Cangic Languages: Difference between revisions

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m Tanli
Line 102: Line 102:
!Tanzangi
!Tanzangi
!Tanshe
!Tanshe
!Tanli
!Proto-Mossic
!Proto-Mossic
!Moss
!Moss
!Batou
!Batu
!Proto-Rilinxig
!Proto-Rilinxig
!Rilinxig
!Rilinxig
Line 113: Line 114:
|*m
|*m
|*m
|*m
|m
|m
|m
|m
|m
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|n
|n
| rowspan="3" |n
| rowspan="3" |n
|n
|*n
|*n
|n
|n
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| rowspan="2" |*ɲ
| rowspan="2" |*ɲ
| rowspan="2" |n̠ʲ
| rowspan="2" |n̠ʲ
| rowspan="2" |ɲ
| rowspan="2" |*ŋ
| rowspan="2" |*ŋ
| rowspan="2" |ŋ
| rowspan="2" |ŋ
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|*p
|*p
|*p
|*p
|p
|p
|p
|p
|p
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|*t
|*t
|*t
|*t
|t
|t
|t
|t
|t
Line 186: Line 192:
|θ
|θ
|ʃ
|ʃ
|tʃ
|*tʃ
|*tʃ
|tʃ (V˧)
|tʃ (V˧)
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|*k
|*k
|*k
|*k
|k
|k
|k
|k
|k
Line 212: Line 220:
|ʀ
|ʀ
|v
|v
|ɸ
|*pʰ
|*pʰ
|p (V˥˧)
|p (V˥˧)
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|f
|f
|z
|z
|θ
|*tʰ
|*tʰ
|t (V˥˧)
|t (V˥˧)
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|s
|s
|ɦ
|ɦ
|χ
|*tʃʰ
|*tʃʰ
|tʃ (V˥˧)
|tʃ (V˥˧)
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|x
|x
|ʒ
|ʒ
|ʃ
|*kʰ
|*kʰ
|k (V˥˧)
|k (V˥˧)
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|*b
|*b
|*b
|*b
|b
|b
|b
|b
|b
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|*d
|*d
|*d
|*d
|d
|d
|d
|d
|d
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|s
|s
|z
|z
|r
|*dʒ
|*dʒ
|tʃ (V˩˧)
|tʃ (V˩˧)
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|*g
|*g
|*g
|*g
|g
|g
|g
|g
|g
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|ʀ
|ʀ
|v
|v
|b
|*b
|*b
|p (V˩˧)
|p (V˩˧)
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|t
|t
| rowspan="2" |s
| rowspan="2" |s
|dʒ
|*ts
|*ts
|ts
|ts
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|*s
|*s
| rowspan="2" |s
| rowspan="2" |s
|s
|*s
|*s
|s
|s
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|*z
|*z
|z
|z
|r
|*ʃ
|*ʃ
|ʃ
|ʃ
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|*h
|*h
|∅
|∅
|h
|h
|h
|*x
|*x
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|*l
|*l
|*l
|*l
|l
|l
|l
|l
|l
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|i
|i
|i
|i
|jə~ʒə
|*i
|*i
|i
|i
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|u
|u
|u
|u
|wa~va
|*ʉ
|*ʉ
|ju
|ju
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|ɔ
|ɔ
|ə
|ə
|i
|*ɨ
|*ɨ
|wi
|wi
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|o
|o
|o
|o
|wə~və
|*u
|*u
|u
|u
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|ɨ
|ɨ
|ɨ
|ɨ
|ja~ʒa
|*eː
|*eː
|jɛ
|jɛ
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|*ɛ
|*ɛ
|*e
|*e
|e
|e
|e
|e
|e
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|ɔ
|ɔ
|ɒ
|ɒ
|u
|*oː
|*oː
|wɔ
|wɔ
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|a
|a
| rowspan="2" |ɐ
| rowspan="2" |ɐ
|o
|*ɔ
|*ɔ
|ɔ
|ɔ
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|*ə
|*ə
|ə, ∅
|ə, ∅
|ə
|*a
|*a
|a
|a
Line 508: Line 539:
|ɛ
|ɛ
|æ
|æ
|a
|*aː
|*aː
|a
|a
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|*-p
|*-p
|*p
|*p
|p
|p
|p
|p
|p
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|*-t
|*-t
|*t
|*t
|t
|t
|t
|t
|t
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|*-k
|*-k
|*k
|*k
|k
|k
|k
|k
|k
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|*-m
|*-m
|*m
|*m
|m
|m
|m
|m
|m
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|*-n
|*-n
|*n
|*n
|n
|n
|n
|n
|n
Line 584: Line 621:
|ŋ
|ŋ
|ŋ
|ŋ
|j
|*ŋ
|*ŋ
|Ṽ
|Ṽ
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|ʀ
|ʀ
|f
|f
|w
|*w
|*w
|w˧˩
|w˧˩
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|*-j
|*-j
|*s
|*s
|s
|s
|s
|s
|s
Line 619: Line 659:
|*-l
|*-l
|*l
|*l
|l
|l
|l
|l
|l

Revision as of 18:03, 29 July 2025

The Cangic Languages are a group of languages descended from the Proto-Cang language. These languges are spoken in Tanzang and its colonies.

Proto-Cang Language

Reconstructed Phonology

Labial Alveolar Palatal Velar
Nasal *m *n *ɲ *ŋ
Plosive Plain *p *t *c *k
Aspirated *pʰ *tʰ *cʰ *kʰ
Voiced *b *d *ɟ *g
Fricative *s *x
Liquid *w *l *j
??? *bʰ *T *š

The exact identities of the reconstructed phonemes *bʰ *T and *š are unknown. *bʰ may be /v~β~w~ⁿb/, *T may be /t͡s~θ~tˀ/, and *š may be /ʃ~ʂ~ʐ~ɹ/.Only the phonemes *m *n *ŋ *p *t *k *w *j and *l can appear in syllable coda, and *w and *j are exclusive to the coda. *w and *j may be the same phoneme as *bʰ and *ɟ.

Vowels

The Proto-Cang language had 10 vowels.

Front Back
Close *i *y *ɯ *u
Close-Mid *eː *oː
Open-Mid *ɛ *ɔ
Open *a *aː

Descendants

The Cangic language family consists of the following languages and branches:

Sound Correspondences

Proto-Cang Proto-Dangic Tanzangi Tanshe Tanli Proto-Mossic Moss Batu Proto-Rilinxig Rilinxig Lunag Ricset Pre-Ancient Sanno
*m *m m m m *m m m *m m m m mˠ
*n *n n n n *n n n *n n n n nˠ
*ɲ *ɲ n̠ʲ ɲ *ŋ ŋ ŋ *ɟ ɟ dʒ j nʲ
*ŋ *g g g g mʲ
*p *p p p p *p p (V˧) p *p p p p kˠ
*t *t t t t *t t (V˧) t *t t t t tˠ
*c *tʃ θ ʃ tʃ *tʃ tʃ (V˧) tʃ *c c tʃ tʂ tʲ
*k *k k k k *k k (V˧) k *k k k k kʲ
*pʰ *ʍ ʀ v ɸ *pʰ p (V˥˧) pʰ *pʰ f f ɸ hˠ
*tʰ *θ f z θ *tʰ t (V˥˧) tʰ *tʰ s ts θ sˠ
*cʰ *ç s ɦ χ *tʃʰ tʃ (V˥˧) tʃʰ *cʰ ç ʃ ʂ sʲ
*kʰ *ʃ x ʒ ʃ *kʰ k (V˥˧) kʰ *kʰ χ kɬ q hʲ
*b *b b b b *b p (V˩˧) b *ɓ ɓ p’ b bˠ
*d *d d d d *d t (V˩˧) d *ɗ ɗ t’ d rˠ
*ɟ *z s z r *dʒ tʃ (V˩˧) dʒ *d d d j lʲ
*g *g g g g *g k (V˩˧) g *ʄ ʄ k’ g bʲ
*bʰ *w ʀ v b *b p (V˩˧) b *b b b w βˠ
*T *ts t s dʒ *ts ts ts *ʔ h x r rʲ
*s *s s s *s s s *s s s s (z)ˠ
*š *z z r *ʃ ʃ ʃ *h h x g (z)ʲ
*x *h ∅ h h *x x x *x h x χ βʲ
*l *l l l l *l l l *l ɫ l ɫ lˠ
*i *i i i jə~ʒə *i i i *i i i ɪ i
*y *uː u u wa~va *ʉ ju ɨ *ɪ eɪ̯ ʷi uː i
*ɯ *ɯ ɔ ə i *ɨ wi ə *ʊ oʊ̯ ʲu iː u
*u *u o o wə~və *u u u *u u u ʊ u
*eː *iː ɨ ɨ ja~ʒa *eː jɛ e *e aɪ̯ ˤi iː e
*ɛ *e e e e *ɛ ɛ ɛ *ɛ ɛ ʲɑ æ e
*oː *oː ɔ ɒ u *oː wɔ o *o aʊ̯ ˤu uː o
*ɔ *ɔ a ɐ o *ɔ ɔ ɔ *ɔ ɔ ʷɑ ɑː o
*a *ə ə, ∅ ə *a a ∅ *a a ɑ æ a
*aː *a ɛ æ a *aː a a *ɹV ɻ* (r)* ɑː a
*-p *p p p p *p w˧˥ p, f *p p p p _C[+geminate]

V[+stress] / _$

*-t *t t t t *t j˧˥ t, s *t t t t
*-k *k k k k *k ˧˥ k, x *k k k k
*-m *m m m m *m * m *m m m b, m n
*-n *n n n n *n Ṽ n *n n n d, n
*-ŋ *ŋ ŋ ŋ j *ŋ Ṽ ŋ *g g g g, ŋ
*-w *f ʀ f w *w w˧˩ w *b b b w V[+long]
*-j *s s s s *j j˧˩ j *d d d j
*-l *l l l l *l ˧˩ l *l ɫ l ɫ

Proto-Mossic *-m: the sequences *im, *eːm, and *ɛm become Moss /y jœ œ/. Otherwise, *-m nasalizes the preceding vowel.

Proto-Rilinxig *ʔ and *h nearly always apply a change to an adjacent phoneme rather than becoming their listed descendant.

Proto-Rilinxig *V: this vowel assimilates to the following vowel at some point during the evolution of both Rilinxig and Lunag. However, they assimilate differently in each language.

A clockwise vowel shift is known to have happened during the evolution from Proto-Dangic to modern Tanzangi.

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