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'''KWMs''' /ʷʘ͡ǂs/, or in English /kwʊms/, is a language spoke in the islands of [[Juya Gwaña]]. It was inspired by the [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CkSo0WIVNcw&pp=ygUYbGltYmVyd2lzayBodXNoIGxhbmd1YWdl Hush language] and comes from the [[Deep Dimensional]] linguistic anomaly, alongside [[Zaekuu]].
'''KWMs''' /ʷǂ͡ʘs/, or in English /kwʊms/, is a language spoke in the islands of [[Juya Gwaña]]. It was inspired by the [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CkSo0WIVNcw&pp=ygUYbGltYmVyd2lzayBodXNoIGxhbmd1YWdl Hush language] and comes from the [[Deep Dimensional]] linguistic anomaly, alongside [[Zaekuu]].


== Phonology ==
== Phonology ==


=== Inventory ===
=== Inventory ===
KWMs only has consonants, all but one (/ʞ/) of which use nasal voiceless velaric airstream<ref>Nasal velaric airstream is an articulation where the dorsum is pressed against the velum throughout the articulation. In such articulations, the air required to produce a sound is limited to what is in front of the dorsum. The nasalization allows for constant breath in and out the nose throughout speech.</ref> and most (all except /ʬ ʭ ʞ/ because they are already abnormally quiet) have weak articulation. These properties are not transcribed since they apply to almost every phoneme. Any phonemes that are able to be coarticulated can do so to produce new phonemes. When this happens, the romanization reflects this by capitalizing all the graphemes of the coarticulated sound.   
KWMs only has consonants, all of which use nasal voiceless velaric airstream<ref>Nasal velaric airstream is an articulation where the dorsum is pressed against the velum throughout the articulation. In such articulations, the air required to produce a sound is limited to what is in front of the dorsum. The nasalization allows for constant breath in and out the nose throughout speech.</ref>, meaning someone can speak the language for any amount of time without needing a break to breathe. Most phonemes have weak articulation, except for percussives because they are already comparatively quiet. Velaric airstream and weak articulation are not transcribed since they do not provide any phonemic contrast and can be assumed to apply to the language rather than the individual sounds. Any phonemes that are able to be coarticulated can do so to produce new phonemes. When this happens, the romanization reflects this by capitalizing all the graphemes of the coarticulated sound.   
{| class="wikitable" style=text-align:center
{| class="wikitable" style=text-align:center
! colspan="3" rowspan="2" |Phonemes
! colspan="3" rowspan="2" |Phonemes
! colspan="2" |Labial
! colspan="2" |Labial
! rowspan="2" |Dental
! rowspan="2" |Bidental
! rowspan="2" |Alveolar
! rowspan="2" |Alveolar
! rowspan="2" |Retroflex
! rowspan="2" |Retroflex
! rowspan="2" |Palatal
! rowspan="2" |Palatal
! rowspan="2" |Velar
|-
|-
!Flat
!Flat
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|{{ipa|r̥ ⟨r⟩}}
|{{ipa|r̥ ⟨r⟩}}
|{{ipa|ɽr̥ ⟨wr⟩}}
|{{ipa|ɽr̥ ⟨wr⟩}}
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|-
|-
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|{{ipa|s<ref>/s/ can only appear word-finally.</ref> <nowiki>⟨s⟩</nowiki>}}
|{{ipa|s<ref>/s/ can only appear word-finally.</ref> <nowiki>⟨s⟩</nowiki>}}
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|{{ipa|↓ʷf<ref name=":0">/ʷf/ and /↓ʷf/ are primarily distinguishable because egressive velarics tend to have a high tongue position and ingressive velarics tend to have a low tongue position, so /ʷf/ and /↓ʷf/ can be described as [ʷf𐞢 ↓ʷfᵓ] .</ref><ref name=":2">/ʷf/ and /↓ʷf/ may be pronounced as buccalized [ʷↀ͡f] and [↓ʷↀ͡f].</ref> ⟨v⟩}}
|{{ipa|↓ʷf<ref name=":0">/ʷf/ and /↓ʷf/ are primarily distinguishable because egressive velarics tend to have a high tongue position and ingressive velarics tend to have a low tongue position, so /ʷf/ and /↓ʷf/ can be described as [ʷf𐞢 ↓ʷfᵓ] .</ref><ref name=":2">/ʷf/ and /↓ʷf/ may be pronounced as buccalized [ʷↀ͡f] and [↓ʷↀ͡f].</ref> ⟨v⟩}}
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|{{ipa|ʘ ⟨m⟩}}
|{{ipa|ʘ ⟨m⟩}}
|{{ipa|ʷʘ ⟨wm⟩}}
|{{ipa|ʷʘ ⟨wm⟩}}
| colspan="3" |{{ipa|ʇ<ref name=":1">⟨ʇ⟩ and ⟨ʖ⟩ are alternative ways of writing the dental ⟨ǀ⟩ and lateral ⟨ǁ⟩ clicks used to avoid confusion with the [[w:Prosodic_unit|minor ⟨|⟩ and major ⟨‖⟩ prosodic breaks]], or in this language, to distinguish a single lateral click from two dental clicks in a row.</ref><ref>/ʇ/ is in free variation between a dental, alveolar, and retroflex click.</ref> ⟨x⟩}}
|
|{{ipa|ʇ<ref name=":1">⟨ʇ⟩ and ⟨ʖ⟩ are alternative ways of writing the dental ⟨ǀ⟩ and lateral ⟨ǁ⟩ clicks used to avoid confusion with the [[w:Prosodic_unit|minor ⟨|⟩ and major ⟨‖⟩ prosodic breaks]], or in this language, to distinguish a single lateral click from two dental clicks in a row.</ref><ref>/ʇ/ is in free variation between a dental, alveolar, and retroflex click.</ref> ⟨x⟩}}
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| colspan="3" |{{ipa|ʖ<ref name=":1" /><ref>/ʖ/ may be pronounced as any place of articulation between alveolar and palatal in order to make pronunciation easier and allow for coarticulations.</ref> ⟨j⟩}}
|{{ipa|ʖ<ref name=":1" /><ref>/ʖ/ may be pronounced as any place of articulation between alveolar and palatal in order to make pronunciation easier and allow for coarticulations.</ref> ⟨j⟩}}
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|{{ipa|ǂ ⟨k⟩}}
|{{ipa|ǂ ⟨k⟩}}
|{{ipa|ʞ<ref>During the hold of /ʞ/, it too has a voiceless velar nasal articulation. The velar click is the only consonant that interrupts the constant velar closure present in the language.</ref><ref>/ʞ/ is back-released, meaning its efflux place of articulation is more forward in the mouth than the velar closure. The default position is bilabial, but it can change depending on nearby sounds in order to make pronunciation easier and allow for coarticulations.</ref> ⟨wk⟩}}
|-
|-
! colspan="3" |[[w:Airstream_mechanism#Percussive_consonants|Percussive]]
! colspan="3" |[[w:Airstream_mechanism#Percussive_consonants|Percussive]]
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|{{ipa|ʭ ⟨t⟩}}
|{{ipa|ʭ ⟨t⟩}}
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=== Coarticulations ===
=== Coarticulations ===
Coarticulations are not always simultaneous, but do occur with the same "breath" (or whatever the velaric equivalent to breath is), which adjacent phonemes do not do. Below are all the allowed coarticulations. There are 48 double-articulation phonemesː {{Ipa|/r̥͡ʙ̥, ɽr̥͡ʙ̥, ʷf͡ʙ̥, s͡ʙ̥, ʭ͡ʙ̥ ʷr̥͡f, r̥͡s, r̥͡ʭ ʷɽr̥͡f, ɽr̥͡ʭ ʷs͡f s͡ʭ, ʞ͡ʭ, ʬ͡ʭ ʷʇ͡f, ʷʖ͡f, ʷ!͡f¡, ʷǂ͡f, ʷʞ͡f, ʇ͡ʘ, ʖ͡ʘ, !͡ʘ¡, ǂ͡ʘ, ʞ͡ʘ, ʷʇ͡ʘ, ʷʖ͡ʘ, ʷ!͡ʘ¡, ʷǂ͡ʘ, ʷʞ͡ʘ, ʇ͡p, ʖ͡p, !͡p¡, ǂ͡p, ʞ͡p ʖ͡ʇ, !͡ʇ¡, ǂ͡ʇ, ʞ͡ʇ, ʇ͡ʭ ʖ͡!¡, ǂ͡ʖ, ʞ͡ʖ, ʖ͡ʭ ǂ͡ǃ¡, ʞ͡ǃ¡, !͡ʭ¡ ʞ͡ǂ, ǂ͡ʭ/}}
Coarticulations are not always simultaneous, but do occur with the same "breath" (or whatever the velaric equivalent to breath is), which adjacent phonemes do not do. Below are all the allowed coarticulations. There are 39 double-articulation phonemesː  
 
{{Ipa|/r̥͡ʙ̥, ɽr̥͡ʙ̥, ʷf͡ʙ̥, s͡ʙ̥, ʭ͡ʙ̥ ʷr̥͡f, r̥͡s, r̥͡ʭ ʷɽr̥͡f, ɽr̥͡ʭ ʷs͡f s͡ʭ, ʬ͡ʭ ʷʇ͡f, ʷʖ͡f, ʷ!͡f¡, ʷǂ͡f, ʇ͡ʘ, ʖ͡ʘ, !͡ʘ¡, ǂ͡ʘ, ʷʇ͡ʘ, ʷʖ͡ʘ, ʷ!͡ʘ¡, ʷǂ͡ʘ, ʇ͡p, ʖ͡p, !͡p¡, ǂ͡p, ʖ͡ʇ, !͡ʇ¡, ǂ͡ʇ, ʇ͡ʭ ʖ͡!¡, ǂ͡ʖ, ʖ͡ʭ ǂ͡ǃ¡, !͡ʭ¡, ǂ͡ʭ/}}


=== Exact Pronunciations ===
=== Exact Pronunciations ===
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|Back of tongue pressed against velum. Open velum to allow air to pass through the nose. Tongue tip mildly suctioned to alveolar ridge gets released due to the lowering of the tongue tip. The tongue underside incidentally strikes floor of the mouth. Vocal folds not vibrating.
|Back of tongue pressed against velum. Open velum to allow air to pass through the nose. Tongue tip mildly suctioned to alveolar ridge gets released due to the lowering of the tongue tip. The tongue underside incidentally strikes floor of the mouth. Vocal folds not vibrating.
|-
|-
| colspan="2" rowspan="4" |
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |{{ipa|[ᵑ̥ǂ͉]}}
| rowspan="2" |{{ipa|[ᵑ̥ǂ͉]}}
|'''Voiceless nasal palatal abrupt click'''
|'''Voiceless nasal palatal abrupt click'''
|-
|-
|Back of tongue pressed against velum. Open velum to allow air to pass through the nose. Tongue body suctioned to hard palate gets released due to the lowering of the tongue. Vocal folds not vibrating.
|Back of tongue pressed against velum. Open velum to allow air to pass through the nose. Tongue body suctioned to hard palate gets released due to the lowering of the tongue. Vocal folds not vibrating.
|}
<references />
[[Category:Language]]
== Morphosyntax ==
=== Noun Class ===
The base form of a noun is marked for noun class, but this is removed for all grammatical roles except [[w:Thematic_relation|experiencer and theme]]. Verbs and adverbs agree with experiencers in noun class, but adjectives don't. Verbs and adverbs undergo mutation as a result of agreement with an experiencer's noun class. If an action done by the agent also affects the agent, the agent is marked with a grammatical noun class that it does not conjugate for as the experiencer, such as in the sentence ''ls mt WRTjr,'' meaning simply "He hates her", the agent "he" is written with the classless 3rd person pronoun ''mt'', whereas in ''ls vJX WRTjr,'' meaning "He hates her so much it consumes him", "he" is written with the agentive class 5 pronoun ''vJX.'' This is also used to form reflexive sentences.
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |Noun Gender
! rowspan="17" |
! colspan="2" |(Ad)verb Agreement
|-
|-
| rowspan="2" |{{ipa|[ᵖʞ̥̃]}}
!Base
|'''Labialic voiceless nasal velar click'''
!Agent
!Initial Consonant
!Inflected Form
|-
|-
|Back of tongue suctioned to velum. Open velum to allow air to pass through the nose. Lips closed. Back of tongue suction gets released due to lowering of the tongue. Vocal folds not vibrating.
! rowspan="3" |Class I
| rowspan="3" | -l
| rowspan="3" | -rr
|r, x, l, k
|wr
|-
|wr, m, j, b, t
|x
|-
|wb, f, v, wm, p
|b
|-
! rowspan="3" |Class II
| rowspan="3" | -rr
| rowspan="3" | -l
|r, wr, l, t
|k
|-
|m, x, j, k
|XT
|-
|wb, f, v, wm, b, p
|m
|-
! rowspan="3" |Class III
| rowspan="3" | -XTSWB
| rowspan="3" | -jp
|wr, x, l, k
|r
|-
|m, wm, j t
|x
|-
|wb, r, f, v, b, p
|XWM
|-
! rowspan="3" |Class IV
| rowspan="3" | -s
| rowspan="3" | -XTSWB
|r, wr, l, k
|j
|-
|m, x, j, t
|f
|-
|wb, f, v, wm, b, p
|XV
|-
! rowspan="3" |Class V
| rowspan="3" | -jp
| rowspan="3" | -s
|r, wr, l, k
|WRT
|-
|m, x, j, t
|KJ
|-
|wb, f, v, wm, b, p
|RWB
|}
 
=== Standard Word Order ===
Standard KWMs word order is '''Experiencer-Agent-V''' for transitive sentences, and '''Agent-V''' or '''V-Experiencer''' for intransitive sentences. Adverbs and adjectives typically follow the word they modify. All non-gender grammatical markings for a noun or verb are marked on its modifier. If a word has more than one modifier, the grammatical markings are placed on the final modifier. Adjectival adverbs follow adjectives with grammatical markings. Adverbs and adjectives are frequently used to specify information not expressable by grammar.
 
=== Focus ===
The focus is marked by being the first noun or verb in the sentence and having its adjective or adverb phrase precede it instead of follow it. In some cases, the distinction between a sentence with a focus and a sentence without one is determined by the adjective or adverb phrase's placement. This phrase, while used frequently, is not mandatory. This can lead to ambiguity as to whether a sentence has a focus or not. However, it is more common to not modify the first noun/verb a focusless sentence.
{| class="wikitable"
!
!Transitive
!Intransitive with Agent
!Intransitive with Experiencer
|-
!Agent focus
|(AdP-)Agent-Experiencer(-AdP)-V(-AdP)
|(AdP-)Agent-V(-AdP)
|
|-
!Non-agent focus
|(AdP-)Experiencer-Agent(-AdP)-V(-AdP)
|
|(AdP-)V-Experiencer(-AdP)
|-
!No focus
|Experiencer(AdP)-Agent(-AdP)-V(-AdP)
|Agent(-AdP)-V(-AdP)
|V(-AdP)-Experiencer(-AdP)
|}
|}
<references />
[[Category:Language]]


== Syntax ==
=== Theme ===
When a theme, i.e. a patient that is not directly affected by the verb, is present in a sentence, the word order is different. There is no focus vs. non-focus distinction in these sentences. All adjective/adverb phrases follow what they modify, and the sentence structure is '''Theme-(Experiencer-)(Agent-)Verb'''. The theme is marked for noun class. Verbs do not agree with a theme's noun class but adjectives and adverbs that modify it do. While semantically, direct objects of a ditransitive verb are themes, KWMs marks those differently.


== Timekeeping ==
== Timekeeping ==


== Translations ==
== Translations ==
{| style="border:0"
'''ls mt WRTjr.'''
{| style="border:0" style=text-align:center
|-
!<small>[Experiencer Noun Phrase]</small>
!
!<small>[Agent Noun Phrase]</small>
!
!<small>[Verb Phrase]</small>
|-
!<small><nowiki>|</nowiki></small>
!
!<small><nowiki>|</nowiki></small>
!
!<small><nowiki>|</nowiki></small>
|-
!<small>[Experiencer]</small>
!
!<small>[Agent]</small>
!
!<small>[Verb]</small>
|-
!<small><nowiki>|</nowiki></small>
!
!<small><nowiki>|</nowiki></small>
!
!<small><nowiki>|</nowiki></small>
|-
|ls
|
| mt
|
|WRTjr
|-
|/!¡s
|
| ʘʭ 
|
|ɽr̥͡ʭʖr̥/
|-
|3.SG.G5 
|
| 3.SG.G0
|
|G5.hate 
|-
| colspan="5" |“He hates her.”
|}
 
'''ls vJX WRTjr.'''
{| style="text-align:center"
|-
!<small>[Experiencer Noun Phrase]</small>
!
!<small>[Agent Noun Phrase]</small>
!
!<small>[Verb Phrase]</small>
|-
!<small><nowiki>|</nowiki></small>
!
!<small><nowiki>|</nowiki></small>
!
!<small><nowiki>|</nowiki></small>
|-
!<small>[Experiencer]</small>
!
!<small>[Agent]</small>
!
!<small>[Verb]</small>
|-
!<small><nowiki>|</nowiki></small>
!
!<small><nowiki>|</nowiki></small>
!
!<small><nowiki>|</nowiki></small>
|-
|ls
|
| vJX
|
|WRTjr
|-
|/!¡s
|
| ↓ʷfʖ͡ʇ 
|
|ɽr̥͡ʭʖr̥/
|-
|3.SG.G5 
|
| 3.SG.G5.AGEN
|
|G5.hate 
|-
| colspan="5" |“He hates her (in a way that consumes him<small>e Noun Phrase]</small>
|}
 
 
'''kJWMrr mv pb rLM mwml kk x wrwmrp jwbx.'''
{| style="text-align:center"
! colspan="9" |<small>[Theme Noun Phrase]</small>
!
! colspan="7" |<small>[Experiencer Noun Phrase]</small>
!
! colspan="3" |<small>[Verb Phrase]</small>
|-
! colspan="3" |<small>/</small>
!
! colspan="5" |<small>\</small>
!
! colspan="3" |<small>/</small>
!
! colspan="3" |<small>\</small>
!
!<small>/</small>
!
!<small>\</small>
|-
! colspan="3" rowspan="3" |<small>[Theme]</small>
!
! colspan="5" |<small>[Adjective Phrase]</small>
!
! colspan="3" rowspan="3" |<small>[Experiencer]</small>
!
! colspan="3" |<small>[Adjective Phrase]</small>
!
! rowspan="3" |<small>[Verb]</small>
!
!<small>[Adverb Phrase]</small>
|-
!
!<small>/</small>
!
!<small><nowiki>|</nowiki></small>
!
!<small>\</small>
!
!
! colspan="3" |<small><nowiki>|</nowiki></small>
!
!
!<small><nowiki>|</nowiki></small>
|-
!
!<small>[Adjective]</small>
!
!<small>[Adverb]</small>
!
!<small>[Adverb]</small>
!
!
! colspan="3" |<small>[Adjective]</small>
!
!
!<small>[Adverb]</small>
|-
!<small>/</small>
!
!<small>\</small>
!
!<small><nowiki>|</nowiki></small>
!
!<small><nowiki>|</nowiki></small>
!
!<small><nowiki>|</nowiki></small>
!
!<small>/</small>
!
!<small>\</small>
!
!<small>/</small>
!
!<small>\</small>
!
!<small><nowiki>|</nowiki></small>
!
!<small><nowiki>|</nowiki></small>
|-
|kJWM
|
| -rr
|
|mv
|
| pb
|
|rLM
|
|mwm 
|
| -l
|
|kk
|
| x
|
|wrwmrp
|
|jwbx
|-
|-
|kJWMr
|/ǂʷʖ͡ʘ
|
| -r̥r̥ 
|
|ʘ↓ʷf
|
| ʬ↓p
|
|r̥!͡ʘ¡
|
|ʘʷʘ
|
| -!¡ 
|
|ǂǂ
|
| ʇ
|
|ɽr̥ʷʘr̥ʬ
|
|ʖʙ̥ʇ/
|-
|banana 
|
| -G2
|
|G2.sweet 
|
| too 
|
|if 
|
|dog
|
| -G1
|
|
|wmv
|1.SG
|
| ADJ
|
|G1.dislike
|
|see
|-
| colspan="21" |“(I see that) my dog dislikes banana if it is too sweet.”
|}
 
'''kJWMrr mv pb kfxs rLM mwml kk x wrwmrp jwbx.'''
{| style="text-align:center"
! colspan="11" |<small>[Theme Noun Phrase]</small>
!
! colspan="7" |<small>[Experiencer Noun Phrase]</small>
!
! colspan="3" |<small>[Verb Phrase]</small>
|-
! colspan="3" |<small>/</small>
!
! colspan="7" |<small>\</small>
!
! colspan="3" |<small>/</small>
!
! colspan="3" |<small>\</small>
!
!<small>/</small>
!
!<small>\</small>
|-
! colspan="3" rowspan="3" |<small>[Theme]</small>
!
! colspan="7" |<small>[Adjective Phrase]</small>
!
! colspan="3" rowspan="3" |<small>[Experiencer]</small>
!
! colspan="3" |<small>[Adjective Phrase]</small>
!
! rowspan="3" |<small>[Verb]</small>
!
!<small>[Adverb Phrase]</small>
|-
!
!<small>/</small>
!
!<small>/</small>
!
!<small>\</small>
!
!<small>\</small>
!
!
! colspan="3" |<small><nowiki>|</nowiki></small>
!
!
!<small><nowiki>|</nowiki></small>
|-
!
!<small>[Adjective]</small>
!
!<small>[Adverb]</small>
!
!<small>[Adverb]</small>
!
!<small>[Adverb]</small>
!
!
! colspan="3" |<small>[Adjective]</small>
!
!
!<small>[Adverb]</small>
|-
!<small>/</small>
!
!<small>\</small>
!
!<small><nowiki>|</nowiki></small>
!
!<small><nowiki>|</nowiki></small>
!
!<small><nowiki>|</nowiki></small>
!
!<small><nowiki>|</nowiki></small>
!
!<small>/</small>
!
!<small>\</small>
!
!<small>/</small>
!
!<small>\</small>
!
!<small><nowiki>|</nowiki></small>
!
!<small><nowiki>|</nowiki></small>
|-
|kJWM
|
|
|ms
| -rr
|
|
| -JXs
|mv
|
|
|pb
|pb
|
| kfxs
|
|rLM
|
|
|mwm   
|mwm   
|
|
| -jm
| -l
|
|
| -WKX 
|kk
|
|
|kwk
| x
|
|
|XWMrp 
|wrwmrp
|
|
| -KMKM
|jwbx 
|-
|-
|/ǂʷʖ͡ʘr̥
|/ǂʷʖ͡ʘ
|
|
|ʷʘ↓ʷf    
| -r̥r̥    
|
|
|ʘs
|ʘ↓ʷf
|
|
| -ʖ͡ʇs
|ʬ↓p
|
|
|ʬ↓p
| ǂʷfʇs
|
|r̥!͡ʘ¡
|
|
|ʘʷʘ
|ʘʷʘ
|
|
| -ʖʘ    
| -!¡    
|
|
| -ʞ͡ʇ
|ǂǂ
|
|
|ǂʞ
| ʇ
|
|
|ʷʇ͡ʘr̥ʬ
|ɽr̥ʷʘr̥ʬ
|
|
| -ǂ͡ʘǂ͡ʘ/
|ʖʙ̥ʇ/
|-
|-
|banana   
|banana   
|
|
|sweet
| -G2
|
|
|ADJ_COP    
|G2.sweet    
|
|
| -COND 
|too
|
|
|too_much    
| smell 
|
|if    
|
|
|dog
|dog
|
|
| -M
| -G1
|
|1.SG
|
| ADJ
|
|G1.dislike 
|
|see
|-
| colspan="23" |“(I see that) my dog dislikes banana if (he smells that) it is too sweet.”
|}
 
 
 
'''*JXJXl bwmkrr kkx, xwr, XWMxs wms mkjp KXmRWBl kkjp KJts ps t t t t t t t t t!'''
 
<small>This sentence is ungrammatical in KWMs (and English).</small>
{| style="text-align:center"
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
! colspan="19" |<small>[Verb Phrase]</small>
|-
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!<small>/</small>
!
!<small><nowiki>|</nowiki></small>
!
! colspan="15" |<small>\</small>
|-
! colspan="11" |<small>[Coordinating Clause]</small>
!
! rowspan="7" |<small>[Verb]</small>
!
! rowspan="5" |<small>[Adverb Phrase]</small>
!
! colspan="15" |<small>[Adverb Phrase]</small>
|-
! colspan="9" |<small>/</small>
!
!<small>\</small>
!
!
!
! colspan="13" |<small>/</small>
!
!<small>\</small>
|-
! colspan="9" |<small>[Theme Noun Phrase]</small>
!
! rowspan="5" |<small>[Conjunction]</small>
!
!
!
! colspan="13" |<small>[Dependent Clause]</small>
!
! rowspan="5" |<small>[Particle]</small>
|-
!<small>/</small>
!
! colspan="3" |<small><nowiki>|</nowiki></small>
!
! colspan="3" |<small>\</small>
!
!
!
!
! colspan="7" |<small>/</small>
!
! colspan="3" |<small><nowiki>|</nowiki></small>
!
!<small>\</small>
!
|-
! rowspan="3" |<small>[Theme Verb]</small>
!
! colspan="3" rowspan="3" |<small>[Theme]</small>
!
! colspan="3" |<small>[Adjective Phrase]</small>
!
!
!
!
! colspan="7" |<small>[Theme Noun Phrase]</small>
!
! colspan="3" |<small>[Experiencer Noun Phrase]</small>
!
!<small>[Verb Phrase]</small>
!
|-
!
!
! colspan="3" |
!
!
!
!<small><nowiki>|</nowiki></small>
!
! colspan="3" |<small>/</small>
!
! colspan="3" |<small>\</small>
!
! colspan="3" |<small><nowiki>|</nowiki></small>
!
!<small><nowiki>|</nowiki></small>
!
|-
!
!
! colspan="3" |<small>[Adjective]</small>
!
!
!
!<small>[Adverb]</small>
!
! colspan="3" |<small>[Theme]</small>
!
! colspan="3" |<small>[Adjective]</small>
!
! colspan="3" |<small>[Experiencer]</small>
!
!<small>[Verb]</small>
!
|-
!<small><nowiki>|</nowiki></small>
!
!<small>/</small>
!
!<small>\</small>
!
!<small>/</small>
!
!<small>\</small>
!
!<small><nowiki>|</nowiki></small>
!
!<small><nowiki>|</nowiki></small>
!
!<small><nowiki>|</nowiki></small>
!
!<small>/</small>
!
!<small>\</small>
!
!<small>/</small>
!
!<small>\</small>
!
!<small>/</small>
!
!<small>\</small>
!
!<small><nowiki>|</nowiki></small>
!
!<small><nowiki>|</nowiki></small>
|-
|JXJXl
|
| bwmk
|
| -rr
|
|kk
|
|x,
|
|xwr,
|
| XWMxs
|
|wms
|
|mk 
|
| -jp
|
|KXm-
|
| RWBl
|
|kk
|
| -jp
|
| KJts
|
|ps
|-
|/ʖ͡ʇʖ͡ʇ!¡
|
| ↓pʷʘǂ 
|
| -r̥r̥
|
|ǂǂ
|
|ʇ
|
|ʇɽr̥
|
| ʷʇ͡ʘʇs
|
|ʷʘs
|
|ʘǂ
|
|ʖʬ
|
|ǂ͡ʇʘ
|
| r̥͡ʙ̥!¡ 
|
|ǂǂ
|
|ʖʬ
|
| ǂ͡ʖʭs
|
|
| -GEN
|ʬs/
|-
|explode 
|
| mango
|
| -G3
|
|
|1.SG   
|1.SG   
|
|
|dislike
|ADJ
|
|wait
|
| G3.act 
|
|after 
|
|person
|
| -G5
|
|
| -VIS
|PL-
|
| G5.not
|
|1.SG
|
| -G5
|
| G5.know
|
|ADV 
|-
|-
| colspan="21" |“My dog dislikes banana if it is too sweet.”
| colspan="31" |“My mango is to blow up, and then act like I don't know nobody hahrhahrhahrhahrhahrhahrhahr!”
|}
|}
== Vocabulary ==
== Vocabulary ==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
! colspan="2" |KWMs
!KWMs
! colspan="2" |English
! colspan="2" |English
|-
|-
!Word
!Word
!IPA
!Translation
!Translation
!Note
!Note
|-
|-
|krs
|krs
|{{ipa|/ǂrs/}}
|season
|season
|
|
|-
|-
|krxx
|krxXTSWB
|{{ipa|/ǂrʇʇ/}}
|season cycle (year)
|season cycle (year)
|
|
|-
|-
|jWMLm
|jWMLs
|{{ipa|/ʖʷʘ͡ǃʘ/}}
|moon phase
|moon phase
|
|
|-
|-
|jWMLfx
|jWMLfl
|{{ipa|/ʖʷʘ͡ǃʷfʇ/}}
|lunar month
|lunar month
|time between new moon and next new moon
|time between new moon and next new moon
|-
|-
|pjks
|pjks
|{{ipa|/ʬʖǂs/}}
|half moonday
|half moonday
|time between moonset and moonrise or vice versa
|time between moonset and moonrise or vice versa
|-
|-
|pjps
|pjps
|{{ipa|/ʬʖʬs/}}
|moonday
|moonday
|time between moonrise and next moonsire
|time between moonrise and next moonsire
|-
|-
|xmb
|xmjp
|{{ipa|/ʇʘ↓p/}}
|half day
|half day
|time between sunset and sunrise or vice versa
|time between sunset and sunrise or vice versa
|-
|-
|xmbjx
|xmbrr
|{{ipa|/ʇʘ↓pʖʇ/}}
|day cycle
|day cycle
|time between sunrise and next sunrise
|time between sunrise and next sunrise
|-
|-
|mkk
|mkjp
|{{Ipa|/ʘǂǂ/}}
|person
|person
|
|
|-
|-
|wmwrj
|wmwrjp
|{{Ipa|/ʷʘɽr̥ʖ/}}
|desire
|desire
|object of desire
|object of desire
|-
|-
|wmvf
|wmvrr
|{{ipa|/ʷʘ↓ʷfʷf/}}
|desire
|desire
|feeling of desire
|feeling of desire
|-
|-
|wbfp
|wbfjp
|{{ipa|/ʙ̥ʷfʬ/}}
|Bufijip gender
|Bufip
|gender associated with masculinity (includes masculine people of any sex)
|gender associated with masculinity (includes masculine people of any sex)
|-
|-
|jJTs
|jJTs
|{{Ipa|/ʖʖ͡ʭs/}}
|Jitjis gender
|Jitjis
|gender associated with the female sex (includes female<ref name=":0">More specifically, Jitjis is related to female-related fertility, so an infertile, asexual, or celibate female will usually become a Ropis or Bufip, but it is not required. Also, a non-female can be a Jitjis if they take on specific roles associated with female fertility. Those roles are not exclusive to The Natural Obligation, but preforming them during it is a major part of being a Jitjis.</ref> individuals who are not Bufijips or Ropises)
|gender associated with the female sex (includes female<ref name=":0">More specifically, Jitjis is related to female-related fertility, so an infertile, asexual, or celibate female will usually become a Rakmis or Bufip, but it is not required. Also, a non-female can be a Jitjis if they take on specific roles associated with female fertility. Those roles are not exclusive to The Natural Obligation, but preforming them during it is a major part of being a Jitjis.</ref> individuals who are not Bufips or Rakmises)
|-
|-
|wrwks
|wrwms
|{{Ipa|/ɽr̥ʞs/}}
|Ropis gender
|Rakmis
|gender associated with non-masculinity (includes feminine or androgynous males, intersex people, or non-reproducing<ref name=":0" /> females)
|gender associated with non-masculinity (includes feminine or androgynous males, intersex people, or non-reproducing<ref name=":0" /> females)
|-
|-
| rowspan="4" |bbtJX
| rowspan="4" |bbtXTSWB
| rowspan="4" |{{ipa|/↓p↓pʭʖ͡ʇ/}}
| rowspan="4" |Babatixtibsu
| rowspan="4" |Babatix
|an adult with an unclear or unknown gender
|an adult with an unclear or unknown gender
|-
|-
Line 329: Line 1,009:
|a tourist that one has not directly interacted with in a friendly way
|a tourist that one has not directly interacted with in a friendly way
|-
|-
|occasionally, this may be used for assigning a gender to Jiraks, but it's becoming more common to just call them Jiraks<ref name=":1">In older times, pre-adults were genderless, but could be included in the "genderless" category named Babatix alongside Bufip, Jitjis, and Rakmis. Pre-adults are much more likely to be called Babatixes in textbooks and formal literature.
|occasionally, this may be used for assigning a gender to Jiraks, but it's becoming more common to just call them Jiraks<ref name=":1">In older times, pre-adults were genderless, but could be included in the "genderless" category named Babatixtibsu when mentioned in academia alongside Bufip, Jitjis, and Rakmis. More recently, whether Jirak is a gender or not has been in question. Jirak is now seen as a semi-category with certain youth-related social characteristics instead of a lack of social characteristics. This is likely due to digital technology creating a greater divide between younger and older generations.</ref>
 
More recently, whether Jirak is a gender or not has been in question. Jirak is now seen as a semi-category with certain youth-related social characteristics instead of a lack of social characteristics. This is likely due to digital technology creating a greater divide between younger and older generations.</ref>
|-
|-
|jwrk
|jwrl
|{{Ipa|/ʖɽr̥ǂ/}}
|pre-adult (Jirak)
|pre-adult (Jirak)
|pre-adults are not assigned a gender, but "pre-adult" has in a sense become a gender<ref name=":1" /> for those under 20 in KWMs society
|pre-adults are not assigned a gender, but "pre-adult" has in a sense become a gender<ref name=":1" /> for those under 20 in KWMs society
|-
|-
|bSWB
|bmXTSWB
|{{ipa|/↓ps͡ʙ̥/}}
|baby
|baby
|used for before a child is able to walk consistently without help
|used for before a child is able to walk consistently without help
|-
|-
|XMXM
|XMXMrr
|{{ipa|/ʇ͡ʘʇ͡ʘ/}}
|child
|child
|used for after a child is able to walk consistently without help until they noticeably begin puberty
|used for after a child is able to walk consistently without help until they noticeably begin puberty
|-
|-
|FWBj
|FWBjp
|{{Ipa|/ʷf͡ʙ̥ʖ/}}
|adolescent
|adolescent
|used for after a child noticeably begins puberty until they are 20 years old
|used for after a child noticeably begins puberty until they are 20 years old
|-
|-
|xwb
|xwbs
|{{ipa|/ʇʙ̥/}}
|male
|male
|
|
|-
|-
|kvb
|kvbrr
|{{ipa|/ǂ↓ʷf↓p/}}
|female
|female
|
|
|-
|-
|mml
|mml
|{{ipa|/ʘʘ!¡/}}
|intersex
|intersex
|
|
|-
|-
|wmv
|be sweet
|
|
|
|-
|
|kJWMrr
|banana
|
|
|-
|-
|
|mwml
|
|dog
|
|
|
|-
|-
|
|kkjp
|
|1.SG
|
|
|
|-
|-
|
|XWMrp
|
|to dislike
|
|
|
|-
|-
|
|pb
|
|be too much
|
|
|
|-
|-
|
|ms
|
|to be/to have
|
|copula for predicative adjectives
|
|-
|-
|
|rLM
|
|if
|
|conditional adjective
|
|-
|-
|
| x
|
|ADJ
|
|adjective marking particle, can only be placed on nouns
|
|-
|-
|
|jwbx
|
|to see
|
|
|
|-
|-
|
|kfxs
|
|to smell
|
|
|
|-
|-
|
|rk
|
|3.SG.G1
|
|
|
|-
|-
|
|JMx
|
|3.SG.G2
|
|
|
|-
|-
|
|tp
|
|3.SG.G3
|
|
|
|-
|-
|
|vJX
|
|3.SG.G4
|
|
|
|-
|-
|
|ls
|
|3.SG.G5
|
|
|
|-
|-
|
|mt
|
|3.SG.G0
|
|
|
|-
|-
|
|KJr
|
|hate
|
|
|
|-
|-
|
|ps
|
|ADV
|
|adverb marking particle, can be placed on any content word
|
|-
|-
|
|wms
|
|after
|
|
|
|-
|-
|
|xwr
|
|wait
|
|also used as a conjunction like "and" or "wait, there's more"
|
|-
|-
|
|JXJXl
|
|explode
|
|
|
|-
|-
|
|bwmkrr
|
|mango
|
|
|
|-
|-
|
|JWMxs
|
|act as if
|
|
|
|-
|-
|
|wbl
|
|not
|
|adjective
|
|-
|-
|
|KXm-
|
|PL-
|
|
|
|-
|-
|
|xts
|
|know of
|
|
|
|}
|}

Latest revision as of 23:15, 18 October 2025

KWMs /ʷǂ͡ʘs/, or in English /kwʊms/, is a language spoke in the islands of Juya Gwaña. It was inspired by the Hush language and comes from the Deep Dimensional linguistic anomaly, alongside Zaekuu.

Phonology

Inventory

KWMs only has consonants, all of which use nasal voiceless velaric airstream[1], meaning someone can speak the language for any amount of time without needing a break to breathe. Most phonemes have weak articulation, except for percussives because they are already comparatively quiet. Velaric airstream and weak articulation are not transcribed since they do not provide any phonemic contrast and can be assumed to apply to the language rather than the individual sounds. Any phonemes that are able to be coarticulated can do so to produce new phonemes. When this happens, the romanization reflects this by capitalizing all the graphemes of the coarticulated sound.

Phonemes Labial Bidental Alveolar Retroflex Palatal
Flat Prerounded[2]
Trill ʙ̥ ⟨wb⟩ r̥ ⟨r⟩ ɽr̥ ⟨wr⟩
Fricative Egressive ʷf[3][4] ⟨f⟩ s[5] ⟨s⟩
Ingressive ↓ʷf[3][4] ⟨v⟩
Click Noisy Median ʘ ⟨m⟩ ʷʘ ⟨wm⟩ ʇ[6][7] ⟨x⟩
Lateral ʖ[6][8] ⟨j⟩
Abrupt ↓p[9] ⟨b⟩ ǃ¡ ⟨l⟩ ǂ ⟨k⟩
Percussive ʬ[10] ⟨p⟩ ʭ ⟨t⟩

Coarticulations

Coarticulations are not always simultaneous, but do occur with the same "breath" (or whatever the velaric equivalent to breath is), which adjacent phonemes do not do. Below are all the allowed coarticulations. There are 39 double-articulation phonemesː

/r̥͡ʙ̥, ɽr̥͡ʙ̥, ʷf͡ʙ̥, s͡ʙ̥, ʭ͡ʙ̥ ʷr̥͡f, r̥͡s, r̥͡ʭ ʷɽr̥͡f, ɽr̥͡ʭ ʷs͡f s͡ʭ, ʬ͡ʭ ʷʇ͡f, ʷʖ͡f, ʷ!͡f¡, ʷǂ͡f, ʇ͡ʘ, ʖ͡ʘ, !͡ʘ¡, ǂ͡ʘ, ʷʇ͡ʘ, ʷʖ͡ʘ, ʷ!͡ʘ¡, ʷǂ͡ʘ, ʇ͡p, ʖ͡p, !͡p¡, ǂ͡p, ʖ͡ʇ, !͡ʇ¡, ǂ͡ʇ, ʇ͡ʭ ʖ͡!¡, ǂ͡ʖ, ʖ͡ʭ ǂ͡ǃ¡, !͡ʭ¡, ǂ͡ʭ/

Exact Pronunciations

These are detailed instructions on how to pronounce each single-articulation phoneme because KWMs has a very atypical phonology.

Non-Ingressive Ingressive
IPA Pronunciation IPA Pronunciation
[ᵑ̥ʙ͉̊] Egressive voiceless nasal velaric bilabial trill [↓ʷᵑ̥f͉] Ingressive voiceless nasal velaric pre-rounded labiodental fricative
Back of tongue pressed against velum. Open velum to allow air to pass through the nose. Closed, loosened lips become trilled due to advancement of the tongue (still pressed against velum). Vocal folds not vibrating. Back of tongue pressed against velum. Open velum to allow air to pass through the nose. Lips rounded. As the lips unround, bottom lip makes contact with top teeth and air is pushed inward as a fricative due to retraction of the tongue (still pressed against velum). Vocal folds not vibrating.
[ᵑ̥r͉̊] Egressive voiceless nasal velaric alveolar trill [ᵑ̥ʘ͉] Voiceless nasal bilabial noisy click
Back of tongue pressed against velum. Open velum to allow air to pass through the nose. Tongue tip pressed against alveolar ridge, but loosened, becomes trilled due to advancement of the back of the tongue (still pressed against velum). Vocal folds not vibrating. Back of tongue pressed against velum. Open velum to allow air to pass through the nose. Closed lips tightly suctioned to each other get released due to the lowering of the jaw. Vocal folds not vibrating.
[ᵑ̥ɽr͉̊] Egressive voiceless nasal velaric retroflex trill [ʷᵑ̥ʘ͉] Voiceless nasal pre-rounded bilabial noisy click
Back of tongue pressed against velum. Open velum to allow air to pass through the nose. Tongue underside pressed against hard palate, but loosened, becomes trilled and pushed forward due to advancement of the back of the tongue (still pressed against velum). Vocal folds not vibrating. Back of tongue pressed against velum. Open velum to allow air to pass through the nose. Lips closed and rounded. As the lips unround, lips tightly suctioned to each other get released due to the lowering of the jaw. Vocal folds not vibrating.
[ʷᵑ̥f͉] Egressive voiceless nasal velaric pre-rounded labiodental fricative [ᵑ̥ʖ͉,ᵑ̥‖͉] Voiceless nasal lateral noisy click
Back of tongue pressed against velum. Open velum to allow air to pass through the nose. Lips rounded. As the lips unround, bottom lip makes contact with top teeth and air is pushed outward as a fricative due to advancement of the tongue (still pressed against velum). Vocal folds not vibrating. Back of tongue pressed against velum. Open velum to allow air to pass through the nose. Tongue sides suctioned to inner cheeks gets released due to the lowering of the tongue side(s). Vocal folds not vibrating.
[ᵑ̥s͉] Egressive voiceless nasal velaric alveolar fricative [↓ᵑ̥p͉] Voiceless nasal bilabial abrupt click
Back of tongue pressed against velum. Open velum to allow air to pass through the nose. Tongue tip reaches alveolar ridge and air is pushed outward as a fricative due to advancement of the tongue (still pressed against velum). Vocal folds not vibrating. Back of tongue pressed against velum. Open velum to allow air to pass through the nose. Closed lips mildly suctioned to each other get released due to the lowering of the jaw. Vocal folds not vibrating.
[ᵑ̥ʬ] Voiceless nasal velaric bilabial percussive [ᵑ̥ʇ͉,ᵑ̥ǀ͉] Voiceless nasal median noisy click
Back of tongue pressed against velum. Open velum to allow air to pass through the nose. Bottom lip strikes top lip forcefully to create a sound. Vocal folds not vibrating. Back of tongue pressed against velum. Open velum to allow air to pass through the nose. Tongue tip suctioned to roof of mouth gets released due to the lowering of the tongue tip. Vocal folds not vibrating.
[ᵑ̥ʭ] Voiceless nasal velaric bidental percussive [ᵑ̥!͉¡] Voiceless nasal alveolar abrupt click with subalveolar percussive release
Back of tongue pressed against velum. Open velum to allow air to pass through the nose. Bottom teeth strike top teeth forcefully to create a sound. Vocal folds not vibrating. Back of tongue pressed against velum. Open velum to allow air to pass through the nose. Tongue tip mildly suctioned to alveolar ridge gets released due to the lowering of the tongue tip. The tongue underside incidentally strikes floor of the mouth. Vocal folds not vibrating.
[ᵑ̥ǂ͉] Voiceless nasal palatal abrupt click
Back of tongue pressed against velum. Open velum to allow air to pass through the nose. Tongue body suctioned to hard palate gets released due to the lowering of the tongue. Vocal folds not vibrating.
  1. ↑ Nasal velaric airstream is an articulation where the dorsum is pressed against the velum throughout the articulation. In such articulations, the air required to produce a sound is limited to what is in front of the dorsum. The nasalization allows for constant breath in and out the nose throughout speech.
  2. ↑ Prerounded consonants begin labial protrusion before the consonant is made. During its articulation, the lips begin to return to their normal position, but they are protruded for long enough to make the interior of the lips the place of articulation instead of the edges.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 /ʷf/ and /↓ʷf/ are primarily distinguishable because egressive velarics tend to have a high tongue position and ingressive velarics tend to have a low tongue position, so /ʷf/ and /↓ʷf/ can be described as [ʷf𐞢 ↓ʷfᵓ] .
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 /ʷf/ and /↓ʷf/ may be pronounced as buccalized [ʷↀ͡f] and [↓ʷↀ͡f].
  5. ↑ /s/ can only appear word-finally.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 ⟨ʇ⟩ and ⟨ʖ⟩ are alternative ways of writing the dental ⟨ǀ⟩ and lateral ⟨ǁ⟩ clicks used to avoid confusion with the minor ⟨|⟩ and major ⟨‖⟩ prosodic breaks, or in this language, to distinguish a single lateral click from two dental clicks in a row.
  7. ↑ /ʇ/ is in free variation between a dental, alveolar, and retroflex click.
  8. ↑ /ʖ/ may be pronounced as any place of articulation between alveolar and palatal in order to make pronunciation easier and allow for coarticulations.
  9. ↑ While an unusual notation, ⟨↓p⟩ is used here to represent the abrupt bilabial click due to there being few alternatives.
  10. ↑ Due to this language's /ʬ/ being articulated so close to the source of airstream (the velar closure), it may have an egressive or ingressive plosive release upon the parting of the lips, notated ⟨ʬᵖ⟩. No reference is made to the airstream direction due to them being nearly impossible to retroactively distinguish.

Morphosyntax

Noun Class

The base form of a noun is marked for noun class, but this is removed for all grammatical roles except experiencer and theme. Verbs and adverbs agree with experiencers in noun class, but adjectives don't. Verbs and adverbs undergo mutation as a result of agreement with an experiencer's noun class. If an action done by the agent also affects the agent, the agent is marked with a grammatical noun class that it does not conjugate for as the experiencer, such as in the sentence ls mt WRTjr, meaning simply "He hates her", the agent "he" is written with the classless 3rd person pronoun mt, whereas in ls vJX WRTjr, meaning "He hates her so much it consumes him", "he" is written with the agentive class 5 pronoun vJX. This is also used to form reflexive sentences.

Noun Gender (Ad)verb Agreement
Base Agent Initial Consonant Inflected Form
Class I -l -rr r, x, l, k wr
wr, m, j, b, t x
wb, f, v, wm, p b
Class II -rr -l r, wr, l, t k
m, x, j, k XT
wb, f, v, wm, b, p m
Class III -XTSWB -jp wr, x, l, k r
m, wm, j t x
wb, r, f, v, b, p XWM
Class IV -s -XTSWB r, wr, l, k j
m, x, j, t f
wb, f, v, wm, b, p XV
Class V -jp -s r, wr, l, k WRT
m, x, j, t KJ
wb, f, v, wm, b, p RWB

Standard Word Order

Standard KWMs word order is Experiencer-Agent-V for transitive sentences, and Agent-V or V-Experiencer for intransitive sentences. Adverbs and adjectives typically follow the word they modify. All non-gender grammatical markings for a noun or verb are marked on its modifier. If a word has more than one modifier, the grammatical markings are placed on the final modifier. Adjectival adverbs follow adjectives with grammatical markings. Adverbs and adjectives are frequently used to specify information not expressable by grammar.

Focus

The focus is marked by being the first noun or verb in the sentence and having its adjective or adverb phrase precede it instead of follow it. In some cases, the distinction between a sentence with a focus and a sentence without one is determined by the adjective or adverb phrase's placement. This phrase, while used frequently, is not mandatory. This can lead to ambiguity as to whether a sentence has a focus or not. However, it is more common to not modify the first noun/verb a focusless sentence.

Transitive Intransitive with Agent Intransitive with Experiencer
Agent focus (AdP-)Agent-Experiencer(-AdP)-V(-AdP) (AdP-)Agent-V(-AdP)
Non-agent focus (AdP-)Experiencer-Agent(-AdP)-V(-AdP) (AdP-)V-Experiencer(-AdP)
No focus Experiencer(AdP)-Agent(-AdP)-V(-AdP) Agent(-AdP)-V(-AdP) V(-AdP)-Experiencer(-AdP)

Theme

When a theme, i.e. a patient that is not directly affected by the verb, is present in a sentence, the word order is different. There is no focus vs. non-focus distinction in these sentences. All adjective/adverb phrases follow what they modify, and the sentence structure is Theme-(Experiencer-)(Agent-)Verb. The theme is marked for noun class. Verbs do not agree with a theme's noun class but adjectives and adverbs that modify it do. While semantically, direct objects of a ditransitive verb are themes, KWMs marks those differently.

Timekeeping

Translations

ls mt WRTjr.

[Experiencer Noun Phrase] [Agent Noun Phrase] [Verb Phrase]
| | |
[Experiencer] [Agent] [Verb]
| | |
ls mt WRTjr
/!¡s ʘʭ ɽr̥͡ʭʖr̥/
3.SG.G5 3.SG.G0 G5.hate
“He hates her.”

ls vJX WRTjr.

[Experiencer Noun Phrase] [Agent Noun Phrase] [Verb Phrase]
| | |
[Experiencer] [Agent] [Verb]
| | |
ls vJX WRTjr
/!¡s ↓ʷfʖ͡ʇ ɽr̥͡ʭʖr̥/
3.SG.G5 3.SG.G5.AGEN G5.hate
“He hates her (in a way that consumes hime Noun Phrase]


kJWMrr mv pb rLM mwml kk x wrwmrp jwbx.

[Theme Noun Phrase] [Experiencer Noun Phrase] [Verb Phrase]
/ \ / \ / \
[Theme] [Adjective Phrase] [Experiencer] [Adjective Phrase] [Verb] [Adverb Phrase]
/ | \ | |
[Adjective] [Adverb] [Adverb] [Adjective] [Adverb]
/ \ | | | / \ / \ | |
kJWM -rr mv pb rLM mwm -l kk x wrwmrp jwbx
/ǂʷʖ͡ʘ -r̥r̥ ʘ↓ʷf ʬ↓p r̥!͡ʘ¡ ʘʷʘ -!¡ ǂǂ ʇ ɽr̥ʷʘr̥ʬ ʖʙ̥ʇ/
banana -G2 G2.sweet too if dog -G1 1.SG ADJ G1.dislike see
“(I see that) my dog dislikes banana if it is too sweet.”

kJWMrr mv pb kfxs rLM mwml kk x wrwmrp jwbx.

[Theme Noun Phrase] [Experiencer Noun Phrase] [Verb Phrase]
/ \ / \ / \
[Theme] [Adjective Phrase] [Experiencer] [Adjective Phrase] [Verb] [Adverb Phrase]
/ / \ \ | |
[Adjective] [Adverb] [Adverb] [Adverb] [Adjective] [Adverb]
/ \ | | | | / \ / \ | |
kJWM -rr mv pb kfxs rLM mwm -l kk x wrwmrp jwbx
/ǂʷʖ͡ʘ -r̥r̥ ʘ↓ʷf ʬ↓p ǂʷfʇs r̥!͡ʘ¡ ʘʷʘ -!¡ ǂǂ ʇ ɽr̥ʷʘr̥ʬ ʖʙ̥ʇ/
banana -G2 G2.sweet too smell if dog -G1 1.SG ADJ G1.dislike see
“(I see that) my dog dislikes banana if (he smells that) it is too sweet.”


*JXJXl bwmkrr kkx, xwr, XWMxs wms mkjp KXmRWBl kkjp KJts ps t t t t t t t t t!

This sentence is ungrammatical in KWMs (and English).

[Verb Phrase]
/ | \
[Coordinating Clause] [Verb] [Adverb Phrase] [Adverb Phrase]
/ \ / \
[Theme Noun Phrase] [Conjunction] [Dependent Clause] [Particle]
/ | \ / | \
[Theme Verb] [Theme] [Adjective Phrase] [Theme Noun Phrase] [Experiencer Noun Phrase] [Verb Phrase]
| / \ | |
[Adjective] [Adverb] [Theme] [Adjective] [Experiencer] [Verb]
| / \ / \ | | | / \ / \ / \ | |
JXJXl bwmk -rr kk x, xwr, XWMxs wms mk -jp KXm- RWBl kk -jp KJts ps
/ʖ͡ʇʖ͡ʇ!¡ ↓pʷʘǂ -r̥r̥ ǂǂ ʇ ʇɽr̥ ʷʇ͡ʘʇs ʷʘs ʘǂ ʖʬ ǂ͡ʇʘ r̥͡ʙ̥!¡ ǂǂ ʖʬ ǂ͡ʖʭs ʬs/
explode mango -G3 1.SG ADJ wait G3.act after person -G5 PL- G5.not 1.SG -G5 G5.know ADV
“My mango is to blow up, and then act like I don't know nobody hahrhahrhahrhahrhahrhahrhahr!”

Vocabulary

KWMs English
Word Translation Note
krs season
krxXTSWB season cycle (year)
jWMLs moon phase
jWMLfl lunar month time between new moon and next new moon
pjks half moonday time between moonset and moonrise or vice versa
pjps moonday time between moonrise and next moonsire
xmjp half day time between sunset and sunrise or vice versa
xmbrr day cycle time between sunrise and next sunrise
mkjp person
wmwrjp desire object of desire
wmvrr desire feeling of desire
wbfjp Bufijip gender gender associated with masculinity (includes masculine people of any sex)
jJTs Jitjis gender gender associated with the female sex (includes female[1] individuals who are not Bufijips or Ropises)
wrwms Ropis gender gender associated with non-masculinity (includes feminine or androgynous males, intersex people, or non-reproducing[1] females)
bbtXTSWB Babatixtibsu an adult with an unclear or unknown gender
a mysterious person isolated from general society
a tourist that one has not directly interacted with in a friendly way
occasionally, this may be used for assigning a gender to Jiraks, but it's becoming more common to just call them Jiraks[2]
jwrl pre-adult (Jirak) pre-adults are not assigned a gender, but "pre-adult" has in a sense become a gender[2] for those under 20 in KWMs society
bmXTSWB baby used for before a child is able to walk consistently without help
XMXMrr child used for after a child is able to walk consistently without help until they noticeably begin puberty
FWBjp adolescent used for after a child noticeably begins puberty until they are 20 years old
xwbs male
kvbrr female
mml intersex
wmv be sweet
kJWMrr banana
mwml dog
kkjp 1.SG
XWMrp to dislike
pb be too much
ms to be/to have copula for predicative adjectives
rLM if conditional adjective
x ADJ adjective marking particle, can only be placed on nouns
jwbx to see
kfxs to smell
rk 3.SG.G1
JMx 3.SG.G2
tp 3.SG.G3
vJX 3.SG.G4
ls 3.SG.G5
mt 3.SG.G0
KJr hate
ps ADV adverb marking particle, can be placed on any content word
wms after
xwr wait also used as a conjunction like "and" or "wait, there's more"
JXJXl explode
bwmkrr mango
JWMxs act as if
wbl not adjective
KXm- PL-
xts know of
  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 More specifically, Jitjis is related to female-related fertility, so an infertile, asexual, or celibate female will usually become a Ropis or Bufip, but it is not required. Also, a non-female can be a Jitjis if they take on specific roles associated with female fertility. Those roles are not exclusive to The Natural Obligation, but preforming them during it is a major part of being a Jitjis.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 In older times, pre-adults were genderless, but could be included in the "genderless" category named Babatixtibsu when mentioned in academia alongside Bufip, Jitjis, and Rakmis. More recently, whether Jirak is a gender or not has been in question. Jirak is now seen as a semi-category with certain youth-related social characteristics instead of a lack of social characteristics. This is likely due to digital technology creating a greater divide between younger and older generations.
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