Tandí: Difference between revisions

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==== Consonant cluster reduction rules ====
==== Consonant cluster reduction rules ====
Consonants replace neighboring same-manner consonants of more forward placement when in a pair alone, and delete neighboring same-placement consonants of the manner below  
Consonants replace neighboring same-manner consonants of more forward placement when in a pair alone, and delete preceding same-placement consonants of the manner below. In addition, plosives and nasals delete following 'ʔ'.


* lad-gíla-món-'an → laggílamón'an​ (d-g → gg, n-' → n')
* lad-gíla-món-'an → laggílamónan​ (d-g → gg, n-' → n)
* lad-púkan-món → laddúkannón​ (d-p → dd, n-m → nn)
* lad-púkan-món → laddúkannón​ (d-p → dd, n-m → nn)
* yá-damack-dé'an → yádamacké'an​ (ck-d → ck)
* yá-damack-dé'an → yádamacké'an​ (ck-d → ck)
Line 153: Line 153:


=== Phonotactics ===
=== Phonotactics ===
(C)(S)VC(C) or (C)CV(S)(C) ,where C is any consonant, S is any oral sonorant, and V is any vowel
C(S)V(C)(C) or (C)CV(S)(C) ,where C is any consonant, S is any oral sonorant, and V is any vowel


V can be lengthened, which is represented as 2 vowels in the romanization but counts as 1
V can be lengthened, which is represented as 2 vowels in the romanization but counts as 1
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* <l> /l/ → /l̃/ | N_
* <l> /l/ → /l̃/ | N_
* <nowiki><p> /p/ → /pʰ/ | _N</nowiki>
* <nowiki><p> /p/ → /pʰ/ | _N</nowiki>
* <r> /ɹ/ → /ɾ/ | C_
* <r> /ɹ/ → /ɾ/ | C!n_
* <r> /ɹ/ → /ɹ̃/ | N_
* <r> /ɹ/ → /ɹ̃/ | N_
* <r> /ɹ/ → /ʢ̞/ | #_
* <r> /ɹ/ → /ʢ̞/ | #_
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==== Nominals ====
==== Nominals ====
root-cardinal - doroní - ball-two - two balls<ref>e.g. baddaa 'aldaadukcí bídããní | hit-PRS NOM-3.AN-one ACC-3.AN-two | he hit him (of two people)</ref>
root-cardinal - doroní - ball-two - two balls<ref group="Example references">e.g. baddaa 'aldaadukcí bídããní | hit-PRS NOM-3.AN-one ACC-3.AN-two | he hit him (of two people)</ref>


nũm - zero
nũm - zero
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Auxiliary verbs follow a regular form:
Auxiliary verbs follow a regular form:


* V PREP PREP-PHR S (Od) (Oi)
* V PREP Oi S (Od)
 
where V PREP is the auxiliary verb (a finite verb with a preposition), S is the subject and is NOT part of a prepositional phrase, Od is the direct object, and Oi is both the indirect object and the noun phrase completing the prepositional phrase of the auxiliary verb


where V PREP is the auxiliary verb, PREP-PHR holds the direct object of the verb, and either the subject (S) is the agent, the direct object (Od) is the subject<ref group="Example references">e.g. cirette'ãn laan ma 'o'óta 'alpoka bíbín moo bípoka | stumble-PST to PERL.PROL OBL-fight NOM-2.AN ACC-1.AN COM ACC-2.AN | "You got me caught up with you in a fight"</ref>, and the indirect object (Oi) is the indirect object, or the subject is the agent and subject and the direct object is skipped if the agent is the same as the subject<ref group="Example references">e.g. cirette'ãn laan ma 'o'óta 'albín | CAUS-stumble-PST to PERL.PROL OBL-fight NOM-1.AN | "I got myself caught up in a fight"</ref>
==== Adverb Placement ====
==== Adverb Placement ====
Adverbs are a derivative of adjectives, and follow adjective rules
Adverbs are a derivative of adjectives, and follow adjective rules

Latest revision as of 20:16, 26 July 2026

Introduction

'obala yábalí wantandí is the native language of the ŋation of 'o'aben yálekki wanyókóz on order of lappi Miya on the 3rd of May, 2026, at 12:06 P.M. CST

Phonology

Vowels

closure front central back
close í/ /ó
near-close i/
close-mid é/ /o
mid u/
open-mid e/
near-open á/
open a/

Vowels may be nasalized or elongated

Consonants

Placement →

↓ Manner

BIlabial Labiodental Dental Alveolar Post-alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
Nasal /m /n
Plosive p/b t/d k/g '
Non-sibilant affricate ts/dj
Sibilant fricative c/z s/j
Non-sibilant fricative f/v /ð /y k/g h
Approximant /r /w (/w/) /r (/ʢ̞/)
Tap/Flap /r
Lateral Approximant /l

Consonant cluster reduction rules

Consonants replace neighboring same-manner consonants of more forward placement when in a pair alone, and delete preceding same-placement consonants of the manner below. In addition, plosives and nasals delete following 'ʔ'.

  • lad-gíla-món-'an → laggílamónan​ (d-g → gg, n-' → n)
  • lad-púkan-món → laddúkannón​ (d-p → dd, n-m → nn)
  • yá-damack-dé'an → yádamacké'an​ (ck-d → ck)
  • bí-daad-ní → bídaaní (d-n → n)

Phonotactics

C(S)V(C)(C) or (C)CV(S)(C) ,where C is any consonant, S is any oral sonorant, and V is any vowel

V can be lengthened, which is represented as 2 vowels in the romanization but counts as 1

C can be geminated, which is represented as 2(3[1]) consonants in the romanization but counts as 1 for syllabic structure and 2 for rhymes

There is no set tense patterning, and tense is instead considered a part of intonation

Allophones

  • <f> /f/ → /fʰ/ | _N
  • <g> /g/ → /ɣ/ | V!A(S)_V
  • <k> /k/ → /kʰ/ | _N
  • <k> /k/ → /x/ | V!A(S)_V
  • <l> /l/ → /l̃/ | N_
  • <p> /p/ → /pʰ/ | _N
  • <r> /ɹ/ → /ɾ/ | C!n_
  • <r> /ɹ/ → /ɹ̃/ | N_
  • <r> /ɹ/ → /ʢ̞/ | #_
  • <t> /t/ → /tʰ/ | _N
  • <y> /ʝ/ → /ʝ̃/ | N_
  • <w> /w/ → /w̃/ | N_

where C is any consonant, V is any vowel, V!A is any non-acute vowel, N is any nasal vowel, S is any oral sonorant, and #_ means word-initial

Morphology

Pronouns

Personal pronouns

bin - 1.AN

mam - 1.INAN

poka - 2.AN

tóó - 2.INAN

dããd - 3.AN

ken - 3.INAN

Deictic pronouns

mitta - this

lotta - that

Interrogative pronouns

koko - what

conna - when

mosí - who

(other interrogatives are phrasal, e.g. 'lewa koko' [in_order_to what] meaning 'why')

Indefinite pronouns

Type Negative Universal Assertive existential Dubitative existential
Person habunko habunbaa habunlin habunẽn
Thing lenko lenbaa lenlin lenẽn
Place ranko ranbaa ranlin ranẽn
Time cónko cónbaa cónlin cónẽn

Nouns

Role assignment

subject (Nominative case): 'al-

direct object/subject complement (Accusative case): bí-

indirect object (Dative case): tú-

object complement (Genitive case): wan-

other (Oblique case): 'o-[2]

Number

singular default, plus dual, paucal, and plural marked by suffix on a stem which goes before tense and aspect

dual: -dí

paucal: -ve

plural: -na

Gender

There is no grammatical gender in Tandí

Possession

POSD na POSR: 'obaan na 'obákúún - the room of the house (DEF-OBL-room POSS DEF-OBL-house)

Determiners

Demonstratives

_ wannitta - this _

_ wanlotta - that _

Articles

Tandí does not use articles

Possessive Determiners

_ na _: doro na bín - my ball (ball POSS 1.AN); doro na poka - your ball (ball POSS 2.AN); etc.

_ na koko bac - whose _ (POSS what AN)

Quantifiers

ãmm - all

tsupla - most

minet - few

Conjunctions

dú - CON

'ano - DIS

Numerals

Cardinals

cardinal "'amend" noun - ní 'amend doro - two CARD ball - ball number two (of a collection)

Ordinals

ordinal tokan noun - ordinal ORD noun, e.g. ní tokan doro - two ORD ball - second ball[Example references 1]

Nominals

root-cardinal - doroní - ball-two - two balls[Example references 2]

nũm - zero

'ókcí - one

ní - two

ta'í - three

sín - four

kílan - five

jaal - six

kitten - seven

bón - eight

nítta - nine

lan - ten

cen - hundred

tõn - thousand

Adjectives

Placement

directly after the noun[Example references 3]

Adjectives may or may not match the number of the noun, as there is a semantic difference[3]

Comparison

yá-adjective-degree-PRS[4] subject: subject is degree adjective than object[Example references 4]

Finite Verbs

Tense

attaches to verb

  • -da: PRS
  • -'ãn: PST
  • -lí: FUT

Aspect

goes after tense:

  • -bó: PROG.CONT
  • -len: PERF
  • -món: GNO
  • -dada: HAB
  • goes before verb:
  • kon-: INF



In addition, there is the following phrasal construction:

  • 'ayída _: there is _, _ has happened, _ is true

Mood

  • 'akaa- : MIR
  • 'anõõl- : CONC.HYP
  • 'ila- : OPT.BEND
  • 'íyye- : HORT.JUSS
  • luke- : DUB.COND
  • me- : ABIL
  • tene- : PERM.PRESCR

Evidentiality

  • -ce'í : RPT
  • -mánna : INFR
  • -nobã : NVIS
  • -tócí : VIS
  • Negation
  • 'eeya - NEG

Agreement

When a past-tense verb phrase contains another verb phrase, that past is the referent present of the nested verb phrase[Example references 5]

Voice

  • mẽna- : CAUS
  • lad- : PASS
  • 'õm- : REV

Auxiliary Verbs

'ayí (AFF) conveys confirmation of an action, and is verbalized to 'ayída (AFF-PRS) to convey confirmation of a state or truth, or of an object's existence, across the past, present, or future, with tense agreement

'cirette laan ma/im' conveys that the agent has knowingly or unknowingly caused the subject to be unintentionally involved in the direct object (a state or event), in a manner which is syntactically reflexive

Copula

There is no copula in Tandí

Adpositions

Agreement

No agreement between adposition and complement is necessary

Syntax

Sentence Order

VSO word order

Particles go before the words they attach to, and prepositions after

Adjectives may attach to any words except conjunctions and postpositions. They go directly after the word they attach to (except verbs, where they go after the postposition)

Adjectives can also be placed at the head of a verb phrase to convey 'SBJ is ADJ', just as nouns may do the same to convey 'SBJ is N'

Verb complements may be placed before the verb phrase's prepositional phrases and connected clauses, but still after the postposition and adjectives, if they are only one word long

Words modify nouns according to the following hierarchy:

  • PART(QUANT(((((HNR(SBJ/OBJ))ADJ)GEN)NUM)PREP))

Auxiliary Verb Constructions

Nouns cannot be advanded forward within auxiliary verb phrases

'ayí can be either a verb or a preposition, as mentioned in Auxiliary Verbs

Auxiliary verbs follow a regular form:

  • V PREP Oi S (Od)

where V PREP is the auxiliary verb (a finite verb with a preposition), S is the subject and is NOT part of a prepositional phrase, Od is the direct object, and Oi is both the indirect object and the noun phrase completing the prepositional phrase of the auxiliary verb

Adverb Placement

Adverbs are a derivative of adjectives, and follow adjective rules

Coordination

Coordinating conjunctions go between all matrix clauses and cannot be omitted

Subordination

Subordinate clauses are treated as prepositional phrases, and subordinating conjunctions are functionally prepositions

Relative Clauses

Relative clauses follow a regular form:

  • HEAD REL VP

where HEAD is 3.INAN if the relative clause is free and the bound matrix clause if the relative clause is bound, REL is a grammatical particle (kaka /kaxa/), and VP is a verb phrase

Questions

Polar Questions

  • hal ('eeya) _: is _ (un)true?

WH-Questions

  • koko - what, noun
  • conna - when, noun
  • mosí - who, noun
  • koko walen - when (what time), noun (very specific)
  • koko wanhabun - who (what person), noun (very specific)
  • koko waran - where (what place), noun (very specific)
  • lewa koko - why (to what end), prepositional phrase
  • lak koko - how (by doing what), prepositional phrase
  • no koko - about what, prepositional phrase
  • 'im koko - where (near what), prepositional phrase
  • 'im conna - when (near when), prepositional phrase
  • 'imaan conna - for what time frame (inside when), prepositional phrase
  • do koko - from what, prepositional phrase
  • laan koko - to what, prepositional phrase
  • etc...

questions are asked in the same intonation and word order as statements are declared[Example references 6]

Existential Clause

uses the auxiliary verb construction of 'ayí

Miscellaneous

The subject, and sometimes the object, direct or indirect, of a verb phrase can be move up in the sentence in a select set of cases:

  1. A quote is being given. Since the quote is a prepositional phrase, it would normally occur before the arguments of the verb. However, because this could result in poorer understanding of the quote itself, the arguments go before SPECIFICALLY the quote, and after any other prepositions or particles, and the quote prepositional phrase goes last.[Example references 7]
  2. The subject or object is only one word long. In order to promote faster delivery of important information, the word may be placed before all prepositions and particles, at the 'front' of the verb phrase (behind the verb and postposition and adverbs)

Examples

  1. ↑ e.g. ní tokan 'aban nana jelí | two ORD day PRT year | second day of the year
  2. ↑ e.g. baddaa 'aldaadukcí bídããní | hit-PRS NOM-3.AN-one ACC-3.AN-two | he hit him (of two people)
  3. ↑ e.g. 'okína yálekkena wakakííta | OBL-seed-PL ADJ-green GEN-pepper | green pepper seeds
  4. ↑ e.g. yábannúda 'albín 'an bípoka | ADJ-good-COMP-PRS NOM-1SG.AN than ACC-1SG.AN | I am better than you (lit. am_better I than you)
  5. ↑ e.g. lagað'ãn 'albín tandralí 'albín | say-PST NOM-1.AN run-FUT NOM-1.AN | I said I was going to run
  6. ↑ e.g. ga'ãn 'almosí bíkoko 'im conna, dú 'imaan conna, dú 'im koko, dú no koko, dú lewa koko, dú lak koko, dú kepen koko, dú do koko, dú laan koko, ..., dú kit mosí túkoko? | do-PST NOM-who ACC-what near when, CON inside when, CON near what, CON about what, CON by_doing what, CON INSTR what, CON from what, CON to what, ..., CON BEN who DAT-what | "who did what when, in what time frame, where, about what, why, how, using what, from what, ... , and to what (indirect) to what (direct)?"
  7. ↑ e.g. lagaðan 'alheman naní no tatammaa tene 'alpoka, 'al'afanafta, bílagað na 'obín túheman 'ejanacír. | laɣaðan ʔalhɛman nani no tatamːaː tɛnɛ ʔalpoxa, ʔalʔafanafta, bilaɣað na ʔobin tyhɛman ʔɛʝanasiɹ. | say-PST NOM-HNR Nanni that repeat-PRS PERM.PRESCR NOM-2.AN NOM-ACTOR-courier ACC-speech POSS OBL-1.AN DAT-HNR Ea-Naṣir | "You, my courier, will repeat my message to Ea-Naṣir," said Nanni.

Notes

  1. ↑ digraphs geminate their first letter only
  2. ↑ oblique case is not required on personal pronouns
  3. ↑ e.g. "Her muscles were like steel cables" implies her muscles were strong, where "Her muscles were like a steel cable" implies they are arranged in a line
  4. ↑ Note here that the adjective is used as a verb, and is placed as the head of a verb phrase
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