Nteh’áh - Revision history

Suqi: /* Grammar */

2024-12-14T07:57:20Z

Grammar

← Older revision		Revision as of 07:57, 14 December 2024
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	== Grammar ==		== Grammar ==
	Nteh’ah has a prefix ''si-'' which marks a predicate whose predicand is a pronoun. Peculiarly, when ''si-'' is used, both the pronoun and copula are omitted. For example, when attached to ''noe'' (death), ''sinoe'' means "he/she/they/it is dead." Words with this prefix may follow the word their pronoun refers to, however that referent must have the ''-ˆ’'' suffix, which marks the end of a syntactic phrase. For example, ''tó’o’ sinoe'' means "the guest, he/she/they/it is dead." The pronoun does not need to be a personal pronoun, but other classes of pronouns can only be inferred if their referent was previously established, not from context alone. ''Sinoe'' can only mean "each one is dead" if what "each" refers to was already said.		Nteh’ah has a prefix ''si-'' which marks a predicate whose predicand is a pronoun. Peculiarly, when ''si-'' is used, both the pronoun and copula are omitted. For example, when attached to ''noe'' (death), ''sinoe'' means "he/she/they/it is dead." Words with this prefix may follow the word their pronoun refers to, however that referent must have the ''-ˆ’'' suffix, which marks the end of a syntactic phrase. For example, ''tó’o’ sinoe'' means "the guest, he/she/they/it is dead." This does not apply if the predicand composes a relative clause for the predicand.

			The pronoun does not need to be a personal pronoun, but other classes of pronouns can only be inferred if their referent was previously established, not from context alone. ''Sinoe'' can only mean "each one is dead" if what "each" refers to was already said.

	Aspect is marked with the last vowel of a word. V denotes perfective aspect, Vː denotes imperfective aspect, VʔV denotes interrupted action, ʔVʔ denotes interrupting action, ʔV denotes inchoative aspect, Vʔ denotes terminative aspect.		Aspect is marked with the last vowel of a word. V denotes perfective aspect, Vː denotes imperfective aspect, VʔV denotes interrupted action, ʔVʔ denotes interrupting action, ʔV denotes inchoative aspect, Vʔ denotes terminative aspect.

Suqi: /* Grammar */

2024-12-14T07:48:16Z

Grammar

← Older revision		Revision as of 07:48, 14 December 2024
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	\|-		\|-
	!Perfective		!Perfective
	\|'''''amú'''bark''		\|'''''amú''' bark''
	\| -		\| -
	\|'''''am’ú’'''interrupt with barking''		\|'''''am’ú’''' interrupt with barking''
	\|'''''am’ú'''begin bark''		\|'''''am’ú''' begin bark''
	\| -		\| -
	\|'''''amú’'''end bark''		\|'''''amú’''' end bark''
	\| -		\| -
	\|-		\|-
	!Imperfective		!Imperfective
	\|'''''amúu'''barking''		\|'''''amúu''' barking''
	\|'''''amú’ú'''interrupted barking''		\|'''''amú’ú''' interrupted barking''
	\|'''''am’úu’'''interrupting with barking''		\|'''''am’úu’''' interrupting with barking''
	\|'''''am’úu'''begin barking''		\|'''''am’úu''' begin barking''
	\|'''''am’ú’ú'''interrupted beginning of barking''		\|'''''am’ú’ú''' interrupted beginning of barking''
	\|'''''amúu’'''end barking''		\|'''''amúu’''' end barking''
	\|'''''amú’ú’'''interrupted ending of barking''		\|'''''amú’ú’''' interrupted ending of barking''
	\|}		\|}
	Tense is marked at the beginning of a clause with a mandatory particle. Tense is split into past, present, and future, which combine with immediate, near, distant, 1st-person relative, and 3rd-person relative. 1st-person relative is used when the speaker is describing two events, one being the event described in the clause and the other being an event involving themselves or the addressee. This second event may have been previously mentioned, yet to be mentioned, or inferred from context. 3rd-person relative is the same but with the second event involving someone/something else. The immediate, near, and distance categories are not entirely accurate when it comes to the present tense, but they can be said to describe events that happen (in the speaker's perception) at the exact moment of the present, roughly in the present, and an extent from the near past to near future crossing the present, respectively.		Tense is marked at the beginning of a clause with a mandatory particle. Tense is split into past, present, and future, which combine with immediate, near, distant, 1st-person relative, and 3rd-person relative. 1st-person relative is used when the speaker is describing two events, one being the event described in the clause and the other being an event involving themselves or the addressee. This second event may have been previously mentioned, yet to be mentioned, or inferred from context. 3rd-person relative is the same but with the second event involving someone/something else. The immediate, near, and distance categories are not entirely accurate when it comes to the present tense, but they can be said to describe events that happen (in the speaker's perception) at the exact moment of the present, roughly in the present, and an extent from the near past to near future crossing the present, respectively.
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	\|-		\|-
	!Immediate		!Immediate
	\|'''''’ah'''’ah eeh'' (just found out)		\|'''''’ah -''' ’ah eeh'' (just found out)
	\|'''''mki'''mki eeh'' (finding out at exactly this moment)		\|'''''mki -''' mki eeh'' (finding out at exactly this moment)
	\|'''''aab'''aab eeh'' (just about to find out)		\|'''''aab -''' aab eeh'' (just about to find out)
	\|-		\|-
	!Near		!Near
	\|'''''ŋ̀'~~''''~~		\|'''''ŋ̀ -''' ŋ̀ eeh'' (found out)
			\|'''''ro -''' ro eeh'' (currently finding out)
	''ŋ̀ eeh'' (found out)		\|'''''wbe -''' wbe eeh'' (will find out)
	\|'''''ro'''ro eeh'' (currently finding out)
	\|'''''wbe'''wbe eeh'' (will find out)
	\|-		\|-
	!Distant		!Distant
	\|'''''gih'''gih eeh'' (found out long ago)		\|'''''gih -''' gih eeh'' (found out long ago)
	\|'''''tǫp'''tǫp eeh'' (have been and will continue to find out)		\|'''''tǫp -''' tǫp eeh'' (have been and will continue to find out)
	\|'''''arás'''arás eeh'' (will find out in a long time)		\|'''''arás -''' arás eeh'' (will find out in a long time)
	\|-		\|-
	!1P Relative		!1P Relative
	\|'''''thuuh'''thuuh eeh'' (found/finding/will find after I/you _)		\|'''''thuuh -''' thuuh eeh'' (found/finding/will find after I/you _)
	\|'''''kaw'''kaw eeh'' (found/finding/will find at the time I/you _)		\|'''''kaw -''' kaw eeh'' (found/finding/will find at the time I/you _)
	\|'''''sa’'''sa’ eeh'' (found/finding/will find before I/you _)		\|'''''sa’ -''' sa’ eeh'' (found/finding/will find before I/you _)
	\|-		\|-
	!3P Relative		!3P Relative
	\|'''''mnae'''mnae eeh'' (found/finding/will find after he/she/they/it _)		\|'''''mnae -''' mnae eeh'' (found/finding/will find after he/she/they/it _)
	\|'''''gathíi'''gathíi eeh'' (found/finding/will find at the time he/she/they/it _)		\|'''''gathíi -''' gathíi eeh'' (found/finding/will find at the time he/she/they/it _)
	\|'''''yun'''yun eeh'' (found/finding/will find before he/she/they/it _)		\|'''''yun -''' yun eeh'' (found/finding/will find before he/she/they/it _)
	\|}		\|}

Suqi: /* Grammar */

2024-12-14T07:45:59Z

Grammar

← Older revision		Revision as of 07:45, 14 December 2024
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	\|-		\|-
	!1P Relative		!1P Relative
	\|'''''thuuh''''' (found/finding/will find after I/you _)		\|'''''thuuh'''thuuh eeh'' (found/finding/will find after I/you _)
	\|'''''kaw'''kaw eeh'' (found/finding/will find at the time I/you _)		\|'''''kaw'''kaw eeh'' (found/finding/will find at the time I/you _)
	\|'''''sa’'''sa’ eeh'' (found/finding/will find before I/you _)		\|'''''sa’'''sa’ eeh'' (found/finding/will find before I/you _)

Suqi: /* Grammar */

2024-12-14T07:44:03Z

Grammar

Show changes

Suqi: /* Vocabulary List */

2024-12-07T04:20:06Z

Vocabulary List

← Older revision		Revision as of 04:20, 7 December 2024
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	\|		\|
	\|-		\|-
	\|~~baha~~		\|báha
	\|east		\|east
	\|		\|

Suqi: Created page with "'''Nteh’áh''', pronounced [ntẽ̤˩ʔã̤˥], is a Deep Dimensional language spoken somewhere in the ŋorld. == Phonology == === Consonants === {| class="wikitable" ! !Labial !Dental !Alveolar !Dorsal !Guttural |- !Nasal |m |n̪ ⟨nh⟩ |n |ɲ ⟨ny⟩ | |- ! rowspan="2" |Stop |p |t̪ ⟨th⟩ |t |k ⟨k⟩ |ʔ <’> |- |b |d̪ ⟨d⟩ |ɾ ⟨r⟩ |g ⟨g⟩ |ɢ ⟨gg⟩ |- !Continuant |w |l̪ ⟨l⟩ |s |j |h |} * /k g/ are [c ɟ] after the front vowels..."

2024-12-07T04:17:41Z

Created page with "'''Nteh’áh''', pronounced [ntẽ̤˩ʔã̤˥], is a Deep Dimensional language spoken somewhere in the ŋorld. == Phonology == === Consonants === {| class="wikitable" ! !Labial !Dental !Alveolar !Dorsal !Guttural |- !Nasal |m |n̪ ⟨nh⟩ |n |ɲ ⟨ny⟩ | |- ! rowspan="2" |Stop |p |t̪ ⟨th⟩ |t |k ⟨k⟩ |ʔ <’> |- |b |d̪ ⟨d⟩ |ɾ ⟨r⟩ |g ⟨g⟩ |ɢ ⟨gg⟩ |- !Continuant |w |l̪ ⟨l⟩ |s |j |h |} * /k g/ are [c ɟ] after the front vowels..."

New page

'''Nteh’áh''', pronounced [ntẽ̤˩ʔã̤˥], is a [[Deep Dimensional]] language spoken somewhere in the [[ŋorld]].

== Phonology ==

=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable"
!
!Labial
!Dental
!Alveolar
!Dorsal
!Guttural
|-
!Nasal
|m
|n̪ ⟨nh⟩
|n
|ɲ ⟨ny⟩
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |Stop
|p
|t̪ ⟨th⟩
|t
|k ⟨k⟩
|ʔ <’>
|-
|b
|d̪ ⟨d⟩
|ɾ ⟨r⟩
|g ⟨g⟩
|ɢ ⟨gg⟩
|-
!Continuant
|w
|l̪ ⟨l⟩
|s
|j
|h
|}

* /k g/ are [c ɟ] after the front vowels /i e a/, and before /n̪ t̪ d̪ l̪ j/.
* /ɲ/ is [ŋ] after the back vowels /u o ɔ/, and before any consonant except /j/.
* /ɲɲ/ is [ŋŋ].
* /w j/ are [ɸ ç] before /t̪ t k s/.
* /l̪/ are [ɬ̪] before /t̪/, but [ɬ] before /t k s/.

=== Tones ===
Nteh’ah has 2 phonemic tones: high and low. They apply to entire syllables, not the individual vowels within them. Monosyllabic words do not have contrastive tone. Their phonetic tone adapts to that of surrounding words. Polysyllabic words must have both high tone(s) and low tone(s), not just one of them. Codal /ʔ/ and /ɢ/ give the preceding high vowel a falling tone. When this occurs, they may lenite to approximants [ʔ̞] and [ʁ̞]. Monosyllabic affixes do have contrastive tone, and polysyllabic affixes can be monotonal. High tones are romanized with an acute accent and low tones are not marked.

=== Vowels ===
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |Front
! colspan="2" |Back
|-
!Short
!Long
!Short
!Long
|-
!High
|i
|iː ⟨ii⟩
|u
|uː ⟨uu⟩
|-
!Mid
|e
|eː ⟨ee⟩
|o
|oː ⟨oo⟩
|-
!Low
|a
|aː ⟨aa⟩
|ɔ ⟨ǫ⟩
|ɔː ⟨ǫǫ⟩
|}
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="4" |Syllabic Consonants
|-
!High Tone
|ḿ
|ń
|ŋ́ ⟨ńy⟩
|-
!Low Tone
|m̀
|ǹ
|ŋ̀ ⟨ǹy⟩
|}

* /i(ː) u(ː)/ are always nasalized.
* /i u/ become [ɲ ŋ͡mʷ] if preceded by a vowel and followed by a consonant.
* Nasals /m n̪ n ɲ/ and /ʔ/ nasalize adjacent vowels.
* /h/ makes the voiced sounds in its syllable breathy, and is deleted if ''not'' preceded by a vowel.
* Vowels have retracted tongue root when adjacent to /ɢ/.
* /ŋ̍/ is [ɲ̍] adjacent to /n̪ t̪ d̪ l̪ j/.

=== Phonotactics ===
(C)(C)V(V,L,W)(C) - '''C: consonant, V: vowel, L: length, W: semivowel /w j/'''

Onset CC can only occur if the first C is /m n̪ n ɲ b w j/ second C is /t̪ t k ʔ b d̪ g ɢ/. L means either a lengthening of the previous vowel or a codal /s/.

* /n t d̪ g ɾ/ can only occur in onset positions.
* /p h/ can only occur in coda positions.
* Plosives cannot be geminated.

== Grammar ==

== Lexicon ==
Words in Nteh’ah do not have a set part of speech. Their most basic form, known as the core, is modified through inflection, word order, or context in order to assume the role of a specific part of speech. Nouns retain their core form while other parts of speech tend to require a change. The English parts of speech in the vocabulary list do not change the fact that the Nteh’ah words are in their core form.

=== Translations ===

=== Vocabulary List ===
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|+Separated into 3 lists to make use of space
! colspan="3" |List 1
! colspan="3" |List 2
! colspan="3" |List 3
|-
!Nteh’ah
!English
!Notes
!Nteh’ah
!English
!Notes
!Nteh’ah
!English
!Notes
|-
|tass
|''disaster''
|
|noe
|''death''
|
|’aŋké
|''laugh''
|
|-
|maǫ
|''want''
|
|ián
|''rules''
|
|tó’u
|''habitat''
|also ''host''
|-
|ikí
|''smart''
|
|tówi
|''rainbow''
|
|tó’o
|''guest''
|
|-
|eeh
|''come into knowing''
|
|la’
|''bad''
|
|hai
|''love''
|familial, platonic, romantic
|-
|tajh
|''bus''
|
|amúu
|''dog''
|
|ńde
|''love''
|for a thing or quality
|-
|kóono
|''person''
|
|níni
|''easy''
|
|ómi
|''good''
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|-
|kóonu
|''humanity''
|
|nte
|''build''
|
|téhseeh
|''joke''
|including pranks
|-
|’aih
|''pain''
|
|sajh
|''creepy''
|
|nteh’áh
|''Nteh’áh culture''
|
|-
|mbáki
|''north''
|
|o
|''give''
|
|btu
|appreciate
|also ''like''
|-
|tonó
|''south''
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|baha
|east
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|íie
|west
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