Cangic Languages: Difference between revisions

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Line 85: Line 85:
* Dangic
* Dangic
** [[Tanzangi]]
** [[Tanzangi]]
** [[Tanshe|Tanshe (Tandje)]]
** [[Moss|Moss (Morasi)]]
* Mossic
** [[Telia|Telia (Tili)]]
** [[Moss|Moss (Muchài)]]
** [[Batou|Batu (Bdra)]]
* Maghrabi
* Maghrabi
** [[Lupsidd|Lupsidd (Makraba)]]
** [[Lupsidd|Lupsidd (Makraba)]]
** [[Ziddattu|Ziddattu (Magḷaba)]]
** [[Ziddattu|Ziddattu (Magḷaba)]]
* [[Ricset|Ricset (Fiksāt)]]
* [[Sanno]]
* [[Sanno]]


Line 101: Line 98:
!Proto-Dangic
!Proto-Dangic
!Tanzangi
!Tanzangi
!Tanshe
!Tanli
!Proto-Mossic
!Moss
!Moss
!Batu
!Telia
!Proto-Maghrabi
!Proto-Maghrabi
!Lupsidd
!Lupsidd
!Ziddattu
!Ziddattu
!Ricset
!Pre-Ancient Sanno
!Pre-Ancient Sanno
|-
|-
Line 118: Line 111:
|m
|m
|*m
|*m
|m
|m
|*m
|m
|m
|m
|m
|m
Line 132: Line 121:
|n
|n
|*n
|*n
|n
|n
|*n
|n
|n
|n
|n
|n
Line 144: Line 129:
| rowspan="2" |n̠ʲ
| rowspan="2" |n̠ʲ
| rowspan="2" |ɲ
| rowspan="2" |ɲ
| rowspan="2" |*ŋ
| rowspan="2" |ŋ
| rowspan="2" |ŋ
|*ɟ
|*ɟ
|ɟ
|ɟ
|dʒ
|dʒ
|j
|nʲ
|nʲ
|-
|-
|*ŋ
|*ŋ
|*g
|*g
|g
|g
|g
|g
|g
Line 166: Line 146:
|p
|p
|*p
|*p
|p (V˧)
|p
|*p
|p
|p
|p
|p
|p
Line 180: Line 156:
|t
|t
|*t
|*t
|t (V˧)
|t
|*t
|t
|t
|t
|t
|t
Line 192: Line 164:
|θ
|θ
|ʃ
|ʃ
|tʃ
|*tʃ
|tʃ (V˧)
|tʃ
|tʃ
|*c
|*c
|c
|c
|tʃ
|tʃ
|tʂ
|tʲ
|tʲ
|-
|-
Line 208: Line 176:
|k
|k
|*k
|*k
|k (V˧)
|k
|*k
|k
|k
|k
|k
|k
Line 221: Line 185:
|v
|v
|ɸ
|ɸ
|*pʰ
|p (V˥˧)
|pʰ
|*pʰ
|*pʰ
|f
|f
|f
|f
|ɸ
|hˠ
|hˠ
|-
|-
Line 235: Line 195:
|z
|z
|θ
|θ
|*tʰ
|t (V˥˧)
|tʰ
|*tʰ
|*tʰ
|s
|s
|ts
|ts
|θ
|sˠ
|sˠ
|-
|-
Line 249: Line 205:
|ɦ
|ɦ
|χ
|χ
|*tʃʰ
|tʃ (V˥˧)
|tʃʰ
|*cʰ
|*cʰ
|ç
|ç
|ʃ
|ʃ
|ʂ
|sʲ
|sʲ
|-
|-
Line 263: Line 215:
|ʒ
|ʒ
|ʃ
|ʃ
|*kʰ
|k (V˥˧)
|kʰ
|*kʰ
|*kʰ
|χ
|χ
|kɬ
|kɬ
|q
|hʲ
|hʲ
|-
|-
Line 276: Line 224:
|b
|b
|b
|b
|b
|*b
|p (V˩˧)
|b
|b
|*ɓ
|*ɓ
|ɓ
|ɓ
|p’
|p’
|b
|bˠ
|bˠ
|-
|-
Line 290: Line 234:
|d
|d
|d
|d
|d
|*d
|t (V˩˧)
|d
|d
|*ɗ
|*ɗ
|ɗ
|ɗ
|t’
|t’
|d
|rˠ
|rˠ
|-
|-
Line 305: Line 245:
|z
|z
|r
|r
|*dʒ
|tʃ (V˩˧)
|dʒ
|*d
|*d
|d
|d
|d
|d
|j
|lʲ
|lʲ
|-
|-
Line 318: Line 254:
|g
|g
|g
|g
|g
|*g
|k (V˩˧)
|g
|g
|*ʄ
|*ʄ
|ʄ
|ʄ
|k’
|k’
|g
|bʲ
|bʲ
|-
|-
Line 334: Line 266:
|b
|b
|*b
|*b
|p (V˩˧)
|b
|b
|*b
|b
|b
|b
|w
|βˠ
|βˠ
|-
|-
Line 347: Line 275:
| rowspan="2" |s
| rowspan="2" |s
|dʒ
|dʒ
|*ts
|ts
|ts
|*ʔ
|*ʔ
|h
|h
|x
|x
|r
|rʲ
|rʲ
|-
|-
Line 361: Line 285:
|s
|s
|*s
|*s
|s
|s
|*s
|s
|s
|s
|s
|s
Line 373: Line 293:
|z
|z
|r
|r
|*ʃ
|ʃ
|ʃ
|*h
|*h
|h
|h
|x
|x
|g
|(z)ʲ
|(z)ʲ
|-
|-
Line 387: Line 303:
|h
|h
|h
|h
|*x
|x
|x
|*x
|*x
|h
|h
|x
|x
|χ
|βʲ
|βʲ
|-
|-
Line 399: Line 311:
|*l
|*l
|l
|l
|l
|l
|*l
|l
|l
|l
|l
Line 407: Line 316:
|ɫ
|ɫ
|l
|l
|ɫ
|lˠ
|lˠ
|-
|-
Line 418: Line 326:
|i
|i
|i
|i
|*i
|i
|i
|ɪ
|i
|i
|-
|-
Line 429: Line 333:
|u
|u
|wa~va
|wa~va
|*ʉ
|ju
|ɨ
|*ɪ
|*ɪ
|eɪ̯
|eɪ̯
|ʷi
|ʷi
|uː
|i
|i
|-
|-
Line 443: Line 343:
|ə
|ə
|i
|i
|*ɨ
|wi
|ə
|*ʊ
|*ʊ
|oʊ̯
|oʊ̯
|ʲu
|ʲu
|iː
|u
|u
|-
|-
Line 460: Line 356:
|u
|u
|u
|u
|*u
|u
|u
|ʊ
|u
|u
|-
|-
Line 471: Line 363:
|ɨ
|ɨ
|ja~ʒa
|ja~ʒa
|*eː
|jɛ
|e
|*e
|*e
|aɪ̯
|aɪ̯
|ˤi
|ˤi
|iː
|e
|e
|-
|-
Line 485: Line 373:
|e
|e
|e
|e
|*ɛ
|ɛ
|ɛ
|*ɛ
|*ɛ
|ɛ
|ɛ
|ʲɑ
|ʲɑ
|æ
|e
|e
|-
|-
Line 499: Line 383:
|ɒ
|ɒ
|u
|u
|*oː
|wɔ
|o
|*o
|*o
|aʊ̯
|aʊ̯
|ˤu
|ˤu
|uː
|o
|o
|-
|-
Line 513: Line 393:
| rowspan="2" |ɐ
| rowspan="2" |ɐ
|o
|o
|*ɔ
|ɔ
|ɔ
|*ɔ
|*ɔ
|ɔ
|ɔ
|ʷɑ
|ʷɑ
|ɑː
|o
|o
|-
|-
Line 526: Line 402:
|ə, ∅
|ə, ∅
|ə
|ə
|*a
|a
|∅
|*a
|*a
|a
|a
|ɑ
|ɑ
|æ
|a
|a
|-
|-
Line 539: Line 411:
|ɛ
|ɛ
|æ
|æ
|a
|*aː
|a
|a
|a
|*ɹV
|*ɹV
|ɻ*
|ɻ*
|(r)*
|(r)*
|ɑː
|a
|a
|-
|-
Line 554: Line 422:
|p
|p
|p
|p
|*p
|w˧˥
|p, f
|*p
|*p
|p
|p
|p
|p
|p
Line 569: Line 433:
|t
|t
|t
|t
|*t
|j˧˥
|t, s
|*t
|*t
|t
|t
|t
|t
|t
Line 583: Line 443:
|k
|k
|*k
|*k
|˧˥
|k, x
|*k
|k
|k
|k
|k
|k
Line 594: Line 450:
|m
|m
|m
|m
|m
|*m
|*
|m
|m
|*m
|*m
|m
|m
|m
|m
|b, m
| rowspan="3" |n
| rowspan="3" |n
|-
|-
Line 608: Line 460:
|n
|n
|n
|n
|n
|*n
|Ṽ
|n
|n
|*n
|*n
|n
|n
|n
|n
|d, n
|-
|-
|*-ŋ
|*-ŋ
Line 622: Line 470:
|ŋ
|ŋ
|j
|j
|*ŋ
|Ṽ
|ŋ
|*g
|*g
|g
|g
|g
|g
|g, ŋ
|-
|-
|*-w
|*-w
Line 634: Line 478:
|ʀ
|ʀ
|f
|f
|w
|*w
|w˧˩
|w
|w
|*b
|*b
|b
|b
|b
|b
|w
| rowspan="3" |V[+long]
| rowspan="3" |V[+long]
|-
|-
Line 649: Line 489:
|s
|s
|s
|s
|*j
|j˧˩
|j
|*d
|*d
|d
|d
|d
|d
|j
|-
|-
|*-l
|*-l
Line 661: Line 497:
|l
|l
|l
|l
|l
|*l
|˧˩
|l
|l
|*l
|*l
|ɫ
|ɫ
|l
|l
|ɫ
|}
|}
Proto-Mossic *-m: the sequences *im, *eːm, and *ɛm become Moss /y jœ œ/. Otherwise, *-m nasalizes the preceding vowel.
Proto-Maghrabi *ʔ and *h nearly always apply a change to an adjacent phoneme rather than becoming their listed descendant.
 
Proto-Rilinxig *ʔ and *h nearly always apply a change to an adjacent phoneme rather than becoming their listed descendant.


Proto-Rilinxig *V: this vowel assimilates to the following vowel at some point during the evolution of both Rilinxig and Lunag. However, they assimilate differently in each language.
Proto-Maghrabi *V: this vowel assimilates to the following vowel at some point during the evolution of both Lupsidd and Ziddattu. However, they assimilate differently in each language.


A clockwise vowel shift is known to have happened during the evolution from Proto-Dangic to modern Tanzangi.
A clockwise vowel shift is known to have happened during the evolution from Proto-Dangic to modern Tanzangi.
[[Category:Language Family]]
[[Category:Language Family]]

Revision as of 23:17, 31 August 2025

The Cangic Languages are a group of languages descended from the Proto-Cang language. These languges are spoken in Tanzang and its colonies.

Proto-Cang Language

Reconstructed Phonology

Labial Alveolar Palatal Velar
Nasal *m *n *ɲ *ŋ
Plosive Plain *p *t *c *k
Aspirated *pʰ *tʰ *cʰ *kʰ
Voiced *b *d *ɟ *g
Fricative *s *x
Liquid *w *l *j
??? *bʰ *T *š

The exact identities of the reconstructed phonemes *bʰ *T and *š are unknown. *bʰ may be /v~β~w~ⁿb/, *T may be /t͡s~θ~tˀ/, and *š may be /ʃ~ʂ~ʐ~ɹ/.Only the phonemes *m *n *ŋ *p *t *k *w *j and *l can appear in syllable coda, and *w and *j are exclusive to the coda. *w and *j may be the same phoneme as *bʰ and *ɟ.

Vowels

The Proto-Cang language had 10 vowels.

Front Back
Close *i *y *ɯ *u
Close-Mid *eː *oː
Open-Mid *ɛ *ɔ
Open *a *aː

Descendants

The Cangic language family consists of the following languages and branches:

Sound Correspondences

Proto-Cang Proto-Dangic Tanzangi Moss Telia Proto-Maghrabi Lupsidd Ziddattu Pre-Ancient Sanno
*m *m m m m *m m m mˠ
*n *n n n n *n n n nˠ
*ɲ *ɲ n̠ʲ ɲ *ɟ ɟ dʒ nʲ
*ŋ *g g g mʲ
*p *p p p p *p p p kˠ
*t *t t t t *t t t tˠ
*c *tʃ θ ʃ tʃ *c c tʃ tʲ
*k *k k k k *k k k kʲ
*pʰ *ʍ ʀ v ɸ *pʰ f f hˠ
*tʰ *θ f z θ *tʰ s ts sˠ
*cʰ *ç s ɦ χ *cʰ ç ʃ sʲ
*kʰ *ʃ x ʒ ʃ *kʰ χ kɬ hʲ
*b *b b b b *ɓ ɓ p’ bˠ
*d *d d d d *ɗ ɗ t’ rˠ
*ɟ *z s z r *d d d lʲ
*g *g g g g *ʄ ʄ k’ bʲ
*bʰ *w ʀ v b *b b b βˠ
*T *ts t s dʒ *ʔ h x rʲ
*s *s s s *s s s (z)ˠ
*š *z z r *h h x (z)ʲ
*x *h ∅ h h *x h x βʲ
*l *l l l l *l ɫ l lˠ
*i *i i i jə~ʒə *i i i i
*y *uː u u wa~va *ɪ eɪ̯ ʷi i
*ɯ *ɯ ɔ ə i *ʊ oʊ̯ ʲu u
*u *u o o wə~və *u u u u
*eː *iː ɨ ɨ ja~ʒa *e aɪ̯ ˤi e
*ɛ *e e e e *ɛ ɛ ʲɑ e
*oː *oː ɔ ɒ u *o aʊ̯ ˤu o
*ɔ *ɔ a ɐ o *ɔ ɔ ʷɑ o
*a *ə ə, ∅ ə *a a ɑ a
*aː *a ɛ æ a *ɹV ɻ* (r)* a
*-p *p p p p *p p p _C[+geminate]

V[+stress] / _$

*-t *t t t t *t t t
*-k *k k k k *k k k
*-m *m m m m *m m m n
*-n *n n n n *n n n
*-ŋ *ŋ ŋ ŋ j *g g g
*-w *f ʀ f w *b b b V[+long]
*-j *s s s s *d d d
*-l *l l l l *l ɫ l

Proto-Maghrabi *ʔ and *h nearly always apply a change to an adjacent phoneme rather than becoming their listed descendant.

Proto-Maghrabi *V: this vowel assimilates to the following vowel at some point during the evolution of both Lupsidd and Ziddattu. However, they assimilate differently in each language.

A clockwise vowel shift is known to have happened during the evolution from Proto-Dangic to modern Tanzangi.

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