Haltzeonian

Haltzeonian 
Pronunciation	[hɑldzəniʃen]
Language family	Kardonian
Writing system	Interastral Standard Alphabet Latin script
Official status
Spoken in	New Maeksikeo (official)
Speaker
Demonym	Haltzeonian
Technical information
Language code	HTZ

 This page contains Interastral Standard characters. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Interastral Standard characters.

Haltzeonian (English: [ˌhɑɫtsɪˈjʌwnɪjən]) is a Kardonian language descended from Industrial Kardonian. As the language of one of the core worlds of the Kardonian Empire, it is an important contributor to the standard tongue, Common Kardonian.

Phonology

Main article: Haltzeonian phonology

Consonants

Consonant phonemes

	Labial			Alveolar						Post- alveolar/ palatal			Velar			Uvular
Nasal	m			n						ɲ			ŋ
Stop	pʰ	p	pʼ	tʰ		t		tʼ		t͡ʃʰ	t͡ʃ	t͡ʃʼ	kʰ	k	kʼ	qʰ	q	qʼ
Fricative				s			z									χ
Approximant				ðʷ						j			w			h
Lateral				l						ʎ
Trill				r

Notes

• The non-affricate aspirated stops are variably affricated in Haltzeonian dialects; this is particularly the case for stressed aspirated stops.
• Plain stops are usually slack voiced [b̥ d̥ d̥͡ʒ̊ g̊ ɢ̥], but this is somewhat variable, and the primary way these are distinguished is aspiration (or a lack thereof).
  • The plain uvular stop has other allophones in certain dialects - namely [ʁ̊ ʀ̆].

Vowels

Vowel phonemes

	Front	Central	Back
Close	i		u
Close-mid	e	ə	o
Open-mid	ɛ		ɔ
Open		ɐ

Harmony

Haltzeonian, like all Kardonian languages, has highly active vowel harmony based on the backness of the stressed vowel. Vowels must match the backness of the preceding stressed /i e jV u o wV/ in the word. This results in the new phones [y ɯ ø ʌ], when a /u i o ɛ/ switches backness.

Orthography

Main article: Interastral Standard Alphabet

Haltzeonian may be either written using the Latin alphabet or using the Interastral Standard Alphabet.

Grammar

Nouns

Noun declinations are generally a single suffix, as follows:

	Singular	Paucal	Plural
Nominative		-(y)eon	-(n)il
Accusative	-cha	-cheon	-nchil
Genitive	-seo	-sheon	-nsil
Possessive	-ma	-meon	-mbil
Dative	-t’an	-t’eon	-nt’il
Lative	-dao	-zaolyeon	-zaonil
Locative	-zẽ	-zenheon	-zẽgil
Ablative	-paet	-paeseon	-paensil

(n) metathesizes with a final non-sonorant.

Lative, locative, and ablative appear to use 2 suffixes. This is because they preserve the previous agglutination.

All endings are listed in standard form, and thereby, will harmonize as needed.

Verbs

Verbs can apply multiple affixes, unlike nouns. Here is the list of affixes:

	Past			Non-Past
Tense	-mik
	Progressive		Habitual		Aorist
Aspect	-taen		-co
	Indicative	Imperative	Optative	Reportative	Inferential/Gnomic	Sensory
Mood	-ka	-ku	-rae	-qeo	-kyen	-lhak

Evidentiality is a mood because it can't be combined with one. In other words, the moods can be translated as "I demand X, I want X, I heard X, I think X, I saw X." In total, the mood suffix goes before the tense suffix, which goes before the aspect suffix.

Indicative verbs are assumed to either be directly experienced or have irrelevant evidentiality.

Adjectives

Adjectives only have four total forms:

	Lone	Adjunct
Positive	-	-taɂ
Negative	-pu	-paoɂ

Adjunct forms are used when chaining multiple adjectives to a word.

Adjectives and adverbs are not distinct in Haltzeonian; the same word can be applied to both nouns and verbs. This is unlike some of its sister languages, where adjectives, although still not entirely distinct, receive the same mood ending.

Word order

Kardonian languages are almost always SOV word order, and Haltzeonian is no different. However, in Haltzeonian, in interrogative sentences, the verb moves to the front of the word, making these sentences VSO.

Declarative: "You threw away the papers."

  

Nel hímioncil caelémik.

Interrogative: "Did you throw away the papers?"

  

Caelémik nel hímioncil?