Cangic Languages
The Cangic Languages are a group of languages descended from the Proto-Cang language. These languges are spoken in Tanzang and its colonies.
Proto-Cang Language
Reconstructed Phonology
| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | *m | *n | *ɲ | *ŋ | |
| Plosive | Plain | *p | *t | *c | *k |
| Aspirated | *pʰ | *tʰ | *cʰ | *kʰ | |
| Voiced | *b | *d | *g | ||
| Affricate | *ts | ||||
| Fricative | *v | *s *z | *ʃ | *x | |
| Liquid | *l | ||||
The identities of reconstructed *v and *z are highly disputed. The most common consensus is /v z/. Some theorize /w j/. Some even say that they are /v z/ initially and /w j/ finally.
*cʰ and *kʰ are also disputed. Some argue that *cʰ kʰ are actually /kʰ cʰ/.
Only the phonemes */m n ŋ p t k v z l/ can appear in syllable coda.
Vowels
The Proto-Cang language had 10 vowels.
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i | ɨ(ː) ʉ | u |
| Close-Mid | eː | oː | |
| Open-Mid | ɛ | ɔ | |
| Open | a | ɑː | |
Descendants
The Cangic language family consists of the following languages and branches:
Sound Correspondences
| Proto-Cang | Proto-Dangic | Tanzangi | Tanshe | Proto-Mossic | Moss | Batou | Ricset | Quand |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| *m | *m | m | m | *m | m | m | m | m |
| *n | *n | n | n | *n | n | n | n | n |
| *ɲ | *ɲ | ɲ | ɲ | *ŋ | ŋ | ŋ | j | ɲ |
| *ŋ | *ɲ | ɲ | ɲ | *ŋ | ŋ | ŋ | g | ŋ |
| *p | *p | p | p | *p | p (V˧) | p | p | b |
| *t | *t | t | t | *t | t (V˧) | t | t | d |
| *c | *tʃ | ts | ʃ | *tʃ | tʃ (V˧) | tʃ | tʂ | g |
| *k | *k | k | k | *k | k (V˧) | k | k | gʷ |
| *pʰ | *pʰ | r | b | *pʰ | p (V˥˧) | pʰ | ɸ | p |
| *tʰ | *tʰ | f | d | *tʰ | t (V˥˧) | tʰ | θ | t |
| *cʰ | *tʃʰ | ʃ | ʒ | *kʰ | k (V˥˧) | kʰ | ʂ | k |
| *kʰ | *kʰ | s | g | *tʃʰ | tʃ (V˥˧) | tʃʰ | q | kʷ |
| *b | *b | b | v | *b | p (V˩˧) | b | b | (m)b |
| *d | *d | d | z | *d | t (V˩˧) | d | d | (n)d |
| *g | *g | g | ɣ | *g | k (V˩˧) | g | g | (ŋ)g |
| *ts | *ts | t | s | *ts | ts | ts | r | s |
| *v? | *v | f | v | *b | p (V˩˧) | b | w | v |
| *s | *s | s | s | *s | s | s | s | h |
| *z? | *z | s | z | *dʒ | tʃ (V˩˧) | dʒ | j | z, j |
| *ʃ | *z | s | z | *ʃ | ʃ | ʃ | g | s |
| *x | *x | h | x | *x | x | x | χ | f |
| *l | *l | l | l | *l | l | l | ɫ | r |
| *i | *i | i | ɪ | *i | i | i | ɪ | i |
| *u | *u | o | ʊ | *u | u | u | ʊ | y |
| *ɨ(ː) | *ɯ | ɔ | ɨː | *ɨ | wi | ə | iː | u |
| *ʉ | *ʉ | u | uː | *ʉ | ju | ɨ | uː | ø |
| *eː | *iː | ɨ | iː | *eː | jɛ | e | iː | i, ∅ |
| *oː | *oː | ɔ | oː | *oː | wɔ | o | uː | y, ∅ |
| *ɛ | *eː | e | eː | *ɛ | ɛ | ɛ | æ | e |
| *ɔ | *ɔ | ɑ | ɔ | *ɔ | ɔ | ɔ | ɑː | o |
| *a | *ə | ə, ∅ | ɛ | *a | a | ∅ | æ | a |
| *ɑː | *a | ɛ | a | *aː | a | a | ɑː | u, ∅ |
| *-p | *p | p | p | *p | w˧˥ | p, f | p | p |
| *-t | *t | t | t | *t | j˧˥ | t, s | t | k |
| *-k | *k | k | k | *k | ˧˥ | k, x | k | ∅ |
| *-m | *m | m | m | *m | * | m | b, m | m |
| *-n | *n | n | n | *n | Ṽ | n | d, n | n |
| *-ŋ | *ŋ | ŋ | ŋ | *ŋ | Ṽ | ŋ | g, ŋ | ŋ |
| *-v? | *v | f | v | *w | w˧˩ | w | w | v |
| *-z? | *z | s | z | *j | j˧˩ | j | j | z |
| *-l | *l | l | l | *l | ˧˩ | l | ɫ | l |
Proto-Mossic *-m: the sequences *im, *eːm, and *ɛm become Moss /y jœ œ/. Otherwise, *-m nasalizes the preceding vowel.
A clockwise vowel shift is known to have happened during the evolution from Proto-Dangic to modern Tanzangi.