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== Phonology == | |||
=== Vowels === | === Vowels === | ||
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" | {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" | ||
|+ | |+ | ||
! rowspan="2" |closure | ! rowspan="2" |closure | ||
! colspan="2" |central | ! colspan="2" |central | ||
! colspan="2" |back | ! colspan="2" |back | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | !unrounded | ||
! | !rounded | ||
! | !unrounded | ||
! | !rounded | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |unrounded | ||
| | |ʏ ⟨u⟩ | ||
| | |ɨ ⟨i⟩ | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |rounded | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|o ⟨o⟩ | |o ⟨o⟩ | ||
|- | |- | ||
|open | |open | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|ɑ ⟨a⟩ | |||
| | | | ||
| | |} | ||
Vowels may be elongated | |||
/∅/ ⟨e⟩ | |||
=== Consonants === | === Consonants === | ||
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" | {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" | ||
|+ | |+ | ||
!Placement → | ! colspan="2" |Placement → | ||
↓ Manner | ↓ Manner | ||
!Coronal | !Coronal | ||
!Palatal | |||
!Dorsal | !Dorsal | ||
!Laryngeal | !Laryngeal | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Nasal | | colspan="2" |Nasal | ||
|n | |n | ||
| | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Plosive | | colspan="2" |Plosive | ||
|t / d | |t / d | ||
| | |||
|q | |q | ||
| | |ʔ ⟨'⟩ | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Sibilant affricate | | colspan="2" |Sibilant affricate | ||
|t͡ʃ ⟨ts⟩ / d͡ʒ ⟨dz⟩ | |t͡ʃ ⟨ts⟩ / d͡ʒ ⟨dz⟩ | ||
| | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Sibilant fricative | | colspan="2" |Sibilant fricative | ||
|ʃ ⟨s⟩ / ʒ ⟨z⟩ | |ʃ ⟨s⟩ / ʒ ⟨z⟩ | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Non-sibilant fricative | | colspan="2" |Non-sibilant fricative | ||
|θ ⟨th⟩ / ð ⟨dh⟩ | |θ ⟨th⟩ / ð ⟨dh⟩ | ||
|ç ⟨c⟩ / ʝ ⟨y⟩ | |ç ⟨c⟩ / ʝ ⟨y⟩ | ||
|x ⟨k⟩ / ɣ ⟨g⟩ | |||
|ħ ⟨qh⟩ / h | |ħ ⟨qh⟩ / h | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Trill | | colspan="2" |Trill | ||
|r̥ ⟨tr⟩ / r | |r̥ ⟨tr⟩ / r | ||
| | |||
|ʀ̥ ⟨trr⟩ / ʀ ⟨rr⟩ | |ʀ̥ ⟨trr⟩ / ʀ ⟨rr⟩ | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Lateral | | rowspan="2" |Lateral affricate | ||
| | |syllabic | ||
|t͡ɬ̩͡l ⟨tcll⟩ / d͡ɮ̩͡l ⟨dyll⟩ | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
|asyllabic | |||
|t͡ɬ ⟨tcl⟩ / d͡ɮ ⟨dyl⟩ | |||
| | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Lateral | | rowspan="2" |Lateral fricative | ||
|ɬ̩͡l | |syllabic | ||
|ɬ̩͡l ⟨cll⟩ / ɮ̩͡l ⟨yll⟩ | |||
| | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Lateral Approximant | |asyllabic | ||
|ɬ ⟨cl⟩ / ɮ ⟨yl⟩ | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
| colspan="2" |Lateral Approximant | |||
|l | |l | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|} | |||
=== Phonotactics === | |||
== Forms == | |||
Consonants are notated as c₁, c₂, etc., while vowels are v₁, v₂, etc.. Examples are based on root n_s_q_, painting (in the gnomic sense), in 1SG.AGT.ACT pattern | |||
# c₁v₁c₂v₂c₃v₃ - dane 'ukadho nasaqa - I paint | |||
# c₁v₁c₂c₂v₂c₃v₃ - dane 'ukadho nassaqa - I need to paint | |||
# c₁v₁c₁v₁c₂v₂c₃v₃ - dane 'ukadho nanasaqa - I want to paint | |||
# dac₁v₁c₂v₂lec₃v₃ - dane 'ukadho danasaleqa - I demand to paint, I implore to paint | |||
# 'v₁c₁ec₂v₂c₃v₃ - dane 'ukadho 'anesaqa - I would paint, I might paint | |||
# c₁v₁c₂ec₃v₂rv₃ - dane 'ukadho naseqara - I paint (augmentative) | |||
# c₁v₁nev₂c₂v₃c₃ - dane 'ukadho nanasaq - I paint (diminutive) | |||
# c₁v₁c₃v₂c₂v₃ - dane 'ukado naqasa - I love to paint | |||
== Patterns == | |||
=== Verbs === | |||
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" | |||
|+ | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | | |||
! colspan="2" |Active voice | |||
! colspan="2" |Passive voice | |||
! colspan="2" |Causative voice | |||
! rowspan="2" |Reciprocal/Reflexive | |||
|- | |||
|Agent | |||
|Patient | |||
|Agent | |||
|Patient | |||
|Agent | |||
|Patient | |||
|- | |||
| rowspan="4" |1 | |||
|SG | |||
|_a_a_a | |||
|_a_ii_a | |||
|_u_a_a | |||
|_u_ii_a | |||
|_o_a_a | |||
|_o_ii_a | |||
|_i_u_a | |||
|- | |||
|DUAL | |||
|_a_a_i | |||
|_a_ii_i | |||
|_u_a_i | |||
|_u_ii_i | |||
|_o_a_i | |||
|_o_ii_i | |||
|_i_u_i | |||
|- | |||
|PAU | |||
|_a_a_an | |||
|_a_ii_an | |||
|_u_a_an | |||
|_u_ii_an | |||
|_o_a_an | |||
|_o_ii_an | |||
|_i_u_an | |||
|- | |||
|PL | |||
|_a_a_os | |||
|_a_ii_os | |||
|_u_a_os | |||
|_u_ii_os | |||
|_o_a_os | |||
|_o_ii_os | |||
|_i_u_os | |||
|- | |||
| rowspan="4" |2 | |||
|SG | |||
|_ale_a_a | |||
|_ale_ii_a | |||
|_ule_a_a | |||
|_u_ii_a | |||
|_oo_a_a | |||
|_oo_ii_a | |||
|_ile_u_a | |||
|- | |||
|DUAL | |||
|_ale_a_i | |||
|_ale_ii_i | |||
|_ule_a_i | |||
|_ule_ii_i | |||
|_ole_a_i | |||
|_ole_ii_i | |||
|_ile_u_i | |||
|- | |||
|PAU | |||
|_ale_a_an | |||
|_ale_ii_an | |||
|_ule_a_an | |||
|_ule_ii_an | |||
|_ole_a_an | |||
|_ole_ii_an | |||
|_ile_u_an | |||
|- | |||
|PL | |||
|_ale_a_os | |||
|_ale_ii_os | |||
|_ule_a_os | |||
|_ule_ii_os | |||
|_ole_a_os | |||
|_ole_ii_os | |||
|_ile_u_os | |||
|- | |||
| rowspan="4" |3 | |||
|SG | |||
|_aa_a_a | |||
|_aa_ii_a | |||
|_uu_a_a | |||
|_uu_ii_a | |||
|_oo_a_a | |||
|_oo_ii_a | |||
|_ii_u_a | |||
|- | |||
|DUAL | |||
|_aa_a_i | |||
|_aa_ii_i | |||
|_uu_a_i | |||
|_uu_ii_i | |||
|_oo_a_i | |||
|_oo_ii_i | |||
|_ii_u_i | |||
|- | |||
|PAU | |||
|_aa_a_an | |||
|_aa_ii_an | |||
|_uu_a_an | |||
|_uu_ii_an | |||
|_oo_a_an | |||
|_oo_ii_an | |||
|_ii_u_an | |||
|- | |||
|PL | |||
|_aa_a_os | |||
|_aa_ii_os | |||
|_uu_a_os | |||
|_uu_ii_os | |||
|_oo_a_os | |||
|_oo_ii_os | |||
|_ii_u_os | |||
|} | |||
=== Nouns === | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|+ | |||
! rowspan="2" | | |||
! colspan="2" |Animate | |||
! rowspan="2" |Inanimate | |||
|- | |||
!Rational | |||
!Irrational | |||
|- | |||
|Powerful-Fragile | |||
|_i_i_ate | |||
|_o_a_e | |||
|_o_o_ate | |||
|- | |||
|Powerful-Graceful | |||
|_u_a_a | |||
|_o_i_a | |||
|_a_a_a | |||
|- | |||
|Graceful-Fragile | |||
|_u_u_ane | |||
|_o_o_o | |||
|_a_a_ane | |||
|} | |} | ||
=== Pronouns === | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|+ | |||
!Presentation → | |||
! rowspan="2" |Powerful-Fragile | |||
! rowspan="2" |Powerful-Graceful | |||
! rowspan="2" |Graceful-Fragile | |||
|- | |||
!Performance ↓ | |||
|- | |||
|Powerful-fragile | |||
|'ukadho | |||
|dulatto | |||
|su'ano | |||
|- | |||
|Powerful-Graceful | |||
|'ikodha | |||
|dilotta | |||
|si'ona | |||
|- | |||
|Graceful-Fragile | |||
|'akadhe | |||
|dalatte | |||
|sa'ane | |||
|} | |||
Affixation is used to derive the stative, agent, and patient nominalizations of a verb (to fly becomes flight, that which flies, and that which is flown), as well as the past and present participle adjectivizations of a verb (to fly becomes flown and flying) | |||
When an illegal consonant cluster appears, it is broken up by schwa, still written as ⟨e⟩ | |||
Tense goes on the outside as a circumfix, while aspect is a postposition | |||
The conceptual nominalizer is marked with the 'i⟩⟨nile circumfix | |||
alienable possession and inalienable possession are marked separately (e.g. 'my brother' and 'my ball' use a different interfix) | |||
== Roots == | |||
Sentences begin with the nominative word. A particle ('abun) is used to mark topic. | |||
Latest revision as of 10:48, 1 August 2026
Phonology
Vowels
| closure | central | back | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| unrounded | rounded | unrounded | rounded | |
| unrounded | ʏ ⟨u⟩ | ɨ ⟨i⟩ | ||
| rounded | o ⟨o⟩ | |||
| open | ɑ ⟨a⟩ | |||
Vowels may be elongated
/∅/ ⟨e⟩
Consonants
| Placement →
↓ Manner |
Coronal | Palatal | Dorsal | Laryngeal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | n | ||||
| Plosive | t / d | q | ʔ ⟨'⟩ | ||
| Sibilant affricate | t͡ʃ ⟨ts⟩ / d͡ʒ ⟨dz⟩ | ||||
| Sibilant fricative | ʃ ⟨s⟩ / ʒ ⟨z⟩ | ||||
| Non-sibilant fricative | θ ⟨th⟩ / ð ⟨dh⟩ | ç ⟨c⟩ / ʝ ⟨y⟩ | x ⟨k⟩ / ɣ ⟨g⟩ | ħ ⟨qh⟩ / h | |
| Trill | r̥ ⟨tr⟩ / r | ʀ̥ ⟨trr⟩ / ʀ ⟨rr⟩ | |||
| Lateral affricate | syllabic | t͡ɬ̩͡l ⟨tcll⟩ / d͡ɮ̩͡l ⟨dyll⟩ | |||
| asyllabic | t͡ɬ ⟨tcl⟩ / d͡ɮ ⟨dyl⟩ | ||||
| Lateral fricative | syllabic | ɬ̩͡l ⟨cll⟩ / ɮ̩͡l ⟨yll⟩ | |||
| asyllabic | ɬ ⟨cl⟩ / ɮ ⟨yl⟩ | ||||
| Lateral Approximant | l | ||||
Phonotactics
Forms
Consonants are notated as c₁, c₂, etc., while vowels are v₁, v₂, etc.. Examples are based on root n_s_q_, painting (in the gnomic sense), in 1SG.AGT.ACT pattern
- c₁v₁c₂v₂c₃v₃ - dane 'ukadho nasaqa - I paint
- c₁v₁c₂c₂v₂c₃v₃ - dane 'ukadho nassaqa - I need to paint
- c₁v₁c₁v₁c₂v₂c₃v₃ - dane 'ukadho nanasaqa - I want to paint
- dac₁v₁c₂v₂lec₃v₃ - dane 'ukadho danasaleqa - I demand to paint, I implore to paint
- 'v₁c₁ec₂v₂c₃v₃ - dane 'ukadho 'anesaqa - I would paint, I might paint
- c₁v₁c₂ec₃v₂rv₃ - dane 'ukadho naseqara - I paint (augmentative)
- c₁v₁nev₂c₂v₃c₃ - dane 'ukadho nanasaq - I paint (diminutive)
- c₁v₁c₃v₂c₂v₃ - dane 'ukado naqasa - I love to paint
Patterns
Verbs
| Active voice | Passive voice | Causative voice | Reciprocal/Reflexive | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Agent | Patient | Agent | Patient | Agent | Patient | |||
| 1 | SG | _a_a_a | _a_ii_a | _u_a_a | _u_ii_a | _o_a_a | _o_ii_a | _i_u_a |
| DUAL | _a_a_i | _a_ii_i | _u_a_i | _u_ii_i | _o_a_i | _o_ii_i | _i_u_i | |
| PAU | _a_a_an | _a_ii_an | _u_a_an | _u_ii_an | _o_a_an | _o_ii_an | _i_u_an | |
| PL | _a_a_os | _a_ii_os | _u_a_os | _u_ii_os | _o_a_os | _o_ii_os | _i_u_os | |
| 2 | SG | _ale_a_a | _ale_ii_a | _ule_a_a | _u_ii_a | _oo_a_a | _oo_ii_a | _ile_u_a |
| DUAL | _ale_a_i | _ale_ii_i | _ule_a_i | _ule_ii_i | _ole_a_i | _ole_ii_i | _ile_u_i | |
| PAU | _ale_a_an | _ale_ii_an | _ule_a_an | _ule_ii_an | _ole_a_an | _ole_ii_an | _ile_u_an | |
| PL | _ale_a_os | _ale_ii_os | _ule_a_os | _ule_ii_os | _ole_a_os | _ole_ii_os | _ile_u_os | |
| 3 | SG | _aa_a_a | _aa_ii_a | _uu_a_a | _uu_ii_a | _oo_a_a | _oo_ii_a | _ii_u_a |
| DUAL | _aa_a_i | _aa_ii_i | _uu_a_i | _uu_ii_i | _oo_a_i | _oo_ii_i | _ii_u_i | |
| PAU | _aa_a_an | _aa_ii_an | _uu_a_an | _uu_ii_an | _oo_a_an | _oo_ii_an | _ii_u_an | |
| PL | _aa_a_os | _aa_ii_os | _uu_a_os | _uu_ii_os | _oo_a_os | _oo_ii_os | _ii_u_os | |
Nouns
| Animate | Inanimate | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Rational | Irrational | ||
| Powerful-Fragile | _i_i_ate | _o_a_e | _o_o_ate |
| Powerful-Graceful | _u_a_a | _o_i_a | _a_a_a |
| Graceful-Fragile | _u_u_ane | _o_o_o | _a_a_ane |
Pronouns
| Presentation → | Powerful-Fragile | Powerful-Graceful | Graceful-Fragile |
|---|---|---|---|
| Performance ↓ | |||
| Powerful-fragile | 'ukadho | dulatto | su'ano |
| Powerful-Graceful | 'ikodha | dilotta | si'ona |
| Graceful-Fragile | 'akadhe | dalatte | sa'ane |
Affixation is used to derive the stative, agent, and patient nominalizations of a verb (to fly becomes flight, that which flies, and that which is flown), as well as the past and present participle adjectivizations of a verb (to fly becomes flown and flying)
When an illegal consonant cluster appears, it is broken up by schwa, still written as ⟨e⟩
Tense goes on the outside as a circumfix, while aspect is a postposition
The conceptual nominalizer is marked with the 'i⟩⟨nile circumfix
alienable possession and inalienable possession are marked separately (e.g. 'my brother' and 'my ball' use a different interfix)
Roots
Sentences begin with the nominative word. A particle ('abun) is used to mark topic.