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{{Infobox|
[[Category:Language]]
{{Infobox/above|{{{name|Iskel}}}|style=background:#76ff7a}}
This page is under rennovation. Significant amounts of information is missing.
{{Infobox/row|Language family|{{{family|language isolate}}}}}
{{Infobox/row|Early form(s)|{{{early-forms|Lanesil}}}}}
{{Infobox/row|Era|{{{era|}}}}}
{{Infobox/row|Writing system|{{{scripts|Latin}}}}}
{{Infobox/header|Official status|style=background:#76ff7a}}
{{Infobox/row|Spoken in|{{{country|[[Juya Gwaña]]}}}}}
{{Infobox/row|Regulated by|{{{regulator|}}}}}
{{Infobox/header|Speaker|style=background:#76ff7a}}
{{Infobox/row|Demonym|{{{demonym|Iskelan}}}}}
{{Infobox/row|Endonym|{{{endonym|Ískelam}}}}}
{{Infobox/row|Exonym|{{{exonym|}}}}}
{{Infobox/row|Number of speakers|{{{number|0}}}}}
{{Infobox/header|Technical information|style=background:#76ff7a}}
{{Infobox/row|Usage|{{{usage|native language}}}}}
{{Infobox/row|Language code|{{{lang-code|ISK}}}}}
}}
[[File:Iskel flag.png|thumb|262x262px|Iskel's flag]]
'''Iskel''' (ɪsᴋ: [ískel~ísqel], ᴇɴɢ: /ˈɪskəl/) is [[Suqi|Suqi's]] first conlang (begun in 2018). It has influence from '''I'''talian, '''S'''panish, '''K'''orean, '''E'''nglish, and '''L'''atin, hence the name. It's a non-naturalistic analytic and agglutinative language. It was intended to be a more efficient way of conveying information where English struggles to in terms of nuance, ambiguity, and regularity. In [[Nguhcraft]], it is an official language of Suqi's primary base [[Juya Gwaña]] (which means "ocean cluster" in Iskel).


== Phonology ==
== Phonology ==
Iskel's phonology was initially a combination of English and Spanish. That is still reflected, but it was expanded as Suqi learned more about linguistics.


Iskel is a pitch-accent language. Every polysyllabic word has either 1 or 2 stresses which may be interpreted as primary and secondary stress, or high and low pitch. The high pitch must exist for every polysyllabic word, but words can exist without a low pitch. Unstressed/unpitched words have a mid-level pitch.
=== Consonants ===
 
Consonants in parentheses currently do not occur in any words, but may appear in the future.
High pitch is romanized with the acute accent ⟨á⟩ and low pitch with the grave accent ⟨à⟩. But, if high pitch is on the penultimate syllable, it doesn't get written.
 
One unique feature Iskel has is "narealization", which is essentially the scrunching of the nostrils during a consonant's pronunciation. If emphasized, it may result in nareal frication. This feature, which can occur on every consonant, is primarily for visual communication, but it can be done strongly enough to be heard if needed. Narealization will be transcribed in IPA with the nasalization diacritic (the tilde) since Iskel does not have nasalization.
 
Iskel has no gemination, no allophony, and no phonotactical limits. The latter two features were to increase vocal flexibility for those who regularly speak the language (and it works).
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |Labial
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Labial
! colspan="2" |Dental
! colspan="6" |Coronal
! colspan="2" |Alveolar
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Palatal
! colspan="2" |Postalveolar
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Uvular
! colspan="2" |Palatal
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Glottal
! colspan="2" |Velar
! colspan="2" |Guttural
|-
|-
!Plain
! colspan="2" |Sibilant
!Nareal
! colspan="2" |Median
!Plain
! colspan="2" |Lateral
!Nareal
!Plain
!Nareal
!Plain
!Nareal
!Plain
!Nareal
!Plain
!Nareal
!Plain
!Nareal
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |Stop
!Nasal
!Nasal
|ɱ (m)
|m
|ɱ̃ (mv)<ref>Narealized consonants are distinguished from consonants preceding /v/ by putting a period before the /v/ in the latter case.</ref>
|'''⟨m⟩'''
|
|
|
|
|n
|n
|ñ (nv)
|'''⟨n⟩'''
|
|
|
|
|ɲ (ñ)
|ɲ
|ɲ̃ (ñv)
|'''⟨ñ⟩'''
|ŋ (ń)
|ɴ
|ŋ̃ (ńv)
|'''⟨ng⟩'''
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |Stop
!Oral
|p
|p b
|p̃ (pv)
|'''⟨p b⟩'''
|t͡s d͡z
|'''⟨ds dz⟩'''
|t
|'''⟨t⟩'''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|t
|q
|t̃ (tv)
|'''⟨q⟩'''
|t͡ʃ (c)
|t͠ʃ (cv)
|
|
|
|
|k~q
|k̃~q̃ (kv)
|ʔ (’)
|ʔ̃ (’v)
|-
|-
|b
! colspan="2" |Fricative
|b̃ (bv)
|ɸ β
|'''⟨f v⟩'''
|s z
|'''⟨s z⟩'''
|θ̠ ð̠
|'''⟨sh zh⟩'''
|ɬ
|'''⟨lh⟩'''
|ç ʝ
|'''⟨jx jj⟩'''
|χ
|'''⟨x⟩'''
|h
|'''⟨h⟩'''
|-
! colspan="2" |Trill
|
|
|
|
|r
|'''⟨rr⟩'''
|
|
|
|
|d
|d̃ (dv)
|d͡ʒ (j)
|d͠ʒ (jv)
|
|
|
|
|g
|ʀ
|g̃ (gv)
|'''⟨gg⟩'''
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |Fricative
! rowspan="2" |Glide
|f
!Oral
|f̃ (fv)
|w
|θ (þ)
|'''⟨w⟩'''
|θ̰<ref name=":0">The tilde diacritic is placed below symbols where it is difficult to see above. This does not indicate creaky voice.</ref> (þv)
|s
|s̃ (sv)
|ʃ (ś)
|ʃ̃ (śv)
|ʎ̥˔ (ł)
|ʎ̥̃˔ (łv)
|x
|x̃ (xv)
|h
|h̃ (v)
|-
|v
|ṽ (vv)
|ð
|ð̰<ref name=":0" /> (ðv)
|z
|z̃ (zv)
|ʒ (ź)
|ʒ̃ (źv)
|
|
|
|
|ɾ
|'''⟨r⟩'''
|l
|'''⟨l⟩'''
|j
|'''⟨y⟩'''
|
|
|
|
Line 133: Line 100:
|
|
|-
|-
!Approximant
!Nasal
|w
|w̃
|w̃ (wv)
|'''⟨ẇ⟩'''
|
|
|
|
|l
|l̃ (lv)
|
|
|
|
|j (y)
|l̃
|j̃ (yv)
|'''⟨ŀ⟩'''
|j̃
|'''⟨ẏ⟩'''
|
|
|
|
Line 149: Line 116:
|
|
|-
|-
!Vibrant
! rowspan="4" |Click
!Nasal
|
|
|ᵑʇ
|'''⟨dn⟩'''
|ᵑǃ¡
|'''⟨cn⟩'''
|(ᵑǁ)
|'''⟨łn⟩'''
|ᵑǂ
|'''⟨jn⟩'''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|ɾ (r)
|-
|ɾ̃ (rv)
!Aspirated
|
|
|
|
|ᵏʇʰ
|'''⟨dh⟩'''
|(ᵏǃ¡ʰ)
|'''⟨ch⟩'''
|(ᵏǁʰ)
|'''⟨łh⟩'''
|(ᵏǂʰ)
|'''⟨jh⟩'''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|ʀ (rr)
|ʀ̃ (rrv)
|-
|-
!Click
!Tenuis
|
|
|ᵏʇ
|'''⟨dk⟩'''
|ᵏǃ¡
|'''⟨ck⟩'''
|ᵏǁ
|'''⟨łk⟩'''
|ᵏǂ
|'''⟨jk⟩'''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|ᵏʇˀ (t!)
|-
|ᵏʇ̰ˀ<ref name=":0" /> (t!v)
!Glottalized
|ᵏ!¡ˀ (r!)
|ᵏ!̰¡ˀ<ref name=":0" /> (r!v)
|
|
|
|
|𐞥ǂˀ (q!)
|ᵏʇˀ
|𐞥ǂ̃ˀ (q!v)
|'''⟨d'⟩'''
|(ᵏǃ¡ˀ)
|'''⟨c'⟩'''
|(ᵏǁˀ)
|'''⟨ł'⟩'''
|(ᵏǂˀ)
|'''⟨j'⟩'''
|
|
|
|
Line 181: Line 181:
|
|
|}
|}
=== Vowels ===
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
!
!
!Front
! colspan="2" |Front
!Central
! colspan="2" |Central
!Back
! colspan="2" |Back
|-
|-
!Close
!Close
|i
|i
|'''⟨i⟩'''
|ʊ
|'''⟨û⟩'''
|ɯ u
|'''⟨ı u⟩'''
|-
!Close-Mid
|e
|'''⟨e⟩'''
| rowspan="2" |ə
| rowspan="2" |'''⟨ŷ⟩'''
|o
|'''⟨o⟩'''
|-
!Open-Mid
|ɛ
|'''⟨ê⟩'''
|ɔ
|'''⟨ô⟩'''
|-
!Open
|a
|'''⟨a⟩'''
|
|
|ɑ
|'''⟨â⟩'''
|}
Iskel has syllabic forms for all of its sonorants.
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Labial
! colspan="4" |Alveolar
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Palatal
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Uvular
|-
! colspan="2" |Median
! colspan="2" |Lateral
|-
! colspan="2" |Nasal
|m
|'''⟨m⟩'''
|n
|'''⟨n⟩'''
|
|
|ɲ
|'''⟨ñ⟩'''
|ɴ
|'''⟨ng⟩'''
|-
! colspan="2" |Trill
|
|
|r
|'''⟨rr⟩'''
|
|
|
|
|
|u
|ʀ
|'''⟨gg⟩'''
|-
|-
!Near Close
! rowspan="2" |Glide
| colspan="2" |ɪ (ie)<ref name=":1">/ie/, /eo/, and /ao/ are ⟨i.e⟩, ⟨e.o⟩, ⟨a.o⟩.</ref>
!Oral
|w
|'''⟨w⟩'''
|ɾ
|'''⟨r⟩'''
|l
|'''⟨l⟩'''
|j
|'''⟨y⟩'''
|
|
|
|-
|-
!Close-Mid
!Nasal
|e
|w̃
|'''⟨ẇ⟩'''
|
|
|l̃
|'''⟨ŀ⟩'''
|j̃
|'''⟨ẏ⟩'''
|
|
|}
 
=== Stress ===
Iskel has 3 stress levels: primary, secondary, and extra stress, all of which are phonemic. A word can have any number of any type of stress, though words with extra stress have only been observed to have one. If a word does have extra stress, however, it cannot have primary stress. Primary and secondary stress involve increase in syllable pitch and length to a stronger and less strong degree, respectively. Extra stress involves lower pitch, noticeably greater airflow resulting in higher volume, lengthening, and the visible scrunching of the nose during every phone in the syllable. Extra stress has only been observed to occur in syllables beginning with fricatives, and is confirmed to occur in syllables with consonant nuclei.
 
Primary stress can be written with ⟨»⟩, secondary stress with ⟨›⟩, and extra stress with ⟨!⟩ after the nucleus. Primary and secondary stress are rarely written, but extra stress is written more often. Word-initial primary stress is not written unless there is another primary stress in the word.
 
Some affixes may make otherwise unstressed syllables stressed. When monosyllabic words become polysyllabic through inflection, primary stress is placed on the syllable of the root. This only does not occur in the case of part of speech suffixes, which do not influence the primary stress placement of the words they inflect.
 
=== Allophony ===
Aside from elisory allophony, discussed in the Phonotactics section, and epenthetic allomorphy, discussed in the Morphology section, Iskel has two allophonic rules.
 
# Bilabial articulation during extra stress becomes labiodental.
# /j/ lowers and retracts from preceding uvulars<sup>[''controversial'']</sup>.
 
These rules exist due to biological limitations. All other articulations are identical to their phonemic form. There is no voicing assimilation anywhere, no nasal assimilation, no retraction from click tongue shape, no place assimilation, etc. The /j/ lowering/retracting rule is debated with many prominent opposers claiming failure to produce a true palatal immediately after a uvular is a "skill issue".
 
However, the degree of allophonic variation within Iskel exists on a spectrum. More formal speech requires the speaker to make maximum effort to never allow characteristics of one phone to bleed into the articulation of another. More informal speech allows for more lax and natural pronunciations such as plosives including a nasal release when followed by a nasal or nasalized vowels near nasal consonants. Though, even informal speech retains a relatively strict pronunciation. Voicing assimilation in obstruent clusters can create ambiguity since mixed voice obstruent clusters are phonemically distinct from their homogenous counterparts, so it does not occur even in the most informal speech. Similarly, nasal assimilation in approximants will also lead to phonemic ambiguity.
 
=== Phonotactics ===
 
==== Clusters ====
Iskel follows a (C)(C)(C)V(V)(V)(C)(C)(C) structure. A consonant cluster and vowel cluster each may only have a maximum of three, regardless of if it exists within the same syllable or across syllables in a word. When affixes are added to a word, violations of this cluster limit involving 4 members of a cluster result in the deletion of one member at the stem boundary from the longer stem. Violations involving 5 members result in the deletion of one member at the stem boundary from each stem. Violations involving 6 members result in the deletion of one member from the shorter stem and two members from the longer stem, again at the stem boundary.
 
For example, the prefix ''ang-'' /aŋ/ attaching to the root ''sqwôa'' /sqwɔa̯/ would create the illegal cluster of 4 consonants ''*angsqwôa'' /aŋsqwɔa̯/. Therefore, the longer stem ''sqwôa'' must delete the consonant at the stem boundary, creating the word ''angqwôa'' /aŋˈqwɔa̯/ with a legal cluster of 3 consonants.
 
==== Syllabic Consonants ====
A nucleus with a syllabic consonant can never contain another syllabic consonant or vowel. Syllabic consonants cannot occur next to vowels. Affixes that pair a vowel and syllabic consonant result in the consonant becoming nonsyllabic. Syllabic consonants have never been observed to have more than one consonant in their syllable's coda or nucleus. Nasalized approximants have never been observed to be syllabic.
 
== Grammar ==
 
== Lexicon ==
 
== Periodic Table ==
In Iskel, the [[w:Periodic table|periodic table]] is arranged in terms of 7 [[w:period (periodic table)|periods]] and 19 [[w:group (periodic table|groups]] instead of 7 periods and 18 groups, counting the third group as containing all the [[w:f-block|f-block]] elements.
 
Elements' root words are one syllable long and determined based on five categories: [[w:block (periodic table)|block]], period, [[w:metal|metallicity]], [[w:atomic number|proton number]] within a block, and [[w:Electron_configuration#Open_and_closed_shells|electron shell occupation]].
 
# [[w:S-block|S-block]] elements have monophthongs. F-block elements have diphthongs. [[w:d-block|D-block]] elements have long diphthons. [[w:p-block|P-block]] elements have triphthongs with a middle ''-u-''.
# Elements in periods 1-7 begin with ''h''+, ''l''+, ''ç''+, ''s''+, ''k''+, ''j''+, and ''cn''+, respectively.
# Metals have a mid tone on their root while [[w:nonmetal|nonmetals]] have no tone on their root.
# Within a block, elements are ordered with one of their vowels being in alphabetical order (i.e. ''A Â Ô Ê E O U Û Î I''), with the vowels ''A'' and ''I'' excluded as they mark whether an element has an odd number of protons or an even number of protons per alphabetized letter. S-block elements are not written with alphabetization since they are monophthongs. F-block elements have the alphabetized letter precede the odd-even marker in the diphthong, while p- and d-block elements have the alphabetized letter at the end of the polyphthong.
# Elements with an open electron shell are unmarked, while those with a closed shell end in -''-''. This ending, however, is removed when referring to [[w:ion|ions]] of an element that do not have a closed shell.
 
{| class="wikitable"
!Period ▶
! rowspan="2" |[[w:group 1 element|1]]
! rowspan="2" |[[w:group 2 element|2]]
! rowspan="2" |[[w:group 3 element|3]]
! rowspan="2" |[[w:group 4 element|4]]
! rowspan="2" |[[w:group 5 element|5]]
! rowspan="2" |[[w:group 6 element|6]]
! rowspan="2" |[[w:group 7 element|7]]
!Period ▶
! rowspan="2" |[[w:group 6 element|6]]
! rowspan="2" |[[w:group 7 element|7]]
|-
!Group ▼
!Group ▼
|-
![[w:period 1 element|1]]
|1
'''Hi'''
 
([[w:Hydrogen|Hydrogen]])
|3
'''Lĭ'''
 
([[w:Lithium|Lithium]])
|11
'''Çĭ'''
 
([[w:Sodium|Sodium]])
|19
'''Sĭ'''
 
([[w:Potassium|Potassium]])
|37
'''Kĭ'''
 
([[w:Rubidium|Rubidium]])
|55
'''Jĭ'''
 
([[w:Caesium|Caesium]])
|87
'''Cnĭ'''
 
([[w:Francium|Francium]])
! colspan="3" rowspan="2" |
|-
![[w:period 2 element|2]]
|
|4
'''Lă'''
 
([[w:Beryllium|Beryllium]])
|12
'''Çă'''
 
([[w:Magnesium|Magnesium]])
|20
'''Să'''
 
([[w:Calcium|Calcium]])
|38
'''Kă'''
 
([[w:Strontium|Strontium]])
|56
'''Jă'''
 
([[w:Barium|Barium]])
|88
'''Cnă'''
 
([[w:Radium|Radium]])
|-
![[w:period 4 element|4]]
|
|
|
|21
'''Sĭĭâ'''
 
([[w:Scandium|Scandium]])
|39
'''Kĭĭâ'''
 
([[w:Yttrium|Yttrium]])
|71
'''Jĭĭâ'''
 
([[w:Lutetium|Lutetium]])
|103
'''Cnĭĭâ'''
 
([[w:Lawrencium|Lawrencium]])
! rowspan="14" |[[w:period 3 element|3]]
|57
'''Jãi'''
 
([[w:Lanthanum|Lanthanum]])
|89
'''Cnãi'''
 
([[w:Actinium|Actinium]])
|-
![[w:period 5 element|5]]
|
|
|
|22
'''Săăâ'''
 
([[w:Titanium|Titanium]])
|40
'''Kăăâ'''
 
([[w:Zirconium|Zirconium]])
|72
'''Jăăâ'''
 
([[w:Hafnium|Hafnium]])
|104
'''Cnăăâ'''
 
([[w:Tantium|Tantium]])
|58
'''Jãa'''
 
([[w:Cerium|Cerium]])
|90
'''Cnãa'''
 
([[w:Thorium|Thorium]])
|-
![[w:period 6 element|6]]
|
|
|
|23
'''Sĭĭô'''
 
([[w:Vanadium|Vanadium]])
|41
'''Kĭĭô'''
 
([[w:Niobium|Niobium]])
|73
'''Jĭĭô'''
 
([[w:Rutherfordium|Rutherfordium]])
|105
'''Cnĭĭô'''
 
([[w:Dubium|Dubium]])
|59
'''Jõi'''
 
([[w:Praseodymium|Praseodymium]])
|91
'''Cnõi'''
 
([[w:Protactinium|Protactinium]])
|-
![[w:period 7 element|7]]
|
|
|
|24
'''Săăô'''
 
([[w:Chromium|Chromium]])
|42
'''Kăăô'''
 
([[w:Molybdenum|Molybdenum]])
|74
'''Jăăô'''
 
([[w:Tungsten|Tungsten]])
|106
'''Cnăăô'''
 
([[w:Seaborgium|Seaborgium]])
|60
'''Jõa'''
 
([[w:Deodymium|Deodymium]])
|92
'''Cnõa'''
 
([[w:Uranium|Uranium]])
|-
![[w:period 8 element|8]]
|
|
|
|25
'''Sĭĭê'''
 
([[w:Manganese|Manganese]])
|43
'''Kĭĭê'''
 
([[w:Technetium|Technetium]])
|75
'''Jĭĭê'''
 
([[w:Rhenium|Rhenium]])
|107
'''Cnĭĭê'''
 
([[w:Bohrium|Bohrium]])
|61
'''Jẽi'''
 
([[w:Promethium|Promethium]])
|93
'''Cnẽi'''
 
([[w:Neptunium|Neptunium]])
|-
![[w:period 9 element|9]]
|
|
|
|26
'''Săăê'''
 
([[w:Iron|Iron]])
|44
'''Kăăê'''
 
([[w:Ruthenium|Ruthenium]])
|76
'''Jăăê'''
 
([[w:Osmium|Osmium]])
|108
'''Cnăăê'''
 
([[w:Hassium|Hassium]])
|62
'''Jẽa'''
 
([[w:Samarium|Samarium]])
|94
'''Cnẽa'''
 
([[w:Plutonium|Plutonium]])
|-
![[w:period 10 element|10]]
|
|
|
|27
'''Sĭĭe'''
 
([[w:Cobalt|Cobalt]])
|45
'''Kĭĭe'''
 
([[w:Rhodium|Rhodium]])
|77
'''Jĭĭe'''
 
([[w:Iridium|Iridium]])
|109
'''Cnĭĭe'''
 
([[w:Meitnerium|Meitnerium]])
|63
'''Jĕi'''
 
([[w:Europium|Europium]])
|95
'''Cnĕi'''
 
([[w:Americium|Americium]])
|-
![[w:period 11 element|11]]
|
|
|
|28
'''Săăe'''
 
([[w:Nickel|Nickel]])
|46
'''Kăăe'''
 
([[w:Palladium|Palladium]])
|78
'''Jăăe'''
 
([[w:Platinum|Platinum]])
|110
'''Cnăăe'''
 
([[w:Darmstadtium|Darmstadtium]])
|64
'''Jĕa'''
 
([[w:Gadolinium|Gadolinium]])
|96
'''Cnĕa'''
 
([[w:Curium|Curium]])
|-
![[w:period 12 element|12]]
|
|
|
|29
'''Sĭĭo'''
 
([[w:Copper|Copper]])
|47
'''Kĭĭo'''
 
([[w:Silver|Silver]])
|79
'''Jĭĭo'''
 
([[w:Gold|Gold]])
|111
'''Cnĭĭo'''
 
([[w:Roentgenium|Roentgenium]])
|65
'''Jŏi'''
 
([[w:Terbium|Terbium]])
|97
'''Cnŏi'''
 
([[w:Berkelium|Berkelium]])
|-
![[w:period 13 element|13]]
|
|
|
|30
'''Săăo'''
 
([[w:Zinc|Zinc]])
|48
'''Kăăo'''
 
([[w:Cadmium|Cadmium]])
|80
'''Jăăo'''
 
([[w:Mercury|Mercury]])
|112
'''Cnăăo'''
 
([[w:Copernicium|Copernicium]])
|66
'''Jŏa'''
 
([[w:Dysprosium|Dysprosium]])
|98
'''Cnŏa'''
 
([[w:Californium|Californium]])
|-
![[w:period 14 element|14]]
|
|
|o
|5
'''Lĭuâ'''
 
([[w:Boron|Boron]])
|13
'''Çiuâ'''
 
([[w:Aluminum|Aluminum]])
|31
'''Sĭuâ'''
 
([[w:Gallium|Gallium]])
|49
'''Kĭuâ'''
 
([[w:Indium|Indium]])
|81
'''Jĭuâ'''
 
([[w:Thalium|Thalium]])
|113
'''Cnĭuâ'''
 
([[w:Nihonium|Nihonium]])
|67
'''Jŭi'''
 
([[w:Holmium|Holmium]])
|99
'''Cnŭi'''
 
([[w:Einsteinium|Einsteinium]])
|-
|-
!Mid
![[w:period 15 element|15]]
|
|
|ə (eo)<ref name=":1" />
|6
'''Lauâ'''
 
([[w:Carbon|Carbon]])
|14
'''Çăuâ'''
 
([[w:Silicon|Silicon]])
|32
'''Săuâ'''
 
([[w:Germanium|Germanium]])
|50
'''Kăuâ'''
 
([[w:Tin|Tin]])
|82
'''Jăuâ'''
 
([[w:Lead|Lead]])
|114
'''Cnăuâ'''
 
([[w:Flerovium|Flerovium]])
|68
'''Jŭa'''
 
([[w:Erbium|Erbium]])
|100
'''Cnŭa'''
 
([[w:Fermium|Fermium]])
|-
![[w:period 16 element|16]]
|
|
|7
'''Liuô'''
([[w:Nitrogen|Nitrogen]])
|15
'''Çiuô'''
([[w:Phosphorus|Phosphorus]])
|33
'''Sĭuô'''
([[w:Arsenic|Arsenic]])
|51
'''Kĭuô'''
([[w:Antimony|Antimony]])
|83
'''Jĭuô'''
([[w:Bismuth|Bismuth]])
|115
'''Cnĭuô'''
([[w:Moscovium|Moscovium]])
|69
'''Jũi'''
([[w:Thulium|Thulium]])
|101
'''Cnũi'''
([[w:Mendelevium|Mendelevium]])
|-
|-
!Open-Mid
![[w:period 17 element|17]]
|
|
|8
'''Lauô'''
([[w:Oxygen|Oxygen]])
|16
'''Çauô'''
([[w:Sulfur|Sulfur]])
|34
'''Sauô'''
([[w:Selenium|Selenium]])
|52
'''Kăuô'''
([[w:Tellurium|Tellurium]])
|84
'''Jăuô'''
([[w:Polonium|Polonium]])
|116
'''Cnăuô'''
([[w:Livermorium|Livermorium]])
|70
'''Jũa'''
([[w:Ytterbium|Ytterbium]])
|102
'''Cnũa'''
([[w:Nobelium|Nobelium]])
|-
![[w:period 18 element|18]]
|
|
|ʌ
|9
'''Liuê'''
 
([[w:Fluorine|Fluorine]])
|17
'''Çiuê'''
 
([[w:Chlorine|Chlorine]])
|35
'''Siuê'''
 
([[w:Bromium|Bromium]])
|53
'''Kiuê'''
 
([[w:Iodine|Iodine]])
|85
'''Jĭuê'''
 
([[w:Astatine|Astatine]])
|117
'''Cnĭuê'''
 
([[w:Tennessine|Tennessine]])
! colspan="3" rowspan="2" |
|-
|-
!Open
![[w:period 19 element|19]]
| colspan="2" |a
|2
|ɑ (ao)<ref name=":1" />
'''Ha-'''
 
([[w:Helium|Helium]])
|10
'''Lauê-'''
 
([[w:Neon|Neon]])
|18
'''Çauê-'''
 
([[w:Argon|Argon]])
|36
'''Sauê-'''
 
([[w:Krypton|Krypton]])
|54
'''Kauê-'''
 
([[w:Xenon|Xenon]])
|86
'''Jauê-'''
 
([[w:Radon|Radon]])
|118
'''Cnăuê-'''
 
([[w:Oganesson|Oganesson]])
|}
|}
<references />
The name of a period starts with the same letter all elements in that period begin with, followed by ''-êŋa''. The name of a group has the same syllable nucleus as all the elements in that group followed by ''-ŋa'', and the first syllable is given high tone. The s-block, f-block, d-block, and p-block are called ''eŋa'', ''êeŋa'', ''eeêŋa'', and ''euêŋa'', respectively. Lanthanides and actinides are called ''jĭŋa'' and ''cnĭŋa'', respectively.
== Morphology ==
 
Elements are most often talked about regarding a specific form, whether that be an atom, a molecule, a composition, etc. The form in discussion is a suffix containing the part of speech marker and a high tone.
 
* Element as an atom: +''yá''
** Atoms are called ''yaŋa''.
** Closed-shell atoms are called ''ya-ŋa''.
* Element as a [[w:homonuclear molecule|homonuclear molecule]]: +''ttá''
** Molecules are called ''ttaŋa''.
** Closed-shell molecules are called ''tta-ŋa''.
* Element as a [[w:mole (unit)|molar quantity]]: +''vvá''
* Object that is purely an element: +''ría''
* Object that is mostly an element: +''ššá''
Ions are written by suffixing the difference between the number of protons and electrons in the atom to the root word. [[w:anion|Anions]] are suffixed with number suffixes denoting the difference. [[w:cation|Cations]] are suffixed with the number difference and an antipositive infix +''ne''+ between the number and root word. For example, a sodium cation is called ''çĭneqyá'' (sodium-antipositive-one-atom) and a chlorine anion is called ''çiuêqyá'' (chlorine-one-atom).
 
[[w:isotope|Isotopes]] are written by infixing the difference between the number of protons and neutrons between the group marker and the proton number marker. A plain number difference is for a greater number of neutrons than protons, and a negative number difference is for a fewer number of neutrons than protons. For example, Uranium-235 is called ''cndsõayá'' and Helium-3 is called ''hneqa-yá''.


== Syntax ==
[[w:nuclide|Nuclides]] without specification for isotope and/or ion are written with the number affix +''č'' in place of a number of neutrons or electrons. For example, Neon with an unspecified number of electrons is ''lauêčyá'', lead with an unspecified number of neutrons is ''jčăuâyá'', and copper with an unspecified number of electrons and neutrons is ''sčĭĭočyá''.


== Lexicon ==
[[w:molecular formula|Molecular formulae]] are written by combining atom root words and suffixing each atom with -''-'' and suffixing the whole word with ''-wá''. For multiple instances of an atom, the beginning of the root receives a number affix. For example, the word for [[w:glucose|glucose]], which has the formula C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>12</sub>O<sub>6</sub>, is ''šlauâ-lhi-šlauô-wá'', and the word for [[w:sodalite|sodalite]], with the [[w:chemical formula|chemical formula]] Na<sub>8</sub>(Al<sub>6</sub>Si<sub>6</sub>O<sub>24</sub>)Cl<sub>2</sub>, is ''xçĭ-višçiuâ-šçăuâ-ltlauô-ivtçiuê-ššá''.

Latest revision as of 23:54, 18 April 2026

This page is under rennovation. Significant amounts of information is missing.

Phonology

Consonants

Consonants in parentheses currently do not occur in any words, but may appear in the future.

Labial Coronal Palatal Uvular Glottal
Sibilant Median Lateral
Stop Nasal m ⟨m⟩ n ⟨n⟩ ɲ ⟨ñ⟩ ɴ ⟨ng⟩
Oral p b ⟨p b⟩ t͡s d͡z ⟨ds dz⟩ t ⟨t⟩ q ⟨q⟩
Fricative ɸ β ⟨f v⟩ s z ⟨s z⟩ θ̠ ð̠ ⟨sh zh⟩ ɬ ⟨lh⟩ ç ʝ ⟨jx jj⟩ χ ⟨x⟩ h ⟨h⟩
Trill r ⟨rr⟩ ʀ ⟨gg⟩
Glide Oral w ⟨w⟩ ɾ ⟨r⟩ l ⟨l⟩ j ⟨y⟩
Nasal w̃ ⟨ẇ⟩ l̃ ⟨ŀ⟩ j̃ ⟨ẏ⟩
Click Nasal ᵑʇ ⟨dn⟩ ᵑǃ¡ ⟨cn⟩ (ᵑǁ) ⟨łn⟩ ᵑǂ ⟨jn⟩
Aspirated ᵏʇʰ ⟨dh⟩ (ᵏǃ¡ʰ) ⟨ch⟩ (ᵏǁʰ) ⟨łh⟩ (ᵏǂʰ) ⟨jh⟩
Tenuis ᵏʇ ⟨dk⟩ ᵏǃ¡ ⟨ck⟩ ᵏǁ ⟨łk⟩ ᵏǂ ⟨jk⟩
Glottalized ᵏʇˀ ⟨d'⟩ (ᵏǃ¡ˀ) ⟨c'⟩ (ᵏǁˀ) ⟨ł'⟩ (ᵏǂˀ) ⟨j'⟩

Vowels

Front Central Back
Close i ⟨i⟩ ʊ ⟨û⟩ ɯ u ⟨ı u⟩
Close-Mid e ⟨e⟩ ə ⟨ŷ⟩ o ⟨o⟩
Open-Mid ɛ ⟨ê⟩ ɔ ⟨ô⟩
Open a ⟨a⟩ ɑ ⟨â⟩

Iskel has syllabic forms for all of its sonorants.

Labial Alveolar Palatal Uvular
Median Lateral
Nasal m ⟨m⟩ n ⟨n⟩ ɲ ⟨ñ⟩ ɴ ⟨ng⟩
Trill r ⟨rr⟩ ʀ ⟨gg⟩
Glide Oral w ⟨w⟩ ɾ ⟨r⟩ l ⟨l⟩ j ⟨y⟩
Nasal w̃ ⟨ẇ⟩ l̃ ⟨ŀ⟩ j̃ ⟨ẏ⟩

Stress

Iskel has 3 stress levels: primary, secondary, and extra stress, all of which are phonemic. A word can have any number of any type of stress, though words with extra stress have only been observed to have one. If a word does have extra stress, however, it cannot have primary stress. Primary and secondary stress involve increase in syllable pitch and length to a stronger and less strong degree, respectively. Extra stress involves lower pitch, noticeably greater airflow resulting in higher volume, lengthening, and the visible scrunching of the nose during every phone in the syllable. Extra stress has only been observed to occur in syllables beginning with fricatives, and is confirmed to occur in syllables with consonant nuclei.

Primary stress can be written with ⟨»⟩, secondary stress with ⟨›⟩, and extra stress with ⟨!⟩ after the nucleus. Primary and secondary stress are rarely written, but extra stress is written more often. Word-initial primary stress is not written unless there is another primary stress in the word.

Some affixes may make otherwise unstressed syllables stressed. When monosyllabic words become polysyllabic through inflection, primary stress is placed on the syllable of the root. This only does not occur in the case of part of speech suffixes, which do not influence the primary stress placement of the words they inflect.

Allophony

Aside from elisory allophony, discussed in the Phonotactics section, and epenthetic allomorphy, discussed in the Morphology section, Iskel has two allophonic rules.

  1. Bilabial articulation during extra stress becomes labiodental.
  2. /j/ lowers and retracts from preceding uvulars[controversial].

These rules exist due to biological limitations. All other articulations are identical to their phonemic form. There is no voicing assimilation anywhere, no nasal assimilation, no retraction from click tongue shape, no place assimilation, etc. The /j/ lowering/retracting rule is debated with many prominent opposers claiming failure to produce a true palatal immediately after a uvular is a "skill issue".

However, the degree of allophonic variation within Iskel exists on a spectrum. More formal speech requires the speaker to make maximum effort to never allow characteristics of one phone to bleed into the articulation of another. More informal speech allows for more lax and natural pronunciations such as plosives including a nasal release when followed by a nasal or nasalized vowels near nasal consonants. Though, even informal speech retains a relatively strict pronunciation. Voicing assimilation in obstruent clusters can create ambiguity since mixed voice obstruent clusters are phonemically distinct from their homogenous counterparts, so it does not occur even in the most informal speech. Similarly, nasal assimilation in approximants will also lead to phonemic ambiguity.

Phonotactics

Clusters

Iskel follows a (C)(C)(C)V(V)(V)(C)(C)(C) structure. A consonant cluster and vowel cluster each may only have a maximum of three, regardless of if it exists within the same syllable or across syllables in a word. When affixes are added to a word, violations of this cluster limit involving 4 members of a cluster result in the deletion of one member at the stem boundary from the longer stem. Violations involving 5 members result in the deletion of one member at the stem boundary from each stem. Violations involving 6 members result in the deletion of one member from the shorter stem and two members from the longer stem, again at the stem boundary.

For example, the prefix ang- /aŋ/ attaching to the root sqwôa /sqwɔa̯/ would create the illegal cluster of 4 consonants *angsqwôa /aŋsqwɔa̯/. Therefore, the longer stem sqwôa must delete the consonant at the stem boundary, creating the word angqwôa /aŋˈqwɔa̯/ with a legal cluster of 3 consonants.

Syllabic Consonants

A nucleus with a syllabic consonant can never contain another syllabic consonant or vowel. Syllabic consonants cannot occur next to vowels. Affixes that pair a vowel and syllabic consonant result in the consonant becoming nonsyllabic. Syllabic consonants have never been observed to have more than one consonant in their syllable's coda or nucleus. Nasalized approximants have never been observed to be syllabic.

Grammar

Lexicon

Periodic Table

In Iskel, the periodic table is arranged in terms of 7 periods and 19 groups instead of 7 periods and 18 groups, counting the third group as containing all the f-block elements.

Elements' root words are one syllable long and determined based on five categories: block, period, metallicity, proton number within a block, and electron shell occupation.

  1. S-block elements have monophthongs. F-block elements have diphthongs. D-block elements have long diphthons. P-block elements have triphthongs with a middle -u-.
  2. Elements in periods 1-7 begin with h+, l+, ç+, s+, k+, j+, and cn+, respectively.
  3. Metals have a mid tone on their root while nonmetals have no tone on their root.
  4. Within a block, elements are ordered with one of their vowels being in alphabetical order (i.e. A Â Ô Ê E O U Û Î I), with the vowels A and I excluded as they mark whether an element has an odd number of protons or an even number of protons per alphabetized letter. S-block elements are not written with alphabetization since they are monophthongs. F-block elements have the alphabetized letter precede the odd-even marker in the diphthong, while p- and d-block elements have the alphabetized letter at the end of the polyphthong.
  5. Elements with an open electron shell are unmarked, while those with a closed shell end in --. This ending, however, is removed when referring to ions of an element that do not have a closed shell.
Period ▶ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Period ▶ 6 7
Group ▼ Group ▼
1 1

Hi

(Hydrogen)

3

Lĭ

(Lithium)

11

Çĭ

(Sodium)

19

Sĭ

(Potassium)

37

Kĭ

(Rubidium)

55

Jĭ

(Caesium)

87

Cnĭ

(Francium)

2 4

Lă

(Beryllium)

12

Çă

(Magnesium)

20

Să

(Calcium)

38

Kă

(Strontium)

56

Jă

(Barium)

88

Cnă

(Radium)

4 21

Sĭĭâ

(Scandium)

39

Kĭĭâ

(Yttrium)

71

Jĭĭâ

(Lutetium)

103

Cnĭĭâ

(Lawrencium)

3 57

Jãi

(Lanthanum)

89

Cnãi

(Actinium)

5 22

Săăâ

(Titanium)

40

Kăăâ

(Zirconium)

72

Jăăâ

(Hafnium)

104

Cnăăâ

(Tantium)

58

Jãa

(Cerium)

90

Cnãa

(Thorium)

6 23

Sĭĭô

(Vanadium)

41

Kĭĭô

(Niobium)

73

Jĭĭô

(Rutherfordium)

105

Cnĭĭô

(Dubium)

59

Jõi

(Praseodymium)

91

Cnõi

(Protactinium)

7 24

Săăô

(Chromium)

42

Kăăô

(Molybdenum)

74

Jăăô

(Tungsten)

106

Cnăăô

(Seaborgium)

60

Jõa

(Deodymium)

92

Cnõa

(Uranium)

8 25

Sĭĭê

(Manganese)

43

Kĭĭê

(Technetium)

75

Jĭĭê

(Rhenium)

107

Cnĭĭê

(Bohrium)

61

Jẽi

(Promethium)

93

Cnẽi

(Neptunium)

9 26

Săăê

(Iron)

44

Kăăê

(Ruthenium)

76

Jăăê

(Osmium)

108

Cnăăê

(Hassium)

62

Jẽa

(Samarium)

94

Cnẽa

(Plutonium)

10 27

Sĭĭe

(Cobalt)

45

Kĭĭe

(Rhodium)

77

Jĭĭe

(Iridium)

109

Cnĭĭe

(Meitnerium)

63

Jĕi

(Europium)

95

Cnĕi

(Americium)

11 28

Săăe

(Nickel)

46

Kăăe

(Palladium)

78

Jăăe

(Platinum)

110

Cnăăe

(Darmstadtium)

64

Jĕa

(Gadolinium)

96

Cnĕa

(Curium)

12 29

Sĭĭo

(Copper)

47

Kĭĭo

(Silver)

79

Jĭĭo

(Gold)

111

Cnĭĭo

(Roentgenium)

65

Jŏi

(Terbium)

97

Cnŏi

(Berkelium)

13 30

Săăo

(Zinc)

48

Kăăo

(Cadmium)

80

Jăăo

(Mercury)

112

Cnăăo

(Copernicium)

66

Jŏa

(Dysprosium)

98

Cnŏa

(Californium)

14 5

Lĭuâ

(Boron)

13

Çiuâ

(Aluminum)

31

Sĭuâ

(Gallium)

49

Kĭuâ

(Indium)

81

Jĭuâ

(Thalium)

113

Cnĭuâ

(Nihonium)

67

Jŭi

(Holmium)

99

Cnŭi

(Einsteinium)

15 6

Lauâ

(Carbon)

14

Çăuâ

(Silicon)

32

Săuâ

(Germanium)

50

Kăuâ

(Tin)

82

Jăuâ

(Lead)

114

Cnăuâ

(Flerovium)

68

Jŭa

(Erbium)

100

Cnŭa

(Fermium)

16 7

Liuô

(Nitrogen)

15

Çiuô

(Phosphorus)

33

Sĭuô

(Arsenic)

51

Kĭuô

(Antimony)

83

Jĭuô

(Bismuth)

115

Cnĭuô

(Moscovium)

69

Jũi

(Thulium)

101

Cnũi

(Mendelevium)

17 8

Lauô

(Oxygen)

16

Çauô

(Sulfur)

34

Sauô

(Selenium)

52

Kăuô

(Tellurium)

84

Jăuô

(Polonium)

116

Cnăuô

(Livermorium)

70

Jũa

(Ytterbium)

102

Cnũa

(Nobelium)

18 9

Liuê

(Fluorine)

17

Çiuê

(Chlorine)

35

Siuê

(Bromium)

53

Kiuê

(Iodine)

85

Jĭuê

(Astatine)

117

Cnĭuê

(Tennessine)

19 2

Ha-

(Helium)

10

Lauê-

(Neon)

18

Çauê-

(Argon)

36

Sauê-

(Krypton)

54

Kauê-

(Xenon)

86

Jauê-

(Radon)

118

Cnăuê-

(Oganesson)

The name of a period starts with the same letter all elements in that period begin with, followed by -êŋa. The name of a group has the same syllable nucleus as all the elements in that group followed by -ŋa, and the first syllable is given high tone. The s-block, f-block, d-block, and p-block are called eŋa, êeŋa, eeêŋa, and euêŋa, respectively. Lanthanides and actinides are called jĭŋa and cnĭŋa, respectively.

Elements are most often talked about regarding a specific form, whether that be an atom, a molecule, a composition, etc. The form in discussion is a suffix containing the part of speech marker and a high tone.

  • Element as an atom: +yá
    • Atoms are called yaŋa.
    • Closed-shell atoms are called ya-ŋa.
  • Element as a homonuclear molecule: +ttá
    • Molecules are called ttaŋa.
    • Closed-shell molecules are called tta-ŋa.
  • Element as a molar quantity: +vvá
  • Object that is purely an element: +ría
  • Object that is mostly an element: +ššá

Ions are written by suffixing the difference between the number of protons and electrons in the atom to the root word. Anions are suffixed with number suffixes denoting the difference. Cations are suffixed with the number difference and an antipositive infix +ne+ between the number and root word. For example, a sodium cation is called çĭneqyá (sodium-antipositive-one-atom) and a chlorine anion is called çiuêqyá (chlorine-one-atom).

Isotopes are written by infixing the difference between the number of protons and neutrons between the group marker and the proton number marker. A plain number difference is for a greater number of neutrons than protons, and a negative number difference is for a fewer number of neutrons than protons. For example, Uranium-235 is called cndsõayá and Helium-3 is called hneqa-yá.

Nuclides without specification for isotope and/or ion are written with the number affix +č in place of a number of neutrons or electrons. For example, Neon with an unspecified number of electrons is lauêčyá, lead with an unspecified number of neutrons is jčăuâyá, and copper with an unspecified number of electrons and neutrons is sčĭĭočyá.

Molecular formulae are written by combining atom root words and suffixing each atom with -- and suffixing the whole word with -wá. For multiple instances of an atom, the beginning of the root receives a number affix. For example, the word for glucose, which has the formula C6H12O6, is šlauâ-lhi-šlauô-wá, and the word for sodalite, with the chemical formula Na8(Al6Si6O24)Cl2, is xçĭ-višçiuâ-šçăuâ-ltlauô-ivtçiuê-ššá.

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