Qa'oisi - Revision history

Jutomi: explosives

2026-07-24T04:36:53Z

explosives

← Older revision		Revision as of 04:36, 24 July 2026
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	\|		\|
	\|}		\|}
	This analysis is fairly simple, and matches the romanization (with the addition of x to denote enunciation), although it is not perfect. Assuming a CVC structure, it assumes /ə/ is still a fully-fledged vowel that disappears in most environments, while all consonants other than fricatives, ~~ejectives~~, or a glottal stop may appear in coda position. This system is called the "ghost e" analysis, and can make words phonemically run a bit longer than other analyses, since a vowel and in some cases an additional missing unknown consonant need to be appended to stopped codas. Alternatively, it assumes a CVCC structure, with /ʔ/ being not only possible in coda position, but also after any other consonant except /q/ and ~~ejectives~~; this analysis is considered unrealistic and not entirely true to the history or modern realization of its phonetic realizations. This system is called the "ghost x" analysis.		This analysis is fairly simple, and matches the romanization (with the addition of x to denote enunciation), although it is not perfect. Assuming a CVC structure, it assumes /ə/ is still a fully-fledged vowel that disappears in most environments, while all consonants other than fricatives, explosives, or a glottal stop may appear in coda position. This system is called the "ghost e" analysis, and can make words phonemically run a bit longer than other analyses, since a vowel and in some cases an additional missing unknown consonant need to be appended to stopped codas. Alternatively, it assumes a CVCC structure, with /ʔ/ being not only possible in coda position, but also after any other consonant except /q/ and explosives; this analysis is considered unrealistic and not entirely true to the history or modern realization of its phonetic realizations. This system is called the "ghost x" analysis.

	Another, alternative analysis is that all consonants (except either /q/ or /ʔ/) have a duplicate, no-audible-release (or "stopped coda") version, and that these are phonemically distinct. (I.e. /p/ is distinct from /p̚/ in coda positions). The "dual coda" analysis suggests twice as many phonemes, which, along with somewhat more nuanced places of articulation, a linguist popularized with the below table.		Another, alternative analysis is that all consonants (except either /q/ or /ʔ/) have a duplicate, no-audible-release (or "stopped coda") version, and that these are phonemically distinct. (I.e. /p/ is distinct from /p̚/ in coda positions). The "dual coda" analysis suggests twice as many phonemes, which, along with somewhat more nuanced places of articulation, a linguist popularized with the below table.
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	Another thing of note is that, on account of the nature of applosives, the realization of non-released fricatives and nasals is that they are brief consonants, either glottalized or abruptly followed by an applosive. Thus, while s̚, ç̚, m̚, n̚, ɲ̚, and ɴ̚ may not truly exist, they are often written as useful shorthands; despite this, their true nature likely means /s̚/ is actually closer to [s̆t̚] or [ˢt̚], etc.		Another thing of note is that, on account of the nature of applosives, the realization of non-released fricatives and nasals is that they are brief consonants, either glottalized or abruptly followed by an applosive. Thus, while s̚, ç̚, m̚, n̚, ɲ̚, and ɴ̚ may not truly exist, they are often written as useful shorthands; despite this, their true nature likely means /s̚/ is actually closer to [s̆t̚] or [ˢt̚], etc.

	It lastly should be noted that ~~ejective consonants~~ are ~~always ''strong'' ejectives;~~ that is, ~~they have~~ a "spatting" quality and ~~are~~ always fortis in nature. This is different from both plosives and ~~ejectives~~ followed by /ʔ/, where the former may result in a weak ejective (sometimes notated as [Cˀ]) and ~~ejectives followed by~~ a lengthened glottal ~~stop~~. /cʼ~kʼ/ and /tʼ/ ~~are notably usually affricated as ejectives, although this is non-contrastive,~~ while /q/ ~~often~~ does not ~~have significant frication (although may have more than /qʼ/)~~.		It lastly should be noted that explosives are usually tense, often fricated plosives that are sometimes weakly ejective in nature, having a "spatting" quality and always being fortis in nature. This is different from both plosives and explosives followed by /ʔ/, where the former may result in a weak ejective (sometimes notated as [Cˀ]) and the latter a true strong ejective with a lengthened glottal release. /cʼ~kʼ/ and /tʼ/ most often have fricated release while /qʼ/ generally does not, though there is no phonemic contrast.

	Another thing worth noting is that the status of /q̚/ is disputed even among those who prefer the dual codas model, as it phonemically arises from /q/ much the same way other non-released stops are. However, it is not entirely clear if this is accurate, since it seems like it can be identical to /ʔ/, though there are some distinct impacts on following vowels rather than prior vowels, though in rare cases it may even surface as [ʡ]. Since it is in complementary distribution with /ʔ/, they are sometimes instead analyzed one and the same, while others prefer a distinct /q̚/. This problem also persists in the simplified phonemic inventory, since the sound could still be represented better phonotactically with /q/ but phonetically with /ʔ/. Additionally, some linguists prefer to stick /ʔ/ next to /q/ and refer to the entire column as "gutteral".		Another thing worth noting is that the status of /q̚/ is disputed even among those who prefer the dual codas model, as it phonemically arises from /q/ much the same way other non-released stops are. However, it is not entirely clear if this is accurate, since it seems like it can be identical to /ʔ/, though there are some distinct impacts on following vowels rather than prior vowels, though in rare cases it may even surface as [ʡ]. Since it is in complementary distribution with /ʔ/, they are sometimes instead analyzed one and the same, while others prefer a distinct /q̚/. This problem also persists in the simplified phonemic inventory, since the sound could still be represented better phonotactically with /q/ but phonetically with /ʔ/. Additionally, some linguists prefer to stick /ʔ/ next to /q/ and refer to the entire column as "gutteral".

	Lastly, there have been a proposal to consider ~~ejectives~~ as the inaudible release equivalents for /tˢ/, /cˣ/ and /q/, and instead analyze /q̚/ as a simple coda /ʔ/. This proposal would even work better with ghost-e and ghost-x analyses, as it'd remove many phonotactic constraints; however, it'd also add unnecessary complications, since unlike applosives, ~~ejectives~~ can in fact appear in onset positions.		Lastly, there have been a proposal to consider explosives as the inaudible release equivalents for /tˢ/, /cˣ/ and /q/, and instead analyze /q̚/ as a simple coda /ʔ/. This proposal would even work better with ghost-e and ghost-x analyses, as it'd remove many phonotactic constraints; however, it'd also add unnecessary complications, since unlike applosives, explosives can in fact appear in onset positions.

	=== Phonotactics ===		=== Phonotactics ===

Jutomi: Undo revision 41738 by Jutomi (talk) Just to keep it available. As an aside were it not for diphthongs which are kinda imperative I'd have considered keeping it :p (kinda sad I have no tonal conlangs on nguhcraft tho)

2026-07-20T21:31:18Z

Undo revision 41738 by Jutomi (talk) Just to keep it available. As an aside were it not for diphthongs which are kinda imperative I'd have considered keeping it :p (kinda sad I have no tonal conlangs on nguhcraft tho)

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:31, 20 July 2026
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	=== Vowels ===		=== Vowels ===
	There are only 3 vowels in Qa'oisi: <Ii> /i/, <Aa> /a/, and <Oo> /o/~~. Addititionally, these vowels may be high tone or low tone (written <Ee>, <Uu> and <Ww>)~~. These vowels may appear next to each other or on their own, allowing for allophonic glides and diphthongs, although these are not considered unique and are in free variation with normal vowel hiatus. One analysis also preserves /ə/, which still appears phonetically between voiced stops, while becoming either an assimilating voiceless puff of frication or otherwise disappearing entirely in all other environments.		There are only 3 vowels in Qa'oisi: <Ii> /i/, <Aa> /a/, and <Oo> /o/. These vowels may appear next to each other or on their own, allowing for allophonic glides and diphthongs, although these are not considered unique and are in free variation with normal vowel hiatus. One analysis also preserves /ə/, which still appears phonetically between voiced stops, while becoming either an assimilating voiceless puff of frication or otherwise disappearing entirely in all other environments.

	=== Consonants ===		=== Consonants ===
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	\|		\|
	\|}		\|}
	Using dual coda analysis, there are an estimated 3,~~684 hypothetically~~ possible syllables, with 620 different possible ~~intervocalic~~ consonants/clusters. ~~(Including diphthongs, there may be 25,788 possible syllables.)~~		Using dual coda analysis, there are an estimated 1,842 possible syllables, with 620 different possible intervocal consonants/clusters.

	=== Romanization ===		=== Romanization ===
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	!Cc		!Cc
	!Dd		!Dd
	~~!Ee~~
	!Gg		!Gg
	!Ii		!Ii
Line 224:		Line 223:
	!Ss		!Ss
	!Tt		!Tt
	~~!Uu~~
	~~!Ww~~
	!Yy		!Yy
	!Zz		!Zz
Line 232:		Line 229:
	\|-		\|-
	\|Basic IPA / Onset		\|Basic IPA / Onset
	\|/á/		\|/a/
	\|/b/		\|/b/
	\|/tˢ/		\|/tˢ/
	\|/d/		\|/d/
	~~\|/i/~~
	\|/g/		\|/g/
	\|/i/		\|/i/
Line 249:		Line 245:
	\|/x/		\|/x/
	\|/t/		\|/t/
	~~\|/á/~~
	~~\|/o/~~
	\|/ɲ/		\|/ɲ/
	\|/s/		\|/s/
Line 257:		Line 251:
	\|-		\|-
	\|In Coda		\|In Coda
	\|ắ~ ́ʕ		\|ă~ʕ
	\|b̚		\|b̚
	\|tˢ		\|tˢ
	\|d̚		\|d̚
	~~\|ɪ̆̀~ ̀j~~
	\|g̚		\|g̚
	\|~~ɪ̆́~~~ ́j		\|ɪ̆~j
	\|kˣ		\|kˣ
	\|k̚		\|k̚
	\|m̚		\|m̚
	\|n̚		\|n̚
	\|ŏ́~ ́w		\|ŏ~w
	\|p̚		\|p̚
	\|q		\|q
Line 274:		Line 267:
	\|x̚		\|x̚
	\|t̚		\|t̚
	~~\|ằ~ ̀ʕ~~
	~~\|ŏ̀~ ̀w~~
	\|ɲ̚		\|ɲ̚
	\|s̚		\|s̚
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	\| tˢ’		\| tˢ’
	\|d		\|d
	~~\| -~~
	\|g		\|g
	\| -		\|
	\| kˣ’		\| kˣ’
	\|k		\|k
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	\|x		\|x
	\|t		\|t
	~~\| -~~
	~~\| -~~
	\|ɲ		\|ɲ
	\|s		\|s

Jutomi: /* Phonology */ Wanted to make it tonal. Decided against it but I'm saving this version just in case I do want to keep it cause I don't feel like redoing that table junk.

2026-07-20T21:30:05Z

Phonology: Wanted to make it tonal. Decided against it but I'm saving this version just in case I do want to keep it cause I don't feel like redoing that table junk.

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:30, 20 July 2026
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	=== Vowels ===		=== Vowels ===
	There are only 3 vowels in Qa'oisi: <Ii> /i/, <Aa> /a/, and <Oo> /o/. These vowels may appear next to each other or on their own, allowing for allophonic glides and diphthongs, although these are not considered unique and are in free variation with normal vowel hiatus. One analysis also preserves /ə/, which still appears phonetically between voiced stops, while becoming either an assimilating voiceless puff of frication or otherwise disappearing entirely in all other environments.		There are only 3 vowels in Qa'oisi: <Ii> /i/, <Aa> /a/, and <Oo> /o/. Addititionally, these vowels may be high tone or low tone (written <Ee>, <Uu> and <Ww>). These vowels may appear next to each other or on their own, allowing for allophonic glides and diphthongs, although these are not considered unique and are in free variation with normal vowel hiatus. One analysis also preserves /ə/, which still appears phonetically between voiced stops, while becoming either an assimilating voiceless puff of frication or otherwise disappearing entirely in all other environments.

	=== Consonants ===		=== Consonants ===
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	\|		\|
	\|}		\|}
	Using dual coda analysis, there are an estimated 1,~~842~~ possible syllables, with 620 different possible ~~intervocal~~ consonants/clusters.		Using dual coda analysis, there are an estimated 3,684 hypothetically possible syllables, with 620 different possible intervocalic consonants/clusters. (Including diphthongs, there may be 25,788 possible syllables.)

	=== Romanization ===		=== Romanization ===
Line 211:		Line 211:
	!Cc		!Cc
	!Dd		!Dd
			!Ee
	!Gg		!Gg
	!Ii		!Ii
Line 223:		Line 224:
	!Ss		!Ss
	!Tt		!Tt
			!Uu
			!Ww
	!Yy		!Yy
	!Zz		!Zz
Line 229:		Line 232:
	\|-		\|-
	\|Basic IPA / Onset		\|Basic IPA / Onset
	\|/a/		\|/á/
	\|/b/		\|/b/
	\|/tˢ/		\|/tˢ/
	\|/d/		\|/d/
			\|/i/
	\|/g/		\|/g/
	\|/i/		\|/i/
Line 245:		Line 249:
	\|/x/		\|/x/
	\|/t/		\|/t/
			\|/á/
			\|/o/
	\|/ɲ/		\|/ɲ/
	\|/s/		\|/s/
Line 251:		Line 257:
	\|-		\|-
	\|In Coda		\|In Coda
	\|ă~ʕ		\|ắ~ ́ʕ
	\|b̚		\|b̚
	\|tˢ		\|tˢ
	\|d̚		\|d̚
			\|ɪ̆̀~ ̀j
	\|g̚		\|g̚
	\|ɪ̆~j		\|ɪ̆́~ ́j
	\|kˣ		\|kˣ
	\|k̚		\|k̚
	\|m̚		\|m̚
	\|n̚		\|n̚
	\|ŏ~w		\|ŏ́~ ́w
	\|p̚		\|p̚
	\|q		\|q
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	\|x̚		\|x̚
	\|t̚		\|t̚
			\|ằ~ ̀ʕ
			\|ŏ̀~ ̀w
	\|ɲ̚		\|ɲ̚
	\|s̚		\|s̚
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	\| tˢ’		\| tˢ’
	\|d		\|d
			\| -
	\|g		\|g
	\|		\| -
	\| kˣ’		\| kˣ’
	\|k		\|k
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	\|x		\|x
	\|t		\|t
			\| -
			\| -
	\|ɲ		\|ɲ
	\|s		\|s

Jutomi: /* Phonotactics */ recalculated.

2026-07-11T15:58:44Z

Phonotactics: recalculated.

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:58, 11 July 2026
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	\|		\|
	\|}		\|}
	Using dual coda analysis, there are an estimated 1,~~860~~ possible syllables, with 620 different possible intervocal consonants/clusters.		Using dual coda analysis, there are an estimated 1,842 possible syllables, with 620 different possible intervocal consonants/clusters.

	=== Romanization ===		=== Romanization ===

Jutomi: mixed PRF with PFV

2026-07-11T00:21:31Z

mixed PRF with PFV

← Older revision		Revision as of 00:21, 11 July 2026
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	\|jussive/deductive NP.PROG; gnomic		\|jussive/deductive NP.PROG; gnomic
	\|Jus/Ded. P.PROG; past gnomic		\|Jus/Ded. P.PROG; past gnomic
	\|Jus/Ded NP.~~PRF~~		\|Jus/Ded NP.PFV
	\|Jus/Ded P.~~PRF~~		\|Jus/Ded P.PFV
	\|distant past jussive / deductive		\|distant past jussive / deductive
	\|-		\|-
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	\|unfulfilled progressive		\|unfulfilled progressive
	\|optative perffective		\|optative perffective
	\|unfulfilled ~~PRF.~~		\|unfulfilled PFV
	\|ancient fable or legend		\|ancient fable or legend
	\|-		\|-

Jutomi: /* Verbs */ fixed glossing abbreviations

2026-07-11T00:19:44Z

Verbs: fixed glossing abbreviations

← Older revision		Revision as of 00:19, 11 July 2026
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	\| rowspan="2" \|Progressive		\| rowspan="2" \|Progressive
	\|''Realis''		\|''Realis''
	\|jussive/deductive NP.~~Prog~~; gnomic		\|jussive/deductive NP.PROG; gnomic
	\|Jus/Ded. P.~~Prog~~; past gnomic		\|Jus/Ded. P.PROG; past gnomic
	\|Jus/Ded NP.~~Perf.~~		\|Jus/Ded NP.PRF
	\|Jus/Ded P.~~Perf.~~		\|Jus/Ded P.PRF
	\|distant past jussive / deductive		\|distant past jussive / deductive
	\|-		\|-
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	\|optative imperfective		\|optative imperfective
	\|unfulfilled progressive		\|unfulfilled progressive
	\|optative ~~perfective~~		\|optative perffective
	\|unfulfilled ~~Perf~~.		\|unfulfilled PRF.
	\|ancient fable or legend		\|ancient fable or legend
	\|-		\|-
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	\|''Realis''		\|''Realis''
	\| colspan="4" \|''emphatic deductive of the realis stative verbs''		\| colspan="4" \|''emphatic deductive of the realis stative verbs''
	\|''~~emph~~.~~emph~~.~~ded. pres. habitual~~''		\|''EMPH+.DED/INFR NP.HAB''
	\|-		\|-
	\|''Irrealis''		\|''Irrealis''

Jutomi: + verb

2026-07-10T23:26:59Z

+ verb

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:26, 10 July 2026
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	\| colspan="5" \|''perfective probable or assumptive failure at doing something; dubitative with the assumption that an attempt was made''		\| colspan="5" \|''perfective probable or assumptive failure at doing something; dubitative with the assumption that an attempt was made''
	\|-		\|-
	\| rowspan="2" \|Start		\| rowspan="2" \|Start + Verb
	\|Progressive		\|Progressive
	\|''Both''		\|''Both''
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	\| colspan="5" \|''perfective inchoative version realis and irrealis stative verbs''		\| colspan="5" \|''perfective inchoative version realis and irrealis stative verbs''
	\|-		\|-
	\|Stop		\|Stop + Verb
	\|Both		\|Both
	\|''Both''		\|''Both''
	\| colspan="5" \|''cessative versions of the above inchoative with the intention of stopping permanently''		\| colspan="5" \|''cessative versions of the above inchoative with the intention of stopping permanently''
	\|-		\|-
	\|Lay		\|Lay + Verb
	\|Both		\|Both
	\|''Both''		\|''Both''
	\| colspan="5" \|''cessative versions of the above inchoative with the intention of stopping temporarily''		\| colspan="5" \|''cessative versions of the above inchoative with the intention of stopping temporarily''
	\|-		\|-
	\|See		\|See + Verb
	\|Both		\|Both
	\|''Both''		\|''Both''
	\| colspan="5" \|''progressive or perfective, realis or irrealis, act of learning how to do a verb''		\| colspan="5" \|''progressive or perfective, realis or irrealis, act of learning how to do a verb''
	\|-		\|-
	\|Lose		\|Lose + Verb
	\|Both		\|Both
	\|''Both''		\|''Both''
Line 502:		Line 502:
	\|-		\|-
	\| rowspan="2" \|Obtain/Achieve		\| rowspan="2" \|Obtain/Achieve
			+ Verb
	\|Progressive		\|Progressive
	\|''Irrealis (exclusive)''		\|''Irrealis (exclusive)''
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	\| colspan="5" \|''excellent version of the realis stative verbs''		\| colspan="5" \|''excellent version of the realis stative verbs''
	\|-		\|-
	\| rowspan="2" \|''Is~~/Did/Ain't~~/Didn't''		\| rowspan="2" \|''Is/Didn't'' + Verb
	(Origin Unclear)		(Origin Unclear)
	\| rowspan="2" \|Perfective		\| rowspan="2" \|Perfective

Jutomi: /* Verbs */ Auxiliaries yay :)

2026-07-10T23:25:36Z

Verbs: Auxiliaries yay :)

@@ Line 326: / Line 326: @@
 Verbs may also appear in subordinate mood, which is just a realis mood that appears in subordinate clauses (especially relative clauses), as well as when in auxiliary constructions, and can appear in all tense/aspect distinctions. They also may be irrealis going into independent clauses to indicate a hypothetical, abilitative, desiderative, conditional "then" clause, or in some cases an implied "should", and can also appear in all tenses except for the remote past; on its own it can also be utilized in the non-past as a hortative or imperative. The subjunctive, then, is the subordinate version of the hypothetical mood, being an irrealis verb in dependent clauses and after auxiliary verbs, as well as going into conditional "if" clauses.
-There are also a large number of other constructions that further specify moods, aspect, and evidentiality. For example, the word "be" (which is also "have") can be tacked onto the end of a present or past verb to indicate either a jussive, emphatic deductive, or, for progressive verbs, gnomic, while in the far past it implies a super remote, untenable past. When irrealis, it implies an obligation that is not being carried out, acting as a sort of simultaneous jussive and dubitative, or as an unfulfilled obligative or optative, thus often being called a "counterfactual", while in the far past it can also imply ancient fables or myths.
+There are also a large number of other constructions that further specify moods, aspect, and evidentiality. For example, the word "be" (which is also "have") can be tacked onto the end of a present or past verb to indicate either a jussive, emphatic deductive, or, for progressive verbs, gnomic, while in the far past it implies a super remote, likely untenable past. This is relatively analogous to "must" in English. When irrealis, it implies an obligation that is not being carried out, acting as a sort of simultaneous jussive and dubitative, or as an unfulfilled obligative or optative, thus often being called a "counterfactual", while in the far past it can also imply ancient fables or myths. This often corresponds to "should (but isn't/didn't)" in English.
 While both the core verb and the auxiliary are both marked the same for realis vs. irrealis and surbordination, as well as tense, both may be coded for ''aspect'' separately. This can drastically change the basic meaning of the verb, and in fact allows for only a small handful of auxiliary verbs to perform numerous functions. Note that auxiliary verbs modifying a verb in the remote past are in either the past perfective or past progressive aspect.
@@ Line 336: / Line 336: @@
 Another common verb is "go", which has further has a lot of nuance. In the progressive, it acts as an conative (with no results) when paired with a past verb, or as a quasi-future with a present verb. It similarly acts as a broader a mindset to try to do something repeatedly or for a long time when paired with a progressive verb -  functioning somewhat as an atelic verb (i.e. "search" or "look for" instead of "find"). Meanwhile, in the perfective, it is used as an assumptive, which in the irrealis mood indicates a dubitative. In the distant past, this instead indicates a previously held assumption about a past event.
-The last verb that is commonly used as an auxiliary is "wear". In the perfective it indicates know-how, an experiential, or abilitative - specifically abilitative with good skill. This only exists in the realis modality. In the imperfective, it functions more as an evidential marker, indicating that it's quite apparent if not obvious that someone did something. This functions as something of an inferential, and is different from a realis or irrealis stative mood. It should be noted in both of these cases that in the irrealis, they can be used to indicate suspicion and further function as an assumptive based on appearance or actions, rather than truly knowing someone. . Uniquely, the remote past of the deductive/assumptive acts as a ''habitual'' marker, similar to ''has been'' in English, indicating the verb is and has long been the case; it more indicates that it's quite apparent ''now'' based on something that must've been going on for ''some time''. It should be noted that ''wear'' can serve similar functions when used as a full verb instead of an auxiliary, indicating something is obvious or someone knows something with great detail, in addition to simply wearing clothes
+The last verb that is commonly used as an auxiliary is "wear". In the perfective it indicates know-how, an experiential, or abilitative - specifically abilitative with good skill. This only exists in the realis modality. In the imperfective, it functions more as an evidential marker, indicating that it's quite apparent if not obvious that someone did something. This functions as something of an inferential, and is different from a realis or irrealis stative mood. It should be noted in both of these cases that in the irrealis, they can be used to indicate suspicion and further function as an assumptive based on appearance or actions, rather than truly knowing someone. . Uniquely, the remote past of the deductive/assumptive acts as a ''habitual'' marker, similar to ''has been'' in English, indicating the verb is and has long been the case; it more indicates that it's quite apparent ''now'' based on something that must've been going on for ''some time''. It should be noted that ''wear'' can serve similar functions when used as a full verb instead of an auxiliary, indicating something is obvious or someone knows something with great detail, in addition to simply wearing clothes.
 Below is a table of the primary verbal conjugations accompanied by auxiliaries:
@@ Line 404: / Line 406: @@
 | rowspan="2" |Perfective
 |''Realis''
-|present transitional (inchoative/cessative)
+|present durative (long continuous)
-|past transitional
+|past durative
 |(near-)present iterative
 |past iterative
@@ Line 446: / Line 448: @@
 |''Realis (exclusive)''
 | colspan="5" |''emphatic abilitative/experiential of the realis stative verb''
 |}
-In addition, the auxiliary ''be'' may appear before both wear and hold, although this only acts as a detransitiviser, and agrees with the aspect of the following auxiliary verb.
+In addition, the auxiliary ''be'' may appear before both wear and hold, although this only acts as a detransitiviser, and agrees with the aspect of the following auxiliary verb. The affirmative/negative auxiliaries may also appear before any other auxiliary verb, including be; this allows affirmatives and negatives that are uncertain or unlikely.
 Several adverbs may also be used, as well as number to indicate number of times something has been done (in  the nominative; the absolutive it implies for the nth time).

Jutomi: /* Verbs */

2026-07-10T21:17:41Z

Verbs

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:17, 10 July 2026
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	=== Verbs ===		=== Verbs ===
	Verbs come in many varieties of tense, aspect and mood. The default realis/stative verb may be in a present or past progressive or perfective, as well as a distant past. The past progressive can also be used as an experiential. The present perfective indicates that an action was just completed, or is about to be completed, and may be thought of as a recent-past or near-future. It also can be used as a momentative or instant action.		Verbs come in many varieties of tense, aspect, and mood. The default realis/stative verb may be in a present or past progressive or perfective, as well as a distant past. The past progressive can also be used as an experiential. The present perfective indicates that an action was just completed, or is about to be completed, and may be thought of as a recent-past or near-future. It also can be used as a momentative or instant action.

	Verbs may also appear in subordinate mood, which is just a realis mood that appears in subordinate clauses (especially relative clauses), as well as when in auxiliary constructions, and can appear in all tense/aspect distinctions. They also may be irrealis going into independent clauses to indicate a hypothetical, abilitative, desiderative, conditional "then" clause, or in some cases an implied "should", and can also appear in all tenses except for the remote past; on its own it can also be utilized in the non-past as a hortative or imperative. The subjunctive, then, is the subordinate version of the hypothetical mood, being an irrealis verb in dependent clauses and after auxiliary verbs, as well as going into conditional "if" clauses.		Verbs may also appear in subordinate mood, which is just a realis mood that appears in subordinate clauses (especially relative clauses), as well as when in auxiliary constructions, and can appear in all tense/aspect distinctions. They also may be irrealis going into independent clauses to indicate a hypothetical, abilitative, desiderative, conditional "then" clause, or in some cases an implied "should", and can also appear in all tenses except for the remote past; on its own it can also be utilized in the non-past as a hortative or imperative. The subjunctive, then, is the subordinate version of the hypothetical mood, being an irrealis verb in dependent clauses and after auxiliary verbs, as well as going into conditional "if" clauses.

	There are also a large number of other constructions that further specify moods and ~~aspects~~. For example, the word "be" (which is also "have") can be tacked onto the end of a present or past verb to indicate either a jussive, emphatic deductive, or, for progressive verbs, gnomic, while in the far past it implies a super remote, untenable past. When irrealis, it implies an obligation that is not being carried out, acting as a sort of simultaneous jussive and dubitative, or as an unfulfilled obligative or optative, thus often being called a "counterfactual", while in the far past it can also imply ancient fables or myths.		There are also a large number of other constructions that further specify moods, aspect, and evidentiality. For example, the word "be" (which is also "have") can be tacked onto the end of a present or past verb to indicate either a jussive, emphatic deductive, or, for progressive verbs, gnomic, while in the far past it implies a super remote, untenable past. When irrealis, it implies an obligation that is not being carried out, acting as a sort of simultaneous jussive and dubitative, or as an unfulfilled obligative or optative, thus often being called a "counterfactual", while in the far past it can also imply ancient fables or myths.

	While both the core verb and the auxiliary are both marked the same for realis vs. irrealis and surbordination, as well as tense, both may be coded for ''aspect'' separately. This can drastically change the basic meaning of the verb, and in fact allows for only a small handful of auxiliary verbs to perform numerous functions. Note that auxiliary verbs modifying a verb in the remote past are in either the past perfective or past progressive aspect.		While both the core verb and the auxiliary are both marked the same for realis vs. irrealis and surbordination, as well as tense, both may be coded for ''aspect'' separately. This can drastically change the basic meaning of the verb, and in fact allows for only a small handful of auxiliary verbs to perform numerous functions. Note that auxiliary verbs modifying a verb in the remote past are in either the past perfective or past progressive aspect.
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	\| colspan="5" \|''emphatic abilitative/experiential of the realis stative verb''		\| colspan="5" \|''emphatic abilitative/experiential of the realis stative verb''
	\|}		\|}
			In addition, the auxiliary ''be'' may appear before both wear and hold, although this only acts as a detransitiviser, and agrees with the aspect of the following auxiliary verb.

	Several adverbs may also be used, as well as number to indicate number of times something has been done (in the nominative; the absolutive it implies for the nth time).		Several adverbs may also be used, as well as number to indicate number of times something has been done (in the nominative; the absolutive it implies for the nth time).

Jutomi: Added another granular auxiliary

2026-07-10T17:59:10Z

Added another granular auxiliary

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:59, 10 July 2026
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	Another common verb is "go", which has further has a lot of nuance. In the progressive, it acts as an conative (with no results) when paired with a past verb, or as a quasi-future with a present verb. It similarly acts as a broader a mindset to try to do something repeatedly or for a long time when paired with a progressive verb - functioning somewhat as an atelic verb (i.e. "search" or "look for" instead of "find"). Meanwhile, in the perfective, it is used as an assumptive, which in the irrealis mood indicates a dubitative. In the distant past, this instead indicates a previously held assumption about a past event.		Another common verb is "go", which has further has a lot of nuance. In the progressive, it acts as an conative (with no results) when paired with a past verb, or as a quasi-future with a present verb. It similarly acts as a broader a mindset to try to do something repeatedly or for a long time when paired with a progressive verb - functioning somewhat as an atelic verb (i.e. "search" or "look for" instead of "find"). Meanwhile, in the perfective, it is used as an assumptive, which in the irrealis mood indicates a dubitative. In the distant past, this instead indicates a previously held assumption about a past event.

			The last verb that is commonly used as an auxiliary is "wear". In the perfective it indicates know-how, an experiential, or abilitative - specifically abilitative with good skill. This only exists in the realis modality. In the imperfective, it functions more as an evidential marker, indicating that it's quite apparent if not obvious that someone did something. This functions as something of an inferential, and is different from a realis or irrealis stative mood. It should be noted in both of these cases that in the irrealis, they can be used to indicate suspicion and further function as an assumptive based on appearance or actions, rather than truly knowing someone. . Uniquely, the remote past of the deductive/assumptive acts as a ''habitual'' marker, similar to ''has been'' in English, indicating the verb is and has long been the case; it more indicates that it's quite apparent ''now'' based on something that must've been going on for ''some time''. It should be noted that ''wear'' can serve similar functions when used as a full verb instead of an auxiliary, indicating something is obvious or someone knows something with great detail, in addition to simply wearing clothes

	Below is a table of the primary verbal conjugations accompanied by auxiliaries:		Below is a table of the primary verbal conjugations accompanied by auxiliaries:
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	\| rowspan="2" \|Perfective		\| rowspan="2" \|Perfective
	\|''Realis''		\|''Realis''
	\| colspan="5" \|''assumptive versions of the realis stative verbs''		\| colspan="5" \|''evidential or knowledge-based assumptive versions of the realis stative verbs''
	\|-		\|-
	\|''Irrealis''		\|''Irrealis''
	\| colspan="5" \| ''dubitative versions of the realis stative verbs''		\| colspan="5" \| ''dubitative versions of the realis stative verbs''
			\|-
			\| rowspan="3" \|Wear + Verb
			\| rowspan="2" \|Progressive
			\|''Realis''
			\| colspan="4" \|''emphatic deductive of the realis stative verbs''
			\|''emph.emph.ded. pres. habitual''
			\|-
			\|''Irrealis''
			\| colspan="4" \|''non-evidential weak assumptive of the realis stative verb''
			\|''weak assumptive pres. habitual''
			\|-
			\|Perfective
			\|''Realis (exclusive)''
			\| colspan="5" \|''emphatic abilitative/experiential of the realis stative verb''
	\|}		\|}
	Several adverbs may also be used, as well as number to indicate number of times something has been done (in the nominative; the absolutive it implies for the nth time).		Several adverbs may also be used, as well as number to indicate number of times something has been done (in the nominative; the absolutive it implies for the nth time).