Tosï: Difference between revisions
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{{infobox language | {{infobox language | ||
|name=Tosï | |name=Tosï | ||
|pronunciation=[ | |pronunciation=[ˈtɔsɪ], [tos] | ||
|family= | |family=[[Turisan languages|Turisan]] | ||
|scripts=[[Nahan script|Nahan]], Latin (when Nahan isn't available) | |scripts=[[Nahan script|Nahan]], Latin (when Nahan isn't available) | ||
|country=[[ | |country=[[Dróstsiśtsi]], | ||
[[CMCic Federation]] (formerly) | |||
|endonym={{script|script=nahan|t=tásí}} ''Tásí'' | |endonym={{script|script=nahan|t=tásí}} ''Tásí'' | ||
|number=44 | |number=44 | ||
|usage= | |usage=Official language | ||
|lang | |lang-code=TOS | ||
}} | }} | ||
'''Tosï''' (natively {{script|script=nahan|t=tásí}} ''Tásí'' [ˈtos]) is an official language of [[ | '''Tosï''' (natively {{script|script=nahan|t=tásí}} ''Tásí'' [ˈtos], [[Kośtsiśtsi]]: ''kośtsi Tós'' ['kɔʃtsɯ tos], [[Taqồpaq]]: Tồr [tor˩]) is an official language of [[Dróstsiśtsi]]. | ||
== History == | |||
A form of Tosï, today known as Old Tosï, was originally an official language of the [[CMCic Federation]], written primarily in the [[Nahan script]]. After Ruxese, the core of the federation, fell under control, it was nominated as an official language by the new government of Ǵuśese/Ruxese Province. Since all official languages of the provinces are automatically considered official national languages, this meant it is also considered an official language in Dróstsiśtsi. | |||
Little attestation of Old Tosï remains; however, some of the grammar is documented, and these parts show a similarity to modern Tosï. Some scholars have proposed that Old Tosï is a language isolate, but it is generally agreed that it was a form of modern Tosï, which is generally agreed to be a member of the southern branch of the [[Turisan languages]]. | |||
==Phonology== | ==Phonology== | ||
| Line 22: | Line 27: | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan="2" | Nasal | ! colspan="2" | Nasal | ||
| m | | m ⟨m,{{script|script=nahan|t=m}}⟩ || n ⟨n,{{script|script=nahan|t=n}}⟩ || || ŋ ⟨ŋ,{{script|script=nahan|t=ń}}⟩ || | ||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan="2" | Plosive | ! rowspan="2" | Plosive | ||
! Voiceless | ! Voiceless | ||
| p | | p ⟨p,{{script|script=nahan|t=p}}⟩ || t ⟨t,{{script|script=nahan|t=t}}⟩ || ʧ ⟨q,{{script|script=nahan|t=ci}}⟩ || k ⟨k,{{script|script=nahan|t=c}}⟩ || ʔ ⟨∅⟩<ref>Due to Tosï syllabes having to start with a consonant, the previously orthographic {{script|script=nahan|t=h́}} is now obsolete and this phoneme is hence unrepresented orthographically</ref> | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Voiced | ! Voiced | ||
| b | | b ⟨b,{{script|script=nahan|t=ṕ}}⟩ || d ⟨d,{{script|script=nahan|t=t́}}⟩ || ʤ ⟨c,{{script|script=nahan|t=ći}}⟩ || g ⟨g,{{script|script=nahan|t=ć}}⟩ || | ||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan="2" | Fricative | ! rowspan="2" | Fricative | ||
! Voiceless | ! Voiceless | ||
| f | | f ⟨f,{{script|script=nahan|t=f}}⟩ || s ⟨s,{{script|script=nahan|t=s}}⟩ || ʃ ⟨x,{{script|script=nahan|t=si}}⟩ || x ⟨h,{{script|script=nahan|t=h}}⟩ || | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Voiced | ! Voiced | ||
| v | | v ⟨v,{{script|script=nahan|t=v}}⟩ || z ⟨z,{{script|script=nahan|t=z}}⟩ || ʒ ⟨j,{{script|script=nahan|t=zi}}⟩ || ɣ ⟨r,{{script|script=nahan|t=r}}⟩ || | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan="2" | Liquid | ! colspan="2" | Liquid | ||
| w | | w ⟨w,{{script|script=nahan|t=u}}⟩ || l ⟨l,{{script|script=nahan|t=l}}⟩ || j ⟨y,{{script|script=nahan|t=i}}⟩ || || | ||
|} | |} | ||
| Line 53: | Line 58: | ||
|- | |- | ||
! High | ! High | ||
| i | | i ⟨i,{{script|script=nahan|t=é}}⟩ || ɨ<ref name="elide">These vowels are elided away in unstressed positions</ref> ⟨ï,{{script|script=nahan|t=í}}⟩ || u ⟨u,{{script|script=nahan|t=o}}⟩ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Mid | ! Mid | ||
| e | | e ⟨e,{{script|script=nahan|t=e}}⟩ || ɵ<ref name="elide">These vowels are elided away in unstressed positions</ref> ⟨ö,{{script|script=nahan|t=ó}}⟩ || o ⟨o,{{script|script=nahan|t=á}}⟩ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Low | ! Low | ||
| a | | a ⟨a,{{script|script=nahan|t=a}}⟩ || || | ||
|} | |} | ||
< | ===Phonotactics and Stress=== | ||
Tosï's syllable structure is exclusively CV phonemically, but can have consonant clusters phonetically due to unstressed central vowels eliding away. This breaks the phonemically penultimate stress pattern, making something like {{script|script=nahan|t=T́órásícií}} ''T́órásícií'' "Dróstsiśtsi" be pronounced as /dɵɣoˈsɨt͡ʃɨ/ phonemically, but as [dɣoˈsɨt͡ʃ] phonetically, making the final syllable stressed instead of the penultimate one. This shows a seemingly unusual shift of [r] being loaned as [ɣ], believed to have historically came from [r] being loaned as a uvular trill or fricative. Although the loaning of "Dróstsiśtsi" only came about after such a sound was turned into a velar [ɣ], the sound is still orthographically represented as <r>. Due to this reduction, the language allows syllabic fricatives phonetically; for example [dx'fona] "Heufauna" (GEN) has a syllabic [x] in its first syllable after the elision of two unstressed /ɨ/. | |||
In modern Tosï, clusters with multiple obstruents differing in voicing have them all assimilate to the voicing of the first consonant. For example, ''dïtosï'' [d'tos] "language" often becomes [dos], and ''dïhïfona'' [dxfona] "Heufauna" becomes [dɣvona], or [dɨvona] with the syllabic [ɣ] lowering. Due to the genitive prefix tending to reduce its lone vowel and having an initial voiced stop, many words with initial voiceless obstruents become voiced in the genitive. Words with initial alveolar or palatal stops followed by fricatives in these classes tend to affricate; ''dïsekoŋi'' [dze'koŋi] "janitor", ''dïxirö'' [dʒir] "federation". Occasionally speakers will affricate with /l/ as well- ''dïleqo'' [dɮetʃo] "candy", but more commonly [dletʃo]. This is most common in speakers who have significant exposure to [[Kośtsiśtsi]], where [dl] is not allowed but [dɮ] is common. Hence, it is becoming more common among speakers due to increasing integration in Dróstsiśtsi, where Kośtsiśtsi is the primary national language. | |||
==Grammar== | ==Grammar== | ||
| Line 71: | Line 79: | ||
* Dative (Marked with {{script|script=nahan|t=cio}}- {{ipa|/t͡ʃu/}} | * Dative (Marked with {{script|script=nahan|t=cio}}- {{ipa|/t͡ʃu/}} | ||
Along with those, Tosï also marks the plural on nouns with {{script|script=nahan|t=fe}}- /fe/. | The nominative case is unmarked. Along with those, Tosï also marks the plural on nouns with {{script|script=nahan|t=fe}}- /fe/. | ||
As can be seen in the pronouns, the language has two genders, commonly named male and female. | |||
===Pronouns=== | ===Pronouns=== | ||
[[File:Tosï Pronouns.png|thumb|Every pronoun in Tosï]] | [[File:Tosï Pronouns.png|thumb|Every pronoun in Tosï]] | ||
The | The image to the right, and table below, show the pronouns in Tosï. The accusitive case is also used in the dative and genitive cases. | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
! !! | ! !! {{smallcaps|nom}} !! {{smallcaps|acc}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
! {{smallcaps|1s}} | ! {{smallcaps|1s}} | ||
| Line 93: | Line 103: | ||
===Verbs=== | ===Verbs=== | ||
Tosï verbs mark for the past and future tenses ({{script|script=nahan|t=ćié}}- /d͡ʒi/ and {{script|script=nahan|t=ća}} /ga/ respectively) and the imperative mood ({{script|script=nahan|t=ćí}}- /gɨ/ | Tosï verbs mark for the past and future tenses ({{script|script=nahan|t=ćié}}- /d͡ʒi/ and {{script|script=nahan|t=ća}}- /ga/ respectively) and the imperative mood ({{script|script=nahan|t=ćí}}- /gɨ/). | ||
===Other=== | ===Other=== | ||
Tosï has a negation | Tosï has a negation affix -{{script|script=nahan|t=sá}} /so/. It is normally suffixal but can also occur as a prefix or separate word (eg. "no entry" being "so idaŋi"). | ||
The suffix -ŋi is a common derivational suffix, forming the nominal forms of verbs; ''zïhïŋi'' "exit (noun)" but ''zïhï'' "exit (verb)". On nouns, it marks abstraction; ''taqu'' "god of order", ''taquŋi'' "order, democracy". | |||
=== Word Order === | |||
Tosï syntax is overall fairly analytic, with postpositions instead of locatives. Similar to Turis and other Turisan languages, adjectives and genitives follow what they modify, and the word order is overall SVO. | |||
==Latijöseŋi== | ==Latijöseŋi== | ||
{{main|Latijöseŋi}} | {{main|Latijöseŋi}} | ||
[[Latijöseŋi]] (Tosï: {{script|script=nahan|t=latézióseńé}} ''Latézióseńé'' {{ipa|[latiʒˈseŋi]}}, lit. "Latin-becoming") is a system to write in Tosï.<ref>Transliterations into scripts other than Latin are permitted, but most people use Latijöseŋi in everyday writing. For more information on one such other transliteration, see [[Kyrizhǎsengi]].</ref> It was originally used in situations where the Nahan script is unavailable or where it is, but without the Strappo, but modern Tosï prefers Latijöseŋi or Dróstsiźda Characters in almost all uses. | |||
<references/> | <references/> | ||
[[Category:Language]] | [[Category:Language]] | ||
Latest revision as of 01:26, 21 September 2025
| Tosï | |
|---|---|
| Pronunciation | [ˈtɔsɪ], [tos] |
| Language family | Turisan |
| Writing system | Nahan, Latin (when Nahan isn't available) |
| Official status | |
| Spoken in | Dróstsiśtsi, CMCic Federation (formerly) |
| Speaker | |
| Endonym | tásí Tásí |
| Number of speakers | 44 |
| Technical information | |
| Usage | Official language |
| Language code | TOS |
Tosï (natively tásí Tásí [ˈtos], Kośtsiśtsi: kośtsi Tós ['kɔʃtsɯ tos], Taqồpaq: Tồr [tor˩]) is an official language of Dróstsiśtsi.
History
A form of Tosï, today known as Old Tosï, was originally an official language of the CMCic Federation, written primarily in the Nahan script. After Ruxese, the core of the federation, fell under control, it was nominated as an official language by the new government of Ǵuśese/Ruxese Province. Since all official languages of the provinces are automatically considered official national languages, this meant it is also considered an official language in Dróstsiśtsi.
Little attestation of Old Tosï remains; however, some of the grammar is documented, and these parts show a similarity to modern Tosï. Some scholars have proposed that Old Tosï is a language isolate, but it is generally agreed that it was a form of modern Tosï, which is generally agreed to be a member of the southern branch of the Turisan languages.
Phonology
Consonants
Tosï has 23 consonants:
| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m ⟨m,m⟩ | n ⟨n,n⟩ | ŋ ⟨ŋ,ń⟩ | |||
| Plosive | Voiceless | p ⟨p,p⟩ | t ⟨t,t⟩ | ʧ ⟨q,ci⟩ | k ⟨k,c⟩ | ʔ ⟨∅⟩[1] |
| Voiced | b ⟨b,ṕ⟩ | d ⟨d,t́⟩ | ʤ ⟨c,ći⟩ | g ⟨g,ć⟩ | ||
| Fricative | Voiceless | f ⟨f,f⟩ | s ⟨s,s⟩ | ʃ ⟨x,si⟩ | x ⟨h,h⟩ | |
| Voiced | v ⟨v,v⟩ | z ⟨z,z⟩ | ʒ ⟨j,zi⟩ | ɣ ⟨r,r⟩ | ||
| Liquid | w ⟨w,u⟩ | l ⟨l,l⟩ | j ⟨y,i⟩ | |||
- ↑ Due to Tosï syllabes having to start with a consonant, the previously orthographic h́ is now obsolete and this phoneme is hence unrepresented orthographically
Vowels
Tosï has 7 vowels:
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| High | i ⟨i,é⟩ | ɨ[1] ⟨ï,í⟩ | u ⟨u,o⟩ |
| Mid | e ⟨e,e⟩ | ɵ[1] ⟨ö,ó⟩ | o ⟨o,á⟩ |
| Low | a ⟨a,a⟩ |
Phonotactics and Stress
Tosï's syllable structure is exclusively CV phonemically, but can have consonant clusters phonetically due to unstressed central vowels eliding away. This breaks the phonemically penultimate stress pattern, making something like T́órásícií T́órásícií "Dróstsiśtsi" be pronounced as /dɵɣoˈsɨt͡ʃɨ/ phonemically, but as [dɣoˈsɨt͡ʃ] phonetically, making the final syllable stressed instead of the penultimate one. This shows a seemingly unusual shift of [r] being loaned as [ɣ], believed to have historically came from [r] being loaned as a uvular trill or fricative. Although the loaning of "Dróstsiśtsi" only came about after such a sound was turned into a velar [ɣ], the sound is still orthographically represented as <r>. Due to this reduction, the language allows syllabic fricatives phonetically; for example [dx'fona] "Heufauna" (GEN) has a syllabic [x] in its first syllable after the elision of two unstressed /ɨ/.
In modern Tosï, clusters with multiple obstruents differing in voicing have them all assimilate to the voicing of the first consonant. For example, dïtosï [d'tos] "language" often becomes [dos], and dïhïfona [dxfona] "Heufauna" becomes [dɣvona], or [dɨvona] with the syllabic [ɣ] lowering. Due to the genitive prefix tending to reduce its lone vowel and having an initial voiced stop, many words with initial voiceless obstruents become voiced in the genitive. Words with initial alveolar or palatal stops followed by fricatives in these classes tend to affricate; dïsekoŋi [dze'koŋi] "janitor", dïxirö [dʒir] "federation". Occasionally speakers will affricate with /l/ as well- dïleqo [dɮetʃo] "candy", but more commonly [dletʃo]. This is most common in speakers who have significant exposure to Kośtsiśtsi, where [dl] is not allowed but [dɮ] is common. Hence, it is becoming more common among speakers due to increasing integration in Dróstsiśtsi, where Kośtsiśtsi is the primary national language.
Grammar
Nouns
Tosï has 3 noun cases:
- Accusative (marked with re- /ɣe/)
- Genitive (marked with t́í- /dɨ/)
- Dative (Marked with cio- /t͡ʃu/
The nominative case is unmarked. Along with those, Tosï also marks the plural on nouns with fe- /fe/.
As can be seen in the pronouns, the language has two genders, commonly named male and female.
Pronouns
The image to the right, and table below, show the pronouns in Tosï. The accusitive case is also used in the dative and genitive cases.
| nom | acc | |
|---|---|---|
| 1s | la | ne |
| 2s | ue | sa |
| 3s.m | ṕé | má |
| 3s.f | á | ṕó |
Verbs
Tosï verbs mark for the past and future tenses (ćié- /d͡ʒi/ and ća- /ga/ respectively) and the imperative mood (ćí- /gɨ/).
Other
Tosï has a negation affix -sá /so/. It is normally suffixal but can also occur as a prefix or separate word (eg. "no entry" being "so idaŋi").
The suffix -ŋi is a common derivational suffix, forming the nominal forms of verbs; zïhïŋi "exit (noun)" but zïhï "exit (verb)". On nouns, it marks abstraction; taqu "god of order", taquŋi "order, democracy".
Word Order
Tosï syntax is overall fairly analytic, with postpositions instead of locatives. Similar to Turis and other Turisan languages, adjectives and genitives follow what they modify, and the word order is overall SVO.
Latijöseŋi
- Main article: Latijöseŋi
Latijöseŋi (Tosï: latézióseńé Latézióseńé [latiʒˈseŋi], lit. "Latin-becoming") is a system to write in Tosï.[2] It was originally used in situations where the Nahan script is unavailable or where it is, but without the Strappo, but modern Tosï prefers Latijöseŋi or Dróstsiźda Characters in almost all uses.
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 These vowels are elided away in unstressed positions
- ↑ Transliterations into scripts other than Latin are permitted, but most people use Latijöseŋi in everyday writing. For more information on one such other transliteration, see Kyrizhǎsengi.