Cangic Languages
The Cangic Languages are a group of languages descended from the Proto-Cang language. These languges are spoken in Tanzang and its colonies.
Proto-Cang Language
Reconstructed Phonology
| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | *m | *n | *ɲ | *ŋ | |
| Plosive | Plain | *p | *t | *c | *k |
| Aspirated | *pʰ | *tʰ | *cʰ | *kʰ | |
| Voiced | *b | *d | *ɟ | *g | |
| Fricative | *s | *x | |||
| Liquid | *w | *l | *j | ||
| ??? | *bʰ | *T | *š | ||
The exact identities of the reconstructed phonemes *bʰ *T and *š are unknown. *bʰ may be /v~β~w~ⁿb/, *T may be /t͡s~θ~tˀ/, and *š may be /ʃ~ʂ~ʐ~ɹ/.Only the phonemes *m *n *ŋ *p *t *k *w *j and *l can appear in syllable coda, and *w and *j are exclusive to the coda. *w and *j may be the same phoneme as *bʰ and *ɟ.
Vowels
The Proto-Cang language had 10 vowels.
| Front | Back | |
|---|---|---|
| Close | *i *y | *ɯ *u |
| Close-Mid | *eː | *oː |
| Open-Mid | *ɛ | *ɔ |
| Open | *a *aː | |
Descendants
The Cangic language family consists of the following languages and branches:
- Dangic
- Maghrabi
- Sanno
Sound Correspondences
| Proto-Cang | Proto-Dangic | Tanzangi | Moss | Telia | Proto-Maghrabi | Lupsidd | Ziddattu | Pre-Ancient Sanno |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| *m | *m | m | m | m | *m | m | m | mˠ |
| *n | *n | n | n | n | *n | n | n | nˠ |
| *ɲ | *ɲ | n̠ʲ | ɲ | *ɟ | ɟ | dʒ | nʲ | |
| *ŋ | *g | g | g | mʲ | ||||
| *p | *p | p | p | p | *p | p | p | kˠ |
| *t | *t | t | t | t | *t | t | t | tˠ |
| *c | *tʃ | θ | ʃ | tʃ | *c | c | tʃ | tʲ |
| *k | *k | k | k | k | *k | k | k | kʲ |
| *pʰ | *ʍ | ʀ | v | ɸ | *pʰ | f | f | hˠ |
| *tʰ | *θ | f | z | θ | *tʰ | s | ts | sˠ |
| *cʰ | *ç | s | ɦ | χ | *cʰ | ç | ʃ | sʲ |
| *kʰ | *ʃ | x | ʒ | ʃ | *kʰ | χ | kɬ | hʲ |
| *b | *b | b | b | b | *ɓ | ɓ | p’ | bˠ |
| *d | *d | d | d | d | *ɗ | ɗ | t’ | rˠ |
| *ɟ | *z | s | z | r | *d | d | d | lʲ |
| *g | *g | g | g | g | *ʄ | ʄ | k’ | bʲ |
| *bʰ | *w | ʀ | v | b | *b | b | b | βˠ |
| *T | *ts | t | s | dʒ | *ʔ | h | x | rʲ |
| *s | *s | s | s | *s | s | s | (z)ˠ | |
| *š | *z | z | r | *h | h | x | (z)ʲ | |
| *x | *h | ∅ | h | h | *x | h | x | βʲ |
| *l | *l | l | l | l | *l | ɫ | l | lˠ |
| *i | *i | i | i | jə~ʒə | *i | i | i | i |
| *y | *uː | u | u | wa~va | *ɪ | eɪ̯ | ʷi | i |
| *ɯ | *ɯ | ɔ | ə | i | *ʊ | oʊ̯ | ʲu | u |
| *u | *u | o | o | wə~və | *u | u | u | u |
| *eː | *iː | ɨ | ɨ | ja~ʒa | *e | aɪ̯ | ˤi | e |
| *ɛ | *e | e | e | e | *ɛ | ɛ | ʲɑ | e |
| *oː | *oː | ɔ | ɒ | u | *o | aʊ̯ | ˤu | o |
| *ɔ | *ɔ | a | ɐ | o | *ɔ | ɔ | ʷɑ | o |
| *a | *ə | ə, ∅ | ə | *a | a | ɑ | a | |
| *aː | *a | ɛ | æ | a | *ɹV | ɻ* | (r)* | a |
| *-p | *p | p | p | p | *p | p | p | _C[+geminate]
V[+stress] / _$ |
| *-t | *t | t | t | t | *t | t | t | |
| *-k | *k | k | k | k | *k | k | k | |
| *-m | *m | m | m | m | *m | m | m | n |
| *-n | *n | n | n | n | *n | n | n | |
| *-ŋ | *ŋ | ŋ | ŋ | j | *g | g | g | |
| *-w | *f | ʀ | f | w | *b | b | b | V[+long] |
| *-j | *s | s | s | s | *d | d | d | |
| *-l | *l | l | l | l | *l | ɫ | l |
Proto-Maghrabi *ʔ and *h nearly always apply a change to an adjacent phoneme rather than becoming their listed descendant.
Proto-Maghrabi *V: this vowel assimilates to the following vowel at some point during the evolution of both Lupsidd and Ziddattu. However, they assimilate differently in each language.
A clockwise vowel shift is known to have happened during the evolution from Proto-Dangic to modern Tanzangi.