Kozramva

Kozramva
Language family	Nanu-Keezhu languages
Writing system	Kozlahu
Official status
Spoken in	Kozdenen
Regulated by	Doge Peleṽa Thoa-Saevakki
Speaker
Endonym	Keezhʉ Raṽa ['kø̞:ʐɨ 'raᵐβa]
Exonym	Kozramva
Number of speakers	1
Technical information
Language code	KZR

Kozramva (Keezhʉ Raṽa ['kø̞:ʐɨ 'raᵐβa]) is the majority and official language of Kozdenen.

Classification

Kozramva is a member of the Nanu-Keezhu language family.

Phonology

Consonants

Kozramva has 19 consonants:

		Labial		Alveolar	Retroflex	Velar	Glottal
		Plain	Palatal.
Nasal		/m/ ⟨m⟩	/mʲ/ ⟨my⟩	/n/ ⟨n⟩	/ɳ/ ⟨nh⟩	/ŋ/ ⟨ng⟩
Plosive		/p/ ⟨p⟩	/pʲ/ ⟨py⟩	/t/ ⟨t⟩	/ʈ/ ⟨th⟩	/k/ ⟨k⟩
Affricate					/ʈ͡ʂ/ ⟨ch⟩
Fricative	Voiceless			/s/ ⟨s⟩		/x/ ⟨kh⟩	/h/ ⟨h⟩
	Voiced	/β/ ⟨v⟩	/βʲ/ ⟨vy⟩	/z/ ⟨z⟩	/ʐ/ ⟨zh⟩	/ɣ/ ⟨g⟩
	Prenasal.	/ᵐβ/ ⟨ṽ⟩	/ᵐβʲ/ ⟨ṽy⟩	/ⁿz/ ⟨z̃⟩		/ᵑɣ/ ⟨g̃⟩
Approximant		/w/ ⟨w⟩		/l/ ⟨l⟩	/ɭ/ ⟨lh⟩
Trill	Plain			/r/ ⟨r⟩
	Prenasal.			/ⁿr/ ⟨r̃⟩

• Consonants can be geminated, but this is restricted to a certain subset of consonants, consisting of voiceless stops and affricates, voiceless fricatives (excluding /h/), and /r, w, l, ɭ/. Consonants outside this set are never geminated. Gemination is represented in orthography by doubling the consonant grapheme; for digraphs, the first part is doubled.
• Prenasalised fricatives /ᵐβ, ᵐβʲ, ⁿz, ⁿr, ᵑɣ/ are realised as stops [ᵐb, ᵐbʲ, ⁿd, ⁿɖ~ⁿɟ, ᵑɡ] word-initially.
• Retroflexes /ɳ, ʈ, ʈ͡ʂ, ʂ, ʐ, ɭ/ are realised as palatal [ɲ, c, t͡ɕ, ɕ, ʑ, ʎ] before front vowels; this same pattern applies to [ⁿɖ~ⁿɟ] mentioned in the previous point.
• Aside from its typical word-initial realisation, /ⁿr/ [insert whatever i was writing here]

Vowels

Kozramva has 6 phonemic vowel qualities:

	Front	Central	Back
High	/i/ ⟨i⟩	/ɨ/ ⟨ʉ⟩	/u/ ⟨u⟩
Mid	/e/ ⟨e⟩		/o/ ⟨o⟩
Low		/a/ ⟨a⟩

• Kozramva has a phonological contrast between short and long vowels; vowel lengthening is represented in orthography by doubling the vowel grapheme.
• Sequences of two short vowels in hiatus of identical quality are realised as a long vowel, e.g. /i.i/ [i:]/
• Unrounded vowels /i, ɨ, e, a/ are realised as rounded [y, ʉ, ø, ɒ] when preceding a retroflex consonant (excluding their palatal allophones).
• The mid vowels are phonetically true mid [e̞~ø̞, o̞].

Phonotactics

The maximal syllable structure is CVG, where C represents any consonant, V any vowel, and G the first half of a geminated consonant. Individual morphemes may end in a consonant, but a phonological word may not.

Vowels are permitted to occur in hiatus, with only limited restrictions on which vowels and vowel sequences may co-occur. The sole known exception is that no more than two short phonetic vowels of identical quality may occur in hiatus; furthermore, a long and short vowel of identical quality may not exist in hiatus.

Consonant mutation

Kozramva features a productive process of consonant mutation, with four mutation grades: radical, spirantised, nasalised, and geminated. Individual morphemes may trigger either spirantisation, nasalisation, or gemination of an immediately following consonant, the type of mutation present being lexically specified for each morpheme. The three types of mutation are typically annotated with a capital S, N, or G respectively, e.g. kakkoaS “leaf”, which triggers spirantisation on a following suffix (e.g. [insert example]).

Radical	Sprantised	Nasalised	Geminated
m-		-m:-	-m:-
mʲ-		-mʲ:-	-m:ʲ-
n-		-n:-	-n:-
ɳ-		-ɳ:-	-ɳ:-
ŋ-		-ŋ:-	-ŋ:-
p-	-β-	-ᵐβ-	-p:-
pʲ-	-βʲ-	-ᵐβʲ-	-pʲ:-
t-	-z-	-ⁿz-	-t:-
ʈ-	-ʐ-	-ⁿr-	-ʈ:-
ʈ͡ʂ-			-ʈ͡ʂ:-
k-	-ɣ-	-ᵑɣ-	-k:-
s-	-h-	-ⁿz-	-s:-
r-		-ⁿr-	-r:-
x-		-ᵑɣ-	-x:-
h-	-Ø-	-ŋ-	-x:-
w-		-m-	-w:-
l-		-n-	-l:-
ɭ-		-ɳ-	-ɭ:-

Prosody

Kozramva has fixed, non-phonemic stress, occurring on the penultimate mora.