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{{Infobox|
[[Category:Language]]
{{Infobox/above|{{{name|Iskel}}}|style=background:#76ff7a}}
This page is under rennovation. Significant amounts of information is missing.
{{Infobox/row|Language family|{{{family|language isolate}}}}}
{{Infobox/row|Early form(s)|{{{early-forms|Lanesil}}}}}
{{Infobox/row|Era|{{{era|}}}}}
{{Infobox/row|Writing system|{{{scripts|IPA<br>Latin<br>Iskelan script}}}}}
{{Infobox/header|Official status|style=background:#76ff7a}}
{{Infobox/row|Spoken in|{{{country|[[Juya Gwaña]]<br>[[Kiłtmo]]}}}}}
{{Infobox/row|Regulated by|{{{regulator|}}}}}
{{Infobox/header|Speaker|style=background:#76ff7a}}
{{Infobox/row|Demonym|{{{demonym|Iskelan}}}}}
{{Infobox/row|Endonym|{{{endonym|Iskelam}}}}}
{{Infobox/row|Exonym|{{{exonym|}}}}}
{{Infobox/row|Number of speakers|{{{number|0}}}}}
{{Infobox/header|Technical information|style=background:#76ff7a}}
{{Infobox/row|Usage|{{{usage|native language}}}}}
{{Infobox/row|Language code|{{{lang-code|ISK}}}}}
}}
[[File:Iskel flag.png|thumb|262x262px|Iskel's flag]]
'''Iskel''' (ɪsᴋ: {{ipa|[ískèl]}}, ᴇɴɢ: {{ipa|/ˈɪskəl/}}) is [[Suqi|Suqi's]] first conlang (begun in 2018). It has influence from '''I'''talian, '''S'''panish, '''K'''orean, '''E'''nglish, and '''L'''atin, hence the name. It's a non-naturalistic analytic and agglutinative language. It was intended to be a more efficient way of conveying information where English struggles to in terms of nuance, ambiguity, and regularity. In [[Nguhcraft]], it is an official language of Suqi's primary base [[Juya Gwaña]] (which means "ocean cluster" in Iskel).
 
Iskel was created with its own lore, however that is not relevant in Nguhcraft. In this lore, Iskel is spoken in an island off the west coast of Africa, near the coordinates 0,0. Humans migrated to the island thousands of years ago along with some now-extinct animal species which were preserved on the island. After being colonized by the French in the 20th century, the island revolted and became an independent nation, Iskeland (not Nguhcraft's [[Iskeland]]), that advocates for international peace and provides aid to less fortunate countries.


== Phonology ==
== Phonology ==
Iskel's phonology was initially a combination of English and Spanish. That is still reflected, but it was expanded and altered as Suqi learned more about linguistics.
=== Pitch-Accent ===
Iskel is a pitch-accent language that centers its stress around two syllables rather than one. The stressed syllable pair can either have a rising (LH) or falling (HL) pitch.  All other syllables have no phonemic tone, but phonetically have a mid tone. The acute accent is written on the first syllable of a falling pitch pair. The grave accent is written on the first syllable of a rising pitch pair. Mid tones are not written. 
Monosyllabic words mostly do not have tone, with the exception of some words which have a high or low tone that fit with their usage or meaning. For example, the word "no" {{ipa|''ʔáʔ''}} always has a high tone to call attention to it. 
Monosyllabic affixes are always atonal. Polysyllabic affixes may be atonal, but this is only in situations where an epenthetic vowel has been fossilized onto the affix. When a root word receives a polysyllabic affix, the high tone in the affix is converted to a mid tone, leaving only its low tone. This is referred to as pitch degradation. 
Suffixes are split into two tone groups. Tone I suffixes follow the above format of pitch degradation. Tone II suffixes restructure the pitch-accent of the entire word to make the final two syllables the accented ones, with falling pitch, while keeping any prefixes' degraded pitches. It is unclear whether suffixes in specific tone groups have any common pattern between them.


=== Consonants ===
=== Consonants ===
One unique feature Iskel has is "narealization", which is essentially the scrunching of the nostrils during a consonant's pronunciation. If emphasized, it may result in nareal frication. This phonemic feature, which can occur on every consonant, is primarily for visual communication, but it can be done strongly enough to be heard if needed. While it is considered to occur on a single consonant phonemically, phonetically it tends to last well into the pronunciation of the following sound, whether it's a consonant or a vowel. Narealization will be transcribed in IPA with an asterisk.
Consonants in parentheses currently do not occur in any words, but may appear in the future.
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
!
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
!Labial
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Labial
!Dental
! colspan="6" |Coronal
!Alveolar
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Palatal
!Palatal
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Uvular
!Velar/Uvular
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Glottal
!Glottal
|-
! colspan="2" |Sibilant
! colspan="2" |Median
! colspan="2" |Lateral
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |Stop
!Nasal
!Nasal
|{{ipa|ɱ ⟨m⟩}}
|m
|'''⟨m⟩'''
|
|
|n
|'''⟨n⟩'''
|
|
|ɲ
|'''⟨ñ⟩'''
|ɴ
|'''⟨ng⟩'''
|
|
|{{ipa|n}}
|{{ipa|ɲ ⟨ñ~nh⟩}}
|{{ipa|ŋ ⟨ŋ~ng⟩}}
|
|
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |Stop
!Oral
|{{ipa|p}}
|p b
|'''⟨p b⟩'''
|t͡s d͡z
|'''⟨ds dz⟩'''
|t
|'''⟨t⟩'''
|
|
|
|
|q
|'''⟨q⟩'''
|
|
|
|{{ipa|t}}
|{{ipa|t͡ʃ ⟨ch⟩}}
|{{ipa|k}}
|{{ipa|ʔ}}
|-
|-
|{{ipa|b}}
! colspan="2" |Fricative
|ɸ β
|'''⟨f v⟩'''
|s z
|'''⟨s z⟩'''
|θ̠ ð̠
|'''⟨sh zh⟩'''
|ɬ
|'''⟨lh⟩'''
|ç ʝ
|'''⟨jx jj⟩'''
|χ
|'''⟨x⟩'''
|h
|'''⟨h⟩'''
|-
! colspan="2" |Trill
|
|
|
|
|r
|'''⟨rr⟩'''
|
|
|
|
|
|ʀ
|'''⟨gg⟩'''
|
|
|{{ipa|d͡ʒ ⟨j⟩}}
|{{ipa|g}}
|
|
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |Fricative
! rowspan="2" |Glide
|{{ipa|f}}
!Oral
|{{ipa|θ ⟨þ~th⟩}}
|w
|{{ipa|s}}
|'''⟨w⟩'''
|{{ipa|ʃ ⟨ṣ~sh⟩}}
|
|{{ipa|x}}
|
|{{ipa|h}}
|ɾ
|'''⟨r⟩'''
|l
|'''⟨l⟩'''
|j
|'''⟨y⟩'''
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
|{{ipa|v}}
!Nasal
|{{ipa|ð ⟨ð~dh⟩}}
|w̃
|{{ipa|z}}
|'''⟨ẇ⟩'''
|{{ipa|ʒ ⟨ẓ~zh⟩}}
|
|
|
|
|l̃
|'''⟨ŀ⟩'''
|j̃
|'''⟨ẏ⟩'''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
!Lateral
! rowspan="4" |Click
!Nasal
|
|
|ᵑʇ
|'''⟨dn⟩'''
|ᵑǃ¡
|'''⟨cn⟩'''
|(ᵑǁ)
|'''⟨łn⟩'''
|ᵑǂ
|'''⟨jn⟩'''
|
|
|
|
|{{ipa|l}}
|{{ipa|𝼆 ⟨ḷ~lh⟩}}
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
!Sonorant
!Aspirated
|{{ipa|w}}
|
|
|ᵏʇʰ
|'''⟨dh⟩'''
|(ᵏǃ¡ʰ)
|'''⟨ch⟩'''
|(ᵏǁʰ)
|'''⟨łh⟩'''
|(ᵏǂʰ)
|'''⟨jh⟩'''
|
|
|
|
|{{ipa|ɾ ⟨r⟩}}
|{{ipa|j}}
|{{ipa|ʀ ⟨ṛ~rr⟩}}
|
|
|-
|-
!Click
!Tenuis
|
|
|ᵏʇ
|'''⟨dk⟩'''
|ᵏǃ¡
|'''⟨ck⟩'''
|ᵏǁ
|'''⟨łk⟩'''
|ᵏǂ
|'''⟨jk⟩'''
|
|
|
|
|-
!Glottalized
|
|
|ᵏʇˀ
|'''⟨d'⟩'''
|(ᵏǃ¡ˀ)
|'''⟨c'⟩'''
|(ᵏǁˀ)
|'''⟨ł'⟩'''
|(ᵏǂˀ)
|'''⟨j'⟩'''
|
|
|
|
|{{ipa|ʇ ⟨d⟩}}
|{{ipa|!¡ ⟨c⟩}}
| colspan="2" |{{ipa|𐞥ǂ<ref name=":1">{{ipa|/ǂ/}} is a palatovelar click {{ipa|[𐞥ǂ̈]}}</ref> ⟨q⟩}}
|
|
|}
|}
<references />
[[File:Iskel vowel chart.png|thumb|193x193px|Iskel vowel qualities]]


=== Vowels ===
=== Vowels ===
The most frequent vowels are {{ipa|/i ɪ e a u ʊ o/}}. The other vowel qualities {{ipa|/ə ʌ ɑ/}} are rare and appear more often in sound symbolism and names. Any vowel can be lengthened, but this is also rare. Vowel length mainly, but not always, occurs when two identical vowels appear on opposite sides of a stem boundary. Weak, or non-syllabic, vowels occur in polyphthongs and can both precede and follow the primary vowel.
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
!
! colspan="3" |Front
! colspan="2" |Front
! colspan="3" |Back
! colspan="2" |Central
! colspan="2" |Back
|-
|-
!Short
!Long
!Weak
!Back
!Long
!Weak
|-
! rowspan="3" |High
!Close
!Close
|{{ipa|i}}
|i
|{{ipa|iː}}
|'''⟨i⟩'''
|{{ipa|i̯}}
|ʊ
|{{ipa|u}}
|'''⟨û⟩'''
|{{ipa|uː}}
|ɯ u
|{{ipa|u̯}}
|'''⟨ı u⟩'''
|-
!Near-Close
|{{ipa|ɪ }}
|{{ipa|ɪː}}
|{{ipa|ɪ̯}}
|{{ipa|ʊ}}
|{{ipa|ʊː}}
|{{ipa|ʊ̯}}
|-
|-
!Close-Mid
!Close-Mid
|{{ipa|e}}
|e
|{{ipa|eː}}
|'''⟨e⟩'''
|{{ipa|e̯}}
| rowspan="2" |ə
|{{ipa|o}}
| rowspan="2" |'''⟨ŷ⟩'''
|{{ipa|oː}}
|o
|{{ipa|o̯}}
|'''⟨o⟩'''
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |Low
!Open-Mid
!Mid
|ɛ
|{{ipa|ə }}
|'''⟨ê⟩'''
|{{ipa|əː}}
|ɔ
|{{ipa|ə̯}}
|'''⟨ô⟩'''
|{{ipa|ʌ}}
|{{ipa|ʌː}}
|{{ipa|ʌ̯}}
|-
|-
!Open
!Open
|{{ipa|a}}
|a
|{{ipa|aː}}
|'''⟨a⟩'''
|{{ipa|a̯}}
|
|{{ipa|ɑ}}
|
|{{ipa|ɑː}}
|ɑ
|{{ipa|ɑ̯}}
|'''⟨â⟩'''
|}
|}
Iskel also has syllabic {{ipa|/ɱ̍ n̩ ɾ̩/}}, which do not have long or weak versions.
Iskel has syllabic forms for all of its sonorants.
 
=== Phonotactics ===
Iskel has no allophony. It only allows a maximum of 3 consonants in a row, and a maximum of 3 vowels in a row (long vowels count as two vowels). Any sound can occur near any other sound, although most consontant and vowel clusters are rare, and affixation tends to favor minimizing clusters. If a syllable pair with falling pitch has two syllabic vowels next to each other, the second becomes non-syllabic. The minor phonotactical limitations exist to increase vocal flexibility for those who regularly speak the language (And it works!).
== Morphology ==
 
=== Parts of Speech ===
All nouns end in {{ipa|''-a''}}, all verbs end in {{ipa|''-e''}}, all adjectives end in {{ipa|''-o''}}. In order to turn one into the other, the vowel suffix is changed to its new part of speech. Proper nouns, expletives, adverbs and all other parts of speech may end in any sound. If two nouns placed together modify each other equally (in the semantics), neither are changed to an adjective. Adjectives may be used as adverbs. The only verb that does not end in {{ipa|''-e''}} is the copula {{ipa|''ix''}}.
 
=== Cases ===
Iskel only has the dative and genitive cases. The dative marker is an infix ''-ɪː-'' placed in the middle of the word, or one phoneme before the middle. If placing it in either location results in the infix being adjacent to 2 or 3 vowels, it is moved to the earliest point where it's only adjacent to one vowel as per the phonotactics.<blockquote>{{ipa|''pápa''}} (dog) → {{ipa|''páɪːpa''}} (dog-DAT)
 
{{ipa|''ògjoɾan''}} (homes) → {{ipa|''ògjoɪːɾan''}} (homes-DAT)
 
{{ipa|''ʒiːéɱa''}} (Saturn) → {{ipa|''ɪːʒiːéɱa''}} (Saturn-DAT) </blockquote>The genitive case is marked with prefixes that combine with person and number marking, and distinguish between literal ownership and relation. The possessee is marked, not the possessor.
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" |Basic
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Labial
! colspan="2" |Genitive
! colspan="4" |Alveolar
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Palatal
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Uvular
|-
|-
!Ownership
! colspan="2" |Median
!Relation
! colspan="2" |Lateral
|-
|-
! rowspan="3" |1P
! colspan="2" |Nasal
!SG
|m
|{{ipa|jos / íːo}}
|'''⟨m⟩'''
|{{ipa|ɱʊ-}}
|n
|{{ipa|ɲʊ-}}
|'''⟨n⟩'''
|
|
|ɲ
|'''⟨ñ⟩'''
|ɴ
|'''⟨ng⟩'''
|-
|-
!PL.INCL
! colspan="2" |Trill
|{{ipa|ítio}}
|
|{{ipa|ɱʊn-}}
|
|{{ipa|ɲʊn-}}
|r
|'''⟨rr⟩'''
|
|
|
|
|ʀ
|'''⟨gg⟩'''
|-
|-
!PL.EXCL
! rowspan="2" |Glide
|{{ipa|íɱos}}
!Oral
|{{ipa|xe-}}
|w
|{{ipa|je-}}
|'''⟨w⟩'''
|ɾ
|'''⟨r⟩'''
|l
|'''⟨l⟩'''
|j
|'''⟨y⟩'''
|
|
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |2P
!Nasal
!SG
|w̃
|{{ipa|it}}
|'''⟨ẇ⟩'''
|{{ipa|ɱi-}}
|
|{{ipa|ɲi-}}
|
|-
|l̃
!PL
|'''⟨ŀ⟩'''
|{{ipa|jáɾe}}
|j̃
|{{ipa|ɱin-}}
|'''⟨ẏ⟩'''
|{{ipa|ɲin-}}
|
|-
|
! rowspan="2" |3P
!SG
|{{ipa|íɱe / vʊl / ksíni}}
|{{ipa|af-}}
|{{ipa|aɬ-}}
|-
!PL
|{{ipa|íɱen / vʊln / ksínin}}
|{{ipa|áfn̩-}}
|{{ipa|áɬn̩-}}
|}
|}
To mark absolute possession (i.e. "the cow is <u>mine</u>" instead of "<u>my</u> cow"), the prefix becomes its own word instead and placed after the possessee.
== Syntax ==


=== Heads & Dependents ===
=== Stress ===
All heads precede their dependents except in some word order variations specified in the following section.
Iskel has 3 stress levels: primary, secondary, and extra stress, all of which are phonemic. A word can have any number of any type of stress, though words with extra stress have only been observed to have one. If a word does have extra stress, however, it cannot have primary stress. Primary and secondary stress involve increase in syllable pitch and length to a stronger and less strong degree, respectively. Extra stress involves lower pitch, noticeably greater airflow resulting in higher volume, lengthening, and the visible scrunching of the nose during every phone in the syllable. Extra stress has only been observed to occur in syllables beginning with fricatives, and is confirmed to occur in syllables with consonant nuclei.
 
Primary stress can be written with ⟨»⟩, secondary stress with ⟨›⟩, and extra stress with ⟨!⟩ after the nucleus. Primary and secondary stress are rarely written, but extra stress is written more often. Word-initial primary stress is not written unless there is another primary stress in the word.


=== Word Orders ===
Some affixes may make otherwise unstressed syllables stressed. When monosyllabic words become polysyllabic through inflection, primary stress is placed on the syllable of the root. This only does not occur in the case of part of speech suffixes, which do not influence the primary stress placement of the words they inflect.
'''SVO''' is used for the indicative mood. To emphasize the indicative mood, one may prefix the verb with {{ipa|''áx(a)-''}}.<blockquote>{{ipa|íɱen éxeʃ àtelɱan espáɲoɱ. / íɱen áxexeʃ àtelɱan espáɲoɱ.}}


3-PL COP-FUT person-N-PL Spain-ADJ-ORIGIN / 3-PL IND.COP-FUT person-N-PL Spain-ADJ-ORIGIN
=== Allophony ===
Aside from elisory allophony, discussed in the Phonotactics section, and epenthetic allomorphy, discussed in the Morphology section, Iskel has two allophonic rules.


"They will become Spanish people."</blockquote>'''VOS''' is used for the interrogative mood. Relative pronouns can become interrogative by suffixing {{ipa|''-ðs''}}. The resulting question is in '''SVO''' order.<blockquote>{{ipa|éxeʃ àtelɱan espáɲoɱ íɱen.}}
# Bilabial articulation during extra stress becomes labiodental.
# /j/ lowers and retracts from preceding uvulars<sup>[''controversial'']</sup>.


COP-FUT person-PL Spain-ADJ-ORIGIN 3-PL
These rules exist due to biological limitations. All other articulations are identical to their phonemic form. There is no voicing assimilation anywhere, no nasal assimilation, no retraction from click tongue shape, no place assimilation, etc. The /j/ lowering/retracting rule is debated with many prominent opposers claiming failure to produce a true palatal immediately after a uvular is a "skill issue".


"Will they become Spanish people?"
However, the degree of allophonic variation within Iskel exists on a spectrum. More formal speech requires the speaker to make maximum effort to never allow characteristics of one phone to bleed into the articulation of another. More informal speech allows for more lax and natural pronunciations such as plosives including a nasal release when followed by a nasal or nasalized vowels near nasal consonants. Though, even informal speech retains a relatively strict pronunciation. Voicing assimilation in obstruent clusters can create ambiguity since mixed voice obstruent clusters are phonemically distinct from their homogenous counterparts, so it does not occur even in the most informal speech. Similarly, nasal assimilation in approximants will also lead to phonemic ambiguity.


=== Phonotactics ===


==== Clusters ====
Iskel follows a (C)(C)(C)V(V)(V)(C)(C)(C) structure. A consonant cluster and vowel cluster each may only have a maximum of three, regardless of if it exists within the same syllable or across syllables in a word. When affixes are added to a word, violations of this cluster limit involving 4 members of a cluster result in the deletion of one member at the stem boundary from the longer stem. Violations involving 5 members result in the deletion of one member at the stem boundary from each stem. Violations involving 6 members result in the deletion of one member from the shorter stem and two members from the longer stem, again at the stem boundary.


{{ipa|it ǂoɱe d͡ʒa it àɾaɱo. → it ǂoɱe d͡ʒaðs it àɾaɱo.}}
For example, the prefix ''ang-'' /aŋ/ attaching to the root ''sqwôa'' /sqwɔa̯/ would create the illegal cluster of 4 consonants ''*angsqwôa'' /aŋsqwɔa̯/. Therefore, the longer stem ''sqwôa'' must delete the consonant at the stem boundary, creating the word ''angqwôa'' /aŋˈqwɔa̯/ with a legal cluster of 3 consonants.


2.SG eat-V when 2.SG hunger-ADJ → 2.SG eat-V when-INT 2.SG hunger-ADJ
==== Syllabic Consonants ====
A nucleus with a syllabic consonant can never contain another syllabic consonant or vowel. Syllabic consonants cannot occur next to vowels. Affixes that pair a vowel and syllabic consonant result in the consonant becoming nonsyllabic. Syllabic consonants have never been observed to have more than one consonant in their syllable's coda or nucleus. Nasalized approximants have never been observed to be syllabic.


"You eat when you're hungry." → "You eat ''when'' you're hungry?"</blockquote>
== Grammar ==
'''V↗OS''' (rising intonation on the object) is used for the hypothetical mood.<blockquote>{{ipa|éxeʃ àtelɱan espáɲoɱ íɱen.}}


COP-FUT person-N-PL Spain-ADJ-ORIGIN 3-PL
== Lexicon ==


"They could become Spanish people."</blockquote>'''↗VSO''' (rising intonation on the verb) is used for the imperative/jussive mood. Alternatively, one may prefix the verb in an '''SVO''' structure with {{ipa|''hír(e)-''}} instead.<blockquote>{{ipa|éxeʃ íɱen àtelman espáɲoɱ. / íɱen hìɾexeʃ àtelɱan espáɲoɱ.}}
== Periodic Table ==
In Iskel, the [[w:Periodic table|periodic table]] is arranged in terms of 7 [[w:period (periodic table)|periods]] and 19 [[w:group (periodic table|groups]] instead of 7 periods and 18 groups, counting the third group as containing all the [[w:f-block|f-block]] elements.


COP-FUT 3-PL person-N-PL Spain-ADJ-ORIGIN / 3-PL IMP.COP-FUT person-N-PL Spain-ADJ-ORIGIN
Elements' root words are one syllable long and determined based on five categories: [[w:block (periodic table)|block]], period, [[w:metal|metallicity]], [[w:atomic number|proton number]] within a block, and [[w:Electron_configuration#Open_and_closed_shells|electron shell occupation]].


"They ought to become Spanish people."</blockquote>'''↗OVS''' (rising intonation on the object) is used for the optative mood. Alternatively, one may prefix the verb in an '''SVO''' structure with ''kwel-'' instead.<blockquote>{{ipa|àtelɱan espáɲoɱ íɱen éxeʃ. / íɱen kweléxeʃ àtelɱan espáɲoɱ.}}
# [[w:S-block|S-block]] elements have monophthongs. F-block elements have diphthongs. [[w:d-block|D-block]] elements have long diphthons. [[w:p-block|P-block]] elements have triphthongs with a middle ''-u-''.
# Elements in periods 1-7 begin with ''h''+, ''l''+, ''ç''+, ''s''+, ''k''+, ''j''+, and ''cn''+, respectively.
# Metals have a mid tone on their root while [[w:nonmetal|nonmetals]] have no tone on their root.
# Within a block, elements are ordered with one of their vowels being in alphabetical order (i.e. ''A Â Ô Ê E O U Û Î I''), with the vowels ''A'' and ''I'' excluded as they mark whether an element has an odd number of protons or an even number of protons per alphabetized letter. S-block elements are not written with alphabetization since they are monophthongs. F-block elements have the alphabetized letter precede the odd-even marker in the diphthong, while p- and d-block elements have the alphabetized letter at the end of the polyphthong.
# Elements with an open electron shell are unmarked, while those with a closed shell end in -''-''. This ending, however, is removed when referring to [[w:ion|ions]] of an element that do not have a closed shell.


person-N-PL Spain-ADJ-ORIGIN 3-PL COP-FUT / 3-PL OPT-COP-FUT person-N-PL Spain-ADJ-ORIGIN
{| class="wikitable"
!Period ▶
! rowspan="2" |[[w:group 1 element|1]]
! rowspan="2" |[[w:group 2 element|2]]
! rowspan="2" |[[w:group 3 element|3]]
! rowspan="2" |[[w:group 4 element|4]]
! rowspan="2" |[[w:group 5 element|5]]
! rowspan="2" |[[w:group 6 element|6]]
! rowspan="2" |[[w:group 7 element|7]]
!Period ▶
! rowspan="2" |[[w:group 6 element|6]]
! rowspan="2" |[[w:group 7 element|7]]
|-
!Group ▼
!Group ▼
|-
![[w:period 1 element|1]]
|1
'''Hi'''


"I hope they will become Spanish people."</blockquote>
([[w:Hydrogen|Hydrogen]])
|3
'''Lĭ'''


=== Emotion Markers ===
([[w:Lithium|Lithium]])
Iskel has optional particles placed before a clause that mark the speaker's emotion resulting from what is said.
|11
'''Çĭ'''


* {{ipa|guʔ}} - positive
([[w:Sodium|Sodium]])
* {{ipa|xuʔ}} - angry
|19
* {{ipa|ʇuʔ}} - bummed-out
'''Sĭ'''
* {{ipa|ǂuʔ}} - excited
* {{ipa|tuʔ}} - firm
* {{ipa|huʔ}} - sad


{{ipa|/u/}} is replaced with {{ipa|/a/}} if the speaker's emotion is weak.
([[w:Potassium|Potassium]])
|37
'''Kĭ'''


* {{ipa|gaʔ}} - content
([[w:Rubidium|Rubidium]])
* {{ipa|xaʔ}} - irked
|55
* {{ipa|ʇaʔ}} - disappointed
'''Jĭ'''
* {{ipa|ǂaʔ}} - expectant
* {{ipa|taʔ}} - serious
* {{ipa|haʔ}} - feeling down


== Script ==
([[w:Caesium|Caesium]])
|87
'''Cnĭ'''


== Lexicon ==
([[w:Francium|Francium]])
=== Copulae ===
! colspan="3" rowspan="2" |
There are six copulae: identical, multidentical, property, mutual, member, and descriptive. A copula-like infix, {{ipa|''-as-''}}, can be applied to verbs (including copulae) that means the verb appears to have happened, but may or may not have in reality. The infix is placed before the first post-consonant vowel of a word. If the only vowel does not precede a consonant, it is prefixed to the word.
|-
![[w:period 2 element|2]]
|
|4
'''Lă'''
 
([[w:Beryllium|Beryllium]])
|12
'''Çă'''
 
([[w:Magnesium|Magnesium]])
|20
'''Să'''


# The identical copula, {{ipa|''ve''}}, is used when the predicate and predicand both refer to the same thing.
([[w:Calcium|Calcium]])
#* {{ipa|''íɱe ve íbu̯a''}} means "He is the horse" when referring to the horse in question.
|38
#* {{ipa|''íɱe váse íbu̯a''}} means "He appears to be the horse" when referring to the horse in question.
'''Kă'''
# The multidentical copula, {{ipa|''ʔe''}}, is used when the predicate and predicand are identical concepts but are separate instances of it.
#* {{ipa|''íɱe ʔe íbu̯a''}} means "He is the horse" when referring to, for example, a drawing of the horse in question.
#* {{ipa|''íɱe ʔáse íbu̯a''}} means "He appears to be the horse" when referring to, for example, a drawing of the horse in question.
# The property copula, {{ipa|''θe''}}, is used when the predicate has properties of the predicand (the predicand itself may be one such property).
#* {{ipa|''íɱe θe íbu̯a''}} means "He has horse-ness", in a more fundamental way than ”He is horse-like”.
#* {{ipa|''íɱe θáse íbu̯a''}} means "He appears to have horse-ness", in a more fundamental way than ”He is horse-like”.
# The mutual copula, {{ipa|''ŋwe''}}, is used when the predicate and predicand are part of the same category.
#* {{ipa|''íɱe ŋwe íbu̯a''}} means "He and the horse are both animals".
#* {{ipa|''íɱe ŋwáse íbu̯a''}} means "He and the horse appear to be both animals".
# The member copula, {{ipa|''àne''}}, is used when the predicate is a member of a category, and the predicand is that category.
#* {{ipa|''íɱe àne íbu̯a''}} means "He is a horse".
#* {{ipa|''íɱe ànase íbu̯a''}} means "He appears to be a horse".
# The descriptive copula, ''ex'', is used when the predicate can be described by the predicand.
#* {{ipa|''íɱe ex íbu̯a''}} means "He is like that horse"
#* {{ipa|''íɱe ex íbu̯o''}} means "He is horse-like"
#* {{ipa|''íɱe ásex íbu̯a''}} means "He appears to be like that horse"
#* {{ipa|''íɱe ásex íbu̯o''}} means "He appears to be horse-like"


=== Determiners ===
([[w:Strontium|Strontium]])
Iskel has no indefinite article and one definite article, {{ipa|''éɱle''}}, which is only used in cases where the speaker's meaning cannot come across without it.
|56
'''Jă'''


There are 4 declensions for the demonstrative determiner {{ipa|''eo̯st''}}. It can be interpreted as a proximal demonstrative, but is used for topical proximity not physical proximity. Likewise, its distal counterpart {{ipa|''eo̯stə''}} is only for topical distance. Both can be inflected for plurality as {{ipa|''eo̯sn̩''}} and {{ipa|''eo̯skən''}}, respectively.
([[w:Barium|Barium]])
|88
'''Cnă'''


=== Pronouns ===
([[w:Radium|Radium]])
{{ipa|''jos''}} and {{ipa|''íːo''}} are interchangeable as the first-person singular pronoun. Typically {{ipa|''íːo''}} is used for emphasis. In cases when the pronoun is repeated in an utterance, speakers prefer to avoid saying {{ipa|''jos''}} or {{ipa|''íːo''}} twice in a row, so they alternate between the two. The third-person pronouns come in three forms: specific animate, non-specific animate, and inanimate. Specific animate is used for specific people and specific animals, usually when the speaker has some connection or appreciation for them. Non-specific animate is used for non-specific people, non-specific animals, and other living things. Inanimate is used for dead things (including dead people when referring to their post-death selves) and non-living things.
below this line is outdated information
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |Singular
! colspan="3" |Plural
|-
|-
!Basic
![[w:period 4 element|4]]
!Reflexive
|
!Basic
|
!Reciprocal
|
!Reflexive
|21
'''Sĭĭâ'''
 
([[w:Scandium|Scandium]])
|39
'''Kĭĭâ'''
 
([[w:Yttrium|Yttrium]])
|71
'''Jĭĭâ'''
 
([[w:Lutetium|Lutetium]])
|103
'''Cnĭĭâ'''
 
([[w:Lawrencium|Lawrencium]])
! rowspan="14" |[[w:period 3 element|3]]
|57
'''Jãi'''
 
([[w:Lanthanum|Lanthanum]])
|89
'''Cnãi'''
 
([[w:Actinium|Actinium]])
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |1P
![[w:period 5 element|5]]
!INCL
|
| rowspan="2" |yos / īo
|
| rowspan="2" |yo’soĭ
|
|i‘tio
|22
|i‘tioyan
'''Săăâ'''
|‘itio’soĭ
 
([[w:Titanium|Titanium]])
|40
'''Kăăâ'''
 
([[w:Zirconium|Zirconium]])
|72
'''Jăăâ'''
 
([[w:Hafnium|Hafnium]])
|104
'''Cnăăâ'''
 
([[w:Tantium|Tantium]])
|58
'''Jãa'''
 
([[w:Cerium|Cerium]])
|90
'''Cnãa'''
 
([[w:Thorium|Thorium]])
|-
|-
!EXCL
![[w:period 6 element|6]]
|imos
|
|imosyan
|
|‘imo’soĭ
|
|23
'''Sĭĭô'''
 
([[w:Vanadium|Vanadium]])
|41
'''Kĭĭô'''
 
([[w:Niobium|Niobium]])
|73
'''Jĭĭô'''
 
([[w:Rutherfordium|Rutherfordium]])
|105
'''Cnĭĭô'''
 
([[w:Dubium|Dubium]])
|59
'''Jõi'''
 
([[w:Praseodymium|Praseodymium]])
|91
'''Cnõi'''
 
([[w:Protactinium|Protactinium]])
|-
|-
! colspan="2" |2P
![[w:period 7 element|7]]
|it
|
|it’soĭ
|
|yade
|
|yadeyan
|24
|‘yade’soĭ
'''Săăô'''
 
([[w:Chromium|Chromium]])
|42
'''Kăăô'''
 
([[w:Molybdenum|Molybdenum]])
|74
'''Jăăô'''
 
([[w:Tungsten|Tungsten]])
|106
'''Cnăăô'''
 
([[w:Seaborgium|Seaborgium]])
|60
'''Jõa'''
 
([[w:Deodymium|Deodymium]])
|92
'''Cnõa'''
 
([[w:Uranium|Uranium]])
|-
|-
! colspan="2" |3P.SP.AN
![[w:period 8 element|8]]
|ime
|
| rowspan="3" |''noun-''soĭ
|
|imen
|
| rowspan="3" |yan
|25
| rowspan="3" |''noun-''nsoĭ
'''Sĭĭê'''
 
([[w:Manganese|Manganese]])
|43
'''Kĭĭê'''
 
([[w:Technetium|Technetium]])
|75
'''Jĭĭê'''
 
([[w:Rhenium|Rhenium]])
|107
'''Cnĭĭê'''
 
([[w:Bohrium|Bohrium]])
|61
'''Jẽi'''
 
([[w:Promethium|Promethium]])
|93
'''Cnẽi'''
 
([[w:Neptunium|Neptunium]])
|-
|-
! colspan="2" |3P.NSP.AN
![[w:period 9 element|9]]
|vųl
|
|vųln
|
|
|26
'''Săăê'''
 
([[w:Iron|Iron]])
|44
'''Kăăê'''
 
([[w:Ruthenium|Ruthenium]])
|76
'''Jăăê'''
 
([[w:Osmium|Osmium]])
|108
'''Cnăăê'''
 
([[w:Hassium|Hassium]])
|62
'''Jẽa'''
 
([[w:Samarium|Samarium]])
|94
'''Cnẽa'''
 
([[w:Plutonium|Plutonium]])
|-
|-
! colspan="2" |3P.INAN
![[w:period 10 element|10]]
|ksini
|
|ksinin
|
|}
|
"Someone" and "some people" are ''àtelɱa'' (person) and ''àtelɱan'' (people) if they refer to someone in particular, but ''àtelɲa'' and ''àtelɲan'' if they refer to no one in particular, which covers some instances of "anyone". "Other" and "others" are ''ótes'' and ''ótesn̩''. Iskel cannot directly express the concept of "no one"/"nobody".
|27
{| class="wikitable"
'''Sĭĭe'''
! rowspan="2" |Relative/Interrogative
 
! colspan="2" |Relative
([[w:Cobalt|Cobalt]])
! colspan="2" |Interrogative
|45
'''Kĭĭe'''
 
([[w:Rhodium|Rhodium]])
|77
'''Jĭĭe'''
 
([[w:Iridium|Iridium]])
|109
'''Cnĭĭe'''
 
([[w:Meitnerium|Meitnerium]])
|63
'''Jĕi'''
 
([[w:Europium|Europium]])
|95
'''Cnĕi'''
 
([[w:Americium|Americium]])
|-
|-
!Pronoun
![[w:period 11 element|11]]
!Sentence
|
!Pronoun
|
!Sentence
|
|28
'''Săăe'''
 
([[w:Nickel|Nickel]])
|46
'''Kăăe'''
 
([[w:Palladium|Palladium]])
|78
'''Jăăe'''
 
([[w:Platinum|Platinum]])
|110
'''Cnăăe'''
 
([[w:Darmstadtium|Darmstadtium]])
|64
'''Jĕa'''
 
([[w:Gadolinium|Gadolinium]])
|96
'''Cnĕa'''
 
([[w:Curium|Curium]])
|-
|-
!who
![[w:period 12 element|12]]
|ji
|
|A’telma '''ji''' beibe metia.
|
person-N '''who''' drink-V medicine-N
|
|29
'''Sĭĭo'''
 
([[w:Copper|Copper]])
|47
'''Kĭĭo'''
 
([[w:Silver|Silver]])
|79
'''Jĭĭo'''


"The person who drinks medicine."
([[w:Gold|Gold]])
|jiðs
|111
|'''Jiðs''' beibe metia.
'''Cnĭĭo'''
'''who-INT''' drink-V medicine-N


"Who drinks medicine?"
([[w:Roentgenium|Roentgenium]])
|65
'''Jŏi'''
 
([[w:Terbium|Terbium]])
|97
'''Cnŏi'''
 
([[w:Berkelium|Berkelium]])
|-
|-
!what
![[w:period 13 element|13]]
|ke
|
|Łeka’refan ta’et '''ke''' ‘plokseve’teñasi.
|
1.EXCL.GEN-food-N-PL all '''what''' explode-V.PST-PRS
|
|30
'''Săăo'''
 
([[w:Zinc|Zinc]])
|48
'''Kăăo'''
 
([[w:Cadmium|Cadmium]])
|80
'''Jăăo'''
 
([[w:Mercury|Mercury]])
|112
'''Cnăăo'''
 
([[w:Copernicium|Copernicium]])
|66
'''Jŏa'''


"All our food that has been exploding."
([[w:Dysprosium|Dysprosium]])
|keðs
|98
|‘Plokseve’teñasi '''keðs'''.
'''Cnŏa'''
explode-PST-PRS '''what-INT'''


"What has been exploding?"
([[w:Californium|Californium]])
|-
|-
!why
![[w:period 14 element|14]]
|je
|
|Qoma '''je''' yos guse ʔu’nevan.
|5
eat-N '''why''' 1.SG like-V egg-N-PL
'''Lĭuâ'''
 
([[w:Boron|Boron]])
|13
'''Çiuâ'''
 
([[w:Aluminum|Aluminum]])
|31
'''Sĭuâ'''
 
([[w:Gallium|Gallium]])
|49
'''Kĭuâ'''
 
([[w:Indium|Indium]])
|81
'''Jĭuâ'''
 
([[w:Thalium|Thalium]])
|113
'''Cnĭuâ'''
 
([[w:Nihonium|Nihonium]])
|67
'''Jŭi'''


"The meal that I like eggs due to."
([[w:Holmium|Holmium]])
|jeðs
|99
|Yos guse '''jeðs''' ʔu’nevan.
'''Cnŭi'''
1.SG like-V '''why-INT''' egg-N-PL


"Why do I like eggs?"
([[w:Einsteinium|Einsteinium]])
|-
|-
!when
![[w:period 15 element|15]]
|ju
|
|Įn’sena '''ju''' ime a’veña.
|6
show-N '''when''' 3.SG.COM fun-V.PST
'''Lauâ'''
 
([[w:Carbon|Carbon]])
|14
'''Çăuâ'''
 
([[w:Silicon|Silicon]])
|32
'''Săuâ'''
 
([[w:Germanium|Germanium]])
|50
'''Kăuâ'''
 
([[w:Tin|Tin]])
|82
'''Jăuâ'''
 
([[w:Lead|Lead]])
|114
'''Cnăuâ'''
 
([[w:Flerovium|Flerovium]])
|68
'''Jŭa'''


"The show when/where she had fun."
([[w:Erbium|Erbium]])
|juðs
|100
|Ime a’veña '''juðs'''.
'''Cnŭa'''
3.SG.COM fun-V-PST '''when-INT'''  


"When did she have fun?"
([[w:Fermium|Fermium]])
|-
|-
!where
![[w:period 16 element|16]]
|jo
|
|Gaĭsa '''jo''' sotia ksesi.
|7
air-N '''where''' sound-N exist-V-PRS
'''Liuô'''
 
([[w:Nitrogen|Nitrogen]])
|15
'''Çiuô'''
 
([[w:Phosphorus|Phosphorus]])
|33
'''Sĭuô'''
 
([[w:Arsenic|Arsenic]])
|51
'''Kĭuô'''
 
([[w:Antimony|Antimony]])
|83
'''Jĭuô'''
 
([[w:Bismuth|Bismuth]])
|115
'''Cnĭuô'''
 
([[w:Moscovium|Moscovium]])
|69
'''Jũi'''


"The air where the sound is."
([[w:Thulium|Thulium]])
|joðs
|101
|Sotia ksesi '''joðs'''.
'''Cnũi'''
sound-N exist-V-PRS '''where-INT'''


"Where is the sound?"
([[w:Mendelevium|Mendelevium]])
|-
|-
!how
![[w:period 17 element|17]]
|kamái
|
|Vezida '''ka’maĭ''' ksinin vwale.
|8
speed-N '''how''' 3.INAN-PL fly-V
'''Lauô'''
 
([[w:Oxygen|Oxygen]])
|16
'''Çauô'''
 
([[w:Sulfur|Sulfur]])
|34
'''Sauô'''
 
([[w:Selenium|Selenium]])
|52
'''Kăuô'''
 
([[w:Tellurium|Tellurium]])
|84
'''Jăuô'''
 
([[w:Polonium|Polonium]])
|116
'''Cnăuô'''
 
([[w:Livermorium|Livermorium]])
|70
'''Jũa'''


"The speed that they fly due to."
([[w:Ytterbium|Ytterbium]])
|kamáiðs
|102
|Ksinin vwale '''ka’maĭðs'''.
'''Cnũa'''
3.INAN-PL fly-V '''how-INT'''  


"How do they fly?"
([[w:Nobelium|Nobelium]])
|-
|-
!which/what kind
![[w:period 18 element|18]]
|ja
|
|Axxinan '''ja''' it ne’guse.
|9
nightmate-N-PL '''which''' 2.SG NEG-like-V
'''Liuê'''
 
([[w:Fluorine|Fluorine]])
|17
'''Çiuê'''


"Nightmares which you dislike."
([[w:Chlorine|Chlorine]])
|jaðs
|35
|It ne’guse '''jaðs'''.
'''Siuê'''
2.SG NEG-like-V '''which-INT'''  


"Which (dreams) do you dislike?"
([[w:Bromium|Bromium]])
|53
'''Kiuê'''
 
([[w:Iodine|Iodine]])
|85
'''Jĭuê'''
 
([[w:Astatine|Astatine]])
|117
'''Cnĭuê'''
 
([[w:Tennessine|Tennessine]])
! colspan="3" rowspan="2" |
|-
|-
!how much
![[w:period 19 element|19]]
|jǫ
|2
|Ki '''jǫ''' memseṣ.
'''Ha-'''
five '''amount''' mind-V-FUT
 
([[w:Helium|Helium]])
|10
'''Lauê-'''


"Five that will be thought of."
([[w:Neon|Neon]])
|jǫðs
|18
|Memseṣ '''jǫðs''' .
'''Çauê-'''
mind-V-FUT '''amount-INT'''


"How many will be thought of?"
([[w:Argon|Argon]])
|-
|36
!what result
'''Sauê-'''
|ka
|Mų’gusa '''ka''' se’latoþa.
1.SG.GEN-like-N '''what_result''' salt-ADJ-QUAL


"My appreciation that results from saltiness."
([[w:Krypton|Krypton]])
|kaðs
|54
|Se’latoþa '''kaðs''' .
'''Kauê-'''
salt-ADJ-QUAL '''what_result-INT'''


"What results from saltiness?"
([[w:Xenon|Xenon]])
|-
|86
!catch-all + disbelief
'''Jauê-'''
|ką
|Vųlkęn '''ką''' aŋ’kse!
Vulcan '''REL.MIR''' NEG-exist-V


"Vulcan, which ''apparently'' doen't exist!"
([[w:Radon|Radon]])
|kąðs
|118
|Aŋ’kse '''kąðs'''!
'''Cnăuê-'''
NEG-exist-V '''REL.MIR-INT'''  


"Huh?! Doesn't exist?"
([[w:Oganesson|Oganesson]])
|}
|}
The name of a period starts with the same letter all elements in that period begin with, followed by ''-êŋa''. The name of a group has the same syllable nucleus as all the elements in that group followed by ''-ŋa'', and the first syllable is given high tone. The s-block, f-block, d-block, and p-block are called ''eŋa'', ''êeŋa'', ''eeêŋa'', and ''euêŋa'', respectively. Lanthanides and actinides are called ''jĭŋa'' and ''cnĭŋa'', respectively.
Elements are most often talked about regarding a specific form, whether that be an atom, a molecule, a composition, etc. The form in discussion is a suffix containing the part of speech marker and a high tone.
* Element as an atom: +''yá''
** Atoms are called ''yaŋa''.
** Closed-shell atoms are called ''ya-ŋa''.
* Element as a [[w:homonuclear molecule|homonuclear molecule]]: +''ttá''
** Molecules are called ''ttaŋa''.
** Closed-shell molecules are called ''tta-ŋa''.
* Element as a [[w:mole (unit)|molar quantity]]: +''vvá''
* Object that is purely an element: +''ría''
* Object that is mostly an element: +''ššá''
Ions are written by suffixing the difference between the number of protons and electrons in the atom to the root word. [[w:anion|Anions]] are suffixed with number suffixes denoting the difference. [[w:cation|Cations]] are suffixed with the number difference and an antipositive infix +''ne''+ between the number and root word. For example, a sodium cation is called ''çĭneqyá'' (sodium-antipositive-one-atom) and a chlorine anion is called ''çiuêqyá'' (chlorine-one-atom).
[[w:isotope|Isotopes]] are written by infixing the difference between the number of protons and neutrons between the group marker and the proton number marker. A plain number difference is for a greater number of neutrons than protons, and a negative number difference is for a fewer number of neutrons than protons. For example, Uranium-235 is called ''cndsõayá'' and Helium-3 is called ''hneqa-yá''.
[[w:nuclide|Nuclides]] without specification for isotope and/or ion are written with the number affix +''č'' in place of a number of neutrons or electrons. For example, Neon with an unspecified number of electrons is ''lauêčyá'', lead with an unspecified number of neutrons is ''jčăuâyá'', and copper with an unspecified number of electrons and neutrons is ''sčĭĭočyá''.


=== Numerals ===
[[w:molecular formula|Molecular formulae]] are written by combining atom root words and suffixing each atom with -''-'' and suffixing the whole word with ''-wá''. For multiple instances of an atom, the beginning of the root receives a number affix. For example, the word for [[w:glucose|glucose]], which has the formula C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>12</sub>O<sub>6</sub>, is ''šlauâ-lhi-šlauô-wá'', and the word for [[w:sodalite|sodalite]], with the [[w:chemical formula|chemical formula]] Na<sub>8</sub>(Al<sub>6</sub>Si<sub>6</sub>O<sub>24</sub>)Cl<sub>2</sub>, is ''xçĭ-višçiuâ-šçăuâ-ltlauô-ivtçiuê-ššá''.
Iskel uses biejctive base-12, meaning it's base 12 but zero is not used to make any other numerals.
{| class="wikitable"
!Arabic
!Iskel
|-
!mysterious number i dont remember making
|ca
|-
!Ø (no numeric value)
|aŋki‘vol
|-
!0
|ʔiv
|-
!1
|ʔų
|-
!2
|to
|-
!3
|ðe
|-
!4
|skwǫ
|-
!5
|ki
|-
!6
|ṣe
|-
!7
|ze
|-
!8
|kho
|-
!9
|na
|-
!10
|ye
|-
!11
|ha
|-
!12
|lu
|-
!13
|ʔųʔų
|-
!14
|ʔųto
|-
!15
|ʔųðe
|-
!16
|ʔųskwǫ
|}
[[Category:Language]]

Latest revision as of 23:54, 18 April 2026

This page is under rennovation. Significant amounts of information is missing.

Phonology

Consonants

Consonants in parentheses currently do not occur in any words, but may appear in the future.

Labial Coronal Palatal Uvular Glottal
Sibilant Median Lateral
Stop Nasal m ⟨m⟩ n ⟨n⟩ ɲ ⟨ñ⟩ ɴ ⟨ng⟩
Oral p b ⟨p b⟩ t͡s d͡z ⟨ds dz⟩ t ⟨t⟩ q ⟨q⟩
Fricative ɸ β ⟨f v⟩ s z ⟨s z⟩ θ̠ ð̠ ⟨sh zh⟩ ɬ ⟨lh⟩ ç ʝ ⟨jx jj⟩ χ ⟨x⟩ h ⟨h⟩
Trill r ⟨rr⟩ ʀ ⟨gg⟩
Glide Oral w ⟨w⟩ ɾ ⟨r⟩ l ⟨l⟩ j ⟨y⟩
Nasal w̃ ⟨ẇ⟩ l̃ ⟨ŀ⟩ j̃ ⟨ẏ⟩
Click Nasal ᵑʇ ⟨dn⟩ ᵑǃ¡ ⟨cn⟩ (ᵑǁ) ⟨łn⟩ ᵑǂ ⟨jn⟩
Aspirated ᵏʇʰ ⟨dh⟩ (ᵏǃ¡ʰ) ⟨ch⟩ (ᵏǁʰ) ⟨łh⟩ (ᵏǂʰ) ⟨jh⟩
Tenuis ᵏʇ ⟨dk⟩ ᵏǃ¡ ⟨ck⟩ ᵏǁ ⟨łk⟩ ᵏǂ ⟨jk⟩
Glottalized ᵏʇˀ ⟨d'⟩ (ᵏǃ¡ˀ) ⟨c'⟩ (ᵏǁˀ) ⟨ł'⟩ (ᵏǂˀ) ⟨j'⟩

Vowels

Front Central Back
Close i ⟨i⟩ ʊ ⟨û⟩ ɯ u ⟨ı u⟩
Close-Mid e ⟨e⟩ ə ⟨ŷ⟩ o ⟨o⟩
Open-Mid ɛ ⟨ê⟩ ɔ ⟨ô⟩
Open a ⟨a⟩ ɑ ⟨â⟩

Iskel has syllabic forms for all of its sonorants.

Labial Alveolar Palatal Uvular
Median Lateral
Nasal m ⟨m⟩ n ⟨n⟩ ɲ ⟨ñ⟩ ɴ ⟨ng⟩
Trill r ⟨rr⟩ ʀ ⟨gg⟩
Glide Oral w ⟨w⟩ ɾ ⟨r⟩ l ⟨l⟩ j ⟨y⟩
Nasal w̃ ⟨ẇ⟩ l̃ ⟨ŀ⟩ j̃ ⟨ẏ⟩

Stress

Iskel has 3 stress levels: primary, secondary, and extra stress, all of which are phonemic. A word can have any number of any type of stress, though words with extra stress have only been observed to have one. If a word does have extra stress, however, it cannot have primary stress. Primary and secondary stress involve increase in syllable pitch and length to a stronger and less strong degree, respectively. Extra stress involves lower pitch, noticeably greater airflow resulting in higher volume, lengthening, and the visible scrunching of the nose during every phone in the syllable. Extra stress has only been observed to occur in syllables beginning with fricatives, and is confirmed to occur in syllables with consonant nuclei.

Primary stress can be written with ⟨»⟩, secondary stress with ⟨›⟩, and extra stress with ⟨!⟩ after the nucleus. Primary and secondary stress are rarely written, but extra stress is written more often. Word-initial primary stress is not written unless there is another primary stress in the word.

Some affixes may make otherwise unstressed syllables stressed. When monosyllabic words become polysyllabic through inflection, primary stress is placed on the syllable of the root. This only does not occur in the case of part of speech suffixes, which do not influence the primary stress placement of the words they inflect.

Allophony

Aside from elisory allophony, discussed in the Phonotactics section, and epenthetic allomorphy, discussed in the Morphology section, Iskel has two allophonic rules.

  1. Bilabial articulation during extra stress becomes labiodental.
  2. /j/ lowers and retracts from preceding uvulars[controversial].

These rules exist due to biological limitations. All other articulations are identical to their phonemic form. There is no voicing assimilation anywhere, no nasal assimilation, no retraction from click tongue shape, no place assimilation, etc. The /j/ lowering/retracting rule is debated with many prominent opposers claiming failure to produce a true palatal immediately after a uvular is a "skill issue".

However, the degree of allophonic variation within Iskel exists on a spectrum. More formal speech requires the speaker to make maximum effort to never allow characteristics of one phone to bleed into the articulation of another. More informal speech allows for more lax and natural pronunciations such as plosives including a nasal release when followed by a nasal or nasalized vowels near nasal consonants. Though, even informal speech retains a relatively strict pronunciation. Voicing assimilation in obstruent clusters can create ambiguity since mixed voice obstruent clusters are phonemically distinct from their homogenous counterparts, so it does not occur even in the most informal speech. Similarly, nasal assimilation in approximants will also lead to phonemic ambiguity.

Phonotactics

Clusters

Iskel follows a (C)(C)(C)V(V)(V)(C)(C)(C) structure. A consonant cluster and vowel cluster each may only have a maximum of three, regardless of if it exists within the same syllable or across syllables in a word. When affixes are added to a word, violations of this cluster limit involving 4 members of a cluster result in the deletion of one member at the stem boundary from the longer stem. Violations involving 5 members result in the deletion of one member at the stem boundary from each stem. Violations involving 6 members result in the deletion of one member from the shorter stem and two members from the longer stem, again at the stem boundary.

For example, the prefix ang- /aŋ/ attaching to the root sqwôa /sqwɔa̯/ would create the illegal cluster of 4 consonants *angsqwôa /aŋsqwɔa̯/. Therefore, the longer stem sqwôa must delete the consonant at the stem boundary, creating the word angqwôa /aŋˈqwɔa̯/ with a legal cluster of 3 consonants.

Syllabic Consonants

A nucleus with a syllabic consonant can never contain another syllabic consonant or vowel. Syllabic consonants cannot occur next to vowels. Affixes that pair a vowel and syllabic consonant result in the consonant becoming nonsyllabic. Syllabic consonants have never been observed to have more than one consonant in their syllable's coda or nucleus. Nasalized approximants have never been observed to be syllabic.

Grammar

Lexicon

Periodic Table

In Iskel, the periodic table is arranged in terms of 7 periods and 19 groups instead of 7 periods and 18 groups, counting the third group as containing all the f-block elements.

Elements' root words are one syllable long and determined based on five categories: block, period, metallicity, proton number within a block, and electron shell occupation.

  1. S-block elements have monophthongs. F-block elements have diphthongs. D-block elements have long diphthons. P-block elements have triphthongs with a middle -u-.
  2. Elements in periods 1-7 begin with h+, l+, ç+, s+, k+, j+, and cn+, respectively.
  3. Metals have a mid tone on their root while nonmetals have no tone on their root.
  4. Within a block, elements are ordered with one of their vowels being in alphabetical order (i.e. A Â Ô Ê E O U Û Î I), with the vowels A and I excluded as they mark whether an element has an odd number of protons or an even number of protons per alphabetized letter. S-block elements are not written with alphabetization since they are monophthongs. F-block elements have the alphabetized letter precede the odd-even marker in the diphthong, while p- and d-block elements have the alphabetized letter at the end of the polyphthong.
  5. Elements with an open electron shell are unmarked, while those with a closed shell end in --. This ending, however, is removed when referring to ions of an element that do not have a closed shell.
Period ▶ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Period ▶ 6 7
Group ▼ Group ▼
1 1

Hi

(Hydrogen)

3

Lĭ

(Lithium)

11

Çĭ

(Sodium)

19

Sĭ

(Potassium)

37

Kĭ

(Rubidium)

55

Jĭ

(Caesium)

87

Cnĭ

(Francium)

2 4

Lă

(Beryllium)

12

Çă

(Magnesium)

20

Să

(Calcium)

38

Kă

(Strontium)

56

Jă

(Barium)

88

Cnă

(Radium)

4 21

Sĭĭâ

(Scandium)

39

Kĭĭâ

(Yttrium)

71

Jĭĭâ

(Lutetium)

103

Cnĭĭâ

(Lawrencium)

3 57

Jãi

(Lanthanum)

89

Cnãi

(Actinium)

5 22

Săăâ

(Titanium)

40

Kăăâ

(Zirconium)

72

Jăăâ

(Hafnium)

104

Cnăăâ

(Tantium)

58

Jãa

(Cerium)

90

Cnãa

(Thorium)

6 23

Sĭĭô

(Vanadium)

41

Kĭĭô

(Niobium)

73

Jĭĭô

(Rutherfordium)

105

Cnĭĭô

(Dubium)

59

Jõi

(Praseodymium)

91

Cnõi

(Protactinium)

7 24

Săăô

(Chromium)

42

Kăăô

(Molybdenum)

74

Jăăô

(Tungsten)

106

Cnăăô

(Seaborgium)

60

Jõa

(Deodymium)

92

Cnõa

(Uranium)

8 25

Sĭĭê

(Manganese)

43

Kĭĭê

(Technetium)

75

Jĭĭê

(Rhenium)

107

Cnĭĭê

(Bohrium)

61

Jẽi

(Promethium)

93

Cnẽi

(Neptunium)

9 26

Săăê

(Iron)

44

Kăăê

(Ruthenium)

76

Jăăê

(Osmium)

108

Cnăăê

(Hassium)

62

Jẽa

(Samarium)

94

Cnẽa

(Plutonium)

10 27

Sĭĭe

(Cobalt)

45

Kĭĭe

(Rhodium)

77

Jĭĭe

(Iridium)

109

Cnĭĭe

(Meitnerium)

63

Jĕi

(Europium)

95

Cnĕi

(Americium)

11 28

Săăe

(Nickel)

46

Kăăe

(Palladium)

78

Jăăe

(Platinum)

110

Cnăăe

(Darmstadtium)

64

Jĕa

(Gadolinium)

96

Cnĕa

(Curium)

12 29

Sĭĭo

(Copper)

47

Kĭĭo

(Silver)

79

Jĭĭo

(Gold)

111

Cnĭĭo

(Roentgenium)

65

Jŏi

(Terbium)

97

Cnŏi

(Berkelium)

13 30

Săăo

(Zinc)

48

Kăăo

(Cadmium)

80

Jăăo

(Mercury)

112

Cnăăo

(Copernicium)

66

Jŏa

(Dysprosium)

98

Cnŏa

(Californium)

14 5

Lĭuâ

(Boron)

13

Çiuâ

(Aluminum)

31

Sĭuâ

(Gallium)

49

Kĭuâ

(Indium)

81

Jĭuâ

(Thalium)

113

Cnĭuâ

(Nihonium)

67

Jŭi

(Holmium)

99

Cnŭi

(Einsteinium)

15 6

Lauâ

(Carbon)

14

Çăuâ

(Silicon)

32

Săuâ

(Germanium)

50

Kăuâ

(Tin)

82

Jăuâ

(Lead)

114

Cnăuâ

(Flerovium)

68

Jŭa

(Erbium)

100

Cnŭa

(Fermium)

16 7

Liuô

(Nitrogen)

15

Çiuô

(Phosphorus)

33

Sĭuô

(Arsenic)

51

Kĭuô

(Antimony)

83

Jĭuô

(Bismuth)

115

Cnĭuô

(Moscovium)

69

Jũi

(Thulium)

101

Cnũi

(Mendelevium)

17 8

Lauô

(Oxygen)

16

Çauô

(Sulfur)

34

Sauô

(Selenium)

52

Kăuô

(Tellurium)

84

Jăuô

(Polonium)

116

Cnăuô

(Livermorium)

70

Jũa

(Ytterbium)

102

Cnũa

(Nobelium)

18 9

Liuê

(Fluorine)

17

Çiuê

(Chlorine)

35

Siuê

(Bromium)

53

Kiuê

(Iodine)

85

Jĭuê

(Astatine)

117

Cnĭuê

(Tennessine)

19 2

Ha-

(Helium)

10

Lauê-

(Neon)

18

Çauê-

(Argon)

36

Sauê-

(Krypton)

54

Kauê-

(Xenon)

86

Jauê-

(Radon)

118

Cnăuê-

(Oganesson)

The name of a period starts with the same letter all elements in that period begin with, followed by -êŋa. The name of a group has the same syllable nucleus as all the elements in that group followed by -ŋa, and the first syllable is given high tone. The s-block, f-block, d-block, and p-block are called eŋa, êeŋa, eeêŋa, and euêŋa, respectively. Lanthanides and actinides are called jĭŋa and cnĭŋa, respectively.

Elements are most often talked about regarding a specific form, whether that be an atom, a molecule, a composition, etc. The form in discussion is a suffix containing the part of speech marker and a high tone.

  • Element as an atom: +yá
    • Atoms are called yaŋa.
    • Closed-shell atoms are called ya-ŋa.
  • Element as a homonuclear molecule: +ttá
    • Molecules are called ttaŋa.
    • Closed-shell molecules are called tta-ŋa.
  • Element as a molar quantity: +vvá
  • Object that is purely an element: +ría
  • Object that is mostly an element: +ššá

Ions are written by suffixing the difference between the number of protons and electrons in the atom to the root word. Anions are suffixed with number suffixes denoting the difference. Cations are suffixed with the number difference and an antipositive infix +ne+ between the number and root word. For example, a sodium cation is called çĭneqyá (sodium-antipositive-one-atom) and a chlorine anion is called çiuêqyá (chlorine-one-atom).

Isotopes are written by infixing the difference between the number of protons and neutrons between the group marker and the proton number marker. A plain number difference is for a greater number of neutrons than protons, and a negative number difference is for a fewer number of neutrons than protons. For example, Uranium-235 is called cndsõayá and Helium-3 is called hneqa-yá.

Nuclides without specification for isotope and/or ion are written with the number affix +č in place of a number of neutrons or electrons. For example, Neon with an unspecified number of electrons is lauêčyá, lead with an unspecified number of neutrons is jčăuâyá, and copper with an unspecified number of electrons and neutrons is sčĭĭočyá.

Molecular formulae are written by combining atom root words and suffixing each atom with -- and suffixing the whole word with -wá. For multiple instances of an atom, the beginning of the root receives a number affix. For example, the word for glucose, which has the formula C6H12O6, is šlauâ-lhi-šlauô-wá, and the word for sodalite, with the chemical formula Na8(Al6Si6O24)Cl2, is xçĭ-višçiuâ-šçăuâ-ltlauô-ivtçiuê-ššá.

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