Xindvâ - Revision history

Zendrid at 00:12, 3 October 2025

2025-10-03T00:12:59Z

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 but
 :'''''lûyông''''' ''thôyal'' = '''one hundred''' people
 [[Category: Language]]

Zendrid at 09:02, 30 May 2025

2025-05-30T09:02:28Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:02, 30 May 2025
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	\|ĩː ⟨ĩy⟩		\|ĩː ⟨ĩy⟩
	\|		\|
	\|~~(ɨ̃ː ~ ɯ̃ː)~~		\|
	\|ʊ̃ ~ õ ⟨ũ⟩		\|ʊ̃ ~ õ ⟨ũ⟩
	\|ũː ⟨ũu⟩		\|ũː ⟨ũu⟩
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	\|ɛ̃ː ⟨ẽy⟩		\|ɛ̃ː ⟨ẽy⟩
	\|ə̃ ~ ɐ̃ ⟨ã⟩		\|ə̃ ~ ɐ̃ ⟨ã⟩
	\|ɐ̃ː ~ ãː ~~~ ɑ̃ː~~ ⟨ãa⟩		\|ɐ̃ː ~ ãː ⟨ãa⟩
	\|ɔ̃ ⟨õ⟩		\|ɔ̃ ⟨õ⟩
	\|ɔ̃ː ⟨õu⟩		\|ɔ̃ː ⟨õu⟩

Zendrid at 11:45, 28 May 2025

2025-05-28T11:45:21Z

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Zendrid at 10:39, 17 November 2024

2024-11-17T10:39:34Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:39, 17 November 2024
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	Further, markers of tense, aspect and mood come ''before'' the adjective or noun:		Further, markers of tense, aspect and mood come ''before'' the adjective or noun:
	: '''''Tem ue''''' '''''nû jûn xas''' '''kho''' Khep’rô.'' = Khepra '''was not''' '''a small child'''.		: '''''Tem ue''''' '''''nû jûn xas''' '''kho''' Khep’rô.'' = Khepra '''was not''' '''a small child'''.
	This syntax suggests that adjectives and noun-copula phrases are taken to syntactically be stative verbs with the meaning of “to be X”. If the noun in the predicate has a relative clause~~, e.g., “the boy who will become king”~~, that clause does not precede the verb, and instead is placed at the end of the sentence:		This syntax suggests that adjectives and noun-copula phrases are taken to syntactically be stative verbs with the meaning of “to be X”. If the noun in the predicate has a relative clause, that clause does not precede the verb, and instead is placed at the end of the sentence:
	: '''''Vâ jûn''''' ''kho thaa, '''gi ho driêng deoxâ'''.'' = He is '''the boy''' '''who will become king'''.		: '''''Vâ jûn''''' ''kho thaa, '''gi ho driêng deoxâ'''.'' = He is '''the boy''' '''who will become king'''.

Zendrid at 08:38, 17 November 2024

2024-11-17T08:38:02Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:38, 17 November 2024
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	\|scripts=Lunar (Nuyxo) script<br>Latin script		\|scripts=Lunar (Nuyxo) script<br>Latin script
	\|country=[[Aylongam]]		\|country=[[Aylongam]]
			\|lang-code=xdv
	}}		}}

	'''Xindvâ''' is a Liyuric language that spoken in [[Aylongam]], where it is the national and official langauge.		'''Xindvâ''' (/ˈʃɪn.dwɑː/; natively ''gûôy Xindvâ'' [ɡɨə̯j ɕɪn.dwɑ]) is a Liyuric language that spoken in [[Aylongam]], where it is the national and official langauge. The language features a robust phonology with a large vowel inventory, and a highly analytic grammar with productive reduplication and limited affixation, mostly prefixes.

	==Phonology==		==Phonology==
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	* Full reduplication—complete duplication of the entire word. This pattern is primarily used on monosyllabic words, and generally serves as an augmentative, denoting a stronger quality or large amount of something:		* Full reduplication—complete duplication of the entire word. This pattern is primarily used on monosyllabic words, and generally serves as an augmentative, denoting a stronger quality or large amount of something:
	:: ''~~dâung~~'' “big” > ''~~dâung-dâung~~'' “huge”		:: ''dõu'' “big” > ''dõudõu'' “huge”
	:: ''bon'' “flower” > ''bonbon'' “flowering”		:: ''bon'' “flower” > ''bonbon'' “flowering”
	:: ''preng'' “to talk” > ''preng preng'' “to blabber”		:: ''preng'' “to talk” > ''preng preng'' “to blabber”
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	* -ip reduplication—the first onset is repeated with ''-ip'' added to it, and placed before the word. This serves as a diminutive or endearing affix:		* -ip reduplication—the first onset is repeated with ''-ip'' added to it, and placed before the word. This serves as a diminutive or endearing affix:
	::''mâujû'' “bear” > ''mip-mâujû'' “little bear, cub”		::''mâujû'' “bear” > ''mip-mâujû'' “little bear, cub”
	::''~~proq~~'' “horn, antler” > ''~~prip~~-~~proq~~'' “stub, bud”		::''phyoq'' “horn, antler” > ''phip-phyoq'' “stub, bud”

	* n- reduplication—the first syllable is repeated before the word, with the onset changed to /n/. This serves as a generalizer, broadening the semantic scope of the noun in a way that emphasizes the root as a principal member:		* n- reduplication—the first syllable is repeated before the word, with the onset changed to /n/. This serves as a generalizer, broadening the semantic scope of the noun in a way that emphasizes the root as a principal member:
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	The genitive cases are primarily used for indicating possession; other types of relationships are expressed by simply placing one noun after the other like an adjective, with no modification:		The genitive cases are primarily used for indicating possession; other types of relationships are expressed by simply placing one noun after the other like an adjective, with no modification:
	:''~~gûôy Xindvâ~~'' = ~~Xindvâ language~~		:''hocha tlao'' = crown of the head
	:''huyad ~~Hlôngdao~~'' = Hlengdaonese flag		:''Hlôngdao huyad'' = Hlengdaonese flag
			Because modifiers can go on either side of the head, it can sometimes be ambiguous which of a two-noun phrase is the head and which is the modifier. For example, ''phuyan nuyxo'' can mean either "moon peach" (a cultivar of white peach) or "peach moon" (a moon which appears a golden-orange color).

	=== Demonstratives===		=== Demonstratives===
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	: '''''Vâ jûn''''' ''kho thaa, '''gi ho driêng deoxâ'''.'' = He is '''the boy''' '''who will become king'''.		: '''''Vâ jûn''''' ''kho thaa, '''gi ho driêng deoxâ'''.'' = He is '''the boy''' '''who will become king'''.

	Relative clauses are often ~~avoided~~ in Xindvâ ~~when they are not complex~~. Except in copular sentences, verbs are rendered into modifiers ~~and simply placed after the noun~~:		No special marking occurs to denote questions; interrogative words are left in their canonical positions in the sentence. In the spoken language a rising pitch at the end of a sentence indicates a question.
	: ''nû ~~xinyâq~~ '''lapur byeôt''''' = a ~~woman~~ '''who loves to read''' (literally, “a reading-loving ~~woman”~~)		:'''''Mos''''' ''kho vâ nesh vuô?'' = '''What''' is that thing? (literally, ‘That thing is what?’)
	: ''vâ ~~muneph~~ '''~~sevō vâ yao veyân~~''''' '''''mûr nông''''' = the ~~man~~ '''(~~whom~~) I saw in the ~~garden~~''' (~~literally,~~ “the man ~~seen in~~ the ~~garden~~ by ~~me”)~~		:''Sepû thaa '''mos'''?'' = '''What''' is he drinking? (literally, ‘He is drinking what?’)
	Note that in ~~both~~ of these ~~sentences~~, the relative pronoun ''gi'' ~~“who”~~ is not present, despite being translated as such. ~~As a general rule of thumb~~, ~~if a~~ relative clause is ~~not rendered as~~ a ~~parenthetical~~ in ~~English~~, ~~it will likely not be~~ a ~~relative clause in Xindvâ~~.		:''Ue phvâr yao byukher y’ãa '''moti'''?'' = '''Who''' came to my house?
			In archaic texts the word ''mûy'' may be found as a question marker.

			====Relative clauses====
			Relative clauses are often reduced in Xindvâ. Except in copular sentences, verbs are rendered into modifiers:
			:''nû yâq '''lapur byeôt''''' = a girl '''who loves to read''' (literally, “a reading-loving girl”)
			:''vâ yâq '''setō mûr nông''''' = the girl '''I saw''' (literally, “the girl seen by me”)
			:''vâ yâq '''semlek bon mûr nông''''' = the girl '''I gave flowers to''' (literally, “the girl given flowers by me”)
			The second and third examples can also be phrased without an explicit agent in the relative clause, with the passive marker ''kehl'' added to clarify the noun as being the object of the verb:
			:''vâ yâq '''kehl setō''''' = the girl (I) '''saw'''
			:''vâ yâq '''kehl semlek bon''''' = the girl (I) '''gave flowers to'''
			Without ''kehl'' or a subject/agent, relative clauses are ambiguous as to whether the head is the subject or object of the verb:
			:''vâ '''setrônh''' eph'' = “the man '''who killed''' (them)” or “the man '''who was killed'''”
			Further context, however, can clarify the intended meaning. Like any other modifier, this type of relative clause can be placed on either side of the noun, as demonstrated by the previous example. Note that in all of these examples, the relative pronoun ''gi'' “that” is not present, despite being translated as such. In Xindvâ, only subjects and objects, direct or indirect, can be modified in this way. For other arguments, the pronoun ''gi'' is required, which is marked for case, and the relative clause is phrased like a normal sentence, but with a gap where the shared noun would be:
			:''vâ xvôysath ugi (ue) zûth'' = the inn (I) stayed in
			:''vâ luôd mûr gi myog sephin'' = the bow (I) hunt rabbits with
			:''vâ jûn y gi dayõ vâ khebō'' = the girl whose father (I) know
			The construction with ''gi'' is, of course, entirely possible to use with subjects and objects, and is in fact required for the future tense, which lacks a corresponding verbal adjective.

			====Locatives====
	Xindvâ has very few adpositions corresponding to English “in”, “over”, “behind”, etc.; to specify a location or direction one uses the locative/dative particle ''yao'' (‘at’) with a location noun such as ''dri'' (‘inside’), ''nhũ'' (‘space above’), or ''kuôt'' (‘back’), followed by the main noun in the genitive case:		Xindvâ has very few adpositions corresponding to English “in”, “over”, “behind”, etc.; to specify a location or direction one uses the locative/dative particle ''yao'' (‘at’) with a location noun such as ''dri'' (‘inside’), ''nhũ'' (‘space above’), or ''kuôt'' (‘back’), followed by the main noun in the genitive case:
	:''Kho vâ yao dri nû y veyân.'' = I am in a garden. (literally, “(I) am at the inside of a garden”)		:''Kho vâ yao dri nû y veyân.'' = I am in a garden. (literally, “(I) am at the inside of a garden”)
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	:''Kho nû yao dri veyân.'' = I am in a garden.		:''Kho nû yao dri veyân.'' = I am in a garden.
	Also note that although ''yao dri'' does mean ‘in’, it is used to specify the interior specifically as opposed to the exterior; for describing the general location of something, ''yao'' alone is enough.		Also note that although ''yao dri'' does mean ‘in’, it is used to specify the interior specifically as opposed to the exterior; for describing the general location of something, ''yao'' alone is enough.

	No special marking occurs to denote questions; interrogative words are left in their canonical positions in the sentence. In the spoken language a rising pitch at the end of a sentence indicates a question.
	~~:'''''Mos''''' ''kho vâ nesh vuô?'' = '''What''' is that thing? (literally, ‘That thing is what?’)~~
	~~:''Sepû thaa '''mos'''?'' = '''What''' is he drinking? (literally, ‘He is drinking what?’)~~
	~~:''Ue phvâr yao byukher y’ãa '''moti'''?'' = '''Who''' came to my house?~~
	~~In archaic texts the word ''mûy'' may be found as a question marker.~~

	=== Numbers ===		=== Numbers ===

Zendrid at 23:49, 19 October 2024

2024-10-19T23:49:54Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:49, 19 October 2024
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	== Grammar ==		== Grammar ==

	=== ~~'''~~Morphology~~'''~~ ===		=== Morphology ===
	Parts of speech are rather loose in Xindvâ, and many words pull double duty as multiple word classes. Nouns can be used like adjectives and vice versa, and many verbs are also nouns that denote a related concept. There are very few inflecting words; most morphology is derivational. New words are most commonly derived by compounding, such that some words are more common in compounds than on their own, such as ''sath'' “shop”. While affixation is no longer as productive, many affixes, primarily prefixes, are still quite functional. Reduplication is highly productive in verbs and adjectives, with the semantic effect varying from word to word based on the pattern used:		Parts of speech are rather loose in Xindvâ, and many words pull double duty as multiple word classes. Nouns can be used like adjectives and vice versa, and many verbs are also nouns that denote a related concept. There are very few inflecting words; most morphology is derivational. New words are most commonly derived by compounding, such that some words are more common in compounds than on their own, such as ''sath'' “shop”. While affixation is no longer as productive, many affixes, primarily prefixes, are still quite functional. Reduplication is highly productive in verbs and adjectives, with the semantic effect varying from word to word based on the pattern used:

Zendrid at 23:49, 19 October 2024

2024-10-19T23:49:25Z

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Xhesas: Created page with "'''Xindvâ''' is the official language of Aylongam.
For more information see [https://docs.google.com/document/d/1rIYIkdeq_ZyDCYF1hML0Oi7vt6LP0bpJMlEcYHqW79c/edit?usp=sharing Xindvâ Language] Category: Language"

2024-10-19T12:13:04Z

Created page with "'''Xindvâ''' is the official language of Aylongam.<br>For more information see [https://docs.google.com/document/d/1rIYIkdeq_ZyDCYF1hML0Oi7vt6LP0bpJMlEcYHqW79c/edit?usp=sharing Xindvâ Language] Category: Language"

New page

'''Xindvâ''' is the official language of [[Aylongam]].<br>For more information see [https://docs.google.com/document/d/1rIYIkdeq_ZyDCYF1hML0Oi7vt6LP0bpJMlEcYHqW79c/edit?usp=sharing Xindvâ Language]

[[Category: Language]]

Xindvâ - Revision history

Zendrid at 00:12, 3 October 2025

Zendrid at 09:02, 30 May 2025

Zendrid at 11:45, 28 May 2025

Zendrid at 10:39, 17 November 2024

Zendrid at 08:38, 17 November 2024

Zendrid at 23:49, 19 October 2024

Zendrid at 23:49, 19 October 2024

Xhesas: Created page with "'''Xindvâ''' is the official language of Aylongam.For more information see [https://docs.google.com/document/d/1rIYIkdeq_ZyDCYF1hML0Oi7vt6LP0bpJMlEcYHqW79c/edit?usp=sharing Xindvâ Language] Category: Language"

Xhesas: Created page with "'''Xindvâ''' is the official language of Aylongam.
For more information see [https://docs.google.com/document/d/1rIYIkdeq_ZyDCYF1hML0Oi7vt6LP0bpJMlEcYHqW79c/edit?usp=sharing Xindvâ Language] Category: Language"