Léna Language - Revision history

Omaatje: /* Latin Script */

2026-09-06T22:55:39Z

Latin Script

← Older revision		Revision as of 22:55, 6 September 2026
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	Gemination is represented by doubling the consonant.		Gemination is represented by doubling the consonant.

	In polygraphs, only the first element is capitalised, and only the first element is doubled to represent gemination, e.g. '''⟨'''Ch, nngw'''⟩'''. Additionally, an apostrophe marks where a sequence of two consonant letters is not a digraph, in words such as ''zír'~~woch~~'' 'brother' (/zír.~~woɕ~~/ not /zí.~~rʷoɕ~~/).		In polygraphs, only the first element is capitalised, and only the first element is doubled to represent gemination, e.g. '''⟨'''Ch, nngw'''⟩'''. Additionally, an apostrophe marks where a sequence of two consonant letters is not a digraph, in words such as ''zír'wǝch'' 'brother' (/zír.wǝɕ/ not /zí.rʷǝɕ/).

	In some texts, separation of two vowels that would otherwise form a diphthong is achieved with either diaeresis or apostrophe in the Latin script (see [[Léna Language#Vowels\|Vowels]] above). However, this is not required and is usually omitted.		In some texts, separation of two vowels that would otherwise form a diphthong is achieved with either diaeresis or apostrophe in the Latin script (see [[Léna Language#Vowels\|Vowels]] above). However, this is not required and is usually omitted.

Omaatje: /* The Verbal Template */

2026-09-06T22:07:36Z

The Verbal Template

← Older revision		Revision as of 22:07, 6 September 2026
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	\| rowspan="2" \|Applicative 2		\| rowspan="2" \|Applicative 2
	\| rowspan="2" \|Passive		\| rowspan="2" \|Passive
	\|Tense		\| rowspan="2" \|Tense / Participle
	\|Negative / Optative		\|Negative / Optative
	\|Null Form		\|Null Form
	\|-		\|-
	\| colspan="2" \|Causative-Reflexive		\| colspan="2" \|Causative-Reflexive
	~~\|Participle~~
	\| colspan="2" \|Gerund / Hypothetical		\| colspan="2" \|Gerund / Hypothetical
	\|}		\|}

Omaatje: /* The Verbal Template */

2026-09-06T22:07:19Z

The Verbal Template

← Older revision		Revision as of 22:07, 6 September 2026
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	\| rowspan="2" \|Applicative 2		\| rowspan="2" \|Applicative 2
	\| rowspan="2" \|Passive		\| rowspan="2" \|Passive
	~~\| rowspan="2"~~ \|Tense ~~/ Participle~~		\|Tense
	\|Negative / Optative		\|Negative / Optative
	\|Null Form		\|Null Form
	\|-		\|-
	\| colspan="2" \|Causative-Reflexive		\| colspan="2" \|Causative-Reflexive
			\|Participle
	\| colspan="2" \|Gerund / Hypothetical		\| colspan="2" \|Gerund / Hypothetical
	\|}		\|}

Omaatje: /* Verbs */

2026-09-06T16:39:39Z

Verbs

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:39, 6 September 2026
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	=== Verbs ===		=== Verbs ===
	Verbs in Léna are easily the most expansive and complex word class. They can conjugate for tense, object marking, can be modified by two kinds of applicatives, and can enter a state entirely unique to Léna called the Null Form.		Verbs in Léna are easily the most expansive and complex word class. They can conjugate for tense and aspect as well as exhibiting object marking, can be modified by two kinds of applicatives, and can enter a state entirely unique to Léna called the Null Form.

	==== The Verbal Template ====		==== The Verbal Template ====
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	<div style="margin-left:2em; line-height:1.5;">		<div style="margin-left:2em; line-height:1.5;">
	(_) ''Isik féffaxi ihéi hútippuc kíll-oly-ǝwǝ-~~chaw~~: zéjhew-kǝ, fǝrǝ́nnga-rƨ́w méwka, fohex kwǝ-mmo, kwǝwméhé siko ló mé-fóu-míye.'' <br>		(_) ''Isik féffaxi ihéi hútippuc kíll-oly-ǝwǝ-yaw: zéjhew-kǝ, fǝrǝ́nnga-rƨ́w méwka, fohex kwǝ-mmo, kwǝwméhé siko ló mé-fóu-míye.'' <br>
	every day always same_business gather–ABL.APPL–ABST–PRES.HAB : stand_upright–HUM1.SG , <br>		every day always same_business gather–ABL.APPL–ABST–PRES.HAB : stand_upright–HUM1.SG , <br>
	labour–site go–INAN2.SG , complain and_then house go–INAN1.SG–RETRV.APPL <br>		labour–site go–INAN2.SG , complain and_then house go–INAN1.SG–RETRV.APPL <br>

Omaatje: /* Subject and Object Complements */

2026-08-22T15:17:25Z

Subject and Object Complements

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:17, 22 August 2026
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	(_b) ''Cúhukw ihéi é-gghǝ-chaw ko, irdǝ ƨgh-eyú ǝríyaxxǝp ak-ekwewmak ak-kǝhu kwew.''<br>		(_b) ''Cúhukw ihéi é-gghǝ-chaw ko, irdǝ ƨgh-eyú ǝríyaxxǝp ak-ekwewmak ak-kǝhu kwew.''<br>
	Cúhukw always say–ABST–PST.HAB but, chief(m) HUM.SG.POSS–woman that2_NHU.POSS INAN.SG–stew INAN.SG–better REAL.COP–PRES.HAB<br>		Cúhukw always say–ABST–PST.HAB but, chief(m) HUM.SG.POSS–woman that2_NHU.POSS<br>
			INAN.SG–stew INAN.SG–better REAL.COP–PRES.HAB<br>
	/c͡ɕú.hukʷ i.héi̯ éɣ.ɣə.ɕaw ko \| ir.də ɨ.ɣe.jú ə.rí.jax.xəp a.ke.kʷew.mak ak.kə.hu kʷew/<br>		/c͡ɕú.hukʷ i.héi̯ éɣ.ɣə.ɕaw ko \| ir.də ɨ.ɣe.jú ə.rí.jax.xəp a.ke.kʷew.mak ak.kə.hu kʷew/<br>
	'But Cúhukw has always said that the chief's wife's stew is better.'<br>		'But Cúhukw has always said that the chief's wife's stew is better.'<br>

Omaatje: /* Subject and Object Complements */

2026-08-21T23:21:09Z

Subject and Object Complements

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:21, 21 August 2026
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	'Cúhukw called my stew foul, so I told her to piss off!'<br>		'Cúhukw called my stew foul, so I told her to piss off!'<br>

	(_b) ''Cúhukw ihéi é-gghǝ-chaw ko, irdǝ ƨgh-eyú ǝríyaxxǝp ak-ekwewmak kǝhu kwew.''<br>		(_b) ''Cúhukw ihéi é-gghǝ-chaw ko, irdǝ ƨgh-eyú ǝríyaxxǝp ak-ekwewmak ak-kǝhu kwew.''<br>
	Cúhukw always say–ABST–PST.HAB but, chief(m) HUM.SG.POSS–woman that2_NHU.POSS INAN.SG–stew ~~better~~ REAL.COP–PRES.HAB<br>		Cúhukw always say–ABST–PST.HAB but, chief(m) HUM.SG.POSS–woman that2_NHU.POSS INAN.SG–stew INAN.SG–better REAL.COP–PRES.HAB<br>
	/c͡ɕú.hukʷ i.héi̯ éɣ.ɣə.ɕaw ko \| ir.də ɨ.ɣe.jú ə.rí.jax.xəp a.ke.kʷew.mak kə.hu kʷew/<br>		/c͡ɕú.hukʷ i.héi̯ éɣ.ɣə.ɕaw ko \| ir.də ɨ.ɣe.jú ə.rí.jax.xəp a.ke.kʷew.mak ak.kə.hu kʷew/<br>
	'But Cúhukw has always said that the chief's wife's stew is better.'<br>		'But Cúhukw has always said that the chief's wife's stew is better.'<br>
	</div>		</div>

Omaatje: /* Subject and Object Complements */

2026-08-21T23:17:56Z

Subject and Object Complements

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:17, 21 August 2026
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	<div style="margin-left:2em; line-height:1.5;">		<div style="margin-left:2em; line-height:1.5;">
	(_a) ''Oh-ekwewmak tucƨ́cchí éh-uc-che, idda zé-tucƨ́j-ja éh-olye-kǝ-xre!''<br>		(_a) ''Cúhukw oh-ekwewmak tucƨ́cchí éh-uc-che, idda zé-tucƨ́j-ja éh-olye-kǝ-xre!''<br>
	1SG.POSS–stew rotten speak–INTR.APPL–PST , so REFL–rot–PASS.PTCP speak–ABL.APPL–HUM.SG–PST.INCH<br>		Cúhukw 1SG.POSS–stew rotten speak–INTR.APPL–PST , so REFL–rot–PASS.PTCP speak–ABL.APPL–HUM.SG–PST.INCH<br>
	/o.he.kʷew.mak tu.c͡ɕɨ́ɕ.ɕí é.huɕ.ɕe \| id.da zé.tu.c͡ɕɨ́ɟ.ɟ͡ʑa é.ho.ʎe.kəx.re/<br>		/c͡ɕú.hukʷ o.he.kʷew.mak tu.c͡ɕɨ́ɕ.ɕí é.huɕ.ɕe \| id.da zé.tu.c͡ɕɨ́ɟ.ɟ͡ʑa é.ho.ʎe.kəx.re/<br>
	'He called my stew foul, so I told ~~him~~ to piss off!'<br>		'Cúhukw called my stew foul, so I told her to piss off!'<br>

			(_b) ''Cúhukw ihéi é-gghǝ-chaw ko, irdǝ ƨgh-eyú ǝríyaxxǝp ak-ekwewmak kǝhu kwew.''<br>
			Cúhukw always say–ABST–PST.HAB but, chief(m) HUM.SG.POSS–woman that2_NHU.POSS INAN.SG–stew better REAL.COP–PRES.HAB<br>
			/c͡ɕú.hukʷ i.héi̯ éɣ.ɣə.ɕaw ko \| ir.də ɨ.ɣe.jú ə.rí.jax.xəp a.ke.kʷew.mak kə.hu kʷew/<br>
			'But Cúhukw has always said that the chief's wife's stew is better.'<br>
	</div>		</div>

Omaatje: /* The Verbal Template */

2026-08-21T22:48:01Z

The Verbal Template

← Older revision		Revision as of 22:48, 21 August 2026
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	\|+		\|+
	! colspan="3" \|Prefixes		! colspan="3" \|Prefixes
	\| rowspan="2" \|'''STEM'''		\| rowspan="3" \|'''STEM'''
	! colspan="7" \|Suffixes		! colspan="7" \|Suffixes
	\|-		\|-
	\|Abilitative		\| rowspan="2" \|Abilitative
	\|Causative		\|Causative
	\|Reflexive		\|Reflexive
	\|Applicative 1		\| rowspan="2" \|Applicative 1
	\|Object		\| rowspan="2" \|Object
	\|Applicative 2		\| rowspan="2" \|Applicative 2
	\|Passive		\| rowspan="2" \|Passive
	\|Tense / Participle		\| rowspan="2" \|Tense / Participle
	\|Negative / Optative ~~/ Hypothetical~~		\|Negative / Optative
	\|Null Form		\|Null Form
			\|-
			\| colspan="2" \|Causative-Reflexive
			\| colspan="2" \|Gerund / Hypothetical
	\|}		\|}
	There are a total of 10 slots which may be filled by the 13 affix types.		There are a total of 10 slots which may be filled by the 13 affix types.

	When occurring together, the causative (''mú(n)-'') and reflexive (''zé-'') prefixes have a combined form ''míé-'' which occupies both prefix slots.		When occurring together, the causative (''mú(n)-'') and reflexive (''zé-'') prefixes have a combined form ''míé-'' which occupies both prefix slots.

			Verbs in the Gerund or the Hypothetical cannot be put into the Null Form.

	==== Object Marking ====		==== Object Marking ====

Omaatje: /* Vowels */

2026-08-20T13:40:10Z

Vowels

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:40, 20 August 2026
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	Léna also has some diphthongs, namely vowels followed by /u̯/ or /i̯/. Sequences of two vowels are also permitted, but are usually analysed as two syllables. There is no standard orthographic distinction between, for example, /a.i/ and /ai̯/. This is sometimes remedied with diaeresis (ie. ⟨aï⟩) or with apostrophe (⟨a'i⟩).		Léna also has some diphthongs, namely vowels followed by /u̯/ or /i̯/. Sequences of two vowels are also permitted, but are usually analysed as two syllables. There is no standard orthographic distinction between, for example, /a.i/ and /ai̯/. This is sometimes remedied with diaeresis (ie. ⟨aï⟩) or with apostrophe (⟨a'i⟩).

	The tone levels are high /a˦/ and mid /a˧/, though the mid tone is often described as a low tone in literature. In Léna they are called ''xéggwo eili'' 'narrow voice' and ''mox eili'' 'wide voice' respectively.		The tone levels are high /a˦/ and mid /a˧/, though the mid tone is often described as a low tone in literature. In Léna they are called ''xéggwo eili'' 'narrow voice' and ''mox eili'' 'wide voice' respectively. They do not only differ in pitch, as high tone syllables are also usually pronounced slightly longer than mid tone ones.

	=== Syllable Structure and Phonotactics ===		=== Syllable Structure and Phonotactics ===

Omaatje: /* Subject and Object Complements */

2026-08-20T13:15:04Z

Subject and Object Complements

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:15, 20 August 2026
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	<div style="margin-left:2em; line-height:1.5;">		<div style="margin-left:2em; line-height:1.5;">
	(_a) ''~~LENA~~''<br>		(_a) ''Oh-ekwewmak tucƨ́cchí éh-uc-che, idda zé-tucƨ́j-ja éh-olye-kǝ-xre!''<br>
	~~GLOSS~~<br>		1SG.POSS–stew rotten speak–INTR.APPL–PST , so REFL–rot–PASS.PTCP speak–ABL.APPL–HUM.SG–PST.INCH<br>
	~~IPA~~<br>		/o.he.kʷew.mak tu.c͡ɕɨ́ɕ.ɕí é.huɕ.ɕe \| id.da zé.tu.c͡ɕɨ́ɟ.ɟ͡ʑa é.ho.ʎe.kəx.re/<br>
	'He called my stew foul, so I told him to piss off!'<br>		'He called my stew foul, so I told him to piss off!'<br>
	</div>		</div>