Halaqhanenasi'ona

Phonology

Vowels

closure	non-back		back
	unrounded	rounded	unrounded	rounded
high	ɨ ⟨i⟩	ʏ ⟨u⟩
mid				o ⟨o⟩
low			ɑ ⟨a⟩

Vowels may be elongated

/∅/ ⟨e⟩

Consonants

Placement → ↓ Manner		Coronal	Palatal	Dorsal	Laryngeal
Nasal		n
Plosive		t / d		q	ʔ ⟨'⟩
Sibilant affricate		t͡ʃ ⟨ts⟩ / d͡ʒ ⟨dz⟩
Sibilant fricative		ʃ ⟨s⟩ / ʒ ⟨z⟩
Non-sibilant fricative		θ ⟨th⟩ / ð ⟨dh⟩	ç ⟨c⟩ / ʝ ⟨y⟩	x ⟨k⟩ / ɣ ⟨g⟩	ħ ⟨qh⟩ / h
Trill		r̥ ⟨tr⟩ / r		ʀ̥ ⟨trr⟩ / ʀ ⟨rr⟩
Lateral affricate	lateral	t͡ɬˡ ⟨tcll⟩ / d͡ɮˡ ⟨dyll⟩
	aspirated	t͡ɬʰ ⟨tcl⟩ / d͡ɮʰ ⟨dyl⟩
Lateral fricative	lateral	ɬˡ ⟨cll⟩ / ɮˡ ⟨yll⟩
	aspirated	ɬʰ ⟨cl⟩ / ɮʰ ⟨yl⟩
Lateral Approximant		l

Phonotactics

CV (but ⟨e⟩ /∅/ is an allowed V)

Morphology

Pronouns

Personal pronouns

The personal pronouns as they once existed in Halaqhanenasi'ona were pro-drop as a result of grammatical person marking on verbs, but have since been eliminated, replaced by what used to be honorifics which can now also serve as personal pronouns in addition to grammatical person marking on nouns.

Honorifics

Honorifics may occur before objects as an honorific, or in place of subjects as a pronoun

Presentation →	Powerful-Fragile	Powerful-Graceful	Graceful-Fragile
Performance ↓
Powerful-Fragile	'uqadho	dulato	su'ano
Powerful-Graceful	'iqodha	dilota	si'ona
Graceful-Fragile	'aqadhe	dalate	sa'ane

Deictic pronouns

As with personal pronouns, deictic pronouns have disappeared. Honorifics are used in their place

Preverbs

Preverbs convey mood. They may be nested indefinitely

1. ∅ - I paint/I am paint/I have paint
2. qhane - NEC - I need to paint/I need paint
3. jotune - DES - I want to paint/I want paint
4. qota - IMP.JUSS - I demand, implore to paint/I demand, implore paint
5. suthate - DUB/COND - I would paint, I might paint, I consider painting/I would, might, consider have/having paint
6. naniiq - PERM - I can paint/I can have paint
7. tclate - ABIL - I am able to paint, I am able to have paint
8. didaa - MIR - I am fond for paint, I have fondness for paint

Volitional particles

1. daa - volitional, success (affirmative) - I intended to, and did
2. noqe - volitional, failed (attemptative) - I intended to, but did not
3. luge - nonvolitional, success (negative) - I did not intend to, and did not
4. 'acay - nonvolitional, failed (temptative) - I did not intend to, but did

Forms

Forms convey mood, but also the augmentative and diminutive. Consonants are notated as c₁, c₂, etc., while vowels are v₁, v₂, etc.. Examples are based on root n_s_q_, paint (noun or verb, with pattern _a_o_e (V.1.SG.AGT.STD)

1. c₁v₁c₂v₂c₃v₃ - nasoqe 'uqadho - I newly apply paint to
2. c₁v₁nev₂c₂v₃c₃ - nanesoqe 'uqadho - I fully remove paint from
3. dac₁v₁c₂v₂lec₃v₃ - danasoleqe 'uqadho - I alter the paint of
4. c₁v₁c₁v₁c₂v₂c₃v₃ - nanasoqe 'uqadho - I supplement the paint of
5. c₁v₁c₂ec₃v₂rv₃ - naseqore 'uqadho - I reduce the paint of
6. c₁v₁c₃v₂c₂v₃ - noqase 'uqadho - I invert the paint of
7. 'v₁c₁v₁c₂v₂c₃v₃ - 'anasoqe 'uqadho - I utilize the paint of
8. c₁v₁c₂ec₃v₂c₃v₃ - naseqoqe 'uqadho - I analyze the paint of

Patterns

Verbs

		Standard		Augmentative		Diminutive		Reciprocal/Reflexive
		Agent	Patient	Agent	Patient	Agent	Patient
1	SG	_a_o_e	_a_ii_e	_u_o_e	_u_aa_e	_o_a_e	_o_ii_e	_i_u_e
	DUAL	_a_o_i	_a_ii_i	_u_o_i	_u_aa_i	_o_a_i	_o_ii_i	_i_u_i
	PAU	_a_o_ane	_a_ii_ane	_u_o_ane	_u_aa_ane	_o_a_ane	_o_ii_ane	_i_u_ane
	PL	_a_o_ose	_a_ii_ose	_u_o_ose	_u_aa_ose	_o_a_ose	_o_ii_ose	_i_u_ose
2	SG	_ale_o_e	_ale_ii_e	_ule_o_e	_u_aa_e	_oo_a_e	_oo_ii_e	_ile_u_e
	DUAL	_ale_o_i	_ale_ii_i	_ule_o_i	_ule_aa_i	_ole_a_i	_ole_ii_i	_ile_u_i
	PAU	_ale_o_ane	_ale_ii_ane	_ule_o_ane	_ule_aa_ane	_ole_a_ane	_ole_ii_ane	_ile_u_ane
	PL	_ale_o_ose	_ale_ii_ose	_ule_o_ose	_ule_aa_ose	_ole_a_ose	_ole_ii_ose	_ile_u_ose
3	SG	_aa_o_e	_aa_ii_e	_uu_o_e	_uu_aa_e	_oo_a_e	_oo_ii_e	_ii_u_e
	DUAL	_aa_o_i	_aa_ii_i	_uu_o_i	_uu_aa_i	_oo_a_i	_oo_ii_i	_ii_u_i
	PAU	_aa_o_ane	_aa_ii_ane	_uu_o_ane	_uu_aa_ane	_oo_a_ane	_oo_ii_ane	_ii_u_ane
	PL	_aa_o_ose	_aa_ii_ose	_uu_o_ose	_uu_aa_ose	_oo_a_ose	_oo_ii_ose	_ii_u_ose

Nouns

		Organic		Inorganic
		Thinking	Nonthinking
1	SG	_a_a_a	_a_i_a	_a_u_a
	DUAL	_a_a_i	_a_i_i	_a_u_i
	PAU	_a_a_u	_a_i_u	_a_u_u
	PL	_a_a_o	_a_i_o	_a_u_o
2	SG	_u_a_a	_u_i_a	_u_u_a
	DUAL	_u_a_i	_u_i_i	_u_u_i
	PAU	_u_a_u	_u_i_u	_u_u_u
	PL	_u_a_o	_u_i_o	_u_u_o
3	SG	_i_a_a	_i_i_a	_i_u_a
	DUAL	_i_a_i	_i_i_i	_i_u_i
	PAU	_i_a_u	_i_i_u	_i_u_u
	PL	_i_a_o	_i_i_o	_i_u_o

Affixation is used to derive the stative, agent, patient, action instrumental, tool instrumental, and assistance instrumental nominalizations of a verb (to fly becomes flight, that which flies, that which is flown, that which can be performed to cause flight (think flapping), that which is used to cause flight directly (wings, lift), and that which is used to help cause flight () , as well as the gnomic and progressive adjectivizations of a verb (to fly becomes flown and flying)

• qhose-: STAT.NMZ
• dzala-: AGT.NMZ
• dyllu-: PAT.NMZ
• raseto-: ACT.INSTR.NMZ
• 'indzo-:TOOL.INSTR.NMZ
• qana-: ASS.INSTR.NMZ
• sothe-: GNO.ADJZ
• yotre-: PROG.ADJZ

When an illegal consonant cluster appears, it is broken up by schwa, still written as ⟨e⟩

Tense goes on the outside as a circumfix, while aspect is a suffix within that

Tenses:

• trru⟩nasoqe⟨la - I painted - PST
• tru⟩nasoqe⟨la - I just painted - PST.IMM
• qeso⟩nasoqe⟨nothe - I paint - PRS
• 'ara⟩nasoqe⟨ti - I'm just about to paint - FUT.IMM
• 'arra⟩nasoqe⟨ti - I will paint - FUT

Aspects:

• qeso⟩nasoqe-noge-...⟨nothe - I paint (the action is true, but not necessarily occurring) - gnomic
• qeso⟩nasoqe-kase-...⟨nothe - I don't paint any more (the action is not true, but has occurred) - elvic (???)
• qeso⟩nasoqe-nasoqe-...⟨nothe - I paint (the action happens regularly, or habitually) - habitual
• qeso⟩nasoqe-yla-...⟨nothe - I have painted (the action is complete) - perfect
• qeso⟩nasoqe-leqe-...⟨nothe - I am painting (the action is ongoing, and has progress) - progressive
• qeso⟩cathotre-tane-...⟨nothe - I know (the action is ongoing, but does not progress) - stative
• qeso⟩nasoqe-hero-...⟨nothe - I begin to paint (the action is initiated) - initiative
• qeso⟩nasoqe-'idhane-...⟨nothe - I continue to paint (the action was happening and has not stopped) - continuative
• qeso⟩nasoqe-dhile-...⟨nothe - I finish painting (the action is terminated) - terminative

The abstract nominalizer is marked with the 'i⟩⟨nile circumfix

The indefinite article is marked with the 'ile- prefix

alienable possession and inalienable possession are marked separately (e.g. 'my brother' and 'my ball' use a different interfix)

-tu- = action instrumentality (what action was used to accomplish the verb)

-herro- = tool instrumentality (what tool was used to accomplish the verb)

-luga- = assistive instrumentality (what guide was used to accomplish the verb)

-lala- = POSS.AL

-rrile- = POSS.INAL

-na- = ADJZ

-qotclle- = categorical object (what category the object always belongs to)

Syntax

Word order

VSO word order, where the verb indicates the agency, person, and number of the subject. The subject can be dropped if it is in the first person and not semantically necessary.

Concrete nouns are abstracted by a circumfix.