Cangic Languages
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The Cangic Languages are a group of languages descended from the Proto-Cang language. These languges are spoken in Tanzang and its colonies.
Proto-Cang Language
Reconstructed Phonology
| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | *m | *n | *ɲ | *ŋ | |
| Plosive | Plain | *p | *t | *c | *k |
| Aspirated | *pʰ | *tʰ | *cʰ | *kʰ | |
| Voiced | *b | *d | *g | ||
| Affricate | *ts | ||||
| Fricative | *v | *s *z | *ʃ | *x | |
| Liquid | *l | ||||
The identities of reconstructed *v and *z are highly disputed. The most common consensus is /v z/. Some theorize /w j/. Some even say that they are /v z/ initially and /w j/ finally.
Only the phonemes */m n ŋ p t k v z l/ can appear in syllable coda.
Vowels
The Proto-Cang language had 10 vowels.
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i | ɨ(ː) ʉ | u |
| Close-Mid | eː | oː | |
| Open-Mid | ɛ | ɔ | |
| Open | a | ɑː | |
Descendants
The Cangic language family consists of the following languages and branches:
- Dangic
- Mossic
- Ricset (Fiksāt)
- Quand
- Selbie (Sjabæg)
Sound Correspondences
| Proto-Cang | Proto-Dangic | Tanzangi | Tanshe | Proto-Mossic | Moss | Batou | Ricset | Quand | Selbie |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| *m | *m | m | m | *m | m | m | m | m | m |
| *n | *n | n | n | *n | n | n | n | n | n |
| *ɲ | *ɲ | ɲ | ɲ | *ŋ | ŋ | ŋ | j | ɲ | ɲ |
| *ŋ | g | ŋ | (ŋ)g | ||||||
| *p | *p | p | p | *p | p (V˧) | p | p | b | p |
| *t | *t | t | t | *t | t (V˧) | t | t | d | t |
| *c | *tʃ | ts | ʃ | *tʃ | tʃ (V˧) | tʃ | tʂ | g | tʃ |
| *k | *k | k | k | *k | k (V˧) | k | k | gʷ | k |
| *pʰ | *f | r | v | *pʰ | p (V˥˧) | pʰ | ɸ | p | f |
| *tʰ | *θ | f | z | *tʰ | t (V˥˧) | tʰ | θ | t | θ |
| *cʰ | *ç | s | ɣ | *tʃʰ | tʃ (V˥˧) | tʃʰ | ʂ | k | ʃ |
| *kʰ | *ʃ | x | ʒ | *kʰ | k (V˥˧) | kʰ | q | kʷ | χ |
| *b | *b | b | b | *b | p (V˩˧) | b | b | (m)b | b |
| *d | *d | d | d | *d | t (V˩˧) | d | d | (n)d | d |
| *g | *g | g | g | *g | k (V˩˧) | g | g | (ŋ)g | g |
| *ts | *ts | t | s | *ts | ts | ts | r | s | st |
| *s | *s | s | *s | s | s | s | h | s | |
| *ʃ | *z | z | *ʃ | ʃ | ʃ | g | s | dʒ | |
| *z? | *dʒ | tʃ (V˩˧) | dʒ | j | z, j | z | |||
| *v? | *v | f | v | *b | p (V˩˧) | b | w | v | ʋ |
| *x | *x | ∅ | x | *x | x | x | χ | f | ʁ |
| *l | *l | l | l | *l | l | l | ɫ | r | l |
| *i | *i | i | ɪ | *i | i | i | ɪ | i | i |
| *u | *ʊ | o | ʊ | *u | u | u | ʊ | y | u |
| *ʉ | *uː | u | uː | *ʉ | ju | ɨ | uː | ø | y |
| *ɨ(ː) | *ɯ | ɔ | ɨː | *ɨ | wi | ə | iː | u | i |
| *oː | *oː | oː | *oː | wɔ | o | uː | y, ∅ | oʊ̯ | |
| *eː | *iː | ɨ | iː | *eː | jɛ | e | iː | i, ∅ | eɪ̯ |
| *ɛ | *eː | e | eː | *ɛ | ɛ | ɛ | æ | e | eɐ̯ |
| *ɔ | *ɔ | ɑ | ɔ | *ɔ | ɔ | ɔ | ɑː | o | oɐ̯ |
| *a | *ə | ə, ∅ | ɛ | *a | a | ∅ | æ | a | a |
| *ɑː | *a | ɛ | a | *aː | a | a | ɑː | u, ∅ | a |
| *-p | *p | p | p | *p | w˧˥ | p, f | p | p | (V) [-long] [+labialized] |
| *-t | *t | t | t | *t | j˧˥ | t, s | t | k | (V) [-long] [+front] |
| *-k | *k | k | k | *k | ˧˥ | k, x | k | ∅ | (V) [-long] |
| *-m | *m | m | m | *m | * | m | b, m | m | (V) [+nasalized] [+labialized] |
| *-n | *n | n | n | *n | Ṽ | n | d, n | n | (V) [+nasalized] [+front] |
| *-ŋ | *ŋ | ŋ | ŋ | *ŋ | Ṽ | ŋ | g, ŋ | ŋ | (V) [+nasalized] |
| *-v? | *f | f | f | *w | w˧˩ | w | w | v | (V) [+long] [+labialized] |
| *-z? | *s | s | s | *j | j˧˩ | j | j | z | (V) [+long] [+front] |
| *-l | *l | l | l | *l | ˧˩ | l | ɫ | l | (V) [+long] |
Proto-Mossic *-m: the sequences *im, *eːm, and *ɛm become Moss /y jœ œ/. Otherwise, *-m nasalizes the preceding vowel.
A clockwise vowel shift is known to have happened during the evolution from Proto-Dangic to modern Tanzangi.