|
|
| (4 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown) |
| Line 1: |
Line 1: |
| {{Infobox language|name=Arborese|family=Unknown|era=today|scripts=None (Latin)|country=[['Arbor 'Iland]]|number=only a couple dozen; critically endangered|usage=rare; in private, chiefly among elders|lang-code=arb|demonym=Arborese}}
| | #REDIRECT [['Arborese]] |
| | |
| Arborese is a critically endangered language seldom spoken in the volcanic island territory of [['Arbor 'Iland]]. It is believed to be weakly agglutinative, although not much is known about its grammar at this time.
| |
| | |
| == Phonetics ==
| |
| Arborese features a fairly minimalist phonemic inventory, with only four vowels and 9 consonants, though there is a degree of free variation and allophony depending on where a sound appears in a word, syllable or utterance.
| |
| | |
| === Consonants ===
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |+
| |
| !
| |
| !Bilabial
| |
| !Alveolar
| |
| !Postalveolar
| |
| !Velar
| |
| !Glottal
| |
| |-
| |
| !Nasal / Click
| |
| |/m/ Mm
| |
| |/n/ Nn
| |
| |/ǀ/ [ᶢʇ~ᵏǂ] Tt
| |
| |[ŋ] (/n/?) n
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| !Stop
| |
| |/b/ Pb
| |
| |/d/ [t̺~l~ɾ] ( )d
| |
| | rowspan="2" |/ʒ/ [d͡ʒ] Gg
| |
| | rowspan="2" |/g/ [ɣ] Cc
| |
| |[ʔ] (/d/?) -k
| |
| |-
| |
| !Fricative
| |
| |/f/ Ff
| |
| |/z/ [z̪] Zz
| |
| |[ɦ] (null) -h-
| |
| |}The syllable structure is (C)V(V)(C). Any consonant phoneme may start a syllable, but only /n~ŋ/, /g~x/, /ʃ~d͡ʒ/, /d~ʔ/ and /z/ can appear in coda.
| |
| | |
| - /d/ is usually [ɾ] or sometimes [d̺], but is [d̺~ɾ~l] (Ll not [ǀ]) invervocally and [ʔ~l~ɾ] making "adua" and "a lua" ''usually'' phonetically distinct, though "a lua" may optionally be pronounced as "akua".
| |
| | |
| - /f/ becomes [ɸ] before /ɔ/, including diphthongs.
| |
| | |
| - If a closing end of a dipthong is the same as the following vowel, [ɦ] is inserted. [ɦ] also occurs before vowels after coda consonants and word-initially; in clusters, it may be realized as [h].
| |
| | |
| - - (It could be argued that /ɦ/ is a full phoneme and all syllables must begin with a consonant, though others analyze it as epenthetic in various environments. /ʔ/ is distinct in all environments.*)
| |
| | |
| - - * [Despite this, word-intial /ʔ/ is not actually written, instead opting for a vowel, while [ɦ] and [h] is always written with Hh in all environments where it appears.]
| |
| | |
| - Coda consonants are distinct intervocally from onsets, in which case /ŋ/ /ʔ/ /d͡ʒ/ /ɣ/ may be coda-specific /n/ /d/ /ʒ/ (which is [d͡ʒ] word-initially) and /g/.
| |
| | |
| - /o/ frequently is less voiced or disappears between /z/ and before /z/ or /ʒ/, becoming something similar to [s͡s͜ʷs] and [ʒ͡ʒʷ͜ʒ] respectively. This ''also'' occurs with /z.z/ and /z.ʒ/ clusters.
| |
| | |
| Below is a table of all possible realizations of consonants in various positions within a word.
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| !Coda + Onset
| |
| !C + /m/
| |
| !C + /n/
| |
| !C + /ǀ/
| |
| !C + /b/
| |
| !C + /d/
| |
| !C + /ʒ/
| |
| !C + /g/
| |
| !C + /f/
| |
| !C + /z/
| |
| !(C +) Vowel
| |
| !Final C
| |
| |-
| |
| !Initial O
| |
| |m
| |
| |n
| |
| |ᶢǀ~ᵏǀ
| |
| |b
| |
| |ʔ~l~ɾ
| |
| |t͡ʃ~d͡ʒ
| |
| |g~k
| |
| |f
| |
| |z~s
| |
| |ɦ~h
| |
| |N/A
| |
| |-
| |
| !Vowel (+ O)
| |
| |m
| |
| |n
| |
| |ᶢǀ~ᵏǀ
| |
| |b
| |
| |d~ɾ~l
| |
| |ʒ
| |
| |g~k
| |
| |f
| |
| |z~s
| |
| |see: vowels
| |
| |∅~h~ʔ
| |
| |-
| |
| !n + O
| |
| |ŋm
| |
| |ŋ (ᵑǀ)
| |
| |ᵑǀ
| |
| |ŋb~mb
| |
| |ŋd~ⁿd, ŋɺ
| |
| |ɲd͡ʒ
| |
| |ŋg~ŋx
| |
| |mv~ŋf
| |
| |nz~nd͡z
| |
| |ŋɦ
| |
| |ŋ
| |
| |-
| |
| !z + O
| |
| |zm
| |
| |zn
| |
| |zᶢǀ~zᵑǀ
| |
| |zb
| |
| |zd, zl
| |
| |zd͡ʒ
| |
| |zg~sk
| |
| |zf~sf
| |
| |zʷz~sʷs
| |
| |zh~sɦ
| |
| |z~s
| |
| |-
| |
| !c + O
| |
| |d͡ʒm
| |
| |ʒn
| |
| |ʒᶢǀ~ʒᵑǀ
| |
| |d͡ʒb
| |
| |(d͡)ʒd, ʃɺ
| |
| |d͡ʒd͡ʒ~ʃt͡ʃ
| |
| |ʒg~t͡ʃk
| |
| |ʒf~t͡ʃf
| |
| |ʒʷʒ~ʃʷʃ
| |
| |t͡ʃ~d͡ʒ
| |
| |d͡ʒ~ʃ
| |
| |-
| |
| !g + O
| |
| |ɣm
| |
| |qn
| |
| |<nowiki>ɠ͡|? ᵏǀˀ?</nowiki>
| |
| |ɣb~gb
| |
| |<nowiki>kt~gd~ɠ͡|</nowiki>
| |
| |gʒ~ʃt͡ʃ
| |
| |ʔɣ~kx
| |
| |gf~xf
| |
| |ɣz~d͡z
| |
| |ɣ~ç
| |
| |ɣ~x
| |
| |-
| |
| !k + O
| |
| |ʔm
| |
| |ʔn
| |
| |ᵏǀˀ
| |
| |ʔb~ɓ
| |
| |ʔd~ɗ
| |
| |ʔʒ~ʔt͡ʃ
| |
| |ʔg~ɠ
| |
| |ʔf~p̪͡f
| |
| |ʔz~t͡s
| |
| |ʔ
| |
| |ʔh
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| === Vowels ===
| |
| Arborese features four vowels: /a/ Aa, /e/ Ee, /ɨ/ Ii, and /o/ Oo. Each of these may combine into a different diphthong or lengthened monophthongs, as shown in the below table. | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| !
| |
| !Close Front
| |
| !Open Front
| |
| !Open Back
| |
| !Close Back
| |
| |-
| |
| !Short
| |
| |/ɪ/ [ɨ] i
| |
| |/ɛ/ e
| |
| |/ɐ/ a
| |
| |/ɔ/ o
| |
| |-
| |
| !V + ɪ
| |
| |[i:~ɨː] ii
| |
| |[eː~ej] ei
| |
| |[ɘɪ̆~ɔɪ̆] ai
| |
| |[wɛ~ɰ̃ɪ] oi
| |
| |-
| |
| !V + ɛ
| |
| |[je] ie
| |
| |[ɘː] ee
| |
| |[aɛ̆] ae
| |
| |[wɐ~ɰ̃a] oe
| |
| |-
| |
| !V + ɐ
| |
| |[ja] ia
| |
| |[ɛă] ea
| |
| |[a:~ɜ:] aa
| |
| |[oɑ̆] oa
| |
| |-
| |
| !V + ɔ
| |
| |[u] [ʏʊ̆] io
| |
| |[ɛʊ̆] eo
| |
| |[aɔ̆] ao
| |
| |[ɔ:~ɑː] oo
| |
| |}
| |
| In addition, many of these may combine into triphthongs or pairs of dipthongs, although roughly half the time (especially in cases where the second and third vowel would be the same, or "opposite" [a/i, e/o]), [ɦ] is inserted to break up the vowel cluster.
| |
| | |
| [[Category:Language]]
| |