Jutlandic

Jutlandic
Language family	Unknown; "Jutic" Proto-Hlambiglan?
Era	today
Writing system	Pottery, Plants, Modified Latin
Official status
Spoken in	Jutland
Speaker
Demonym	Jutlandic (adj), Jutan (s), Jutae (p)
Number of speakers	Unknown
Technical information
Usage	De Facto National Language
Language code	jut

Jutlandic is a spoken in, and the de facto ŋational language of, Jutland. It is believed to be a language isolate, as it is not clear that it could be related to any nearby language; although it is hypothesized to potentially have come from a family in Hlambigla.

It is a polysynthetic, head-initial, partly fusional VSO language with strong ergativity and is extremely head-marking. Because it is so prominently head-marking and polysynthetic, it features an unusual case system, object incorporation, weak subject incorporation, and a rich TAM system. Despite this, it is fairly regular, has no actual ergative case (despite having ergativity), and also uses a small set of particles and many coverbs. It also features a number of unusual phonetic features. It is documented as using pottery and plants as alternate writing systems, although it has recently been able to be mapped nearly 1:1 with the Latin script.

Phonology

Jutlandic has a rich phonemic inventory, featuring a multitude of click consonants and fricatives spanning a high number of coronal places of articulation. Despite this, aside from allowing a degree of allophony, it only holds a relatively small phonemic inventory, featuring five vowels and between 20 and 37 consonant phonemes.

There are also no contrastive voicing in consonants, although nasals and nasal clicks are generally voiced while all other consonants are generally either voiceless or weakly voiced intervocally, allophonically becoming glottalized or ejective in several environments.

Jutlandic also has an unusual syllable structure, one which frequently violates the sonority hierarchy outside of the nucleus and allows clicks in coda positions.

Vowels

Jutlandic has a simple five vowel system. Note that /e/ and /o/ may be sometimes be written in transcriptions, but generally are pronounced as [ɛ] and [ɔ]. /i/ and /u/ are similarly are quite often lowered ([i̞~ɪ] and [u̞~ʊ]), but are generally not written more precisely. Vowels do not have phonemic length or tone.

	Front	Back
Close	/i/ Ii	/u/ Uu
Mid	/ɛ/ (alt. /e/) Ee	/ɔ/ (alt. /o/) Oo
Open	/a/ Aa

In casual speech, runs of three vowels may become approximant-like, often being creaky voiced (due to the normal presence of glottal stops). This is not considered phonemic.

Consonant Phonemes

Below is a minimalist list of consonant phonemes in Jutlandic.

	Bilabial(-Velar)	Inter(-labio)-dental	Denti-Retroflex	Apical	Lateral	Palato-Dental	Palato-Retroflex	(Post-)Velar
Nasal	/m/ Mm			/n/ Nn
Plosive	/p/ Pp			/t/ Tt				/k/ Kk
Fricative	/ɸ/ Ff	/θ̟/ Vv	/ʂ̪/ Jj	/θ̠ / Zz	/ɬ/ Ll	/ɕ/ Yy	/ʂ/ Ss	/x/ Hh
Click	/ʘ/ Bb	/ǀ̟/ Cc	/!̪!/ Dd	/!/ Qq	/ǁ/ Gg	/ǀ̠/ Xx	/ǂ/ Rr

And below this is a somewhat more maximalist list of consonant phonemes in Jutlandic, sometimes considered the "standard". Note this does not include geminate or glottalized phones, and affricates are frequently written without the bar on top, even when recognized as distinct.

	Bilabial(-Velar)	Inter(-labio)-dental	Denti-Retroflex	Apical	Lateral (Laminal)	Palato-Dental	Palato-Retroflex	(Post-)Velar	(Glottal)
Nasal	/m/ Mm			/n/ Nn				(/ŋ/) Nn
Plosive	/p/ Pp			/t/ Tt				/k/ Kk	(/ʔ/) '/(null)
(Affricate)	(/p͡ɸ/) pf	(/t͡θ̟/) tv	(/t͡ʂ̪/) tj	(/t͡θ̠/) tz	(/t͡ɬ/) tl	(/t͡ɕ/) ty	(/t͡ʂ/) ts	(/k͡x/) kh
Fricative	/ɸ/ [ʍ,ɸʷ] Ff	/θ̟/ [θ~θ̪͆,] Vv	/ʂ̪/ Jj	/θ̠ / [s̺] Zz	/ɬ/ Ll	/ɕ/ [s̪,s̠ʲ,sʲ,ç] Yy	/ʂ/ [ʂ̻,s̠~ɹ̠̝̊] Ss	/x/ [h] Hh
(Oral) Click	/ʘ/ [~p͡k] Bb	/ǀ̟/ [ǀ̪͆,~θ̟↓] Cc	/!̪!/ Dd	/!/ [ǃ¡] Qq	/ǁ/ Gg	/ǀ̠/ [ǀʲ~|s] Xx	/ǂ/ [~!̻!~ǃ̠] Rr
(Nasal Click)	(/ᵑʘ/) [~m͡ŋp͡k] nb	(/ᵑǀ̟/) nc	(/ᵑ!̪!/) nd	(/ᵑǀ/) nq	(/ᵑǁ/) ng	(/ᵑǀ̠/) nx	(/ᵑǂ/) nr

Bilabial fricatives may be weakly labialized, while clicks are uniquely able to be pronounced as a coarticulated plosive.

Interdental (or "advanced dental") consonants may be either truly interdental or linguo-labio-dental; i.e. the tongue may either be between the upper and lower teeth, or the upper teeth and lower lip. This is especially likely with the advanced dental click to reduce potential the risk of injury.

Denti-retroflex consonants are pronounced with the tongue curled back or vertically while pressed against the upper front teeth.

Apical consonants may be weakly labialized. Fricatives may be sibilant or non-sibilant, while the click often features a subapical percussive.

Palato-dental consonants are generally palato-alveolar in nature, although may vary from denti-alveolar to fully palatal. The click may be a domed "suck"-like consonant.

Palato-retroflex fricatives are usually significantly retracted alveolar consonants, although may be subapical retroflex consonants in some speakers. They may be weakly labialized.

Velars (/k/, /x/, click coarticulation) are usually velar or postvelar, though may become postpalatal before /i/.

The glottal stop may be considered epenthetic before vowels in almost all positions, making their phonemic status somewhat disputed. They also may occur after all codas by default. They do not appear after plosives before fricatives or after nasals.

- It is only ever written <'> after a consonant; otherwise it's implied before vowels.

In coda position, clicks become oral/nasal glottal clicks [ˀ] in all environments. This makes a four-way phonetic click distinction, although pre-glottal nasal and delayed/fricated-release clicks may also be analyzed as distinct. (covered below)

/ŋ/ is often considered a unique coda nasal. It may be transcribed as (/n/), since it assimilates to almost any consonant that follows it, although it contrasts with both /n/ and /m/ intervocally and neither elsewhere, and generally remains [ŋ] word-finally (except [m] after /u/) or before vowels (and arguably clicks).

- /ŋ/ pretty much always assimilates to the place of articulation of any following fricative or plosive.

- /ŋ/ further merges with clicks to make them prenasalized, sans gemination. It's unclear if onset/coda nasal clicks are distinct phonemes or just clusters of n/ŋ + a click consonant (in both onset and coda), though they're phonetically no different than clusters across word-medial syllable boundaries. They may be voiced or voiceless.

Tenuis clicks may have a brief [k] or even [x] release. These are distinct from the phonemically distinct delayed/lengthened releases when they're followed by /k/ or /x/, where their glottalized nature may be lost entirely (especially when nasal).

fricative+k codas followed by a fricative become fricative+affricate clusters. When followed by a (oral) click, they become fricative + glottal click clusters. (this does not happen with nasal clicks, which may be analyzed as n+click)

/t/ + a coronal fricative, and k + /x/, may be allophonically analyzed as affricates. Complex word-final codas allow these affricates, as well as [pɸ]; while analyzed as clusters of a fricative after an unspecified plosive, it's plausible to analyze them as distinct, coda-specific phonemes (although [p͡ɸ] may simply be analyzed as a coda /p/).

/t/ and /n/ may assimilate to a preceding fricative, although in general this only sometimes happens regularly after /θ̟/, for which they are often till is often pronounced as a dental or apical.

/t/ becomes a glottal stops before /n/, as well as oral and nasal clicks, though allophonically can geminate oral clicks. (/t|/ -> [k|:])

Gemination

Gemination occurs with similar sounds adjacent to each other, such as /kk/, /ɕʂ/, /ʘʘ/, etc.

- Onsets of the same manner of articulation as a coda will usually merge with the coda and geminate it if it is in the same or a nearby place of articulation.

Coronal plosives frequently assimilate with following coronal consonants, either causing gemination in plosives and clicks, or creating affrication before fricatives

Clicks of similar places of articulation (nasal or oral) become the same, with oral click onsets becoming glottalized. (i.e. /|.ⁿǁ/ -> [ᵏǀˀ.ⁿ|], while /ⁿ|.ǁ/ -> [ⁿ|ˀ.ᵏǀˀ]])

Coda affricate(-cluster)s followed by a fricative create a geminate affricate which may be lengthened either at the initial stop or fricated release aspects of it (or both).

/x/ disappears and geminates any prior fricative, as well as some following it. It can geminate itself, but is not geminated by any other consonant, and its length distinction is not always maintained.

There are generally slight pauses between words in casual speech. Word-initial and word-final clusters do not undergo allophony the same way word-medial clusters do.

Phonotactics

Jutlandic's syllable structure is broadly considered (C)CV(C)(C). CV may be mandatory, though as stated above, the glottal stop is not always considered truly "phonemic", which would allow syllables to start with V.

Any single consonant phoneme (except arguably /ŋ/ if it exists) may appear alone in onset. Complex onsets include nasal clicks (if considered non-phonemic) or one of the six coronal fricatives followed by /k/.

Single-consonant codas are restricted to /p/, /t/, /k/, /ŋ/* (which may be /n/ or /m/), as well as any oral click or fricative. Complex codas similarly include a coronal fricative + /k/. Additionally, nasal clicks may also appear in coda position, as well as any "weak assimilating plosive" (/ʔ/,/t/?) + any fricative (though these are functionally affricates and are sometimes also viewed as simple phonemes). Codas may phonetically change substantially word-medially but not word-finally. Syllables may exist without a coda, although they are relatively less common.

There are an estimated 34 onsets, 5 vowels, and 41 codas. This allows for 6,970 hypothetically possible syllables. (Though the estimated 1,365 CCVCC syllables are rare, absent or impossible (nCVnC), and almost always appear as unbound one-syllable nouns.)

Pitch and Intonation

Jutlandic does not have phonemic tone contrast, and all syllables within a word are generally enunciated at the same volume and length, although the first syllable of a word is generally pronounced with a higher pitch. Geminated consonants may further give the illusion of certain syllables being stressed, but is considered a phonetic realization of two similar sounds appearing in proximity to each other and not a stress pattern.

Intonation patterns are also pretty fixed, since question and imperative particles generally go word-finally and thus lead to most interrogative sentences having a sentence-final high or falling pitch, while declarative sentences most commonly end in a polysyllabic word. With that said, there are some other slight differences in intonation. Non-declarative sentences may have a wider pitch variation, and some speakers will drop the word-final particle in place of a high or falling tone on the final syllable anyway. It should be noted that interrogatives tend to end in a high or even a rising tone, while imperatives tend to end in a falling tone. Additionally, the pitch is sometimes shifted from the first syllable of the sentence to the second syllable for interrogatives, while imperatives heighten the second syllable in addition to the first.

Historic Phonemes

It's not entirely clear how Jutlandic developed such a large and nearly symmetric fricative and click inventory, especially with so few stops while lacking phonemic liquids entirely. However, some evidence points to the fact that these may have originally been more complex consonant clusters that collapsed into a somewhat stable set of sounds. It's even been hypothesized that /t/ and /p/ originally came from a historic /ɾ/ and /w/, although there's been little direct evidence for this, and it is not clear what the rest of the table would have looked like.

It's also believed that there used to be a phonemic linguolabial laterals, /ǁ̼/ and /ɬ̼/, since there seem to be some instances where a laminal lateral /ǁ/ and /ɬ/ will appear in some contests, but other times either interdental /ǀ̟/ and /θ̟/ or even bilabial /ʘ/ and /ɸ/ will appear instead. Given the surprising amount of regularity elsewhere, it's hypothesized that the sounds were somewhat unstable, being produced with the tongue protruded to either the teeth or the lips while a fricative or click was pronounced in the horizontal space between the tongue and the corner(s) of the lips. However, this does not seem to be presented in the orthography, meaning this theory is incorrect, happened long ago, or may have been relatively recent, with modern writing being a very recent innovation.

Grammar

Jutlandic is a weakly fusional polysynthetic ergative language with complex verbs. It is sometimes referred to as a VSO language, as the most simple present tense sentences are in fact verb, subject (patient), object (agent). However, for most sentences, there is a coverb that appears before everything else, acting as auxiliaries or even turning the rest of the sentence into a subjunctive, with the agent often incorporated in the coverb itself, making the structure loosely VVSO. Additionally, the past tense is actually SVO, with coverbs still appearing initially making them loosely VSVO. Additionally, sentences in the attemptative aspect or the imperative/permissive/prohibitive mood (and possibly the hypothetical mood) will lose their ergativity, losing much of its ability for object incorporation as well as changing the role order, despite maintaining word order.

Despite being a strongly ergative language, it does not mark its nouns with an ergative case or even an absolutive case. Word order is fairly strict, with cases not marking a noun's role to its verb, but instead marking its attributers. However, despite there being no ergative-absolutive case marking, the language is still predominantly ergative. In addition to incorporating pronouns, object incorporation happens all the time to manipulate word order and roles (type 2), background information (type 3), and coin new terminology (type 1), with generalized nouns being able to replace full nouns (type 4); subject incorporation also occurs, but really only as a way to coin new words (type 1) and is fairly uncommon. This ability is generally lost when the sentence loses its ergativity. Other aspects of speech, such as conjunction, and even the concept of verbs themselves, are conceptually ergative, with an antipassive construction being required for nouns without a patient. Additionally, the word-initial high vowel is lost after a pause between clause transitions (similar to a comma).

Coverbs

Coverbs appear at the beginning of a clause, and are sometimes considered a verb that relativizes an entire sentence, turning it into a dependent clause. Forms include the superjunctive (tense+person, inc. obligative, optative, and dubitative among others), imperative+permissive+prohibitive(Asp., loses ergativity), instructive(Asp.), attemptative(Asp., loses ergativity), interrogative(tense+TAM2), hypothetical-future-"then"(Asp.), conditional-"if"(tense), temporal-relational(tense), realis(tense+Asp.), and antipassive(tense+Asp.) Coverbs can stack onto each other, a bit like helping verbs. They further could mark tense (present/past) &/ TAM2: Normative, Abnormative, Experiential/Abilitative, Iterative/Multiplicative, Reiterative, Initiative, and Generic (plain). It should be noted that coverbs may stack on top of each other.

The superjunctive is an unusual catch-all term for a marking that acts partly like an auxiliary and partly like a distinct marking for a verb in an independent clause, turning the rest of the sentence into a content clause. It is essentially the equivalent of the word "wish" or "hope" in "I wish that he were happy", marking the word "wish" instead of changing "was" to "were". Arguably, all of the functions of the coverb function in this sort of way, although the superjunctive is also unique in that it also codes for the person doing the thinking/wishing/saying/other action. It is also one of the few instances where the structure is inherently accusative, and not ergative.

The imperative dictates what the speaker orders the listener to do. The permissive tells the listener what is permitted to be done. The prohibitive acts as a negative form of these, telling the speaker what cannot be done, and is always further marked in the negative. All of these functions make the sentence lose its ergativity, becoming accusative. However, the instructive case acts as a sort of polite command, and the sentence remains ergative; it is never marked in the negative, which must be marked on the main verb or verbs.

The Attemptative is a realis aspect that says that something was attempted but didn't pan out, and is the only other coverb to turn the sentence into a nominative-accusative alignment. The interrogative is used to ask a question, and combines with question suffixes (who, what, what (action), when, how, is-it-so, etc.) to form a complex array of question words; an additional particle is also required at the end of a sentence to essentially confirm the sentence as either a tag yes/no question or a wh-type question.

The hypothetical is used as a "might be", as well as a future tense and the independent "then" clause in an if-then statement, while the conditional acts as the dependent "if" clause. The temporal-relational verb acts like a traditional coverb, and is used when another verb is going on at the same time time, before, or after another verb, with whether the two events being related left to context or other phrasing. The antipassive essentially turns the sentence into a null-patient sentence, although arguably turns the sentence into an accusative with a lower valency. And, lastly, there is the realis coverb, which codes for both tense and detailed aspect.

Tense marking is simple for coverbs, when applicable, and only codes for a simple past/non-past distinction, dictating the sentence's word order and the past-present relation of the main verb (and notably not the coverb, again except in the case of the superjunctive, which fusionally marks the tense with its pronouns).

Aspectual marking, however, is a complex set of aspects that further specify the aspects of the main verb, acting partially like adverbial modifiers in English. The normative states that something is also usually the case, while the abnormative states that it's highly unusual. The experiential is used to indicate that something is known or otherwise can be done, like an abilitative. The Reiterative is equivalent to saying "again", while the Initiative is equivalent to saying "for the first of soon to be a multitude times". The iterative/multiplicative mood indicates that something is done multiple times in quick succession, usually something that is momentane, however can be used to indicate something is simply done several times over in a time frame. The generic, or "plain", is essentially the unmarked form, and indicates that no additionally specific aspects are applied.

Nouns

Nouns are, unsurprisingly, less complex than verbs or coverbs. They do however experience some oddities, even compared to most languages. The bare noun can be incorporated into a verb with ease, usually as a form of agentive object incorporation, although may also act as a patientive subject verb derivation. Despite coding for gender/case, they do not trigger agreement, nor mark their own case in a sentence; instead, they agree with their modifiers, and their case indicates how their modifiers relate to them. In some ways, the two systems are also intertwined.

Nouns may code for a number of attributes. Very basic adjectives can modify themselves right onto the noun, almost acting as a form of class system. Nouns may also essentially be turned into measure words this way. They also code for possession, specifically as the possessed object in a statement, and furthermore code for their relationship to the following noun, coding for 7 possessive relationships, including: edible/consumable, familial/homeland/body part, instrumental, achievement/ownership, containment/capture, organizational/associative, and giveaway/merchandise. Additionally, the head noun may also code that a following noun is a cumulative (and) or alternative (or) [x2; clusivity included], as well as marking for if there is an attached relative clause or one of three adjunctives (attributive, adverbial, and stative).

In instances where a clause would replace a noun (in essence, for a content clause), a coordinator of some kind is used; usually, it is a coverb.

One case where nouns actually code for their own role is negative, i.e. it is distinctly not that noun in that role, although this is actually a form of dual agreement, since the verb also marks whether the noun is negative.

Additionally, nouns also code for different "flavors" (or classes) of adjuncts. These include a distinction between some non-incorporated basal adjectives, noun-based adjectives, and verb-based or clausal adjuncts. The same also applies to adjectives or adverbs, which are coded much the same way. This is in conjunction with the attributive, adverbial, stative, and relative clause subtypes.

Numerals:

Numerals can be Ordinative, Cardinal, or Distributive (from XYZ), although they are not distinctly marked as such. Ordinatives follow a noun in the adjunctive "case", distributives/partitives follow a possessive of various kinds, and cardinals stand alone as the core noun. This does mean that numerals can take case.

Verbs

Verbs are fairly complex in Jutlandic, with coding for preverbs, prefixes (and weak subject / locative incorporation), object incorporation, suffixes, negation, subject and object pronouns coding for agency and negation, basic aspect, and whether they're nominalized, adjectivized, or adverbial, plausibly with further suffixes. More-or-less in that exact order, actually.

Preverbs are basically a set of adverbs that have been excitedly glued to the front of the verb. There aren't a plethora of them, but they do function as ways of further characterizing how a verb was carried out. Prefixes and suffixes, simply put, modify the basic meaning of the verb - and there may be a fairly significant number of them, which may be partly fusional (although may be considered distinct morphemes altogether).

Subject incorporation usually acts kind of like a prefix or preverb - it usually comes between the two, although unlike most synthetic languages, the morpheme order is actually a bit loose here. Similarly, entire nested locative phrases may also appear in the verb to essentially act as a usitive or derivational tactic. A good example is "under-the-table-pay", which is used to essentially mean "fraud"; the phrase "under-the-table-pay over-the-table" essentially means "committing fraud without trying to hide it". These generally come before prefixes or incorporated subjects, after preverbs.

Object incorporation is pervasive, and pretty much universally codes for the direct object in verbs that would've otherwise been ditransitive. This, along with subject incorporation, decreases the verb's valency by one. This also does not occur in sentences that are nominative-accusative in nature, nor does it occur on stative verbs, although it can occur as a lexical modifier to lexicalized intransitive verbs (hypothetically originally being an incorporated transitive verb). These are frequently appended straight onto the verb root, with suffixes being placed after them.

Negation is then marked on the verb, if applicable. Negation is always used if the coverb is a prohibitive, and usually not in the imperative, although this can be done in sarcastic or non-serious contexts (i.e. "Don't you dare have fun!") - although in cases where such a mood is not obvious, it may be best to take the negation seriously. Negation is also double-marked, with a particle appearing at the end of a negated clause.

The next set of modifiers is a bit complicated. The subject (patient) pronoun is always the first pronoun in a sentence, and is mandatory. In the presence of antipassive coverbs, a dummy third person pronoun is still used, but the subject word is removed. in addition, a non-person-marked "nominative" subject marker may be placed after the subject pronoun to either re-increase an antipassive's valency, or denote that a specific individual is being addressed in an imperative, permissive, prohibitive, or attemptative; although, some paraphrasis is also required.

The subject pronoun also fusionally codes for if the subject is negative or causal (i.e. intentionally had something to do with the incident). The pronouns include first, second, and third person, along with first+second person, first+third person, second+third person, and a collective first, second, and third person, as well as a single third person inanimate pronoun. In ergative sentences, this is followed by the (indirect) object pronoun, which codes nearly identically to the subject. It should be noted that it only codes for people, and indeed the single third person inanimate pronoun is absent in this context. However, reflexive "self" and reciprocal "selves" also may exist as bound particles tacked on after a repeated (or different) object pronoun. "self" or "cross" may also appear as a preverb.

After pronouns, the verb marks its basal aspect, which is more fundamental than the coverb's aspect but less broad than the coverb's tense markers where applicable. A verb is always marked for its aspect, and indeed cannot appear without a marker of some kind as there is no null marker. The aspects a verb may code for include: inchoative, cessative, progressive, momentane, pausal/long-term progressive, habitual, and momentane/imperfective [near-past in non-past sentences]. Lastly, a verb may then be nominalized, adjectivalized, or adverbialized/coverbialized with a modifier. Although there are a couple of very old root suffixes that doesn't appear until at the very end, including "un-" and a diminutive marker.

Pronouns

It should be noted that emphatic pronouns do exist - sort-of. The third-person pronoun is functionally the same as a demonstrative, but they do exist. Furthermore, they do not code for mixed person like the verb suffixes do; there is only a first person, second person, third person animate, third-person pro-verb, third-person inanimate, and 3rd person indefinite pronoun, the last three further functioning as a generic "that thing that happened", "that thing", and "something/someone". They do however come with forms for the cumulative, and several have possessed case markings, with the 2nd person and 3rd person animate allowing familial and associative markings, and the inanimate and indefinite having all but the associative (with familial firmly implying a body part).

There are no reciprocal or reflexive pronouns, per se. When a reflexive pronoun is deemed necessary, it is essentially just repeating the subject as an object, or saying a pronoun twice. There does exists an indefinite form for all 3rd person pronouns, however there does not exist a separate interrogative form, as those are incorporated into coverbs.

Pronouns

Pronouns	1st	2nd	3rd Animate	3rd Inanimate	3rd Indefinite	3rd Pro-Verb
Oblique
Cumulative
Alternative
Familial
Associative
Edible
Instrumental
Achieved
Contained
Produced

Orthography

Aside from using IPA, Jutlandic can be written down in three distinct alphabets. The two traditional ways are by using either pottery or plants, written right-left, although any direction technically works. Since its documentation, it also has been mapped to the Latin script, using every letter except for <Ww>.

Below is a table of the different writing systems, including the IPA, pottery method, plant method, and romanization.

Romanization	Aa	Bb	Cc	Dd	Ee	Ff	Gg	Hh	Ii	Jj	Kk	Ll	Mm
IPA	/a/	/ʘ/	/ǀ̟/	/!̪!/	/ɛ/	/ɸ/	/ǁ/	/x/	/i/	/ʂ̪/	/k/	/ɬ/	/m/
Pottery Sherds
Shrubbery
Romanization	Nn	Oo	Pp	Qq	Rr	Ss	Tt	Uu	Vv	Xx	Yy	Zz	'
IPA	/n/ (/ŋ/)	/ɔ/	/p/	/!/	/ǂ/	/ʂ/	/t/	/u/	/θ̟/	/ǀ/	/ɕ/	/θ̠ /	(/ʔ/)
Pottery Sherds
Shrubbery