Chulhaam: Difference between revisions
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|name=Chulhaam | |name=Chulhaam | ||
|family=Isolate | |family=Isolate | ||
|scripts=Latin | |scripts=Stellar Script, Latin | ||
|country= | |country=N/A | ||
|regulator=[[CMC]] | |regulator=[[CMC]] | ||
|demonym=Chulhaamese | |demonym=Chulhaamese | ||
|endonym=Cułām | |endonym={{Script|script=chulhaam|t=Cułām}} | ||
|number=41 | |number=41 | ||
|usage=Signage, Recordkeeping, Official Documents | |usage=Signage, Recordkeeping, Official Documents | ||
| Line 12: | Line 12: | ||
}} | }} | ||
'''Chulhaam''' (natively ''Cułām'' [ˈt͡ʃu.ɬaːm]) is a language isolate spoken on the southern coast of the [[Amujan Sea]] and | '''Chulhaam''' (natively ''{{Script|script=chulhaam|t=Cułām}}'' [ˈt͡ʃu.ɬaːm]) is a language isolate spoken on the southern coast of the [[Amujan Sea]] and was an official language of the [[Twanland|Republic of Twanland]] and of the co-protectorate of [[Syafeg]] before either of them was renamed. | ||
== Phonology == | == Phonology == | ||
=== Consonants === | === Consonants === | ||
Chulhaam has | Chulhaam has 39 total consonants, of which 32 are phonemic: | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|+ Consonants | |+ Consonants | ||
| Line 23: | Line 23: | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Nasal | ! Nasal | ||
| m || n || || ŋ || ɴ | | m [m̥] ⟨m ḥm⟩ || n [n̥] ⟨n ḥn⟩ || || ŋ [ŋ̥] ⟨ŋ ḥŋ⟩ || ɴ [ɴ̥] ⟨ŋ̇ ḥŋ̇⟩ || | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Plosive | ! Plosive | ||
| p b || t d || || k g || q ɢ ⟨ḳ | | p b ⟨p/ḥb b/ẇp⟩ || t d ⟨t/ḥd d/ẇt⟩ || || k g ⟨k/ḥg g/ẇk⟩ || q ɢ ⟨ḳ/ḥġ ġ/ẇḳ⟩ || ʔ ⟨q⟩ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Affricate | ! Affricate | ||
| || t͡s d͡z ⟨ţ/ts ḑ/ | | || t͡s d͡z ⟨ţ/ts/ḥḑ ḑ/dz/ẇţ⟩ || t͡ʃ d͡ʒ ⟨c/tx/ḥç ç/dj/ẇc⟩ || || || | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Fricative | ! Fricative | ||
| ɸ β ⟨f | | ɸ β ⟨f/ḥv v/ẇf⟩ || s z ⟨s/ḥz z/ẇs⟩ || ʃ ʒ ⟨x/ḥj j/ẇx⟩ || x ɣ ⟨h/ḥw w/ẇh⟩ || χ ʁ ⟨ḥ/ḥẇ ẇ/ẇḥ⟩ || | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Liquid | ! Liquid | ||
| w [ʍ] ⟨ŭ ḥŭ⟩ || r [r̥] l ɬ ⟨r ḥr l ł/ḥl⟩ || j [ç] ⟨ĭ ḥĭ⟩ || (w ʍ) || || | | w [ʍ] ⟨ŭ ḥŭ⟩ || r [r̥] l ɬ ⟨r ḥr l/ẇł ł/ḥl⟩ || j [ç] ⟨ĭ ḥĭ⟩ || (w ʍ) || || | ||
|} | |} | ||
* / | * /χC̬/ is realised as [C̥] | ||
* /ʁC̥/ is realised as [C̬] | |||
=== Vowels === | === Vowels === | ||
Chulhaam has | Chulhaam has 21 total vowels qualities, of which 6 are phonemic, in 2 lengths each: | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|+ Vowels | |+ Vowels | ||
| Line 50: | Line 51: | ||
| i iː [y yː] ⟨i ī ĭu ĭū⟩ || [ɨ ɨː] ⟨ŭi ŭī⟩ || u uː ⟨u ū⟩ | | i iː [y yː] ⟨i ī ĭu ĭū⟩ || [ɨ ɨː] ⟨ŭi ŭī⟩ || u uː ⟨u ū⟩ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| e eː [ø øː] ⟨e ē ĭo ĭō⟩ || | ! High-Mid | ||
| e eː [ø øː] ⟨e ē ĭo ĭō⟩ || [ɘ ɘː ɵ ɵː] ⟨ĭy ĭȳ ŭy ŭȳ⟩ || [ɤ ɤː] o oː ⟨ŭe ŭē o ō⟩ | |||
|- | |- | ||
| a aː ⟨a ā⟩ | ! Mid | ||
| || ə əː ⟨y ȳ⟩ || | |||
|- | |||
! Low-Mid | |||
| [ɛ ɛː œ œː] || [ɜ ɜː ɞ ɞː] || [ʌ ʌː ɔ ɔː] | |||
|- | |||
! Low | |||
| [æ æː] ⟨ĭa ĭā⟩ || a aː ⟨a ā⟩ || [ɑ ɑː] ⟨ŭa ŭā⟩ | |||
|} | |} | ||
* In closed syllables, /ə/ makes the following consonant syllabic, while | * In closed syllables, /ə/ makes the following consonant syllabic, while [e eː ø øː ɘ ɘː ɵ ɵː ɤ ɤː ɔ ɔː] is realised as [ɛ ɛː œ œː ɜ ɜː ɞ ɞː ʌ ʌː ɔ ɔː ə] | ||
* Word-initially or after closed syllables, /wi wiː ju juː we weː jo joː wa waː/ are realised as [ɨ ɨː y yː ɤ ɤː ø øː ɑ ɑː] | * Word-initially or after closed syllables, /wi wiː ju juː we weː jo joː wə wəː jə jəː wa waː ja jaː/ are realised as [ɨ ɨː y yː ɤ ɤː ø øː ɘ ɘː ɵ ɵː ɑ ɑː æ æː] | ||
== Script == | |||
[[File:Stellar Script example.png|thumb|An example of the Stellar Script]] | |||
Chulhaam is primarily written in the Stellar Script, which is a featural alphabet. | |||
[[Category:Language]] | [[Category:Language]] | ||
Latest revision as of 19:03, 18 November 2024
| Chulhaam | |
|---|---|
| Language family | Isolate |
| Writing system | Stellar Script, Latin |
| Official status | |
| Spoken in | N/A |
| Regulated by | CMC |
| Speaker | |
| Demonym | Chulhaamese |
| Endonym | Cułām |
| Number of speakers | 41 |
| Technical information | |
| Usage | Signage, Recordkeeping, Official Documents |
| Language code | CLH |
Chulhaam (natively Cułām [ˈt͡ʃu.ɬaːm]) is a language isolate spoken on the southern coast of the Amujan Sea and was an official language of the Republic of Twanland and of the co-protectorate of Syafeg before either of them was renamed.
Phonology
Consonants
Chulhaam has 39 total consonants, of which 32 are phonemic:
| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Glottal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m [m̥] ⟨m ḥm⟩ | n [n̥] ⟨n ḥn⟩ | ŋ [ŋ̥] ⟨ŋ ḥŋ⟩ | ɴ [ɴ̥] ⟨ŋ̇ ḥŋ̇⟩ | ||
| Plosive | p b ⟨p/ḥb b/ẇp⟩ | t d ⟨t/ḥd d/ẇt⟩ | k g ⟨k/ḥg g/ẇk⟩ | q ɢ ⟨ḳ/ḥġ ġ/ẇḳ⟩ | ʔ ⟨q⟩ | |
| Affricate | t͡s d͡z ⟨ţ/ts/ḥḑ ḑ/dz/ẇţ⟩ | t͡ʃ d͡ʒ ⟨c/tx/ḥç ç/dj/ẇc⟩ | ||||
| Fricative | ɸ β ⟨f/ḥv v/ẇf⟩ | s z ⟨s/ḥz z/ẇs⟩ | ʃ ʒ ⟨x/ḥj j/ẇx⟩ | x ɣ ⟨h/ḥw w/ẇh⟩ | χ ʁ ⟨ḥ/ḥẇ ẇ/ẇḥ⟩ | |
| Liquid | w [ʍ] ⟨ŭ ḥŭ⟩ | r [r̥] l ɬ ⟨r ḥr l/ẇł ł/ḥl⟩ | j [ç] ⟨ĭ ḥĭ⟩ | (w ʍ) |
- /χC̬/ is realised as [C̥]
- /ʁC̥/ is realised as [C̬]
Vowels
Chulhaam has 21 total vowels qualities, of which 6 are phonemic, in 2 lengths each:
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| High | i iː [y yː] ⟨i ī ĭu ĭū⟩ | [ɨ ɨː] ⟨ŭi ŭī⟩ | u uː ⟨u ū⟩ |
| High-Mid | e eː [ø øː] ⟨e ē ĭo ĭō⟩ | [ɘ ɘː ɵ ɵː] ⟨ĭy ĭȳ ŭy ŭȳ⟩ | [ɤ ɤː] o oː ⟨ŭe ŭē o ō⟩ |
| Mid | ə əː ⟨y ȳ⟩ | ||
| Low-Mid | [ɛ ɛː œ œː] | [ɜ ɜː ɞ ɞː] | [ʌ ʌː ɔ ɔː] |
| Low | [æ æː] ⟨ĭa ĭā⟩ | a aː ⟨a ā⟩ | [ɑ ɑː] ⟨ŭa ŭā⟩ |
- In closed syllables, /ə/ makes the following consonant syllabic, while [e eː ø øː ɘ ɘː ɵ ɵː ɤ ɤː ɔ ɔː] is realised as [ɛ ɛː œ œː ɜ ɜː ɞ ɞː ʌ ʌː ɔ ɔː ə]
- Word-initially or after closed syllables, /wi wiː ju juː we weː jo joː wə wəː jə jəː wa waː ja jaː/ are realised as [ɨ ɨː y yː ɤ ɤː ø øː ɘ ɘː ɵ ɵː ɑ ɑː æ æː]
Script
Chulhaam is primarily written in the Stellar Script, which is a featural alphabet.