Halaqhanenasi'ona

Phonology

Vowels

closure	non-back		back
	unrounded	rounded	unrounded	rounded
high	ɨ ⟨i⟩	ʏ ⟨u⟩
mid				o ⟨o⟩
low			ɑ ⟨a⟩

Vowels may be elongated

/∅/ ⟨e⟩

Consonants

Placement → ↓ Manner		Coronal	Palatal	Dorsal	Laryngeal
Nasal		n
Plosive		t / d		q	ʔ ⟨'⟩
Sibilant affricate		t͡ʃ ⟨ts⟩ / d͡ʒ ⟨dz⟩
Sibilant fricative		ʃ ⟨s⟩ / ʒ ⟨z⟩
Non-sibilant fricative		θ ⟨th⟩ / ð ⟨dh⟩	ç ⟨c⟩ / ʝ ⟨y⟩	x ⟨k⟩ / ɣ ⟨g⟩	ħ ⟨qh⟩ / h
Trill		r̥ ⟨tr⟩ / r		ʀ̥ ⟨trr⟩ / ʀ ⟨rr⟩
Lateral affricate	lateral	t͡ɬˡ ⟨tcll⟩ / d͡ɮˡ ⟨dyll⟩
	aspirated	t͡ɬʰ ⟨tcl⟩ / d͡ɮʰ ⟨dyl⟩
Lateral fricative	lateral	ɬˡ ⟨cll⟩ / ɮˡ ⟨yll⟩
	aspirated	ɬʰ ⟨cl⟩ / ɮʰ ⟨yl⟩
Lateral Approximant		l

Forms

Consonants are notated as c₁, c₂, etc., while vowels are v₁, v₂, etc.. Examples are based on root n_s_q_, paint (noun or verb, with patterns _a_o_ (V.1SG.AGT.ACT) and _i_i_ate (N.1.AN.RAT)

1. c₁v₁c₂v₂c₃v₃ - dane 'uqadho nasoqe/nisiqate - I paint/I am paint
2. c₁v₁c₂c₂v₂c₃v₃ - dane 'uqadho nassoqe/nissiqate - I need to paint/I need paint
3. c₁v₁c₁v₁c₂v₂c₃v₃ - dane 'uqadho nanasoqe/ninisiqate - I want to paint/I want paint
4. dac₁v₁c₂v₂lec₃v₃ - dane 'uqadho danasoleqe/danisileqate - I demand, implore to paint/I demand, implore paint
5. 'v₁c₁ec₂v₂c₃v₃ - dane 'uqadho 'anesoqe/'inesiqate - I would paint, I might paint/I would, might have paint
6. c₁v₁c₃v₂c₂v₃ - dane 'uqado naqose/niqisate - I can paint/I can have paint
7. c₁v₁c₂ec₃v₂rv₃ - dane 'uqadho naseqore/niseqirate - I paint (augmentative), I have paint (augmentative)
8. c₁v₁nev₂c₂v₃c₃ - dane 'uqadho nanesoqe/ninesiqate - I paint (diminutive), I have paint (diminutive)

Patterns

Verbs

		Active voice		Passive voice		Causative voice		Reciprocal/Reflexive
		Agent	Patient	Agent	Patient	Agent	Patient
1	SG	_a_o_e	_a_ii_e	_u_a_e	_u_aa_e	_o_a_e	_o_ii_e	_i_u_e
	DUAL	_a_o_i	_a_ii_i	_u_a_i	_u_aa_i	_o_a_i	_o_ii_i	_i_u_i
	PAU	_a_o_ane	_a_ii_ane	_u_a_ane	_u_aa_ane	_o_a_ane	_o_ii_ane	_i_u_ane
	PL	_a_o_ose	_a_ii_ose	_u_a_ose	_u_aa_ose	_o_a_ose	_o_ii_ose	_i_u_ose
2	SG	_ale_o_e	_ale_ii_e	_ule_a_e	_u_aa_e	_oo_a_e	_oo_ii_e	_ile_u_e
	DUAL	_ale_o_i	_ale_ii_i	_ule_a_i	_ule_aa_i	_ole_a_i	_ole_ii_i	_ile_u_i
	PAU	_ale_o_ane	_ale_ii_ane	_ule_a_ane	_ule_aa_ane	_ole_a_ane	_ole_ii_ane	_ile_u_ane
	PL	_ale_o_ose	_ale_ii_ose	_ule_a_ose	_ule_aa_ose	_ole_a_ose	_ole_ii_ose	_ile_u_ose
3	SG	_aa_o_e	_aa_ii_e	_uu_a_e	_uu_aa_e	_oo_a_e	_oo_ii_e	_ii_u_e
	DUAL	_aa_o_i	_aa_ii_i	_uu_a_i	_uu_aa_i	_oo_a_i	_oo_ii_i	_ii_u_i
	PAU	_aa_o_ane	_aa_ii_ane	_uu_a_ane	_uu_aa_ane	_oo_a_ane	_oo_ii_ane	_ii_u_ane
	PL	_aa_o_ose	_aa_ii_ose	_uu_a_ose	_uu_aa_ose	_oo_a_ose	_oo_ii_ose	_ii_u_ose

Nouns

	Animate		Inanimate
	Rational	Irrational
1	_i_i_ate	_o_a_e	_o_o_ate
2	_u_a_a	_o_i_a	_a_a_a
3	_u_u_ane	_o_o_o	_a_a_ane

Honorifics

Presentation →	Powerful-Fragile	Powerful-Graceful	Graceful-Fragile
Performance ↓
Powerful-fragile	'uqadho	dulatto	su'ano
Powerful-Graceful	'iqodha	dilotta	si'ona
Graceful-Fragile	'aqadhe	dalatte	sa'ane

Affixation is used to derive the stative, agent, and patient nominalizations of a verb (to fly becomes flight, that which flies, and that which is flown), as well as the past and present participle adjectivizations of a verb (to fly becomes flown and flying)

• qhose-: STAT.NMZ
• dzala-: AGT.NMZ
• dyllu-: PAT.NMZ
• raseto-: INSTR.NMZ
• sothe-: PPRT
• yotre-: PRPRT

When an illegal consonant cluster appears, it is broken up by schwa, still written as ⟨e⟩

Tense goes on the outside as a circumfix, while aspect is a suffix within that

Tenses:

• trru⟩nasoqe⟨la - I painted - PST
• tru⟩nasoqe⟨la - I just painted - PST.IMM
• qeso⟩nasoqe⟨nothe - I paint - PRS
• 'ara⟩nasoqe⟨ti - I'm just about to paint - FUT.IMM
• 'arra⟩nasoqe⟨ti - I will paint - FUT

Aspects:

• qeso⟩nasoqe-noge-...⟨nothe - I paint (the action is true, but not necessarily occurring) - gnomic
• qeso⟩nasoqe-'ase-...⟨nothe - I have painted (the action is not true, but has occurred) - ??? (antignomic)
• qeso⟩nasoqe-nasoqe-...⟨nothe - I paint (the action happens regularly, or habitually) - habitual
• qeso⟩nasoqe-yla-...⟨nothe - I have painted (the action is complete) - perfect
• qeso⟩nasoqe-leqe-...⟨nothe - I am painting (the action is ongoing, and has progress) - progressive
• qeso⟩cathotre-tane⟨nothe - I know (the action is ongoing, but does not progress) - stative
• qeso⟩nasoqe-hero-...⟨nothe - I begin to paint (the action is initiated) - initiative
• qeso⟩nasoqe-dhile-...⟨nothe - I finish painting (the action is terminated) - terminative

The conceptual nominalizer is marked with the 'i⟩⟨nile circumfix

The indefinite article is marked with the 'ile- prefix

alienable possession and inalienable possession are marked separately (e.g. 'my brother' and 'my ball' use a different interfix)

Sentences begin with the nominative word. A particle ('abun) is used to mark topic.

Syntax

Word order

VSO word order, where the verb indicates the agency, person, and number of the subject, and stress indicates the topic