Kathyrian

Kathyrian Urmhu (natively Cäþiriacen Urmhu [kəθɪjˈjɑkɛn ˈʊɰmʊ]) is a language spoken in Kathyria. It is the revised version of Kathyrian. It officially uses the Kathyrian alphabet.

Phonology

Kathyrian is analyzed to have 30 consonants and 9 vowels. The consonant inventory is as follows:

		labial	coronal	palatal	velar	uvular	glottal
nasal		m	n	ɲ
stop	voiceless	p	t		k
	sibilant	p͡s	t͡s	t͡ʃ	k͡s
	voiced	b	d	d͡ʒ	g
fricative	voiceless	f	θ			χ	h
	sibilant		s	ʃ
	lateral		ɬ
	voiced	v	ð		ɣ	ʁ
	voiced sibilant		z	ʒ
approximant		w	l	j	(w)

And the vowel inventory is:

	front	back
high oral	i	u
high nasal	ĩ	ũ
mid	e	o
low oral	æ	ɑ
low nasal	ã

Stress is placed on the final syllable if it is open and has a non-low vowel. Otherwise, stress falls on the penultimate syllable. Monosyllabic words are always stressed.

Orthography

Kathyrian has its own alphabet. The alphabet has two forms for each letter: one for the start of proper nouns and sentences (as well as each letter in an initialism), and one for every other situation. All three common orthographies are described in the table below. In the Anglo orthography, clusters are broken up with apostrophes where they might be confused with digraphs.

phoneme	native		mixed		anglo
m	M	m	M	m	M	m
n	N	n	N	n	N	n
ɲ	Ñ	ñ	Ñ	ñ	Ny	ny
p	P	p	P	p	P	p
t	T	t	T	t	T	t
k	C	c	C	c	K	k
p͡s	W	w	Ψ	ψ	Ps	ps
t͡s	Ç	ç	Ʒ	ʒ	Ts	ts
t͡ʃ	Ċ	ċ	Ċ	ċ	Ch	ch
k͡s	X	x	X	x	X	x
b	B	b	B	b	B	b
d	D	d	D	d	D	d
d͡ʒ	Ġ	ġ	Ġ	ġ	J	j
g	G	g	G	g	G	g
f	F	f	F	f	F	f
θ	Þ	þ	Þ	þ	Th	th
χ	Qh	qh	Qh	qh	Qh	qh
h	H	h	H	h	H	h
s	S	s	S	s	S	s
ʃ	Ṡ	ṡ	Ṡ	ṡ	Sh	sh
ɬ	Ŀ	ŀ	Λ	λ	Lh	lh
v	V	v	V	v	V	v
ð	Ð	ð	Ð	ð	Dh	dh
ɣ	Ğ	ğ	Ƣ	ƣ	Gh	gh
ʁ	R	r	R	r	R	r
z	Z	z	Z	z	Z	z
ʒ	Ż	ż	Ż	ż	Zh	zh
w	U	u	U	u	W	w
l	L	l	L	l	L	l
j	I	i	I	i	Y	y
i	I	i	I	i	I	i
u	U	u	U	u	U	u
ĩ	Į	į	Į	į	In	in
ũ	Ų	ų	Ų	ų	Un	un
e	E	e	E	e	E	e
o	O	o	O	o	O	o
æ	Ä	ä	Ä	ä	Ae	ae
ɑ	A	a	A	a	A	a
ã	Ą	ą	Ą	ą	An	an

The mixed orthography will be used for the rest of this page.

Grammar

Syntax

Kathyrian is a null copula language. The word order is "addressee, questionparticle verb subject object". Generally, the head of a noun or verb phrase is at the start of the phrase; however, the adposition is a preposition. A numeral before a noun indicates the cardinal form, and a numeral after indicates the ordinal form.

Morphology

Nouns are formed by attaching any of the four noun suffixes, depending on the situation:

	singular	plural
definite	-n / -en	-es
indefinite	-a	-s / -as

Verbs are formed by altering the last vowel of the word. The exact change depends on what the original vowel was.

i, į, e	perfective	imperfective
past	e	į
present	o	ų
future	ä	ą

u, ų, o	perfective	imperfective
past	o	ų
present	a	ą
future	e	į

ä, a, ą	perfective	imperfective
past	a	ą
present	ä
future	i	į

Adjectives are formed using the suffix -c / -įc. Words that are inherently adjectives don't need this suffix. A word's meaning is negated by reduplicating the final syllable. The diminutive can be formed by either attaching the suffix -l / -el or by dropping unstressed syllables. The augmentative is formed by using the suffix -ψ / -oψ.