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Phonology

Vowels

closure central back
unrounded rounded unrounded rounded
unrounded ʏ ⟨u⟩ ɨ ⟨i⟩
rounded o ⟨o⟩
open ɑ ⟨a⟩

Vowels may be elongated

/∅/ ⟨e⟩

Consonants

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Coronal Palatal Dorsal Laryngeal
Nasal n
Plosive t / d q ʔ ⟨'⟩
Sibilant affricate t͡ʃ ⟨ts⟩ / d͡ʒ ⟨dz⟩
Sibilant fricative ʃ ⟨s⟩ / ʒ ⟨z⟩
Non-sibilant fricative θ ⟨th⟩ / ð ⟨dh⟩ ç ⟨c⟩ / ʝ ⟨y⟩ x ⟨k⟩ / ɣ ⟨g⟩ ħ ⟨qh⟩ / h
Trill r̥ ⟨tr⟩ / r ʀ̥ ⟨trr⟩ / ʀ ⟨rr⟩
Lateral affricate syllabic t͡ɬ̩͡l ⟨tcll⟩ / d͡ɮ̩͡l ⟨dyll⟩
asyllabic t͡ɬ ⟨tcl⟩ / d͡ɮ ⟨dyl⟩
Lateral fricative syllabic ɬ̩͡l ⟨cll⟩ / ɮ̩͡l ⟨yll⟩
asyllabic ɬ ⟨cl⟩ / ɮ ⟨yl⟩
Lateral Approximant l

Phonotactics

Forms

Consonants are notated as c₁, c₂, etc., while vowels are v₁, v₂, etc.. Examples are based on root n_s_q_, painting (in the gnomic sense), in 1SG.AGT.ACT pattern

  1. c₁v₁c₂v₂c₃v₃ - dane 'ukadho nasaqa - I paint
  2. c₁v₁c₂c₂v₂c₃v₃ - dane 'ukadho nassaqa - I need to paint
  3. c₁v₁c₁v₁c₂v₂c₃v₃ - dane 'ukadho nanasaqa - I want to paint
  4. dac₁v₁c₂v₂lec₃v₃ - dane 'ukadho danasaleqa - I demand to paint, I implore to paint
  5. 'v₁c₁ec₂v₂c₃v₃ - dane 'ukadho 'anesaqa - I would paint, I might paint
  6. c₁v₁c₂ec₃v₂rv₃ - dane 'ukadho naseqara - I paint (augmentative)
  7. c₁v₁nev₂c₂v₃c₃ - dane 'ukadho nanasaq - I paint (diminutive)
  8. c₁v₁c₃v₂c₂v₃ - dane 'ukado naqasa - I love to paint

Patterns

Verbs

Active voice Passive voice Causative voice Reciprocal/Reflexive
Agent Patient Agent Patient Agent Patient
1 SG _a_a_a _a_ii_a _u_a_a _u_ii_a _o_a_a _o_ii_a _i_u_a
DUAL _a_a_i _a_ii_i _u_a_i _u_ii_i _o_a_i _o_ii_i _i_u_i
PAU _a_a_an _a_ii_an _u_a_an _u_ii_an _o_a_an _o_ii_an _i_u_an
PL _a_a_os _a_ii_os _u_a_os _u_ii_os _o_a_os _o_ii_os _i_u_os
2 SG _ale_a_a _ale_ii_a _ule_a_a _u_ii_a _oo_a_a _oo_ii_a _ile_u_a
DUAL _ale_a_i _ale_ii_i _ule_a_i _ule_ii_i _ole_a_i _ole_ii_i _ile_u_i
PAU _ale_a_an _ale_ii_an _ule_a_an _ule_ii_an _ole_a_an _ole_ii_an _ile_u_an
PL _ale_a_os _ale_ii_os _ule_a_os _ule_ii_os _ole_a_os _ole_ii_os _ile_u_os
3 SG _aa_a_a _aa_ii_a _uu_a_a _uu_ii_a _oo_a_a _oo_ii_a _ii_u_a
DUAL _aa_a_i _aa_ii_i _uu_a_i _uu_ii_i _oo_a_i _oo_ii_i _ii_u_i
PAU _aa_a_an _aa_ii_an _uu_a_an _uu_ii_an _oo_a_an _oo_ii_an _ii_u_an
PL _aa_a_os _aa_ii_os _uu_a_os _uu_ii_os _oo_a_os _oo_ii_os _ii_u_os

Nouns

Animate Inanimate
Rational Irrational
Powerful-Fragile _i_i_ate _o_a_e _o_o_ate
Powerful-Graceful _u_a_a _o_i_a _a_a_a
Graceful-Fragile _u_u_ane _o_o_o _a_a_ane

Pronouns

Presentation → Powerful-Fragile Powerful-Graceful Graceful-Fragile
Performance ↓
Powerful-fragile 'ukadho dulatto su'ano
Powerful-Graceful 'ikodha dilotta si'ona
Graceful-Fragile 'akadhe dalatte sa'ane

Affixation is used to derive the stative, agent, and patient nominalizations of a verb (to fly becomes flight, that which flies, and that which is flown), as well as the past and present participle adjectivizations of a verb (to fly becomes flown and flying)

When an illegal consonant cluster appears, it is broken up by schwa, still written as ⟨e⟩

Tense goes on the outside as a circumfix, while aspect is a postposition

The conceptual nominalizer is marked with the 'i⟩⟨nile circumfix

alienable possession and inalienable possession are marked separately (e.g. 'my brother' and 'my ball' use a different interfix)

Roots

Sentences begin with the nominative word. A particle ('abun) is used to mark topic.