Halaqhanenasi'ona
Phonology
Vowels
| closure | non-back | back | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| unrounded | rounded | unrounded | rounded | |
| high | ɨ ⟨i⟩ | ʏ ⟨u⟩ | ||
| mid | o ⟨o⟩ | |||
| low | ɑ ⟨a⟩ | |||
Vowels may be elongated
/∅/ ⟨e⟩
Consonants
| Placement →
↓ Manner |
Coronal | Palatal | Dorsal | Laryngeal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | n | ||||
| Plosive | t / d | q | ʔ ⟨'⟩ | ||
| Sibilant affricate | t͡ʃ ⟨ts⟩ / d͡ʒ ⟨dz⟩ | ||||
| Sibilant fricative | ʃ ⟨s⟩ / ʒ ⟨z⟩ | ||||
| Non-sibilant fricative | θ ⟨th⟩ / ð ⟨dh⟩ | ç ⟨c⟩ / ʝ ⟨y⟩ | x ⟨k⟩ / ɣ ⟨g⟩ | ħ ⟨qh⟩ / h | |
| Trill | r̥ ⟨tr⟩ / r | ʀ̥ ⟨trr⟩ / ʀ ⟨rr⟩ | |||
| Lateral affricate | lateral | t͡ɬˡ ⟨tcll⟩ / d͡ɮˡ ⟨dyll⟩ | |||
| aspirated | t͡ɬʰ ⟨tcl⟩ / d͡ɮʰ ⟨dyl⟩ | ||||
| Lateral fricative | lateral | ɬˡ ⟨cll⟩ / ɮˡ ⟨yll⟩ | |||
| aspirated | ɬʰ ⟨cl⟩ / ɮʰ ⟨yl⟩ | ||||
| Lateral Approximant | l | ||||
Phonotactics
Forms
Forms convey mood, but also the augmentative and diminutive. Consonants are notated as c₁, c₂, etc., while vowels are v₁, v₂, etc.. Examples are based on root n_s_q_, paint (noun or verb, with patterns _a_o_ (V.1.SG.AGT.ACT) and _i_i_ate (N.1.ORG.THNK)
- c₁v₁c₂v₂c₃v₃ - nasoqe/nisiqate 'uqadho - I paint/I am paint/I have paint
- c₁v₁c₂c₂v₂c₃v₃ - nassoqe/nissiqate 'uqadho - I need to paint/I need paint
- c₁v₁c₁v₁c₂v₂c₃v₃ - nanasoqe/ninisiqate 'uqadho - I want to paint/I want paint
- dac₁v₁c₂v₂lec₃v₃ - danasoleqe/danisileqate 'uqadho - I demand, implore to paint/I demand, implore paint
- 'v₁c₁ec₂v₂c₃v₃ - 'anesoqe/'inesiqate 'uqadho - I would paint, I might paint/I would, might have paint
- c₁v₁c₃v₂c₂v₃ - naqose/niqisate 'uqadho - I can paint/I can have paint
- c₁v₁c₂ec₃v₂rv₃ - naseqore/niseqirate'uqadho - I paint (augmentative), I have paint (augmentative)
- c₁v₁nev₂c₂v₃c₃ - nanesoqe/ninesiqate 'uqadho - I paint (diminutive), I have paint (diminutive)
Patterns
Verbs
| Active voice | Passive voice | Causative voice | Reciprocal/Reflexive | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Agent | Patient | Agent | Patient | Agent | Patient | |||
| 1 | SG | _a_o_e | _a_ii_e | _u_a_e | _u_aa_e | _o_a_e | _o_ii_e | _i_u_e |
| DUAL | _a_o_i | _a_ii_i | _u_a_i | _u_aa_i | _o_a_i | _o_ii_i | _i_u_i | |
| PAU | _a_o_ane | _a_ii_ane | _u_a_ane | _u_aa_ane | _o_a_ane | _o_ii_ane | _i_u_ane | |
| PL | _a_o_ose | _a_ii_ose | _u_a_ose | _u_aa_ose | _o_a_ose | _o_ii_ose | _i_u_ose | |
| 2 | SG | _ale_o_e | _ale_ii_e | _ule_a_e | _u_aa_e | _oo_a_e | _oo_ii_e | _ile_u_e |
| DUAL | _ale_o_i | _ale_ii_i | _ule_a_i | _ule_aa_i | _ole_a_i | _ole_ii_i | _ile_u_i | |
| PAU | _ale_o_ane | _ale_ii_ane | _ule_a_ane | _ule_aa_ane | _ole_a_ane | _ole_ii_ane | _ile_u_ane | |
| PL | _ale_o_ose | _ale_ii_ose | _ule_a_ose | _ule_aa_ose | _ole_a_ose | _ole_ii_ose | _ile_u_ose | |
| 3 | SG | _aa_o_e | _aa_ii_e | _uu_a_e | _uu_aa_e | _oo_a_e | _oo_ii_e | _ii_u_e |
| DUAL | _aa_o_i | _aa_ii_i | _uu_a_i | _uu_aa_i | _oo_a_i | _oo_ii_i | _ii_u_i | |
| PAU | _aa_o_ane | _aa_ii_ane | _uu_a_ane | _uu_aa_ane | _oo_a_ane | _oo_ii_ane | _ii_u_ane | |
| PL | _aa_o_ose | _aa_ii_ose | _uu_a_ose | _uu_aa_ose | _oo_a_ose | _oo_ii_ose | _ii_u_ose | |
Nouns
| Organic | Inorganic | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Thinking | Nonthinking | ||
| 1 | _i_i_ate | _o_a_e | _o_o_ate |
| 2 | _u_a_a | _o_i_a | _a_a_a |
| 3 | _u_u_ane | _o_o_o | _a_a_ane |
Honorifics
| Presentation → | Powerful-Fragile | Powerful-Graceful | Graceful-Fragile |
|---|---|---|---|
| Performance ↓ | |||
| Powerful-fragile | 'uqadho | dulatto | su'ano |
| Powerful-Graceful | 'iqodha | dilotta | si'ona |
| Graceful-Fragile | 'aqadhe | dalatte | sa'ane |
Affixation is used to derive the stative, agent, and patient nominalizations of a verb (to fly becomes flight, that which flies, and that which is flown), as well as the past and present participle adjectivizations of a verb (to fly becomes flown and flying)
- qhose-: STAT.NMZ
- dzala-: AGT.NMZ
- dyllu-: PAT.NMZ
- raseto-: INSTR.NMZ
- sothe-: GNO.ADJZ
- yotre-: PROG.ADJZ
When an illegal consonant cluster appears, it is broken up by schwa, still written as ⟨e⟩
Tense goes on the outside as a circumfix, while aspect is a suffix within that
Tenses:
- trru⟩nasoqe⟨la - I painted - PST
- tru⟩nasoqe⟨la - I just painted - PST.IMM
- qeso⟩nasoqe⟨nothe - I paint - PRS
- 'ara⟩nasoqe⟨ti - I'm just about to paint - FUT.IMM
- 'arra⟩nasoqe⟨ti - I will paint - FUT
Aspects:
- qeso⟩nasoqe-noge-...⟨nothe - I paint (the action is true, but not necessarily occurring) - gnomic
- qeso⟩nasoqe-kase-...⟨nothe - I don't paint any more (the action is not true, but has occurred) - elvic (???)
- qeso⟩nasoqe-nasoqe-...⟨nothe - I paint (the action happens regularly, or habitually) - habitual
- qeso⟩nasoqe-yla-...⟨nothe - I have painted (the action is complete) - perfect
- qeso⟩nasoqe-leqe-...⟨nothe - I am painting (the action is ongoing, and has progress) - progressive
- qeso⟩cathotre-tane-...⟨nothe - I know (the action is ongoing, but does not progress) - stative
- qeso⟩nasoqe-hero-...⟨nothe - I begin to paint (the action is initiated) - initiative
- qeso⟩nasoqe-dhile-...⟨nothe - I finish painting (the action is terminated) - terminative
The abstract nominalizer is marked with the 'i⟩⟨nile circumfix
The indefinite article is marked with the 'ile- prefix
alienable possession and inalienable possession are marked separately (e.g. 'my brother' and 'my ball' use a different interfix)
Syntax
Word order
VSO word order, where the verb indicates the agency, person, and number of the subject. The subject can be dropped if it is in the first person and not semantically necessary.
Concrete nouns are abstracted by a circumfix.