Halaqhanenasi'ona
Phonology
Vowels
| closure | non-back | back | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| unrounded | rounded | unrounded | rounded | |
| high | ɨ ⟨i⟩ | ʏ ⟨u⟩ | ||
| mid | o ⟨o⟩ | |||
| low | ɑ ⟨a⟩ | |||
Vowels may be elongated
/∅/ ⟨e⟩
Consonants
| Placement →
↓ Manner |
Coronal | Palatal | Dorsal | Laryngeal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | n | ||||
| Plosive | t / d | q | ʔ ⟨'⟩ | ||
| Sibilant affricate | t͡ʃ ⟨ts⟩ / d͡ʒ ⟨dz⟩ | ||||
| Sibilant fricative | ʃ ⟨s⟩ / ʒ ⟨z⟩ | ||||
| Non-sibilant fricative | θ ⟨th⟩ / ð ⟨dh⟩ | ç ⟨c⟩ / ʝ ⟨y⟩ | x ⟨k⟩ / ɣ ⟨g⟩ | ħ ⟨qh⟩ / h | |
| Trill | r̥ ⟨tr⟩ / r | ʀ̥ ⟨trr⟩ / ʀ ⟨rr⟩ | |||
| Lateral affricate | lateral | t͡ɬˡ ⟨tcll⟩ / d͡ɮˡ ⟨dyll⟩ | |||
| aspirated | t͡ɬʰ ⟨tcl⟩ / d͡ɮʰ ⟨dyl⟩ | ||||
| Lateral fricative | lateral | ɬˡ ⟨cll⟩ / ɮˡ ⟨yll⟩ | |||
| aspirated | ɬʰ ⟨cl⟩ / ɮʰ ⟨yl⟩ | ||||
| Lateral Approximant | l | ||||
Phonotactics
Forms
Consonants are notated as c₁, c₂, etc., while vowels are v₁, v₂, etc.. Examples are based on root n_s_q_, paint (noun or verb, with patterns _a_o_ (V.1SG.AGT.ACT) and _i_i_ate (N.1.AN.RAT)
- c₁v₁c₂v₂c₃v₃ - dane 'uqadho nasoqe/nisiqate - I paint/I am paint
- c₁v₁c₂c₂v₂c₃v₃ - dane 'uqadho nassoqe/nissiqate - I need to paint/I need paint
- c₁v₁c₁v₁c₂v₂c₃v₃ - dane 'uqadho nanasoqe/ninisiqate - I want to paint/I want paint
- dac₁v₁c₂v₂lec₃v₃ - dane 'uqadho danasoleqe/danisileqate - I demand, implore to paint/I demand, implore paint
- 'v₁c₁ec₂v₂c₃v₃ - dane 'uqadho 'anesoqe/'inesiqate - I would paint, I might paint/I would, might have paint
- c₁v₁c₃v₂c₂v₃ - dane 'uqado naqose/niqisate - I can paint/I can have paint
- c₁v₁c₂ec₃v₂rv₃ - dane 'uqadho naseqore/niseqirate - I paint (augmentative), I have paint (augmentative)
- c₁v₁nev₂c₂v₃c₃ - dane 'uqadho nanesoqe/ninesiqate - I paint (diminutive), I have paint (diminutive)
Patterns
Verbs
| Active voice | Passive voice | Causative voice | Reciprocal/Reflexive | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Agent | Patient | Agent | Patient | Agent | Patient | |||
| 1 | SG | _a_o_e | _a_ii_e | _u_a_e | _u_aa_e | _o_a_e | _o_ii_e | _i_u_e |
| DUAL | _a_o_i | _a_ii_i | _u_a_i | _u_aa_i | _o_a_i | _o_ii_i | _i_u_i | |
| PAU | _a_o_ane | _a_ii_ane | _u_a_ane | _u_aa_ane | _o_a_ane | _o_ii_ane | _i_u_ane | |
| PL | _a_o_ose | _a_ii_ose | _u_a_ose | _u_aa_ose | _o_a_ose | _o_ii_ose | _i_u_ose | |
| 2 | SG | _ale_o_e | _ale_ii_e | _ule_a_e | _u_aa_e | _oo_a_e | _oo_ii_e | _ile_u_e |
| DUAL | _ale_o_i | _ale_ii_i | _ule_a_i | _ule_aa_i | _ole_a_i | _ole_ii_i | _ile_u_i | |
| PAU | _ale_o_ane | _ale_ii_ane | _ule_a_ane | _ule_aa_ane | _ole_a_ane | _ole_ii_ane | _ile_u_ane | |
| PL | _ale_o_ose | _ale_ii_ose | _ule_a_ose | _ule_aa_ose | _ole_a_ose | _ole_ii_ose | _ile_u_ose | |
| 3 | SG | _aa_o_e | _aa_ii_e | _uu_a_e | _uu_aa_e | _oo_a_e | _oo_ii_e | _ii_u_e |
| DUAL | _aa_o_i | _aa_ii_i | _uu_a_i | _uu_aa_i | _oo_a_i | _oo_ii_i | _ii_u_i | |
| PAU | _aa_o_ane | _aa_ii_ane | _uu_a_ane | _uu_aa_ane | _oo_a_ane | _oo_ii_ane | _ii_u_ane | |
| PL | _aa_o_ose | _aa_ii_ose | _uu_a_ose | _uu_aa_ose | _oo_a_ose | _oo_ii_ose | _ii_u_ose | |
Nouns
| Animate | Inanimate | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Rational | Irrational | ||
| 1 | _i_i_ate | _o_a_e | _o_o_ate |
| 2 | _u_a_a | _o_i_a | _a_a_a |
| 3 | _u_u_ane | _o_o_o | _a_a_ane |
Honorifics
| Presentation → | Powerful-Fragile | Powerful-Graceful | Graceful-Fragile |
|---|---|---|---|
| Performance ↓ | |||
| Powerful-fragile | 'uqadho | dulatto | su'ano |
| Powerful-Graceful | 'iqodha | dilotta | si'ona |
| Graceful-Fragile | 'aqadhe | dalatte | sa'ane |
Affixation is used to derive the stative, agent, and patient nominalizations of a verb (to fly becomes flight, that which flies, and that which is flown), as well as the past and present participle adjectivizations of a verb (to fly becomes flown and flying)
- qhose-: STAT.NMZ
- dzala-: AGT.NMZ
- dyllu-: PAT.NMZ
- sothe-: PPRT
- yotre-: PRPRT
When an illegal consonant cluster appears, it is broken up by schwa, still written as ⟨e⟩
Tense goes on the outside as a circumfix, while aspect is a postposition
- trruqhosenaasoqetunasoqela yitrinate 'iledzalanasoqe - PST⟩STAT.NMZ-paint.I⟨3SG.AGT.ACT⟩[TOP]-by-√paint.I⟨1SG.AGT.ACT⟩⟨CIRC person⟨1.AN.RAT⟩ NDEF-PAT.NMZ-paint⟨1SG.AGT.ACT⟩ - I, as a person, painted a painting (specifically, a thing which I created by painting) by painting
- yitrinate qeso⟩nasiiqe⟨noþe - person⟨1.AN.RAT⟩ FUT⟩paint.I⟨1SG.AGT.ACT⟩⟨CIRC - I, as a person, will paint
- yitrinate 'arra⟩nasiiqe⟨ti - person⟨1.AN.RAT⟩ PRS⟩paint.I⟨1SG.AGT.ACT⟩⟨CIRC - I, as a person, paint
The conceptual nominalizer is marked with the 'i⟩⟨nile circumfix
The indefinite article is marked with the 'ile- prefix
alienable possession and inalienable possession are marked separately (e.g. 'my brother' and 'my ball' use a different interfix)
Sentences begin with the nominative word. A particle ('abun) is used to mark topic.
Syntax
Word order
VSO word order, where the verb indicates the agency, person, and number of the subject, and stress indicates the topic