Hiluqhaqotclledzalaqaalososenadhaaniidedodzaladaazososena'aariite

Phonology

Vowels

closure	non-back		back
	unrounded	rounded	unrounded	rounded
high	ɨ ⟨i⟩	ʏ ⟨u⟩
mid				o ⟨o⟩
low			ɑ ⟨a⟩

Vowels may be elongated

/∅/ ⟨e⟩

Consonants

Placement → ↓ Manner		Coronal	Palato-Dorsal	Laryngeal
Nasal		n
Plosive		t / d	q	ʔ ⟨'⟩
Sibilant affricate		t͡ʃ ⟨ts⟩ / d͡ʒ ⟨dz⟩
Sibilant fricative		ʃ ⟨s⟩ / ʒ ⟨z⟩
Non-sibilant fricative		θ ⟨th⟩ / ð ⟨dh⟩	ç ⟨c⟩ / ʝ ⟨y⟩	ħ ⟨qh⟩ / h
Trill		r̥ ⟨tr⟩ / r	ʀ̥ ⟨trr⟩ / ʀ ⟨rr⟩
Lateral affricate	lateral	t͡ɬˡ ⟨tcll⟩ / d͡ɮˡ ⟨dyll⟩
	aspirated	t͡ɬʰ ⟨tcl⟩ / d͡ɮʰ ⟨dyl⟩
Lateral fricative	lateral	ɬˡ ⟨cll⟩ / ɮˡ ⟨yll⟩
	aspirated	ɬʰ ⟨cl⟩ / ɮʰ ⟨yl⟩
Lateral Approximant		l

Phonotactics

CV (but ⟨e⟩ /∅/ is an allowed V)

Morphology

Pronouns

Personal pronouns

The personal pronouns as they once existed in Halaqhanenasi'ona were pro-drop as a result of grammatical person marking on verbs, but have since been eliminated, replaced by what used to be honorifics but which can now also serve as personal pronouns in addition to grammatical person marking on nouns

Honorifics

Honorifics may occur before nouns as an honorific, or in place of subjects as a pronoun, or before nouns and with an interfix as a deictic

Presentation →	Powerful-Fragile	Powerful-Graceful	Graceful-Fragile
Performance ↓
Powerful-Fragile	'uqadho	dulato	su'ano
Powerful-Graceful	'iqodha	dilota	si'ona
Graceful-Fragile	'aqadhe	dalate	sa'ane

Deictic pronouns

As with personal pronouns, deictic pronouns have disappeared. Honorifics are used in their place, where the gender classes are interpreted as distal distinctions, and are distinguished from a plain 'pronoun' by the interfix "-ta-". Generic 'this' which refers to a locationless entity is 'dilota'

Unit (length) →	minnow (1 cm)	redfish (0.6 m)	oarfish (8 m)
Quantity ↓
1	'uqadho	dulato	su'ano
12	'iqodha	dilota	si'ona
144	'aqadhe	dalate	sa'ane

Interrogative pronouns

As with the other pronouns, interrogative pronouns no longer exist. Instead, you mark a noun as having an interrogative person and make it the object by adjusting the agency of the subject as necessary

Nouns

Pattern

The noun pattern conveys two axes, the noun's class and its person plus number. A noun's 'class' is categorized as any of organic thinking, organic nonthinking, and inorganic, and is used to determine the subject-object relationship between two nouns

		Organic		Inorganic
		Thinking	Nonthinking
1	SG	_a_a_a	_a_i_a	_a_u_a
	DUAL	_a_a_i	_a_i_i	_a_u_i
	PAU	_a_a_u	_a_i_u	_a_u_u
	PL	_a_a_o	_a_i_o	_a_u_o
2	SG	_u_a_a	_u_i_a	_u_u_a
	DUAL	_u_a_i	_u_i_i	_u_u_i
	PAU	_u_a_u	_u_i_u	_u_u_u
	PL	_u_a_o	_u_i_o	_u_u_o
3	SG	_i_a_a	_i_i_a	_i_u_a
	DUAL	_i_a_i	_i_i_i	_i_u_i
	PAU	_i_a_u	_i_i_u	_i_u_u
	PL	_i_a_o	_i_i_o	_i_u_o
INT	SG	_o_a_a	_o_i_a	_o_u_a
	DUAL	_o_a_i	_o_i_i	_o_u_i
	PAU	_o_a_u	_o_i_u	_o_u_u
	PL	_o_a_o	_o_i_o	_o_u_o

Finite Verbs

Pattern

The verb pattern conveys two axes, the verb's quality and its person plus number. A verb's 'quality' is a measure of its emotional and physical intensity, as opposed to the more standard uses of the augmentative and diminutive forms which indicate

		Standard		Augmentative		Diminutive		Stupiditive
		Agent	Patient	Agent	Patient	Agent	Patient	Agent	Patient
1	SG	_a_o_e	_a_ii_e	_u_o_e	_u_aa_e	_o_a_e	_o_ii_e	_i_u_e	_i_oo_e
	DUAL	_a_o_i	_a_ii_i	_u_o_i	_u_aa_i	_o_a_i	_o_ii_i	_i_u_i	_i_oo_i
	PAU	_a_o_ane	_a_ii_ane	_u_o_ane	_u_aa_ane	_o_a_ane	_o_ii_ane	_i_u_ane	_i_oo_ane
	PL	_a_o_ose	_a_ii_ose	_u_o_ose	_u_aa_ose	_o_a_ose	_o_ii_ose	_i_u_ose	_i_oo_ose
2	SG	_ale_o_e	_ale_ii_e	_ule_o_e	_u_aa_e	_oo_a_e	_oo_ii_e	_ile_u_e	_ile_oo_e
	DUAL	_ale_o_i	_ale_ii_i	_ule_o_i	_ule_aa_i	_ole_a_i	_ole_ii_i	_ile_u_i	_ile_oo_i
	PAU	_ale_o_ane	_ale_ii_ane	_ule_o_ane	_ule_aa_ane	_ole_a_ane	_ole_ii_ane	_ile_u_ane	_ile_oo_ane
	PL	_ale_o_ose	_ale_ii_ose	_ule_o_ose	_ule_aa_ose	_ole_a_ose	_ole_ii_ose	_ile_u_ose	_ile_oo_ose
3	SG	_aa_o_e	_aa_ii_e	_uu_o_e	_uu_aa_e	_oo_a_e	_oo_ii_e	_ii_u_e	_ii_oo_e
	DUAL	_aa_o_i	_aa_ii_i	_uu_o_i	_uu_aa_i	_oo_a_i	_oo_ii_i	_ii_u_i	_ii_oo_i
	PAU	_aa_o_ane	_aa_ii_ane	_uu_o_ane	_uu_aa_ane	_oo_a_ane	_oo_ii_ane	_ii_u_ane	_ii_oo_ane
	PL	_aa_o_ose	_aa_ii_ose	_uu_o_ose	_uu_aa_ose	_oo_a_ose	_oo_ii_ose	_ii_u_ose	_ii_oo_ose

Tense

Tense is conveyed via a circumfix, which contains all other affixes (unless otherwise specified). The immediate past and future are generally preferable to the present, unless describing something which is happening in the very immediate present (that is to say, something which happens in a couple of seconds is still the immediate future and not the present)

• trru⟩⟨la - PST
• tru⟩⟨la - PST.IMM
• qeso⟩⟨nothe - PRS
• 'ara⟩⟨ti - FUT.IMM
• 'arra⟩⟨ti - FUT

e.g. qesonasoqenothe - PRS⟩paint.application⟨V.1SG.AGT.STD⟩⟨CIRC - I apply paint

Aspect

Aspect is conveyed via a suffix attached directly to the stem

• noge - the statement is true, but the action is not necessarily occurring - gnomic
• kase - the statement is not necessarily true, but the action is occurring - faeric (yes I made it up)
• reduplication of the root - the action happens regularly, or habitually - habitual
• yla - the action is complete - perfect
• leqe - the action is ongoing, and has progress - progressive
• tane - the action is ongoing, but does not progress - stative
• hero - the action is initiated - initiative
• 'idhane - the action is continuing or resumed - continuative/resumptive
• dhile - the action is terminated - terminative

e.g. qesonasoqeleqenothe - PRS⟩paint.application⟨V.1SG.AGT.STD⟩-GNO⟨CIRC - I apply paint (it's something I do, not necessarily right now though)

Mood

Mood is conveyed as a prefix on the verb

• ∅ - I paint/I am paint/I have paint
• qhane - NEC - I need to paint/I need paint
• jotune - DES - I want to paint/I want paint
• qota - IMP/JUSS - I demand, implore to paint/I demand, implore paint
• suthate - DUB/COND - I would, might, consider paint(ing)/I would, might, consider have[ing] paint
• naniiq - PERM - I can paint/I can have paint
• tclate - ABIL - I am able to paint, I am able to have paint
• didaa - MIR - I am fond for paint, I have fondness for paint

e.g. qesoqotanasoqeleqenothe - PRS⟩IMP/JUSS-paint.application⟨V.1SG.AGT.STD⟩-GNO⟨CIRC - I demand to apply paint (I make the demand, but not necessarily as we speak)

Volitional particles

Volition is marked by a prefix, which goes before the tense circumfix. These prefixes can have their own TAM (tense, aspect, and mood) distinct from that of the verb they are attached to.

• daa - volitional, success (confirmative) - I intended to, and did
• noqe - volitional, failed (attemptative) - I intended to, but did not (or could not)
• luge - nonvolitional, success (deniative) - I did not intend to, and did not (or could not)
• 'acaye - nonvolitional, failed (temptative) - I did not intend to, but did

e.g. trunoqeylala qesoqotanasoqeleqenothe - PST.IMM⟩ATTEMPT-PFV⟨CIRC PRS⟩IMP/JUSS-paint.application⟨V.1SG.AGT.STD⟩-GNO⟨CIRC - I intend to but do not demand to apply paint (My failure to demand is true, but not necessarily happening now, and my application of the paint would have occurred just a moment ago)

Affirmation and negation

The affirmative and negative particles ('itclla and daneda) are 'right' and 'wrong' responses only. "NEG paint.application⟨V.1SG.AGT.STD⟩" means "Wrong, I paint", where "DENY paint.application⟨V.1SG.AGT.STD⟩" means "I intentionally did not paint", and "NEG DENY paint.application⟨V.1SG.AGT.STD⟩" means "Wrong, I intentionally did not paint"

e.g. 'itclla trunoqeylala qesoqotanasoqeleqenothe - AFF PST.IMM⟩ATTEMPT-PFV⟨CIRC PRS⟩IMP/JUSS-paint.application⟨V.1SG.AGT.STD⟩-GNO⟨CIRC - Yes, I just intended to but did not demand to apply paint (The statement is confirmation, my failure to demand was true as of just a moment ago, but not necessarily occurring at that moment, and my application of the paint would occur now)

Forms

Forms convey mood, but also the augmentative and diminutive. Consonants are notated as c₁, c₂, etc., while vowels are v₁, v₂, etc.. Examples are based on root n_s_q_ (paint), with pattern _a_o_e (V.1SG.AGT.STD)

1. c₁v₁c₂v₂c₃v₃ - nasoqe - I newly apply paint to
2. c₁v₁nev₂c₂v₃c₃ - nanesoqe - I fully remove paint from
3. dac₁v₁c₂v₂lec₃v₃ - danasoleqe - I alter the paint of
4. c₁v₁c₁v₁c₂v₂c₃v₃ - nanasoqe - I supplement the paint of
5. c₁v₁c₂ec₃v₂rv₃ - naseqore - I reduce the paint of
6. c₁v₁c₃v₃c₂v₂ - naqeso - I invert the paint of
7. 'v₁c₁v₁c₂v₂c₃v₃ - 'anasoqe - I utilize the paint of
8. c₁v₁c₂ec₃v₂c₃v₃ - naseqoqe - I analyze the paint of

Morphological derivation

Affixation is used to derive the stative, agent, patient, action instrumental, tool instrumental, and assistance instrumental nominalizations of a verb (to fly becomes flight, that which flies, that which is flown, that which can be performed to cause flight (the flap of a wing), that which is used to cause flight directly (wings, lift), and that which is used to help cause flight (wind) , as well as the gnomic and progressive adjectivizations of a verb (to fly becomes flown and flying)

• qhose-: STAT.NMZ
• dzala-: AGT.NMZ
• dyllu-: PAT.NMZ
• raseto-: ACT.INSTR.NMZ
• 'indzo-:TOOL.INSTR.NMZ
• qana-: ASS.INSTR.NMZ
• sothe-: GNO.ADJZ
• yotre-: PROG.ADJZ

When an illegal consonant cluster appears, it is broken up by schwa, still written as ⟨e⟩

Tense goes on the outside as a circumfix, while aspect is a suffix within that

The abstract nominalizer is marked with the 'i⟩⟨nile circumfix

The indefinite article is marked with the 'ile- prefix

alienable possession and inalienable possession are marked separately (e.g. 'my brother' and 'my ball' use a different interfix)

Syntax

Word order

T1 (topic first) word order

Compound words

Verb serialization occurs first. Serialized verbs are placed in succession, and the last verb (even when alone) is followed by the '-lo-' interfix. The verb(s) indicate(s) the agency, person, and number of the subject, which is known via the animacy hierarchy (people < ORG.THNK < ORG.NTHNK < computers < NORG). If the subject-object relationship does not match this hierarchy, the particle "qetaa" is placed between the two words or phrases, meaning they must occur next to one another. The subject can be dropped if it is in the first person and not semantically necessary (as in it does not contain information that, if missing, would make the sentence nonsensical). If the subject is dropped, "qetaa" must be placed between the verb(s) and the direct object. The indirect object is placed before the verb(s), with the '-nole-' interfix in between. Verb serialization can also be recursive, meaning the arguments of a serialized verb phrase may be another serialized verb phrase.

• -tu- = action instrumentality (what action was used to accomplish the verb)
• -herro- = tool instrumentality (what tool was used to accomplish the verb)
• -luga- = assistive instrumentality (what guide was used to accomplish the verb)
• -lala- = POSS.AL
• -rrile- = POSS.INAL
• -na- = ADJZ
• -qotclle- = categorical marker (followed by what category the preceding stem always belongs to)