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'''Nāskiw''' {{Ipa|[náˑʂkɪw]}}, also spelled '''Naskiw''', is a language spoken in [[Juya Gwaña]] and non-evolutionarily related to [[Iskel]].
'''Nāskiw''' {{Ipa|[náˑʂkɪw]}}, also spelled '''Naskiw''', is a language spoken in [[Juya Gwaña]] and non-evolutionarily related to [[Iskel]].
== Etymology ==
Nāskiw comes from a combination of [[w:Nahuatl|'''Nā'''huatl]], I'''sk'''el, and [[w:Hiw_language|H'''iw''']], which are inspirations for the language's phonology.


== Phonology ==
== Phonology ==
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=== Orthography ===
=== Orthography ===
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" |Resonant
! rowspan="2" |Sonorant
!IPA
!IPA
!m
!m
Line 423: Line 426:
|ngl
|ngl
|s
|s
|hy
|ç
|h
|h
|hw
|hw
Line 570: Line 573:
|á
|á
|}
|}
== Grammar ==
== Translations ==
“I want to have an apple.”
<code>apple<sub>topic</sub>–POSS DESID<sub>mood</sub> 1SG<sub>subject</sub></code>
<code>glòhw    –i    blǒ      ku̇</code>
'''Glòhwi blǒ ku̇.'''
{{Ipa|[ɡᶫɔ̂ˑhʷɪ bˡɞ̂ kʉ́]}}
“I want to eat an apple.”
<code>eat<sub>topic</sub> apple<sub>object</sub> DESID<sub>mood</sub> 1SG<sub>subject</sub></code>
<code>nwá    glòhw      blǒ      ku̇</code>
'''Nwá glòhw blǒ ku̇.'''
{{Ipa|[ŋʷǎ ɡᶫɔ̂ˑhʷ bˡɞ̂ kʉ́]}}
“I want to eat it.”
<code>eat<sub>topic</sub>–3SG<sub>object</sub> DESID<sub>mood</sub> 1SG<sub>subject</sub></code>
<code>nwá    –c        blǒ      ku̇</code>
'''Nwác blǒ ku̇.'''
{{Ipa|[ŋʷǎˑt͡ɕ bˡɞ̂ kʉ́]}}
“This is not a red apple...”
<code>NEG  apple<sub>topic</sub> red<sub>adjective</sub> ADJ</code>
<code>kō’w glòhw    mlė lu̇</code>
'''Kō’w glòhw mlė lu̇...'''
{{Ipa|[kɔ́ˑʔʷ ɡᶫɔ̂ˑhʷ mˡə́ ɺú]}}
“This is not a red apple.”
<code>NEG  apple<sub>topic</sub>–N red<sub>adjective</sub></code>
<code>kō’w glòhw    –nt mlė</code>
'''Kō’w glòhwint mlė.'''
{{Ipa|[kɔ́ˑʔʷ ɡᶫɔ̂hʷɪˑⁿt mˡə́]}}
“This is not what I thought would happen...”
<code>NEG  DN<sub>topic</sub> COND-happen<sub>main verb</sub> expect<sub>adjective</sub> PST  ADJ ADJ</code>
<code>kō’w nām    gi  -mkáh          hwō’          cīgh lu̇  lu̇</code>
'''Kō’w nām gimkáh hwō’ cīgh lu̇ lu̇...'''
{{Ipa|[kɔ́ʔʷ nám gɪmkáˑh hʷɔ́ˑʔ t͡ɕɪ́ɦ ɺú ɺú]}}
“This is not what I thought would happen.”
<code>NEG  DN<sub>topic</sub>–N COND-happen<sub>main verb</sub> expect<sub>adjective</sub> PST  ADJ</code>
<code>kō’w nām  –nt gi -mkáh          hwō’          cīgh lu̇</code>
'''Kō’w nāmint gimkáh hwō’ cīgh lu̇.'''
{{Ipa|[kɔ́ʔʷ námɪˑⁿt gɪmkáˑh hʷɔ́ˑʔ t͡ɕɪ́ɦ ɺú]}}

Revision as of 06:43, 13 November 2025

Nāskiw [náˑʂkɪw], also spelled Naskiw, is a language spoken in Juya Gwaña and non-evolutionarily related to Iskel.

Etymology

Nāskiw comes from a combination of Nāhuatl, Iskel, and Hiw, which are inspirations for the language's phonology.

Phonology

Consonants

There are 43 pulmonic consonants and 20 click consonants totaling at 63 consonants.

Labial Coronal Palatal Velar/Uvular Glottal
Plain Lateral Plain Lateral Plain Labial Lateral Plain Labial Lateral Plain Labial
Nasal m mˡ n ɲ ɲʷ ŋʷ
Stop Voiceless t t͡ɬ t͡ɕ t͡ɕʷ k ʔ ʔʷ
Voiced b bˡ d͡ʒ d͡ʒʷ ɟ𐞠 ɡ ɡʷ ɡᶫ
Prenasalized ⁿt ⁿt͡ɬ ⁿd͡ʒ ⁿd͡ʒʷ ᶮɟ𐞠 ᵑɡ ᵑɡʷ ᵑɡᶫ
Fricative s ç h hʷ
Glide ɺ j ɰ w ʟ ɦ ɦʷ
Trill ᵐʙ ᵐʙˡ ʀ
  • Only /m n ɲ ɲʷ ŋʷ t t͡ɬ k ʔ ʔʷ b ɡ ɡʷ/ can be geminated.
  • /s/ is [ʃ] next to front vowels except after low vowels, [ʂ] next to low vowels except after front vowels, and [s̠] elsewhere.
  • /ɺ/ becomes [ɺ̼] before bilabials. Elsewhere, it alternates between [ɺ] and [𝼈]. It cannot follow a consonant.
  • /j/ alternates between [j], [ʝ], and [ɟ] depending on emphasis.
Labial Dental Alveolar Lateral Palatal
Nasal ᵑʘ ᵑǀ ᵑǃ ᵑǁ ᵑǂ
Aspirated ᵏʘʰ ᵏǀʰ ᵏǃʰ ᵏǁʰ ᵏǂʰ
Voiced ᶢʘ ᶢǀ ᶢǃ ᶢǁ ᶢǂ
Glottalized ᵏʘˀ ᵏǀˀ ᵏǃˀ ᵏǁˀ ᵏǂˀ

Vowels

There are 8 monophthongs and 19 diphthongs. Nāskiw is a pitch-accent language. Stressed vowels can have either a high, falling, or rising tone.

Front Central Back
Unrounded Rounded
High ɪ ʉ u
Mid e ə ɞ ɔ
Low a
/ɪ/ /ʉ/ /u/ /e/ /ə/ /a/ /ɞ/ /ɔ/
/ɪ/ - - ɪu - ɪə ɪa - ɪɔ
/ʉ/ - - - ʉə - - - -
/u/ uɪ - - ue uə ua - uɔ
/e/ - - eu - - - - eɔ
/ə/ - əʉ - - - - - -
/a/ - aʉ - - - - aɞ -
/ɞ/ - ɞʉ - - - - - -
/ɔ/ ɔɪ - - ɔe - ɔa - -
  • Monophthongs and diphthongs are allophonically half-long when followed by an obstruent coda.

Orthography

Sonorant IPA m mˡ n ɲ ɲʷ ŋʷ ɺ j ɰ w ʟ ɦ ɦʷ ᵐʙ ᵐʙˡ ʀ
Romanization m ml n ñ ñw nw l y w v r gh ghw mb mbl rr
Obstruent IPA t t͡ɬ t͡ɕ t͡ɕʷ k ʔ ʔʷ b bˡ d͡ʒ d͡ʒʷ ɟ𐞠 ɡ ɡʷ ɡᶫ ⁿt ⁿt͡ɬ ⁿd͡ʒ ⁿd͡ʒʷ ᶮɟ𐞠 ᵑɡ ᵑɡʷ ᵑɡᶫ s ç h hʷ
Romanization t tl c cw k ’ ’w b bl j jw jl g gw gl nt ntl nj njw njl ng ngw ngl s ç h hw
Click IPA ᵑʘ ᵑǀ ᵑǃ ᵑǁ ᵑǂ ᵏʘʰ ᵏǀʰ ᵏǃʰ ᵏǁʰ ᵏǂʰ ᶢʘ ᶢǀ ᶢǃ ᶢǁ ᶢǂ ᵏʘˀ ᵏǀˀ ᵏǃˀ ᵏǁˀ ᵏǂˀ
Romanization mp nz nq nx nqy ph zh qh xh qyh p z q x qy p’ z’ q’ x’ qy’
Vowel IPA ɪ ʉ u e ə ɞ ɔ a ɪ́ ʉ́ ú é ə́ ɞ́ ɔ́ á ɪ̂ ʉ̂ û ê ə̂ ɞ̂ ɔ̂ â ɪ̌ ʉ̌ ǔ ě ə̌ ɞ̌ ɔ̌ ǎ
Romanization i ü u e ë ö o a ī u̇ ū ē ė ȯ ō ā ì ǔ ù è ě ǒ ò à í û ú é ê ô ó á

Grammar

Translations

“I want to have an apple.”

appletopic–POSS DESIDmood 1SGsubject

glòhw –i blǒ ku̇

Glòhwi blǒ ku̇.

[ɡᶫɔ̂ˑhʷɪ bˡɞ̂ kʉ́]


“I want to eat an apple.”

eattopic appleobject DESIDmood 1SGsubject

nwá glòhw blǒ ku̇

Nwá glòhw blǒ ku̇.

[ŋʷǎ ɡᶫɔ̂ˑhʷ bˡɞ̂ kʉ́]


“I want to eat it.”

eattopic–3SGobject DESIDmood 1SGsubject

nwá –c blǒ ku̇

Nwác blǒ ku̇.

[ŋʷǎˑt͡ɕ bˡɞ̂ kʉ́]


“This is not a red apple...”

NEG appletopic redadjective ADJ

kō’w glòhw mlė lu̇

Kō’w glòhw mlė lu̇...

[kɔ́ˑʔʷ ɡᶫɔ̂ˑhʷ mˡə́ ɺú]


“This is not a red apple.”

NEG appletopic–N redadjective

kō’w glòhw –nt mlė

Kō’w glòhwint mlė.

[kɔ́ˑʔʷ ɡᶫɔ̂hʷɪˑⁿt mˡə́]


“This is not what I thought would happen...”

NEG DNtopic COND-happenmain verb expectadjective PST ADJ ADJ

kō’w nām gi -mkáh hwō’ cīgh lu̇ lu̇

Kō’w nām gimkáh hwō’ cīgh lu̇ lu̇...

[kɔ́ʔʷ nám gɪmkáˑh hʷɔ́ˑʔ t͡ɕɪ́ɦ ɺú ɺú]


“This is not what I thought would happen.”

NEG DNtopic–N COND-happenmain verb expectadjective PST ADJ

kō’w nām –nt gi -mkáh hwō’ cīgh lu̇

Kō’w nāmint gimkáh hwō’ cīgh lu̇.

[kɔ́ʔʷ námɪˑⁿt gɪmkáˑh hʷɔ́ˑʔ t͡ɕɪ́ɦ ɺú]

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