Léna Language - Revision history

Omaatje: /* Syllable Structure and Phonotactics */

2026-10-30T15:00:20Z

Syllable Structure and Phonotactics

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:00, 30 October 2026
Line 134:		Line 134:

	=== Syllable Structure and Phonotactics ===		=== Syllable Structure and Phonotactics ===
	Léna has a fairly simple syllable structure of (C)V(C), where C is any consonant or affricate and V is any vowel or diphthong. However, fricatives and plosives/affricates (together 'stops') may not cluster with themselves, so the only clusters permitted are Fricative-Stop and Stop-Fricative. Approximants /w/, /r/ and /j/ can cluster in any order with most any consonant, but /w/ and /j/ cannot cluster with each other (see below). Additionally, laterals do not cluster with other consonants, labialised consonants cannot occur in initial position of a cluster, and nasals cannot occur in final position.		Léna has a fairly simple syllable structure of (C)V(C), where C is any consonant or affricate and V is any vowel or diphthong. However, fricatives and plosives/affricates (together 'stops') may not cluster with themselves, so the only clusters permitted are Fricative-Stop and Stop-Fricative. Approximants /w/, /r/ and /j/ can cluster in any order with most any consonant, but /w/ and /j/ cannot cluster with each other (see below). Additionally, laterals do not usually cluster with other consonants, labialised consonants cannot occur in initial position of a cluster, and nasals cannot occur in final position.

	There is a broad phonotactic rule that labials and palatals cannot interact, and whenever a labial consonant and a palatal consonant would occur in sequence, an epenthetic vowel (usually /e/) is inserted between them. In the same vein, labial consonants cannot usually precede high vowels /i, u/, except in some very rare cases where they would cluster with /j/ and the vowel /i/ is inserted, such as in the name of the town ''[[Gwiyƨxxǝp]]''. There is an increasing tendency among speakers to also do away with this, rendering that word instead ''*Gweyƨxxǝp''.		There is a broad phonotactic rule that labials and palatals cannot interact, and whenever a labial consonant and a palatal consonant would occur in sequence, an epenthetic vowel (usually /e/) is inserted between them. In the same vein, labial consonants cannot usually precede high vowels /i, u/, except in some very rare cases where they would cluster with /j/ and the vowel /i/ is inserted, such as in the name of the town ''[[Gwiyƨxxǝp]]''. There is an increasing tendency among speakers to also do away with this, rendering that word instead ''*Gweyƨxxǝp''.

Omaatje: /* Syllable Structure and Phonotactics */

2026-10-30T14:59:54Z

Syllable Structure and Phonotactics

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:59, 30 October 2026
Line 136:		Line 136:
	Léna has a fairly simple syllable structure of (C)V(C), where C is any consonant or affricate and V is any vowel or diphthong. However, fricatives and plosives/affricates (together 'stops') may not cluster with themselves, so the only clusters permitted are Fricative-Stop and Stop-Fricative. Approximants /w/, /r/ and /j/ can cluster in any order with most any consonant, but /w/ and /j/ cannot cluster with each other (see below). Additionally, laterals do not cluster with other consonants, labialised consonants cannot occur in initial position of a cluster, and nasals cannot occur in final position.		Léna has a fairly simple syllable structure of (C)V(C), where C is any consonant or affricate and V is any vowel or diphthong. However, fricatives and plosives/affricates (together 'stops') may not cluster with themselves, so the only clusters permitted are Fricative-Stop and Stop-Fricative. Approximants /w/, /r/ and /j/ can cluster in any order with most any consonant, but /w/ and /j/ cannot cluster with each other (see below). Additionally, laterals do not cluster with other consonants, labialised consonants cannot occur in initial position of a cluster, and nasals cannot occur in final position.

	There is a broad phonotactic rule that labials and palatals cannot interact, and whenever a labial consonant and a palatal consonant would occur in sequence, an epenthetic vowel (usually /e/) is inserted between them~~, compare sentences (4a) and (4b) below~~. In the same vein, labial consonants cannot usually precede high vowels /i, u/, except in some very rare cases where they would cluster with /j/ and the vowel /i/ is inserted, such as in the name of the town ''[[Gwiyƨxxǝp]]''. There is an increasing tendency among speakers to also do away with this, rendering that word instead ''*Gweyƨxxǝp''.		There is a broad phonotactic rule that labials and palatals cannot interact, and whenever a labial consonant and a palatal consonant would occur in sequence, an epenthetic vowel (usually /e/) is inserted between them. In the same vein, labial consonants cannot usually precede high vowels /i, u/, except in some very rare cases where they would cluster with /j/ and the vowel /i/ is inserted, such as in the name of the town ''[[Gwiyƨxxǝp]]''. There is an increasing tendency among speakers to also do away with this, rendering that word instead ''*Gweyƨxxǝp''.

	Geminates can also only occur inbetween vowels.		Geminates can also only occur inbetween vowels.

Omaatje: /* The Plain Aspect */

2026-10-30T14:50:14Z

The Plain Aspect

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:50, 30 October 2026
Line 840:		Line 840:
	<div style="margin-left:2em; line-height:1.5;">		<div style="margin-left:2em; line-height:1.5;">
	(_) ''Isik féffaxi ihéi hútippuc kíll-oly-ǝwǝ-yaw: zéjhew-kǝ, fǝrǝ́nnga-rƨ́w méwka, fohex kwǝ-mmo, kwǝwméhé siko ló mé-fóu-míye.'' <br>		(_) ''Isik féffaxi ihéi hútippuc kíll-oly-ǝwǝ-yaw: zéjhew-kǝ, fǝrǝ́nnga-rƨ́w méwka, fohex kwǝ-mmo, kwǝwméhé siko ló mé-fóu-míye.'' <br>
	every day always same_business gather–ABL.APPL–ABST–PRES.HAB : stand_upright–HUM1.SG , <br>		every day always same_business gather–ABL.APPL–ABST–PRES.HAB : stand_upright–HUM1.SG-Ø , <br>
	labour–site go–INAN2.SG , ~~complain~~ and_then house go–INAN1.SG–RETRV.~~APPL~~ <br>		labour–site go–INAN2.SG–Ø , complain–Ø and_then house go–INAN1.SG–RETRV.APPL–Ø <br>
	/i.sik féf.fa.xi i.héi̯ hú.tip.puc͡ɕ kíl.lo.ʎə.wə.jaw ‖ zé.ʑew.kə \| fə.rə́ŋ.ŋa.rɨ́w méw.ka \| fo.hex kʷəm.mo \| kʷəw.mé.hé si.ko ló mé.fóu̯.mí.je/<br>		/i.sik féf.fa.xi i.héi̯ hú.tip.puc͡ɕ kíl.lo.ʎə.wə.jaw ‖ zé.ʑew.kə \| fə.rə́ŋ.ŋa.rɨ́w méw.ka \| fo.hex kʷəm.mo \| kʷəw.mé.hé si.ko ló mé.fóu̯.mí.je/<br>
	'He always does the same things every day: he wakes up, goes to work, eats lunch, complains and then goes home.'<br>		'He always does the same things every day: he wakes up, goes to work, eats lunch, complains and then goes home.'<br>

Omaatje: /* ɣ-Affection */

2026-10-29T17:52:21Z

ɣ-Affection

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:52, 29 October 2026
Line 158:		Line 158:

	<div style="margin-left:2em; line-height:1.5;">		<div style="margin-left:2em; line-height:1.5;">
	(_) ''Oh-eyú ƨd-dǝ́ ƨt-tsá umike-hé-ke ikongá-yaw.''<br>		(_) ''Oh-eyú <u>ƨd</u>-dǝ́ <u>ƨt</u>-tsá umike-hé-ke ikongá-yaw.''<br>
	1SG.POSS–woman 3SG.POSS–father 3SG–with fish–OPT–NULL walk–PRES.HAB<br>		1SG.POSS–woman 3SG.POSS–father 3SG–with fish–OPT–NULL walk–PRES.HAB<br>
	/o.he.jú ɨd.dǝ́ ɨt.t͡sá u.mi.ke.hé.ke i.ko.ŋá.jaw/<br>		/o.he.jú ɨd.dǝ́ ɨt.t͡sá u.mi.ke.hé.ke i.ko.ŋá.jaw/<br>

Omaatje: /* ɣ-Affection */

2026-10-29T17:50:40Z

ɣ-Affection

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:50, 29 October 2026
Line 158:		Line 158:

	<div style="margin-left:2em; line-height:1.5;">		<div style="margin-left:2em; line-height:1.5;">
	(_) ''~~LENA~~''<br>		(_) ''Oh-eyú ƨd-dǝ́ ƨt-tsá umike-hé-ke ikongá-yaw.''<br>
	~~GLOSS~~<br>		1SG.POSS–woman 3SG.POSS–father 3SG–with fish–OPT–NULL walk–PRES.HAB<br>
	~~IPA~~<br>		/o.he.jú ɨd.dǝ́ ɨt.t͡sá u.mi.ke.hé.ke i.ko.ŋá.jaw/<br>
	'~~ENG~~'<br>		'I (often) go fishing with my wife's father.'<br>
	</div>		</div>

Omaatje: /* The Plain Aspect */

2026-10-27T14:54:46Z

The Plain Aspect

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:54, 27 October 2026
Line 842:		Line 842:
	every day always same_business gather–ABL.APPL–ABST–PRES.HAB : stand_upright–HUM1.SG , <br>		every day always same_business gather–ABL.APPL–ABST–PRES.HAB : stand_upright–HUM1.SG , <br>
	labour–site go–INAN2.SG , complain and_then house go–INAN1.SG–RETRV.APPL <br>		labour–site go–INAN2.SG , complain and_then house go–INAN1.SG–RETRV.APPL <br>
	/i.sik féf.fa.xi i.héi̯ hú.tip.puc͡ɕ kíl.lo.ʎə.wə.~~ɕaw~~ ‖ zé.ʑew.kə \| fə.rə́ŋ.ŋa.rɨ́w méw.ka \| fo.hex kʷəm.mo \| kʷəw.mé.hé si.ko ló mé.fóu̯.mí.je/<br>		/i.sik féf.fa.xi i.héi̯ hú.tip.puc͡ɕ kíl.lo.ʎə.wə.jaw ‖ zé.ʑew.kə \| fə.rə́ŋ.ŋa.rɨ́w méw.ka \| fo.hex kʷəm.mo \| kʷəw.mé.hé si.ko ló mé.fóu̯.mí.je/<br>
	'He always does the same things every day: he wakes up, goes to work, eats lunch, complains and then goes home.'<br>		'He always does the same things every day: he wakes up, goes to work, eats lunch, complains and then goes home.'<br>
	</div>		</div>

Omaatje: /* Cyrillic Script */

2026-10-27T14:28:27Z

Cyrillic Script

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:28, 27 October 2026
Line 971:		Line 971:

	=== Cyrillic Script ===		=== Cyrillic Script ===
	The previous inhabitants of [[Kotland]] introduced the Ngweská to the Cyrillic script around the year [...], [...] years after the Hárǝsi [[War of Unification (Hárǝsi)\|War of Unification]] came to an end. After this, the Ngweská elder [[Nossǝ Lƨllengwe]] developed the ''Kǝsputo Ƨllesseihǝ́'' or "National Script" based on the Cyrillic script. He also developed alternative and extended scripts for the minority languages and dialects of Hárǝsi, of which he himself was a speaker; he was born in the village of Ángónnga in the Léna-speaking north of Kotland island, now Cékwely Kollan.		The previous inhabitants of [[Kotland]] introduced the Ngweská to the Cyrillic script around the year [...], [...] years after the Hárǝsi [[War of Unification (Hárǝsi)\|War of Unification]] came to an end. After this, the Ngweská elder [[Nossǝ Lƨllengwe]] developed the ''Kǝsputo Ƨllesseihǝ́'' or "National Script" based on the Cyrillic script. He also developed alternative and extended scripts for the minority languages and dialects of Hárǝsi, of which he himself was a speaker; he was born in the village of Ángónnga in the Léna-speaking north of Kotland island, now [[Cékwely Kollan]].
	{\| class="wikitable"		{\| class="wikitable"
	! Léna (Cyrillic)		! Léna (Cyrillic)

Omaatje: /* Cyrillic Script */

2026-10-27T14:28:13Z

Cyrillic Script

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:28, 27 October 2026
Line 862:		Line 862:
	The Latin-based system used most commonly in the modern day for Léna was developed in [...] (of the [[Ngweská Calendar]]) by Prof. Umikyázéc Mimeghá, an anthropologist, linguist and later leader of the Socialist Worker's Party (Léna: ''Lyessǝkwo Fǝrǝ́kyaha iRaskwƨch'') at the university of Oergafa. It was created in order to be better mutually understood by interŋational English speakers, something that Mimeghá campaigned on. This script differed from previous scripts published by Jhesék in [...] and Xéchyátoc in [...] (see [[Léna Scripts]]) in that it used minimal diacritics and introduced the letter '''⟨'''Ƨƨ'''⟩''', a letter unique in its use in Léna.		The Latin-based system used most commonly in the modern day for Léna was developed in [...] (of the [[Ngweská Calendar]]) by Prof. Umikyázéc Mimeghá, an anthropologist, linguist and later leader of the Socialist Worker's Party (Léna: ''Lyessǝkwo Fǝrǝ́kyaha iRaskwƨch'') at the university of Oergafa. It was created in order to be better mutually understood by interŋational English speakers, something that Mimeghá campaigned on. This script differed from previous scripts published by Jhesék in [...] and Xéchyátoc in [...] (see [[Léna Scripts]]) in that it used minimal diacritics and introduced the letter '''⟨'''Ƨƨ'''⟩''', a letter unique in its use in Léna.

	When the script was published and the campaign was launched, Hárǝsi was beginning a period of intense modernisation in all sectors. Many thus thought it was a necessary step towards Hárǝsi's further globalisation to adopt a more globally-understandable script. The Latin-based script (Léna: Latino Ƨllesseihǝ́) was established as the primary official system by Parliamentary Decree on [...], and since then ~~most~~ official government documents have changed over to the new script.		When the script was published and the campaign was launched, Hárǝsi was beginning a period of intense modernisation in all sectors. Many thus thought it was a necessary step towards Hárǝsi's further globalisation to adopt a more globally-understandable script. The Latin-based script as described by Mimeghá (Léna: ''Latino Ƨllesseihǝ́'') was established as the primary official system by Parliamentary Decree on [...], and since then all official government documents have changed over to the new script.
	{\| class="wikitable" style="margin-right:4%;"		{\| class="wikitable" style="margin-right:4%;"
	!Léna (Latin)		!Léna (Latin)
Line 971:		Line 971:

	=== Cyrillic Script ===		=== Cyrillic Script ===
	The previous inhabitants of [[Kotland]] introduced the Ngweská to the Cyrillic script around the year [...], [...] years after the Hárǝsi [[War of Unification (Hárǝsi)\|War of Unification]] came to an end.		The previous inhabitants of [[Kotland]] introduced the Ngweská to the Cyrillic script around the year [...], [...] years after the Hárǝsi [[War of Unification (Hárǝsi)\|War of Unification]] came to an end. After this, the Ngweská elder [[Nossǝ Lƨllengwe]] developed the ''Kǝsputo Ƨllesseihǝ́'' or "National Script" based on the Cyrillic script. He also developed alternative and extended scripts for the minority languages and dialects of Hárǝsi, of which he himself was a speaker; he was born in the village of Ángónnga in the Léna-speaking north of Kotland island, now Cékwely Kollan.
	{\| class="wikitable"		{\| class="wikitable"
	! Léna (Cyrillic)		! Léna (Cyrillic)

Omaatje: /* Latin Script */

2026-09-06T22:55:39Z

Latin Script

← Older revision		Revision as of 22:55, 6 September 2026
Line 966:		Line 966:
	Gemination is represented by doubling the consonant.		Gemination is represented by doubling the consonant.

	In polygraphs, only the first element is capitalised, and only the first element is doubled to represent gemination, e.g. '''⟨'''Ch, nngw'''⟩'''. Additionally, an apostrophe marks where a sequence of two consonant letters is not a digraph, in words such as ''zír'~~woch~~'' 'brother' (/zír.~~woɕ~~/ not /zí.~~rʷoɕ~~/).		In polygraphs, only the first element is capitalised, and only the first element is doubled to represent gemination, e.g. '''⟨'''Ch, nngw'''⟩'''. Additionally, an apostrophe marks where a sequence of two consonant letters is not a digraph, in words such as ''zír'wǝch'' 'brother' (/zír.wǝɕ/ not /zí.rʷǝɕ/).

	In some texts, separation of two vowels that would otherwise form a diphthong is achieved with either diaeresis or apostrophe in the Latin script (see [[Léna Language#Vowels\|Vowels]] above). However, this is not required and is usually omitted.		In some texts, separation of two vowels that would otherwise form a diphthong is achieved with either diaeresis or apostrophe in the Latin script (see [[Léna Language#Vowels\|Vowels]] above). However, this is not required and is usually omitted.

Omaatje: /* The Verbal Template */

2026-09-06T22:07:36Z

The Verbal Template

← Older revision		Revision as of 22:07, 6 September 2026
Line 678:		Line 678:
	\| rowspan="2" \|Applicative 2		\| rowspan="2" \|Applicative 2
	\| rowspan="2" \|Passive		\| rowspan="2" \|Passive
	\|Tense		\| rowspan="2" \|Tense / Participle
	\|Negative / Optative		\|Negative / Optative
	\|Null Form		\|Null Form
	\|-		\|-
	\| colspan="2" \|Causative-Reflexive		\| colspan="2" \|Causative-Reflexive
	~~\|Participle~~
	\| colspan="2" \|Gerund / Hypothetical		\| colspan="2" \|Gerund / Hypothetical
	\|}		\|}