KWMs: Difference between revisions
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|{{ipa|↓ʷf<ref name=":0">/ʷf/ and /↓ʷf/ are primarily distinguishable | |{{ipa|↓ʷf<ref name=":0">/ʷf/ and /↓ʷf/ are primarily distinguishable because egressive velarics tend to have a high tongue position and ingressive velarics tend to have a low tongue position, so /ʷf/ and /↓ʷf/ can be described as [ʷf𐞢 ↓ʷfᶛ] .</ref><ref name=":2">/ʷf/ and /↓ʷf/ may be pronounced as buccalized [ʷↀ͡f] and [↓ʷↀ͡f].</ref> ⟨v⟩}} | ||
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Revision as of 19:08, 17 October 2025
ʷf, s, ʭ KWMs /ʷʘ͡ǂs/, or in English /kwʊms/, is a language spoke in the islands of Juya Gwaña. It was inspired by the Hush language and comes from the Deep Dimensional linguistic anomaly, alongside Zaekuu.
Phonology
Inventory
KWMs only has consonants, all but one (/ʞ/) of which use nasal voiceless velaric airstream[1] and most (all except /ʬ ʭ ʞ/ because they are already abnormally quiet) have weak articulation. These properties are not transcribed since they apply to almost every phoneme. Any phonemes that are able to be coarticulated can do so to produce new phonemes. When this happens, the romanization reflects this by capitalizing all the graphemes of the coarticulated sound.
| Phonemes | Labial | Dental | Alveolar | Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Flat | Prerounded[2] | ||||||||
| Trill | ʙ̥ ⟨wb⟩ | r̥ ⟨r⟩ | ɽr̥ ⟨wr⟩ | ||||||
| Fricative | Egressive | ʷf[3][4] ⟨f⟩ | s[5] ⟨s⟩ | ||||||
| Ingressive | ↓ʷf[3][4] ⟨v⟩ | ||||||||
| Click | Noisy | Median | ʘ ⟨m⟩ | ʷʘ ⟨wm⟩ | ʇ[6][7] ⟨x⟩ | ||||
| Lateral | ʖ[6][8] ⟨j⟩ | ||||||||
| Abrupt | ↓p[9] ⟨b⟩ | ǃ¡ ⟨l⟩ | ǂ ⟨k⟩ | ʞ[10][11] ⟨wk⟩ | |||||
| Percussive | ʬ[12] ⟨p⟩ | ʭ ⟨t⟩ | |||||||
Coarticulations
Coarticulations are not always simultaneous, but do occur with the same "breath" (or whatever the velaric equivalent to breath is), which adjacent phonemes do not do. Below are all the allowed coarticulations. There are 16 single-articulation phonemes, 48 double-articulation phonemes, 57 triple-articulation phonemes, 44 quadruple-articulation phonemes, 26 quintuple-articulation phonemes, and 5 sextuple-articulation phonemes. It is unlikely any coarticulations higher than triple will be used in KWMs, but unless they cannot be reliably distinguished, they will remain technically part of the phonology.
| Single Articulations | Combinations | Double Articulations | Triple Articulations | Quadruple Articulations | Quintuple Articulations | Sextuple Articulations | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ʙ̥ | r̥, ɽr̥, ʷf, s, ʭ | r̥͡ʙ̥, ɽr̥͡ʙ̥, ʷf͡ʙ̥, s͡ʙ̥, ʭ͡ʙ̥ | ʷr̥͡f͜ʙ̥, r̥͡s͜ʙ̥, r̥͡ʭ͜ʙ̥, ʷɽr̥͡f͜ʙ̥, ɽr̥͡ʭ͜ʙ̥ ʷs͡f͜ʙ̥ s͡ʭ͜ʙ̥ | ʷr̥͡s͜f͡ʙ̥, r̥͡s͜ʭ͡ʙ̥ | |||
| r̥ | ʷf, s, ʭ | ʷr̥͡f, r̥͡s, r̥͡ʭ | ʷr̥͡f͜s r̥͡s͜ʭ | ||||
| ɽr̥ | ʷf, ʭ | ʷɽr̥͡f, ɽr̥͡ʭ | |||||
| ʷf | s | ʷs͡f | |||||
| s | ʭ | s͡ʭ | |||||
| ↓ʷf | ʇ, ʖ, !¡, ǂ, ʞ | ʷʇ͡f, ʷʖ͡f, ʷ!͡f¡, ʷǂ͡f, ʷʞ͡f | ʷʖ͡ʇ͜f, ʷ!͡ʇ͜f¡, ʷǂ͡ʇ͜f, ʷʞ͡ʇ͜f, ʷʖ͡!͜f¡, ʷǂ͡ʖ͜f, ʷʞ͡ʖ͜f, ʷǂ͡!͜f¡, ʷʞ͡!͜f¡, ʷʞ͡ǂ͜f | ʷʖ͡!͜ʇ͡f¡, ʷǂ͡ʖ͜ʇ͡f, ʷʞ͡ʖ͜ʇ͡f, ʷǂ͡ǃ͜ʇ͡f¡, ʷʞ͡ǃ͜ʇ͡f¡, ʷʞ͡ǂ͜ʇ͡f, ʷǂ͡ʖ͜ǃ͡f¡, ʷʞ͡ǃ͜ʖ͡f¡, ʷʞ͡ǂ͜ʖ͡f, ʷʞ͡ǂ͜!͡f¡ | ʷǂ͡ʖ͜ǃ͡ʇ͜f¡, ʷʞ͡ǃ͜ʖ͡ʇ͜f¡, ʷʞ͡ǂ͜ʖ͡ʇ͜f, ʷʞ͡ǂ͜!͡ʇ͜f¡, ʷʞ͡ǂ͜ʖ͡!͜f¡ | ʷʞ͡ǂ͜ǃ͡ʖ͜ʇ͡f¡ | |
| ʘ | ʇ͡ʘ, ʖ͡ʘ, !͡ʘ¡, ǂ͡ʘ, ʞ͡ʘ | ʖ͡ʇ͜ʘ, !͡ʇ͜ʘ¡, ǂ͡ʇ͜ʘ, ʞ͡ʇ͜ʘ, ʖ͡!͜ʘ¡, ǂ͡ʖ͜ʘ, ʞ͡ʖ͜ʘ, ǂ͡!͜ʘ¡, ʞ͡!͜ʘ¡, ʞ͡ǂ͜ʘ | ʖ͡!͜ʇ͡ʘ¡, ǂ͡ʖ͜ʇ͡ʘ, ʞ͡ʖ͜ʇ͡ʘ, ǂ͡ǃ͜ʇ͡ʘ¡, ʞ͡ǃ͜ʇ͡ʘ¡, ʞ͡ǂ͜ʇ͡ʘ, ǂ͡ʖ͜ǃ͡ʘ¡, ʞ͡ǃ͜ʖ͡ʘ¡, ʞ͡ǂ͜ʖ͡ʘ, ʞ͡ǂ͜!͡ʘ¡ | ǂ͡ʖ͜ǃ͡ʇ͜ʘ¡, ʞ͡ǃ͜ʖ͡ʇ͜ʘ¡, ʞ͡ǂ͜ʖ͡ʇ͜ʘ, ʞ͡ǂ͜!͡ʇ͜ʘ¡, ʞ͡ǂ͜ʖ͡!͜ʘ¡ | ʞ͡ǂ͜ǃ͡ʖ͜ʇ͡ʘ¡ | ||
| ʷʘ | ʷʇ͡ʘ, ʷʖ͡ʘ, ʷ!͡ʘ¡, ʷǂ͡ʘ, ʷʞ͡ʘ | ʷʖ͡ʇ͜ʘ, ʷ!͡ʇ͜ʘ¡, ʷǂ͡ʇ͜ʘ, ʷʞ͡ʇ͜ʘ, ʷʖ͡!͜ʘ¡, ʷǂ͡ʖ͜ʘ, ʷʞ͡ʖ͜ʘ, ʷǂ͡!͜ʘ¡, ʷʞ͡!͜ʘ¡, ʷʞ͡ǂ͜ʘ | ʷʖ͡!͜ʇ͡ʘ¡, ʷǂ͡ʖ͜ʇ͡ʘ, ʷʞ͡ʖ͜ʇ͡ʘ, ʷǂ͡ǃ͜ʇ͡ʘ¡, ʷʞ͡ǃ͜ʇ͡ʘ¡, ʷʞ͡ǂ͜ʇ͡ʘ, ʷǂ͡ʖ͜ǃ͡ʘ¡, ʷʞ͡ǃ͜ʖ͡ʘ¡, ʷʞ͡ǂ͜ʖ͡ʘ, ʷʞ͡ǂ͜!͡ʘ¡ | ʷǂ͡ʖ͜ǃ͡ʇ͜ʘ¡, ʷʞ͡ǃ͜ʖ͡ʇ͜ʘ¡, ʷʞ͡ǂ͜ʖ͡ʇ͜ʘ, ʷʞ͡ǂ͜!͡ʇ͜ʘ¡, ʷʞ͡ǂ͜ʖ͡!͜ʘ¡ | ʷʞ͡ǂ͜ǃ͡ʖ͜ʇ͡ʘ¡ | ||
| ↓p | ʇ͡p, ʖ͡p, !͡p¡, ǂ͡p, ʞ͡p | ʖ͡ʇ͜p, !͡ʇ͜p¡, ǂ͡ʇ͜p, ʞ͡ʇ͜p, ʖ͡!͜p¡, ǂ͡ʖ͜p, ʞ͡ʖ͜p, ǂ͡!͜p¡, ʞ͡!͜p¡, ʞ͡ǂ͜p | ʖ͡!͜ʇ͡p¡, ǂ͡ʖ͜ʇ͡p, ʞ͡ʖ͜ʇ͡p, ǂ͡ǃ͜ʇ͡p¡, ʞ͡ǃ͜ʇ͡p¡, ʞ͡ǂ͜ʇ͡p, ǂ͡ʖ͜ǃ͡p¡, ʞ͡ǃ͜ʖ͡p¡, ʞ͡ǂ͜ʖ͡p, ʞ͡ǂ͜!͡p¡ | ǂ͡ʖ͜ǃ͡ʇ͜p¡, ʞ͡ǃ͜ʖ͡ʇ͜p¡, ʞ͡ǂ͜ʖ͡ʇ͜p, ʞ͡ǂ͜!͡ʇ͜p¡, ʞ͡ǂ͜ʖ͡!͜p¡ | ʞ͡ǂ͜ǃ͡ʖ͜ʇ͡p¡ | ||
| ʇ | ʖ, !¡, ǂ, ʞ, ʭ | ʖ͡ʇ, !͡ʇ¡, ǂ͡ʇ, ʞ͡ʇ, ʇ͡ʭ | ʖ͡!͜ʇ¡, ǂ͡ʖ͜ʇ, ʞ͡ʖ͜ʇ, ʖ͡ʇ͜ʭ, ǂ͡ǃ͜ʇ¡, ʞ͡ǃ͜ʇ¡, !͡ʇ͜ʭ¡, ʞ͡ǂ͜ʇ, ǂ͡ʇ͜ʭ, ʞ͡ʇ͜ʭ | ǂ͡ʖ͜ǃ͡ʇ¡, ʞ͡ǃ͜ʖ͡ʇ¡, ʖ͡!͜ʇ͡ʭ¡, ʞ͡ǂ͜ʖ͡ʇ, ǂ͡ʖ͜ʇ͡ʭ, ʞ͡ʖ͜ʇ͡ʭ, ʞ͡ǂ͜!͡ʇ¡, ǂ͡!͜ʇ͡ʭ¡, ʞ͡!͜ʇ͡ʭ¡, ʞ͡ǂ͜ʇ͡ʭ | ʞ͡ǂ͜ʖ͡!͜ʇ¡, ǂ͡ʖ͜!͡ʇ͜ʭ¡, ʞ͡ʖ͜!͡ʇ͜ʭ¡, ʞ͡ǂ͜ʖ͡ʇ͜ʭ, ʞ͡ǂ͜!͡ʇ͜ʭ¡ | ʞ͡ǂ͜ǃ͡ʖ͜ʇ͡ʭ¡ | |
| ʖ | !¡, ǂ, ʞ, ʭ | ʖ͡!¡, ǂ͡ʖ, ʞ͡ʖ, ʖ͡ʭ | ǂ͡ʖ͜ǃ¡, ʞ͡ǃ͜ʖ¡, ʖ͡!͜ʭ¡, ʞ͡ǂ͜ʖ, ǂ͡ʖ͜ʭ, ʞ͡ʖ͜ʭ | ʞ͡ǂ͜ʖ͡!¡, ǂ͡ʖ͜!͡ʭ¡, ʞ͡ʖ͜!͡ʭ¡, ʞ͡ǂ͜ʖ͡ʭ | ʞ͡ǂ͜!͡ʖ͜ʭ¡ | ||
| !¡ | ǂ, ʞ, ʭ | ǂ͡ǃ¡, ʞ͡ǃ¡, !͡ʭ¡ | ʞ͡ǂ͜!¡, ǂ͡!͜ʭ¡, ʞ͡!͜ʭ¡ | ʞ͡ǂ͜!͡ʭ¡ | |||
| ǂ | ʞ, ʭ | ʞ͡ǂ, ǂ͡ʭ | ʞ͡ǂ͜ʭ | ||||
| ʞ | ʭ | ʞ͡ʭ | |||||
| ʬ | ʬ͡ʭ | ||||||
| ʭ |
Exact Pronunciations
These are detailed instructions on how to pronounce each single-articulation phoneme because KWMs has a very atypical phonology.
| Non-Ingressive | Ingressive | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| IPA | Pronunciation | IPA | Pronunciation |
| [ᵑ̥ʙ͉̊] | Egressive voiceless nasal velaric bilabial trill | [↓ʷᵑ̥f͉] | Ingressive voiceless nasal velaric pre-rounded labiodental fricative |
| Back of tongue pressed against velum. Open velum to allow air to pass through the nose. Closed, loosened lips become trilled due to advancement of the tongue (still pressed against velum). Vocal folds not vibrating. | Back of tongue pressed against velum. Open velum to allow air to pass through the nose. Lips rounded. As the lips unround, bottom lip makes contact with top teeth and air is pushed inward as a fricative due to retraction of the tongue (still pressed against velum). Vocal folds not vibrating. | ||
| [ᵑ̥r͉̊] | Egressive voiceless nasal velaric alveolar trill | [ᵑ̥ʘ͉] | Voiceless nasal bilabial noisy click |
| Back of tongue pressed against velum. Open velum to allow air to pass through the nose. Tongue tip pressed against alveolar ridge, but loosened, becomes trilled due to advancement of the back of the tongue (still pressed against velum). Vocal folds not vibrating. | Back of tongue pressed against velum. Open velum to allow air to pass through the nose. Closed lips tightly suctioned to each other get released due to the lowering of the jaw. Vocal folds not vibrating. | ||
| [ᵑ̥ɽr͉̊] | Egressive voiceless nasal velaric retroflex trill | [ʷᵑ̥ʘ͉] | Voiceless nasal pre-rounded bilabial noisy click |
| Back of tongue pressed against velum. Open velum to allow air to pass through the nose. Tongue underside pressed against hard palate, but loosened, becomes trilled and pushed forward due to advancement of the back of the tongue (still pressed against velum). Vocal folds not vibrating. | Back of tongue pressed against velum. Open velum to allow air to pass through the nose. Lips closed and rounded. As the lips unround, lips tightly suctioned to each other get released due to the lowering of the jaw. Vocal folds not vibrating. | ||
| [ʷᵑ̥f͉] | Egressive voiceless nasal velaric pre-rounded labiodental fricative | [ᵑ̥ʖ͉,ᵑ̥‖͉] | Voiceless nasal lateral noisy click |
| Back of tongue pressed against velum. Open velum to allow air to pass through the nose. Lips rounded. As the lips unround, bottom lip makes contact with top teeth and air is pushed outward as a fricative due to advancement of the tongue (still pressed against velum). Vocal folds not vibrating. | Back of tongue pressed against velum. Open velum to allow air to pass through the nose. Tongue sides suctioned to inner cheeks gets released due to the lowering of the tongue side(s). Vocal folds not vibrating. | ||
| [ᵑ̥s͉] | Egressive voiceless nasal velaric alveolar fricative | [↓ᵑ̥p͉] | Voiceless nasal bilabial abrupt click |
| Back of tongue pressed against velum. Open velum to allow air to pass through the nose. Tongue tip reaches alveolar ridge and air is pushed outward as a fricative due to advancement of the tongue (still pressed against velum). Vocal folds not vibrating. | Back of tongue pressed against velum. Open velum to allow air to pass through the nose. Closed lips mildly suctioned to each other get released due to the lowering of the jaw. Vocal folds not vibrating. | ||
| [ᵑ̥ʬ] | Voiceless nasal velaric bilabial percussive | [ᵑ̥ʇ͉,ᵑ̥ǀ͉] | Voiceless nasal median noisy click |
| Back of tongue pressed against velum. Open velum to allow air to pass through the nose. Bottom lip strikes top lip forcefully to create a sound. Vocal folds not vibrating. | Back of tongue pressed against velum. Open velum to allow air to pass through the nose. Tongue tip suctioned to roof of mouth gets released due to the lowering of the tongue tip. Vocal folds not vibrating. | ||
| [ᵑ̥ʭ] | Voiceless nasal velaric bidental percussive | [ᵑ̥!͉¡] | Voiceless nasal alveolar abrupt click with subalveolar percussive release |
| Back of tongue pressed against velum. Open velum to allow air to pass through the nose. Bottom teeth strike top teeth forcefully to create a sound. Vocal folds not vibrating. | Back of tongue pressed against velum. Open velum to allow air to pass through the nose. Tongue tip mildly suctioned to alveolar ridge gets released due to the lowering of the tongue tip. The tongue underside incidentally strikes floor of the mouth. Vocal folds not vibrating. | ||
| [ᵑ̥ǂ͉] | Voiceless nasal palatal abrupt click | ||
| Back of tongue pressed against velum. Open velum to allow air to pass through the nose. Tongue body suctioned to hard palate gets released due to the lowering of the tongue. Vocal folds not vibrating. | |||
| [ᵖʞ̥̃] | Labialic voiceless nasal velar click | ||
| Back of tongue suctioned to velum. Open velum to allow air to pass through the nose. Lips closed. Back of tongue suction gets released due to lowering of the tongue. Vocal folds not vibrating. | |||
- ↑ Nasal velaric airstream is an articulation where the dorsum is pressed against the velum throughout the articulation. In such articulations, the air required to produce a sound is limited to what is in front of the dorsum. The nasalization allows for constant breath in and out the nose throughout speech.
- ↑ Prerounded consonants begin labial protrusion before the consonant is made. During its articulation, the lips begin to return to their normal position, but they are protruded for long enough to make the interior of the lips the place of articulation instead of the edges.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 /ʷf/ and /↓ʷf/ are primarily distinguishable because egressive velarics tend to have a high tongue position and ingressive velarics tend to have a low tongue position, so /ʷf/ and /↓ʷf/ can be described as [ʷf𐞢 ↓ʷfᶛ] .
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 /ʷf/ and /↓ʷf/ may be pronounced as buccalized [ʷↀ͡f] and [↓ʷↀ͡f].
- ↑ /s/ can only appear word-finally.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 ⟨ʇ⟩ and ⟨ʖ⟩ are alternative ways of writing the dental ⟨ǀ⟩ and lateral ⟨ǁ⟩ clicks used to avoid confusion with the minor ⟨|⟩ and major ⟨‖⟩ prosodic breaks, or in this language, to distinguish a single lateral click from two dental clicks in a row.
- ↑ /ʇ/ is in free variation between a dental, alveolar, and retroflex click.
- ↑ /ʖ/ may be pronounced as any place of articulation between alveolar and palatal in order to make pronunciation easier and allow for coarticulations.
- ↑ While an unusual notation, ⟨↓p⟩ is used here to represent the abrupt bilabial click due to there being few alternatives.
- ↑ During the hold of /ʞ/, it too has a voiceless velar nasal articulation. The velar click is the only consonant that interrupts the constant velar closure present in the language.
- ↑ /ʞ/ is back-released, meaning its efflux place of articulation is more forward in the mouth than the velar closure. The default position is bilabial, but it can change depending on nearby sounds in order to make pronunciation easier and allow for coarticulations.
- ↑ Due to this language's /ʬ/ being articulated so close to the source of airstream (the velar closure), it may have an egressive or ingressive plosive release upon the parting of the lips, notated ⟨ʬᵖ⟩. No reference is made to the airstream direction due to them being nearly impossible to retroactively distinguish.
Syntax
Timekeeping
Translations
| kJWMr | wmv | ms | -JXs | pb | mwm | -jm | -XWK | kwk | XWMrp | -KMKM | ||||||||||
| /ǂʷʖ͡ʘr̥ | ʷʘ↓ʷf | ʘs | -ʖ͡ʇs | ʬ↓p | ʘʷʘ | -ʖʘ | -ʇ͡ʞ | ǂʞ | ʷʇ͡ʘr̥ʬ | -ǂ͡ʘǂ͡ʘ/ | ||||||||||
| banana | sweet | ADJ_COP | -COND | too_much | dog | -M | -GEN | 1.SG | dislike | -VIS | ||||||||||
| “My dog dislikes banana if it is too sweet.” | ||||||||||||||||||||
Vocabulary
| KWMs | English | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Word | IPA | Translation | Note |
| krs | /ǂrs/ | season | |
| krxx | /ǂrʇʇ/ | season cycle (year) | |
| jWMLm | /ʖʷʘ͡ǃʘ/ | moon phase | |
| jWMLfx | /ʖʷʘ͡ǃʷfʇ/ | lunar month | time between new moon and next new moon |
| pjks | /ʬʖǂs/ | half moonday | time between moonset and moonrise or vice versa |
| pjps | /ʬʖʬs/ | moonday | time between moonrise and next moonsire |
| xmb | /ʇʘ↓p/ | half day | time between sunset and sunrise or vice versa |
| xmbjx | /ʇʘ↓pʖʇ/ | day cycle | time between sunrise and next sunrise |