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m Completed vowel chart, fixed consonant discrepancy
MiaKvigan (talk | contribs)
Made quite a few things
 
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== Phonology ==
=== Vowels ===
=== Vowels ===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
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!rounded
!rounded
|-
|-
|close
|unrounded
|
|ʏ ⟨u⟩
|ɨ ⟨i⟩
|ɨ ⟨i⟩
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
|mid
|rounded
|ə ⟨u⟩
|
|
|
|
|o ⟨o⟩
|o ⟨o⟩
|
|-
|-
|open
|open
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|ɑ ⟨a⟩
|ɑ ⟨a⟩
|
|
|}Vowels may be nasalized or elongated
|}
Vowels may be elongated
 
/∅/ ⟨e⟩


=== Consonants ===
=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
|+
!Placement →
! colspan="2" |Placement →
↓ Manner
↓ Manner
!Coronal
!Coronal
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!Laryngeal
!Laryngeal
|-
|-
|Nasal
| colspan="2" |Nasal
|n
|n
|
|
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|
|
|-
|-
|Plosive
| colspan="2" |Plosive
|t / d
|t / d
|
|
|q
|q
|
|ʔ ⟨'⟩
|-
|-
|Sibilant affricate
| colspan="2" |Sibilant affricate
|t͡ʃ ⟨ts⟩ / d͡ʒ ⟨dz⟩
|t͡ʃ ⟨ts⟩ / d͡ʒ ⟨dz⟩
|
|
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|
|
|-
|-
|Sibilant fricative
| colspan="2" |Sibilant fricative
|ʃ ⟨s⟩ / ʒ ⟨z⟩
|ʃ ⟨s⟩ / ʒ ⟨z⟩
|
|
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|
|
|-
|-
|Non-sibilant fricative
| colspan="2" |Non-sibilant fricative
|θ ⟨th⟩ / ð ⟨dh⟩
|θ ⟨th⟩ / ð ⟨dh⟩
|ç ⟨c⟩ / ʝ ⟨y⟩
|ç ⟨c⟩ / ʝ ⟨y⟩
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|ħ ⟨qh⟩ / h
|ħ ⟨qh⟩ / h
|-
|-
|Trill
| colspan="2" |Trill
|r̥ ⟨tr⟩ / r
|r̥ ⟨tr⟩ / r
|
|
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|
|
|-
|-
|Lateral fricative
| rowspan="2" |Lateral affricate
|ɬ ⟨kl⟩ / ɮ ⟨gl⟩
|syllabic
|t͡ɬ̩͡l ⟨tcll⟩ / d͡ɮ̩͡l ⟨dyll⟩
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
|Lateral
|asyllabic
|ɬ̩͡l ⟨kll⟩ / ɮ̩͡l ⟨gll⟩
|t͡ɬ ⟨tcl⟩ / d͡ɮ ⟨dyl⟩
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
|Lateral Approximant
| rowspan="2" |Lateral fricative
|syllabic
|ɬ̩͡l ⟨cll⟩ / ɮ̩͡l ⟨yll⟩
|
|
|
|-
|asyllabic
|ɬ ⟨cl⟩ / ɮ ⟨yl⟩
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Lateral Approximant
|l
|l
|
|
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|
|
|}
|}
=== Phonotactics ===
== Forms ==
Consonants are notated as c₁, c₂, etc., while vowels are v₁, v₂, etc.. Examples are based on root n_s_q_, painting (in the gnomic sense), in 1SG.AGT.ACT pattern
# c₁v₁c₂v₂c₃v₃ - dane 'ukadho nasaqa - I paint
# c₁v₁c₂c₂v₂c₃v₃ - dane 'ukadho nassaqa - I need to paint
# c₁v₁c₁v₁c₂v₂c₃v₃ - dane 'ukadho nanasaqa - I want to paint
# dac₁v₁c₂v₂lec₃v₃ - dane 'ukadho danasaleqa - I demand to paint, I implore to paint
# 'v₁c₁ec₂v₂c₃v₃ - dane 'ukadho 'anesaqa - I would paint, I might paint
# c₁v₁c₂ec₃v₂rv₃ - dane 'ukadho naseqara  - I paint (augmentative)
# c₁v₁nev₂c₂v₃c₃ - dane 'ukadho nanasaq - I paint (diminutive)
# c₁v₁c₃v₂c₂v₃ - dane 'ukado naqasa - I love to paint
== Patterns ==
=== Verbs ===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |Active voice
! colspan="2" |Passive voice
! colspan="2" |Causative voice
! rowspan="2" |Reciprocal/Reflexive
|-
|Agent
|Patient
|Agent
|Patient
|Agent
|Patient
|-
| rowspan="4" |1
|SG
|_a_a_a
|_a_ii_a
|_u_a_a
|_u_ii_a
|_o_a_a
|_o_ii_a
|_i_u_a
|-
|DUAL
|_a_a_i
|_a_ii_i
|_u_a_i
|_u_ii_i
|_o_a_i
|_o_ii_i
|_i_u_i
|-
|PAU
|_a_a_an
|_a_ii_an
|_u_a_an
|_u_ii_an
|_o_a_an
|_o_ii_an
|_i_u_an
|-
|PL
|_a_a_os
|_a_ii_os
|_u_a_os
|_u_ii_os
|_o_a_os
|_o_ii_os
|_i_u_os
|-
| rowspan="4" |2
|SG
|_ale_a_a
|_ale_ii_a
|_ule_a_a
|_u_ii_a
|_oo_a_a
|_oo_ii_a
|_ile_u_a
|-
|DUAL
|_ale_a_i
|_ale_ii_i
|_ule_a_i
|_ule_ii_i
|_ole_a_i
|_ole_ii_i
|_ile_u_i
|-
|PAU
|_ale_a_an
|_ale_ii_an
|_ule_a_an
|_ule_ii_an
|_ole_a_an
|_ole_ii_an
|_ile_u_an
|-
|PL
|_ale_a_os
|_ale_ii_os
|_ule_a_os
|_ule_ii_os
|_ole_a_os
|_ole_ii_os
|_ile_u_os
|-
| rowspan="4" |3
|SG
|_aa_a_a
|_aa_ii_a
|_uu_a_a
|_uu_ii_a
|_oo_a_a
|_oo_ii_a
|_ii_u_a
|-
|DUAL
|_aa_a_i
|_aa_ii_i
|_uu_a_i
|_uu_ii_i
|_oo_a_i
|_oo_ii_i
|_ii_u_i
|-
|PAU
|_aa_a_an
|_aa_ii_an
|_uu_a_an
|_uu_ii_an
|_oo_a_an
|_oo_ii_an
|_ii_u_an
|-
|PL
|_aa_a_os
|_aa_ii_os
|_uu_a_os
|_uu_ii_os
|_oo_a_os
|_oo_ii_os
|_ii_u_os
|}
=== Nouns ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |Animate
! rowspan="2" |Inanimate
|-
!Rational
!Irrational
|-
|Powerful-Fragile
|_i_i_ate
|_o_a_e
|_o_o_ate
|-
|Powerful-Graceful
|_u_a_a
|_o_i_a
|_a_a_a
|-
|Graceful-Fragile
|_u_u_ane
|_o_o_o
|_a_a_ane
|}
=== Pronouns ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Presentation →
! rowspan="2" |Powerful-Fragile
! rowspan="2" |Powerful-Graceful
! rowspan="2" |Graceful-Fragile
|-
!Performance ↓
|-
|Powerful-fragile
|'ukadho
|dulatto
|su'ano
|-
|Powerful-Graceful
|'ikodha
|dilotta
|si'ona
|-
|Graceful-Fragile
|'akadhe
|dalatte
|sa'ane
|}
Affixation is used to derive the stative, agent, and patient nominalizations of a verb (to fly becomes flight, that which flies, and that which is flown), as well as the past and present participle adjectivizations of a verb (to fly becomes flown and flying)
When an illegal consonant cluster appears, it is broken up by schwa, still written as ⟨e⟩
Tense goes on the outside as a circumfix, while aspect is a postposition
The conceptual nominalizer is marked with the 'i⟩⟨nile circumfix
alienable possession and inalienable possession are marked separately (e.g. 'my brother' and 'my ball' use a different interfix)
== Roots ==
Sentences begin with the nominative word. A particle ('abun) is used to mark topic.

Latest revision as of 10:48, 1 August 2026

Phonology

Vowels

closure central back
unrounded rounded unrounded rounded
unrounded ʏ ⟨u⟩ ɨ ⟨i⟩
rounded o ⟨o⟩
open ɑ ⟨a⟩

Vowels may be elongated

/∅/ ⟨e⟩

Consonants

Placement →

↓ Manner

Coronal Palatal Dorsal Laryngeal
Nasal n
Plosive t / d q ʔ ⟨'⟩
Sibilant affricate t͡ʃ ⟨ts⟩ / d͡ʒ ⟨dz⟩
Sibilant fricative ʃ ⟨s⟩ / ʒ ⟨z⟩
Non-sibilant fricative θ ⟨th⟩ / ð ⟨dh⟩ ç ⟨c⟩ / ʝ ⟨y⟩ x ⟨k⟩ / ɣ ⟨g⟩ ħ ⟨qh⟩ / h
Trill r̥ ⟨tr⟩ / r ʀ̥ ⟨trr⟩ / ʀ ⟨rr⟩
Lateral affricate syllabic t͡ɬ̩͡l ⟨tcll⟩ / d͡ɮ̩͡l ⟨dyll⟩
asyllabic t͡ɬ ⟨tcl⟩ / d͡ɮ ⟨dyl⟩
Lateral fricative syllabic ɬ̩͡l ⟨cll⟩ / ɮ̩͡l ⟨yll⟩
asyllabic ɬ ⟨cl⟩ / ɮ ⟨yl⟩
Lateral Approximant l

Phonotactics

Forms

Consonants are notated as c₁, c₂, etc., while vowels are v₁, v₂, etc.. Examples are based on root n_s_q_, painting (in the gnomic sense), in 1SG.AGT.ACT pattern

  1. c₁v₁c₂v₂c₃v₃ - dane 'ukadho nasaqa - I paint
  2. c₁v₁c₂c₂v₂c₃v₃ - dane 'ukadho nassaqa - I need to paint
  3. c₁v₁c₁v₁c₂v₂c₃v₃ - dane 'ukadho nanasaqa - I want to paint
  4. dac₁v₁c₂v₂lec₃v₃ - dane 'ukadho danasaleqa - I demand to paint, I implore to paint
  5. 'v₁c₁ec₂v₂c₃v₃ - dane 'ukadho 'anesaqa - I would paint, I might paint
  6. c₁v₁c₂ec₃v₂rv₃ - dane 'ukadho naseqara - I paint (augmentative)
  7. c₁v₁nev₂c₂v₃c₃ - dane 'ukadho nanasaq - I paint (diminutive)
  8. c₁v₁c₃v₂c₂v₃ - dane 'ukado naqasa - I love to paint

Patterns

Verbs

Active voice Passive voice Causative voice Reciprocal/Reflexive
Agent Patient Agent Patient Agent Patient
1 SG _a_a_a _a_ii_a _u_a_a _u_ii_a _o_a_a _o_ii_a _i_u_a
DUAL _a_a_i _a_ii_i _u_a_i _u_ii_i _o_a_i _o_ii_i _i_u_i
PAU _a_a_an _a_ii_an _u_a_an _u_ii_an _o_a_an _o_ii_an _i_u_an
PL _a_a_os _a_ii_os _u_a_os _u_ii_os _o_a_os _o_ii_os _i_u_os
2 SG _ale_a_a _ale_ii_a _ule_a_a _u_ii_a _oo_a_a _oo_ii_a _ile_u_a
DUAL _ale_a_i _ale_ii_i _ule_a_i _ule_ii_i _ole_a_i _ole_ii_i _ile_u_i
PAU _ale_a_an _ale_ii_an _ule_a_an _ule_ii_an _ole_a_an _ole_ii_an _ile_u_an
PL _ale_a_os _ale_ii_os _ule_a_os _ule_ii_os _ole_a_os _ole_ii_os _ile_u_os
3 SG _aa_a_a _aa_ii_a _uu_a_a _uu_ii_a _oo_a_a _oo_ii_a _ii_u_a
DUAL _aa_a_i _aa_ii_i _uu_a_i _uu_ii_i _oo_a_i _oo_ii_i _ii_u_i
PAU _aa_a_an _aa_ii_an _uu_a_an _uu_ii_an _oo_a_an _oo_ii_an _ii_u_an
PL _aa_a_os _aa_ii_os _uu_a_os _uu_ii_os _oo_a_os _oo_ii_os _ii_u_os

Nouns

Animate Inanimate
Rational Irrational
Powerful-Fragile _i_i_ate _o_a_e _o_o_ate
Powerful-Graceful _u_a_a _o_i_a _a_a_a
Graceful-Fragile _u_u_ane _o_o_o _a_a_ane

Pronouns

Presentation → Powerful-Fragile Powerful-Graceful Graceful-Fragile
Performance ↓
Powerful-fragile 'ukadho dulatto su'ano
Powerful-Graceful 'ikodha dilotta si'ona
Graceful-Fragile 'akadhe dalatte sa'ane

Affixation is used to derive the stative, agent, and patient nominalizations of a verb (to fly becomes flight, that which flies, and that which is flown), as well as the past and present participle adjectivizations of a verb (to fly becomes flown and flying)

When an illegal consonant cluster appears, it is broken up by schwa, still written as ⟨e⟩

Tense goes on the outside as a circumfix, while aspect is a postposition

The conceptual nominalizer is marked with the 'i⟩⟨nile circumfix

alienable possession and inalienable possession are marked separately (e.g. 'my brother' and 'my ball' use a different interfix)

Roots

Sentences begin with the nominative word. A particle ('abun) is used to mark topic.