Léna Language - Revision history

Omaatje: /* Verb Phrase */

2026-04-06T18:43:45Z

Verb Phrase

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:43, 6 April 2026
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	</div>		</div>

	It is helpful to think of the sentences such as (3) as meaning more literally something like "my trio of eggs", as numerals are treated largely as nouns in their own right.		It is helpful to think of the sentences such as (_) as meaning more literally something like "my trio of eggs", as numerals are treated largely as nouns in their own right.

	==== Verb Phrase ====		==== Verb Phrase ====

Omaatje: /* Polar Questions */

2026-03-17T07:37:03Z

Polar Questions

← Older revision		Revision as of 07:37, 17 March 2026
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	</div>However, in formal or official speech, questions make use of the negative copular auxiliary ''sak'' to turn the statement into a question.		</div>However, in formal or official speech, questions make use of the negative copular auxiliary ''sak'' to turn the statement into a question.
	<div style="margin-left:2em; line-height:1.5;">		<div style="margin-left:2em; line-height:1.5;">
	"(_) ''Kwǝ-gghǝ-ghan ne-ifettǝk chowƨj-jhá sak?''<br>		(_) ''Kwǝ-gghǝ-ghan ne-ifettǝk chowƨj-jhá sak?''<br>
	eat-ABST-IRR.GER 2SG.POSS-preference know-ACT.PTCP NEG_COP<br>		eat-ABST-IRR.GER 2SG.POSS-preference know-ACT.PTCP NEG_COP<br>
	/kʷəɣ.ɣə.ɣan ne.i.fet.tək ɕo.wɨʑ.ʑá sak/<br>		/kʷəɣ.ɣə.ɣan ne.i.fet.tək ɕo.wɨʑ.ʑá sak/<br>
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	</div>		</div>

	The grammar of Léna contains most standard features of the Hakhpha languages: a diverse gender system, verbal object agreement and a general tendency towards being head-marking.		The grammar of Léna contains most standard features of the Hakhpha languages: a diverse gender system, verbal object agreement and a general tendency towards being head-marking. It is largely suffixing, but does make some use of prefixes (notably for gender agreement on possessed arguments) and there is also a great deal of stem-internal morphology. There is no case marking present, and role-marking is entirely based on verb agreement and word order.

	</div>		</div>

Omaatje at 00:06, 6 March 2026

2026-03-06T00:06:28Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 00:06, 6 March 2026
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	/kʷef.fo.hex i.e ne dú.jɨp.re.ná/<br>		/kʷef.fo.hex i.e ne dú.jɨp.re.ná/<br>
	'What (vegetables) will you make for dinner?'<br>		'What (vegetables) will you make for dinner?'<br>

			== Grammar ==
	</div>		</div>

			The grammar of Léna contains most standard features of the Hakhpha languages: a diverse gender system, verbal object agreement and a general tendency towards being head-marking.

	</div>		</div>

Omaatje at 16:45, 18 February 2026

2026-02-18T16:45:47Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:45, 18 February 2026
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	(_) ''Kweffohex ie ne dúyƨp-<u>ǝw</u>-ná?''<br>		(_) ''Kweffohex ie ne dúyƨp-<u>ǝw</u>-ná?''<br>
	dinner what 2SG prepare_food–ABST–FUT<br>		dinner what 2SG prepare_food–ABST–FUT<br>
	/kʷef.fo.hex i.e ne dú.yɨ.pəw.ná/<br>		/kʷef.fo.hex i.e ne dú.jɨ.pəw.ná/<br>
	'What will you make for dinner?'<br>		'What will you make for dinner?'<br>

	(_) ''Kweffohex ie ne dúyƨp-<u>re</u>-ná?''<br>		(_) ''Kweffohex ie ne dúyƨp-<u>re</u>-ná?''<br>
	dinner what 2SG prepare_food–INAN3.PL–FUT<br>		dinner what 2SG prepare_food–INAN3.PL–FUT<br>
	/kʷef.fo.hex i.e ne dú.~~yɨp~~.re.ná/<br>		/kʷef.fo.hex i.e ne dú.jɨp.re.ná/<br>
	'What (vegetables) will you make for dinner?'<br>		'What (vegetables) will you make for dinner?'<br>
	</div>		</div>

Omaatje: /* ɣ-Affection */

2026-02-16T17:21:35Z

ɣ-Affection

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:21, 16 February 2026
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	axe–PL 2SG–destined_for send–INAN2.PL–PST<br>		axe–PL 2SG–destined_for send–INAN2.PL–PST<br>
	/bɨz.zú.we en.ní ɨ.zé.ʎek.si.xe/<br>		/bɨz.zú.we en.ní ɨ.zé.ʎek.si.xe/<br>
	'I sent you ~~an axe~~.'<br>		'I sent you axes.'<br>

	(_) ''Bƨzzúw-e enn-í ǝxƨ́-<u>ssi</u>-xe.''<br>		(_) ''Bƨzzúw-e enn-í ǝxƨ́-<u>ssi</u>-xe.''<br>
	axe–PL 2SG–destined_for give–INAN2.PL–PST<br>		axe–PL 2SG–destined_for give–INAN2.PL–PST<br>
	/bɨz.zú.we en.ní ǝ.xɨ́s.si.xe/<br>		/bɨz.zú.we en.ní ǝ.xɨ́s.si.xe/<br>
	'I gave you ~~an axe~~.'<br>		'I gave you axes.'<br>
	</div>		</div>
	There is no way to predict this phenomenon, so the individual roots that trigger it must be learnt by heart.		There is no way to predict this phenomenon, so the individual roots that trigger it must be learnt by heart.

Omaatje: /* Word Order */

2026-02-16T17:16:52Z

Word Order

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:16, 16 February 2026
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	If a word has a continuous phonemic tone before the final syllable the first phonetic tone will be held for the duration of that tone throughout the whole word.		If a word has a continuous phonemic tone before the final syllable the first phonetic tone will be held for the duration of that tone throughout the whole word.
	<div style="margin-left:2em; line-height:1.5;">		<div style="margin-left:2em; line-height:1.5;">
	(_) ''Ichaza-e-ke ikéké-ná-hé?''<br>		(_) ''Ichaza-kch-e-ke ikéké-ná-hé?''<br>
	~~arrive–INAN3~~.SG–NULL persevere–FUT–OPT<br>		arrive–TEL.APPL–INAN3.SG–NULL persevere–FUT–OPT<br>
	/i.ɕa.za.e.ke i.ké.ké.ná.hé/ […ke˥.ke˥.na˥.he˥˩˧]<br>		/i.ɕa.zak.ɕe.ke i.ké.ké.ná.hé/ […ke˥.ke˥.na˥.he˥˩˧]<br>
	'Are you going to reach the end?'<br>		'Are you going to reach the end?'<br>
	</div>However, in formal or official speech, questions make use of the negative copular auxiliary ''sak'' to turn the statement into a question.		</div>However, in formal or official speech, questions make use of the negative copular auxiliary ''sak'' to turn the statement into a question.

Omaatje: /* Word Order */

2026-02-16T17:14:32Z

Word Order

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:14, 16 February 2026
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	Hárǝsi HUM.SG.POSS–person–PL<br>		Hárǝsi HUM.SG.POSS–person–PL<br>
	/há.rǝ.si ɨ.kíz.zí.a/<br>		/há.rǝ.si ɨ.kíz.zí.a/<br>
	'The People of Hárǝsi'~~<br>~~		'The People of Hárǝsi'
	</div>		</div>
	== Syntax and Sentence Structure ==		== Syntax and Sentence Structure ==
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	1SG here1 now meat cook–INAN2.SG–PRES.PROG<br>		1SG here1 now meat cook–INAN2.SG–PRES.PROG<br>
	/ǝɕ rói̯ rúc͡ɕ ʎew ǝ.ɕék.fóu̯.je/<br>		/ǝɕ rói̯ rúc͡ɕ ʎew ǝ.ɕék.fóu̯.je/<br>
	'I'm cooking meat right now.'~~<br>~~		'I'm cooking meat right now.'

	</div>		</div>
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	/gé.gʷe.zá áh.pe.wa.ʎi.fa.rʷe.ke zé.in.nekʷ/<br>		/gé.gʷe.zá áh.pe.wa.ʎi.fa.rʷe.ke zé.in.nekʷ/<br>
	'the children are excited to learn.'		'the children are excited to learn.'
	~~<br>~~
	</div>		</div>

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	eat–INAN3.PL–PRES.INCH mushroom–PL 2SG<br>		eat–INAN3.PL–PRES.INCH mushroom–PL 2SG<br>
	/kʷəl.le.rʷe gʷo.woi̯.ʑí (ne)/<br>		/kʷəl.le.rʷe gʷo.woi̯.ʑí (ne)/<br>
	'eat (the) mushrooms(, you)!'~~<br>~~		'eat (the) mushrooms(, you)!'
	</div>		</div>

Omaatje at 17:02, 16 February 2026

2026-02-16T17:02:45Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:02, 16 February 2026
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	The reason this can work unambiguously is that usually if a verb was actually negated, the suffix -(y)ekw would be added to said verb.		The reason this can work unambiguously is that usually if a verb was actually negated, the suffix -(y)ekw would be added to said verb.
	==== Questions with a Qualifier ====		==== Questions with a Qualifier ====
	These kinds of questions are very simple; the question word goes at the beginning of the ~~sentence~~ being turned into a question. However, further detail can be specified for transitive verbs by changing the object suffix on the verb to reflect qualities of the interrogated argument, as below.		These kinds of questions are very simple; the question word goes at the beginning of the phrase being turned into a question. However, further detail can be specified for transitive verbs by changing the object suffix on the verb to reflect qualities of the interrogated argument, as below.

	<div style=""margin-left:2em; line-height:1.5;"">		<div style=""margin-left:2em; line-height:1.5;"">

Omaatje at 16:59, 16 February 2026

2026-02-16T16:59:46Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:59, 16 February 2026
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	</div>		</div>
	The reason this can work unambiguously is that usually if a verb was actually negated, the suffix -(y)ekw would be added to said verb.		The reason this can work unambiguously is that usually if a verb was actually negated, the suffix -(y)ekw would be added to said verb.


	==== Questions with a Qualifier ====		==== Questions with a Qualifier ====
	These kinds of questions are very simple; the question word goes at the beginning of the sentence being turned into a question. However, further detail can be specified for transitive verbs by changing the object suffix on the verb to reflect qualities of the interrogated argument, as below.		These kinds of questions are very simple; the question word goes at the beginning of the sentence being turned into a question. However, further detail can be specified for transitive verbs by changing the object suffix on the verb to reflect qualities of the interrogated argument, as below.

Omaatje at 16:58, 16 February 2026

2026-02-16T16:58:56Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:58, 16 February 2026
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	</div>However, in formal or official speech, questions make use of the negative copular auxiliary ''sak'' to turn the statement into a question.		</div>However, in formal or official speech, questions make use of the negative copular auxiliary ''sak'' to turn the statement into a question.
	<div style="margin-left:2em; line-height:1.5;">		<div style="margin-left:2em; line-height:1.5;">
	"(_) ''~~Kwǝgghǝghan neifettǝk chowƨjjhá~~ sak?''<br>		"(_) ''Kwǝ-gghǝ-ghan ne-ifettǝk chowƨj-jhá sak?''<br>
	eat-ABST-IRR.GER 2SG.POSS-preference know-ACT.PTCP NEG_COP<br>		eat-ABST-IRR.GER 2SG.POSS-preference know-ACT.PTCP NEG_COP<br>
	/kʷəɣ.ɣə.ɣan ne.i.fet.tək ɕo.wɨʑ.ʑá sak/<br>		/kʷəɣ.ɣə.ɣan ne.i.fet.tək ɕo.wɨʑ.ʑá sak/<br>
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	</div>		</div>
	The reason this can work unambiguously is that usually if a verb was actually negated, the suffix -(y)ekw would be added to said verb.		The reason this can work unambiguously is that usually if a verb was actually negated, the suffix -(y)ekw would be added to said verb.
	~~</div>~~

	==== Questions with a Qualifier ====		==== Questions with a Qualifier ====
	These kinds of questions are very simple; the question word goes at the beginning of the sentence being turned into a question. However, further detail can be specified for transitive verbs by changing the object suffix on the verb to reflect qualities of the interrogated argument, as below.		These kinds of questions are very simple; the question word goes at the beginning of the sentence being turned into a question. However, further detail can be specified for transitive verbs by changing the object suffix on the verb to reflect qualities of the interrogated argument, as below.

			<div style=""margin-left:2em; line-height:1.5;"">
			(_) ''Kweffohex ie ne dúyƨp-<u>ǝw</u>-ná?''<br>
			dinner what 2SG prepare_food–ABST–FUT<br>
			/kʷef.fo.hex i.e ne dú.yɨ.pəw.ná/<br>
			'What will you make for dinner?'<br>

			(_) ''Kweffohex ie ne dúyƨp-<u>re</u>-ná?''<br>
			dinner what 2SG prepare_food–INAN3.PL–FUT<br>
			/kʷef.fo.hex i.e ne dú.yɨp.re.ná/<br>
			'What (vegetables) will you make for dinner?'<br>
			</div>



			</div>