendar]]) by Prof. Umikyázéc Mimeghá, an anthropologist, linguist and later leader of the Socialist Worker's Party (Léna: ''Lyessǝkwo Fǝrǝ́kyaha iRaskwƨch'') at the university of Oergafa. It was created in order to be better mutually understood by interŋational English speakers, something that Mimeghá campaigned on. This script differed from previous scripts published by Jhesék in ~~074/3~~ and Xéchyátoc in ~~091/3~~ (see [[Léna Scripts]]) in that it used minimal diacritics and introduced the letter '''⟨'''Ƨƨ'''⟩''', a letter unique in its use in Léna.		The Latin-based system used most commonly in the modern day for Léna was developed in [...] (of the [[Ngweská Calendar]]) by Prof. Umikyázéc Mimeghá, an anthropologist, linguist and later leader of the Socialist Worker's Party (Léna: ''Lyessǝkwo Fǝrǝ́kyaha iRaskwƨch'') at the university of Oergafa. It was created in order to be better mutually understood by interŋational English speakers, something that Mimeghá campaigned on. This script differed from previous scripts published by Jhesék in [...] and Xéchyátoc in [...] (see [[Léna Scripts]]) in that it used minimal diacritics and introduced the letter '''⟨'''Ƨƨ'''⟩''', a letter unique in its use in Léna.

	When the script was published and the campaign was launched, Hárǝsi was beginning a period of intense modernisation in all sectors. Many thus thought it was a necessary step towards Hárǝsi's further globalisation to adopt a more globally-understandable script. The Latin-based script (Léna: Latino Ƨllesseihǝ́) was established as the primary official system by Parliamentary Decree on ~~15/07/117/3~~, and since then most official government documents have changed over to the new script.		When the script was published and the campaign was launched, Hárǝsi was beginning a period of intense modernisation in all sectors. Many thus thought it was a necessary step towards Hárǝsi's further globalisation to adopt a more globally-understandable script. The Latin-based script (Léna: Latino Ƨllesseihǝ́) was established as the primary official system by Parliamentary Decree on [...], and since then most official government documents have changed over to the new script.
	{\| class="wikitable" style="margin-right:4%;"		{\| class="wikitable" style="margin-right:4%;"
	!Léna (Latin)		!Léna (Latin)
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	=== Cyrillic Script ===		=== Cyrillic Script ===
	The previous inhabitants of [[Kotland]] introduced the Ngweská to the Cyrillic script around the year ~~085/3~~		The previous inhabitants of [[Kotland]] introduced the Ngweská to the Cyrillic script around the year [...], [...] years after the Hárǝsi [[War of Unification (Hárǝsi)\|War of Unification]] came to an end.
	{\| class="wikitable"		{\| class="wikitable"
	! Léna (Cyrillic)		! Léna (Cyrillic)

Omaatje: /* Consonants */

2026-07-27T00:23:52Z

Consonants

← Older revision		Revision as of 00:23, 27 July 2026
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	=== Consonants ===		=== Consonants ===
	Standard Léna has 30 phonemic consonants.		Standard Léna has 30 phonemic consonants. For the Romanisation see the [[Léna Language#Orthography\|Orthography]] section.
	{\| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"		{\| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
	\|+		\|+

Omaatje: /* Official Systems */

2026-07-27T00:23:20Z

Official Systems

Show changes

Omaatje: /* Latin Script */

2026-07-26T23:39:01Z

Latin Script

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:39, 26 July 2026
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	==== Latin Script ====		==== Latin Script ====
	The Latin-based system used most commonly in the modern day for Léna was developed in 0A8/3 (of the [[Ngweská Calendar]]) by Prof. Umikyázéc Mimeghá, an anthropologist, linguist and later leader of the Socialist Worker's Party (Léna: ''Lyessǝkwo Fǝrǝ́kyaha iRaskwƨch'') at the university of Oergafa. It was created in order to be better mutually understood by interŋational English speakers, something that Mimeghá campaigned on. This script differed from previous scripts published by Jhesék in 074/3 and Xéchyátoc in 091/3 (see [[Léna Scripts]]) in that it used minimal diacritics and introduced the letter '''⟨'''Ƨƨ'''⟩''', a letter unique in its use in Léna.		The Latin-based system used most commonly in the modern day for Léna was developed in 0A8/3 (of the [[Ngweská Calendar]]) by Prof. Umikyázéc Mimeghá, an anthropologist, linguist and later leader of the Socialist Worker's Party (Léna: ''Lyessǝkwo Fǝrǝ́kyaha iRaskwƨch'') at the university of Oergafa. It was created in order to be better mutually understood by interŋational English speakers, something that Mimeghá campaigned on. This script differed from previous scripts published by Jhesék in 074/3 and Xéchyátoc in 091/3 (see [[Léna Scripts]]) in that it used minimal diacritics and introduced the letter '''⟨'''Ƨƨ'''⟩''', a letter unique in its use in Léna.

	When the script was published and the campaign was launched, Hárǝsi was beginning a period of intense modernisation in all sectors. Many thus thought it was a necessary step towards Hárǝsi's further globalisation to adopt a more globally-understandable script. The Latin-based script (Léna: Latino Ƨllesseihǝ́) was established as the primary official system by Parliamentary Decree on 15/07/117/3, and since then most official government documents have changed over to the new script.		When the script was published and the campaign was launched, Hárǝsi was beginning a period of intense modernisation in all sectors. Many thus thought it was a necessary step towards Hárǝsi's further globalisation to adopt a more globally-understandable script. The Latin-based script (Léna: Latino Ƨllesseihǝ́) was established as the primary official system by Parliamentary Decree on 15/07/117/3, and since then most official government documents have changed over to the new script.
	{\| class="wikitable" style="margin-right:4%;"		{\| class="wikitable" style="margin-right:4%;"

Omaatje: /* The Plain Aspect */

2026-07-26T23:38:46Z

The Plain Aspect

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:38, 26 July 2026
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	=== Official Systems ===		=== Official Systems ===
	The Latin-based system used most commonly in the modern day for Léna was developed in ~~122~~/3 (of the [[Ngweská Calendar]]) by Prof. Umikyázéc Mimeghá, an anthropologist, linguist and later leader of the Socialist Worker's Party (Léna: ''Lyessǝkwo Fǝrǝ́kyaha iRaskwƨch'') at the university of Oergafa. It was created in order to be better mutually understood by interŋational English speakers.		There are two official systems of writing Léna.
	~~{\| style="width:100%; border~~-~~collapse:collapse; border:none;"~~
	\|- ~~style="vertical-align~~:~~top;"~~		==== Latin Script ====
	~~\| style="width:20%; padding:0;" \|~~		The Latin-based system used most commonly in the modern day for Léna was developed in 0A8/3 (of the [[Ngweská Calendar]]) by Prof. Umikyázéc Mimeghá, an anthropologist, linguist and later leader of the Socialist Worker's Party (Léna: ''Lyessǝkwo Fǝrǝ́kyaha iRaskwƨch'') at the university of Oergafa. It was created in order to be better mutually understood by interŋational English speakers, something that Mimeghá campaigned on. This script differed from previous scripts published by Jhesék in 074/3 and Xéchyátoc in 091/3 (see [[Léna Scripts]]) in that it used minimal diacritics and introduced the letter '''⟨'''Ƨƨ'''⟩''', a letter unique in its use in Léna.
			When the script was published and the campaign was launched, Hárǝsi was beginning a period of intense modernisation in all sectors. Many thus thought it was a necessary step towards Hárǝsi's further globalisation to adopt a more globally-understandable script. The Latin-based script (Léna: Latino Ƨllesseihǝ́) was established as the primary official system by Parliamentary Decree on 15/07/117/3, and since then most official government documents have changed over to the new script.
	{\| class="wikitable" style="margin-right:4%;"		{\| class="wikitable" style="margin-right:4%;"
	\|+
	!Léna (Latin)		!Léna (Latin)
	!IPA		!IPA
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	\|/kʷ/		\|/kʷ/
	! colspan="2" \|		! colspan="2" \|
	\|}		\|}High tone is represented by an acute accent over the vowel; ⟨á, é, ǝ́, í, ƨ́, ó, ú⟩, or ⟨а́, е́, и́, о́, у́, ъ́, ы́⟩.
	\| ~~style~~=~~"width:48%; padding:0;" \|~~
			Gemination is represented by doubling the consonant.

			In polygraphs, only the first element is capitalised, and only the first element is doubled to represent gemination, e.g. '''⟨'''Ch, nngw'''⟩'''. Additionally, an apostrophe marks where a sequence of two consonant letters is not a digraph, in words such as ''zír'woch'' 'brother' (/zír.woɕ/ not /zí.rʷoɕ/).

			In some texts, separation of two vowels that would otherwise form a diphthong is achieved with either diaeresis or apostrophe in the Latin script (see [[Léna Language#Vowels\|Vowels]] above). However, this is not required and is usually omitted.

			==== Cyrillic Script ====
			The previous inhabitants of [[Kotland]] introduced the Ngweská to the Cyrillic script around the year 085/3
	{\| class="wikitable"		{\| class="wikitable"
	\|+
	! Léna (Cyrillic)		! Léna (Cyrillic)
	! IPA		! IPA
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	! colspan="2" \|		! colspan="2" \|
	\|}		\|}
	\|}		The letters '''⟨'''й'''⟩''' and '''⟨'''ў'''⟩''' are used in phonemic diphthongs such as /ai̯/, /au̯/ to contrast them from /a.i/, /a.u/.

	~~High tone is represented by an acute accent over the vowel; ⟨á~~, ~~é, ǝ́, í, ƨ́, ó, ú⟩, or ⟨а́, е́, и́, о́, у́, ъ́~~, ~~ы́⟩~~.

	~~Gemination is represented by doubling the consonant~~.

	In polygraphs, only the first element is capitalised, and only the first element is doubled to represent gemination, e.g. '''⟨'''Ch, nngw'''⟩'''. Additionally, an apostrophe marks where a sequence of two consonant letters is not a digraph, in words such as ''zír'woch'' 'brother' (/zír.woɕ/ not /zí.rʷoɕ/).		There is no difference in pronunciation between '''⟨'''і'''⟩''' and '''⟨'''ј'''⟩''', the only distinguishing feature is that '''⟨'''ј'''⟩''' is used at the beginnings and ends of words, whereas ⟨і⟩ is used word-internally.

	The Cyrillic glyphs '''⟨'''й'''⟩''' and '''⟨'''ў'''⟩''' are used in phonemic diphthongs such as /ai̯/, /au̯/ to contrast them from /a.i/, /a.u/; this is achieved with either diaeresis or apostrophe in the Latin script (see [[Léna Language#Vowels\|Vowels]] above). There is no difference in pronunciation between '''⟨'''і'''⟩''' and '''⟨'''ј'''⟩''', the only distinguishing feature is that '''⟨'''ј'''⟩''' ~~tends to be~~ used at the beginnings and ends of words, whereas ⟨і⟩ is ~~typically~~ used word-internally.

	=== Capitalisation of Prefixes ===		=== Capitalisation of Prefixes ===
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	</div>		</div>

	If a verb is placed in the passive voice, by means of the ''-if(a)'' suffix, it will take its passive subject (which would be the object in an active voice sentence) as the verbal object. The auxiliary verb ''tǝch(k)'' may be used to reintroduce the agent, and does not need to be placed in the null form to		If a verb is placed in the passive voice, by means of the ''-if(a)'' suffix, it will take its passive subject (which would be the object in an active voice sentence) as the verbal object. The auxiliary verb ''tǝch(k)'' may be used to reintroduce the agent, and does not need to be placed in the null form to create a subordinate clause.
	<div style="margin-left:2em; line-height:1.5;">		<div style="margin-left:2em; line-height:1.5;">
	(17a) ''Kajhéw ekw ga-pǝ́w-ech.''<br>		(17a) ''Kajhéw ekw ga-pǝ́w-ech.''<br>
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	\|+		\|+
	! colspan="2" \|Tense / Aspect		! colspan="2" \|Tense / Aspect
	!~~plain~~		!Plain
	!~~habitual~~		!Habitual
	!~~inchoative~~		!Inchoative
	!~~progressive~~		!Progressive
	\|-		\|-
	! rowspan="2" \|~~past~~		! rowspan="2" \|Past
	!medial		!medial
	\| rowspan="2" \| -xe		\| rowspan="2" \| -xe
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	\| -xre		\| -xre
	\|-		\|-
	! rowspan="2" \|~~present~~		! rowspan="2" \|Present
	!medial		!medial
	\| rowspan="2" \| -Ø		\| rowspan="2" \| -Ø
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	\| -ye		\| -ye
	\|-		\|-
	! colspan="2" \|~~future~~		! colspan="2" \|Future
	\| -ná		\| -ná
	! colspan="2" \|		! colspan="2" \|
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	There are also a number of special forms for when the negative (''-yekw'') suffix is added.		There are also a number of special forms for when the negative (''-yekw'') suffix is added.
	{\| class="wikitable"		{\| class="wikitable"
	! ~~colspan="2" \|~~Tense / Aspect		!Tense / Aspect
	!~~plain~~		!Plain
	!~~habitual~~		!Habitual
	!~~inchoative~~		!Inchoative
	!~~progressive~~		!Progressive
	\|-		\|-
	!~~past~~		!Past
	~~!final~~
	\| -xeyekw		\| -xeyekw
	\| -'''chohokw'''		\| -'''chohokw'''
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	\| -cheyekw		\| -cheyekw
	\|-		\|-
	!~~present~~		!Present
	~~!final~~
	\| -yekw		\| -yekw
	\| -('''o''')'''hokw'''		\| -('''o''')'''hokw'''
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	\| -'''ihokw'''		\| -'''ihokw'''
	\|-		\|-
	! ~~colspan="2" \|future~~		!Future
	\| -náyekw		\| -náyekw
	! colspan="2" \|		! colspan="2" \|

Omaatje: /* Tense and Aspect Marking */

2026-07-26T13:35:09Z

Tense and Aspect Marking

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:35, 26 July 2026
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	'Mikyéc went into the house where Kalaccha was sewing.'		'Mikyéc went into the house where Kalaccha was sewing.'

	===== Passive Voice =====		==== Passive Voice ====
	</div>		</div>

	If a verb is placed in the passive voice, by means of the ''-if(a)'' suffix, it will take its passive subject (which would be the object in an active voice sentence) as the verbal object.		If a verb is placed in the passive voice, by means of the ''-if(a)'' suffix, it will take its passive subject (which would be the object in an active voice sentence) as the verbal object. The auxiliary verb ''tǝch(k)'' may be used to reintroduce the agent, and does not need to be placed in the null form to
	<div style="margin-left:2em; line-height:1.5;">		<div style="margin-left:2em; line-height:1.5;">
	(17a) ''Kajhéw ekw ga-pǝ́w-ech.''<br>		(17a) ''Kajhéw ekw ga-pǝ́w-ech.''<br>
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	\| -'''náhokw'''		\| -'''náhokw'''
	\|}		\|}

			===== The Plain Aspect =====

			===== The Habitual Aspect =====

			===== The Inchoative Aspect =====

			===== The Progressive Aspect =====

	==== Applicatives ====		==== Applicatives ====

Omaatje: /* Tense and Aspect Marking */

2026-07-25T23:52:49Z

Tense and Aspect Marking

@@ Line 1,013: / Line 1,013: @@
 ! colspan="2" |
 | -nái
 |}

Omaatje: /* Tense and Aspect Marking */

2026-07-25T20:23:55Z

Tense and Aspect Marking

@@ Line 978: / Line 978: @@
 ==== Tense and Aspect Marking ====
 ==== Applicatives ====
 ==== The Null Form ====

Omaatje at 12:45, 25 July 2026

2026-07-25T12:45:09Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:45, 25 July 2026
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	</div>		</div>

	This stem change is largely unpredictable, though there are a few derivational suffixes (-au, -i/-ya, -(h)ǝ́, etc.) which reliably display irregularity. Additionally, there are a handful of plurales tanta, most notably nouns ending in -ea as well as words like ''~~xibá~~'' '~~finger~~' and the name of Hárǝsi's largest city Ƨxeylá.		This stem change is largely unpredictable, though there are a few derivational suffixes (-au, -i/-ya, -(h)ǝ́, etc.) which reliably display irregularity. Additionally, there are a handful of plurales tanta, most notably nouns ending in -ea as well as words like ''tungín'' 'teeth' and the name of Hárǝsi's largest city Ƨxeylá.

	=== Postpositions ===		=== Postpositions ===