Yiddish: Difference between revisions
Jump to navigation
Jump to search
Outlaw Sly (talk | contribs) m →Writing: Unfinished for now |
Outlaw Sly (talk | contribs) mNo edit summary |
||
| (13 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown) | |||
| Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
{{Infobox language|name=Yiddish|family=[[Saxo-Syzkynic languages|Saxo-Syzkynic]]|scripts=Yiddish Alphabet|country=Araçana (recognized)|early-forms=Old High German}} | {{Infobox language|name=Yiddish|family=[[Saxo-Syzkynic languages|Saxo-Syzkynic]]<br>- Saxic|scripts=Yiddish Alphabet|country=Araçana (recognized)|early-forms=Old High German, [[Saxo-Syzkynic languages|Proto-Saxo-Syzkynic]], Proto-Saxic|usage=Native Language, Literary Language|endonym=ייִדיש ''Yîdiš'' ['jɪ.dɪʃ]|exonym=Ijidixia ['jːi.di.ʃa] (In [[Araçanic]])|pronunciation=([[English]]: /'jɪ.dɪʃ/)}} | ||
Yiddish is a [[Saxo-Syzkynic languages|Saxo-Syzkynic]] language spoken by a minority in [[Araçana]]. Much of the language's history is currently unagreed upon, but it shows clear influence from the [[Mary-Moldovan languages]] and from [[Hebrew]]. Yiddish has multiple standardized forms, including the one used by Araçana's Xeçha University and the recently discovered [[Inter-Dimensional YIVO Yiddish]]. | Yiddish (Araçanni dialect: ייִדיש ''Yîdiš'') is a [[Saxo-Syzkynic languages|Saxo-Syzkynic]] language spoken by a minority in [[Araçana]]. Much of the language's history is currently unagreed upon, but it shows clear influence from the [[Mary-Moldovan languages]] and from [[Hebrew]]. Yiddish has multiple standardized forms, including the one used by Araçana's Xeçha University and the recently discovered [[Inter-Dimensional YIVO Yiddish]]. | ||
== Phonology and Writing == | == Phonology and Writing (Araçanni Dialect) == | ||
Yiddish is traditionally written with an alphabetic adaptation of the Hebrew abjad. Additionally, standards for writing using the [[Latin alphabet|Latin]] and [[Xudha]] alphabets have been developed in Araçana, as detailed below. Note that these are based on the dialect spoken there specifically. | Yiddish is traditionally written with an alphabetic adaptation of the Hebrew abjad. Additionally, standards for writing using the [[Latin alphabet|Latin]] and [[Xudha]] alphabets have been developed in Araçana, as detailed below. Note that these are based on the dialect spoken there specifically. | ||
=== Consonants === | |||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
! colspan="6" |Consonants of Standard Araçanni Yiddish | ! colspan="6" |Consonants of Standard Araçanni Yiddish | ||
! rowspan="8" | | |||
! colspan="6" |Latin and Hebrew Alphabetic Transcription | ! colspan="6" |Latin and Hebrew Alphabetic Transcription | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! | ||
!Labial | !Labial | ||
!Alveolar | !Denti-Alveolar / | ||
Alveolar | |||
!Palatal | !Palatal | ||
!Velar / | !Velar / | ||
| Line 18: | Line 22: | ||
! | ! | ||
!Labial | !Labial | ||
!Alveolar | !Denti-Alveolar / | ||
Alveolar | |||
!Palatal | !Palatal | ||
!Velar / | !Velar / | ||
| Line 27: | Line 32: | ||
|m | |m | ||
|n | |n | ||
|ɲ<ref> | |ɲ<ref>/ɲ/ is only marginally phonemic, occuring in some Araçanic and Mary-Moldovan loanwords.</ref> | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
!Nasal | !Nasal | ||
|m מ | |m מ (ם<ref name=":0" />) | ||
|n נ (ן<ref name=":0">Word-final form.</ref>) | |n נ (ן<ref name=":0">Word-final form.</ref>) | ||
| | |ň ני | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| Line 44: | Line 49: | ||
| | | | ||
!Plosive | !Plosive | ||
|p פּ b | |p פּ b ּב | ||
|t ט d ד | |t ט d ד | ||
| | | | ||
| Line 52: | Line 57: | ||
!Affricate | !Affricate | ||
| | | | ||
|t͜s | |t͜s d͜z | ||
|t͜ʃ d͜ʒ | |t͜ʃ d͜ʒ | ||
| | | | ||
| Line 58: | Line 63: | ||
!Affricate | !Affricate | ||
| | | | ||
|ts (<ref name=":0" />צ (ץ | |ts (<ref name=":0" />צ (ץ dz דז | ||
| | |tš טש dž דזש | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| Line 72: | Line 77: | ||
|f (<ref name=":0" />פ (ף v וו | |f (<ref name=":0" />פ (ף v וו | ||
|s ס z ז | |s ס z ז | ||
| | |š ש ž זש | ||
|ch (<ref name=":0" />כ (ך | |ch (<ref name=":0" />כ (ך | ||
|h ה | |h ה | ||
| Line 79: | Line 84: | ||
| | | | ||
|l | |l | ||
|j | |ʎ j | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| Line 85: | Line 90: | ||
| | | | ||
|l ל | |l ל | ||
| | |ly לי y י | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| Line 102: | Line 107: | ||
| | | | ||
|} | |} | ||
Note that Yiddish is unusual among the [[Saxo-Syzkynic languages]] for distinguishing fortis and lenis plosives only with voicing, and not with aspiration at all. | |||
==== Letters used only in Hebrew loanwords ==== | |||
The letters ב ,ח ,כּ ,שׂ ,ת ,תּ are used for the sounds /v/, /χ/, /k/, /s/, /s/, and /t/ in many loanwords from [[Hebrew]]. Usually, Hebrew loanwords are spelled as they would be in Hebrew, with abjadic conventions. | |||
==== Sound correspondences in Araçanic loanwords ==== | |||
The [[Araçanic]] sounds /s̪/ and /x/, which do not occur in Yiddish, are approximated with /t͜s/ and /χ/. A uvular pronunciation of Araçanic /x/ is one of the distinctive features of a Yiddish accent. | |||
==== Consonant allophony ==== | |||
/r/ is realized as a trill when adjacent to a consonant, and as a tap when between vowels. | |||
/v/ is weakened to an approximant [ʋ] after an onset consonant. | |||
=== Vowels === | |||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
! colspan="5" |Vowels | ! colspan="5" |Vowels of Standard Araçanni Yiddish | ||
! rowspan="10" | | |||
! colspan="5" |Latin and Hebrew Alphabetic Transcription | |||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan="2" | | |||
!Front | |||
!Central | |||
!Back | |||
! colspan="2" | | ! colspan="2" | | ||
!Front | !Front | ||
| Line 111: | Line 136: | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan="2" |Close | ! colspan="2" |Close | ||
| | |ɪ iː | ||
| | | | ||
|u | |u | ||
! colspan="2" |Close | |||
|i י ī אי | |||
| | |||
|u אָ | |||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan="2" | | ! colspan="2" |Close-Mid | ||
| | | | ||
| rowspan="2" |(ə) | |||
|oː | |oː | ||
! colspan="2" |Close-Mid | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|ō או | |||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan="2" | | ! rowspan="2" |Open-Mid | ||
!Plain | !Plain | ||
|ɛ | |ɛ | ||
|ɔ | |||
! rowspan="2" |Open-Mid | |||
!Plain | |||
|e ע | |||
| | | | ||
| | |o א | ||
|- | |- | ||
!Closing | !Closing | ||
| Line 130: | Line 167: | ||
| | | | ||
|ɔi̯ | |ɔi̯ | ||
!Closing | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|oi ױ | |||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan="2" |Open | ! rowspan="2" |Open | ||
| Line 135: | Line 176: | ||
| | | | ||
|a aː | |a aː | ||
| | |||
! rowspan="2" |Open | |||
!Plain | |||
| | |||
|a אַ ā ײַ | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 140: | Line 186: | ||
| | | | ||
|ai̯ | |ai̯ | ||
| | |||
!Closing | |||
| | |||
|ai ײ | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan="5" |Syllabic Consonants | |||
! colspan="5" |Syllabic Consonants | ! colspan="5" |Syllabic Consonants | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 148: | Line 199: | ||
|(m̩) | |(m̩) | ||
|(ŋ̩) | |(ŋ̩) | ||
| | |||
|l ל | |||
|n נ | |||
|m מ | |||
|n נ | |||
| | | | ||
|} | |} | ||
Stress is considered phonemic in Yiddish. The long vowels ā ō ī are never found unstressedly, and so stressed short vowels may be indicated with a circumflex. The ə is found only through reduction of unstressed vowels, and is written the same as /ɛ/. | |||
Because the phonetic values of vowels vary immensely across Yiddish dialects, examples of each vowel in Araçanni Yiddish are listed below for clarity: | |||
* i: פּ'''י'''נגווין ''p'''î'''ngvin'' "penguin" (Etymology: [[Russian]] пингвин) | |||
* ī: ט'''י'''ך ''t'''i'''ch'' "cloth (singular noun)" (Etymology: Inherited from Proto-Saxic *''dōk'') | |||
* u: שט'''אָ'''ט ''št'''u'''t'' "city" (Etymology: Inherited from Proto-Saxic *''stadi'') | |||
* ō: ה'''או'''ז ''h'''ō'''z'' "house" (Etymology: Inherited from Proto-Saxic *''hūs'') | |||
* e: ה'''ע'''ם ''h'''e'''m'' "home" (Etymology: Inherited from Proto-Saxic *''haim'') | |||
* o: וו'''א'''לף ''v'''o'''lf'' "wolf" (Etymology: Inherited from Proto-Saxic *''wulf'') | |||
* oi: ה'''ױ'''פּ ''h'''oi'''p'' "head" (Etymology: Inherited from Proto-Saxic *''haubud'') | |||
* a: ס'''אַ'''וועמי ''s'''â'''vemi'' "pipe" (Etymology: [[Kozramva]] ''sawwami'') | |||
* ā: גל'''ײַ'''ך ''gl'''ā'''ch'' "even" (Etymology: Inherited from Proto-Saxic *''galīk'') | |||
* ai: <ref>Since this Hebrew loanword is written using the conventions of an abjad, the vowel ''ai'' is unwritten.</ref>אבדה ''av'''ai'''de'' "loss" (Etymology: [[Hebrew]] אבדה) | |||
== Grammar == | |||
I [[User:Total pleb|can’t be arsed]] to write all this in my own words when it’s mostly the same as Real World YIVO Yiddish so here is a link to an improperly cited Wikipedia article: [[w:Yiddish_grammar#Nouns|https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yiddish_grammar]] | |||
There’s grammatical gender & stuff, often times loanwords from Araçanic are assigned a gender by analogy with existing Yiddish words in the same categories. | |||
[[Category:Language]] | [[Category:Language]] | ||
[[Category:Languages]] | [[Category:Languages]] | ||
Latest revision as of 04:41, 4 October 2025
| Yiddish | |
|---|---|
| Pronunciation | (English: /'jɪ.dɪʃ/) |
| Language family | Saxo-Syzkynic - Saxic |
| Early form(s) | Old High German, Proto-Saxo-Syzkynic, Proto-Saxic |
| Writing system | Yiddish Alphabet |
| Official status | |
| Spoken in | Araçana (recognized) |
| Speaker | |
| Endonym | ייִדיש Yîdiš ['jɪ.dɪʃ] |
| Exonym | Ijidixia ['jːi.di.ʃa] (In Araçanic) |
| Technical information | |
| Usage | Native Language, Literary Language |
Yiddish (Araçanni dialect: ייִדיש Yîdiš) is a Saxo-Syzkynic language spoken by a minority in Araçana. Much of the language's history is currently unagreed upon, but it shows clear influence from the Mary-Moldovan languages and from Hebrew. Yiddish has multiple standardized forms, including the one used by Araçana's Xeçha University and the recently discovered Inter-Dimensional YIVO Yiddish.
Phonology and Writing (Araçanni Dialect)
Yiddish is traditionally written with an alphabetic adaptation of the Hebrew abjad. Additionally, standards for writing using the Latin and Xudha alphabets have been developed in Araçana, as detailed below. Note that these are based on the dialect spoken there specifically.
Consonants
| Consonants of Standard Araçanni Yiddish | Latin and Hebrew Alphabetic Transcription | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Labial | Denti-Alveolar /
Alveolar |
Palatal | Velar /
Uvular |
Glottal | Labial | Denti-Alveolar /
Alveolar |
Palatal | Velar /
Uvular |
Glottal | |||
| Nasal | m | n | ɲ[1] | Nasal | m מ (ם[2]) | n נ (ן[2]) | ň ני | |||||
| Plosive | p b | t d | k g | Plosive | p פּ b ּב | t ט d ד | k ק g ג | |||||
| Affricate | t͜s d͜z | t͜ʃ d͜ʒ | Affricate | ts ([2]צ (ץ dz דז | tš טש dž דזש | |||||||
| Fricative | f v | s z | ʃ ʒ | χ | h | Fricative | f ([2]פ (ף v וו | s ס z ז | š ש ž זש | ch ([2]כ (ך | h ה | |
| Approximant | l | ʎ j | Approximant | l ל | ly לי y י | |||||||
| Trill / Tap | r | Trill / Tap | r ר | |||||||||
Note that Yiddish is unusual among the Saxo-Syzkynic languages for distinguishing fortis and lenis plosives only with voicing, and not with aspiration at all.
Letters used only in Hebrew loanwords
The letters ב ,ח ,כּ ,שׂ ,ת ,תּ are used for the sounds /v/, /χ/, /k/, /s/, /s/, and /t/ in many loanwords from Hebrew. Usually, Hebrew loanwords are spelled as they would be in Hebrew, with abjadic conventions.
Sound correspondences in Araçanic loanwords
The Araçanic sounds /s̪/ and /x/, which do not occur in Yiddish, are approximated with /t͜s/ and /χ/. A uvular pronunciation of Araçanic /x/ is one of the distinctive features of a Yiddish accent.
Consonant allophony
/r/ is realized as a trill when adjacent to a consonant, and as a tap when between vowels.
/v/ is weakened to an approximant [ʋ] after an onset consonant.
Vowels
| Vowels of Standard Araçanni Yiddish | Latin and Hebrew Alphabetic Transcription | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Front | Central | Back | Front | Central | Back | |||||
| Close | ɪ iː | u | Close | i י ī אי | u אָ | |||||
| Close-Mid | (ə) | oː | Close-Mid | ō או | ||||||
| Open-Mid | Plain | ɛ | ɔ | Open-Mid | Plain | e ע | o א | |||
| Closing | ɔi̯ | Closing | oi ױ | |||||||
| Open | Plain | a aː | Open | Plain | a אַ ā ײַ | |||||
| Closing | ai̯ | Closing | ai ײ | |||||||
| Syllabic Consonants | Syllabic Consonants | |||||||||
| l̩ | n̩ | (m̩) | (ŋ̩) | l ל | n נ | m מ | n נ | |||
Stress is considered phonemic in Yiddish. The long vowels ā ō ī are never found unstressedly, and so stressed short vowels may be indicated with a circumflex. The ə is found only through reduction of unstressed vowels, and is written the same as /ɛ/.
Because the phonetic values of vowels vary immensely across Yiddish dialects, examples of each vowel in Araçanni Yiddish are listed below for clarity:
- i: פּינגווין pîngvin "penguin" (Etymology: Russian пингвин)
- ī: טיך tich "cloth (singular noun)" (Etymology: Inherited from Proto-Saxic *dōk)
- u: שטאָט štut "city" (Etymology: Inherited from Proto-Saxic *stadi)
- ō: האוז hōz "house" (Etymology: Inherited from Proto-Saxic *hūs)
- e: העם hem "home" (Etymology: Inherited from Proto-Saxic *haim)
- o: וואלף volf "wolf" (Etymology: Inherited from Proto-Saxic *wulf)
- oi: הױפּ hoip "head" (Etymology: Inherited from Proto-Saxic *haubud)
- a: סאַוועמי sâvemi "pipe" (Etymology: Kozramva sawwami)
- ā: גלײַך glāch "even" (Etymology: Inherited from Proto-Saxic *galīk)
- ai: [3]אבדה avaide "loss" (Etymology: Hebrew אבדה)
Grammar
I can’t be arsed to write all this in my own words when it’s mostly the same as Real World YIVO Yiddish so here is a link to an improperly cited Wikipedia article: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yiddish_grammar
There’s grammatical gender & stuff, often times loanwords from Araçanic are assigned a gender by analogy with existing Yiddish words in the same categories.