Halaqhanenasi'ona

Phonology

Vowels

closure	non-back		back
	unrounded	rounded	unrounded	rounded
high	ɨ ⟨i⟩	ʏ ⟨u⟩
mid				o ⟨o⟩
low			ɑ ⟨a⟩

Vowels may be elongated

/∅/ ⟨e⟩

Consonants

Placement → ↓ Manner		Coronal	Palatal	Dorsal	Laryngeal
Nasal		n
Plosive		t / d		q	ʔ ⟨'⟩
Sibilant affricate		t͡ʃ ⟨ts⟩ / d͡ʒ ⟨dz⟩
Sibilant fricative		ʃ ⟨s⟩ / ʒ ⟨z⟩
Non-sibilant fricative		θ ⟨th⟩ / ð ⟨dh⟩	ç ⟨c⟩ / ʝ ⟨y⟩	x ⟨k⟩ / ɣ ⟨g⟩	ħ ⟨qh⟩ / h
Trill		r̥ ⟨tr⟩ / r		ʀ̥ ⟨trr⟩ / ʀ ⟨rr⟩
Lateral affricate	lateral	t͡ɬˡ ⟨tcll⟩ / d͡ɮˡ ⟨dyll⟩
	aspirated	t͡ɬʰ ⟨tcl⟩ / d͡ɮʰ ⟨dyl⟩
Lateral fricative	lateral	ɬˡ ⟨cll⟩ / ɮˡ ⟨yll⟩
	aspirated	ɬʰ ⟨cl⟩ / ɮʰ ⟨yl⟩
Lateral Approximant		l

Phonotactics

CV (but ⟨e⟩ /∅/ is an allowed V)

Morphology

Pronouns

Personal pronouns

The personal pronouns as they once existed in LANGUAGE-NAME were pro-drop as a result of grammatical person marking on verbs, but have since been eliminated, replaced by what used to be honorifics which can now also serve as personal pronouns in addition to grammatical person marking on nouns.

Honorifics

Presentation →	Powerful-Fragile	Powerful-Graceful	Graceful-Fragile
Performance ↓
Powerful-Fragile	'uqadho	dulato	su'ano
Powerful-Graceful	'iqodha	dilota	si'ona
Graceful-Fragile	'aqadhe	dalate	sa'ane

Deictic pronouns

As with

Forms

Forms convey mood, but also the augmentative and diminutive. Consonants are notated as c₁, c₂, etc., while vowels are v₁, v₂, etc.. Examples are based on root n_s_q_, paint (noun or verb, with patterns _a_o_ (V.1.SG.AGT.ACT) and _i_i_ate (N.1.ORG.THNK)

1. c₁v₁c₂v₂c₃v₃ - nasoqe/nisiqate 'uqadho - I paint/I am paint/I have paint
2. c₁v₁c₂v₁nv₂c₃v₃ - nasanoqe/nisiniqate 'uqadho - I need to paint/I need paint
3. c₁v₁c₁v₁c₂v₂c₃v₃ - nanasoqe/ninisiqate 'uqadho - I want to paint/I want paint
4. dac₁v₁c₂v₂lec₃v₃ - danasoleqe/danisileqate 'uqadho - I demand, implore to paint/I demand, implore paint
5. 'v₁c₁ec₂v₂c₃v₃ - 'anesoqe/'inesiqate 'uqadho - I would paint, I might paint/I would, might have paint
6. c₁v₁c₃v₂c₂v₃ - naqose/niqisate 'uqadho - I can paint/I can have paint
7. c₁v₁c₂ec₃v₂rv₃ - naseqore/niseqirate'uqadho - I paint (augmentative), I have paint (augmentative)
8. c₁v₁nev₂c₂v₃c₃ - nanesoqe/ninesiqate 'uqadho - I paint (diminutive), I have paint (diminutive)

Patterns

Verbs

		Active voice		Passive voice		Causative voice		Reciprocal/Reflexive
		Agent	Patient	Agent	Patient	Agent	Patient
1	SG	_a_o_e	_a_ii_e	_u_a_e	_u_aa_e	_o_a_e	_o_ii_e	_i_u_e
	DUAL	_a_o_i	_a_ii_i	_u_a_i	_u_aa_i	_o_a_i	_o_ii_i	_i_u_i
	PAU	_a_o_ane	_a_ii_ane	_u_a_ane	_u_aa_ane	_o_a_ane	_o_ii_ane	_i_u_ane
	PL	_a_o_ose	_a_ii_ose	_u_a_ose	_u_aa_ose	_o_a_ose	_o_ii_ose	_i_u_ose
2	SG	_ale_o_e	_ale_ii_e	_ule_a_e	_u_aa_e	_oo_a_e	_oo_ii_e	_ile_u_e
	DUAL	_ale_o_i	_ale_ii_i	_ule_a_i	_ule_aa_i	_ole_a_i	_ole_ii_i	_ile_u_i
	PAU	_ale_o_ane	_ale_ii_ane	_ule_a_ane	_ule_aa_ane	_ole_a_ane	_ole_ii_ane	_ile_u_ane
	PL	_ale_o_ose	_ale_ii_ose	_ule_a_ose	_ule_aa_ose	_ole_a_ose	_ole_ii_ose	_ile_u_ose
3	SG	_aa_o_e	_aa_ii_e	_uu_a_e	_uu_aa_e	_oo_a_e	_oo_ii_e	_ii_u_e
	DUAL	_aa_o_i	_aa_ii_i	_uu_a_i	_uu_aa_i	_oo_a_i	_oo_ii_i	_ii_u_i
	PAU	_aa_o_ane	_aa_ii_ane	_uu_a_ane	_uu_aa_ane	_oo_a_ane	_oo_ii_ane	_ii_u_ane
	PL	_aa_o_ose	_aa_ii_ose	_uu_a_ose	_uu_aa_ose	_oo_a_ose	_oo_ii_ose	_ii_u_ose

Nouns

	Organic		Inorganic
	Thinking	Nonthinking
1	_i_i_ate	_o_a_e	_o_o_ate
2	_u_a_a	_o_i_a	_a_a_a
3	_u_u_ane	_o_o_o	_a_a_ane

Affixation is used to derive the stative, agent, and patient nominalizations of a verb (to fly becomes flight, that which flies, and that which is flown), as well as the past and present participle adjectivizations of a verb (to fly becomes flown and flying)

• qhose-: STAT.NMZ
• dzala-: AGT.NMZ
• dyllu-: PAT.NMZ
• raseto-: INSTR.NMZ
• sothe-: GNO.ADJZ
• yotre-: PROG.ADJZ

When an illegal consonant cluster appears, it is broken up by schwa, still written as ⟨e⟩

Tense goes on the outside as a circumfix, while aspect is a suffix within that

Tenses:

• trru⟩nasoqe⟨la - I painted - PST
• tru⟩nasoqe⟨la - I just painted - PST.IMM
• qeso⟩nasoqe⟨nothe - I paint - PRS
• 'ara⟩nasoqe⟨ti - I'm just about to paint - FUT.IMM
• 'arra⟩nasoqe⟨ti - I will paint - FUT

Aspects:

• qeso⟩nasoqe-noge-...⟨nothe - I paint (the action is true, but not necessarily occurring) - gnomic
• qeso⟩nasoqe-kase-...⟨nothe - I don't paint any more (the action is not true, but has occurred) - elvic (???)
• qeso⟩nasoqe-nasoqe-...⟨nothe - I paint (the action happens regularly, or habitually) - habitual
• qeso⟩nasoqe-yla-...⟨nothe - I have painted (the action is complete) - perfect
• qeso⟩nasoqe-leqe-...⟨nothe - I am painting (the action is ongoing, and has progress) - progressive
• qeso⟩cathotre-tane-...⟨nothe - I know (the action is ongoing, but does not progress) - stative
• qeso⟩nasoqe-hero-...⟨nothe - I begin to paint (the action is initiated) - initiative
• qeso⟩nasoqe-dhile-...⟨nothe - I finish painting (the action is terminated) - terminative

The abstract nominalizer is marked with the 'i⟩⟨nile circumfix

The indefinite article is marked with the 'ile- prefix

alienable possession and inalienable possession are marked separately (e.g. 'my brother' and 'my ball' use a different interfix)

-tu- = action instrumentality (what action was used to accomplish the verb)

-herro- = tool instrumentality (what tool was used to accomplish the verb)

-luga- = assistive instrumentality (what guide was used to accomplish the verb)

-lala- = POSS.AL

-rrile- = POSS.INAL

-na- = ADJ

-qotclle- = categorical object (what category the object always belongs to)

Syntax

Word order

VSO word order, where the verb indicates the agency, person, and number of the subject. The subject can be dropped if it is in the first person and not semantically necessary.

Concrete nouns are abstracted by a circumfix.