Nāskiw [náˑʂkɪw], also spelled Naskiw, is a language spoken in Juya Gwaña and non-evolutionarily related to Iskel.
Phonology
Consonants
There are 43 pulmonic consonants and 20 click consonants totaling at 63 consonants.
|
|
Labial
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Coronal
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Palatal
|
Velar/Uvular
|
Glottal
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| Plain
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Lateral
|
Plain
|
Lateral
|
Plain
|
Labial
|
Lateral
|
Plain
|
Labial
|
Lateral
|
Plain
|
Labial
|
| Nasal
|
m
|
mˡ
|
n
|
|
ɲ
|
ɲʷ
|
|
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ŋʷ
|
|
|
|
| Stop
|
Voiceless
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|
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t
|
t͡ɬ
|
t͡ɕ
|
t͡ɕʷ
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|
k
|
|
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ʔ
|
ʔʷ
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| Voiced
|
b
|
bˡ
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|
|
d͡ʒ
|
d͡ʒʷ
|
ɟ𐞠
|
ɡ
|
ɡʷ
|
ɡᶫ
|
|
|
| Prenasalized
|
|
|
ⁿt
|
ⁿt͡ɬ
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ⁿd͡ʒ
|
ⁿd͡ʒʷ
|
ᶮɟ𐞠
|
ᵑɡ
|
ᵑɡʷ
|
ᵑɡᶫ
|
|
|
| Fricative
|
|
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s
|
|
ç
|
|
|
|
|
|
h
|
hʷ
|
| Glide
|
|
|
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ɺ
|
j
|
|
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ɰ
|
w
|
ʟ
|
ɦ
|
ɦʷ
|
| Trill
|
ᵐʙ
|
ᵐʙˡ
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|
|
|
|
|
ʀ
|
|
|
|
|
- Only /m n ɲ ɲʷ ŋʷ t t͡ɬ k ʔ ʔʷ b ɡ ɡʷ/ can be geminated.
- /s/ is [ʃ] next to front vowels except after low vowels, [ʂ] next to low vowels except after front vowels, and [s̠] elsewhere.
- /ɺ/ becomes [ɺ̼] before bilabials. Elsewhere, it alternates between [ɺ] and [𝼈]. It cannot follow a consonant.
- /j/ alternates between [j], [ʝ], and [ɟ] depending on emphasis.
|
|
Labial
|
Dental
|
Alveolar
|
Lateral
|
Palatal
|
| Nasal
|
ᵑʘ
|
ᵑǀ
|
ᵑǃ
|
ᵑǁ
|
ᵑǂ
|
| Aspirated
|
ᵏʘʰ
|
ᵏǀʰ
|
ᵏǃʰ
|
ᵏǁʰ
|
ᵏǂʰ
|
| Voiced
|
ᶢʘ
|
ᶢǀ
|
ᶢǃ
|
ᶢǁ
|
ᶢǂ
|
| Glottalized
|
ᵏʘˀ
|
ᵏǀˀ
|
ᵏǃˀ
|
ᵏǁˀ
|
ᵏǂˀ
|
Vowels
There are 8 monophthongs and 19 diphthongs. Nāskiw is a pitch-accent language. Stressed vowels can have either a high, falling, or rising tone.
|
|
Front
|
Central
|
Back
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| Unrounded
|
Rounded
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| High
|
ɪ
|
|
ʉ
|
u
|
| Mid
|
e
|
ə
|
ɞ
|
ɔ
|
| Low
|
|
a
|
|
|
|
|
/ɪ/
|
/ʉ/
|
/u/
|
/e/
|
/ə/
|
/a/
|
/ɞ/
|
/ɔ/
|
| /ɪ/
|
-
|
-
|
ɪu
|
-
|
ɪə
|
ɪa
|
-
|
ɪɔ
|
| /ʉ/
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
ʉə
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
| /u/
|
uɪ
|
-
|
-
|
ue
|
uə
|
ua
|
-
|
uɔ
|
| /e/
|
-
|
-
|
eu
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
eɔ
|
| /ə/
|
-
|
əʉ
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
| /a/
|
-
|
aʉ
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
aɞ
|
-
|
| /ɞ/
|
-
|
ɞʉ
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
| /ɔ/
|
ɔɪ
|
-
|
-
|
ɔe
|
-
|
ɔa
|
-
|
-
|
- Monophthongs and diphthongs are allophonically half-long when followed by an obstruent coda.
Orthography
| Resonant
|
IPA
|
m
|
mˡ
|
n
|
ɲ
|
ɲʷ
|
ŋʷ
|
ɺ
|
j
|
ɰ
|
w
|
ʟ
|
ɦ
|
ɦʷ
|
ᵐʙ
|
ᵐʙˡ
|
ʀ
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Romanization
|
m
|
ml
|
n
|
ñ
|
ñw
|
nw
|
l
|
y
|
w
|
v
|
r
|
gh
|
ghw
|
mb
|
mbl
|
rr
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Obstruent
|
IPA
|
t
|
t͡ɬ
|
t͡ɕ
|
t͡ɕʷ
|
k
|
ʔ
|
ʔʷ
|
b
|
bˡ
|
d͡ʒ
|
d͡ʒʷ
|
ɟ𐞠
|
ɡ
|
ɡʷ
|
ɡᶫ
|
ⁿt
|
ⁿt͡ɬ
|
ⁿd͡ʒ
|
ⁿd͡ʒʷ
|
ᶮɟ𐞠
|
ᵑɡ
|
ᵑɡʷ
|
ᵑɡᶫ
|
s
|
ç
|
h
|
hʷ
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Romanization
|
t
|
tl
|
c
|
cw
|
k
|
’
|
’w
|
b
|
bl
|
j
|
jw
|
jl
|
g
|
gw
|
gl
|
nt
|
ntl
|
nj
|
njw
|
njl
|
ng
|
ngw
|
ngl
|
s
|
hy
|
h
|
hw
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Click
|
IPA
|
ᵑʘ
|
ᵑǀ
|
ᵑǃ
|
ᵑǁ
|
ᵑǂ
|
ᵏʘʰ
|
ᵏǀʰ
|
ᵏǃʰ
|
ᵏǁʰ
|
ᵏǂʰ
|
ᶢʘ
|
ᶢǀ
|
ᶢǃ
|
ᶢǁ
|
ᶢǂ
|
ᵏʘˀ
|
ᵏǀˀ
|
ᵏǃˀ
|
ᵏǁˀ
|
ᵏǂˀ
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Romanization
|
mp
|
nz
|
nq
|
nx
|
nqy
|
ph
|
zh
|
qh
|
xh
|
qyh
|
p
|
z
|
q
|
x
|
qy
|
p’
|
z’
|
q’
|
x’
|
qy’
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Vowel
|
IPA
|
ɪ
|
ʉ
|
u
|
e
|
ə
|
ɞ
|
ɔ
|
a
|
ɪ́
|
ʉ́
|
ú
|
é
|
ə́
|
ɞ́
|
ɔ́
|
á
|
ɪ̂
|
ʉ̂
|
û
|
ê
|
ə̂
|
ɞ̂
|
ɔ̂
|
â
|
ɪ̌
|
ʉ̌
|
ǔ
|
ě
|
ə̌
|
ɞ̌
|
ɔ̌
|
ǎ
|
| Romanization
|
i
|
ü
|
u
|
e
|
ë
|
ö
|
o
|
a
|
ī
|
u̇
|
ū
|
ē
|
ė
|
ȯ
|
ō
|
ā
|
ì
|
ǔ
|
ù
|
è
|
ě
|
ǒ
|
ò
|
à
|
í
|
û
|
ú
|
é
|
ê
|
ô
|
ó
|
á
|