Tosï: Difference between revisions
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===Phonotactics and Stress=== | ===Phonotactics and Stress=== | ||
Tosï's syllable structure is exclusively CV phonemically, but can have consonant clusters phonetically due to unstressed central vowels eliding away. This breaks the phonemically penultimate stress pattern, making something like {{script|script=nahan|t=T́órásícií}} ''T́órásícií'' "Dróstsiśtsi" be pronounced as /dɵɣoˈsɨt͡ʃɨ/ phonemically, but as [dɣoˈsɨt͡ʃ] phonetically, making the final syllable stressed instead of the penultimate one. | Tosï's syllable structure is exclusively CV phonemically, but can have consonant clusters phonetically due to unstressed central vowels eliding away. This breaks the phonemically penultimate stress pattern, making something like {{script|script=nahan|t=T́órásícií}} ''T́órásícií'' "Dróstsiśtsi" be pronounced as /dɵɣoˈsɨt͡ʃɨ/ phonemically, but as [dɣoˈsɨt͡ʃ] phonetically, making the final syllable stressed instead of the penultimate one. This shows a seemingly unusual shift of [r] being loaned as [ɣ], believed to have historically came from [r] being loaned as a uvular trill or fricative. Although the loaning of "Dróstsiśtsi" only came about after such a sound was turned into a velar [ɣ], the sound is still orthographically represented as <r>. | ||
==Grammar== | ==Grammar== | ||
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* Dative (Marked with {{script|script=nahan|t=cio}}- {{ipa|/t͡ʃu/}} | * Dative (Marked with {{script|script=nahan|t=cio}}- {{ipa|/t͡ʃu/}} | ||
Along with those, Tosï also marks the plural on nouns with {{script|script=nahan|t=fe}}- /fe/. | The nominative case is unmarked. Along with those, Tosï also marks the plural on nouns with {{script|script=nahan|t=fe}}- /fe/. | ||
As can be seen in the pronouns, the language has two genders, commonly named male and female. | |||
===Pronouns=== | ===Pronouns=== | ||
[[File:Tosï Pronouns.png|thumb|Every pronoun in Tosï]] | [[File:Tosï Pronouns.png|thumb|Every pronoun in Tosï]] | ||
The | The image to the right, and table below, show the pronouns in Tosï. The accusitive case is also used in the dative and genitive cases. | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
! !! {{smallcaps|nom}} !! {{smallcaps|acc}} | ! !! {{smallcaps|nom}} !! {{smallcaps|acc}} | ||
| Line 96: | Line 98: | ||
===Verbs=== | ===Verbs=== | ||
Tosï verbs mark for the past and future tenses ({{script|script=nahan|t=ćié}}- /d͡ʒi/ and {{script|script=nahan|t=ća}} /ga/ respectively) and the imperative mood ({{script|script=nahan|t=ćí}}- /gɨ/) | Tosï verbs mark for the past and future tenses ({{script|script=nahan|t=ćié}}- /d͡ʒi/ and {{script|script=nahan|t=ća}}- /ga/ respectively) and the imperative mood ({{script|script=nahan|t=ćí}}- /gɨ/) | ||
===Other=== | ===Other=== | ||
Tosï has a negation | Tosï has a negation affix -{{script|script=nahan|t=sá}} /so/. It is normally suffixal but can also occur as a prefix or separate word (eg. "no entry" being "so idaŋi"). | ||
=== Word Order === | |||
Word order in Tosï is much different than that in Kośtsiśtsi, which is exclusively suffixal; Tosï affixes are normally prefixal, and the language is much less agglutinative than Kośtsiśtsi. Adjectives normally come before what they modify, and the word order in a sentence is normally SVO. Full prepositions are used in place of locative cases. | |||
==Latijöseŋi== | ==Latijöseŋi== | ||
{{main|Latijöseŋi}} | {{main|Latijöseŋi}} | ||
In situations where the Nahan script is unavailable or where it is, but without the Strappo, people use what is called [[Latijöseŋi]] (Tosï: {{script|script=nahan|t=latézióseńé}} Latézióseńé {{ipa|[latiʒˈseŋi]}}, lit. "Latin-becoming") to write in Tosï.<ref>Transliterations into scripts other than Latin are permitted, but most people use Latijöseŋi in everyday writing. For more information on one such other transliteration, see [[Kyrizhǎsengi]].</ref> | In situations where the Nahan script is unavailable or where it is, but without the Strappo, people use what is called [[Latijöseŋi]] (Tosï: {{script|script=nahan|t=latézióseńé}} ''Latézióseńé'' {{ipa|[latiʒˈseŋi]}}, lit. "Latin-becoming") to write in Tosï.<ref>Transliterations into scripts other than Latin are permitted, but most people use Latijöseŋi in everyday writing. For more information on one such other transliteration, see [[Kyrizhǎsengi]].</ref> | ||
<references/> | <references/> | ||
[[Category:Language]] | [[Category:Language]] | ||
Revision as of 05:54, 31 May 2025
| Tosï | |
|---|---|
| Pronunciation | [ˈtɔsɪ], [tos] |
| Language family | Isolate |
| Writing system | Nahan, Latin (when Nahan isn't available) |
| Official status | |
| Spoken in | Dróstsiśtsi, CMCic Federation (formerly) |
| Speaker | |
| Endonym | tásí Tásí |
| Number of speakers | 44 |
| Technical information | |
| Usage | Official language |
| Language code | TOS |
Tosï (natively tásí Tásí [ˈtos], Kośtsiśtsi: kośtsi Tós ['kɔʃtsɯ tos]) was an official language of the CMCic Federation written in the Nahan script. After Ruxese, the core of the federation, fell under Dróstsiśtsi control, it was nominated as an official language by the new government of Ǵuśese (a Kośtsiśtsi-ized version of Ruxese) Province. Since all official languages of the provinces are automatically considered official national languages, this meant it is also considered an official language in Dróstsiśtsi.
Phonology
Consonants
Tosï has 23 consonants:
| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m ⟨m⟩ | n ⟨n⟩ | ŋ ⟨ń⟩ | |||
| Plosive | Voiceless | p ⟨p⟩ | t ⟨t⟩ | ʧ ⟨ci⟩ | k ⟨c⟩ | ʔ ⟨∅⟩[1] |
| Voiced | b ⟨ṕ⟩ | d ⟨t́⟩ | ʤ ⟨ći⟩ | g ⟨ć⟩ | ||
| Fricative | Voiceless | f ⟨f⟩ | s ⟨s⟩ | ʃ ⟨si⟩ | x ⟨h⟩ | |
| Voiced | v ⟨v⟩ | z ⟨z⟩ | ʒ ⟨zi⟩ | ɣ ⟨r⟩ | ||
| Liquid | w ⟨u⟩ | l ⟨l⟩ | j ⟨i⟩ | |||
- ↑ Due to Tosï syllabes having to start with a consonant, the previously orthographic h́ is now obsolete and this phoneme is hence unrepresented orthographically
Vowels
Tosï has 7 vowels:
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| High | i ⟨é⟩ | ɨ[1] ⟨í⟩ | u ⟨o⟩ |
| Mid | e ⟨e⟩ | ɵ[1] ⟨ó⟩ | o ⟨á⟩ |
| Low | a ⟨a⟩ |
Phonotactics and Stress
Tosï's syllable structure is exclusively CV phonemically, but can have consonant clusters phonetically due to unstressed central vowels eliding away. This breaks the phonemically penultimate stress pattern, making something like T́órásícií T́órásícií "Dróstsiśtsi" be pronounced as /dɵɣoˈsɨt͡ʃɨ/ phonemically, but as [dɣoˈsɨt͡ʃ] phonetically, making the final syllable stressed instead of the penultimate one. This shows a seemingly unusual shift of [r] being loaned as [ɣ], believed to have historically came from [r] being loaned as a uvular trill or fricative. Although the loaning of "Dróstsiśtsi" only came about after such a sound was turned into a velar [ɣ], the sound is still orthographically represented as <r>.
Grammar
Nouns
Tosï has 3 noun cases:
- Accusative (marked with re- /ɣe/)
- Genitive (marked with t́í- /dɨ/)
- Dative (Marked with cio- /t͡ʃu/
The nominative case is unmarked. Along with those, Tosï also marks the plural on nouns with fe- /fe/.
As can be seen in the pronouns, the language has two genders, commonly named male and female.
Pronouns
The image to the right, and table below, show the pronouns in Tosï. The accusitive case is also used in the dative and genitive cases.
| nom | acc | |
|---|---|---|
| 1s | la | ne |
| 2s | ue | sa |
| 3s.m | ṕé | má |
| 3s.f | á | ṕó |
Verbs
Tosï verbs mark for the past and future tenses (ćié- /d͡ʒi/ and ća- /ga/ respectively) and the imperative mood (ćí- /gɨ/)
Other
Tosï has a negation affix -sá /so/. It is normally suffixal but can also occur as a prefix or separate word (eg. "no entry" being "so idaŋi").
Word Order
Word order in Tosï is much different than that in Kośtsiśtsi, which is exclusively suffixal; Tosï affixes are normally prefixal, and the language is much less agglutinative than Kośtsiśtsi. Adjectives normally come before what they modify, and the word order in a sentence is normally SVO. Full prepositions are used in place of locative cases.
Latijöseŋi
- Main article: Latijöseŋi
In situations where the Nahan script is unavailable or where it is, but without the Strappo, people use what is called Latijöseŋi (Tosï: latézióseńé Latézióseńé [latiʒˈseŋi], lit. "Latin-becoming") to write in Tosï.[1]
- ↑ Transliterations into scripts other than Latin are permitted, but most people use Latijöseŋi in everyday writing. For more information on one such other transliteration, see Kyrizhǎsengi.