Cangic Languages
The Cangic Languages are a group of languages descended from the Proto-Cang language. These languges are spoken in Tanzang and its colonies.
Proto-Cang Language
Reconstructed Phonology
| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | *m | *n | *ɲ | *ŋ | |
| Plosive | Plain | *p | *t | *c | *k |
| Aspirated | *pʰ | *tʰ | *cʰ | *kʰ | |
| Voiced | *b | *d | *ɟ | *g | |
| Fricative | *s | *x | |||
| Liquid | *w | *l | *j | ||
| ??? | *bʰ | *T | *š | ||
The exact identities of the reconstructed phonemes *bʰ *T and *š are unknown. *bʰ may be /v~β~w~ⁿb/, *T may be /t͡s~θ~tˀ/, and *š may be /ʃ~ʂ~ʐ~ɹ/.Only the phonemes *m *n *ŋ *p *t *k *w *j and *l can appear in syllable coda, and *w and *j are exclusive to the coda. *w and *j may be the same phoneme as *bʰ and *ɟ.
Vowels
The Proto-Cang language had 10 vowels.
| Front | Back | |
|---|---|---|
| Close | *i *y | *ɯ *u |
| Close-Mid | *eː | *oː |
| Open-Mid | *ɛ | *ɔ |
| Open | *a *aː | |
Descendants
The Cangic language family consists of the following languages and branches:
- Dangic
- Mossic
- Rilinxigi
- Rilinxig
- Lunag
- Ricset (Fiksāt)
- Sanno
Sound Correspondences
| Proto-Cang | Proto-Dangic | Tanzangi | Tanshe | Proto-Mossic | Moss | Batou | Proto-Rilinxig | Rilinxig | Lunag | Ricset | Pre-Ancient Sanno |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| *m | *m | m | m | *m | m | m | *m | m | m | m | mˠ |
| *n | *n | n | n | *n | n | n | *n | n | n | n | nˠ |
| *ɲ | *ɲ | n̠ʲ | *ŋ | ŋ | ŋ | *ⁿɟ | ⁿdʒ | dʒ | j | nʲ | |
| *ŋ | *ⁿg | ⁿg | g | g | mʲ | ||||||
| *p | *p | p | p | *p | p (V˧) | p | *p | p | p | p | kˠ |
| *t | *t | t | t | *t | t (V˧) | t | *t | t | t | t | tˠ |
| *c | *tʃ | θ | ʃ | *tʃ | tʃ (V˧) | tʃ | *c | tʃ | tʃ | tʂ | tʲ |
| *k | *k | k | k | *k | k (V˧) | k | *k | k | k | k | kʲ |
| *pʰ | *ʍ | ʀ | v | *pʰ | p (V˥˧) | pʰ | *pʰ | f | f | ɸ | hˠ |
| *tʰ | *θ | f | z | *tʰ | t (V˥˧) | tʰ | *tʰ | dz | ts | θ | sˠ |
| *cʰ | *ç | s | ɦ | *tʃʰ | tʃ (V˥˧) | tʃʰ | *cʰ | ʃ | ʃ | ʂ | sʲ |
| *kʰ | *ʃ | x | ʒ | *kʰ | k (V˥˧) | kʰ | *kʰ | x | kx | q | hʲ |
| *b | *b | b | b | *b | p (V˩˧) | b | *ɓ | b | p’ | b | bˠ |
| *d | *d | d | d | *d | t (V˩˧) | d | *ɗ | d | t’ | d | rˠ |
| *ɟ | *z | s | z | *dʒ | tʃ (V˩˧) | dʒ | *ⁿd | ⁿd | d | j | lʲ |
| *g | *g | g | g | *g | k (V˩˧) | g | *ʄ | dʒ | k’ | g | bʲ |
| *bʰ | *w | ʀ | v | *b | p (V˩˧) | b | *ⁿb | ⁿb | b | w | βˠ |
| *T | *ts | t | s | *ts | ts | ts | *ʔ | h | x | r | rʲ |
| *s | *s | s | *s | s | s | *s | s | s | s | (z)ˠ | |
| *š | *z | z | *ʃ | ʃ | ʃ | *h | h | x | g | (z)ʲ | |
| *x | *h | ∅ | h | *x | x | x | *x | h | x | χ | βʲ |
| *l | *l | l | l | *l | l | l | *l | ɫ | l | ɫ | lˠ |
| *i | *i | i | i | *i | i | i | *i | i | i | ɪ | i |
| *y | *uː | u | u | *ʉ | ju | ɨ | *ʊ | oʊ̯ | ʷi | uː | i |
| *ɯ | *ɯ | ɔ | ə | *ɨ | wi | ə | *ɪ | eɪ̯ | ʲu | iː | u |
| *u | *u | o | o | *u | u | u | *u | u | u | ʊ | u |
| *eː | *iː | ɨ | ɨ | *eː | jɛ | e | *e | aɪ̯ | ˤi | iː | e |
| *ɛ | *e | e | e | *ɛ | ɛ | ɛ | *ɛ | ɛ | ʲɑ | æ | e |
| *oː | *oː | ɔ | ɒ | *oː | wɔ | o | *o | aʊ̯ | ˤu | uː | o |
| *ɔ | *ɔ | a | ɐ | *ɔ | ɔ | ɔ | *ɔ | ɔ | ʷɑ | ɑː | o |
| *a | *ə | ə, ∅ | *a | a | ∅ | *a | a | ɑ | æ | a | |
| *aː | *a | ɛ | æ | *aː | a | a | *ɹV | ɻ* | (r)* | ɑː | a |
| *-p | *p | p | p | *p | w˧˥ | p, f | *p | p | p | p | _C[+geminate]
V[+stress] / _$ |
| *-t | *t | t | t | *t | j˧˥ | t, s | *t | t | t | t | |
| *-k | *k | k | k | *k | ˧˥ | k, x | *k | k | k | k | |
| *-m | *m | m | m | *m | * | m | *m | m | m | b, m | n |
| *-n | *n | n | n | *n | Ṽ | n | *n | n | n | d, n | |
| *-ŋ | *ŋ | ŋ | ŋ | *ŋ | Ṽ | ŋ | *g | g | g | g, ŋ | |
| *-w | *f | ʀ | f | *w | w˧˩ | w | *b | b | b | w | V[+long] |
| *-j | *s | s | s | *j | j˧˩ | j | *d | d | d | j | |
| *-l | *l | l | l | *l | ˧˩ | l | *l | ɫ | l | ɫ |
Proto-Mossic *-m: the sequences *im, *eːm, and *ɛm become Moss /y jœ œ/. Otherwise, *-m nasalizes the preceding vowel.
Proto-Rilinxig *ʔ and *h nearly always apply a change to an adjacent phoneme rather than becoming their listed descendant.
Proto-Rilinxig *V: this vowel assimilates to the following vowel at some point during the evolution of both Rilinxig and Lunag. However, they assimilate differently in each language.
A clockwise vowel shift is known to have happened during the evolution from Proto-Dangic to modern Tanzangi.