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'''Magikoe''' [máɟìkó͜e] is a language spoken in [[Nguhcraft]].
'''Magikoe''' [máɟìkó͜e] is a language.


== Phonology ==
== Phonology ==
Line 20: Line 20:
!Aspirate
!Aspirate
|
|
|tʰ '''th'''
|tʰ '''t'''
|
|
|kʰ '''kh'''
|kʰ '''q'''
|
|
|-
|-
!Tenuis
!Tenuis
|p '''p'''
|p '''p'''
|t '''t'''
|t '''d'''
|c '''ty'''
|c '''c'''
|k '''k'''
|k '''k'''
|ʔ '''’'''
|ʔ '''’'''
Line 104: Line 104:


n ɡ e̯ > ɲ ɟ i̯ / _i
n ɡ e̯ > ɲ ɟ i̯ / _i
V̀ > V̄ / {tʰ,kʰ,ɸ,h}_


== Syntax ==
== Syntax ==
The word order is Place-Verb-Time-Topic-Converb-Noun-CaseNoun. The topic overlaps strongly with the typical object of a sentence, as it is given much more importance than the agent in most cases outside of when the agent is being emphasized. Verbs with English translations that imply the subject's agency do not necessarily translate as giving the topic agency in the syntax of Magikoe. An example of this being the verb ''rewo'' meaning "to play music". The sentence ''Huru rewori ko''' translates to "The dog is listening to music" even though the direct translation would say "The dog is playing music". The music is being played, but the topic is not the player of the music.
The word order is Place-Verb-Time-Topic-coverb-Noun-CaseNoun.
 
The topic overlaps strongly with the typical object of a sentence, as it is given much more importance than the agent in most cases outside of when the agent is being emphasized. Verbs with English translations that imply the subject's agency do not necessarily translate as giving the topic agency in the syntax of Magikoe. An example of this being the verb ''rewo'' meaning "to play music". The sentence ''Huru rewori ko''' translates to "The dog is listening to music" even though the direct translation would say "The dog is playing music". The music is being played, but the topic is not the player of the music.
 
The topic must be any part of speech. When the topic is not a noun, the preceding word receives the clitic ''-re''.


Adjectives follow nouns they modify.
Adjectives follow nouns they modify.
The place word is not inflected for anything and can be any part of speech.
The post-coverb noun denotes whichever noun fulfills a second role implied by the verb, used for transitive statements.
The verb, topic, and coverb are obligatory in complete sentences. Responses, corrections, and statements of surprise can omit any of them, but the coverb cannot be said alone.


== Morphology ==
== Morphology ==
=== Number ===
=== Number ===
Plurals are formed by adding -''i'' after a word. The vowels /e/, /u/, and /o/ become /eː/, /ʉi/, and /oː/ instead. Plurals are placed after grammatical gender, and only on nouns.
Plurals are formed by adding -''i'' after a word. The vowels /e/, /u/, and /o/ become /eː/, /ʉi/, and /oː/ instead. Plurals are placed after grammatical gender, and only on nouns.
Line 118: Line 129:
Modifiers are not marked for plurality, but nouns marked as plurals may become modifiers. In those cases, they take on an additional lexical meaning rather than denoting plurality.
Modifiers are not marked for plurality, but nouns marked as plurals may become modifiers. In those cases, they take on an additional lexical meaning rather than denoting plurality.


Adjectives are formed by adding ''-e'' after a word. The vowels /e/ and /o/ become /ei and /oi/ instead. The consonant /ʔ/ becomes /c/ instead. Coda /m n/ do not undergo allophony and instead become onset [m ɲ] to the prefix.  
Adjectives are formed by adding ''-e'' after a word. The vowels /e/ and /o/ become /ei and /oi/ instead. The consonant /ʔ/ becomes /c/ instead. Coda /m n/ do not undergo allophony and instead become onset [m ɲ] to the prefix.


=== Gender ===
=== Gender ===
There are two genders, masculine and feminine, though they do not correspond to masculinity and feminity when applied to humans. They are marked on nouns, verbs, and converbs.  
There are two genders, masculine and feminine, though they do not correspond to masculinity and feminity when applied to humans. They are marked on nouns, verbs, and coverbs.


The first noun (topic) and second noun always have their own gender. Nouns that follow the second noun always agree with the second noun. Nouns in a clause modifying the topic agree with the gender of the topic. Nouns in a clause modifying a non-topic noun or other word agree with the opposite gender of the word they're modifying, a feature called "gender disagreement". Although adjectives are not marked for gender, adjectives are still said to agree with nouns because in clauses modifying an adjective, it's the noun's gender that is disagreed with.
The first noun (topic) and second noun always have their own gender. Nouns that follow the second noun always agree with the second noun. Nouns in a clause modifying the topic agree with the gender of the topic. Nouns in a clause modifying a non-topic noun or other word agree with the opposite gender of the word they're modifying, a feature called "gender disagreement". Although adjectives are not marked for gender, adjectives are still said to agree with nouns because in clauses modifying an adjective, it's the noun's gender that is disagreed with.
Line 198: Line 209:
|/Ø/
|/Ø/
|}
|}
Verbs agree with the gender of the topic. On vebs, feminine gender is marked with the suffix -''ri'', which elides any preceding consonant and /u/ after a nasal, and the masculine gender is marked with the suffix ''-am'' which combines with word-final vowels /i e u o a/ to make /jaːm eːm oːm aːm am/.
Verbs agree with the gender of the topic. On vebs, feminine gender is marked with the suffix -''ri'', which elides any preceding consonant and /u/ after a nasal, and raises preceding /o/ to [u] if the /o/ after a nasal. The masculine gender is marked with the suffix ''-am'' which combines with word-final vowels /i e u o a/ to make /jaːm eːm oːm aːm am/.


Converbs agree with the gender of the noun following them. If there is no noun, they are not inflected for gender. The feminine gender is marked with the suffix -''ya'', and the masculine gender is marked with the suffix ''-tha''.  
Coverbs agree with the gender of the noun following them. If there is no noun, they are not inflected for gender. The feminine gender is marked with the suffix -''ya'', replacing the preceding vowel or consonant, and the masculine gender is marked with the suffix ''-ta'', which becomes ''-da'' after /m n ʔ/, with /m n/ being deleted.


=== Cases ===
=== Cases ===
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! colspan="3" |
! colspan="3" |
!Instrumental
!Instrumental
!Lative
!Vocative
!Vocative
!Benefactive
!Benefactive
!Allative
!Translative
!Translative
|-
|-
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! rowspan="4" |Singular
! rowspan="4" |Singular
!-Ø
!-Ø
| -te
| -de
| -(u)m
| -ki
| -u
| -ō
| -ō
| -ki
| -tse
| -tse
|-
|-
!-m
!-m
| -mbe
| -mbe
| -mbi
| -mon
| -mon
| -mō
| -mō
| -mbi
| -mde
| -mte
|-
|-
!-n
!-n
| -nre
| -nre
| -ngi
| -non
| -non
| -nō
| -nō
| -ngi
| -nhe
| -nhe
|-
|-
!-'
!-'
| -'e
| -'e
| -'ke
| -'u
| -'u
| -o
| -o
| -'ke
| -'te
| -'te
|-
|-
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!-i
!-i
| -e
| -e
| -i'i
| -yu
| -yu
| -yo
| -yo
| -i'i
| -iche
| -iche
|-
|-
!-ē
!-ē
| -ēi
| -ēi
| -ē'
| -ēm
| -ēm
| -ēu
| -ēu
| -ē'
| -ēhe
| -ēhe
|-
|-
!-ō
!-ō
| -ōe
| -ōe
| -ō'
| -ōm
| -ōm
| -ōwo
| -ōwo
| -ō'
| -ōfe
| -ōfe
|-
|-
!-mi
!-mi
| -mie
| -mie
| -mi'
| -mun
| -mun
| -miu
| -miu
| -mi'
| -ntse
| -ntse
|-
|-
!-ni
!-ni
| -nye
| -nye
| -nki
| -nun
| -nun
| -nyu
| -nyu
| -nki
| -nche
| -nche
|-
|-
!-'i
!-'i
| -tye
| -ce
| -tyun
| -tyu
| -'ki
| -'ki
| -cun
| -cu
| -itse
| -itse
|-
|-
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!-n
!-n
| -ne
| -ne
| -ni
| -m
| -m
| -mo
| -mo
| -ni
| -chi
| -chi
|-
|-
!-no
!-no
| -no'
| -no'
| -noi
| -nōn
| -nōn
| -nō
| -nō
| -noi
| -node
| -note
|-
|-
!-ne
!-ne
| -ne'
| -ne'
| -nei
| -neon
| -neon
| -neo
| -neo
| -nei
| -nechi
| -nechi
|-
|-
!-na
!-na
| -na'
| -na'
| -na'i
| -nam
| -nam
| -nau
| -nau
| -na'i
| -nae
| -nae
|-
|-
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!-ni
!-ni
| -ni'
| -ni'
| -nī
| -nyum
| -nyum
| -yō
| -yō
| -nī
| -ite
| -ithe
|-
|-
!-nō
!-nō
| -nōe
| -nōe
| -nō'i
| -nūm
| -nūm
| -nōu
| -nōu
| -nō'i
| -ote
| -othe
|-
|-
!-nē
!-nē
| -nēyi
| -nēyi
| -nē'i
| -nēum
| -nēum
| -nēo
| -nēo
| -nē'i
| -ete
| -ethe
|-
|-
!-nai
!-nai
| -naye
| -naye
| -nahi
| -naun
| -naun
| -nayu
| -nayu
| -nahi
| -aite
| -aithe
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |Masculine
! rowspan="2" |Masculine
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!-a
!-a
| -a'
| -a'
| -ayi
| -ām
| -ām
| -ā
| -ā
| -ayi
| -ate
| -athe
|-
|-
!Plural
!Plural
!-ai
!-ai
| -ae
| -ae
| -eyi
| -aun
| -aun
| -ayo
| -ayo
| -eyi
| -eite
| -eithe
|}
|}


== Lexicon ==
== Lexicon ==
=== Pronouns ===
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" rowspan="3" |
! colspan="5" |1P
! colspan="3" |2P
! colspan="2" |3P
! rowspan="3" |Generic
|-
! rowspan="2" |Numberless
! rowspan="2" |Semiplural
! colspan="3" |Plural
! rowspan="2" |Numberless
! rowspan="2" |Semiplural
!Plural
! rowspan="2" |Numberless
! rowspan="2" |Semiplural
|-
!Narrow Inclusive
!Broad Inclusive
!Exclusive
!Broad Inclusive
|-
! rowspan="2" |Feminine
!Typical
| rowspan="2" |men
|en ka'
|aen qi
|aen te
|aon te
| rowspan="2" |ki
|qin ka'
|qin ho
| rowspan="2" |go
|nyon ka'
| no nyo
|-
!Rapid
|enga
|enki
|ende
|ande
|qinga
|qinyo
|nyonga
| noyo
|-
! rowspan="2" |Masculine
!Typical
| rowspan="2" |hen
|ma ka'
|ara qi
|ara te
|ā te
| rowspan="2" |gi
|qa ka'
|qa ho
| rowspan="2" |cho
|nya ka'
| na nyo
|-
!Rapid
|maga
|raki
|rade
|ade
|qaga
|qao
|nyaga
| nayo
|}
==== Number ====
Numberless pronouns can be used for both singular and plural contexts, but not if the plurality extends into another personhood category. Semiplurals are generic pronouns but with an emphasis on a specific personhood (e.g. the first person semiplural is a generic pronoun with an emphasis on the speaker).
==== Generic Pronouns ====
Feminine generic pronouns are more aptly described animate generic pronouns, and the masculine generic pronouns inanimate generic pronouns. The former refers only to people or willing agents, while the latter refers only to non-living things, patients, or unwilling agents.
==== Clusivity ====
When the plurality extends into another personhood category, the pronoun is marked for clusivity. There are three types of clusivity: narrow inclusive, broad inclusive, and exclusive. Narrow inclusivity refers to the exclusion of third person. Broad inclusivity refers to the inclusion of third person. Exclusivity refers to the exclusion of second person.
==== Formality ====
First person semiplural is used most often in formal speech. Second person semiplural is used most often by a social superior to a social inferior. Third person semiplural is most often used in informal speech.
Rapid pronoun forms only occur in informal or neutral formality speech, not formal or very informal speech.
Very informal speech, regardless of speech speed, uses only one pronoun ''ka'' for all semiplurals.


=== Nouns ===
=== Nouns ===
arm: matso
arm: matso (F)
 
cat: māchi (M)
 
chest: ofu (F)


chest: ofu
cloud: ōfe (M)


cloud: ōfe
dawn: amwai (F)


dawn: amwai
day: eo (F)


day: eo
dog: furu (F)


dog: furu (fem: huru, furun)
dusk: 'ohoe (M)


dusk: 'ohoe
ear: emyi (M)


ear: emyi
elbow: hanro (F)


elbow: hanro
eye: kui (F)


eye: kui
face: hapi (M)


face: hapi
foot: ami (F)


foot: ami
hair: mochi (F)


hair: mochi
hand: tatsi (F)


hand: thatsi
head: ita (M)


head: itha
hips: oedai (M)


hips: oetai
human: magi (F)


human: magi
knee: doko (F)


knee: toko
lake: hegi (M)


lake: hegi
leg: awa (F)


leg: awa
moon: kōm (F)


moon: kōm
neck: hamdo (M)


neck: hamto
night: ie (M)


night: ie
nose: imu (M)


nose: imu
page: ka'a (F)


page: ka'a
paper: magu (F)


pen: noete
pen: noede (F)


rain: imai
rain: imai (F)


river: ūrei
river: ūrei (F)


sea: thanga
sea: tanga (M)


shoulder: omuo
shoulder: omuo (M)


stars: ipari
stars: ipari (F)


sun: heo
sun: heo (F)


tongue: koe
tongue: koe (M)


waist: onī
waist: onī (M)


=== Verb ===
=== Verb ===
come: abu (as a converb, denotes futureness or purpose)
come: abu (as a coverb, denotes futureness or purpose)


give: ene (as a converb, denotes benefit or positivity)
give: ene (as a coverb, denotes benefit or positivity)


have: a'ta (as a converb, denotes pastness, completion, or experience)
have: a'da (as a coverb, denotes pastness, completion, or experience)


leave: thetso (as a converb, denotes purpose, unknown outcome or freedom)
leave: tetso (as a coverb, denotes purpose, unknown outcome or freedom)


lie down: funui (as a converb, denotes ease or willingness)
lie down: funui (as a coverb, denotes ease, ability, or willingness)


play music: rewo
play music: rewo
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see: mei
see: mei


sit: ko' (as a converb, denotes presentness or focus)
sit: ko' (as a coverb, denotes presentness or focus)


speak: watsai (as a converb, denotes hearsay, hypotheticals, or concepts)
speak: watsai (as a coverb, denotes hearsay, hypotheticals, or concepts)


stay: khoi (as a converb, denotes simultaneity)
stay: qoi (as a coverb, denotes simultaneity)


write: thamu
write: tamu

Latest revision as of 21:51, 25 April 2026

Magikoe [máɟìkó͜e] is a language.

Phonology

Labial Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
Nasal m m n n ɲ ny
Plosive Aspirate tʰ t kʰ q
Tenuis p p t d c c k k ʔ ’
Voiced b b ɡ g
Affricate t͡s ts t͡ʃ ch
Fricative ɸ f h h
Glide w̃ w ɾ r j y
Front Back
Close i i iː ī u u uː ū ʉi ui uo uo
Mid e e eː ē ei ei o o oː ō oe oe
Open a a aː ā ai ai au au

There is word-initial stress which is high tone.

/j/ is phonetically front mid [e̯]

Vːm > Ṽːʉ̃ / _%

in un en on an > ĩ(ɲ) ʉ̃(n) ẽ(j̃) ɵ̃(ŋ) ãn / _%

n ɡ e̯ > ɲ ɟ i̯ / _i

V̀ > V̄ / {tʰ,kʰ,ɸ,h}_

Syntax

The word order is Place-Verb-Time-Topic-coverb-Noun-CaseNoun.

The topic overlaps strongly with the typical object of a sentence, as it is given much more importance than the agent in most cases outside of when the agent is being emphasized. Verbs with English translations that imply the subject's agency do not necessarily translate as giving the topic agency in the syntax of Magikoe. An example of this being the verb rewo meaning "to play music". The sentence Huru rewori ko' translates to "The dog is listening to music" even though the direct translation would say "The dog is playing music". The music is being played, but the topic is not the player of the music.

The topic must be any part of speech. When the topic is not a noun, the preceding word receives the clitic -re.

Adjectives follow nouns they modify.

The place word is not inflected for anything and can be any part of speech.

The post-coverb noun denotes whichever noun fulfills a second role implied by the verb, used for transitive statements.

The verb, topic, and coverb are obligatory in complete sentences. Responses, corrections, and statements of surprise can omit any of them, but the coverb cannot be said alone.

Morphology

Number

Plurals are formed by adding -i after a word. The vowels /e/, /u/, and /o/ become /eː/, /ʉi/, and /oː/ instead. Plurals are placed after grammatical gender, and only on nouns.

Modifiers

Modifiers are not marked for plurality, but nouns marked as plurals may become modifiers. In those cases, they take on an additional lexical meaning rather than denoting plurality.

Adjectives are formed by adding -e after a word. The vowels /e/ and /o/ become /ei and /oi/ instead. The consonant /ʔ/ becomes /c/ instead. Coda /m n/ do not undergo allophony and instead become onset [m ɲ] to the prefix.

Gender

There are two genders, masculine and feminine, though they do not correspond to masculinity and feminity when applied to humans. They are marked on nouns, verbs, and coverbs.

The first noun (topic) and second noun always have their own gender. Nouns that follow the second noun always agree with the second noun. Nouns in a clause modifying the topic agree with the gender of the topic. Nouns in a clause modifying a non-topic noun or other word agree with the opposite gender of the word they're modifying, a feature called "gender disagreement". Although adjectives are not marked for gender, adjectives are still said to agree with nouns because in clauses modifying an adjective, it's the noun's gender that is disagreed with.

On nouns modified by an adjective, the noun is suffixed by -n for the feminine and -a for the masculine. If the feminine suffix follows /n/, it becomes /no/; if it follows /m/, it replaces it and becomes /nne/; and if it follows /ʔ/, it replaces it and becomes /na/. The masculine suffix replaces preceding /ai/ and monophthongs except for /e/ and /u/. When following /a/ or /oe/, the masculine suffix becomes /ja/.

On nouns not modified by an adjective, masculine and feminine nouns are prefixed or dysfixed near the beginning of the word in the following ways:

Word-Initial Consonant
Unmarked /Ø/ /m/ /n/ /ɲ/ /tʰ/ /kʰ/ /p/ /t/ /c/ /k/ /ʔ/ /b/ /ɡ/ /t͡s/ /t͡ʃ/ /ɸ/ /h/ /w̃/ /ɾ/ /j/
Feminine /m/ /b/ /ɾ/ /ɡ/ /kʰ/ /k/ /ɸ/ /tʰ/ /t͡ʃ/ /kʰ/ /h/ /w̃/ /j/ /kʰ/ /t͡ʃi/ /h/ /ɸ/ /o/ /Ø/ /ej/
Masculine /h/ /w̃/ /t/ /t͡ʃ/ /h/ /ɡ/ /m/ /n/ /ɲ/ /ʔ/ /k/ /w̃/ /kʰ/ /tʰ/ /c/ /m/ /ʔ/ /b/ /j/ /Ø/

Verbs agree with the gender of the topic. On vebs, feminine gender is marked with the suffix -ri, which elides any preceding consonant and /u/ after a nasal, and raises preceding /o/ to [u] if the /o/ after a nasal. The masculine gender is marked with the suffix -am which combines with word-final vowels /i e u o a/ to make /jaːm eːm oːm aːm am/.

Coverbs agree with the gender of the noun following them. If there is no noun, they are not inflected for gender. The feminine gender is marked with the suffix -ya, replacing the preceding vowel or consonant, and the masculine gender is marked with the suffix -ta, which becomes -da after /m n ʔ/, with /m n/ being deleted.

Cases

There are no syntactic role-marking cases as these are always defined by the semantics of a verb. Cases are marked with suffixes that fuse with gender markers.

Instrumental Lative Vocative Benefactive Translative
Basic Singular -Ø -de -ki -u -ō -tse
-m -mbe -mbi -mon -mō -mde
-n -nre -ngi -non -nō -nhe
-' -'e -'ke -'u -o -'te
Plural -i -e -i'i -yu -yo -iche
-ē -ēi -ē' -ēm -ēu -ēhe
-ō -ōe -ō' -ōm -ōwo -ōfe
-mi -mie -mi' -mun -miu -ntse
-ni -nye -nki -nun -nyu -nche
-'i -ce -'ki -cun -cu -itse
Feminine Singular -n -ne -ni -m -mo -chi
-no -no' -noi -nōn -nō -node
-ne -ne' -nei -neon -neo -nechi
-na -na' -na'i -nam -nau -nae
Plural -ni -ni' -nī -nyum -yō -ite
-nō -nōe -nō'i -nūm -nōu -ote
-nē -nēyi -nē'i -nēum -nēo -ete
-nai -naye -nahi -naun -nayu -aite
Masculine Singular -a -a' -ayi -ām -ā -ate
Plural -ai -ae -eyi -aun -ayo -eite

Lexicon

Pronouns

1P 2P 3P Generic
Numberless Semiplural Plural Numberless Semiplural Plural Numberless Semiplural
Narrow Inclusive Broad Inclusive Exclusive Broad Inclusive
Feminine Typical men en ka' aen qi aen te aon te ki qin ka' qin ho go nyon ka' no nyo
Rapid enga enki ende ande qinga qinyo nyonga noyo
Masculine Typical hen ma ka' ara qi ara te ā te gi qa ka' qa ho cho nya ka' na nyo
Rapid maga raki rade ade qaga qao nyaga nayo

Number

Numberless pronouns can be used for both singular and plural contexts, but not if the plurality extends into another personhood category. Semiplurals are generic pronouns but with an emphasis on a specific personhood (e.g. the first person semiplural is a generic pronoun with an emphasis on the speaker).

Generic Pronouns

Feminine generic pronouns are more aptly described animate generic pronouns, and the masculine generic pronouns inanimate generic pronouns. The former refers only to people or willing agents, while the latter refers only to non-living things, patients, or unwilling agents.

Clusivity

When the plurality extends into another personhood category, the pronoun is marked for clusivity. There are three types of clusivity: narrow inclusive, broad inclusive, and exclusive. Narrow inclusivity refers to the exclusion of third person. Broad inclusivity refers to the inclusion of third person. Exclusivity refers to the exclusion of second person.

Formality

First person semiplural is used most often in formal speech. Second person semiplural is used most often by a social superior to a social inferior. Third person semiplural is most often used in informal speech.

Rapid pronoun forms only occur in informal or neutral formality speech, not formal or very informal speech.

Very informal speech, regardless of speech speed, uses only one pronoun ka for all semiplurals.

Nouns

arm: matso (F)

cat: māchi (M)

chest: ofu (F)

cloud: ōfe (M)

dawn: amwai (F)

day: eo (F)

dog: furu (F)

dusk: 'ohoe (M)

ear: emyi (M)

elbow: hanro (F)

eye: kui (F)

face: hapi (M)

foot: ami (F)

hair: mochi (F)

hand: tatsi (F)

head: ita (M)

hips: oedai (M)

human: magi (F)

knee: doko (F)

lake: hegi (M)

leg: awa (F)

moon: kōm (F)

neck: hamdo (M)

night: ie (M)

nose: imu (M)

page: ka'a (F)

paper: magu (F)

pen: noede (F)

rain: imai (F)

river: ūrei (F)

sea: tanga (M)

shoulder: omuo (M)

stars: ipari (F)

sun: heo (F)

tongue: koe (M)

waist: onī (M)

Verb

come: abu (as a coverb, denotes futureness or purpose)

give: ene (as a coverb, denotes benefit or positivity)

have: a'da (as a coverb, denotes pastness, completion, or experience)

leave: tetso (as a coverb, denotes purpose, unknown outcome or freedom)

lie down: funui (as a coverb, denotes ease, ability, or willingness)

play music: rewo

see: mei

sit: ko' (as a coverb, denotes presentness or focus)

speak: watsai (as a coverb, denotes hearsay, hypotheticals, or concepts)

stay: qoi (as a coverb, denotes simultaneity)

write: tamu

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