Tandí: Difference between revisions
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== Introduction == | == Introduction == | ||
'obala | 'obala yábalí wantandí is the native language of the ŋation of [[N'ogabben waYukuz yalelekki|N'ogaben waYukuz yalekki]] on order of [[User:MiaKvigan|lappi Miya]] on the 3rd of May, 2026, at 12:06 P.M. CST | ||
== Phonology == | == Phonology == | ||
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object complement (Genitive case): wan- | object complement (Genitive case): wan- | ||
other (Oblique case): 'o- | other (Oblique case): 'o-<ref>oblique case is not required on personal pronouns</ref> | ||
==== Number ==== | ==== Number ==== | ||
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==== Placement ==== | ==== Placement ==== | ||
directly after the noun | directly after the noun<ref>e.g. 'okína yálekkena wakakííta | OBL-seed-PL ADJ-green GEN-pepper | green pepper seeds</ref> | ||
'okína yálekkena wakakííta | |||
Adjectives may or may not match the number of the noun, as there is a semantic difference<ref>e.g. "Her muscles were like steel cables" implies her muscles were strong, where "Her muscles were like a steel cable" implies they are arranged in a line</ref> | Adjectives may or may not match the number of the noun, as there is a semantic difference<ref>e.g. "Her muscles were like steel cables" implies her muscles were strong, where "Her muscles were like a steel cable" implies they are arranged in a line</ref> | ||
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==== Agreement ==== | ==== Agreement ==== | ||
When a past-tense verb phrase contains another verb phrase, that past is the referent present of the nested verb phrase | When a past-tense verb phrase contains another verb phrase, that past is the referent present of the nested verb phrase<ref>e.g. lagað'ãn 'albín tandralí 'albín | say-PST NOM-1.AN run-FUT NOM-1.AN | I said I was going to run</ref> | ||
==== Voice ==== | ==== Voice ==== | ||
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'ayí (AFF) conveys confirmation of an action, and is verbalized to 'ayída (AFF-PRS) to convey confirmation of a state or truth, or of an object's existence, across the past, present, or future, with tense agreement | 'ayí (AFF) conveys confirmation of an action, and is verbalized to 'ayída (AFF-PRS) to convey confirmation of a state or truth, or of an object's existence, across the past, present, or future, with tense agreement | ||
'cirette laan ma/im' conveys that the agent has knowingly or unknowingly caused the subject to be unintentionally involved in the direct object (a state or event) | 'cirette laan ma/im' conveys that the agent has knowingly or unknowingly caused the subject to be unintentionally involved in the direct object (a state or event), in a manner which is syntactically reflexive | ||
=== Copula === | === Copula === | ||
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V PREP PREP-PHR S (Od) (Oi) | V PREP PREP-PHR S (Od) (Oi) | ||
where V PREP is the auxiliary verb, PREP-PHR holds the direct object of the verb, and either the subject (S) is the agent, the direct object (Od) is the subject, and the indirect object is the indirect object, or the subject is the agent and subject and the direct object | where V PREP is the auxiliary verb, PREP-PHR holds the direct object of the verb, and either the subject (S) is the agent, the direct object (Od) is the subject<ref>e.g. cirette'ãn laan ma 'o'óta 'alpoka bíbín moo bípoka | stumble-PST to PERL.PROL OBL-fight NOM-2.AN ACC-1.AN COM ACC-2.AN | "You got me caught up with you in a fight"</ref>, and the indirect object (Oi) is the indirect object, or the subject is the agent and subject and the direct object is skipped if the agent is the same as the subject<ref>e.g. cirette'ãn laan ma 'o'óta 'albín | CAUS-stumble-PST to PERL.PROL OBL-fight NOM-1.AN | "I got myself caught up in a fight"</ref> | ||
==== Adverb Placement ==== | ==== Adverb Placement ==== | ||
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* 'im conna - when (near when), prepositional phrase | * 'im conna - when (near when), prepositional phrase | ||
* 'imaan conna - for what time frame (inside when), prepositional phrase | * 'imaan conna - for what time frame (inside when), prepositional phrase | ||
* do koko - from what | * do koko - from what, prepositional phrase | ||
* laan koko - to what | * laan koko - to what, prepositional phrase | ||
* etc... | * etc... | ||
questions are asked in the same intonation and word order as statements are declared | questions are asked in the same intonation and word order as statements are declared<ref>e.g. ga'ãn 'almosí bíkoko 'im conna, dú 'imaan conna, dú 'im koko, dú no koko, dú lewa koko, dú lak koko, dú kepen koko, dú do koko, dú laan koko, ..., dú kit mosí túkoko? | do-PST NOM-who ACC-what near when, CON inside when, CON near what, CON about what, CON by_doing what, CON INSTR what, CON from what, CON to what, ..., CON BEN who DAT-what | "who did what when, in what time frame, where, about what, why, how, using what, from what, ... , and to what (indirect) to what (direct)?"</ref> | ||
ga'ãn 'almosí bíkoko 'im conna, dú 'imaan conna, dú 'im koko, dú no koko, dú lewa koko, dú lak koko, dú kepen koko, dú do koko, dú laan koko, ..., dú kit mosí túkoko? | |||
do-PST NOM-who ACC-what near when, CON inside when, CON near what, CON about what, CON by_doing what, CON INSTR what, CON from what, CON to what, ..., CON BEN who DAT-what | |||
"who did what when, in what time frame, where, about what, why, how, using what, from what, ... , and to what (indirect) to what (direct)?" | |||
=== Existential Clause === | === Existential Clause === | ||
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The subject, and sometimes the object, direct or indirect, of a verb phrase can be move up in the sentence in a select set of cases: | The subject, and sometimes the object, direct or indirect, of a verb phrase can be move up in the sentence in a select set of cases: | ||
# A quote is being given. Since the quote is a prepositional phrase, it would normally occur before the arguments of the verb. However, because this could result in poorer understanding of the quote itself, the arguments go before SPECIFICALLY the quote, and after any other prepositions or particles, and the quote prepositional phrase goes last.<ref>e.g. lagaðan 'alheman naní no tatammaa tene 'alpoka, 'al'afanafta, bílagað na 'obín túheman 'ejanacír. | laɣaðan ʔalhɛman nani no tatamːaː tɛnɛ ʔalpoxa, ʔalʔafanafta, bilaɣað na ʔobin tyhɛman ʔɛʝanasiɹ. | say-PST NOM-HNR Nanni that repeat-PRS PERM.PRESCR NOM-2.AN NOM-ACTOR-courier ACC-speech POSS OBL-1.AN DAT-HNR Ea-Naṣir</ref> | # A quote is being given. Since the quote is a prepositional phrase, it would normally occur before the arguments of the verb. However, because this could result in poorer understanding of the quote itself, the arguments go before SPECIFICALLY the quote, and after any other prepositions or particles, and the quote prepositional phrase goes last.<ref>e.g. lagaðan 'alheman naní no tatammaa tene 'alpoka, 'al'afanafta, bílagað na 'obín túheman 'ejanacír. | laɣaðan ʔalhɛman nani no tatamːaː tɛnɛ ʔalpoxa, ʔalʔafanafta, bilaɣað na ʔobin tyhɛman ʔɛʝanasiɹ. | say-PST NOM-HNR Nanni that repeat-PRS PERM.PRESCR NOM-2.AN NOM-ACTOR-courier ACC-speech POSS OBL-1.AN DAT-HNR Ea-Naṣir | "You, my courier, will repeat my message to Ea-Naṣir," said Nanni.</ref> | ||
# The subject or object is only one word long. In order to promote faster delivery of important information, the word may be placed before all prepositions and particles, at the 'front' of the verb phrase (behind the verb and postposition and adverbs) | # The subject or object is only one word long. In order to promote faster delivery of important information, the word may be placed before all prepositions and particles, at the 'front' of the verb phrase (behind the verb and postposition and adverbs) | ||
== Notes == | == Notes == | ||
Revision as of 16:56, 18 July 2026
Introduction
'obala yábalí wantandí is the native language of the ŋation of N'ogaben waYukuz yalekki on order of lappi Miya on the 3rd of May, 2026, at 12:06 P.M. CST
Phonology
Vowels
| closure | front | central | back |
|---|---|---|---|
| close | í/ | /ó | |
| near-close | i/ | ||
| close-mid | é/ | /o | |
| mid | u/ | ||
| open-mid | e/ | ||
| near-open | á/ | ||
| open | a/ |
Vowels may be nasalized or elongated
Consonants
| Placement →
↓ Manner |
BIlabial | Labiodental | Dental | Alveolar | Post-alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | /m | /n | ||||||
| Plosive | p/b | t/d | k/g | ' | ||||
| Non-sibilant affricate | ts/dj | |||||||
| Sibilant fricative | c/z | s/j | ||||||
| Non-sibilant fricative | f/v | /ð | /y | k/g | h | |||
| Approximant | /r | /w (/w/) | /r (/ʢ̞/) | |||||
| Tap/Flap | /r | |||||||
| Lateral Approximant | /l |
Consonant cluster reduction rules
Consonants replace neighboring same-manner consonants of more forward placement when in a pair alone, and delete neighboring same-placement consonants of the manner below
- lad-gíla-món-'an → laggílamón'an (d-g → gg, n-' → n')
- lad-púkan-món → laddúkannón (d-p → dd, n-m → nn)
- yá-damack-dé'an → yádamacké'an (ck-d → ck)
- bí-daad-ní → bídaaní (d-n → n)
Phonotactics
(C)(S)VC(C) or (C)CV(S)(C) ,where C is any consonant, S is any oral sonorant, and V is any vowel
V can be lengthened, which is represented as 2 vowels in the romanization but counts as 1
C can be geminated, which is represented as 2(3[1]) consonants in the romanization but counts as 1 for syllabic structure and 2 for rhymes
There is no set tense patterning, and tense is instead considered a part of intonation
Allophones
- <f> /f/ → /fʰ/ | _N
- <g> /g/ → /ɣ/ | V!A(S)_V
- <k> /k/ → /kʰ/ | _N
- <k> /k/ → /x/ | V!A(S)_V
- <l> /l/ → /l̃/ | N_
- <p> /p/ → /pʰ/ | _N
- <r> /ɹ/ → /ɾ/ | C_
- <r> /ɹ/ → /ɹ̃/ | N_
- <r> /ɹ/ → /ʢ̞/ | #_
- <t> /t/ → /tʰ/ | _N
- <y> /ʝ/ → /ʝ̃/ | N_
- <w> /w/ → /w̃/ | N_
where C is any consonant, V is any vowel, V!A is any non-acute vowel, N is any nasal vowel, S is any oral sonorant, and #_ means word-initial
Morphology
Pronouns
Personal pronouns
bin - 1.AN
mam - 1.INAN
poka - 2.AN
tóó - 2.INAN
dããd - 3.AN
ken - 3.INAN
Deictic pronouns
mitta - this
lotta - that
Interrogative pronouns
koko - what
conna - when
mosí - who
(other interrogatives are phrasal, e.g. 'lewa koko' [in_order_to what] meaning 'why')
Indefinite pronouns
| Type | Negative | Universal | Assertive existential | Dubitative existential |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Person | habunko | habunbaa | habunlin | habunẽn |
| Thing | lenko | lenbaa | lenlin | lenẽn |
| Place | ranko | ranbaa | ranlin | ranẽn |
| Time | cónko | cónbaa | cónlin | cónẽn |
Nouns
Role assignment
subject (Nominative case): 'al-
direct object/subject complement (Accusative case): bí-
indirect object (Dative case): tú-
object complement (Genitive case): wan-
other (Oblique case): 'o-[2]
Number
singular default, plus dual, paucal, and plural marked by suffix on a stem which goes before tense and aspect
dual: -dí
paucal: -ve
plural: -na
Gender
There is no grammatical gender in Tandí
Possession
POSD na POSR: 'obaan na 'obákúún - the room of the house (DEF-OBL-room POSS DEF-OBL-house)
Determiners
Demonstratives
_ wannitta - this _
_ wanlotta - that _
Articles
Tandí does not use articles
Possessive Determiners
_ na _: doro na bín - my ball (ball POSS 1.AN); doro na poka - your ball (ball POSS 2.AN); etc.
_ na koko bac - whose _ (POSS what AN)
Quantifiers
ãmm - all
tsupla - most
minet - few
Conjunctions
dú - CON
'ano - DIS
Numerals
Cardinals
cardinal "'amend" noun - cardinal of noun, e.g. ní 'amend doro - two CARD ball - two balls
nũm - zero
'ókcí - one
ní - two
ta'í - three
sín - four
kílan - five
jaal - six
kitten - seven
bón - eight
nítta - nine
lan - ten
cen - hundred
tõn - thousand
Ordinals
ordinal tokan noun - ordinal ORD noun, e.g. ní tokan doro - two ORD ball - second ball
ní tokan 'aban nana jelí - two ORD day PRT year- second day of the year
Nominals
root-cardinal - root number cardinal, e.g. doroní - ball-two - ball number two
baddaa 'aldaadukcí bídããní - hit-PRS NOM-3.AN-one ACC-3.AN-two - he hit him (of two people)
Adjectives
Placement
directly after the noun[3]
Adjectives may or may not match the number of the noun, as there is a semantic difference[4]
Comparison
yá-adjective-degree-PRS[5] subject - subject is degree adjective than object[6]
Finite Verbs
Tense
attaches to verb
-da: PRS
-'ãn: PST
-lí: FUT
Aspect
goes after tense:
-bó: PROG.CONT
-len: PERF
-món: GNO
-dada: HAB
goes before verb:
kon-: INF
In addition, there is the following phrasal construction:
'ayída _: there is _, _ has happened, _ is true
Mood
'akaa- : MIR
'anõõl- : CONC.HYP
'ila- : OPT.BEND
'íyye- : HORT.JUSS
luke- : DUB.COND
me- : ABIL
tene- : PERM.PRESCR
Evidentiality
-ce'í : RPT
-mánna : INFR
-nobã : NVIS
-tócí : VIS
Negation
'eeya - NEG
Agreement
When a past-tense verb phrase contains another verb phrase, that past is the referent present of the nested verb phrase[7]
Voice
mẽna- : CAUS
lad- : PASS
'õm- : REV
Auxiliary Verbs
'ayí (AFF) conveys confirmation of an action, and is verbalized to 'ayída (AFF-PRS) to convey confirmation of a state or truth, or of an object's existence, across the past, present, or future, with tense agreement
'cirette laan ma/im' conveys that the agent has knowingly or unknowingly caused the subject to be unintentionally involved in the direct object (a state or event), in a manner which is syntactically reflexive
Copula
There is no copula in Tandí
Adpositions
Agreement
No agreement between adposition and complement is necessary
Syntax
Sentence Order
VSO word order
Particles go before the words they attach to, and prepositions after
Adjectives may attach to any words except conjunctions and postpositions. They go directly after the word they attach to (except verbs, where they go after the postposition)
Adjectives can also be placed at the head of a verb phrase to convey 'SBJ is ADJ', just as nouns may do the same to convey 'SBJ is N'
Verb complements may be placed before the verb phrase's prepositional phrases and connected clauses, but still after the postposition and adjectives, if they are only one word long
Auxiliary Verb Constructions
Nouns cannot be advanded forward within auxiliary verb phrases
'ayí can be either a verb or a preposition, as mentioned in Auxiliary Verbs
Auxiliary verbs follow a regular form:
V PREP PREP-PHR S (Od) (Oi)
where V PREP is the auxiliary verb, PREP-PHR holds the direct object of the verb, and either the subject (S) is the agent, the direct object (Od) is the subject[8], and the indirect object (Oi) is the indirect object, or the subject is the agent and subject and the direct object is skipped if the agent is the same as the subject[9]
Adverb Placement
Adverbs are a derivative of adjectives, and follow adjective rules
Coordination
Coordinating conjunctions go between all matrix clauses and cannot be omitted
Subordination
Subordinate clauses are treated as prepositional phrases, and subordinating conjunctions are functionally prepositions
Relative Clauses
Relative clauses follow a regular form:
HEAD REL VP
where HEAD is 3.INAN if the relative clause is free and the bound matrix clause if the relative clause is bound, REL is a grammatical particle (kaka /kaxa/), and VP is a verb phrase
Questions
Polar Questions
hal ('eeya) _: is _ (un)true?
WH-Questions
- koko - what, noun
- conna - when, noun
- mosí - who, noun
- koko walen - when (what time), noun (very specific)
- koko wanhabun - who (what person), noun (very specific)
- koko waran - where (what place), noun (very specific)
- lewa koko - why (to what end), prepositional phrase
- lak koko - how (by doing what), prepositional phrase
- no koko - about what, prepositional phrase
- 'im koko - where (near what), prepositional phrase
- 'im conna - when (near when), prepositional phrase
- 'imaan conna - for what time frame (inside when), prepositional phrase
- do koko - from what, prepositional phrase
- laan koko - to what, prepositional phrase
- etc...
questions are asked in the same intonation and word order as statements are declared[10]
Existential Clause
uses the auxiliary verb construction of 'ayí
Miscellaneous
The subject, and sometimes the object, direct or indirect, of a verb phrase can be move up in the sentence in a select set of cases:
- A quote is being given. Since the quote is a prepositional phrase, it would normally occur before the arguments of the verb. However, because this could result in poorer understanding of the quote itself, the arguments go before SPECIFICALLY the quote, and after any other prepositions or particles, and the quote prepositional phrase goes last.[11]
- The subject or object is only one word long. In order to promote faster delivery of important information, the word may be placed before all prepositions and particles, at the 'front' of the verb phrase (behind the verb and postposition and adverbs)
Notes
- ↑ digraphs geminate their first letter only
- ↑ oblique case is not required on personal pronouns
- ↑ e.g. 'okína yálekkena wakakííta | OBL-seed-PL ADJ-green GEN-pepper | green pepper seeds
- ↑ e.g. "Her muscles were like steel cables" implies her muscles were strong, where "Her muscles were like a steel cable" implies they are arranged in a line
- ↑ Note here that the adjective is used as a verb, and is placed as the head of a verb phrase
- ↑ e.g. yábannúda 'albín 'an bípoka | ADJ-good-COMP-PRS NOM-1SG.AN than ACC-1SG.AN | I am better than you (lit. am_better I than you)
- ↑ e.g. lagað'ãn 'albín tandralí 'albín | say-PST NOM-1.AN run-FUT NOM-1.AN | I said I was going to run
- ↑ e.g. cirette'ãn laan ma 'o'óta 'alpoka bíbín moo bípoka | stumble-PST to PERL.PROL OBL-fight NOM-2.AN ACC-1.AN COM ACC-2.AN | "You got me caught up with you in a fight"
- ↑ e.g. cirette'ãn laan ma 'o'óta 'albín | CAUS-stumble-PST to PERL.PROL OBL-fight NOM-1.AN | "I got myself caught up in a fight"
- ↑ e.g. ga'ãn 'almosí bíkoko 'im conna, dú 'imaan conna, dú 'im koko, dú no koko, dú lewa koko, dú lak koko, dú kepen koko, dú do koko, dú laan koko, ..., dú kit mosí túkoko? | do-PST NOM-who ACC-what near when, CON inside when, CON near what, CON about what, CON by_doing what, CON INSTR what, CON from what, CON to what, ..., CON BEN who DAT-what | "who did what when, in what time frame, where, about what, why, how, using what, from what, ... , and to what (indirect) to what (direct)?"
- ↑ e.g. lagaðan 'alheman naní no tatammaa tene 'alpoka, 'al'afanafta, bílagað na 'obín túheman 'ejanacír. | laɣaðan ʔalhɛman nani no tatamːaː tɛnɛ ʔalpoxa, ʔalʔafanafta, bilaɣað na ʔobin tyhɛman ʔɛʝanasiɹ. | say-PST NOM-HNR Nanni that repeat-PRS PERM.PRESCR NOM-2.AN NOM-ACTOR-courier ACC-speech POSS OBL-1.AN DAT-HNR Ea-Naṣir | "You, my courier, will repeat my message to Ea-Naṣir," said Nanni.