Kaipanese Language: Difference between revisions

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Rearranged the layout, updated general information, updated information on Phonology, updated information on Orthography, updated information on aspects of Grammar, and generally improved source to be more navigable during future edits.
Completed most of the remainder of the grammar, added the example text translation, and adjusted incompletion reminders.
 
(2 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown)
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|family=Okamic
|family=Okamic
|era=2025 to present
|era=2025 to present
|scripts=[[#Kaipanese Script|Kaipanese]] (current)<br>[[wikipedia:Kanji|Kanji]] (former)<br>[[wikipedia:Katakana|Katakana]] (former)
|scripts=[[#Kaipazu Script|Kaipazu]] (current)<br>[[wikipedia:Kanji|Kanji]] (former)<br>[[wikipedia:Katakana|Katakana]] (former)
|country=[[Kaipa|The Republic of Kaipa]]
|country=[[Kaipa|The Republic of Kaipa]]
|demonym=Kaipanese
|demonym=Kaipanese
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''This section is incomplete. (June 2025)''
''This section is incomplete. (June 2025)''


== Distribution ==
== Distribution and Dialects ==
''This section is incomplete. (June 2025)''
''This section is incomplete. (June 2025)''
Kaipanese has three recognized dialects, those being Northern, Central, and Southern.
Central Kaipanese is spoken in most of Daji province, southern Seju province, Aoga province, and northern Jado province, and is also the standard dialect of Kaipanese as established by the government. It also has the most colloquial loanwords from English.
Northern Kaipanese is spoken in the extreme north of Daji province and northern Seju province, particularly on North Island and Stone Island. It utilizes far fewer loanwords than the other two dialects.
Southern Kaipanese is spoken in southern Jado province and Onha province. It has fewer English loanwords, but more Onkurian loan words in colloquial speech. Additionally, some speakers may also make distinctions between initial N and an initial NG, as well as initial R and an initial L, each denoted with voicing marks in Kaipazu.


== Phonology ==
== Phonology ==


=== Consonants ===
=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+
|+
! colspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |
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! rowspan="2" |Plosive
! rowspan="2" |Plosive
!Voiced
!Voiced
|/b/
|{{ipa|/b/}}
|/d/
|{{ipa|/d/}}
|style="background:#e0e0e0"|
|style="background:#e0e0e0"|
|style="background:#e0e0e0"|
|style="background:#e0e0e0"|
|/g/
|{{ipa|/g/}}
|-
|-
!Voiceless
!Voiceless
|/p/
|{{ipa|/p/}}
|/t/
|{{ipa|/t/}}
|style="background:#e0e0e0"|
|style="background:#e0e0e0"|
|style="background:#e0e0e0"|
|style="background:#e0e0e0"|
|/k/
|{{ipa|/k/}}
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |Fricative
! rowspan="2" |Fricative
!Voiced
!Voiced
|style="background:#e0e0e0"|
|style="background:#e0e0e0"|
|/z/
|{{ipa|/z/}}
|/ʒ/ ( /dʒ/ ) ¹
|{{ipa|/ʒ/}} ( {{ipa|/dʒ/}} ) ¹
|style="background:#e0e0e0"|
|style="background:#e0e0e0"|
|style="background:#e0e0e0"|
|style="background:#e0e0e0"|
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!Voiceless
!Voiceless
|style="background:#e0e0e0"|
|style="background:#e0e0e0"|
|/s/
|{{ipa|/s/}}
|/ʃ/ ( /tʃ/ ) ¹
|{{ipa|/ʃ/}} ( {{ipa|/tʃ/}} ) ¹
|( /ç/ ) ²
|( {{ipa|/ç/}} ) ²
|/x~h/
|{{ipa|/x~h/}}
|-
|-
! colspan="2" |Nasal
! colspan="2" |Nasal
|/m/
|{{ipa|/m/}}
|/n/
|{{ipa|/n/}}
|style="background:#e0e0e0"|
|style="background:#e0e0e0"|
|style="background:#e0e0e0"|
|style="background:#e0e0e0"|
|/ŋ/
|{{ipa|/ŋ/}}
|-
|-
! colspan="2" |Liquid
! colspan="2" |Liquid
|/ʋ/
|{{ipa|/ʋ/}}
|/ɾ/
|{{ipa|/ɾ/ ( /ɹ/ )}} ³
|style="background:#e0e0e0"|
|style="background:#e0e0e0"|
|/j/
|{{ipa|/j/}}
|style="background:#e0e0e0"|
|style="background:#e0e0e0"|
|}
|}
¹ The postalveolar fricatives are pronounced as affricates word-initially and fricatives elsewhere.<br>² {{ipa|/x~h/}} is pronounced {{ipa|/ç/}} after front vowels {{ipa|/i/}} and {{ipa|/e/}}.
¹ The postalveolar fricatives are pronounced as affricates word-initially and fricatives elsewhere.<br>² {{ipa|/x~h/}} is pronounced {{ipa|/ç/}} around front vowels {{ipa|/i/}} and {{ipa|/e/}}, but not across word boundaries.<br>³ The Northern dialect realizes {{ipa|/ɾ/}} as {{ipa|/ɹ/}} word-initially.


=== Vowels ===
=== Vowel Monophthongs ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+
|+
!
!
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|-
|-
!Close
!Close
|/i/
|{{ipa|/i/}}
|style="background:#e0e0e0"|
|style="background:#e0e0e0"|
|/ɯ/
|{{ipa|/ɯ/}}
|-
|-
!Mid
!Mid
|/e/
|{{ipa|/e/}}
|style="background:#e0e0e0"|
|style="background:#e0e0e0"|
|/o/
|{{ipa|/o/}}
|-
|-
!Open
!Open
|style="background:#e0e0e0"|
|style="background:#e0e0e0"|
|/a/
|{{ipa|/a/}}
|style="background:#e0e0e0"|
|style="background:#e0e0e0"|
|}
|}
The following nine diphthongs are also valid: /ai̯/, /aɯ̯/, /ao̯/, /ei̯/, /eɯ̯/, /eo̯/, /oa̯/, /oi̯/, /oe̯/.
 
=== Vowel Diphthongs ===
The following nine diphthongs are considered valid: ai {{ipa|/ai̯/}}, au {{ipa|/aɯ̯/}}, ao {{ipa|/aɔ̯/}}, ei {{ipa|/ei̯/}}, eu {{ipa|/eɯ̯~ʊ̜/}}, eo {{ipa|/eɔ̯/}}, oa {{ipa|/oa̯~u̯a/}}, oi {{ipa|/oi̯/}}, oe {{ipa|/oe̯/}}. The cases where the diphthong is realized as a monophthong are present in the southern dialect of Kaipanese, whereas the realization of the diphthong oa as {{ipa|/u̯a/}} is present in the northern dialect of Kaipanese.


=== Phonotactics ===
=== Phonotactics ===
Kaipanese syllables follow a '''(C)V(D)(N)''' structure, where '''C''' is any consonant, '''V''' is any vowel, '''D''' is any valid diphthong that can follow the vowel, and '''N''' is a final nasal.
Kaipanese syllables follow a '''(C)V(D)(N)''' structure, where '''C''' is any consonant, '''V''' is any vowel, '''D''' is any valid vowel offglide as part of the nine valid diphthongs, and '''N''' is a final nasal.


== Orthography ==
== Orthography ==


=== Kaipanese Script ===
=== Kaipazu Script ===
''This section contains placeholders for Kaipanese text, and is thus incomplete. (June 2025)''
''This section contains placeholders for Kaipzu text, and is thus incomplete. (June 2025)''


The current Kaipanese script is an alphasyllabary, with markings for vowels, final nasals, voicing, and diphthongs. The following table names onsets in the top row, and codas in the left column.
The current Kaipanese script is an alphasyllabary called Kaipazu, with markings for vowels, final nasals, voicing, and diphthongs. The following table names onsets in the top row, and codas in the left column.


{| class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed wikitable" style="text-align:center"
{| class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
|+style="text-align:left"|Table of Kaipazu Characters
!colspan="19"|Kaipanese Alphasyllabary
|-
!colspan="2"|
!colspan="2"|
!∅||K||G||S||Z||T||D||C||J||N||H||P||B||M||Y||R||W
!∅||K||G||S||Z||T||D||C||J||N||H||P||B||M||Y||R||W
Line 271: Line 279:


=== Former Writing Systems ===
=== Former Writing Systems ===
[[Kaipa|The Republic of Kaipa]] is currently in the process of phasing out its use of Japanese [[wikipedia:Katakana|Katakana]] and [[wikipedia:Kanji|Kanji]] to write Kaipanese.
The Republic of Kaipa is currently in the process of phasing out its use of Japanese [[wikipedia:Katakana|Katakana]] and [[wikipedia:Kanji|Kanji]] to write Kaipanese.


=== Kaipanese Romanization ===
=== Kaipanese Romanization ===
The Jadoan system of romanization, named for the province of Jado, is the standard in Kaipa. Long vowels are written with acute accents, and places that need to distinguish that a final N is separate from the next syllable is written with a hyphen after the N.
The Jadoan system of romanization, named for the province of Jado, is the standard in Kaipa. Long vowels are written with acute accents, places that need to distinguish that a final N is separate from the next syllable is written with a hyphen after the N, and honorifics placed after a name are separated by a hyphen as well.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+
|+style="text-align:left"|Consonants
! colspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |
!Labial
!Labial
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|}
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+
|+style="text-align:left"|Vowels
!
!
!Front
!Front
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|style="background:#e0e0e0"|
|style="background:#e0e0e0"|
|}
|}
¹ H is pronounced {{ipa|/ç/}} after front vowels {{ipa|/i/}} and {{ipa|/e/}}.<br>² Final N before another velar-uvular consonant is pronounced as {{ipa|/ŋ/}}.
¹ H is pronounced {{ipa|/ç/}} around front vowels {{ipa|/i/}} and {{ipa|/e/}}, but not across word boundaries.<br>² Final N before another velar-uvular consonant is pronounced as {{ipa|/ŋ/}}.


== Grammar ==
== Grammar ==
''This section is incomplete. (June 2025)''
 
=== Word Order ===
=== Word Order ===
Primarily, Kaipanese is a Subject-Object-Verb (SOV) language. However, it also makes use of topic referencing, in order to aid in conversation.
Primarily, Kaipanese is a Subject-Object-Verb (SOV) language. However, it also makes use of topic referencing, in order to aid in conversation.


=== Personal Pronouns ===
=== Personal Pronouns ===
''This section is missing Kaipanese text. (June 2025)''
Kaipanese makes use of both third and fourth person pronouns, where the third person pronoun specifies a nearby party, and the fourth person specifies a party far away.
Kaipanese makes use of both third and fourth person pronouns, where the third person pronoun specifies a nearby party, and the fourth person specifies a party far away.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
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|-
|-
|}
|}
Personal pronouns also act as nominal words, except in the context of pronoun dropping, which occurs when a pronoun does not need to be referenced as a topic. For instance, ''wo ha ókamie dera'' ("I am a wolf") can instead be rendered as just ''ókamie dera'' (lit. "wolf be").
Personal pronouns also act as nominal words, including in the context of noun dropping, which occurs when a noun does not need to be referenced as a topic. For instance, ''Wo ha ókamie dera'' ("I am a wolf") can instead be rendered as just ''Ókamie dera'' (lit. "wolf be").


=== Non-Personal Pronouns ===
=== Non-Personal Pronouns ===
The bulk of non-personal pronouns can be neatly organized by the specific genre of pronoun and whether what is being referenced is used in a topical or non-topical context. Additionally, these non-personal pronouns can be neatly organized into the following table of demonstratives:
''This section is missing Kaipanese text. (June 2025)''
 
The bulk of non-personal pronouns can be neatly organized by the specific genre of pronoun and whether what is being referenced is used in a topical or non-topical context.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+
|+style="text-align:left"|Kaipanese Demonstratives
!
!
!Topical
!Topical
Line 400: Line 412:
|}
|}
A non-personal pronoun can be modified to an interrogative with the prefix ''den''.
A non-personal pronoun can be modified to an interrogative with the prefix ''den''.
:''Ajin ha sanji.'' "It is three o'clock."<br>'''''Den'''-ajinzó ka?'' "What's the time?"
:''Ajin ha sanji do.'' "It is three o'clock."<br>'''''Den'''-ajinzó ka?'' "What's the time?"


Non-personal pronouns are also marked with suffixes for proximity.
Non-personal pronouns are also marked with suffixes for proximity.
*''su'' marks for proximity to the speaker.
*''su'' marks for proximity to the speaker.
:''Nan'''su''' ha suika da wo.''<br>"'''This''' is my melon."
:''Nan'''su''' ha wo me suika do.''<br>"'''This''' is my melon."
*''ku'' marks for proximity to the listener.
*''ku'' marks for proximity to the listener.
:''Dennan'''ku''' ha da ni, daine?''<br>"'''That''''s yours, right?"
:''Dennan'''ku''' ha ni me, daine?''<br>"'''That''''s yours, right?"
*''ru'' marks for distance from both the speaker and listener.
*''ru'' marks for distance from both the speaker and listener.
:''Hute da Rika-seu ha kon'''ru.'''''<br>"Rika's house is '''over there'''."
:''Rika-seu me hute ha kon'''ru.'''''<br>"Mx. Rika's house is '''over there'''."
*''zó'' marks for both unknown proximity and indefinite amounts, when referring to anything other than objects or locations.
*''zó'' marks for both unknown proximity and indefinite amounts, when referring to anything other than objects or locations.
:''A, ni ha konku keinta me anwen'''zó''' ho kakeira ka?''<br>Ah, do you know how much this sword costs?
:''A, ni ha konku keinta me anwen'''zó''' we kakeira ka?''<br>"Ah, do you know '''how much''' this sword costs?"
 
=== Noun Classes ===
''This section is missing Kaipanese text. (June 2025)''
 
Nouns can be broken up into three different classifications, each conjugating differently with both verbs and possession: animate nouns, inanimate nouns, and mediary nouns. In all cases, the possessing noun comes before the possessed noun, and the possessed noun's class determines the possessive marker.
 
*Animate nouns (''Nangorá ikusaya'', lit. "moving object-words") refer to people, sapient/communicative animals (both anthropomorphic and feral), and non-sapient animals. When possessing animate nouns, the particle ''da'' is used.
::''Sunton ha wo '''da''' kozu do.''<br>"This (person) is '''my''' child."
 
*Inanimate nouns (''Nangorá ikoisaya'', lit. "unmoving object-words") refer to most non-living things, such as materials, food, and locations. When possessing inanimate nouns, the particle ''me'' is used.
::''Nanku ni '''me''' heisuma ha mori búba do.''<br>"That pillow '''of''' yours is quite soft."
 
*Mediary nouns (''Nangorá nakapa'', lit. "middle object-words") refer to plants, animate nouns that have died, and some non-living things with more fluidity, such as water, wind, the weather, and in some cases spoken language. In Southern Kaipanese, these nouns are marked with the animate noun marker. However, in Central and Northern Kaipanese, an additional particle ''bo'' is used when possessing mediary nouns.
::''Wo ha ni '''bo''' sinsa be omocipa yokagedo.''<br>"I wish for '''your''' spirit to be well."
 
=== Noun Declensions ===
''This section is missing Kaipanese text. (June 2025)''
 
The topic marker, ''ha'', references a part of conversation that then does not need to be re-referenced if the subject of a sentence is dropped. If the topic of conversation needs to be changed, then the topic marker is used again, to re-specify what each person is speaking about.
:''Wo '''ha''' ókamie du.'' "'''I''' am a wolf."
 
The object marker, ''we'', references the object being affected by the verb that a topic or subject is acting upon, particularly if noun dropping has occurred. This particle is not used as often, and is generally only used if necessary to avoid confusion. Assuming ''wo'' from the previous sentence is still considered the topic:
:''Gepan '''we''' tabu.'' "I eat '''a''' carrot".


=== Nouns ===
The subject marker, ''be'', references a part of conversation where a topic has already been established, or is being established, but is not necessarily the agent of the verb.
''This section is incomplete. (June 2025)''
:''Nansu gepan '''be''' icipa daine!'' "'''This''' carrot (which I am eating) is tasty for sure!"


=== Verbs ===
=== Verbs ===
''This section is incomplete. (June 2025)''
''This section contains placeholders for Kaipazu text, and is thus incomplete. (June 2025)''
 
Verbs generally decline in the same fashion as nouns, in animate, inanimate, and medial forms, based upon the topic or subject that is performing the action. Verbs may also take one of two different types, being regular and irregular. The following table showcases the regular verb declension system.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+style="text-align:left"|Regular Kaipanese Verbs
!Verb Declension
!<br>Animate
!<br>Inanimate
!<br>Mediary
|-
!<br>Simple
|colspan="3"|<br>''-u''
|-
!<br>Past
|colspan="3"|<br>''-i''
|-
!<br>Continuous
|<br>''-a''
|<br>''-ai''
|<br>''-ao''
|-
!<br>Conditional
|<br>''-e''
|<br>''-ei''
|<br>''-eo''
|-
!<br>Negative
|<br>''-o''
|<br>''-oi''
|<br>''-ona''
|-
!<br>Infinitive
|<br>''-eura''
|<br>''-eu''
|<br>''-era''
|}
 
Some irregular verbs (such as ''deu'', "to be") decline with all three animacy classes, while other irregular verbs do not decline for animacy at all. In some such cases, irregular verbs may have the same form for two different combinations of animacy and declension (i.e. ''do'' being for both simple inanimate/mediary and negative animate).
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+style="text-align:left"|Declension of ''deu'', "to be"
!Verb Declension
!<br>Animate
!<br>Inanimate
!<br>Mediary
|-
!<br>Simple
|<br>''du''
|colspan="2"|<br>''do''
|-
!<br>Past
|<br>''dai''
|<br>''di''
|<br>''dai''
|-
!<br>Continuous
|<br>''da''
|<br>''daci''
|<br>''dao''
|-
!<br>Conditional
|<br>''dea''
|<br>''dei''
|<br>''deo''
|-
!<br>Negative
|<br>''do''
|<br>''docu''
|<br>''doci''
|-
!<br>Infinitive
|colspan="2"|<br>''deu''
|<br>''dera''
|}
In sentences where a yes/no question is being asked (''ka''), or where the affirmative marker concludes a sentence (''daine''), ''deu'' may also be dropped from the sentence in a similar fashion to noun dropping.
 
To make a verb act as an imperative, the prefix ''nozá'' can be added to a simple verb, and to make a verb express a desire, the same prefix can be added to a conditional verb.


=== Adjectives and Adverbs ===
=== Adjectives and Adverbs ===
''This section contains placeholders for Kaipazu text, and is thus incomplete. (June 2025)''
Generally, adjectives fall into two categories, those being ''-pa'' adjectives and ''-ya'' adjectives. ''-pa'' adjectives are native adjectives, whereas ''-ya'' adjectives are nominal adjectives, where the latter is a suffix that turns a noun into an adjective.
{| class="wikitable"
|+style="text-align:left"|Adjectives in Kaipanese
!Adjective Class
!Kaipanese
!English
|-
|style="text-align:center"|''-pa'' Adjective
|<br>(''Nansu tujiwaca ha ao'''pa''' do.'')
|This wool is '''blue'''.
|-
|style="text-align:center"|''-ya'' Adjective
|<br>(''A, Wawa-seu ha kimi'''ya''' daine!'')
|Wow, Mx. Wawa really is cat'''-like'''!
|}
Adverbs follow a similar trend, where instead of ending in ''-pa'' or ''-ya'', they instead end in ''-parai'' and ''-yarai''.
{| class="wikitable"
|+style="text-align:left"|Adverbs in Kaipanese
!Adjective Class
!Kaipanese
!English
|-
|style="text-align:center"|''-parai'' Adverb
|<br>(''Wanyo ha Yoenwaitó we iwasura bú'''barai'''.'')
|We will '''quietly''' travel through Yoenwa.<br>''lit. "travel softly"
|-
|style="text-align:center"|''-yarai'' Adverb
|<br>(''Reo ha ika sen'''yarai'''.'')
|Those people over there move '''like trees'''.<br>''lit. "move tree-like"
|}
== Vocabulary ==
''This section is incomplete. (June 2025)''
''This section is incomplete. (June 2025)''


== Vocabulary ==
Most of the vocabulary in Kaipanese is native to the language, due to the island nature of the country. However, some vocabulary has been borrowed into normal speech from the many languages in neighboring ŋations:
''This section is incomplete. (May 2025)''
*Due to the proximity to the territory of Ī'Saertur, some Aomoī words have been borrowed into Kaipanese speech, particularly in the southern Aoga peninsula.
*Hiopinka has had significant influence on Kaipanese through regular contact and trade.
*The names for Onkure Island and Haruwe Island are borrowed through the Stejvenni language.
*Onkurian has had minimal influence on Kaipanese, due to how different the languages are, though some terms have been traded between the two.
 
Because dialectical differences with core vocabulary is practically non-existent, most speech is generally mutually intelligible; however, speakers of Northern and Southern Kaipanese may struggle at times with local vocabulary. Signage in most of Kaipa is written in the standard Neryu City dialect, with bilingual exceptions in certain parts of Aoga and Onha provinces.


== Example Text ==
== Example Text ==
''This section is missing Kaipanese text. (June 2025)''


The following is a translation of Article 1 of the [[wikipedia:Universal Declaration of Human Rights|Universal Declaration of Human Rights]] in Kaipanese, Japanese, and English:
The following is a translation of Article 1 of the [[wikipedia:Universal Declaration of Human Rights|Universal Declaration of Human Rights]] in Kaipanese, Japanese, and English:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="mw-collapsible wikitable"
|+
|-
!colspan="2" |Example Text
!colspan="3" |Example Text
|-
|-
!rowspan="3" |Kaipanese<br>カイパ語
!rowspan="5" |Kaipanese<br>
! Script
!Kaizu
|''incomplete''<br>''translation''<br>
|<br>
|-
|-
!Romanized
!Romanized
|''incomplete''<br>''translation''<br><!-- Hikasho arai ha, -->
|Hikaco arai ha, zei banrisa, kibusa mezuba, kai onjeosa mezuba supáni.<br>Eha zei racósa kai ikusa teuri, kai ano hikaco we ro tozékico nozádemairu.
|-
!IPA<br>(Standard)
|{{ipa|[çi.ka.ʃo a.ɾai̯ ha zei̯ baŋ.ɾi.sa ki.bɯ.sa me.zɯ.ba kai̯ on.ʒeɔ̯.sa me.zɯ.ba sɯ.paː.ni]}}<br>{{ipa|[e.ça zei̯ ɾa.ʃoː.sa kai̯ i.kɯ.sa teɯ̯.ɾi kai̯ a.no çi.ka.ʃo ʋe ɾo to.zeː.ki.ʃo no.zaː.de.mai̯.ɾɯ]}}
|-
!IPA<br>(Northern)
|{{ipa|[çi.ka.ʃo a.ɾai̯ ha zei̯ baŋ.ɾi.sa ki.bɯ.sa me.zɯ.ba kai̯ on.ʒeɔ̯.sa me.zɯ.ba sɯ.paː.ni]}}<br>{{ipa|[e.ça zei̯ ɹa.ʃoː.sa kai̯ i.kɯ.sa teɯ̯.ɾi kai̯ a.no çi.ka.ʃo ʋe ɹo to.zeː.ki.ʃo no.zaː.de.mai̯.ɾɯ]}}
|-
|-
!IPA
!IPA<br>(Southern)
|''incomplete''<br>''translation''<br>
|{{ipa|[çi.ka.ʃo a.ɾai̯ ha zei̯ baŋ.ɾi.sa ki.bɯ.sa me.zɯ.ba kai̯ on.ʒeɔ̯.sa me.zɯ.ba sɯ.paː.ni]}}<br>{{ipa|[e.ça zei̯ ɾa.ʃoː.sa kai̯ i.kɯ.sa tʊ̜.ɾi kai̯ a.no çi.ka.ʃo ʋe ɾo to.zeː.ki.ʃo no.zaː.de.mai̯.ɾɯ]}}
|-
|-
!rowspan="2" |Japanese<br>日本語
!rowspan="2" |Japanese<br>日本語
Line 449: Line 606:
|-
|-
!colspan="2" |English
!colspan="2" |English
|All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights.<br>They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood
|All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights.<br>They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
|}
|}

Latest revision as of 18:49, 17 June 2025

"Kaipanese" and "Kaipaī" redirect here. For the country, see Kaipa.
This article contains incomplete sections. Revisions should be made to correct the lack of information. (June 2025)

Kaipanese
Language familyOkamic
Era2025 to present
Writing systemKaipazu (current)
Kanji (former)
Katakana (former)
Official status
Spoken inThe Republic of Kaipa
Speaker
DemonymKaipanese
Number of speakersUnknown
Technical information
UsageGovernment language
Colloquial language
Language codeKAI

Kaipanese (カイパ語 Kaipagon, [kai̯.pa.gon]) is the official language spoken in the Republic of Kaipa. It is a member of the Okamic language family.

History

This section is incomplete. (June 2025)

Distribution and Dialects

This section is incomplete. (June 2025)

Kaipanese has three recognized dialects, those being Northern, Central, and Southern.

Central Kaipanese is spoken in most of Daji province, southern Seju province, Aoga province, and northern Jado province, and is also the standard dialect of Kaipanese as established by the government. It also has the most colloquial loanwords from English.

Northern Kaipanese is spoken in the extreme north of Daji province and northern Seju province, particularly on North Island and Stone Island. It utilizes far fewer loanwords than the other two dialects.

Southern Kaipanese is spoken in southern Jado province and Onha province. It has fewer English loanwords, but more Onkurian loan words in colloquial speech. Additionally, some speakers may also make distinctions between initial N and an initial NG, as well as initial R and an initial L, each denoted with voicing marks in Kaipazu.

Phonology

Consonants

Labial Alveolar Postalveolar Palatal Velar-Uvular
Plosive Voiced /b/ /d/ /g/
Voiceless /p/ /t/ /k/
Fricative Voiced /z/ /ʒ/ ( /dʒ/ ) ¹
Voiceless /s/ /ʃ/ ( /tʃ/ ) ¹ ( /ç/ ) ² /x~h/
Nasal /m/ /n/ /ŋ/
Liquid /ʋ/ /ɾ/ ( /ɹ/ ) ³ /j/

¹ The postalveolar fricatives are pronounced as affricates word-initially and fricatives elsewhere.
² /x~h/ is pronounced /ç/ around front vowels /i/ and /e/, but not across word boundaries.
³ The Northern dialect realizes /ɾ/ as /ɹ/ word-initially.

Vowel Monophthongs

Front Central Back
Close /i/ /ɯ/
Mid /e/ /o/
Open /a/

Vowel Diphthongs

The following nine diphthongs are considered valid: ai /ai̯/, au /aɯ̯/, ao /aɔ̯/, ei /ei̯/, eu /eɯ̯~ʊ̜/, eo /eɔ̯/, oa /oa̯~u̯a/, oi /oi̯/, oe /oe̯~ø/. The cases where the diphthong is realized as a monophthong are present in the southern dialect of Kaipanese, whereas the realization of the diphthong oa as /u̯a/ is present in the northern dialect of Kaipanese.

Phonotactics

Kaipanese syllables follow a (C)V(D)(N) structure, where C is any consonant, V is any vowel, D is any valid vowel offglide as part of the nine valid diphthongs, and N is a final nasal.

Orthography

Kaipazu Script

This section contains placeholders for Kaipzu text, and is thus incomplete. (June 2025)

The current Kaipanese script is an alphasyllabary called Kaipazu, with markings for vowels, final nasals, voicing, and diphthongs. The following table names onsets in the top row, and codas in the left column.

Table of Kaipazu Characters
K G S Z T D C J N H P B M Y R W
Short Vowels
A a ka ga sa za ta da ca ja na ha pa ba ma ya ra wa
AN an kan gan san zan tan dan can jan nan han pan ban man yan ran wan
I i ki gi si zi ti di ci ji ni hi pi bi mi ri wi
IN in kin gin sin zin tin din cin jin nin hin pin bin min rin win
U u ku gu su zu tu du cu ju nu hu pu bu mu yu ru
UN un kun gun sun zun tun dun cun jun nun hun pun bun mun yun run
E e ke ge se ze te de ce je ne he pe be me re we
EN en ken gen sen zen ten den cen jen nen hen pen ben men ren wen
O o ko go so zo to do co jo no ho po bo mo yo ro wo
ON on kon gon son zon ton don con jon non hon pon bon mon yon ron won
Long Vowels
Á á
ÁN án kán gán sán zán tán dán cán ján nán hán pán bán mán yán rán wán
Í í
ÍN ín kín gín sín zín tín dín cín jín nín hín pín bín mín rín wín
Ú ú
ÚN ún kún gún sún zún tún dún cún jún nún hún pún bún mún yún rún
É é
ÉN én kén gén sén zén tén dén cén jén nén hén pén bén mén rén wén
Ó ó
ÓN ón kón gón són zón tón dón cón jón nón hón pón bón món yón rón wón
Diphthongs
AI ai kai gai sai zai tai dai cai jai nai hai pai bai mai yai rai wai
AIN ain kain gain sain zain tain dain cain jain nain hain pain bain main yain rain wain
AU au kau gau sau zau tau dau cau jau nau hau pau bau mau yau rau wau
AUN aun kaun gaun saun zaun taun daun caun jaun naun haun paun baun maun yaun raun waun
AO ao kao gao sao zao tao dao cao jao nao hao pao bao mao yao rao wao
AON aon kaon gaon saon zaon taon daon caon jaon naon haon paon baon maon yaon raon waon
EI ei kei gei sei zei tei dei cei jei nei hei pei bei mei rei wei
EIN ein kein gein sein zein tein dein cein jein nein hein pein bein mein rein wein
EU eu keu geu seu zeu teu deu ceu jeu neu heu peu beu meu reu weu
EUN eun keun geun seun zeun teun deun ceun jeun neun heun peun beun meun reun weun
EO eo keo geo seo zeo teo deo ceo jeo neo heo peo beo meo reo weo
EON eon keon geon seon zeon teon deon ceon jeon neon heon peon beon meon reon weon
OA oa koa goa soa zoa toa doa coa joa noa hoa poa boa moa yoa roa woa
OAN oan koan goan soan zoan toan doan coan joan noan hoan poan boan moan yoan roan woan
OI oi koi goi soi zoi toi doi coi joi noi hoi poi boi moi yoi roi woi
OIN oin koin goin soin zoin toin doin coin join noin hoin poin boin moin yoin roin woin
OE oe koe goe soe zoe toe doe coe joe noe hoe poe boe moe yoe roe woe
OEN oen koen goen soen zoen toen doen coen joen noen hoen poen boen moen yoen roen woen

Former Writing Systems

The Republic of Kaipa is currently in the process of phasing out its use of Japanese Katakana and Kanji to write Kaipanese.

Kaipanese Romanization

The Jadoan system of romanization, named for the province of Jado, is the standard in Kaipa. Long vowels are written with acute accents, places that need to distinguish that a final N is separate from the next syllable is written with a hyphen after the N, and honorifics placed after a name are separated by a hyphen as well.

Consonants
Labial Alveolar Postalveolar Palatal Velar-Uvular
Plosive Voiced B b D d G g
Voiceless P p T t K k
Fricative Voiced Z z J j
Voiceless S s C c ( H h ) ¹ H h
Nasal M m N n ( N n ) ²
Liquid W w R r Y y
Vowels
Front Central Back
Close I i U u
Mid E e O o
Open A a

¹ H is pronounced /ç/ around front vowels /i/ and /e/, but not across word boundaries.
² Final N before another velar-uvular consonant is pronounced as /ŋ/.

Grammar

Word Order

Primarily, Kaipanese is a Subject-Object-Verb (SOV) language. However, it also makes use of topic referencing, in order to aid in conversation.

Personal Pronouns

This section is missing Kaipanese text. (June 2025)

Kaipanese makes use of both third and fourth person pronouns, where the third person pronoun specifies a nearby party, and the fourth person specifies a party far away.

1st Person 2nd Person 3rd Person 4th Person
Singular wo ni ta reo
Plural wanyo anyo teyo raiyo

Personal pronouns also act as nominal words, including in the context of noun dropping, which occurs when a noun does not need to be referenced as a topic. For instance, Wo ha ókamie dera ("I am a wolf") can instead be rendered as just Ókamie dera (lit. "wolf be").

Non-Personal Pronouns

This section is missing Kaipanese text. (June 2025)

The bulk of non-personal pronouns can be neatly organized by the specific genre of pronoun and whether what is being referenced is used in a topical or non-topical context.

Kaipanese Demonstratives
Topical Non-Topical
Object nan one
Location kon koa
Time ajin ji
Person anton toa
Manner áden dei
Amount anwen wei

A non-personal pronoun can be modified to an interrogative with the prefix den.

Ajin ha sanji do. "It is three o'clock."
Den-ajinzó ka? "What's the time?"

Non-personal pronouns are also marked with suffixes for proximity.

  • su marks for proximity to the speaker.
Nansu ha wo me suika do.
"This is my melon."
  • ku marks for proximity to the listener.
Dennanku ha ni me, daine?
"That's yours, right?"
  • ru marks for distance from both the speaker and listener.
Rika-seu me hute ha konru.
"Mx. Rika's house is over there."
  • marks for both unknown proximity and indefinite amounts, when referring to anything other than objects or locations.
A, ni ha konku keinta me anwen we kakeira ka?
"Ah, do you know how much this sword costs?"

Noun Classes

This section is missing Kaipanese text. (June 2025)

Nouns can be broken up into three different classifications, each conjugating differently with both verbs and possession: animate nouns, inanimate nouns, and mediary nouns. In all cases, the possessing noun comes before the possessed noun, and the possessed noun's class determines the possessive marker.

  • Animate nouns (Nangorá ikusaya, lit. "moving object-words") refer to people, sapient/communicative animals (both anthropomorphic and feral), and non-sapient animals. When possessing animate nouns, the particle da is used.
Sunton ha wo da kozu do.
"This (person) is my child."
  • Inanimate nouns (Nangorá ikoisaya, lit. "unmoving object-words") refer to most non-living things, such as materials, food, and locations. When possessing inanimate nouns, the particle me is used.
Nanku ni me heisuma ha mori búba do.
"That pillow of yours is quite soft."
  • Mediary nouns (Nangorá nakapa, lit. "middle object-words") refer to plants, animate nouns that have died, and some non-living things with more fluidity, such as water, wind, the weather, and in some cases spoken language. In Southern Kaipanese, these nouns are marked with the animate noun marker. However, in Central and Northern Kaipanese, an additional particle bo is used when possessing mediary nouns.
Wo ha ni bo sinsa be omocipa yokagedo.
"I wish for your spirit to be well."

Noun Declensions

This section is missing Kaipanese text. (June 2025)

The topic marker, ha, references a part of conversation that then does not need to be re-referenced if the subject of a sentence is dropped. If the topic of conversation needs to be changed, then the topic marker is used again, to re-specify what each person is speaking about.

Wo ha ókamie du. "I am a wolf."

The object marker, we, references the object being affected by the verb that a topic or subject is acting upon, particularly if noun dropping has occurred. This particle is not used as often, and is generally only used if necessary to avoid confusion. Assuming wo from the previous sentence is still considered the topic:

Gepan we tabu. "I eat a carrot".

The subject marker, be, references a part of conversation where a topic has already been established, or is being established, but is not necessarily the agent of the verb.

Nansu gepan be icipa daine! "This carrot (which I am eating) is tasty for sure!"

Verbs

This section contains placeholders for Kaipazu text, and is thus incomplete. (June 2025)

Verbs generally decline in the same fashion as nouns, in animate, inanimate, and medial forms, based upon the topic or subject that is performing the action. Verbs may also take one of two different types, being regular and irregular. The following table showcases the regular verb declension system.

Regular Kaipanese Verbs
Verb Declension
Animate

Inanimate

Mediary

Simple

-u

Past

-i

Continuous

-a

-ai

-ao

Conditional

-e

-ei

-eo

Negative

-o

-oi

-ona

Infinitive

-eura

-eu

-era

Some irregular verbs (such as deu, "to be") decline with all three animacy classes, while other irregular verbs do not decline for animacy at all. In some such cases, irregular verbs may have the same form for two different combinations of animacy and declension (i.e. do being for both simple inanimate/mediary and negative animate).

Declension of deu, "to be"
Verb Declension
Animate

Inanimate

Mediary

Simple

du

do

Past

dai

di

dai

Continuous

da

daci

dao

Conditional

dea

dei

deo

Negative

do

docu

doci

Infinitive

deu

dera

In sentences where a yes/no question is being asked (ka), or where the affirmative marker concludes a sentence (daine), deu may also be dropped from the sentence in a similar fashion to noun dropping.

To make a verb act as an imperative, the prefix nozá can be added to a simple verb, and to make a verb express a desire, the same prefix can be added to a conditional verb.

Adjectives and Adverbs

This section contains placeholders for Kaipazu text, and is thus incomplete. (June 2025)

Generally, adjectives fall into two categories, those being -pa adjectives and -ya adjectives. -pa adjectives are native adjectives, whereas -ya adjectives are nominal adjectives, where the latter is a suffix that turns a noun into an adjective.

Adjectives in Kaipanese
Adjective Class Kaipanese English
-pa Adjective
(Nansu tujiwaca ha aopa do.)
This wool is blue.
-ya Adjective
(A, Wawa-seu ha kimiya daine!)
Wow, Mx. Wawa really is cat-like!

Adverbs follow a similar trend, where instead of ending in -pa or -ya, they instead end in -parai and -yarai.

Adverbs in Kaipanese
Adjective Class Kaipanese English
-parai Adverb
(Wanyo ha Yoenwaitó we iwasura búbarai.)
We will quietly travel through Yoenwa.
lit. "travel softly"
-yarai Adverb
(Reo ha ika senyarai.)
Those people over there move like trees.
lit. "move tree-like"

Vocabulary

This section is incomplete. (June 2025)

Most of the vocabulary in Kaipanese is native to the language, due to the island nature of the country. However, some vocabulary has been borrowed into normal speech from the many languages in neighboring ŋations:

  • Due to the proximity to the territory of Ī'Saertur, some Aomoī words have been borrowed into Kaipanese speech, particularly in the southern Aoga peninsula.
  • Hiopinka has had significant influence on Kaipanese through regular contact and trade.
  • The names for Onkure Island and Haruwe Island are borrowed through the Stejvenni language.
  • Onkurian has had minimal influence on Kaipanese, due to how different the languages are, though some terms have been traded between the two.

Because dialectical differences with core vocabulary is practically non-existent, most speech is generally mutually intelligible; however, speakers of Northern and Southern Kaipanese may struggle at times with local vocabulary. Signage in most of Kaipa is written in the standard Neryu City dialect, with bilingual exceptions in certain parts of Aoga and Onha provinces.

Example Text

This section is missing Kaipanese text. (June 2025)

The following is a translation of Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Kaipanese, Japanese, and English:

Example Text
Kaipanese
Kaizu
Romanized Hikaco arai ha, zei banrisa, kibusa mezuba, kai onjeosa mezuba supáni.
Eha zei racósa kai ikusa teuri, kai ano hikaco we ro tozékico nozádemairu.
IPA
(Standard)
[çi.ka.ʃo a.ɾai̯ ha zei̯ baŋ.ɾi.sa ki.bɯ.sa me.zɯ.ba kai̯ on.ʒeɔ̯.sa me.zɯ.ba sɯ.paː.ni]
[e.ça zei̯ ɾa.ʃoː.sa kai̯ i.kɯ.sa teɯ̯.ɾi kai̯ a.no çi.ka.ʃo ʋe ɾo to.zeː.ki.ʃo no.zaː.de.mai̯.ɾɯ]
IPA
(Northern)
[çi.ka.ʃo a.ɾai̯ ha zei̯ baŋ.ɾi.sa ki.bɯ.sa me.zɯ.ba kai̯ on.ʒeɔ̯.sa me.zɯ.ba sɯ.paː.ni]
[e.ça zei̯ ɹa.ʃoː.sa kai̯ i.kɯ.sa teɯ̯.ɾi kai̯ a.no çi.ka.ʃo ʋe ɹo to.zeː.ki.ʃo no.zaː.de.mai̯.ɾɯ]
IPA
(Southern)
[çi.ka.ʃo a.ɾai̯ ha zei̯ baŋ.ɾi.sa ki.bɯ.sa me.zɯ.ba kai̯ on.ʒeɔ̯.sa me.zɯ.ba sɯ.paː.ni]
[e.ça zei̯ ɾa.ʃoː.sa kai̯ i.kɯ.sa tʊ̜.ɾi kai̯ a.no çi.ka.ʃo ʋe ɾo to.zeː.ki.ʃo no.zaː.de.mai̯.ɾɯ]
Japanese
日本語
Script すべての人間は、生まれながらにして自由であり、かつ、尊厳と権利とについて平等である。
人間は、理性と良心とを授けられており、互いに同胞の精神をもって行動しなければならない。
Romanized Subete no ningen wa, umarenagara ni shite jiyū de ari, katsu, songen to kenri to ni tsuite byōdō de aru.
Ningen wa, risei to ryōshin to o sazukerarete ori, tagai ni dōhō no seishin o motte kōdō shinakereba naranai.
English All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights.
They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.