View source for Rokadong

{{Infobox language
|name=Rokadong<br>{{rkdg|}}
|family=[[Nentan languages|Nentan]]
|early-forms=Classical Nenta, Old Rokadong
|scripts=[[Telajang]]<br>Latin script
|country=[[Rauratoshan]]
|regulator=[[Rauratoshan Royal Academy]]
|demonym=Rokaselan
|lang-code=RKD
}}
'''Rokadong''' ({{ipa|[ˈɾokadoŋ]}}), also known as '''Rokaselan''', is a [[Nentan languages|Nentan language]] spoken in [[Rauratoshan]].

==Etymology==
"Rokadong" is short for ''Rokaseladong'', or "the language of Rokasela". Rokasela is the name of an archipelago, on which the language originates. This archipelago is considered [[extranguhcraftial territories|extranguhcraftial]].

==Phonology==

{{main|Rokadong phonology}}
===Consonants===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Consonant phonemes
|-
! 
! colspan="2" | [[w:Labial consonant|Labial]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Alveolar consonant|alveolar]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Postalveolar consonant|Post-<br>alveolar]]/<br>[[w:Palatal consonant|palatal]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Velar consonant|Velar]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Uvular consonant|Uvular]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
! [[w:Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced bilabial nasal|m]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar nasal|n]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced palatal nasal|ɲ]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced velar nasal|ŋ]]
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|-
! [[w:stop consonant|Stop]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless bilabial stop|p]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced bilabial stop|b]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless alveolar stop|t]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar stop|d]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless palato-alveolar affricate|t͡ʃ]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced palato-alveolar affricate|d͡ʒ]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | &nbsp;[[w:Voiceless velar stop|k]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced velar stop|ɡ]]
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Glottal stop|ʔ]] || style="border-left: 0;" |
|-
! [[w:fricative consonant|Fricative]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless labiodental fricative|f]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced labiodental fricative|v]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless alveolar sibilant|s]] || style="border-left: 0;" |[[w:Voiced alveolar sibilant|z]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless palato-alveolar fricative|ʃ]] || style="border-left: 0;" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless glottal fricative|h]] || style="border-left: 0;" |
|-
! [[w:Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | ([[w:Voiced alveolar approximant|ɹ]])
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced palatal approximant|j]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced labiovelar approximant|w]]
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|-
! [[w:Lateral consonant|Lateral]]
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar lateral approximant|l]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|-
! [[w:Trill consonant|Trill]]
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | ([[w:Voiced alveolar trill|r]])
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | ([[w:Voiced uvular trill|ʀ]])
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | ([[w:Voiced epiglottal trill|ʢ̠ᵐ]])
|-
! [[w:Flap consonant|Tap]]
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar tap|ɾ]]
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|}
====Notes====
* /{{IPA|ɾ}}/ is a highly variable sound, with exact realization depending on dialect and surroundings:
** [{{IPA|r}}], the "long r", is usually found morpheme-initially as well as in clusters of /ɾ l/.
** [{{IPA|ɹ}}], the "vowel r", is found morpheme-finally in some dialects.
** [{{IPA|ʀ}}], the "growl r", is marginally phonemic, as some words in some dialects retain it instead of it merging. It may also appear in imperative or otherwise forceful speech as an allophone of /ɾ/.
** [{{IPA|ʢ̠}}], the "purr r", is usually also labialized, if not produced with an entirely closed mouth, which is why it appears as ʢ̠ᵐ in the chart. This sound is true glottal, and thus is not possible for humans to reproduce, as the only method humans have of producing a glottal trill is through vowels, which are produced with an open mouth. However, it can be imitated through a variety of means if desired, and often is merged with one or more of [{{IPA|r ʀ m}}], even for kanva speakers.
* Nasal consonants lose their contrast before stop consonants. However, they still contrast in morpheme-final position, so /{{IPA|ŋ}}/ is still considered phonemic.
* /{{IPA|h}}/ is frequently elided between unlike vowels.
* /{{IPA|s, z, (t)ʃ, dʒ}}/ palatalize to [{{IPA|ʃ~ɕ, ʒ~ʑ, (t)ɕ, dʑ}}]] before /{{IPA|i, j}}/, though in some dialects this is rarer for /{{IPA|s, z}}/.
* In Pahang Rokadong and Oceanic Rokadong dialects, [{{IPA|s, z}}] may vary with non-sibilant equivalents [{{IPA|θ, ð}}], especially morpheme-finally. The latter used to be phonemic, but merged with the former, now only appearing as an allophone of it. These dialects are described as "tékuhasa" ("all S"). In Continental Rokadong dialects, assibilation of /{{IPA|θ}}/ is complete, and only [{{IPA|s, z}}] remain.

===Vowels===
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Vowel phonemes
|-
! !! [[w:Front vowel|Front]] !! [[w:Central vowel|Central]] !! [[w:Back vowel|Back]]
|-
! [[w:Close vowel|Close]]
| [[w:Close front unrounded vowel|i iː]]
|
| [[w:Close back rounded vowel|u uː]]
|-
! [[w:Close-mid vowel|Mid]]
| [[w:Close-mid front unrounded vowel|e eː]]
| ([[w:Mid central vowel|ə]])
| [[w:Close-mid back rounded vowel|o oː]]
|-
|-
! [[w:Open vowel|Open]]
|
| [[w:Open front unrounded vowel|a aː]]
|
|}

====Notes====
* /{{IPA|e, o}}/ may be realized as [{{IPA|e̞, o̞}}].
* /{{IPA|i, u, e, o}}/ may be opened in closed syllables, to any of [{{IPA|i~ɪ~e~ɛ, u~ʊ~o~ɔ, e~ɛ, o~ɔ}}] respectively, though this is substantially more common for /{{IPA|i, u}}/ than for /{{IPA|e, o}}/.
* Morpheme-final short /{{IPA|a}}/ becomes [{{IPA|ə}}] in most dialects, but some perform this change on all unstressed short /{{IPA|a}}/.

===Phonotactics===
Rokadong is maximally CjVC. However, if the vowel is a diphthong, then no coda is allowed. An onset is usually required word-medially, but if the consonant is /h/, it's frequently elided, and two vowels are allowed in hiatus if the first one is /i u/ (as the intervening vowel would be /j w/, which is generally non-phonemic).

Coda consonants are most commonly nasals; these assimilate to the next consonant's place of articulation if they're within the same morpheme. This is also the only way to get a coda /ɲ/. Coda /ʔ/ will also assimilate to a following consonant, but only if the sound is voiceless. Coda /h/ is forbidden.

Cross-syllabic clusters are somewhat limited within the same morpheme. Sequences of two plosives are only allowed if the first is /ʔ/ or the second is /ɾ/, while sequences of two approximants are only allowed if one of them is /l/. Sequences of two nasals are technically allowed, but usually merge to one nasal, much as nasal-plosive pairs do. Generally speaking, the more sonorous consonant of a sequence will come first, metathesizing if needed.

===Prosody===
Rokadong is generally described as mora-timed, with short vowels and coda sonorants each providing one mora to the syllable, and long vowels and diphthongs providing two moras. However, timing may sway toward syllable-timing in certain dialects and speaking styles. Particularly for Sanenyandoka, the dialect most well-known for syllable timing, this phenomenon is known as "raisendoka" (literally "gun speech").

===Stress and pitch===
Rokadong is a dynamic-accent language. Accented syllables are generally longer and pitched up compared to unaccented syllables, though in some dialects, pitch and length are affected, rather than pitch and volume. Accent is phonemic in Rokadong.

Stress is usually on the syllable containing the penultimate mora. As such, the ultimate syllable usually receives the stress if it is closed or has a long vowel, else the penultimate syllable does. In compounded words, only the final accented syllable is stressed. Since morphemes are comprised of up to three syllables, this is generally described as stress falling on one of the last three syllables of a word.

Rokadong does have pitch accent to some degree, however, usually the stressed syllable is also the one that begins a pitch accent (that is, its pitch is heightened). The difference, however, is that pitch will affect the next vowel if the vowel of the accented syllable is short, as the entire accented mora will have high pitch, the pitch only falling on the subsequent mora (which may be another syllable). Additionally, in compounded morphemes (where a word consists of two or more morphemes), the pitch part will not be neutralized, even though the stress will almost always be neutralized. Instead, compound words generally only contain one pitch-change (that is, once the first pitch-accented mora is reached, the pitch stays high until the final pitch-accented mora), though some words will receive the pitch accents they would normally have as single words, which is randomly distributed. Some morphemes, usually those that are monosyllabic, will not have any pitch accent whatsoever, and are referred to as ''nikjairi'' (zero sound).

In Rokadong dictionaries, syllables that prescriptively receive a pitch accent but not length are typically marked as secondary stress. However, in some dialects, some or all of these also are lengthened. Generally, in a morpheme with prefixes, the prefixes receive pitch accent, and in a word with more than 3 syllables, every other syllable from the last stressed syllable to the beginning of the word receive this so-called "secondary stress." Note that a word with suffixes usually does not receive a pitch accent unless the suffix is 2 or more syllables in length.

==Orthography==
Rokadong may be either written using the Latin alphabet or the native Rokadong abugida.
===Romanization===
Rokadong consonants are written as seen in the IPA, with the following exceptions:
* /{{IPA|ɲ}}/ is written as ny, except when before <c> or <j>, in which case the y is dropped.
* /{{IPA|ŋ}}/ is written as ng
* /{{IPA|tʃ}}/ is written as c
* /{{IPA|dʒ}}/ is written as j
* /{{IPA|ɾ}}/ is written as r (this includes all of its allophones)
* /{{IPA|ʃ}}/ is written as sh
* /{{IPA|j}}/ is written as y in the onset (and in i-on-glide diphthongs) and i in the coda (in i-off-glide diphthongs)
* /{{IPA|w}}/ is written as w in the onset and u in the coda (in diphthongs)
* /{{IPA|ʔ}}/ is written as h

Rokadong short vowels are written as they are seen in the IPA, while long vowels are written with an acute accent over the short vowel being lengthened. The diphthongs /{{IPA|aj, aw, oj}}/ may be confused with the syllable-boundary monophthong pairs /{{IPA|a.i, a.u, o.i}}/, so in situations where the latter is preferred, the syllable boundary is written with an apostrophe. Assimilated nasals are written as they are spoken, except when separated by a dash.


==Native script==
{{Main|Telajang}}
Rokadong natively uses a script known as [[telajang]] or Rokaselan script. It is an abugida of the [[Nentan languages|Nentan family]].

The following is considered "basic Rokadong" (the bare minimum needed to communicate, though other glyphs may be preferred in certain words):
{| style="border:0px; background:none;"
|style="vertical-align: text-top"|
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!'''&nbsp;'''
!'''&nbsp;'''
!'''[[wiki:International_Phonetic_Alphabet|IPA]]'''
!'''Name'''
|-
|width=75| {{rkdg|}}
|width=75|p
|width=50|[p]
|''pa''
|-
|width=75| {{rkdg|}}
|width=75|b
|width=50|[b]
|''ba''
|-
|width=75| {{rkdg|}}
|width=75|t
|width=50|[t]
|''ta''
|-
|width=75| {{rkdg|}}
|width=75|d
|width=50|[d]
|''da''
|-
|width=75| {{rkdg|}}
|width=75|c
|width=50|[t͡ʃ]
|''ca''
|-
|width=75| {{rkdg|}}
|width=75|j
|width=50|[d͡ʒ]
|''ja''
|-
|width=75| {{rkdg|}}
|width=75|k
|width=50|[k]
|''ka''
|-
|width=75| {{rkdg|}}
|width=75|g
|width=50|[g]
|''ga''
|-
|width=75| {{rkdg| }}
|width=75|h
|width=50|[ʔ]
|''ahha''
|-
|width=75| {{rkdg|}}
|width=75|f
|width=50|[f]
|''fa''
|-
|width=75| {{rkdg|}}
|width=75|v
|width=50|[v]
|''va''
|}
|style="vertical-align: text-top"|
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!'''&nbsp;'''
!'''&nbsp;'''
!'''[[wiki:International_Phonetic_Alphabet|IPA]]'''
!'''Name'''
|-
|width=75| {{rkdg|}}
|width=75|s
|width=50|[s]
|''sa''
|-
|width=75| {{rkdg|}}
|width=75|z
|width=50|[z]
|''za''
|-
|width=75| {{rkdg|}}
|width=75|sh
|width=50|[ʃ]
|''sha''
|-
|width=75| {{rkdg|}}
|width=75|h
|width=50|[h]
|''ha''
|-
|width=75| {{rkdg|}}
|width=75|l
|width=50|[l]
|''la''
|-
|width=75| {{rkdg|}}
|width=75|y
|width=50|[j]
|''ya''
|-
|width=75| {{rkdg|}}
|width=75|w
|width=50|[w]
|''wa''
|-
|width=75| {{rkdg|}}
|width=75|r
|width=50|[ɾ]
|''ra''
|-
|width=75| {{rkdg| }}
|width=75|m
|width=50|[m]
|''ma''
|-
|width=75| {{rkdg| }}
|width=75|n
|width=50|[n]
|''na''
|-
|width=75| {{rkdg| }}
|width=75|ny
|width=50|[ɲ]
|''nya''
|}
|style="vertical-align: text-top"|
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!'''&nbsp;'''
!'''&nbsp;'''
!'''[[wiki:International_Phonetic_Alphabet|IPA]]'''
!'''Name'''
|-
|width=75| {{rkdg| }}
|width=75|ng
|width=50|[ŋ]
|''ang''
|-
|width=75| {{rkdg|}}
|width=75|a
|width=50|[a]
|''á''
|-
|colspan=4|'''''Diacritics (on ka)'''''
|-
|width=75| {{rkdg| }}
|width=75|a á
|width=50|[a aː]
|
|-
|width=75| {{rkdg| }}
|width=75|i í
|width=50|[i iː]
|
|-
|width=75| {{rkdg| }}
|width=75|u ú
|width=50|[u uː]
|
|-
|width=75| {{rkdg| }}
|width=75|e é
|width=50|[e eː]
|
|-
|width=75| {{rkdg| }}
|width=75|o ó
|width=50|[o oː]
|
|-
|width=75| {{rkdg|  }}
|width=75|ai au oi
|width=50|[aj aw oj]
|
|-
|width=75| {{rkdg|}}
|width=75|
|width=50|''no vowel''
|
|}
|}

==Lexicon==
A full list of Rokadong vocabulary can be found on [https://astaryuu.skywiki.org/wiki/Category:Rokadong_words Astaryuu's wiki], though it is currently somewhat outdated.

==Grammar==

===Morphology===

====Nouns====
Root noun morphemes are usually one to three syllables long. There are many derivational affixes in Rokadong as well, including but not limited to:
* {{rkdg|}}  ''jan-'' - instrument of the root (occasionally also fills the role of ''-sona'')
* {{rkdg|}} ''-sona'' - actor or someone characterized by the root
* {{rkdg|}} ''vota-'' - collectivity, similarity, instrument of the root
* {{rkdg|}} ''-an'' - object or place characterized by the root (occasionally also fills the role of ''vota-'')
* {{rkdg|}} ''i(t)-'' - quality or abstraction of the root, often used to derive adjectives from nouns
* {{rkdg|}} ''-(k)il'' - quality or abstraction of the root, often used to derive nouns from adjectives
* {{rkdg|}} ''fen-''/{{rkdg|}} ''fer-'' - abstraction, place (especially with ''-an''), goal, or result

Nouns do not decline for gender. In fact, many Rokadong nouns for animals or people do not have a natural gender by default, especially for native words. Nouns also do not decline for plurality, using numerals instead if context demands it. Full reduplication, or numeral-like determiners like ''{{term|unya}}'' and ''{{term|tékuha}}'', could also be used to pluralize. However, full reduplication does not always result in a plural word.

====Particles====
Particles generally are applied to nouns. An unmarked noun is said to be in the direct case - as Rokadong uses Austronesian alignment, both the agent and object of a verb may be unmarked if it is syntactically redundant. The other cases are marked by a particle preceding the noun (and its measure word and numeral, if present):

* Genitive {{rkdg|}} ''to'', used for possession, apposition, origin, reference, and description
* Ergative {{rkdg|}} ''ká'', used for the agent of a verb
* Accusative {{rkdg|}} ''pá'', used for the patient (direct object) of a verb
* Locative and instrumental {{rkdg|}} ''gun'', used for the location of a verb and the means by which it was performed
* Dative {{rkdg|}} ''laki'', used for the indirect object or the benefactor of a verb

These particles become prefix-like proclitics when they apply to pronouns, with ''gun'' and ''laki'' shortening to {{rkdg|}} ''gu'' and {{rkdg|}} ''la(h)''. However, they could be considered proclitics in all cases, as they frequently are pronounced as if they are prefixes, especially given that outside of careful pronunciation, the final vowel of these case particles replaces the starting vowel of nouns that start with /a/.

====Verbs====
Generally speaking, verbs are treated as if they were verbalized nouns, which in many cases, is etymologically the case. However, there are some morphological features unique to verbs.

Verbs often are the longest words in Rokadong, owing to the large numebr of agglutinative affixes that can be applied simultaneously. Often, nouns and adjectives can be formed from these affixes by removing the final {{rkdg|}} ''r(a)'' in the word. For example, {{rkdg|}} ''matar'' ("to scare"), like most emotion words in general, can be turned into {{rkdg|}} ''tenamata'' ("scary") and {{rkdg|}} ''anmata'' ("scared") using the causative and continuous aspect affixes respectively.

For verbs, reduplication does not pluralize the verb, but it does intensify the action the verb represents. In the extreme case, {{rkdg|3}} ''rulurukr'' ("to sprint, to move at top speed") is a reduplication of {{rkdg|2}} ''lurukr'' ("to run"), which is a reduplication of {{rkdg|}} ''rukr'' ("to walk").

===Syntax===
====Constituent order====
In transitive sentences, Rokadong tends to place the agent before the verb and the objects after the verb. However, Rokadong does not have a subject in the Indo-European sense, so this word order is notated "AVO" rather than "SVO". Additionally, the verb can be moved from ''agent trigger'' into ''patient trigger'' with the prefix ''{{term|ká}}''. Both the agent and direct object can also be marked individually as such with ''ká'' and ''pá'' respectively. As a result, the word order of Rokadong is relatively free, though AVO is the most common word order, although OVA is common too, and VAO is rare but not unheard of. The first of the three is the topic of the sentence.

====Noun phrase====
Adjectives and determiners follow the noun they apply to. Much as in the natural language Spanish, numerals are often considered adjectives, but are placed before the noun, rather than after it. This means that even though ''{{term|tékuha}}'' and ''{{term|unya}}'' express an amount of something, they are determiners and not numerals, as they follow the noun. Prepositions and case particles precede the noun they apply to.

When placed in the genitive, a noun is considered an adjective, and is placed after the noun it applies to. That is, the phrase "cup of sugar" translates to ''ruhung to kairi'', not ''kairi to ruhung''.

====Verb phrase====
Adverbs are considered a form of adjective, and follow the verb they apply to. However, unlike adjectives, adverbs take on the same tense affix as the verb they apply to. This is likely a holdover from when all adjectives were stative verbs.

==Example texts==
<!-- An example of a translated or unique text written in your language. Again, it is recommended that you make sure that the phonology, constraints, phonotactics and grammar are more or less finished before writing. -->

==See also==
[[astaryuu:Category:Rokadong words|Rokadong word list]]

[[Category: Language]]