Turisan languages
| Turisan | |
|---|---|
| Proto-language | Proto-Turisan |
| Subdivisions | North Turisan |
| Demographics | |
| Spoken in | Dróstsiśtsi |
| Spoken by | most Métdróstsiś |
The Turisan languages are a family of languages in Dróstsiśtsi. Most languages in the family are characterized by somewhat simple phonologies with variants of a five or six vowel system and relatively analytic grammar.
Structure
The historic ancestor of all Turisan languages is today known as Proto-Turisan, and was spoken likely in modern Ruxese or southern Cumocalu provinces. The date range is not widely agreed upon, but the most prominent suggestion puts the family as diverging about 2000 years ago.
The only universally agreed upon branch is North Turisan, characterized by a vowel shift and general final vowel loss; "South Turisan" is used to categorize all non-North Turisan languages, but it is disputed whether this also forms a clade or is simply a paraphyletic grouping of all non-North Turisan languages.
Members
The family has three undisputed members: Tōnisūkasi, Turis, and Kośtsiśtsi. All three use either the logographic Kośtsiźda script or a syllabic variation of it. They are all also spoken in or near the Ruxese-Rubicon region in eastern Dróstsiśtsi.
Tōnisūkasi
Tōnisūkasi is spoken in southeastern Dróstsiśtsi, but has become a minority language there due to the influence of languages like Taqồpaq, Latin, and Tosï. It is in what is sometimes called the "southern branch" of the Turisan family.
Turis
Turis is spoken roughly in Sunflower Island. With Kośtsiśtsi, it forms the "northern branch".
| labial | alveolar | palatal | dorsal | |
| nasal | m | n | ni [ɲ] | g [ŋ] |
| stop | p (b) | t (d) | ci [tʃ], di [dʒ] | c [k], (g) |
| fricative | f, (v) | s, (z) | si [ʃ], (zi) | |
| lateral | l | li [ʎ] | ||
| approximant | u [w] | r | i [j] |
Obstruents are voiceless in initial position and voiced in medial position; in final position voicing is phonemic and indicates various grammatical markings, although is not written. The nominative case and non-past tenses are voiceless while the oblique case and past tense have voiced final obstruents. For sonorants there is no alternation. The oblique case and past tense are -[d], the future tense is [t], and the nominative and present forms are [Ø].
| front | central | back | |
| closed | i | y | u |
| open | e | a | o |
Vowels are written the same as IPA.
Words typically have a disyllabic CV(C)CVC structure, resulting from apocope of proto-Turisan final vowels still reflected in South Turisan. Affixes are non-existent; plurals are indicated via reduplication, and almost all of the affixes of Kośtsiśtsi correspond to separate helper words or clitic in Turis.
Kośtsiśtsi
main article: Kośtsiśtsi
This is the most prominent Turisan language in Dróstsiśtsi and contributed the country's name. However, it is also the most divergent, abandoning the simple phonology and analytic grammar of its relatives and developing a complex phonology and polysynthetic grammar by extensive vowel dropping, cluster reduction, and grammaticalization of helper words.
Proto-Turisan
This is the hypothetical ancestor of the Turisan languages.
Phonology
| Labial | Alveolar | Dorsal | ||
| Nasal | m | n | ||
| Plosive | Voiceless | p | t | k |
| Voiced | b | d | g | |
| Fricative | Voiceless | f | s | x |
| Voiced | v | z | ɣ | |
| Approximant | l | |||
| Trill | r | |||
| front | back | |
| closed | i i: | u u: |
| mid | e e: | o o: |
| open | a a: | |
The ten vowel model is based on Tōnisūkasi, with the six vowels of Turis and Kośtsiśtsi reflecting a shift in proto-North-Turisan.
| North Turisan vowel shift | |
| Proto-Turisan | Proto-North-Turisan |
| a | a |
| a: | ɔ |
| e | a |
| e: | e |
| i | e |
| i: | i |
| o | ɔ |
| o: | o |
| u | o |
| u: | u |
Tosï
Tosï is a language in southern Dróstsiśtsi, near Tōnisūkasi. Historically it was the primary language of the CMCic Federation, and had significant contact with Amuj-Shudrowan languages and Pisco-Imerchali Languages.
Its grammar is somewhat analytic, but with a few affixes, similar to Turisan languages; however, Tosï has grammatical gender, not found in any Turisan languages, but found in both the Amuj-Shudrowan and Pisco-Imerchali families. It has a relatively simple phonology, and stress typically falls on the middle syllable. There are some possible lexical cognates in the lexical field, as well as many of the affixes having possible cognates in other Turisan languages. Originally, it was not considered a member of the Turisan family, but today it is considered a South Turisan language.